Aquaculture Scoop March 2017

Aquaculture Scoop is a magazine for aquaculture professionals worldwide

Fish health challenges Extrusion processes Mycotoxins in aquafeed Fish feed factory in Zambia

Issue 14 / March 2017

Industry Events

Editorial

Issue 14 / March 2017 Fish health challenges Preventing disease on fish farms

Welcome to the latest issue of Aquaculture Scoop.

In this issue we learn about new approaches to the management of fish health and disease on fish farms, and ways to minimise mycotoxin risks in aquafeed. We also get an insight into troubleshooting extrusion processes from Australian specialists and find out ways to diagnose extrusion problems and their likely causes. Finally we learn more about Aller Aqua entering the African market and buiding a fish feed factory in Zambia.

As ever, please send us your comments and articles for inclusion, contact details below and right.

Extrusion processes Minimising potential problems

Mycotoxins in aquafeed Overview and best solutions

Fish feed factory in Zambia Aller Aqua entering African market

Events

The world’s top events related to aquaculture from around the world, listed on p.21

www.aquaculturedirectory.co.uk

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Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017

Page 1

Nikos Steiropoulos: Preventing disease on fish farms; New challenges require new approaches The management of fish health and disease

the sector have been driven by the

welfare of the animals under our care. It is

remains the single biggest challenge

challenges we face. The next major

this underlying commitment that all of us at

affecting Scotland’s fish farming industry.

challenge seems to be gill health. The

Europharma Scotland take very seriously as

It seems a fairly self-evident statement to

problem is certainly of a multifactorial

we support the UK’s leading producers of

make but farms that take seriously the

nature and it goes beyond the relatively

salmon and trout. In recognition of the

health of their fish have a competitive

well-known issues including amoebic gill

significance of the gill health challenge - and

advantage with customers who recognise

disease (AGD) that the industry has

of its implication with the implementation of

the value of a high quality product.

gradually learned to deal with. This complex

successful strategies to mitigate sea lice -

causative web of gill diseases requires

our fish health team in the UK is

As vets, we seem to constantly be discussing

further research as it seems to be

participating in collaborative research

the fish health challenges affecting the

connected with a series of risk and

approaches towards the development of

industry – particularly sea lice. And whilst

impacting factors, both of biotic and abiotic

improved rapid diagnostic methods. They

the challenge is great, we must always

nature. However as almost 20 years’

are also investigating environmental

remember that the industry and those

experience in the aquaculture sector have

impacting factors to the development of

supporting it have risen to that challenge.

shown, despite any challenges, our priority

these gill syndromes.

All the scientific and technical innovations in

as vets always remains the health and

Page 2

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017

Early diagnosis and training A challenge for the industry remains the need for constant monitoring of stocks and the training and knowledge to be able to identify quickly any health challenges. As marine aquaculture is still a relatively new industry, quick access to diagnostic tools have been lacking in the past. However with new advances in science, progress is being made and our fish health team at Europharma Scotland are working with products such as the genesig q16 DNA testing device which offers farms real time quantitative PCR data that can give workers a real chance to detect and treat health challenges before they become a major threat to the fish.

The significance of in situ rapid diagnosis allows for comprehensive, low cost screening of the fish stocks and evidence based managerial decisions. Reliable rapid diagnostic capacity at the point of care will revolutionise fish health management activities. It allows farms to make quicker decisions rather than waiting up to several days for results to come back from an external diagnostic facility, therefore offering better results for the fish but also for company profits.

At Europharma we pride ourselves on our young, dynamic and dedicated workforce who are consistently looking for new ways to support farms across Scotland with the A future project that the Europharma

We know the important role that we have to

early diagnosis of health challenges and the

Scotland team will participate in is a

play to support the industry’s ambition for

necessary to spot the early warning signs.

research consortium that will aim to

growth. The industry in Scotland has set

establish methods to detect blooms of

itself a goal to double production by 2030,

microscopic jellyfish that could act as the

but to do this we need to keep sea

instigating factor for major disease events

licenunder control and also manage other

involving AGD and proliferative gill

emerging fish health challenges like gill

inflammation (PGI).

health.

The central objective of our research

The prevention of disease in fish farms is a

consortium would be an approach which

multi-faceted area but the industry has

will allow the aquaculture industry to

proven it is up to the task and there are new

identify blooms early and also create a

areas of best practice constantly generated.

dataset that will reveal the patterns of the

Whilst there’s no magic bullet that will

bloom events, thus allowing for the

improve fish health, using a combination of

development of long-term monitoring and

the following can have a real impact and

mitigation solutions.

bring production costs down.

Page 4

Biosecurity As food producers, consumer safety is the primary concern and to deliver safe food then biosecurity is of paramount importance. Good biosecurity requires a little foresight and common sense and effective biosecurity is the key to stopping the spread of existing and emerging diseases. This is one of the cornerstones of Europharma’s Fishguard team’s approach.

Fishguard’s approach is to provide an alternative fish health service in Scotland, shifting away from the traditional reactive interventions towards an approach that

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017

advocates the positives of good animal

With the recent addition of SuperSmolt®

concerns remain about hatcheries being

husbandry.

Feed Only, the programme allows the use of

able to supply the growing demand. Our

technology to Scottish freshwater lochs, and

FishGuard team is involved in providing

Although the team’s target is to enhance

increases the planning agility for both smolt

veterinary fish health support to producers

best practices in close collaboration with

producers and integrated farming

of these new species, supporting the growth

our farming partners, the provision of a

companies.

and efficiency of biological control of sea

complete advisory and diagnostic service remains off course. The full range of

lice.

Pharmaceuticals

bacteriology, histology, molecular

Although clearly there are many challenges

diagnostics and veterinary services is

There has been a dramatic reduction in the

facing the industry, thankfully we have some

however there for our salmon and trout

use of delousing drugs but it is clear that the

of the best and brightest talents working on,

farming partners to use.

industry still needs access to a complete

and supporting our farms. This spans from

range of fully licensed products which can

research institutes, fish health staff,

be further supported by research into new

in-house development teams of the farming

solutions. As a result our portfolio has

companies and of course production staff of

A good start is half the battle won, and in a

recently expanded to include all the key sea

all levels and disciplines.

capital intensive industry like aquaculture,

lice medicines but we also offer technical

this can be the key to the financial success

support and veterinary advice to ensure that

Europharma is delighted to be playing its

of production. With national scale surveys

the best use of these medicines.

part and we will be discussing many of these

Better smolts

indicating that bad smoltification can be a

issues at our annual seminar being held in

major cause of loss in the growing stage,

Undoubtedly the industry is using fewer

the Lofoten Islands, Norway on June 14-16.

even higher than the cumulative effect of

medicines in its treatments which is

We are looking forward for people working

infectious diseases and associated

primarily driven by the growth in resistance

in the industry to join our UK delegation. If

treatments, the Europharma team is taking

to medicines but we must remember that

you’d be interested in joining the delegation

this aspect very seriously. Supported by our

medicines still play an important part in the

or finding out more about our fish health

international teams in Norway, Canada and

treatment of disease on farms. Advances in

seminar then please get in touch.

Chile, our proprietary Supersmolt

mechanical delousing techniques are

programme, has already smoltified in

encouraging, but there is still some way to

Nikos Steiropoulos,

Scotland more than 50 million fish from

go in terms of improving the technology.

Managing Director

2011 and is leading the way in providing

Europharma Scotland Ltd

advice and support for farms to increase the

Likewise there has been growth in the use of

quality and robustness of salmon smolts.

both wrasse and lumpsuckers – although

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017

Web: www.europharma-uk.com

Page 5

Troubleshooting extrusion processes Gordon Young, Food Industry Engineering, Australia Dennis Forte, Dennis Forte & Associates, Australia The authors are presenting short courses on “Aquafeed Extrusion Technology” and “Drying Technology” at Centre for Feed Technology, FôrTek, Norway, in April 2017, and an Extrusion Course in Thailand in July 2017 (www.fie.com.au/events)

Introduction

exercise, it is important to understand that

if, for example, residence time in the barrel

the process is a Dynamic Equilibrium. A

is 30 seconds, and we make a change in the

Extrusion processes are widely used in the

large number of physical phenomena are

barrel (eg screw speed) we cannot be

production of aquafeeds. But extrusion is a

interacting to establish the prevailing

confident we have observed the effect of

complex process – and with complexity

process. Whenever some parameter

that change until at least two minutes has

comes the potential for process problems,

changes in extrusion, it affects many other

passed. If we make a change in the

caused by a change in some parameter or

parameters.

preconditioner (eg steam addition), and residence time in the preconditioner plus

process variable. This paper discusses how to diagnose the likely causes of variations.

It is important to be able to diagnose

For example – a “simple” change such as

extruder is two minutes – we need to wait

screw speed in turn changes a whole series of

for eight minutes to observe the true effect!

other parameters – see the diagram in Figure 1.

So one key aspect of troubleshooting in

extrusion problems quickly and accurately in order to minimise out-of-specification product and down-time losses. For effective process trouble-shooting to be performed, it is necessary to have both adequate process

Figure 1 – An example of the interactive nature of extrusion

Screw Speed Change Shear Rate

Barrel Fill Length

(shear thinning fluid)

Product Viscosity

instrumentation and good process

Product Temperature

knowledge. Lack of instrumentation makes the trouble-shooting exercise a guessing

Residence Time

Motor Power Input

game, which may not resolve the problem

Die Pressure

(Specific Mechanical Energy)

completely. Good process knowledge comes with experience, training and detailed

Product Characteristics

investigation (quantification) of the extrusion process.

That is, whenever a change is made

extrusion is that when we make a change,

The food extrusion process involves mixing,

(intentionally or unintentionally), it upsets

wait for sufficient time to see the effect.

physical modification, chemical

the existing “equilibrium”, and the process

modification, and forming of the product.

needs to go through a whole series of

The temperature profile and pressure

changes before establishing a new

profile, the residence time distribution and

equilibrium. The product observed soon

the balance of thermal energy and

after a change will not be the same as the

Following is a suggeste d generic approach

mechanical energy inputs to the product

product once equilibrium is re-established.

to troubleshooting an extrusion process.

process. These parameters combine to

One effect of this is that we must wait for a

1. How is product out of specification? First

produce the finished product attributes.

sufficient time for the process to settle

define exactly what is wrong with the

before we can evaluate whether the action

product. It may be product size, shape,

has been “successful”. As a general “rule of

density, colour, texture, etc. The more

thumb”, time for the process to re-stabilise

precisely this is defined, the more valuable it

is approximately four times the average

is in providing direction as to likely cause/s

residence time within the system. Therefore,

and therefore the most appropriate solution.

A Generic Approach to Troubleshooting

constitute the operating conditions of the

The Interactive Nature of the Extrusion Process When performing a trouble-shooting

Page 6

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017

2. When did the change occur? Was it

extrusion process, as discussed previously,

change is sudden, caused by a sudden

sudden or gradual? Or perhaps the problem

adds significant complications – any

decrease in die conductance. Eventually it

is intermittent, or even cyclic. This also helps

out-of-specification identified could be

will be necessary to stop and clear the die,

to focus on likely cause/s.

caused by any of a number of parameter

but it may be possible (and appropriate) in

variations, and therefore have a number of

the interim to solve the problem by, for

3. What else has changed? If the problem is

potential solutions. And some of these

example, reducing throughput rate.

associated with a rebuild of the system, it

solutions will provide a better outcome than

immediately focuses in on what was done to

others.

the equipment. Some other events may be

•

But low density with increased pressure

and motor amps may also be due to an

equally informative, but not necessarily as

Understanding the extrusion process

increase in melt viscosity – most commonly

obvious in their timing – eg did the

provides a basis for identifying the most

due to a change in the moisture or fat

out-of-specification product coincide with a

relevant causes. Of course, a paper such as

content within the extruder (eg due to raw

new batch of some ingredient making its

this cannot analyse all the potential

material variations). Depending on the

way to the extruder? This is also where good

situations that will be encountered, but

degree of variation, this may point to a

instrumentation and good records are

following is one (partial) example.

longer term issue of improving raw

particularly valuable – perhaps the change is also associated with a change in motor amps/torque, or screw speed, or die

ingredient specification and control. But the

Example - Product Density has Changed

pressure etc.

immediate challenge for the operator is to work with what they have. We now know that, in addition to increasing pressure drop

We know that product expansion – and

across the die, the higher pressure will

4. How to correct it? And there are often two

therefore density – is driven by production

increase barrel filled length – which further

parts to this:

of steam “boiling” in the product as it exits

increases load on the motor and therefore

•

the die. The amount of steam generated is a

increases shear/mechanical energy input.

the product back into specification with

“driving force” for expansion, and the

An appropriate response may be to increase

minimal loss of production? This will be the

response of the product in turn relates to the

screw speed, tending to “pump out” the

focus of following discussion.

temperature before the die, the pressure

barrel to reduce filled length, the

•

drop across the die, and formulation aspects

shear-thinning nature of the melt resulting

very important, consideration is what

– having sufficient water present, and the type

in lower apparent viscosity and therefore

should be done in the longer term to

and quality of starch and protein present.

further reducing mechanical energy input.

prevent a similar problem in the future. For

Understanding this, we can look at other

example, if the issue was caused by a

associated changes. A key one is pressure, it

•

change in feed composition, this may point

not only drives expansion through the die, it

expansion) over time is a typical symptom

to the need to improve ingredient

also drives back-fill and therefore “cook” in

of extruder wear - larger gap between screw

specifications and/or their control.

the extruder barrel. It is at this stage that

and barrel leads to increased barrel fill,

timing of changes can also be informative, eg:

therefore longer residence time resulting in

What can be done immediately to bring

In many cases, a less immediate, but

Identifying Causes of Process Issues It is at this point that the complexity of the

Page 8

Density slowly increasing (lower

higher motor load and higher temperature, •

If density is low (expansion high), and

so melt viscosity is reduced leading to lower

pressure and motor amps increased, we

pressure and therefore less expansion, even

may suspect die blockages – especially if the

though temperature is higher. Operators

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017

expansion, and to do this they have decided

So what does this mean when trying to

to alter screw speed.

troubleshoot an extrusion problem?

•

Make a change, and make the change

Figure 2 shows a generic response of

small (or you could jump over the “peak”)

Expansion Ratio to Screw Speed. Note that if

•

the operator starts at point “A” and wishes

the residence time)

to increase expansion by changing screw

•

See what the effect has been.

speed, they would need to increase speed.

•

If the result is improved, you might try a

But if they started at point “B”, they would

little more of the change.

need to decrease screw speed to increase

•

expansion. How can this be?

back to where you started, wait for it to

Wait for the process to settle (four times

If the result is in the wrong direction, go

Expansion INCREASING

Figure 2 – Generic response of expansion to screw speed

typically correct for this by steadily A

increasing screw speed, which reduces barrel fill length and motor load.

INCREASING Rela�ve Screw Speed

B

Other causes and therefore responses may also exist, depending on the situation. Note

Let’s consider the two situations in the light

settle, then try the change in the other

also that the above responses are never

of our knowledge of the extrusion process:

direction (or try something else)

“perfect” - eg if screw speed is increased to

(i)

bring density back under control, it will

speed is increased. This tends to reduce fill

invariably lead to a change in the energy

length, reducing residence time in the

balance – so we are producing a “different

barrel, and reducing conductive heating

Extrusion is a complex process – any

product” – density may be correct, but

from the barrel (and motor amps). Melt

particular operating point is a “dynamic

texture, or digestibility etc are no longer

temperature is therefore reduced, so its

equilibrium”, and when any change occurs,

exactly the same. Other longer-term

viscosity is higher, increasing pressure at

the process needs to find a new equilibrium.

responses – such as extruder maintenance

the die, and therefore increasing expansion.

This makes it difficult to diagnose problems,

or better control of ingredients – then

(ii)

and to decide how to react to process

become essential.

Shear rate becomes very intense, though

problems. But a good understanding of the

over a shorter filled length. Starches are

process, and a systematic approach, can

therefore “dextrinised” to a lower molecular

improve our ability to keep the process

weight, and the shorter-chain molecules

under control.

In-plant Operator Actions

Starting at screw speed “A” – screw

Screw Speed further increased to “B” –

Conclusion

The previous example says that we often

reduce viscosity of the melt, so pressure

find ourselves in the situation where we

drops. In addition there is a lack of starch

This paper is based on material in a

have a number of options to correct an

structure to hold the expansion, and degree

chapter of a book by the same authors:

issue – how does the operator decide which

of expansion reduces.

“Food and Feed Extrusion Technology: An

one? Unfortunately, sometimes we need to

Applied Approach to Extrusion Theory”,

try our “best guess” and see what happens –

That is, the response of expansion to screw

but the better our knowledge of the process,

speed is a Second Order Relationship. A

the better that “guess” can be.

review of information available confirms

ISBN 978-0-9945433-0-1

that other extrusion relationships tend to But here another complication is revealed.

behave similarly - a peak (or trough) exists

To illustrate this, let’s use the example

for any product attribute in reaction to

where an operator wishes to increase

variations in a given process parameter.

Page 10

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017

Management of mycotoxin risks in aquaculture from farm to fork Radka Borutova, DVM, PhD Peter Coutteau PhD, Nutriad International, Belgium accumulation of AFB1 residues in muscles and ovaries above the safety limitation of the European Union (2 µg/kg) (Han et al., 2009). Several studies in marine shrimp showed that AFB1 can cause poor growth, low apparent digestibility, physiological disorders and histological changes, mainly in the hepatopancreatic tissue (BurgosHernadez et al., 2005). This results in the modification of digestive processes and abnormal development of the hepatopancreas, which can be related to alterations of trypsin and collagenase activities, as well as the negative effects of mycotoxins on other digestive enzymes such as lipases and amylases. Shrimp fed on diets The availability, access and price of fish in

one of the major reported negative effects

containing 5, 10, or 20 µg/kg of AFB1 for 10

relation to other kinds of meat such as beef,

of AFB1 contamination. Several studies in

days showed higher mortality rates,

pork, and poultry is resulting in a worldwide

aquatic species have reported reduced

decreased body weight (-46 to -59%) and

increase in fish consumption. Consequently,

growth rates in channel catfish (10 mg

histopathological findings indicated

some concerns are beginning to emerge,

AFB1/kg; Jantrarotai & Lovell, 1990) and Nile

hepatopancreatic damage (Bintvihok et al.,

primarily regarding the quality of fish

tilapia (100 µg/kg AFB1 - Encarnacao et al.,

2003).

available in the market. Residues could be

2009). Additional effects of elevated

present in any product of animal origin

aflatoxin levels include severe hepatic

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is hepatotoxic and

causing economic losses and putting human

necrosis in Nile tilapia with levels of 100

nephrotoxic in all animal species tested. The

and animal health into risk. Food

mg/kg AFB1 (Tuan et al., 2002) and

earliest histological change to appear in

contamination by mycotoxins is a risk to

immunosupression in common carp (Sahoo

either the liver or kidney of fumonisin-

human and animal health, and it is

et al., 2001). Mortality rates of 17% were

treated animals is increased apoptosis

responsible for significant economic losses

reported in Nile tilapia fed diets with 0.2

followed by regenerative cell proliferation.

(Anater et al., 2015).

mg/kg AFB1 (El-Banna et al., 1992).

While the acute toxicity of fumonisin is low,

Prolonged feeding of European seabass with

it is the known cause of two diseases which

low levels of AFB1 (0.0018 mg/kg body

occur in domestic animals with rapid onset:

weight) has been described as causing not

equine leukoencephalomalacia and porcine

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is considered the most

only serious health problems in exposed

pulmonary oedema syndrome. Both of

toxic aflatoxin and is highly implicated in

fish, but also representing a high risk to

these diseases involve disturbed

hepatocellular carcinoma in humans. In

consumers through AFB1 residues in fish

sphingolipid metabolism and cardiovascular

animals, AFB1 has also been shown to be

musculature (El-Sayed and Khalil, 2009). In

dysfunction. In fish, the role of fumonisins

mutagenic, teratogenic, and to cause

line with these results, gibel carp fed on a

as toxic agents remains unclear. Minimal

immunosuppression. Growth reduction is

diet with more than 10 μg AFB1/kg showed

adverse effects have been reported in

Mycotoxins, a complex problem

Page 12

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017

channel catfish fed diets containing 313

Another important group of mycotoxins are

increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) and a

mg/kg of FB1 for 5 weeks (Brown et al.,

the trichothecenes. This group (A type e.g.

31% reduction of specific growth rate (Doll

1994). 20 mg/kg of FB1 fed to channel

T2 toxin and B type e.g. deoxynivalenol

et al., 2010).

catfish resulted in lower weight gain and

[DON]) of structurally related mycotoxins

significant decrease in hematocrit and red

has a strong impact on the health of animals

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is possibly a human

and white blood cells than those fed lower

and humans. Trichothecenes are powerful

carcinogen and is of special interest as it can

doses (Lumlertdacha et al., 1995). Long-term

inhibitors of protein synthesis. Channel

be accumulated in the meat of animals.

exposure effects of FB1 have been reported

catfish fed diets with levels of T2-toxin

Therefore, meat and meat products can be

in carp and exposure to 0.5 and 5.0 mg/kg

ranging from 0.625-5.0 mg/kg had

contaminated with OTA. Exposure to

was shown not to be lethal to young carp,

significantly reduced growth rate and

ochratoxins through the diet can cause

but could produce adverse physiological

increased mortality with levels above 2.5

acute toxicity in mammalian kidneys. A

effects with the kidney and liver as the key

mg/kg (Manning et al., 2003). In addition,

reduction in body weight gain of channel

target organs for the FB1 action (Pepeljnjak

disease resistance and survival of channel

catfish fed diets with 2 mg/kg of OTA for two

et al.,2002). Other changes following

catfish challenged with Edwardsiella ictaluri

weeks and 1 mg/kg for 8 weeks was

fumonisin exposure that have been

(E. ictaluri) was reduced when fish were fed

reported (Manning et al., 2003a). Reduced

reported for carp include scattered lesions

with DON contaminated feed (Manning et

FCR was also observed in the same species

in the exocrine and endocrine pancreas, and

al., 2005). DON levels of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg

with contamination levels of 4 and 8 mg/kg.

inter-renal tissue, probably due to ischemia

in the diet significantly reduced body weight

In Rainbow trout, pathological signs of

and/or increased endothelial permeability

and growth rate in white shrimp

ochratoxicosis include liver necrosis, pale,

(Petrinec et al., 2004). Feeding a diet

(Trigo-Stockli et al., 2000). In fish, it was

swollen kidneys, and high mortality

containing 80 mg/kg of FB1 increased

observed that weight gain, feed intake and

(Hendricks, 1994). OTA and T2-toxin caused

mortality in 2-year old channel catfish when

feed efficiency of trout decreased

high catfish mortality during a bacterial

challenged with E. ictaluri compared to the

significantly with increasing levels of DON in

challenge with E. ictaluri. There was 99.3%

control catfish. The results of these

the diets starting at levels of 0.5 mg/kg

mortality in catfish fed 2.0 mg/kg of T-2

controlled experiments suggested that

(Hooft et al., 2010). Significant

toxin compared to 68.3 percent mortality in

exposing farmed fish to moldy feed

histopathological changes in liver and

catfish fed the control diet. Feeding a diet

containing mycotoxins could increase

intestine with increasing dietary levels of

containing 4.0 mg/kg OTA resulted in 80.5

mortality during bacterial disease outbreaks

DON were also reported. Atlantic salmon

percent mortality.

(Manning, 2010).

fed diets with 3.7 mg/kg of DON were shown to have 20% reduced feed intake, 18%

Page 14

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017

Mycotoxin management

effects of mycotoxins by preventing their

/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.08.0

absorption from the animal’s digestive tract.

22.

The ideal way to prevent mycotoxin risks in

However, adsorption does not work well for

aquafeed is to avoid the use of

all mycotoxin groups. Adsorption works

Bintvihok A., Ponpornpisit A.,

contaminated raw materials in feed

perfectly for aflatoxin but less-polar or

Tangtrongpiros J., Panichkriangkrai W.,

production. Particularly when premium raw

non-adsorbable mycotoxins like

Rattanapanee R., Doi K., Kumagai S.Aflatoxin

materials are used in feeds for high value

trichothecenes cannot be deactivated by

contamination in shrimp feed and effects of

species such as salmon and marine fish, it is

this strategy. Additionally, so much

aflatoxin addition to feed on shrimp

less likely to suffer from mycotoxin risks.

promoted bacterial or enzymatic strategy is

production.J Food Prot. 2003; 66(5):882-5.

However, crops of corn, cereal grains, oil

not thermostable and will be not effective in

seeds, and rice by-products are at times

pelleted or extruded feeds, which

Brown, D.W., McCoy, C.P., Rottinghaus, G.E.,

suffering from a certain degree of

aquaculture feeds usually are. Very

(1994).Experimental feeding of Fusarium

mycotoxin contamination. Therefore it is

interesting and future approach may be

moniliformeculture material containing

important that aquafeed manufacturers

natural mycotoxin bio-inactivation which

fumonisin B1 to channelcatfish, (Ictalurus

using these ingredients monitor the

generally takes place in the gastrointestinal

punctatus). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic

contaminant levels and adopt the adequate

tract and liver and is a consequence of the

Investiation. 6(1), 123-124.

risk management strategy.

action of GIT microflora and tissue enzymes.

Natural bio-inactivation is a complex mix of

Burgos-Hernandez, A., Farias, S.I.,

Another strategy of mycotoxin risk

different processes that can occur

Torres-Arreola, W., Ezquerra-Brauer, J.M.,

management is to test for the presence of

simultaneously to provide a defense against

(2005). In Vitro studiesof the effects of

mycotoxins in finished feeds. This method

a variety of mycotoxins. In the

aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1on trypsin-like

has some advantages and disadvantages.

gastrointestinal tract naturally occurring

and collagenase-like activity from the

Since each raw ingredient can contribute to

bacteria, yeast and protozoa have the ability

hepatopancreas of white shrimp

the mycotoxin level in the finished feed, the

to bio-inactivate mycotoxins from the

(Litopanaeusvannamei). Aquaculture. 250,

most important advantage is that all raw

trichothecenes family into non- or less toxic

399-410.

ingredients are included in the screening,

metabolites. Bio-inactivation can also occur

including the minor ingredients which can

with other types of mycotoxins when they

Döll, S., Baardsen, G., Möller, P., Koppe, W.,

still cause significant contamination of the

are adsorbed onto the surface of probiotic

Stubhaug, I., Dänicke S. 2010. Effects of

finished feed but can be inadvertently

bacteria. Bio-inactivation - hydrolysis,

increasing concentrations of the mycotoxins

overlooked if not tested. The most

hydroxylation, de-epoxidation or

deoxynivalenol, zearalenone or ochratoxin A

important disadvantage is that analysis of

conjugation of mycotoxins, takes place in

in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) on

finished feed takes quite a long time, such

the small intestine and liver.

growth performance and health. Book of abstracts, International Symposium of Fish

that the tested feed is likely to have been fed to the animals by the time the results

Web applications can assist the feedmill to

from the analysis are known.

fine tune its mycotoxin management

Nutrition and Feeding, Qingdao, China. 120.

strategies. Recently, NUTRIAD launched the

El-Sayed, Y. S. and Khalil R. H. 2009. Toxicity,

Different strategies, widely used in

new web application - MYCOMAN® which

biochemical effects and residue of aflatoxin

mycotoxin management in the livestock

informs the user about mycotoxin

B1 in marine water-reared sea bass

industry, can be applied in aqua feed

challenges and calculates, based on the

(Dicentrarchuslabrax L.). Food and Chemical

production. Storage mycotoxin

mycotoxin levels encountered in the

Toxicology 47, 1606 – 1609.

contamination (ochratoxins, aflatoxins) can

ingredients, the necessary and effective

be prevented by keeping temperature and

dosage of NUTRIAD’s mycotoxin

Encarnacao, P., Srikhum, B., Rodrigues, I.,

moisture content in silos low whilst aerating

deactivators product line. MYCOMAN is

Hofstetter, U. 2009. Growth performance of

the grain regularly. In cases where perfect

currently available for free online from

red tilapia (O. niloticus x O. mossambicus)

storage conditions cannot be guaranteed,

Android Play Store (Google) and iOS (App

fed diets contaminated with aflatoxin b1

the use of mold inhibitors is highly

store).

and the use of a commercial product to

recommended. The application of specific feed additives (mycotoxin deactivators)

suppress negative effects. Book of abstracts,

References:

World Aquaculture 2009, Veracruz, Mexico.

September 2009.

which are able to help reduce the negative effects of different mycotoxins in

Anatera A., Manyesb L., Mecab G., Ferrerb

aquaculture is highly recommended.

E., Lucianoa F.B., Pimpãoa C.T., Font

Han, D., Xie, S., Zhu, X., Yang, Y., Guo, Z. 2009

Inorganic clay adsorbents or organic yeast

G.Mycotoxins and their consequences in

Growth and hepatopancreas performances

adsorbents have been used to neutralize the

aquaculture: A review.

of gibel carp fed diets containing low levels

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017

Page 15

of aflatoxin B1. Aquaculture Nutrition, 16

Gaunt, P.S., Camus, A.C., Rottinghaus, G.E.,

Janrarotai, W. and Lovell, R.T., (1990).

(4), 335-342.

(2003). Response of catfish to diets

Subchronic toxicity of dietary aflatoxin B1 to

containing T-2 toxin. Journal of Aquatic

Channel catfish. Journal of Aquatic Animal

Animal Health. 15(3), 229-238

Health. 2(4), 248-254.

Hooft, J.M., Elmor, H., Encarnação, P., and Bureau, D.P. 2010. Effects of low levels of naturally occurring fusarium mycotoxins on

Manning, B.B., Li, M.H., Robinson, E.H.,

Sahoo, P.K. and Mukherjee, S.C., (2001).Im-

the performance and health of rainbow

(2005), Aflatoxins from moldy corn cause no

munosuppressive effects of aflatoxin B1 in

trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Book of

reductions inchannel catfish (Ictalurus

Indianmajor carp (Labeorohita). Compara-

abstracts of the World Aquaculture 2010,

punctatus) performance. J. World Aquacult.

tive Immunology,Microbiology & Infectious

San Diego, USA.

Soc. 36(1), 59-67.

Diseases. 24, 143-149

Hendricks, J.D., (1994). Carcinogenecity of

Pepeljnjak, S., Petrinec, Z., Kovacic, S.,

Trigo-Stockli,D. M. Obaldo, L. G., Gominy, W.

aflatoxins in nonmammalian organisms. In:

Segvic,M., (2002). Screening toxicity study in

G.,Behnke, K. C., (2000). Utilization of

Eaton, D.L.,Groopman, J.D. (Eds.), Toxicology

young carp (Cyprinuscarpio) on feed

deoxynivalenol-contaminated hard red

of Aflatoxins: Human Health, veterinary, and

amended with fumonisin B1. Mycopatholo-

winter wheat for shrimp feeds. Journal of

AgriculturalSignificance. Academic Press,

gia. 156,139-145.

the World Aquaculture Society. 31, 247-254.

San Diego. Pp. 103-136.

Petrinec, Z., Pepeljnjak, S., Kovacic, S.,

Tuan, N.A., Grizzle, J.M., Lovell, R.T.,

Lumlertdacha, S., Lovell, R.T Shelby, R.A.,

Krznaric,A., (2004). Fumonisin B1 causes

Manning, B.B., Rottinghaus, G.E., 2002.

Lenz, S.D., Kemppainen, B.W., 1995. Growth,

multiple lesionsin common carp (Cyprinus-

Growth and hepatic lesions of Nile tilapia

hematology, and histopathology of channel

carpio). DeutscheTierärztlicheWochen-

(Oreochromisniloticus) fed diets containing

catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), fed toxins from

schrift. 111(9), 358-363.

aflatoxin B1. Aquaculture. 212, 311-319.

Fusarium moniliforme. Aquaculture. 130, 201-218.

El-Banna, R., Teleb, H.M., Fakhry, F.M., (1992). Performance and tissue residues of

Manning B.B., Mycotoxins in Aquaculture

tilapias feddietary aflatoxin. Vet. Med. J. 40,

Feeds. SRAC Publication No. 5002 May 2010.

17-23.

Manning, B.B., Li, M.H., Robinson, E.H.,

Be seen by thousandsAquaculture of industry professionals will supply

two-thirds of global fish Tel: +44 117 2306493 Email: smajor@globalmilling.com consumption by 2030 Sign up to our FREE weekly newsletter Email us at seafood@nisamedia.com Source: World bank report

Page 16

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017

ALLER AQUA GROUP moves quickly in Sub-Saharan Africa!

In Aller Aqua Zambia the factory is now under construction. The first board meeting has been held – and staff members have started onboarding! At the same time, the company is entering the African market from several strategic positions.

In Aller Aqua Zambia the factory is now

headquarters in Copenhagen for the

should be ready for production of high

under construction. The first board meeting

company’s first board meeting. The meeting

quality extruded fish feed for aquaculture

has been held – and staff members have

was initiated to ensure the best possible

by September 2017.

started onboarding! At the same time, the

start for Aller Aqua Zambia Limited. The

company is entering the African market

current outlook is very positive. The first big

Whilst the new factory is under construction

from several strategic positions.

client is secured and the first employees,

in Siavonga, Aller Aqua Zambia has made

including the managing director, have been

the first sales agreement with one of the

Adam Taylor, Henrik T. Halken, Johnny

recruited. Now the building of the factory

largest Tilapia producers in the World –

Hansen and Carsten Jørgensen met in IFU’s

needs to keep its pace and the company

Yalelo Limited. Yalelo has plans to grow the production of Tilapia to 30.000 tonnes in Zambia within the next few years. This rapid expansion will help secure Aller Aqua Zambia Limited’s success in the African country. The new factory will have a production capacity of 50.000 tonnes of fish feed per year and will be the most technically advanced fish feed factory in Southern Africa.

Henrik T. Halken and Carsten Jørgensen have both been a part of Aller Aqua Group for many years and are appointed to lead the Zambian company from the Danish side.

Photo from the first board meeting of Aller Aqua Zambia Limited. The meeting took place at IFU’s (Investment Fund for Developing Countries) headquarters. From left to right: Adam Taylor (CEO of Oakfield Holdings Limited), Henrik T. Halken (Group Vice President (CPO/CCO), Aller Aqua Group), Johnny Hansen (IFU Regional director, Africa) and Carsten Jørgensen (Group Vice President (CFO), Aller Aqua Group). © Aller Aqua Group A/S

Henrik Halken is in charge of Aller Aqua’s factories on the African continent, whereas Carsten Jørgensen is Chief Financial Officer and handles the finances.

Aller Aqua Zambia Limited is owned by Aller Aqua Group A/S and Oakfield Holdings Limited, represented by Adam Taylor who will be chairman of the company. Henrik Halken will take the position as vice chairman and other board members are Carsten Jørgensen and Bryan McCoy. Aller Aqua Group has a clear and expansive strategy for Africa.

“Aller Aqua Group is in rapid expansion.

Since the company began producing fish

The Zambian factory under construction, February 2017 - © Aller Aqua Group A/S

Page 18

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017

ensure that we succeed and overcome these challenges.” Finishes Henrik T. Halken.

In January 2016 Aller Aqua took the consequence of the increased activity in the African countries and appointed Niels Lundgaard Commercial Director of Africa.

Niels focuses entirely on expanding the business in the Sub-Saharan countries.

“With the subsidiaries in Nigeria, Kenya and Ghana we have strong bases for the rest of the region. From Nigeria, we sell feed to Benin. Recently a distributor agreement was Group R&D Director, Dr Hanno Slawski, a customer, Commercial Director of Africa Niels Lundgaard and Country Manager for Nigeria, Lasisi Nurudeen talk aquaculture - © Aller Aqua Group A/S

signed in Rwanda, and there are Aller Aqua agents in both Cameroon and Senegal. To countries such as Uganda, Tanzania and Madagascar, Aller Aqua sells feed directly from its German factory. This gives us a wide reach in the area. We have highly skilled teams in place, and enter the markets with our usual approach; we want to grow with the customers and help them increase the output on their fish farms. We do this by providing extruded fish feed, advice and training. We further hold seminars and participate in local events and exhibitions.” Niels explains.

Visualisation of the finished factory in Zambia - © Aller Aqua Group A/S

As a result of Aller Aqua’s growth in the markets in Sub-Sahara, the company will participate in World Aquaculture 2017,

feed for aquaculture more than 50 years

also the surrounding countries. During

which takes place in Cape Town in South

ago it has achieved constant growth. In

recent years Aller Aqua Group has started

Africa, June 26th-30th.

addition to the factory in Denmark, the

sales companies in Nigeria, Ghana and

company has built factories in Poland in

Kenya.

Facts:

Currently, the company is building in both

The African market will, without a doubt,

Aller Aqua Group is a Danish family-owned

Zambia and China as well as extending the

grow significantly in the coming years. The

group with headquarters in Christiansfeld.

capacity in Egypt with a third production

number of inhabitants is rising quickly and

The company produces fish feed for

line. This will increase the capacity in Egypt

the population will need healthy food which

aquaculture, which is exported to more than

substantially. Both of the new factories as

is high in protein. Fish farming and locally

60 countries worldwide, from factories in

well as the third production line in Egypt are

produced fish is part of the solution for this,

Denmark, Poland, Germany and Egypt. In

expected to be inaugurated in 2017.

and fish farming can further help people get

the factory in Germany, we further produce

a livelihood and get out of poverty. In

protein of vegetable raw materials, such as

In Zambia we are investing a total of 10

Zambia approx. 95% of the raw materials we

peas and beans. The company employs

million USD, as well as a significant amount

will use comes from the local market, which

approximately 270 people and has a total

in Egypt” Henrik Halken informs.

is a great advantage.

turnover in the region of 1 billion DKK.

“With the investment in Zambia, we will be

The build of the factory is Zambia is ongoing

approximately 800 million inhabitants. Aller

the market leader in Africa in terms of

and on schedule. Obviously, there are many

Aqua is present in Nigeria, Benin, Kenya,

modern and environmentally friendly fish

challenges when building in Zambia

Ghana, Rwanda, Cameroon, Senegal,

feeds for aquaculture. This will enable us to

compared to Denmark. But we have a

Uganda, Tanzania, Madagascar and Zambia

expand our sales not only in Zambia but

fantastic team and management whom will

– with more countries to come!

2001, Germany in 2007 and Egypt in 2015.

Sub-Sahara consists of 48 countries and

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017

Page 19

Events in detail 2017 February Aquaculture America 2017 19-22nd February San Antonio, USA www.was.org March VIV Asia 2017 15-17th March Bangkok, Thailand www.viv.net Seafood Expo North America 19-21st March Boston, USA www.seafoodexpo.com Giant Prawn 2017 20-23rd March Bangkok, Thailand www.giantprawn.org April AquaME 10-12th March Dubai, UAE www.aqua-middleeast.com/ Aquafeed Extrusion Technology Short Course 24-26th April Ås, Norway www.fie.com.au Seafood Expo Global 25-27th April Brussels, Belgium www.seafoodexpo.com Food & Feed Drying Technology Short Course 27-28th April Ås, Norway www.fie.com.au

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2017

http://aquaculturedirectory.co.http://globalmilling.com/wp -content/plugins/download-monitor/download.php?id=13. php?id=21

May Livestock Philippines 2017 24-26th May Philippines www.livestockphilippines.com/ World of Seafood 31st May – 4th June Bangkok, Thailand www.worldofseafood.com/ June 12th China (Fuzhou) International Seafood & Fisheries Expo (FIFE) 2-4th June Fuzhou, China www.chinafife.com/ Seafood Summit 5-7th June Seattle, USA www.seafoodsummit.org/

AquaNor 15-18th August Trondheim, Norway www.aqua-nor.no/?lang=en September 15th AI&RMC 20-22nd September Dubrovnik, Croatia www.airmc2017.com Aqua Fisheries Myanmar 2017 27-29th September Yangon, Myanmar http://myanmar-aquafisheries.com/ October Aquaculture Europe 2017 16-20th October Dubrovnik, Croatia www.easonline.org November

Aquaculture UK Conference 13-15th June Stirling, Scotland UK www.aquacultureuk.com World Aquaculture 2017 27-30th June South Africa www.was.org

LACQUA 2017 7-10th November Mazatlan, Mexico www.was.org Expo Pesca & AquiPeru 9-11th November Lima, Peru www.thaiscorp.com/

July Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2017 25-27th July Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia www.marevent.com August Aqua Fisheries Cambodia 2017 2-4th August Phnom Penh, Cambodia www.myanmar-aquafisheries.com/news/aq ua-fisheries-cambodia-2017.html

2018 February Fish International 25-27th February Bremen, Germany www.fishinternational.com/en/

Page 21

Some follow the stream.

Others don’t.

At Nutriad, swimming upstream is a way of life. First example: we want to stay small enough to keep a personal relationship with our customers, suppliers and colleagues. Second example: we’re so passionate about our business, we’ll even share our knowledge with you. Because we’re convinced that’s the best way to create solutions for the problems of tomorrow.

Would you like to swim upstream with us? Visit nutriad.com for your local contact. Or call Erik, on +31 6 5771 1798. He’s our CEO, but he likes to keep close.