Reinforcing Nagpur’s identity as ‘Orange city’_Design Dissertation_2021-22

Reinforcing Nagpur’s identity as ‘Orange city’, thereby creating a layer of citizen association.

By Ojaswi Ajay Chauthaiwale Guided by Ar. Prof. Sanjay Mehta A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for SEM-IX The Degree

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE MUMBAI UNIVERSITY MUMBAI, MAHARASHTRA.

5TH YEAR SEM-IX NOVEMBER 2021

Conducted at: RACHANA SANSAD’S ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE, AIDED COURSE RACHANA SANSAD, 278, SHANKAR GHANEKAR MARG, PRABHADEVI, MUMBAI 400025.

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE The following Under-Grad Design Dissertation Study is hereby approved as satisfactory work on the approved subject carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite and partial fulfillment of requirement to the 5th Year Semester IX of Bachelor Of Architecture Degree for which it has been submitted. This is to certify that this student Ojaswi Ajay Chauthaiwale is a bonafide Final Year student of our institute and has completed this Design Dissertation under the guidance of the Guide as undersigned, adhering to the norms of the Mumbai University & our Institute Thesis Committee. It is understood that by this approval and certification the Institute and the Thesis Guide do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusions drawn therein; but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfied the requirements laid down by our Thesis Committee

Name of the Student: Ojaswi Ajay Chauthaiwale Date: 22/11/2021

Approved By

Principal Ar. Prof. Suresh Singh

Certified By

Thesis Guide Ar. Prof. Sanjay Mehta

Examined By

Examiner-1

College Seal

Certified Seal

Examiner-2

DECLARATION I hereby declare that this written submission entitled “Reinforcing Nagpur’s identity as ‘Orange city’ , thereby creating a layer of citizen association.” represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged and the sources cited are identified in the dissertation references.

No material other than that cited and listed has been used.

I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism* and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are grave and serious offences in the university and accept the consequences should I engage in plagiarism, collusion or copying.

I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission.

This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study.

Name of the Student: Ojaswi Ajay Chauthaiwale Exam Roll No: 08 Date: 22/11/2021

Place: Rachana Sansad’s Academy of Architecture

*The following defines plagiarism: “Plagiarism” occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any other person (including another student) or of any institution. Examples of forms of plagiarism include: the verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; the close paraphrasing of another’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work; the deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s own.

“Another’s work” covers all material, including, for example, written work, diagrams, designs, charts, photographs, musical compositions and pictures, from all sources, including, for example, journals, books, dissertations and essays and online resources.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT As I present this dissertation, I remain grateful to a number of people who have helped me throughout the course of the research for their constant guidance and motivation to help me towards the completion of the project.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis guide, Ar. Prof. Sanjay Mehta for all the constant support, continuous guidance and insightful inputs throughout the research process, while giving a focussed direction and making me aware of the practical aspects involved in my dissertation.

I am thankful to Mr. A.D. Huchche, Mr. Dilip Kinkhede, Mr. Khandhait and several other people in the field for answering all my questions and queries patiently by providing their expertise and making me aware of the practical scenarios in the field. A sincere thanks to the Upadhyay’s for their cooperation, along with their emloyees for their assistance at certain stages of the project.

I thank my friends for their moral support, motivation and invaluable contributions through discussions on my topic throughout this online medium.

Lastly, I am extremely grateful to my family for their unconditional support, love and cooperation and for believing in me always. Without you all nothing is possible.

A final, sincere thanks to all those whom I may have missed out above, without whose contribution the dissertation would have been incomplete.

Illustration (Source: Author)

Reinforcing Nagpur’s identity as ‘Orange city’, thereby creating a layer of citizen association.

ABSTRACT Nagpur is one of the largest producers of oranges in India and also exports to the rest of the world. The city is known as the ‘Orange city’ of the country. This unique identity is due to the peculiar variety of oranges cultivated in this region. Owing to the characteristics of the variety with origin in the city, Nagpur received the geographical Indication(GI) status for the same in 2014. Mandarin orange, also known as Nagpur santra now, is the common type of orange widely cultivated in the region. It was brought to Nagpur by the then ruler, towards the end of the 18th century. The fruit soon became very popular and Nagpur got known for its orange cultivation gaining a certain reputation in the Indian market. However, the identity is not exploited in a public realm. There is no identified platform between the farmers/producers and the citizens where they can market and share their experience of the entire process. It is only spoken about and can be heard in news articles. There is no place in and around the city through which the sense of identity can be perceived. Thus, there is a need to reinforce this identity and exploit it beyond the tag.

The study revolves around understanding the farming scenario worldwide to further narrow it down at the city level. The process will also generate a dialogue with the farmers being the primary producers and understanding the obstacles faced by them in their occupation as a farmer. This will also aid to understand the scope of the fruit in the processing industry. The objective is to reduce the gap between farmer and consumer and allow direct benefits to the primary producer.

The larger aim is to create an association for the people thereby strengthening the identity for the city holistically. The idea revolves around the farming and the allied programs that can be derived, considering orange as the key produce along with other crops depending on their coexistence. Developing various programs based on the scope of the fruit to engage the people in an interactive way, also building a farmer- consumer relationship. Such an intervention will not only motivate the farmers but also create tourism opportunities for the people through agriculture, consequently boosting the agricultural economy of the region. Such a series of developments will add a new layer to the city thus contributing towards its economy and identity for the future.

TABLE OF CONTENTS APPROVAL CERTIFICATE DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT

3 5 7 11

1. INTRODUCTION

14

1.1 Background..................................................................................................................................................16 1.2 Need of study...............................................................................................................................................18 1.3 Concern..........................................................................................................................................................20 1.4 Aims and objectives...................................................................................................................................22 1.5 Scope and limitations.................................................................................................................................23

2. METHODOLOGY

24

2.1 Research Methodology.............................................................................................................................25

3. GLOBAL SCENARIO

26

3.1 About the fruit.............................................................................................................................................28 3.2 Location Mapping.......................................................................................................................................31

4. LOCAL SCENARIO

36

4.1 Location mapping.......................................................................................................................................38 4.2 Farming requirements..............................................................................................................................42 4.3 Understanding through experts in the field.....................................................................................44

5. SCOPE POST HARVEST

50

5.1 Post harvest management.......................................................................................................................52 5.2 Applications..................................................................................................................................................52 5.3 Processing & Infrastructure...................................................................................................................54

6. CASE STUDIES

58

6.1 Sula vineyards..............................................................................................................................................60 6.2 Tamara Resort.............................................................................................................................................64 6.3 Santo Wines.................................................................................................................................................66 6.4 Appleton Rum estate................................................................................................................................67 6.5 Halpe tea........................................................................................................................................................68 6.6 Conclusions..................................................................................................................................................69

7. SITE SELECTION

70

7.1 Site selection criteria................................................................................................................................72 7.2 Site study.......................................................................................................................................................74

8. WAY FORWARD

80

8.1 Design Intent...............................................................................................................................................82 8.2 Program formulation.................................................................................................................................84

LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY

90 91 91 92

1 INTRODUCTION The initiation of arriving at a topic and establishing an argument based on the background study is covered in the first chapter.

1.1 Background

1.4 Aims and objectives

1.1.1 Topic selection 1.1.2 History of oranges in Nagpur 1.1.3 Why the name Orange city?

1.4.1 Aim 1.4.2 Objectives

1.2 Need of study 1.3 Concern

1.5.1 Aim 1.5.2 Objectives

1.3.1 Research questions

1.5 Scope and limitations

1.1 BACKGROUND 1.1.1 Topic selection Due to the limitation of the pandemic, native city was chosen to start with. Nagpur is a city in Maharashtra and also is the second capital of the state after Mumbai. The city lies at the geographical centre of india- the Zero Mile being the marker of this centre. Due to its strategic location it serves as a major junction for road and railway networks running through the country. In recent years the city is also developing towards becoming one of the largest logistics hubs of the country. Apart from these recent developments the city is also famous for oranges and is known as the Orange City. There are several other fields in the process of development which can benefit to expand the overall economy and image of the city.

Figure 1: Distinct characteristics of the city( Source: Author)

From the different potentials, weaknesses and strengths of the city, the topic was identified based on the potential, the need to explore and develop into an architectural intervention through the research process. Importance was given to the topic which has a great importance in the city but needs to be strengthened holistically in order to gain global importance by exploring through the architectural realm. Thus the identity of Orange city was chosen as the topic of research.

16

1.1.2 History of Oranges in Nagpur Orange is a general term. Out of the several varieties grown worldwide, the Mandarin species is the one which is dominantly grown in India and Nagpur. While the origin of the fruit is said to be in the Himalayas, Northeast india and China, the mandarin species, called the santra, was brought to Nagpur by the then ruler, Bhonsla Raja, Raghuji II, towards the end of the 18th century from Aurangabad in Maharashtra and Sitakol in West bengal. The fruit soon became very popular and Nagpur got known for its orange cultivation establishing a certain reputation in the Indian market. The reason for this popularity was said to be the method of cultivation developed- grafting and budding at the initial stage. Due to this specific method the fruit grown has acquired unique qualities like the sour- sweet taste and is easy to peel and consume. These qualities were not easy to match with other varieties grown in different regions, and so is its popularity and demand.

Figure 2: Arrival of oranges in Nagpur( Source: Author)

1.1.3 Why the name Orange city?

The flavour and easy peelable qualities is what sets apart the Nagpur oranges from other varieties, let alone the imported ones too. Owing to these unique characteristics inherited by the fruit due to the geographical nature and climate of the region, in 2014 a Geographical Indication(GI) tag was given to the fruit, calling it the Nagpur santra or Nagpur Mandarin, from where it became popular. Thus, Nagpur is synonymously called the ‘Orange City’. The GI status has helped to secure the origin of this distinctive variety for the future.

17

Figure 3: Geographical indication status for the district( Source: Author)

The scientific name of the variety grown is Citrus Reticulata Blanco. Five characteristics were identified to approve the Nagpur mandarin- size, colour, number of seeds and the chemical properties of the juice that give it its flavour and aroma. If these characteristics are not satisfied the fruit cannot be sold under the tag. This tag allows the growers of the Nagpur mandarin to brand their produce under this tag. The area covered under the GI tag includes Nagpur district, Madhya Pradesh and some other regions in Vidarbha. This will add to creating a brand and identity of the variety native to Nagpur.

1.2 NEED OF STUDY Nagpur city is one of the largest producers of oranges in India and also exports to the rest of the world. However, the reflection of the identity of Orange city is not observed in the city in its true essence. The term is quite often used as a prefix for various festivals and events organised in the city. But, a common person of Nagpur, has very little idea how the region contributes to the country and the world by its orange production. It is only spoken about and can be heard in news articles. There is no place in or around the city to associate with as the identity is not explored in the public realm through spatial manifestation.

Besides the missing association, there is also no identified platform between the farmers/ producers and the citizens where they can market and share their experience of the entire process. There are some cities adjoining the district which are ahead of Nagpur in terms of production and area under orange cultivation. In order to retain and develop to the maximum potential there is a need to understand the agricultural scenario in the city and identify the shortcomings for scope of improvement and development.

18

Figure 4: Current scenario highlighting the need and concern( Source: Author)

19

1.3 CONCERN 1.3.1 Inquiry • Why is the sense of association with the identity missing for a common person of the city?

• Where is the city or the farmers lacking behind adjoining cities in terms of productivity?

• Will the meaning of identity be lost if we do not intervene now?

The need of the study helped to inquire and identify the concern to be dealt with and formulating the research questions addressing the initial inquiry. This will further provide a direction to plan the research methodology of the thesis project.

There is a need to do justice to the GI status in terms of developing the area under cultivation, expanding the production, export capability, the scope in the processing industry exploiting the use of the fruit beyond raw consumption thereby establishing a brand and pioneering in this industry to reinforce the identity and establish a global presence representing the city.

1.3.2 Research Questions • Can this association be generated in the citizens’ mind through the study?

• How can the identity of Nagpur be strengthened into a spatial manifestation rather than being a title?

• Can this be the starting point for expanding, setting a standard, proving the uniqueness of the fruit to the region?

• Can orange be the genesis of this identity and also a source of recreation for the city?

20

Figure 5: Understanding of the concern (Source: Author)

21

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES The aim and objectives derived from analysing the concerns and need of study will aid the formulation of research methodology to achieve the same through the dissertation.

1.4.1 Aim To reinforce Nagpur’s identity as ‘Orange city’ thereby creating a layer of association among the citizens.

1.4.2 Objectives • Location mapping and analysis of the existing areas around the city where the fruit is largely cultivated.

• To study the fruit in detail -farming methods, cropping pattern, climate suitability, seasons, varieties, products and application in the processing industry, etc.

• To understand the current scenario of orange production and other major agricultural produce if any in and around the city. The potential and future of the same.

• To generate a dialogue with the farmers and the people involved in the production and processing industry.

• Identifying any government schemes, initiatives, associations to aid the research.

• Analysing and understanding the scope of the produce after the harvest in the processing industry to manufacture various products.

• Developing various programs based on the scope of the fruit to involve the people to convey and engage them in various activities.

22

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS 1.5.1 Scope • The extent of the research covers the scope of how agriculture and architecture can come together to achieve the larger goal.

• The study will contribute to creating tourism opportunities for the people through agriculture and aid to the agricultural economy of the region by establishing an identity and pride for the people.

• This will also promote the farmers of the Vidarbha region by helping them to build and expand their networks. Overall, it will add a new layer to the city and contribute towards its economy in the future.

1.5.2 Limitations • Since the extent of research is only limited to cater to the orange production it will not address the overall agricultural scenario in the city.

• Since it is an architectural research, the concern identified can be addressed through spatial manifestation and not policies and schemes like that by different organizations.

23

2 METHODOLOGY The following is the step wise process of the research for data collection and analysis of the parameters stated in order to move forward to formulate a design program for the thesis.

2.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Figure 6: Formulation of the research approach( Source: Author)

25

3 GLOBAL SCENARIO This chapter focuses on the larger scenario touching upon the global history of oranges, further understanding the production of the different varieties in various regions of the world and in the country.

3.1 About the fruit 3.1.1 What is an orange 3.1.2 Global history 3.1.3 Type of oranges

3.2 Location Mapping 3.2.1 Production globally 3.2.2 Production in India

3.1 ABOUT THE FRUIT 3.1.1 What is an orange?

Oranges are a kind of modified berry with sectioned pulp inside a separable rind. The sweet orange, accounting for 70% of global orange production, is a hybrid between pomelo (citrus maxima) and mandarin (citrus reticulata).

The word orange comes from the Sanskrit word for an orange tree: naranga. This word originates from Tamil- arañcu translates to “6 and 5” implying 11 and the root nurga means fragrant, assumed to be the origin of the ‘n’ at the beginning in naranga .Oranges typically have 11 individual pieces and hence the name. Naranga reached European languages through Persian (narang) and Arabic (naranj). The word ‘orange’ first appeared in English in the 12th century. It is said to have come via the Old French word orenge.

Figure 7: Evolution of oranges( Source: storymaps.arcgis.com, Author)

3.1.2 Global history The journey of oranges across the world is quite an interesting one. The origin of oranges is known in the Southeast Himalayan foothills along with all other citrus fruits- covering parts of Assam, Myanmar and China. In the global history mainly the journey of sour and sweet oranges is described.

Initial journey was from Himalayan foothills to the vast Arab empire and subsequently to Europe. Across Europe and later to the New World- Americas, the spread of oranges was by explorers on their voyages around the world with the purpose of spreading Christianity and through trade routes. Explorers like Vasco da Gama discovered new varieties of sweet oranges on their voyage across Asia and Africa. Being a citrus fruit it was discovered to be the cure for scurvy on the long voyages of these explorers. Columbus and the Spanish introduced the fruit in North and South America. The fruit soon became popular across the world and enjoyed in raw form as well as juice concentrate for easy transport.

28

Figure 8: History of oranges across the world through a timeline( Source: Author)

29

3.1.3 Type of oranges After understanding the origin of oranges it can be concluded that Orange is a general term forming the umbrella for 3 main types namely- Bitter/sour orange, Sweet orange and Mandarin. Several varieties exist under the broader classification of these parent types shown in the figure. The various varieties differ from one another with respect to the appearance, flavour, aroma and other physical properties. These characteristics are decided by their parent type, the climate, seasons and the region where they are grown.

Figure 9: Classification of the different varieties( Source: Author)

30

Globally sweet orange is commonly referred to as orange because it is the most commonly grown type in the world. Overtime, new varieties have been developed scientifically through mutation and methods of grafting to get new characteristics in the developed variety. In India, quite a few varieties of Mandarin are widely grown across various states followed by the varieties of sweet oranges known by different names regionally, having distinct physical characteristics.

Figure 10: Commonly known varieties in India( Source: Google images, Author)

3.2 LOCATION MAPPING 3.2.1 Production globally According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) statistics, 75 million tonnes of oranges were produced globally over 4.5 billion hectares of land in 2018. Oranges are the most cultivated fruit trees in the world.World orange production is dominated by North America, South America and Asia. The leading producers of oranges include countries like Brazil- on the 1st position, China- on the 2nd position, followed by India on the 3rd position. The dominance of countries like Brazil is due to the Sweet orange production which has more shelf life than Mandarins.

Figure 11: Share of continents in orange production( Source: FAO)

This above and the following data is collected from FAO in the year 2018-2019

31

Figure 12: Orange production by country in tonnes( Source: FAO)

Figure 13: Top 10 orange producing countries( Source: FAO)

3.2.2 Production in India In India two types of oranges- Mandarin and Sweet orange are grown across the country.

These are further classified into their respective varieties, native to the region in which they are grown, by different names varying from one state to another.

The following data is collected from the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) to understand the production across different states in the country.

32

Mandarin species The total land under Mandarin orange/kinnow in the country is 4.79 lakh hectare according to 3rd advance estimates in 2019-20.

In India varieties of Mandarin are grown widely in Madhya Pradesh being the largest producer as per 2017-18 data. Maharashtra is at the 3rd position in the overall production

There are several varieties which differ from one another in their characteristics • Nagpur santra- Nagpur, Amravati, Wardha • Khasi- Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal • Kinnow(hybrid variety) – Punjab, Haryana • Coorg- Karnataka, Tamil Nadu • Darjeeling- West Bengal , Sikkim

The reason for Madhya Pradesh being the largest producer may be due to the contribution by several parts collectively and not only concentrated to one region as in the case of Maharashtra. Advancement and use of modern and efficient systems in farming methods may also be the reason for this.

Figure 14: Top 10 producers in the country( Source: APEDA)

33

Figure 15: Top 5 orange producing states in the country( Source: Author)

Sweet Orange In India varieties of Sweet orange are grown widely with Andhra Pradesh being the largest producer as per 2017-18 data. Maharashtra is at the 2nd position in the overall production.

The various varieties of sweet orange grown in different states differ from one another in their characteristics • Mosambi- Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh • Sathgudi- Andhra Pradesh • Malta- Punjab, Haryana Imported varieties include Hamlin, Jaffa, Valencia etc grown popularly in Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh. In Maharashtra, Mosambi is grown widely in the Marathwada region. Due to the popularity of Nagpur santra in Nagpur, sweet orange is not grown largely as opposed to the production of Nagpur Mandarin.

34

Figure 16: Top 10 producers in the country( Source: APEDA)

Figure 17: Top 10 producers in the country( Source: APEDA)

35

4 LOCAL SCENARIO Moving further, after understanding the global scenario, this chapter focuses on the overall scenario in terms of the farming, production etc. for the district. Gathering of information and derivation of conclusions is done through online data collection and interacting with people in the industry.

4.1 Location mapping 4.1.1 Orange growing belt 4.1.2 Production in the district 4.1.3 Other crops

4.2 Farming requirements 4.2.1 Climate suitability 4.2.2 Seasons 4.2.3 Intercropping

4.3 Understanding through experts in the field 4.3.1 Understanding a farm setup 4.3.2 Visit to CCRI 4.3.3 Takeaways from interviews

4.1 LOCATION MAPPING 4.1.1 Orange growing belt Nagpur has been known as the orange city for quite some time now. The orange producing belt in the district is concentrated in a specific part of the district- the northwestern part near the Satpura hill range which runs adjoining the northwest- north part of the entire district. The concentration in this region is due to soil type and some slight climatic factors that occur due to the proximity to the hill ranges- as told by one of the farm owners. However, now orange orchards can be observed even in the Hingna tehsil which lies more towards the southwest region of the district.

The different tehsils in the district with area under orange cultivation are 1. Katol 2. Narkhed 3. Kalmeshwar 4. Saoner 5. Nagpur(rural) 6. Hingna 7. Ramtek These are areas under a 100km radius from the centre of the city. Other adjoining districts with major orange production are Amravati and some districts of Madhya Pradesh which are ahead of Nagpur in terms of the production and area under cultivation. In the entire Nagpur region the Mandarin variety classified as the Nagpur santra is grown. Imported varieties like Clementine, Valencia are used only for study and research and not in the market on a commercial scale.

Figure 18: Orange growing region in the district( Source: Author)

38

4.1.2 Production in the district The overall orange production including yield of all seasons was around 146570 tonnes for the year 2018-19. In spite of the orange variety being named after Nagpur and its identity, the city does not top the list in the production sector. Districts like Amravati and Akola have a higher productivity as compared to Nagpur. These conclusions are derived from the data of the year 2018-19 from Central Citrus Research Institute(CCRI), Nagpur. According to the report the area under mandarin cultivation in Nagpur is 24,869 hectares.

There is a need to understand and identify the shortcomings faced in the agricultural sector involving oranges in the city by direct interaction with the primary producers for the betterment and development of the industry, benefitting the farmers.

Table 1: District wise area and production of citrus fruits( Source: CCRI)

39

Figure 19: Key plan showing adjoing districts (Source: Author)

Area under cultivation in Nagpur is less than that of Amravati.

The production is also more than Nagpur. The productivity per hectare is thus less in Nagpur.

Figure 20: Comaprison of productivity with Amravati( Source: Author)

Area under cultivation in Nagpur is more than that of Akola.

The production is more, however the productivity per hectare is less due to the lesser difference in area and production.

Figure 21: Comaprison of productivity with Akola( Source: Author)

4.1.3 Other crops Apart from oranges, principal agricultural crops which are commercially popular and grown abundantly across the different tehsils in the district are wheat, gram, soyabean, cotton, groundnut. Crops like soybeans and other leguminous plants are grown as intercropping between the orange plants in the initial 2-3 years before the spreading of canopy of the orange tree.

40

Figure 22: Location mapping of other crops( Source: Author)

Table 2: Taluka wise adopted cropping pattern( Source: agricoop)

41

4.2 FARMING REQUIREMENTS The farming requirements are governed by the geographical location and climate of the particular region and hence varies from place to another. Climate of India is very different from the western countries which are major orange producers, hence the difference in varieties can be seen. The quality of the crop is highly dependent on the weather conditions, therefore it is very crucial to provide the crops with the favourable requirements, using efficient methods and systems.

4.2.1 Climate suitability Following are the requirements favourable on an average for cultivation in the country.

• Climatic zone suitable in India for orange cultivation is arid and semi-arid regions in the southwest and humid tropical regions in the northeast.

• Favourable temperature range lies between 13-37˚C for orange cultivation. The plants cannot withstand high humidity and frost.

• The soil type best suited should be light and well drained. Soil types such as sandy loam, alluvial, clay loam, lateritic etc. are the preferred ones.

• The pH range of the soil varies from 4 to 9 but ideally deep soil with a pH of 5.5 to 7.5 is beneficial. The soil should not have high calcium carbonate content otherwise the feeder root zone may be badly affected.

• Average water requirement is between 900 to 1100 mm in a year and rainfall of at least 500mm annually is required.

• Irrigation is required at an interval of 10-15 days during winter months and even more frequently during summer. A mature orange plant requires approximately 60-170 litres of water in a day. Drip irrigation is the most efficient and economical way of water supply for areas with low rainfall and also for proper growth of the plants.

4.2.2 Seasons There are two main seasons for cultivation of mandarins and sweet oranges observed in India.

• The Ambia bahar (mango flowering): This is the season when the flowering occurs in the month of January, the same time of the flowering of mango trees and hence the name.

The fruits of this crop are available between October-December.

• The Mrig bahar (Monsoon bloom): This is the season when the flowering occurs in the month of June-July i.e. in monsoon and hence the name. The fruits of this crop are available during February-April.

The productive life span of an orange tree is around 15 to 20 years and the full bearing capacity is attained only after 10 years. The period from flowering to bearing fruits is around 9 months for a tree.

42

Figure 23: Season and period from flowering to fruiting( Source: Author)

4.2.3 Intercropping Intercropping is the method of growing other crops which are seasonal, simultaneously with the primary crop to support the farmer with initial or additional income. In case of orange farming it is done in the initial 3-4 years when the plant is yet to bear fruits. This is possible as the space between the rows of the grid are open accessible for sunlight to reach the plants, as the canopy of the orange tree is not grown fully. The common crops grown along with oranges are mostly leguminous crops like soyabean, gram, groundnut, cowpeas, French beans and some other vegetables can also be grown in this space.

Figure 24: Schematic representation of farming layout along with intercroopping( Source: Author)

43

4.3 UNDERSTANDING THROUGH EXPERTS IN THE FIELD 4.3.1 Understanding a farm setup This was done to get an idea of the working and the overall setup of an orange farm in terms of the space requirement and infrastructure aspect, while also interacting with the farmer to understand the scenario and practical limitations faced in the process of farming.

Location: Hingna, Nagpur Owner: Gunvant Irkhede Area: 23 acres Market for produce: Kalamna Market, Nagpur Total number of trees sum up to 4200 planted at a spacing of 10 feet and the distance between 2 rows being 20 feet for easy movement of tractors through the farm. The method used for planting trees is the Israeli method where the saplings are planted on raised beds.

The schematic plan shows the overall arrangement of the farm along with the circulation and pathways for movement of trucks or tractors on site.

Figure 26: Arrangement of plants with 20 feet spacing ( Source: Author)

Figure 25: Schematic master plan( Source: Author)

44

Figure 27: Pathways for vehicular movement( Source: Author)

Drip irrigation and fertilizer system Mechanized system for drip irrigation is installed with the water source being a well on site.

Through this system a controlled amount of water is supplied to the trees depending on the irrigation requirement. Certain soluble fertilizers are also provided to the trees through the drip mechanism.

Figure 28: Godown on site( Source: Author)

Figure 29: Irrigation system setup( Source: Author)

Equipment store This is a 9m x 18m store accommodating crates- required for transport of oranges to the market and bamboo- used to support the trees to bear the weight of fruits.

Figure 30: Store room( Source: Author)

Tools used The multipurpose tractor occupying about 13-15 sqm of space is used for ploughing, collection of fruits and other farming processes.

Figure 31: Space for tractor( Source: Author)

45

Process of harvesting The process of harvesting involves 3 steps. The first being the plucking from all trees, then comes sorting and grading according to size and condition of oranges and the last step is packing into crates to further load into trucks for transport to the market in the city.

Figure 32: Stepwise process of harvesting( Source: Author)

4.3.2 Visit to CCRI Central Citrus Research Institute(CCRI) is an institute under the Indian Council of Agriculture of the Government of India that focuses mainly on the citrus sector of agriculture in the country. It has its Headquarters in Nagpur due to the importance of oranges in the city.

The aim of the institute is to strengthen the country’s citrus agricultural sector through research, innovation and new technologies and to develop a strong human resource contributing to boost India’s agro-economy in the coming future. The institute plays the role to guide farmers and supply them with prepared saplings for planting in the farms. By conducting courses for people, it can motivate the young generation to give a thought about this profession and understand its importance and need.

Figure 33: Resources available at CCRI( Source: Author)

46

RESEARCH Imported varieties like Jafa, Valencia etc. are used for research and experimentation in the screen houses. They also form the citrus repositories for the institute.

Figure 34: Screen house and repository( Source: Author)

ORCHARD “A good amount of water is required for the crop. Otherwise, they can go into dormancy. April- may be the month in Nagpur when it is our responsibility to keep the plants alive. It is a crucial period before the monsoon.”

- A.D. Huchche Principal horticulture scientist

Figure 35: Greenhouses on the campus( Source: Author)

GREENHOUSE A greenhouse is required to provide a controlled, favourable environment for protection from bacteria for the plant in the initial years.

- A worker at CCRI

Figure 36: Orange orchards( Source: Author)

NURSERY “The plant is put in the farms after the initial 1.5 years in a greenhouse or nursery. In the greenhouse- ‘rop’ is prepared, nurtured for 1.5 years and then sold to farmers to plant in their field.”

- A.D. Huchche Principal horticulture scientist

Figure 37: Nursery( Source: Author)

47

4.3.3 Takeaways from interviews For the actual understanding of the overall background and logistics of the process of farming it is extremely essential to have an interaction with the primary stakeholders i.e. the farmers. There are a number of aspects involved that affect the nature of the final crop produce. The post harvest context also plays a major role in deciding the percentage of profit for the farmers. According to the 2011 census, more than half of the population of Nagpur district is dependent on agriculture being their primary source of income. But due to low returns on high investment and extreme weather conditions the farmers face a lot of difficulties, thus do not wish to continue in the profession. This issue thus needs to be addressed by understanding the obstacles and adopting efficient methods through technology for better growth and sustenance of the farming industry.

Figure 38: Common supply chains during harvest( Source: Author)

48

“Drip irrigation is the best method to prevent damage to the stem of the tree- supplying only the required amount of water to the plants.”

---- Mr. Khandhait

“The soil and climatic conditions are best suited for mandarin variety and therefore more successful and profitable. The taste of the fruit depends on the soil.”

---- Mr. Gunvant Irkhede

“Major is the labour problem as the government gives them free ration, so they are too lazy to work. Other than that sometimes water issues occur during summers, but rarely.

Government gives subsidies till 5 years to plant trees free of cost and then some money per year.”

---- Mr. Gunvant Irkhede

“No, there was one which opened a processing unit in Narkhed, but was shut due to conflicts between the members. Cooperatives don’t exist due to this very reason.”

---- Mr. Gunvant Irkhede

“There are some packing houses in Warud and small units.

In Nagpur there was one called NOGA but dont know if its working currently.

Rejected produce is mostly sent to processing units, so a good way to avoid wastage. There is scope in processing but a large party can only undertake it due to large capital investment.”

---- Mr. Dilip Kinkhede Figure 39: Interviews with farm/farm owners( Source: Author)

49

5 SCOPE POST HARVEST This is a brief chapter which describes the usual methods followed in India after the harvest of oranges from packaging to transport across the various supply chains. The applications and product line of the fruit in the processing industry is also understood in this section.

5.1 Post harvest management 5.1.1 Packaging and materials

5.2 Applications 5.2.1 Parts of the fruit used 5.2.2 Common products

5.3 Processing & Infrastructure 5.3.1 Study of CPIL, Nanded

5.1 POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT 5.1.1 Packaging and materials Nagpur santra has a less shelf life – it has to be plucked immediately after ripening- it falls off otherwise. The export potential therefore less due to shorter shelf life, as a result is not favourable for long distance transport. Whereas, sweet orange has an advantage on this part and is favourable for long distance transport.

But to address this limitation to increase the scope for long distance transport few steps are adopted by some large farmers being in a sound financial situation.

• To reduce post harvest losses, spraying is done 15 days prior to harvest. After harvesting several processes are involved depending on when and where the produce is to be transported.

• Plucking is also done a few days before, prior to full ripening of fruits on trees and stored in cold storage units installed for precooling at specific temperatures for storing large quantities of produce, to keep them fresh for a considerable amount of time.

• For transport to other cities or long distances an entire process of sorting, washing, wax coating, size grading and then packing into appropriate boxes is done to prevent damage in transit and increase shelf life over long distances.

Materials • For transport of oranges to local markets/ mandis or short distances - traditional baskets, sacks, boxes and trays are commonly used. These are considerably cheap and locally made out of natural materials like cane, bamboo, dried grass, palm leaves, teak leaves etc.

• Corrugated fibre boxes are often used for transport to other cities. Nowadays, recycled plastic boxes are also used for this purpose as they are strong and durable thus, suitable for long distance transport and prevent damage of fruits. Paper of plastic films is used for lining the boxes to reduce transportation losses. Packaging is done manually or by several mechanized methods which have come up now.

5.2 APPLICATIONS 5.2.1 Parts of the fruit used Orange is a citrus fruit rich in vitamin C, A, B and phosphorus. Apart from raw consumption of the fruit, the peel also has a number of applications in various industries.

• Bark of the tree- excellent firewood • Segments- raw consumption, juice extraction • Peel- oil extracted from the peel, orange zest, candied peel • Aroma- used as fragrance, to add flavour

Figure 40: Parts of the fruit used( Source: Google images, Author)

52

5.2.2 Common products The fruit has a variety of uses in different industries at different stages. Along with the main product manufacturing there are several byproducts that can be derived during the process.

Following are the major industries where orange has its applications in various forms depending on the purpose.

Food and beverage industry Juice, jam, squash, crush, jellies, candies, syrup, orange peel candies, dried orange slices, dried peel powder etc in through the food processing industries. Cold Pressed Oil obtained from the peel used to give additional flavour to drinks, ice creams, sundaes. The Water Phase Essence is used to enhance the flavour of food and drinks

Fragrance industry Essence used in products like handwash, fragrance used in incense sticks, aromatherapy, perfumes etc. Room freshener and other sprays with pleasant fragrance. The Oil Phase Essence is used in the fragrance industry

Cosmetic Industry Natural fragrance of peel extracted and used as preservative in creams and lotions. Used in facewash. Orange peel powder used for skin treatments and many other skincare products.

Figure 41: Common products ( Source: Google images, Author)

53

5.3 PROCESSING AND INFRASTRUCTURE 5.3.1 Study of CPIL, Nanded Central Processing Industry Pvt. Limited(CPIL) is one of the largest producers of citrus concentrate and citrus by-products in India, Middle East and SouthEast Asia. The processing plant is privately owned by Mr. Balaji Dantulwar. Headquarters of the company is located in Mumbai.

• Location of processing plant : MIDC, Krushnoor, Nanded, Maharashtra • Area: 50 acres of land • Varieties processed: All Citrus fruits domestically available in India which includes varieties of Nagpur Santra (Mandarin), Mosambi and Kinnow.

• Procurement: Sourcing its raw material across six states, 15 districts

Figure 42: Processing unit at Nanded( Source: CPIL Youtube)

The company procure the oranges directly from the farmers thereby reducing the middlemen and ensuring maximum profit to the farmers for their produce. CPIL conducts workshops at several Farmer Training and Collection Centers located across various states. The aim is to • To educate farmers through organizing workshops • To maintain a continuous and quality-oriented supply chain.

• To enhance productivity and ensure traceability of produce

Figure 43: Agri- Extension programme( Source: CPIL)

54

The processing unit has a capacity to process 400MT of fruits per day.

1. Fruit receiving, ,weighing , unloading

2. Passing through conveyor belts

3. Washing, grading of fruits

4. Extraction line- juice extraction, clarification

55

5. Evaporation

6. Product blending and testing

7. Filling and cold storage Figure 44: Stepwise process of processing ( Source: CPIL Youtube)

Products from processing of orange juice • The main products manufactured at the plant is Frozen Concentrated Citrus Juice, available in two varieties- Nagpur santra and Mosambi.

• By products include Cold Press Oil (CPO) obtained from the orange peel. This is available in 3 varieties- Nagpur santra , Mosambi and Kinnow. Orange peel powder is also prepared from the peel

Figure 45: Products manufactured( Source: CPIL)

56

CPIL supplies its producys mainly in bulk for industrial uses to CPIL supplies its products mainly in bulk which serve as raw materials to industries like food and beverage, cosmetics, fragrance etc. The supply chain begins from procurement of fruits from farmers ending at selling to these industries.

Figure 46: Supply chain at CPIL ( Source: Author)

57

6 CASE STUDIES The criteria for case study selection was focused on understanding similar projects with native crop production based on specific lenses to aid program formulation.

6.1 Sula vineyards

6.4 Appleton Rum estate

6.1.1 About 6.1.2 Planning 6.1.3 Transformation during events 6.1.4 Sustainability

6.4.1 About 6.4.2 Activities and user engagement

6.2 Tamara Resort 6.2.1 About 6.2.2 Planning 6.2.3 Type of accommodation

6.3 Santo Wines 6.3.1 About 6.3.2 Objectives 6.3.3 Activities and events

6.5 Halpe tea 6.5.1 About 6.5.2 Social responsibility

6.6 Conclusions

6.1 SULA VINEYARDS 6.1.1 About Sula vineyards is a renowned tourist destination initiated from the idea and potential of growing grapes in the region and with the dream of introducing wines indigenous to India.

Such industries developed in phases adding a new layer based on the demand and popularity.

Started as a wine producing industry it was then opened up to the people by adding a layer of tourism and recreation to connect with the people and gain prominence over the globe thereby expanding the brand. It is located in the outskirts of the main city.

• • • •

Location : It is in Govardhan village 21 km from the main entry of Nashik Architect: Ar. Sanjay Patil Owner : Rajeev Samant Area: Spread over a total area of around 35 acres, Plantation of around 23 acres, built up around 7 acres, remaining area is covered in open spaces, roads and open to sky amenities.

• Footfall: Weekdays- 1000/day Weekends- + 1700/day Fests- + 10000/day

Over the years the project has developed a strong tourist attraction with various activities for the user visiting - for one day, a small vacation, and other events like weddings. The wine being the genesis of this entire setup, its significance is reflected in every activity or space that the user visits.

Figure 47: Program framewok ( Source: Author)

60

6.1.2 Planning Since the site is located in the outskirts people come by either private vehicle, taxi or auto.

People coming by auto are dropped off at the 1st checkpoint.

• Various checkpoints are present to control the access and security to the different functions. Parking space for 4 wheelers is provided from where they enter the site further. In case large events or fests there is a scope to accommodate more vehicles in the extended parking space • Level of privacy is achieved in a sequence as one enters from the parking with the public functions in the front end and manufacturing and services at the back end interspersed by semi public/ public buffers.

• Zoning - both private and public function get a frontage to the vineries- by articulation of movement through the pathways, junctions and green buffers

Figure 48: Master plan and sequence of spaces ( Source: Author)

61

6.1.3 Transformation of spaces during events Entire space is transformed during the fest and a new character is added with the different functions merging into one another. The vehicular entry is also changed and extended parking arrangement is made.

Figure 49: Key master plan( Source: Author)

Figure 50: Aerial view( Source: Sula Wines)

Beside vineyard

Event space Events at Sula Wines • Music festival • Camping • Flea bazaar • Food and wine stalls

Amphitheatre

62

Figure 51: Activity spaces in the design ( Source: Google images,Sula Wines)

6.1.4 Sustainability Being an agro-based industry, water supply and electricity are crucial aspects for sustenance.

All these aspects are dealt with considering the sustainability aspect and suitable systems are adopted for working on these aspects.

Solar Energy Electricity demand is met by the solar panels installed on the roof of the built spaces. Solar contribution has increased from 37% to 73% in the current year.

Figure 52: Renewable sources of energy( Source: Sula wines, Author)

Water Management Water management systems are also incorporated into the design for maximum reuse and recycling of wastewater from activities and manufacturing to minimize the discharge outside the premises.

Figure 53: Water and waste management( Source: Author)

63

6.2 TAMARA RESORT 6.2.1 About Tamara, Coorg is a luxurious eco resort right in the midst of nature among the vast coffee, pepper, cardamom plantations of the hilly terrain of western ghats. The Tamara intends to keep its ecological imprint minimal. Ultimately, through its unique policies, the company aims to serve the richly bio-diverse Western Ghats in the best way possible.

• • • •

Location : Coorg, Karnataka.

Architect: Ar. N. Mahesh Owner : Shruti Shibulal Area: Resort area spread over 9 acres, Plantation of around 184 acres

Figure 55: Main entrance( Source: Tamara,Coorg)

Figure 56: Reception( Source: Tamara,Coorg)

Figure 54: Schematic master plan( Source: Tamara, Author)

6.2.2 Planning The hilly terrain is treated at its best. Creating driveways at different elevations the various functions are planned along them to provide the suitable experience amidst nature.

• Apart from the stay several experiences are carved out to experience the uniqueness of the climatic context. The entire resort sits in the large coffee plantations around.

• The planning is done to create a journey for the user experiencing the tranquillity in nature moving through the hilly terrain in a scattered manner commuted through evehicles within the premise.

• The private/public vehicles enter the main gate and from there the entire commute is through the e- vehicle in the resort.

64

6.2.3 Type of accommodation The cottages are placed along the different elevations approached by the hairpin at the drive way, thus each has a scenic view from the private decks. They are perched on the hill by stilts. Cottages occur mostly in pairs with an interconnected door for the flexibility of combining as well as separate rooms.

Total 56 cottages• 41 luxury – 608 sq ft each • 4 superior luxury- 608 sq ft each • 8 suites- 891 sq ft each( separate bedroom and living) • 1 disabled friendly • 2 family style cottages- Eden Lotus cottages1670 sq ft( 2 bedrooms with attached toilets + living+ jacuzzi

Figure 57: Layout of 2 joint cottages (Source: Author)

Figure 58: A typical cottage (Source: Tamara, Coorg)

Figure 59: Other activities (Source: Author)

65

6.3 SANTO WINES 6.3.1 About It is a union of Santorini cooperatives founded in 1947 representing all and the wineries of Santorini, Greece. The winery was started in 1992. It is the largest organisation of the island with 1200 active members currently and also the largest producer of wines on the island. Apart from grapevines, tomato and fava beans production also takes place under the cooperative.

Figure 60: Aerial view of Santo wines (Source: SantoriniView)

6.3.2 Objectives To safeguard and strengthen the local traditional cultivation methods practiced by the farmers of the cooperative- primary stakeholders which ensures authenticity and quality.

Figure 61: Impact of stakeholders on the program (Source: Author)

6.3.3 Activities and events Under tourism there is a tour organized for the visitors which includes a visit to the wineries, production unit and wine tasting , a documentary film, restaurant and wine and deli shop.

Figure 62: Scope of events due to stakeholders (Source: Author)

66

Figure 63: Events involving local community (Source: SantoWines)

6.4 APPLETON RUM ESTATE 6.4.1 About Appleton estate is a tourist destination in Kingston, Jamaica known for the rum produced by the brand in the Nassau valley.

It is the oldest sugar estate and distillery in Jamaica and one of the largest producers of rum operating since 1749. The estate is surrounded by around 11000 acres of fields in the valley with the processing unit and tourist centre on the estate. The estate is spread around 26 acres including the tourism and manufacturing unit.

Figure 64: Larger zoning (Source: Google earth, Author)

6.4.2 Activities and user engagement The estate tour includes a welcome centre , documentary on rum and history of the estate and museum. Manufacturing process since the 18th century is exhibited and demonstrated through user engagement. There are some activities in which the user is involved in the process rather than mere display like an exhibit. The entire tour is always connected with the outdoors, the user traverses majorly in the open and then stops at the pause point which is semi open.

Figure 65: Interactive activities for the user (Source: Treasuretourjaimca)

Figure 66: User engagement and movement (Source: Author)

67

6.5 HALPE TEA 6.5.1 About Halpe tea is a tea brand in Sri Lanka and its factory was established in 1971 by Mr. A. P. D. Abeyrathne by acquiring the Uva Greenland Tea estate, which was once owned by the British. It prepares the premium Ceylon tea of Sri Lanka. The factory is also open to tourists which includes a factory tour, visit to tea estate, tea museum, factory fresh shopping followed by tea tasting and restaurant facility visited by choice.

Figure 67: Halpe tea factory (Source: Halpe tea)

Figure 68: Initiatives under social responsibility (Source: Author)

6.5.2 Social responsibility The brand is owned by a single family, therefore being a family business, social responsibility towards the staff, employers and the society has been an integral part of the philosophy. They closely work with the tea holders from whom they source more than 60% of the bought leaf. The idea is the importance of the growth and sustenance of these people for ensuring quality meets consumer demand. Thus all stakeholders are given equal importance.

68

Figure 69: Distribution of food for staff(Source: Halpe tea)

6.6 CONCLUSIONS Case study

Native crop

Lense

Physical arrangement Sula vineyards Nashik

Grape vines Sustainability

Tamara resort Coorg

Santo wines Greece

Appleton rum esate Jamaica

Halpe Tea Sri Lanka

Coffee

Grape vines

Sugarcane

Tea

Coexistence with nature

Local stakeholders

User engagement and movement

Social responsibility

Conclusion A number of user interfaces give the experience of the plantations by being within or from a farther distance in a built space. The grape vines always remain in the background of whether it be a conversation or visual feature.

Scale of the projects decides the type of systems incorporated for sustainability. Since the process of production as well as tourism is catered to the need of resources is on a large scale. Sustainability since the beginning needs to be implemented for efficient working.

Studying the state of natural resources in the context of suitable functions should be incorporated in the design.

It shows a very good example of how architecture and natural setting coexist without any damage to one another. The coffee plantation is mainly used as a natural setting for experience and visual connection and can be called as a value addition in contrast to Sula where focus was wineries and other functions developed around it.

Developing a network for growth and sustenance of the industry by encouraging the producers i.e. the farmers through the program. Organizing events to build farmerconsumer relationships. This shows the importance of local stakeholders and their impact on the overall program and functioning.

In this project the visitors have very little connection, even visual with the primary raw produce that is sugarcane. The experience of being surrounded by fields is not considered at human scale while being in the tourist centre. For developing an association, user interaction with the design is very important. The interaction should be more than visual engagement- in terms of generating curiosity through hands-on activities.

For the sustenance of any establishment considering the stakeholders and local community is very crucial.

For overall team building and to develop a sense of belonging towards the project, programs for the staff and employees are equally important. Inclusivity for people of the surrounding is a must for sustaining the project.

Table 3: Conclusions from case studies( Source: Author)

69

7 SITE SELECTION The criteria for case study selection was focused on understanding similar projects with native crop production based on specific lenses to aid program formulation.

7.1 Site selection criteria 7.1.1 Parameters 7.1.2 Site options

7.2 Site study 7.2.1 Connectivity 7.2.2 Context 7.2.3 Climate 7.2.4 Current condition

7.1 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA 7.1.1 Parameters 1. Being a project involving agricultural aspects the site will be situated in a rural context and not within the dense city fabric.

2. Easily connected to major roads for easy accessibility and for transport supply chain.

3. Within 35-50 km from the city for easy and frequent approach by the people.

4. The zone identified lies in the northwest region of the district due to the proximity to the orange growing belt here.

5. Close proximity to a village settlement for labour and generating employment through the project.

Rural context

Easy connectivity

30-35km distance from city

Northwest region

Figure 70: Site selection criteria(Source: Author)

Figure 71: District map with site selection zone(Source: Author)

72

Village settlement

7.1.2 Site options Based on the site selection parameters 3 site options were chosen in the northwest region of the district. By comparing the three options based on- location, site area, connectivity, context, current condition Site option 3 is selected as the final site.

SITE OPTIONS

SITE 3

SITE 1

SITE 2

Source: Google earth

Source: Google earth

LOCATION

Village: Astikala-Ketapar Taluka: Kalmeshwar

Village: Pipla-Kinkhede Taluka: Kalmeshwar

Village: Gondkhairi Taluka: Kalmeshwar

SITE AREA

25 acres

31.2 acres

36 acres

CONNECTIVITY

26 km from the city and well connected to the state highways. It lies along the spur road which joins the national highway and state highway via 2 major junctions.

35 km from the city and well connected to the state highways used for approach to the site. From the city it is approached from a major junction- Dhapewada.

26 km from the city and well connected with the road network- is accessed from the branch bifurcating from the National highway 6.

CONTEXT

Surrounded by farm lands and some farmhouses. There is a dam and reservoir in proximity of the site and also a settlement at 1km distance

Proximity to one of the famous religious spots.

Dam and reservoir in 2km radius from the site.

Settlement just adjacent to the site along with agricultural land.

River running adjacent to the site. There is a settlement close to the site. Wena dam and reservoir, industrial warehouses in close proximity.

CURRENT CONDITION

In the existing scenario the site does not have any kind of activity or function, not even farming.

An existing school and agricultural college.

College is not functioning currently.

Existing farmland of the owner in some patches, but not handled on a very professional scale.

REASONING

Since the site is located on a major road- cost will be higher and also area will be lost due to road widening in the future.

The site lies too close to the settlement and other functions of the village. Thus, the degree of privacy is very low.

The site has a certain level of privacy due to the river while still being connected to the road and village nearby.

The existing agricultural activity will be a benefit.

CITY

Source: Google earth

Table 4: Comparison of site options( Source: Author)

73

7.2 SITE STUDY Location: Gondhkhairi,Kalmeshwar, Nagpur Site area: 36 acres Ownership: Upadhyay and group The selected site is at a distance of 26 km from the main city. Under the Development plan (DP) it is under agricultural land use. It has several plots under single ownership. The site comes under the Gondkhairi gram panchayat.

Figure 72: Development plan (Source: NMRDA,NIT)

7.2.1 Connectivity • The site is accessed from the secondary road branching out from the NagpurAurangabad- Mumbai highway from the junction. Thus the site has a certain level of privacy while still being well connected to the highways and the city.

• It is at a distance of 30 km from the airport and 26 km from the Nagpur railway station.

• The access road is a 4-5m wide road abuting the site entrance. The same road goes ahead to the residential settlement via a bridge above the adjacent river.

Figure 73: Accessibility and connectivity with the city (Source: Google earth, Author)

74

Site

Settlements

Industrial/ warehouses

River

Roads

Secondary approach road

Figure 74: Site context and surroundings (Source: Google earth, Author)

7.2.2 Context • The selected site lies in the rural part of Nagpur district. Thus the noise level is negligible around the site and it is a peaceful setting.

• The Gondkhairi gram panchayat, lies north of the site across the highway. There are 2 settlements in close proximity to the site within a radius of 1km.

• The context has more unbuilt spaces than the built as the majority of land use is agricultural land. Apart from farmlands, other land use includes industrial warehouses which are located on the highway and some on the way, while approaching the site from the secondary road.

• The Vvena river runs south of the site- creating a buffer and adding to the natural character of the surrounding. The river is a strength for the site and can also be a source of attraction along with serving as a water supply source for the project.

75

7.2.3 Climate Climate of Nagpur is extreme with very high temperatures in summer and low in winter. The design will have to respond by incorporating passive and sustainable systems to address this climate to house a good amount of visitors throughout the year. However the river will is a strong natural source creating a micro climate for the site.

Figure 75: Sun path and wind direction (Source: Google earth, Author)

Figure 76: Average monthly sun hours (Source: weatherandclimate.com)

Figure 77: Average rainy days (Source: weatherandclimate.com)

Being a zone of hot and dry climate, most part of the year there is plenty of sunlight throughout the day. Thus the design needs to respond through suitable systems for thermal comfort. Solar energy can contribute to meet the electricity supply of the project.

Monsoon begins in June, but maximum rainfall occurs in the months of July- September in the district and then October heat is experienced before winter.

The predominant wind direction is from N, NW, NE and from the southwest during the rainy season.

Figure 78: Average rainy days (Source: worldweatherinfo)

76

Figure 79: Site contours at 1m interval (Source: Google earth, Author)

Figure 80: Shorter site section (Source: Google earth, Author)

The elevation of Nagpur is 314m. Average site elevation is 317m, the river bed being at 311m. It can be concluded that the site has a gradual slope and thus can be considered almost on the same plane.

7.2.4 Current Condition • The site is a privately owned land.

• The current use of the land is for agriculture purposes- with scattered portions of cotton, orange, mosambi and lemon plantations. But this is on a domestic level and not handled on a commercial scale.

• There is a small cowshed and worker’s quarters also on the site.

• Being an agricultural land the site also has other vegetation which is spread in an organic way, also mixing with the specific fruit trees.

• In the current setup the owner has built a small dam on the river which caters to the water requirements to some extent and also acts as an aesthetic feature.

77

C A

B

Cowshed and storage

Cotton, pulses

Mosambi, lemon

Figure 81: Existing activity on site (Source: Google earth, Author)

1. The abutting river is a major strength of the natural context for the siteopening up views for the user 2. Natural buffer creating seclusion but still well connected from the road 3. Existing workforce available readilyworking currently on the site

1. The current crops and plantations occur in a very organic way.

Therefore documentation of trees on site is not possible.

2. Due to the abutting river larger margin needs to be left as a safety buffer in between.

1. Since there is no prominent built structure in immediate context it can create an identity for the area.

2. The site offers a great opportunity for the nearby settlement by generating employment and upliftment of local communities.

1. The natural setting of the river needs to be dealt with during monsoons to avoid flooding and damage on the site.

2. Summer months are a major challenge for any site in this context.

Thus sustainability has to be considered since the beginning.

Table 5: SWOT Analysis( Source: Author)

78

A

B

Figure 82: Entrance(Source: Author)

A

Figure 85: Cowshed on site(Source: Author)

B

Figure 83: Settlement(Source: Author)

A

Figure 86: Existing structure (Source: Author)

C

Figure 87: (Source: Author)

Figure 84: Way to settlement (Source: Author)

A

From the access road leading ahead to the settlement

B

Existing cow shed in the site

C

View from the other side and river

C

Figure 88: River beside(Source: Author)

79

8 WAY FORWARD After the data collection and analysis based on the research methodology, this chapter involves defining the design intent and objectives consequently leading to program formulation.

8.1 Design Intent 8.1.1 Design objectives

8.2 Program formulation 8.2.1 User group 8.2.2 Experience and journey for visitors 8.2.3 Category of functions in the program 8.2.4 Area statement

8.1 DESIGN INTENT The intent of the design is to generate curiosity among the people through interactive engagement, thereby realizing the uniqueness of the fruit to the region and why it is important to maintain this identity given to the city. Thus, the larger intent is to create an association with the fruit and consequently with the city through experience in the project.

The aim is to also explore the use of the fruit beyond raw consumption through architectural expression.

8.1.1 Design objectives 1. To bring the identity of the city on a global map- celebrating the journey of oranges from farm to final product.

2. To connect the citizens with the primary producers to enhance consumer-producer relationship.

3. To encourage and motivate farmers to stay in the industry by developing a strong future potential and benefits.

4. The design should be inclusive involving the immediate communities into the program.

5. Being located in Nagpur the design should respond to the extreme climatic conditions in Nagpur in such a way that it is no longer a weakness but is dealt with in a sustainable way for thermal comfort of the users.

6. To make maximum use of the natural sources of energy for meeting light and ventilation requirements in habitable spaces.

7. To develop a self sustaining project keeping in mind the load on the environment.

Figure 89: Design intent (Source: Author)

82

The nagpur santra has unique characteristics that sets it apart from other varieties. These characteristics are 1. Excellent aroma 2. Excellent flavour-perfect balance of sour and sweet 3. Easy to peel into segments 4. Juicy with loose and thin jacket Can these characteristics be interpreted and expressed through architectural manifestation to make the user relate and realise its specialty even more?

Figure 90: Possible translations of properties to tangible forms (Source: Author)

83

8.2 PROGRAM FORMULATION 8.2.1 User group To move towards program formulation, a basic understanding of the user group based on the variety of possibilities of activities is gathered. To move towards program formulation, a basic understanding of the user group based on the variety of possibilities of activities is gathered. These aspects must be incorporated in the design with the objective of inclusivity for all users.

User group and activities

Broader Classification for programs

84

8.2.2 Experience and journey for visitors

Figure 91: Activities along the journey (Source: Author)

85

8.2.3 Category of functions in the program After the broader classification of users for programs the type of functions in each is listed according to the need.

AGRICULTURE Agri- Under this the aim is to build healthy working spaces for the farmer along with keeping them up to date with latest methods and systems. It also focuses on developing a consumer producer relationship for a common person by introducing them to small workshops based on farming.

Primary functions • Agriculture • Orange orchards • Nurseries • Greenhouses • Workshop spaces for farmers • Breakout spaces for farmers • Farmer’s market/ harvest fest

Services • Water supply and irrigation systems setup • Restrooms and eating space • Store rooms/ warehouses

PROCESSING AND PRODUCTION By introducing this category it will not only be a step ahead but also explore the possibilities of the fruit in the processing industry beyond farming. In Nagpur district there is no processing industry therefore no market as such for the same. This will put to use the oranges that get discarded while exporting to different places and cities.

Primary functions • Processing unit • Workshop spaces for visitors • Shop for products • Tour for visitors

86

Services • Packaging and stoage • Testing, grading of fruitsunloading area • Restrooms and eating space • Warehouses- raw` and finished products

WORKING STAFF For inclusivity and responsibility of the project towards all its staff and employees, comfortable and functional working, resting and recreational spaces are thought of from the beginning.

Primary functions • Reading spaces for locals • Office spaces- admin • Recreation spaces • Dining area • Accommodation

Services • Restrooms • Storage

VISTIOR’S CENTRE The people visiting the project will be attracted or curious to know more only if the kind of activities and curation of the spaces are unique. This will create a unique memory and association with the people which can help reinforce the identity further.

Primary functions • Orchard tour, recreation spaces • Exhibit and display areas • Workshop spaces-culinary/ gardening • Cafe and restaurant • Camping and Accommodation • Multipurpose halls/ market spaces

Services • Restrooms • Storage

87

8.2.4 Area statement S.NO FUNCTION

NO.

AREA (sq.m)

1 Entrance and parking space 2 Security check point A VISITORS a Exhibition and display area 1 Entrance foyer 2 Entrance lobby & reception

150

3 Ticket counter and info centre

30

4 Manager's room

15

5 Waiting area

50

6 Exhibit and interactive display area

500

7 Audio visual display room

200

8 Interactive display to know the facts

500

9 Open and semiopen Gathering spaces 10 Multipurpose hall

200

11 Store room

50

b Culinary experimentation 1 Café+ pantry

150

2 Open and semiopen seating space 3 Restaurant

250

4 Kitchen and store

200

5 Workshop and tasting spaces

2

150

6 Store room

30

7 Toilets

60

c Event spaces 1 Multipurpose halls

2

1000

2 Changing rooms

100

3 Dining and serving area

500

4 Toilets

50

5 Open event space 6 Market spaces and stalls d Accommodation 1 Entrance lobby and reception 2 35sqm rooms

15

525

3 50 sqm suites

5

250

4 Dining area

300

5 Kitchen and store

200

6 Store room

50

7 Service area

50 Table 6: Area statement (Source: Author)

88

100

B PROCESSING UNIT 1 Manufacturing space( washing, making)

1000

2 Display and tour area for visitors

250

3 Tasting areas of different products

200

4 Workshop space for visitors

2

150

5 Shop for purchasing ready products

50

6 Testing area for products-by experts

50

7 Storage for raw materials

75

8 Storage for finished products

100

9 Unloading space for fruits

50

10 Dispatch area for transport

50

11 Manager's office and control room

2

30

12 Toilets

30

13 Service areas

30

C AGRICULTURAL 1 Orchards 2 Nursery

2

100

3 Greenhouse

2

300

4 Storage of equipment

100

5 Warehouse and farming vehicles

300

6 Storage of fruits

300

7 Workshop and training space

2

8 AV room

100 50

9 Supervisor and scientist rooms 10 Farmer's market space(open/semiopen) 11 Reading space

2

30 100 50

D WORKING STAFF AND ADMIN 1 Administrative block

100

2 Store room

50

3 Manager's room

15

4 Conference room

50

5 First aid room

20

6 Security and surveillance room

20

7 Toilet

30

8 Maintenance Staff locker room & toilets

75

9 Maintenance Staff accomm.(dorms) 10 Canteen and kitchen Built up area Total Built up area ( BUA + 15% circulation)

100 150 9801 11271 sqm

Table 6: Area statement (Source: Author)

89

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Distinct characteristics of the city (Source: Author) Figure 2: Arrival of oranges in Nagpur ( Source: Author) Figure 3: Geographical indication status for the district (Source: Author) Figure 4: Current scenario highlighting the need and concern (Source: Author) Figure 5: Understanding of the concern (Source: Author) Figure 6: Formulation of the research approach (Source: Author) Figure 7: Evolution of oranges( Source: storymaps.arcgis.com , Author) Figure 8: History of oranges across the world through a timeline( Source: Author) Figure 9: Classification of the different varieties( Source: Author) Figure 10: Commonly known varieties in India( Source: Google images, Author) Figure 11: Share of continents in orange production( Source: FAO) Figure 12: Orange production by country in tonnes( Source: FAO) Figure 13: Top 10 orange producing countries( Source: FAO) Figure 14: Top 10 producers in the country( Source: APEDA) Figure 15: Top 5 orange producing states in the country( Source: Author) Figure 16: Top 10 producers in the country( Source: APEDA) Figure 17: Top 10 producers in the country( Source: APEDA) Figure 18: Orange growing region in the district( Source: Author) Figure 19: Key plan showing adjoing districts (Source: Author) Figure 20: Comaprison of productivity with Amravati( Source: Author) Figure 21: Comaprison of productivity with Akola( Source: Author) Figure 22: Location mapping of other crops( Source: Author) Figure 23: Season and period from flowering to fruiting( Source: Author) Figure 24: Schematic representation of farming layout along with intercroopping( Source: Author) Figure 25: Schematic master plan( Source: Author) Figure 26: Arrangement of plants with 20 feet spacing( Source: Author) Figure 27: Pathways for vehicular movement( Source: Author) Figure 28: Godown on site( Source: Author) Figure 29: Irrigation system setup( Source: Author) Figure 30: Store room( Source: Author) Figure 31: Space for tractor( Source: Author) Figure 32: Stepwise process of harvesting( Source: Author) Figure 33: Resources available at CCRI( Source: Author) Figure 34: Screen house and repository( Source: Author) Figure 35: Greenhouses on the campus( Source: Author) Figure 36: Orange orchards( Source: Author) Figure 37: Nursery( Source: Author) Figure 38: Common supply chains during harvest( Source: Author) Figure 39: Interviews with farm/farm owners( Source: Author) Figure 40: Parts of the fruit used( Source: Google images, Author) Figure 41: Common products( Source: Google images, Author) Figure 42: Processing unit at Nanded( Source: CPIL Youtube) Figure 43: Agri- Extension programme( Source: CPIL) Figure 44: Stepwise process of processing ( Source: CPIL Youtube) Figure 45: Products manufactured( Source: CPIL) Figure 46: Supply chain at CPIL ( Source: Author) Figure 47: Program framewok ( Source: Author) Figure 48: Master plan and sequence of spaces ( Source: Author) Figure 49: Key master plan( Source: Author) Figure 50: Aerial view( Source: Sula Wines) Figure 51: Activity spaces in the design( Source: Google images,Sula Wines) Figure 52: Renewable sources of energy( Source: Sula wines, Author) Figure 53: Water and waste management( Source: Author) Figure 54: Schematic master plan( Source: Tamara, Author) Figure 55: Main entrance( Source: Tamara,Coorg) Figure 56: Reception( Source: Tamara,Coorg) Figure 57: Layout of 2 joint cottages (Source: Author) Figure 58: A typical cottage (Source: Tamara, Coorg) Figure 59: Other activities (Source: Author) Figure 59: Other activities (Source: Author) Figure 60: Aerial view of Santo wines (Source: SantoriniView) Figure 61: Impact of stakeholders on the program (Source: Author) Figure 62: Scope of events due to stakeholders (Source: Author) Figure 63: Events involving local community(Source: SantoWines) Figure 64: Larger zoning (Source: Google earth, Author) Figure 65: Interactive activities for the user (Source: Treasuretourjaimca)

90

Figure 66: User engagement and movement (Source: Author) Figure 67: Halpe tea factory (Source: Halpe tea) Figure 68: Initiatives under social responsibility (Source: Author) Figure 69: Distribution of food for staff(Source: Halpe tea) Figure 70: Site selection criteria(Source: Author) Figure 71: District map with site selection zone(Source: Author) Figure 72: Development plan (Source: NMRDA,NIT) Figure 73: Accessibility and connectivity with the city (Source: Google earth, Author) Figure 74: Site context and surroundings (Source: Google earth, Author) Figure 75: Sun path and wind direction (Source: Google earth, Author) Figure 76: Average monthly sun hours (Source: weatherandclimate.com) Figure 77: Average rainy days (Source: weatherandclimate.com) Figure 78: Average rainy days (Source: worldweatherinfo) Figure 79: Site contours at 1m interval (Source: Google earth, Author) Figure 80: Shorter site section (Source: Google earth, Author) Figure 81: Existing activity on site (Source: Google earth, Author) Figure 82: Entrance(Source: Author) Figure 83: Settlement(Source: Author) Figure 84: Way to settlement (Source: Author) Figure 85: Cowshed on site(Source: Author) Figure 86: Existing structure (Source: Author) Figure 87: (Source: Author) Figure 88: River beside(Source: Author) Figure 89: Design intent (Source: Author) Figure 90: Possible translations of properties to tangible forms (Source: Author) Figure 91: Activities along the journey (Source: Author)

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Table 2: Table 3: Table 4: Table 5: Table 6:

District wise area and production of citrus fruits( Source: CCRI) Taluka wise adopted cropping pattern( Source: agricoop) Conclusions from case studies( Source: Author) Comparison of site options( Source: Author) SWOT Analysis( Source: Author) Area statement (Source: Author)

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FAO: Food and Agricultural organisation APEDA: Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority CCRI: Central Citrus Research Insititute

91

BIBLIOGRAPHY Pallavi, Aparna, editor. “GI tag for Nagpur orange to benefit both farmers and consumers.” Down to earth, Monday September 2014, https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/gi-tag-for-nagpur-orange-to-benefit-bothfarmers-and-consumers-46104.

Stanley, Nirmala. Nagpur orange. Indian mirror, https://www.indianmirror.com/culture/indian-specialties/ Nagpurorange.html.

Arya, Shishir, editor. “The bitter story of Nagpur Orange.” Times of India, 11 September 2016, https:// timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/the-bitter-story-of-nagpur-orange/articleshow/54271608.cms.

“Nagpur to be developed as cluster for orange by APEDA.” Matrubhumi, https://english.mathrubhumi.com/ agriculture/agri-news/nagpur-to-be-developed-as-cluster-for-orange-by-apeda-1.4533760.

“The Origin of Oranges.” https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/1a88363072674762b95e1ab4e7431fd0.

“Production of oranges.” Food and Agricultural organization(FAO), United nations, https://www.fao.org/ faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize.

“ORANGE.” National Horticulture board, India, http://nhb.gov.in/report_files/orange/orange.htm.

“History of crops in Nagpur.” Nagpur district gazzetter, https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural. maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Nagpur/agri1.html.

“Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: NAGPUR.” Department of agriculture and farmers’ welfare, https:// agricoop.nic.in/sites/default/files/MH18-%20Nagpur.pdf.

“Sweet orange.” Vikaspedia, https://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/crop-production/package-of-practices/fruits-1/ sweet-orange-1.

Citrus Processing India limited. “Orange products.” CPIL, https://www.citrus-ind.com/index.php.

Salibe, Ary. “The Brazilian Citrus Industry.” https://irrec.ifas.ufl.edu/.

AGMARK. “POST’-HARVEST PROFILE OF MANDARIN.” GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, 2009, https://agmarknet.gov.in/Others/preface-mandarin.pdf.

Madhya Pradesh government. “Coffee Table Book Horticulture & Food Processing Madhya Pradesh.” http:// www.mphorticulture.gov.in/sites/default/files/Coffee%20Table%20Book.pdf.

Bora, Sonakshi. study-72423289.

Design

dissertation.

https://www.slideshare.net/SonakshiBora/sula-vineyard-case-

“Orange Extract Market.” Persistance market research, https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/ market-research/orange-extract-market.asp.

Treasure tours, Jamaica, https://treasuretoursjamaica.com/tour/appleton-rum-estate/.

Santorini view, https://www.santorini-view.com/panorama/sky-view-santo-wines/#Sight-42.

Vanamati orange. Green valley Project, Akhil Junghare. https://youtu.be/xSUgOZUzEds. Kale, Dadarao. Vanamati orange. To protect trees from diseases and pests. https://youtu.be/u9faBLVdfy0.

Halpe tea. https://www.halpetea.com/csr.html.

92

Tetra Pak. “Orange book.” https://orangebook.tetrapak.com/chapter/transport-and-handling-bulk-product.

“Santo Wines in Pyrgos, Santorini.” Santorini Dave, September 16, 2021, https://santorinidave.com/santowines-santorini.

Bathe, Trupti. Winery and tourism hub. Thesis. 2015, https://issuu.com/bathetrupti/docs/truptibathe_ ddard2019-20web.

Climate in Nagpur. Weather and climate, https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-RainfallTemperature-Sunshine,Nagpur,India.

Appleton Estate Rum: crafted in the Heart of Jamaica | Appleton Estate, https://appletonestate.com/en-us/.

Accessed 18 November 2021.

Sula Vineyards, https://sulavineyards.com/. Accessed 18 November 2021.

Luxury Resorts in India | Coorg Resort | Kodai Resort - The Tamara, https://www.thetamara.com/. Accessed 18 November 2021.

“Weather archive in Nagpur (India). Wind rose in Nagpur.” world-weather.info, https://world-weather.info/ archive/india/nagpur/. Accessed 18 November 2021.

“Vision 2050.” CCRI, ICAR, July 2015, http://www.nrccitrus.nic.in/.

FAO. “STATISTICAL BULLETIN.” CITRUS FRUIT FRESH AND PROCESSED, 2016.

National Horticulture board. “Commodity wise status.” vol. 2, 2011.

Government of India Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers’ Welfare Horticulture Statistics Division. “HORTICULTURAL STATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2018.”

“Nagpur The Land of Oranges, Orange Farming in Nagpur.” Nagpur, https://www.nagpuronline.in/city-guide/ nagpur-the-land-of-oranges. Accessed 18 November 2021.

93