Aquaculture Scoop is a magazine for aquaculture professionals worldwide
Fish health challenges Extrusion processes Mycotoxins in aquafeed Fish feed factory in Zambia
Issue 14 / March 2017
Industry Events
Editorial
Issue 14 / March 2017 Fish health challenges Preventing disease on fish farms
Welcome to the latest issue of Aquaculture Scoop. In this issue we learn about new approaches to the management of fish health and disease on fish farms, and ways to minimise mycotoxin risks in aquafeed. We also get an insight into troubleshooting extrusion processes from Australian specialists and find out ways to diagnose extrusion problems and their likely causes. Finally we learn more about Aller Aqua entering the African market and buiding a fish feed factory in Zambia. As ever, please send us your comments and articles for inclusion, contact details below and right.
Extrusion processes Minimising potential problems
Mycotoxins in aquafeed Overview and best solutions
Fish feed factory in Zambia Aller Aqua entering African market
Events
The world’s top events related to aquaculture from around the world, listed on p.21
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Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017
Page 1
Nikos Steiropoulos: Preventing disease on fish farms; New challenges require new approaches The management of fish health and disease
the sector have been driven by the
welfare of the animals under our care. It is
remains the single biggest challenge
challenges we face. The next major
this underlying commitment that all of us at
affecting Scotland’s fish farming industry.
challenge seems to be gill health. The
Europharma Scotland take very seriously as
It seems a fairly self-evident statement to
problem is certainly of a multifactorial
we support the UK’s leading producers of
make but farms that take seriously the
nature and it goes beyond the relatively
salmon and trout. In recognition of the
health of their fish have a competitive
well-known issues including amoebic gill
significance of the gill health challenge - and
advantage with customers who recognise
disease (AGD) that the industry has
of its implication with the implementation of
the value of a high quality product.
gradually learned to deal with. This complex
successful strategies to mitigate sea lice -
causative web of gill diseases requires
our fish health team in the UK is
As vets, we seem to constantly be discussing
further research as it seems to be
participating in collaborative research
the fish health challenges affecting the
connected with a series of risk and
approaches towards the development of
industry – particularly sea lice. And whilst
impacting factors, both of biotic and abiotic
improved rapid diagnostic methods. They
the challenge is great, we must always
nature. However as almost 20 years’
are also investigating environmental
remember that the industry and those
experience in the aquaculture sector have
impacting factors to the development of
supporting it have risen to that challenge.
shown, despite any challenges, our priority
these gill syndromes.
All the scientific and technical innovations in
as vets always remains the health and
Page 2
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017
Early diagnosis and training A challenge for the industry remains the need for constant monitoring of stocks and the training and knowledge to be able to identify quickly any health challenges. As marine aquaculture is still a relatively new industry, quick access to diagnostic tools have been lacking in the past. However with new advances in science, progress is being made and our fish health team at Europharma Scotland are working with products such as the genesig q16 DNA testing device which offers farms real time quantitative PCR data that can give workers a real chance to detect and treat health challenges before they become a major threat to the fish. The significance of in situ rapid diagnosis allows for comprehensive, low cost screening of the fish stocks and evidence based managerial decisions. Reliable rapid diagnostic capacity at the point of care will revolutionise fish health management activities. It allows farms to make quicker decisions rather than waiting up to several days for results to come back from an external diagnostic facility, therefore offering better results for the fish but also for company profits. At Europharma we pride ourselves on our young, dynamic and dedicated workforce who are consistently looking for new ways to support farms across Scotland with the A future project that the Europharma
We know the important role that we have to
early diagnosis of health challenges and the
Scotland team will participate in is a
play to support the industry’s ambition for
necessary to spot the early warning signs.
research consortium that will aim to
growth. The industry in Scotland has set
establish methods to detect blooms of
itself a goal to double production by 2030,
microscopic jellyfish that could act as the
but to do this we need to keep sea
instigating factor for major disease events
licenunder control and also manage other
involving AGD and proliferative gill
emerging fish health challenges like gill
inflammation (PGI).
health.
The central objective of our research
The prevention of disease in fish farms is a
consortium would be an approach which
multi-faceted area but the industry has
will allow the aquaculture industry to
proven it is up to the task and there are new
identify blooms early and also create a
areas of best practice constantly generated.
dataset that will reveal the patterns of the
Whilst there’s no magic bullet that will
bloom events, thus allowing for the
improve fish health, using a combination of
development of long-term monitoring and
the following can have a real impact and
mitigation solutions.
bring production costs down.
Page 4
Biosecurity As food producers, consumer safety is the primary concern and to deliver safe food then biosecurity is of paramount importance. Good biosecurity requires a little foresight and common sense and effective biosecurity is the key to stopping the spread of existing and emerging diseases. This is one of the cornerstones of Europharma’s Fishguard team’s approach. Fishguard’s approach is to provide an alternative fish health service in Scotland, shifting away from the traditional reactive interventions towards an approach that
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017
advocates the positives of good animal
With the recent addition of SuperSmolt®
concerns remain about hatcheries being
husbandry.
Feed Only, the programme allows the use of
able to supply the growing demand. Our
technology to Scottish freshwater lochs, and
FishGuard team is involved in providing
Although the team’s target is to enhance
increases the planning agility for both smolt
veterinary fish health support to producers
best practices in close collaboration with
producers and integrated farming
of these new species, supporting the growth
our farming partners, the provision of a
companies.
and efficiency of biological control of sea
complete advisory and diagnostic service remains off course. The full range of
lice.
Pharmaceuticals
bacteriology, histology, molecular
Although clearly there are many challenges
diagnostics and veterinary services is
There has been a dramatic reduction in the
facing the industry, thankfully we have some
however there for our salmon and trout
use of delousing drugs but it is clear that the
of the best and brightest talents working on,
farming partners to use.
industry still needs access to a complete
and supporting our farms. This spans from
range of fully licensed products which can
research institutes, fish health staff,
be further supported by research into new
in-house development teams of the farming
solutions. As a result our portfolio has
companies and of course production staff of
A good start is half the battle won, and in a
recently expanded to include all the key sea
all levels and disciplines.
capital intensive industry like aquaculture,
lice medicines but we also offer technical
this can be the key to the financial success
support and veterinary advice to ensure that
Europharma is delighted to be playing its
of production. With national scale surveys
the best use of these medicines.
part and we will be discussing many of these
Better smolts
indicating that bad smoltification can be a
issues at our annual seminar being held in
major cause of loss in the growing stage,
Undoubtedly the industry is using fewer
the Lofoten Islands, Norway on June 14-16.
even higher than the cumulative effect of
medicines in its treatments which is
We are looking forward for people working
infectious diseases and associated
primarily driven by the growth in resistance
in the industry to join our UK delegation. If
treatments, the Europharma team is taking
to medicines but we must remember that
you’d be interested in joining the delegation
this aspect very seriously. Supported by our
medicines still play an important part in the
or finding out more about our fish health
international teams in Norway, Canada and
treatment of disease on farms. Advances in
seminar then please get in touch.
Chile, our proprietary Supersmolt
mechanical delousing techniques are
programme, has already smoltified in
encouraging, but there is still some way to
Nikos Steiropoulos,
Scotland more than 50 million fish from
go in terms of improving the technology.
Managing Director
2011 and is leading the way in providing
Europharma Scotland Ltd
advice and support for farms to increase the
Likewise there has been growth in the use of
quality and robustness of salmon smolts.
both wrasse and lumpsuckers – although
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017
Web: www.europharma-uk.com
Page 5
Troubleshooting extrusion processes Gordon Young, Food Industry Engineering, Australia Dennis Forte, Dennis Forte & Associates, Australia The authors are presenting short courses on “Aquafeed Extrusion Technology” and “Drying Technology” at Centre for Feed Technology, FôrTek, Norway, in April 2017, and an Extrusion Course in Thailand in July 2017 (www.fie.com.au/events)
Introduction
exercise, it is important to understand that
if, for example, residence time in the barrel
the process is a Dynamic Equilibrium. A
is 30 seconds, and we make a change in the
Extrusion processes are widely used in the
large number of physical phenomena are
barrel (eg screw speed) we cannot be
production of aquafeeds. But extrusion is a
interacting to establish the prevailing
confident we have observed the effect of
complex process – and with complexity
process. Whenever some parameter
that change until at least two minutes has
comes the potential for process problems,
changes in extrusion, it affects many other
passed. If we make a change in the
caused by a change in some parameter or
parameters.
preconditioner (eg steam addition), and residence time in the preconditioner plus
process variable. This paper discusses how to diagnose the likely causes of variations. It is important to be able to diagnose
For example – a “simple” change such as
extruder is two minutes – we need to wait
screw speed in turn changes a whole series of
for eight minutes to observe the true effect!
other parameters – see the diagram in Figure 1.
So one key aspect of troubleshooting in
extrusion problems quickly and accurately in order to minimise out-of-specification product and down-time losses. For effective process trouble-shooting to be performed, it is necessary to have both adequate process
Figure 1 – An example of the interactive nature of extrusion
Screw Speed Change Shear Rate
Barrel Fill Length
(shear thinning fluid)
Product Viscosity
instrumentation and good process
Product Temperature
knowledge. Lack of instrumentation makes the trouble-shooting exercise a guessing
Residence Time
Motor Power Input
game, which may not resolve the problem
Die Pressure
(Specific Mechanical Energy)
completely. Good process knowledge comes with experience, training and detailed
Product Characteristics
investigation (quantification) of the extrusion process. That is, whenever a change is made
extrusion is that when we make a change,
The food extrusion process involves mixing,
(intentionally or unintentionally), it upsets
wait for sufficient time to see the effect.
physical modification, chemical
the existing “equilibrium”, and the process
modification, and forming of the product.
needs to go through a whole series of
The temperature profile and pressure
changes before establishing a new
profile, the residence time distribution and
equilibrium. The product observed soon
the balance of thermal energy and
after a change will not be the same as the
Following is a suggeste d generic approach
mechanical energy inputs to the product
product once equilibrium is re-established.
to troubleshooting an extrusion process.
process. These parameters combine to
One effect of this is that we must wait for a
1. How is product out of specification? First
produce the finished product attributes.
sufficient time for the process to settle
define exactly what is wrong with the
before we can evaluate whether the action
product. It may be product size, shape,
has been “successful”. As a general “rule of
density, colour, texture, etc. The more
thumb”, time for the process to re-stabilise
precisely this is defined, the more valuable it
is approximately four times the average
is in providing direction as to likely cause/s
residence time within the system. Therefore,
and therefore the most appropriate solution.
A Generic Approach to Troubleshooting
constitute the operating conditions of the
The Interactive Nature of the Extrusion Process When performing a trouble-shooting
Page 6
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017
2. When did the change occur? Was it
extrusion process, as discussed previously,
change is sudden, caused by a sudden
sudden or gradual? Or perhaps the problem
adds significant complications – any
decrease in die conductance. Eventually it
is intermittent, or even cyclic. This also helps
out-of-specification identified could be
will be necessary to stop and clear the die,
to focus on likely cause/s.
caused by any of a number of parameter
but it may be possible (and appropriate) in
variations, and therefore have a number of
the interim to solve the problem by, for
3. What else has changed? If the problem is
potential solutions. And some of these
example, reducing throughput rate.
associated with a rebuild of the system, it
solutions will provide a better outcome than
immediately focuses in on what was done to
others.
the equipment. Some other events may be
•
But low density with increased pressure
and motor amps may also be due to an
equally informative, but not necessarily as
Understanding the extrusion process
increase in melt viscosity – most commonly
obvious in their timing – eg did the
provides a basis for identifying the most
due to a change in the moisture or fat
out-of-specification product coincide with a
relevant causes. Of course, a paper such as
content within the extruder (eg due to raw
new batch of some ingredient making its
this cannot analyse all the potential
material variations). Depending on the
way to the extruder? This is also where good
situations that will be encountered, but
degree of variation, this may point to a
instrumentation and good records are
following is one (partial) example.
longer term issue of improving raw
particularly valuable – perhaps the change is also associated with a change in motor amps/torque, or screw speed, or die
ingredient specification and control. But the
Example - Product Density has Changed
pressure etc.
immediate challenge for the operator is to work with what they have. We now know that, in addition to increasing pressure drop
We know that product expansion – and
across the die, the higher pressure will
4. How to correct it? And there are often two
therefore density – is driven by production
increase barrel filled length – which further
parts to this:
of steam “boiling” in the product as it exits
increases load on the motor and therefore
•
the die. The amount of steam generated is a
increases shear/mechanical energy input.
the product back into specification with
“driving force” for expansion, and the
An appropriate response may be to increase
minimal loss of production? This will be the
response of the product in turn relates to the
screw speed, tending to “pump out” the
focus of following discussion.
temperature before the die, the pressure
barrel to reduce filled length, the
•
drop across the die, and formulation aspects
shear-thinning nature of the melt resulting
very important, consideration is what
– having sufficient water present, and the type
in lower apparent viscosity and therefore
should be done in the longer term to
and quality of starch and protein present.
further reducing mechanical energy input.
prevent a similar problem in the future. For
Understanding this, we can look at other
example, if the issue was caused by a
associated changes. A key one is pressure, it
•
change in feed composition, this may point
not only drives expansion through the die, it
expansion) over time is a typical symptom
to the need to improve ingredient
also drives back-fill and therefore “cook” in
of extruder wear - larger gap between screw
specifications and/or their control.
the extruder barrel. It is at this stage that
and barrel leads to increased barrel fill,
timing of changes can also be informative, eg:
therefore longer residence time resulting in
What can be done immediately to bring
In many cases, a less immediate, but
Identifying Causes of Process Issues It is at this point that the complexity of the
Page 8
Density slowly increasing (lower
higher motor load and higher temperature, •
If density is low (expansion high), and
so melt viscosity is reduced leading to lower
pressure and motor amps increased, we
pressure and therefore less expansion, even
may suspect die blockages – especially if the
though temperature is higher. Operators
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017
expansion, and to do this they have decided
So what does this mean when trying to
to alter screw speed.
troubleshoot an extrusion problem? •
Make a change, and make the change
Figure 2 shows a generic response of
small (or you could jump over the “peak”)
Expansion Ratio to Screw Speed. Note that if
•
the operator starts at point “A” and wishes
the residence time)
to increase expansion by changing screw
•
See what the effect has been.
speed, they would need to increase speed.
•
If the result is improved, you might try a
But if they started at point “B”, they would
little more of the change.
need to decrease screw speed to increase
•
expansion. How can this be?
back to where you started, wait for it to
Wait for the process to settle (four times
If the result is in the wrong direction, go
Expansion INCREASING
Figure 2 – Generic response of expansion to screw speed
typically correct for this by steadily A
increasing screw speed, which reduces barrel fill length and motor load.
INCREASING Rela�ve Screw Speed
B
Other causes and therefore responses may also exist, depending on the situation. Note
Let’s consider the two situations in the light
settle, then try the change in the other
also that the above responses are never
of our knowledge of the extrusion process:
direction (or try something else)
“perfect” - eg if screw speed is increased to
(i)
bring density back under control, it will
speed is increased. This tends to reduce fill
invariably lead to a change in the energy
length, reducing residence time in the
balance – so we are producing a “different
barrel, and reducing conductive heating
Extrusion is a complex process – any
product” – density may be correct, but
from the barrel (and motor amps). Melt
particular operating point is a “dynamic
texture, or digestibility etc are no longer
temperature is therefore reduced, so its
equilibrium”, and when any change occurs,
exactly the same. Other longer-term
viscosity is higher, increasing pressure at
the process needs to find a new equilibrium.
responses – such as extruder maintenance
the die, and therefore increasing expansion.
This makes it difficult to diagnose problems,
or better control of ingredients – then
(ii)
and to decide how to react to process
become essential.
Shear rate becomes very intense, though
problems. But a good understanding of the
over a shorter filled length. Starches are
process, and a systematic approach, can
therefore “dextrinised” to a lower molecular
improve our ability to keep the process
weight, and the shorter-chain molecules
under control.
In-plant Operator Actions
Starting at screw speed “A” – screw
Screw Speed further increased to “B” –
Conclusion
The previous example says that we often
reduce viscosity of the melt, so pressure
find ourselves in the situation where we
drops. In addition there is a lack of starch
This paper is based on material in a
have a number of options to correct an
structure to hold the expansion, and degree
chapter of a book by the same authors:
issue – how does the operator decide which
of expansion reduces.
“Food and Feed Extrusion Technology: An
one? Unfortunately, sometimes we need to
Applied Approach to Extrusion Theory”,
try our “best guess” and see what happens –
That is, the response of expansion to screw
but the better our knowledge of the process,
speed is a Second Order Relationship. A
the better that “guess” can be.
review of information available confirms
ISBN 978-0-9945433-0-1
that other extrusion relationships tend to But here another complication is revealed.
behave similarly - a peak (or trough) exists
To illustrate this, let’s use the example
for any product attribute in reaction to
where an operator wishes to increase
variations in a given process parameter.
Page 10
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017
Management of mycotoxin risks in aquaculture from farm to fork Radka Borutova, DVM, PhD Peter Coutteau PhD, Nutriad International, Belgium accumulation of AFB1 residues in muscles and ovaries above the safety limitation of the European Union (2 µg/kg) (Han et al., 2009). Several studies in marine shrimp showed that AFB1 can cause poor growth, low apparent digestibility, physiological disorders and histological changes, mainly in the hepatopancreatic tissue (BurgosHernadez et al., 2005). This results in the modification of digestive processes and abnormal development of the hepatopancreas, which can be related to alterations of trypsin and collagenase activities, as well as the negative effects of mycotoxins on other digestive enzymes such as lipases and amylases. Shrimp fed on diets The availability, access and price of fish in
one of the major reported negative effects
containing 5, 10, or 20 µg/kg of AFB1 for 10
relation to other kinds of meat such as beef,
of AFB1 contamination. Several studies in
days showed higher mortality rates,
pork, and poultry is resulting in a worldwide
aquatic species have reported reduced
decreased body weight (-46 to -59%) and
increase in fish consumption. Consequently,
growth rates in channel catfish (10 mg
histopathological findings indicated
some concerns are beginning to emerge,
AFB1/kg; Jantrarotai & Lovell, 1990) and Nile
hepatopancreatic damage (Bintvihok et al.,
primarily regarding the quality of fish
tilapia (100 µg/kg AFB1 - Encarnacao et al.,
2003).
available in the market. Residues could be
2009). Additional effects of elevated
present in any product of animal origin
aflatoxin levels include severe hepatic
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is hepatotoxic and
causing economic losses and putting human
necrosis in Nile tilapia with levels of 100
nephrotoxic in all animal species tested. The
and animal health into risk. Food
mg/kg AFB1 (Tuan et al., 2002) and
earliest histological change to appear in
contamination by mycotoxins is a risk to
immunosupression in common carp (Sahoo
either the liver or kidney of fumonisin-
human and animal health, and it is
et al., 2001). Mortality rates of 17% were
treated animals is increased apoptosis
responsible for significant economic losses
reported in Nile tilapia fed diets with 0.2
followed by regenerative cell proliferation.
(Anater et al., 2015).
mg/kg AFB1 (El-Banna et al., 1992).
While the acute toxicity of fumonisin is low,
Prolonged feeding of European seabass with
it is the known cause of two diseases which
low levels of AFB1 (0.0018 mg/kg body
occur in domestic animals with rapid onset:
weight) has been described as causing not
equine leukoencephalomalacia and porcine
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is considered the most
only serious health problems in exposed
pulmonary oedema syndrome. Both of
toxic aflatoxin and is highly implicated in
fish, but also representing a high risk to
these diseases involve disturbed
hepatocellular carcinoma in humans. In
consumers through AFB1 residues in fish
sphingolipid metabolism and cardiovascular
animals, AFB1 has also been shown to be
musculature (El-Sayed and Khalil, 2009). In
dysfunction. In fish, the role of fumonisins
mutagenic, teratogenic, and to cause
line with these results, gibel carp fed on a
as toxic agents remains unclear. Minimal
immunosuppression. Growth reduction is
diet with more than 10 μg AFB1/kg showed
adverse effects have been reported in
Mycotoxins, a complex problem
Page 12
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017
channel catfish fed diets containing 313
Another important group of mycotoxins are
increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) and a
mg/kg of FB1 for 5 weeks (Brown et al.,
the trichothecenes. This group (A type e.g.
31% reduction of specific growth rate (Doll
1994). 20 mg/kg of FB1 fed to channel
T2 toxin and B type e.g. deoxynivalenol
et al., 2010).
catfish resulted in lower weight gain and
[DON]) of structurally related mycotoxins
significant decrease in hematocrit and red
has a strong impact on the health of animals
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is possibly a human
and white blood cells than those fed lower
and humans. Trichothecenes are powerful
carcinogen and is of special interest as it can
doses (Lumlertdacha et al., 1995). Long-term
inhibitors of protein synthesis. Channel
be accumulated in the meat of animals.
exposure effects of FB1 have been reported
catfish fed diets with levels of T2-toxin
Therefore, meat and meat products can be
in carp and exposure to 0.5 and 5.0 mg/kg
ranging from 0.625-5.0 mg/kg had
contaminated with OTA. Exposure to
was shown not to be lethal to young carp,
significantly reduced growth rate and
ochratoxins through the diet can cause
but could produce adverse physiological
increased mortality with levels above 2.5
acute toxicity in mammalian kidneys. A
effects with the kidney and liver as the key
mg/kg (Manning et al., 2003). In addition,
reduction in body weight gain of channel
target organs for the FB1 action (Pepeljnjak
disease resistance and survival of channel
catfish fed diets with 2 mg/kg of OTA for two
et al.,2002). Other changes following
catfish challenged with Edwardsiella ictaluri
weeks and 1 mg/kg for 8 weeks was
fumonisin exposure that have been
(E. ictaluri) was reduced when fish were fed
reported (Manning et al., 2003a). Reduced
reported for carp include scattered lesions
with DON contaminated feed (Manning et
FCR was also observed in the same species
in the exocrine and endocrine pancreas, and
al., 2005). DON levels of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg
with contamination levels of 4 and 8 mg/kg.
inter-renal tissue, probably due to ischemia
in the diet significantly reduced body weight
In Rainbow trout, pathological signs of
and/or increased endothelial permeability
and growth rate in white shrimp
ochratoxicosis include liver necrosis, pale,
(Petrinec et al., 2004). Feeding a diet
(Trigo-Stockli et al., 2000). In fish, it was
swollen kidneys, and high mortality
containing 80 mg/kg of FB1 increased
observed that weight gain, feed intake and
(Hendricks, 1994). OTA and T2-toxin caused
mortality in 2-year old channel catfish when
feed efficiency of trout decreased
high catfish mortality during a bacterial
challenged with E. ictaluri compared to the
significantly with increasing levels of DON in
challenge with E. ictaluri. There was 99.3%
control catfish. The results of these
the diets starting at levels of 0.5 mg/kg
mortality in catfish fed 2.0 mg/kg of T-2
controlled experiments suggested that
(Hooft et al., 2010). Significant
toxin compared to 68.3 percent mortality in
exposing farmed fish to moldy feed
histopathological changes in liver and
catfish fed the control diet. Feeding a diet
containing mycotoxins could increase
intestine with increasing dietary levels of
containing 4.0 mg/kg OTA resulted in 80.5
mortality during bacterial disease outbreaks
DON were also reported. Atlantic salmon
percent mortality.
(Manning, 2010).
fed diets with 3.7 mg/kg of DON were shown to have 20% reduced feed intake, 18%
Page 14
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017
Mycotoxin management
effects of mycotoxins by preventing their
/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.08.0
absorption from the animal’s digestive tract.
22.
The ideal way to prevent mycotoxin risks in
However, adsorption does not work well for
aquafeed is to avoid the use of
all mycotoxin groups. Adsorption works
Bintvihok A., Ponpornpisit A.,
contaminated raw materials in feed
perfectly for aflatoxin but less-polar or
Tangtrongpiros J., Panichkriangkrai W.,
production. Particularly when premium raw
non-adsorbable mycotoxins like
Rattanapanee R., Doi K., Kumagai S.Aflatoxin
materials are used in feeds for high value
trichothecenes cannot be deactivated by
contamination in shrimp feed and effects of
species such as salmon and marine fish, it is
this strategy. Additionally, so much
aflatoxin addition to feed on shrimp
less likely to suffer from mycotoxin risks.
promoted bacterial or enzymatic strategy is
production.J Food Prot. 2003; 66(5):882-5.
However, crops of corn, cereal grains, oil
not thermostable and will be not effective in
seeds, and rice by-products are at times
pelleted or extruded feeds, which
Brown, D.W., McCoy, C.P., Rottinghaus, G.E.,
suffering from a certain degree of
aquaculture feeds usually are. Very
(1994).Experimental feeding of Fusarium
mycotoxin contamination. Therefore it is
interesting and future approach may be
moniliformeculture material containing
important that aquafeed manufacturers
natural mycotoxin bio-inactivation which
fumonisin B1 to channelcatfish, (Ictalurus
using these ingredients monitor the
generally takes place in the gastrointestinal
punctatus). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic
contaminant levels and adopt the adequate
tract and liver and is a consequence of the
Investiation. 6(1), 123-124.
risk management strategy.
action of GIT microflora and tissue enzymes. Natural bio-inactivation is a complex mix of
Burgos-Hernandez, A., Farias, S.I.,
Another strategy of mycotoxin risk
different processes that can occur
Torres-Arreola, W., Ezquerra-Brauer, J.M.,
management is to test for the presence of
simultaneously to provide a defense against
(2005). In Vitro studiesof the effects of
mycotoxins in finished feeds. This method
a variety of mycotoxins. In the
aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1on trypsin-like
has some advantages and disadvantages.
gastrointestinal tract naturally occurring
and collagenase-like activity from the
Since each raw ingredient can contribute to
bacteria, yeast and protozoa have the ability
hepatopancreas of white shrimp
the mycotoxin level in the finished feed, the
to bio-inactivate mycotoxins from the
(Litopanaeusvannamei). Aquaculture. 250,
most important advantage is that all raw
trichothecenes family into non- or less toxic
399-410.
ingredients are included in the screening,
metabolites. Bio-inactivation can also occur
including the minor ingredients which can
with other types of mycotoxins when they
Döll, S., Baardsen, G., Möller, P., Koppe, W.,
still cause significant contamination of the
are adsorbed onto the surface of probiotic
Stubhaug, I., Dänicke S. 2010. Effects of
finished feed but can be inadvertently
bacteria. Bio-inactivation - hydrolysis,
increasing concentrations of the mycotoxins
overlooked if not tested. The most
hydroxylation, de-epoxidation or
deoxynivalenol, zearalenone or ochratoxin A
important disadvantage is that analysis of
conjugation of mycotoxins, takes place in
in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) on
finished feed takes quite a long time, such
the small intestine and liver.
growth performance and health. Book of abstracts, International Symposium of Fish
that the tested feed is likely to have been fed to the animals by the time the results
Web applications can assist the feedmill to
from the analysis are known.
fine tune its mycotoxin management
Nutrition and Feeding, Qingdao, China. 120.
strategies. Recently, NUTRIAD launched the
El-Sayed, Y. S. and Khalil R. H. 2009. Toxicity,
Different strategies, widely used in
new web application - MYCOMAN® which
biochemical effects and residue of aflatoxin
mycotoxin management in the livestock
informs the user about mycotoxin
B1 in marine water-reared sea bass
industry, can be applied in aqua feed
challenges and calculates, based on the
(Dicentrarchuslabrax L.). Food and Chemical
production. Storage mycotoxin
mycotoxin levels encountered in the
Toxicology 47, 1606 – 1609.
contamination (ochratoxins, aflatoxins) can
ingredients, the necessary and effective
be prevented by keeping temperature and
dosage of NUTRIAD’s mycotoxin
Encarnacao, P., Srikhum, B., Rodrigues, I.,
moisture content in silos low whilst aerating
deactivators product line. MYCOMAN is
Hofstetter, U. 2009. Growth performance of
the grain regularly. In cases where perfect
currently available for free online from
red tilapia (O. niloticus x O. mossambicus)
storage conditions cannot be guaranteed,
Android Play Store (Google) and iOS (App
fed diets contaminated with aflatoxin b1
the use of mold inhibitors is highly
store).
and the use of a commercial product to
recommended. The application of specific feed additives (mycotoxin deactivators)
suppress negative effects. Book of abstracts,
References:
World Aquaculture 2009, Veracruz, Mexico. September 2009.
which are able to help reduce the negative effects of different mycotoxins in
Anatera A., Manyesb L., Mecab G., Ferrerb
aquaculture is highly recommended.
E., Lucianoa F.B., Pimpãoa C.T., Font
Han, D., Xie, S., Zhu, X., Yang, Y., Guo, Z. 2009
Inorganic clay adsorbents or organic yeast
G.Mycotoxins and their consequences in
Growth and hepatopancreas performances
adsorbents have been used to neutralize the
aquaculture: A review.
of gibel carp fed diets containing low levels
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017
Page 15
of aflatoxin B1. Aquaculture Nutrition, 16
Gaunt, P.S., Camus, A.C., Rottinghaus, G.E.,
Janrarotai, W. and Lovell, R.T., (1990).
(4), 335-342.
(2003). Response of catfish to diets
Subchronic toxicity of dietary aflatoxin B1 to
containing T-2 toxin. Journal of Aquatic
Channel catfish. Journal of Aquatic Animal
Animal Health. 15(3), 229-238
Health. 2(4), 248-254.
Hooft, J.M., Elmor, H., Encarnação, P., and Bureau, D.P. 2010. Effects of low levels of naturally occurring fusarium mycotoxins on
Manning, B.B., Li, M.H., Robinson, E.H.,
Sahoo, P.K. and Mukherjee, S.C., (2001).Im-
the performance and health of rainbow
(2005), Aflatoxins from moldy corn cause no
munosuppressive effects of aflatoxin B1 in
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Book of
reductions inchannel catfish (Ictalurus
Indianmajor carp (Labeorohita). Compara-
abstracts of the World Aquaculture 2010,
punctatus) performance. J. World Aquacult.
tive Immunology,Microbiology & Infectious
San Diego, USA.
Soc. 36(1), 59-67.
Diseases. 24, 143-149
Hendricks, J.D., (1994). Carcinogenecity of
Pepeljnjak, S., Petrinec, Z., Kovacic, S.,
Trigo-Stockli,D. M. Obaldo, L. G., Gominy, W.
aflatoxins in nonmammalian organisms. In:
Segvic,M., (2002). Screening toxicity study in
G.,Behnke, K. C., (2000). Utilization of
Eaton, D.L.,Groopman, J.D. (Eds.), Toxicology
young carp (Cyprinuscarpio) on feed
deoxynivalenol-contaminated hard red
of Aflatoxins: Human Health, veterinary, and
amended with fumonisin B1. Mycopatholo-
winter wheat for shrimp feeds. Journal of
AgriculturalSignificance. Academic Press,
gia. 156,139-145.
the World Aquaculture Society. 31, 247-254.
San Diego. Pp. 103-136. Petrinec, Z., Pepeljnjak, S., Kovacic, S.,
Tuan, N.A., Grizzle, J.M., Lovell, R.T.,
Lumlertdacha, S., Lovell, R.T Shelby, R.A.,
Krznaric,A., (2004). Fumonisin B1 causes
Manning, B.B., Rottinghaus, G.E., 2002.
Lenz, S.D., Kemppainen, B.W., 1995. Growth,
multiple lesionsin common carp (Cyprinus-
Growth and hepatic lesions of Nile tilapia
hematology, and histopathology of channel
carpio). DeutscheTierärztlicheWochen-
(Oreochromisniloticus) fed diets containing
catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), fed toxins from
schrift. 111(9), 358-363.
aflatoxin B1. Aquaculture. 212, 311-319.
Fusarium moniliforme. Aquaculture. 130, 201-218.
El-Banna, R., Teleb, H.M., Fakhry, F.M., (1992). Performance and tissue residues of
Manning B.B., Mycotoxins in Aquaculture
tilapias feddietary aflatoxin. Vet. Med. J. 40,
Feeds. SRAC Publication No. 5002 May 2010.
17-23.
Manning, B.B., Li, M.H., Robinson, E.H.,
Be seen by thousandsAquaculture of industry professionals will supply
two-thirds of global fish Tel: +44 117 2306493 Email: smajor@globalmilling.com consumption by 2030 Sign up to our FREE weekly newsletter Email us at seafood@nisamedia.com Source: World bank report
Page 16
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017
ALLER AQUA GROUP moves quickly in Sub-Saharan Africa! In Aller Aqua Zambia the factory is now under construction. The first board meeting has been held – and staff members have started onboarding! At the same time, the company is entering the African market from several strategic positions. In Aller Aqua Zambia the factory is now
headquarters in Copenhagen for the
should be ready for production of high
under construction. The first board meeting
company’s first board meeting. The meeting
quality extruded fish feed for aquaculture
has been held – and staff members have
was initiated to ensure the best possible
by September 2017.
started onboarding! At the same time, the
start for Aller Aqua Zambia Limited. The
company is entering the African market
current outlook is very positive. The first big
Whilst the new factory is under construction
from several strategic positions.
client is secured and the first employees,
in Siavonga, Aller Aqua Zambia has made
including the managing director, have been
the first sales agreement with one of the
Adam Taylor, Henrik T. Halken, Johnny
recruited. Now the building of the factory
largest Tilapia producers in the World –
Hansen and Carsten Jørgensen met in IFU’s
needs to keep its pace and the company
Yalelo Limited. Yalelo has plans to grow the production of Tilapia to 30.000 tonnes in Zambia within the next few years. This rapid expansion will help secure Aller Aqua Zambia Limited’s success in the African country. The new factory will have a production capacity of 50.000 tonnes of fish feed per year and will be the most technically advanced fish feed factory in Southern Africa. Henrik T. Halken and Carsten Jørgensen have both been a part of Aller Aqua Group for many years and are appointed to lead the Zambian company from the Danish side.
Photo from the first board meeting of Aller Aqua Zambia Limited. The meeting took place at IFU’s (Investment Fund for Developing Countries) headquarters. From left to right: Adam Taylor (CEO of Oakfield Holdings Limited), Henrik T. Halken (Group Vice President (CPO/CCO), Aller Aqua Group), Johnny Hansen (IFU Regional director, Africa) and Carsten Jørgensen (Group Vice President (CFO), Aller Aqua Group). © Aller Aqua Group A/S
Henrik Halken is in charge of Aller Aqua’s factories on the African continent, whereas Carsten Jørgensen is Chief Financial Officer and handles the finances. Aller Aqua Zambia Limited is owned by Aller Aqua Group A/S and Oakfield Holdings Limited, represented by Adam Taylor who will be chairman of the company. Henrik Halken will take the position as vice chairman and other board members are Carsten Jørgensen and Bryan McCoy. Aller Aqua Group has a clear and expansive strategy for Africa. “Aller Aqua Group is in rapid expansion. Since the company began producing fish
The Zambian factory under construction, February 2017 - © Aller Aqua Group A/S
Page 18
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017
ensure that we succeed and overcome these challenges.” Finishes Henrik T. Halken. In January 2016 Aller Aqua took the consequence of the increased activity in the African countries and appointed Niels Lundgaard Commercial Director of Africa. Niels focuses entirely on expanding the business in the Sub-Saharan countries. “With the subsidiaries in Nigeria, Kenya and Ghana we have strong bases for the rest of the region. From Nigeria, we sell feed to Benin. Recently a distributor agreement was Group R&D Director, Dr Hanno Slawski, a customer, Commercial Director of Africa Niels Lundgaard and Country Manager for Nigeria, Lasisi Nurudeen talk aquaculture - © Aller Aqua Group A/S
signed in Rwanda, and there are Aller Aqua agents in both Cameroon and Senegal. To countries such as Uganda, Tanzania and Madagascar, Aller Aqua sells feed directly from its German factory. This gives us a wide reach in the area. We have highly skilled teams in place, and enter the markets with our usual approach; we want to grow with the customers and help them increase the output on their fish farms. We do this by providing extruded fish feed, advice and training. We further hold seminars and participate in local events and exhibitions.” Niels explains.
Visualisation of the finished factory in Zambia - © Aller Aqua Group A/S
As a result of Aller Aqua’s growth in the markets in Sub-Sahara, the company will participate in World Aquaculture 2017,
feed for aquaculture more than 50 years
also the surrounding countries. During
which takes place in Cape Town in South
ago it has achieved constant growth. In
recent years Aller Aqua Group has started
Africa, June 26th-30th.
addition to the factory in Denmark, the
sales companies in Nigeria, Ghana and
company has built factories in Poland in
Kenya.
Facts:
Currently, the company is building in both
The African market will, without a doubt,
Aller Aqua Group is a Danish family-owned
Zambia and China as well as extending the
grow significantly in the coming years. The
group with headquarters in Christiansfeld.
capacity in Egypt with a third production
number of inhabitants is rising quickly and
The company produces fish feed for
line. This will increase the capacity in Egypt
the population will need healthy food which
aquaculture, which is exported to more than
substantially. Both of the new factories as
is high in protein. Fish farming and locally
60 countries worldwide, from factories in
well as the third production line in Egypt are
produced fish is part of the solution for this,
Denmark, Poland, Germany and Egypt. In
expected to be inaugurated in 2017.
and fish farming can further help people get
the factory in Germany, we further produce
a livelihood and get out of poverty. In
protein of vegetable raw materials, such as
In Zambia we are investing a total of 10
Zambia approx. 95% of the raw materials we
peas and beans. The company employs
million USD, as well as a significant amount
will use comes from the local market, which
approximately 270 people and has a total
in Egypt” Henrik Halken informs.
is a great advantage.
turnover in the region of 1 billion DKK.
“With the investment in Zambia, we will be
The build of the factory is Zambia is ongoing
approximately 800 million inhabitants. Aller
the market leader in Africa in terms of
and on schedule. Obviously, there are many
Aqua is present in Nigeria, Benin, Kenya,
modern and environmentally friendly fish
challenges when building in Zambia
Ghana, Rwanda, Cameroon, Senegal,
feeds for aquaculture. This will enable us to
compared to Denmark. But we have a
Uganda, Tanzania, Madagascar and Zambia
expand our sales not only in Zambia but
fantastic team and management whom will
– with more countries to come!
2001, Germany in 2007 and Egypt in 2015.
Sub-Sahara consists of 48 countries and
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017
Page 19
Events in detail 2017 February Aquaculture America 2017 19-22nd February San Antonio, USA www.was.org March VIV Asia 2017 15-17th March Bangkok, Thailand www.viv.net Seafood Expo North America 19-21st March Boston, USA www.seafoodexpo.com Giant Prawn 2017 20-23rd March Bangkok, Thailand www.giantprawn.org April AquaME 10-12th March Dubai, UAE www.aqua-middleeast.com/ Aquafeed Extrusion Technology Short Course 24-26th April Ås, Norway www.fie.com.au Seafood Expo Global 25-27th April Brussels, Belgium www.seafoodexpo.com Food & Feed Drying Technology Short Course 27-28th April Ås, Norway www.fie.com.au
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017
http://aquaculturedirectory.co.http://globalmilling.com/wp -content/plugins/download-monitor/download.php?id=13. php?id=21
May Livestock Philippines 2017 24-26th May Philippines www.livestockphilippines.com/ World of Seafood 31st May – 4th June Bangkok, Thailand www.worldofseafood.com/ June 12th China (Fuzhou) International Seafood & Fisheries Expo (FIFE) 2-4th June Fuzhou, China www.chinafife.com/ Seafood Summit 5-7th June Seattle, USA www.seafoodsummit.org/
AquaNor 15-18th August Trondheim, Norway www.aqua-nor.no/?lang=en September 15th AI&RMC 20-22nd September Dubrovnik, Croatia www.airmc2017.com Aqua Fisheries Myanmar 2017 27-29th September Yangon, Myanmar http://myanmar-aquafisheries.com/ October Aquaculture Europe 2017 16-20th October Dubrovnik, Croatia www.easonline.org November
Aquaculture UK Conference 13-15th June Stirling, Scotland UK www.aquacultureuk.com World Aquaculture 2017 27-30th June South Africa www.was.org
LACQUA 2017 7-10th November Mazatlan, Mexico www.was.org Expo Pesca & AquiPeru 9-11th November Lima, Peru www.thaiscorp.com/
July Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2017 25-27th July Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia www.marevent.com August Aqua Fisheries Cambodia 2017 2-4th August Phnom Penh, Cambodia www.myanmar-aquafisheries.com/news/aq ua-fisheries-cambodia-2017.html
2018 February Fish International 25-27th February Bremen, Germany www.fishinternational.com/en/
Page 21
Some follow the stream. Others don’t.
At Nutriad, swimming upstream is a way of life. First example: we want to stay small enough to keep a personal relationship with our customers, suppliers and colleagues. Second example: we’re so passionate about our business, we’ll even share our knowledge with you. Because we’re convinced that’s the best way to create solutions for the problems of tomorrow. Would you like to swim upstream with us? Visit nutriad.com for your local contact. Or call Erik, on +31 6 5771 1798. He’s our CEO, but he likes to keep close.