Aquaculture Scoop is a magazine for aquaculture professionals worldwide
Feed formulation Vitamins in aquaculture Innovative sensors Pelleting Presses
Issue 17 / March 2018
Industry Events
Editorial
Issue 17 / March 2018 Feed formulation Software developments
Welcome to the latest issue of Aquaculture Scoop. In this issue we discover the latest developments in feed formulation software, learn about the application of sensor technology in aquaculture and get an insight into the importance of vitamin supplementation for fish health. We also find out how enzymes can improve nutrient availability, and discover the benefits of preconditioning in feed manufacture. As ever, please send us your comments and articles for inclusion, contact details below and right.
Vitamins in aquaculture Nutrition guidelines
Innovative sensors Water monitoring systems
Pelleting Presses Latest technology
Events
The world’s top events related to aquaculture from around the world, listed on p.32
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Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
Page 1
Diets with functions for Aquaculture Klaus Homann, CHEMOFORMA AG Nowadays feed not only must satisfy basic nutritional requirements
preventing pathogens from entering the organism. In case a
of the cultured organism to improve growth and feed utilisation but
pathogen breaches the first barrier the innate immune system
in addition should support general health and stress resistance of
provides a non-specific but immediate secondary response. If
the farmed animals. One goal in all types of aquaculture is to
pathogens evade this secondary response in vertebrates a third layer
maximise the efficiency of production thereby optimizing
of protection kicks in which is called adaptive immune response. In
profitability. Management tools regulating the immune system are in
this stage a long lasting immunological memory is established that
great demand as farmed animals are exposed to social and
allows faster and stronger response each time the same pathogen
environmental stresses that subsequently have influence on the
infects the organism.
animals’ immune system and the susceptibility to diseases. Medicated feeds to cure diseases or prevent their outbreak are in
Anyone wishing to understand the interrelation between nutrition
negative focus of surveillance authorities and consumers because of
and immunity has to also understand that stress responses in the
their possible impact on the environment and the fear of increasing
animals have an important influence. Stress as such is difficult to
numbers of multidrug-resistant microbes. The immune system of a
explain and to define. It is necessary to distinguish stress producing
healthy and productive animal provides a layered defense of
factors, the stressors, from the non-specific response to it, the stress.
increasing specificity against any type of pathogens (Fig. 1). Skin and
An animal is under stress when it has to undergo extreme functional,
membranes as well as the intestinal wall are physical barriers
structural, behavioral or immunological adjustments to cope with the
Figure 1
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Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
environmental conditions. Depending on the severity and nature of
cells the prioritized supply with these nutrients is ensured.
the stressor there is an immediate response. In case the stress persists and cannot be eliminated a pathological state is induced that
Protein and amino acid supply have great influence on immune
as a consequence leads to reduced performance or a disease state.
response. Especially in innate immune response the demand for
Many problems in the industry nowadays are a direct result of the
specific acute phase proteins is increased leading to an elevated
fish having to cope with one or a combination of stressors in the
demand for amino acids. As this is a well-balanced and complex
environment permanently. Poor management, the exposure to
system it goes well beyond a simple supply and demand equation
disease agents, poor nutrition or water quality and the exposure to
which makes it difficult to define the needs for specific amino acids
immunosuppressive agents contribute to reduced performance.
under specific circumstances.
Whenever the fish are exposed to physiological stress they immediately need to adapt to the situation to ensure survival. The
In classic nutrition fatty acids are considered important for
energy for the adaptation is covered by sufficient carbohydrates,
energy-supply. Recently the impact of fatty acids for physiological
lipids and protein which are available from the diet or from nutrient
processes was discussed and the question arose if fatty acids may
reserves of the animal.
have direct or indirect impact on immune responses in general. Short chain fatty acids and medium chain fatty acids seem to
Nutrition as such is a regulator of the immune system. Non-nutrient
function more indirect by lowering the pH and thereby reducing the
and nutrient components have an impact on immune response thus
microbial pressure on the intestinal tract. This is especially the case
serving as regulators of the immune system. In case of required
for short chain fatty acids. The function and role of mid chain fatty
nutrients the absolute amount as well as the balance of the nutrients
acids in contrast need to be elucidated further in the future. No
is likewise important.
particular direct immune function has been attributed to most dietary long chain fatty acids except omega-3 and omega-6 types.
Deficiencies of essential nutrients lead to severe reduction in growth
These are involved in up- and down-regulation of inflammatory
and reproduction. At the same time the immune system is directly
processes. It turned out there is a need for an optimized balance of
affected. Leukocytes have tools implemented helping them to
the different long chain fatty acids in order not to disturb the fragile
compete for specific nutrients essential for activation. By establishing
system too much. Most of the peer reviewed articles dealing with
higher amounts of membrane transporters in immunocompetent
improved immune response by long chain fatty acids did not report
Figure 2
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
Page 3
effects of pure fatty acids but fish oil that comes with a natural and
of the B-group and nucleotides that are readily available for
therefore balanced composition of the various fatty acids.
physiological processes in the target animal.
Any measure reducing the specific stress-hormone level in the blood
While most of the components discussed above seem to be
or lowering hormone release upon stress allows nutrients to be used
beneficial for the immune system, coping with stress or performance
for performance and immune response exclusively. Some of the
via indirect mechanisms, especially proteins and nucleotides serve
performance loss was restored upon application of Vitamins and
directly as raw materials for active cell multiplication. This shifts
Carotenoids directly protectingimmune tissues by reducing
them to favorable components directly involved in the control of
hormonal effects and oxidative damage as well as by enhancing cell
physiological processes contributing to immune response, stress
differentiation and production. The increased metabolism upon
management and elevated zootechnical parameters. In contrast to
stress leads to elevated levels of free radicals. Innate and humoral
many other components purified dietary RNA/nucleotides are not
immune responses increase amongst others the concentration of
restricted to species or applications. Their universally valid use and
free radicals too. This is kind of self-destructive in case the
diverse functionality in every living organism as well as their
antioxidant system is inadequate. Phagocyte functions and
ecological safety allows them to be regarded as a management tool
surrounding tissues can be protected by feeding antioxidant
to control stress, performance and diseases in aquaculture. By
vitamins.
providing the resource for unhindered cell proliferation, gene expression and signalling they facilitate adequate reactivity upon
Upon stress the levels of circulating trace minerals is decreased. As
health challenges. All the scientifically approved functions of purified
acute phase proteins require trace minerals the immune response is
RNA/nucleotide feed supplements highlight their significance for the
severely compromised. Therefore it makes sense to supplement
development of functional feeds in aquaculture.
diets with readily available trace minerals to replenish storage pools that are depleted during stress. However, excess of some trace
The feed industry nowadays is in kind of a dilemma. The shortage of
minerals and vitamins may lead to suppression of the immune
specific raw materials, regulatory restrictions or just the strive for
response which therefore must be taken into consideration when
lowest costs in animal rearing and husbandry have influence on feed
formulating diets.
formulations. Simultaneous to the concentration of feed components the concentration of substances modulating the immune system is
Yeast or the intact yeast cell wall have limited or no direct effect on
changing with age or developmental status of poultry. From research
the immune system. For the significant effect a separation of the
it is known that immunomodulatory components appear to have
major components of the cell wall in β-glucans and MOS seems to be
robust dose-response profiles with threshold levels as well as
necessary. Many of the benefits reported from yeast cell wall
maximum tolerated levels. As immunomodulatory effects are not
application are consequences of the principal properties of the
just the simple sum of the effects of individual nutrients it is
components:
sometimes difficult to predict the effect of a specific formulated feed on a complex regulatory system such as immunity or stress
- β-glucans enhance the immune response and modulate the
management. Additional scientific work is needed to predict the
immune system
effects of single compounds and more important to determine the
- MOS is capable to absorb pathogens from the gastrointestinal
synergism or antagonism of specific ingredients in feed formulations.
tract β-Glucans are known to stimulate the immune system by activating leukocytes and enhance the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. This leads to a recruitment of other immune cells at the site of an infection and promotes healing of damaged tissues after removal of the pathogens. MOS is capable to absorb pathogens and toxins in the intestinal tract by directly binding to bacterial lectins or lectin-like structures forming MOS-bacteria complexes that can be excreted before the bacteria can colonize in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition the cytoplasmic fraction of yeast needs to be taken into consideration when it comes to immune response and stress management. Metabolic active Saccharomyces cerevisiae are rich in molecules needed for high and fast cell turnover as well as enzymatic activities. These include proteins and amino acids as well as vitamins
Page 4
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
KAHL Flat Die Pelleting Presses Robust and Powerful For decades (more than 70 years) KAHL
4
pelleting presses have been applied
grinder rollers and the large die surface
i.e. about 15 mÂłof input material must be
successfully for compacting organic
results in a high throughput, even in case of
processed to achieve 1 ton of pellets.
products such as compound feed, straw,
products which are difficult to pellet.
The thick product layer between the pan
Pan grinder head
dried forage, dried beet pulp, wood and other more.
5
The product is pressed through a die by pan
ratio in case of straw, for example, is 15:1,
The roller gap can be adjusted during
operation, thus the pellet quality can be
The pan grinder head forms one unit
controlled.
comprising roller axles and rotating pan
grinder rollers, formed into endless strands,
grinder rollers. Number, diameter, width,
and then cut to the desired particle length
6
by means of knives.
with special seals prevent the product being
rollers are selected to best suit the material
pelleted from contamination by lubricating
to be pelleted. Materials with a low bulk
grease as well as grease losses.
density are handled with fewer rollers to
We are constantly developing our machines
Permanently lubricated roller bearings
in order to improve their capacities and
shape (cylindrical or conical), and surface of
provide more space.
economic efficiency. KAHL pelleting presses
7
are particularly appropriate for products
availability of the complete plant.
Quick die changing increases the
which are difficult to pellet. 8 The current production range of KAHL
Liquid variations in the product are
permissible.
presses consists of 12 different sizes 9
Mixtures with high levels of fat and
Die diameter
175 - 1,500 mm
Drive motor
3 - 500 kW
Roller diameter
130 - 450 mm
10
Pellet diameter
2 - 40 mm
supply under full-load simulation.
Output
2 kg/h – 30 t/h
molasses can be effectively pelleted. Each pelleting press is tested before
Material feeding The small presses are driven by slip-on gears, the big presses by low-noise and
The material is directly fed to the press
low-wear worm gears with preceding belt
vertically from above by gravity without
drives.
passing any deflectors and without the use of mechanical aids (forced feeding). Thus
A convincing technology
the danger of blocking or bridging due to inadvertent compaction, particularly with
The circumferential roller speed of 2.5 m/s
materials having a low bulk density, is
is relatively low which makes it easier to
pelleting chamber avoids blockings.
excluded.
force the material between the rollers and
2
For material feeding and acceptance by the
deaerated more easily, the risk of roller slip
2.5 m/s ensures a good deaeration of the
pelleting tools a large press interior is
is reduced and the press can operate under
product.
available. The maximum effective diameter
a noise level lower than that of the drive
of our dies is 1,250 mm. A large feeding
motor.
1
The product is fed by gravity. The large
the die. Furthermore the material can be
3
The low roller speed of approximately
As a result of the low speed, the press
noise is below 70 dbA.
Page 6
area is especially necessary for materials with a low bulk density. The compaction
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
Dies Die thickness plus the number, shape, and diameter of the holes as well as the roller track width can be varied according to the material to be processed. A high specific press output with low energy consumption per unit is among other things greatly influenced by the retention time of the material inside the effective bores. The specific roller track area varies between 25 and 30 cm² per kW of the installed power depending on the intended use and requested material compaction. Only with large specific perforated die areas can the installed power be completely converted into throughput.
Shearing effect The shearing forces produced by the pan grinder rollers when running on the product layer between rollers and die result in a better pre-compaction, less crumbling and drilling of the material, better intake characteristics, shorter length of the effective bores as well as smoother, harder, and tougher pellets with the same power consumption. Conical rollers can be used for materials whose nature does not allow
Changing dies is therefore very easy and
panel (OP) and an S7-PLC by Siemens as
them to be subjected to additional shearing
rapid, because except for the hydraulic nut
central components. The EAPR controls and
forces or which causes excessive wear on
no screws or clamps need to be loosened.
regulates all the relevant process
the die. Due to the direct material feeding,
The pan grinder head and die can easily be
parameters.
the large press interior, and the shearing
lifted by means of an electric chain hoist
effect of the rollers even very coarse
and be replaced without any need to clean
• Optimum operation of the pelleting press
material can be processed. With some
the interior.
• Low manpower requirements
products, e.g. waste, one size reduction stage can be saved by operating the existing grinding plant using a bigger mesh size. The
• High availability due to the use of proven
Automatization for optimum products
quality components • Optional field bus system saves installation work
net result is a saving of energy, a reduction in investment costs, and a simplified
Switch and control panels for all plant sizes
• DISTAMAT for continuous adjustment and
sequence of operation.
are designed, built, and installed by KAHL.
control of the roller gap (option)
Our electrical engineers develop
Change of pelleting tools
custom-made application software for ensuring a high degree of operating safety
The dies are supported on the full
Product tests can be carried out in the Kahl pilot plant
and efficiency. In the last few years more than 5,000
circumference of the press case. The pan grinder head is seated loosely on the main
The EAPR is the pelleting press control
products have been pelleted successfully in
shaft and is connected to the latter by
system for an optimum, automatic
the KAHL pilot plant.
feather keys. From above the pan grinder
operation of the flat die pelleting presses of
head is held in place by the adjustable
the company KAHL. It consists of a local
hydraulic nut.
control cabinet with a graphic operator
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
Page 7
Don’t neglect the optimisation Aqua Feed manufacturers around the world form a significant role in
emphasis on the optimization capabilities of the system. This may be
the food chain, bringing quality feeds to the aquaculture industry as
driven by –
it feeds an ever increasing population. The pressure on manufacturers to strive for efficiency in all aspects of production is
• Market pressures such as increased customization of feeds
constant.
reducing the role of optimization • Increased time pressure which reduces the focus on optimization
Feed producers are looking to software systems to assist in these
exercises
efforts as they cope with various pressures. These include the need
• An emphasis by formulation suppliers on the integration story,
to control costs, managing ingredient variability, industry
seeing the “big” ERP system as the main driver in the business
consolidation, sourcing of talent and increasing regulatory pressures.
• Difficulty in managing and expressing the variability in the data
Various systems used by feed producers, such as feed formulation
• Limitations of systems to adequately tackle the questions that are
and ERP, are being augmented by links with on-farm systems to
important to users
further enhance capabilities through data analysis and modelling. Format Solutions recognises the need for a holistic approach in Feed formulation software is one of the longest established systems
managing the complexities of running a feed business, and provides
used in this food chain. The focus is often given to highly expensive
a range of tools to assist in all aspects. One of its core strengths is
ERP implementations, which certainly bring value to feed producers
formulation software, having been a global supplier in this field,
in handling transactions and processes, and managing costs of their
bringing innovative solutions for over 30 years. Since the highest
operations. Feed formulation software still has the potential to bring
proportion of feed costs is the cost of the ingredients, we believe that
significant value to the user.
optimization is a fundamental capability for the feed business, ensuring continued nutritional quality in feed to customers and
In discussing feed formulation, significance is rightly given to the
ensuring efficient use of ingredient resources.
ability of these systems to integrate with others; automating the collection of inputs and the distribution of outputs ensures accuracy
iNDIGO™, Format’s next generation formulation tool is designed to
and efficiency in these transactions. However, one detects less
leverage technology to ensure the benefits of optimization are
Page 8
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
available in a way that is suitable for the current needs of feed
• New optimization capabilities
businesses.
Linear programming has traditionally been the tool of choice for formulation systems, and continues to be relevant in most cases.
iNDIGO™ does this in 3 specific ways –
Advances in nutritional research and the recognition that other factors have a role to play in the design of the “ideal” formula, raises
• Releasing time for important optimization exercises.
opportunities for new and creative approaches.
Providing efficient data management tools, including the types of integrations mentioned earlier. Formulation requires a lot of data
Format Solutions delivers new opportunities through its specialised
inputs which must be accurate, up to date and ready at the right
solvers that enable the incorporation of multiple non-linear
time. Ensuring this can be managed efficiently increases confidence
constraints in products, or additional constraints found in production
and, most importantly, releases time for optimization, the activity
facilities that will affect formula design. Using these solvers will
which returns real value to the business.
increase accuracy of solutions and evaluation exercises where such constraints are a factor.
• Increased accuracy in optimization exercises iNDIGO™ offers a flexible structure which allows the most accurate
iNDIGO™ is focused on providing the most convenient formulation
modelling of real-life variability yet possible in a formulation system.
facilities on the market through an easy to use system with unrivalled
Using the Time Period feature, users can easily set up, for example, a
integration and business intelligence capabilities, but the foundation
series of future scenarios with the variability managed to the level of
is in the class-leading, innovative optimization features. By
detail required. This ensures that optimization exercises reduce
continuing research into relevant solutions and delivery, iNDIGO™
in-built assumptions and are therefore more accurate.
provides users the opportunity to increase accuracy of optimization exercises, improve risk assessment and decision-making support.
Additional features allow easy exploration of alternative scenarios,
Formulation is at the hub of the feed business and iNDIGO™ will
providing sophisticated risk assessment opportunities, and
ensure the formulation function continues to bring value into the
supporting decision-making on resource purchases and allocation.
future.
To feature your company in the Aquaculture Directory contact us at: nbarnes@nisamedia.com
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
Page 9
Lumpfish benefit from innovative seneye sensors Ocean Matters looks to seneye for robust monitoring system Over the past seven years, Seneye have
Since the beginning of March, Seneye have
promising that Seneye is now hoping to
been deploying their patented sensor
provided Ocean Matters Ltd, a lumpfish
branch out to other businesses in the
technology - which automatically takes and
breeding company based in Anglesey, UK,
aquaculture industry, helping them save
uploads readings for water conditions like
with sensors to see whether they are suited
time and money, and have stated that
pH, NH3, temperature and light levels -
to the aquaculture industry. Seneye devices
anyone looking for more information can
around the world. Their sensors are now
take readings every half an hour and upload
visit www.seneye.com.
commonplace in domestic and public
them directly to the cloud-based seneye.me
aquariums, and the Norwich-based
dashboard, which automatically graphs the
Charlie Cross from Ocean Matters said: "At
company have started to receive attention
data and makes them easy to interpret. The
Ocean Matters, we strongly believe that with
from aquaculture businesses, because
seneye system provides much more than
an acute focus on sustainable cleaner fish
seneye devices are ideal for maintaining the
just data, allowing easy trend analysis and
supply and utilization, we can make
high water quality that successful fish
sends alerts if parameters become unsafe.
long-term meaningful differences in solving
rearing demands.
The results with Ocean Matters were so
the sealice problem. We are leaders in
Page 10
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
sustainable sea-lice management solutions,
interesting project as the lumpfish hatchery
developing consistently reliable supplies of
based in the UK. We established the
healthy cleaner fish and continually
business to try to save the world’s fish one
deepening our experience and support
tank at a time, but we have never had our
around their successful deployment. Ocean
focus on the aquaculture market like we do
Matters strives to constantly improve our
today. It makes sense for us to branch out
processes and procedures whenever
into the industry: our products are
possible. Enhanced sensory detection and
incredibly well suited to aquariums with
system monitoring is an important part of
high stocking densities and high feeding
our ongoing development. Initial trials are
regimes as we are able to monitor free
proving positive, we are very hopeful for a
ammonia (NH3) at unprecedentedly low
future working with Seneye and unlocking
levels.’
the technology’s full potential.” Matt Stevenson, CEO at Seneye Ltd, said: ‘We have worked previously on many aquaculture projects around the world and seem to be increasingly active in this arena, and we are excited about having such an
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
Page 11
Why using a performing formulation software? By Bruno Duranthon, President of A-Systems
In an ideal world, feeding formulation would be useless: diets once
Which lessons can we learn when selecting a feed formulation
adjusted could be used without interruption, raw materials would
software? This software has to enable you to quickly and reliably
have unchanging analysis, invariable prices and the animal
updated analytical values. Not only modifying values by typing them
requirements would be independent from their environment, the
in, but a link with a quality control software has to be done. In this
season and their growth stage. Besides the fact that such a world
case, it will avoid any mistake inputting data. In addition, the quality
would be boring, this of course does not correspond with the reality.
control software should be linked to the NIR device to insure the
In real life, everything changes constantly, therefore, the use of a
correct and fluid transfer of information. Nutrient calculation done
performing formulation software will allow formulators to face these
by equations must also be available to quickly adjust the whole
biological and industrial reality which are highly variable.
matrix (such as energy, digestible amino acids). Formulation software have to enable you to compare with a referential matrix, to audit
Raw materials analytical values constantly change. Considering
your data to quickly detect errors. The archive of former analysis also
analysis done in laboratories and data which can quickly be obtained
allow to look back on past values and potentially evaluate the
by NIR machines it is now easy to connect a feed formulation
reasons of an underperformance.
software, but to build a raw material matrix requires high-level skills and adapted tools to assist the nutritionist. Indeed it is crucial that
Raw materials also have variable prices. We will not debate on the
the ingredients database used in formulation, represents the reality
matter of which price list is relevant to optimise the production -even
of the used raw materials. A mistake of adjustment in the raw
though it’s crucial from the raw materials supply perspective-: in fact,
materials matrix can have important consequences. It will affect not
everything depends on the flow of raw material supply. Is it possible
only the quality of feed but also its cost: a waste of an expensive
to resale raw materials? Is it possible to postpone their use? Are
nutrient can cause overprices which will be hard to identify as they
available quantities unlimited (at least enough to comply with the
won’t be easily visible. Conversely, an overvaluation of a limited
production needs‌)? Given the instability of raw materials markets,
nutrient can create underperformance and thus, reduce the quality
what really matters is to demonstrate responsiveness and use tools
or generate longer growth stages for the animals, which generates
that allow to rapidly simulate multiple situations, answering the
again additional costs.
questions of purchasers. What is relatively easy when producing few
Page 12
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
diets, becomes rapidly difficult when considering a large number of
A database including all formulated and produced diets, and their
diets, potentially produced on multiple production sites.
analytical values as calculated by the software will be a valuable source of information. These data are to compare with the real
The benefit of using a professional formulation software becomes
results observed at farm level. Another aspect that can be of crucial
obvious when managing raw materials supplies and optimisation of
importance regards the compliance with the regulation. The
the raw materials cost. When we think that the ingredient cost
production of legal labels has to be supported by the software. Not
represents between 60% and 80% of the feed production cost, we
only the calculation of the composition but also the regulatory
understand without any difficulty that it is not possible for a
aspects coming from the presence of some additives. Every new
company to use solutions that are not professional and proven.
formulation would require an updated label. Without a performant formulation software, it could become a headache and could be at
The use of a formulation software will also allow to update mixes
the origin of legal uncertainty if labels are not in conformity with the
that can take into account the plant constrains for manufacturing,
regulation.
linked to their equipment. The automated transmission of diets to the production plant informatics system, will be more reliable and
Considering these variables, the user of a formulation software is
will avoid the waste of time re-typing data for example, or possible
often in interaction with other actors: the laboratory, the nutritionist
errors always produced during this re-typing.
or consultant, and the raw materials purchaser. Maybe the formulator is himself an independent consultant building the
The optimisation of a diet is usually made by mathematically proven
database of his clients? As a consequence the usage of the
techniques of “linear programing�. Advances in the development of
formulation software could be different. Even inside a company: the
the current models and optimisation engines now enable the use of
field technicians apply the nutritional recommendations coming
non-linear models, taking into account the interaction of raw
from the R&D department. A unique software, but extremely
materials. The reliability of the developed diets has now increased.
modular, can assure the secure and rapid exchange of data, allowing all the users to speak the same and unique language, facilitating the optimal use of this central tool.
Page 14
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
In conclusion, if there is a relative extensive offer of formulation
accurately to the constant changes coming from its environment and
software, the operator finds the interest on using one formulation
activity. Now, it is up to each person to deliberate the main criteria to
software enabling to comply with all the problematics he faces. The
consider before selecting a formulation software. We hope we have
formulation software is a source of important profit for the company
appealed the attention of readers about the key criteria to evaluate
and thus, formulation shouldn’t be done by tools that are not
the performance of their formulation software.
adapted or worse, cover just one part of the company’s needs. The software developers of these types of software are relatively few and the feed producers should question several key factors like the quality of the service provided, the independence, and the longevity of its software editor. To answer the asked question: yes, it is critical for the feed producer to use a performing software that allows him to respond rapidly and
Advertise here Be seen by thousands of industry professionals
Tel: +44 117 2306493 Email: smajor@nisamedia.com
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
Page 15
Preconditioning for Extrusion of Aquafeeds Gordon Young, Food Industry Engineering, Australia
The authors are presenting short courses on “Aquafeed Extrusion Technology” and “Drying Technology” at Centre for Feed Technology, FôrTek, Norway, in April 2018, plus an Extrusion Course in Thailand in July 2018 (www.fie.com.au/events)
Dennis Forte, Dennis Forte & Associates, Australia
Preconditioning is a unit operation that has
reaction, or Degree of Cook, is primarily a
long been associated with extrusion
function of temperature and time, in the
processing (and with other feed processing
presence of sufficient water.
methods such as pellet milling). Although a
Benefits of Preconditioning All of the preconditioner equipment suppliers regularly espouse the benefits of
seemingly simple process, there are many
Note that in this discussion, Cooking is used
this technology. A number of the benefits
design variants available. There are also a
as a generic term to describe the various
typically claimed are presented in Table 1.
number of operational parameters that
material transformations occur within the
need to be given careful consideration when
product as it passes through the system.
selecting and/or designing a process application.
If we examine these benefits, we can see that they all relate to those basic functions
These simple relationships highlight the key
of preconditioning:
variables in preconditioning. The different
• Achieving required Hydration softens
The following seeks to present some of the
manufacturers of preconditioning
particles and reduces extruder wear. As
key design and process control criteria, so
equipment each have their own approaches
water is part of the cooking reaction,
that process optimization may be completed
to how to control and optimise the key
uniform hydration also enhances Degree of
in a less empirical manner.
variables. In this article we will discuss key
Cook.
attributes of preconditioning for extrusion
• Achieving required Degree of Cook means
of aquafeeds.
digestibility is improved.
What is Preconditioning? Preconditioning, as applied to feed manufacture, involves adding moisture and heat to the feed formulation before extrusion (or pelletising). This involves adding water – normally partially as liquid water, and partially as steam – while mixing (for the required residence time). The primary objectives of the preconditioning in extrusion of feeds are to: • Ensure uniform Hydration – this is achieved by adding sufficient water, ensuring it is applied uniformly (which relates to the Mixing Characteristics within the system), and allowing sufficient time for the water to penetrate the feed particles
Potential Benefits of Preconditioning Improved Product Uniformity Higher Output (from a given extruder size or alternatively less barrel length required) Efficient Heating Reduced Wear of Extruder Components Improved Process Stability Reduced Requirement for Starch in the Formulation Improved “Cook” Improved Digestibility Improved Water Absorption (as measured via Water Absorption Index, WAI) Reduced Water Solubility (as measured via Water solubility Index, WSI) Improved texturisation of some protein-based products due to enhanced moisture distribution
(which also depends on particle size) • Initiate the Cooking process – the cooking
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
Table 1 - Process Improvements gained via the use of preconditioning
Page 17
A high degree of cook also means that
transfer (measured via the Thermal
pressure, target discharge temperature of
binding and pellet durability can be
Diffusivity) is much faster (typically around
85 to 95°C is practical. If you try to achieve
achieved with less starch (with protein
100 times faster) than the rate of mass
higher temperature, it is likely that
binding also contributing subject to the
transfer (measured via the Mass Diffusivity).
uncondensed steam is exiting through feed
protein quality). If cook is initiated in the
As a result of this, the preconditioning
inlet, which is both wasteful and can
preconditioner, less cooking needs to be
process is described as being a mass
condense there causing blockage. (If a
done in the extruder – so improved
diffusion controlled process – the particles
temperature greater than 97°C is being
throughput. But also, in a preconditioner,
heat relatively easily, so the operation limits
achieved, then it is likely that uncondensed
the cook is achieved under relatively low
tend to be determined by the need for
steam also exists in the product stream, and
shear conditions (low mechanical energy)
hydration/wetting.
this two-phase flow is likely to cause problems in the extruder.)
compared to cook in the extruder barrel –so reduced water solubility and higher water
So for a chosen formulation, we should
• Design the system with a condensate trap
absorption in the product, again enhancing
maximize the mass transfer (hydration)
just prior to the preconditioner, to ensure
pellet durability in water.
capability of the system. The following
consistent high quality (dry) steam –
• Sufficient Mixing ensures the hydration
points should be considered:
variations in the quality of the steam will
and cooking are uniform – therefore
• To the extent possible, ensure particles
cause variations in temperature and/or
improved product uniformity and process
are small and have a uniform particle size
moisture content.
stability.
distribution (the mean particle diameter and the standard deviation should both be as
Figure 1 shows the results of measurements
small as possible)
of degree of cook for various residence
• Ensure an intimate contact between the
times in a preconditioner (for the same
steam and the particles (ensure a good
discharge temperature and moisture
Temperature and Moisture Diffusion into
mixing action)
content in each case). Note that initially,
Particles
• Ensure adequate residence time in the
increasing the residence time has a major
Key Preconditioner Operating Parameters
preconditioner, with narrow residence time
effect on cook, but then the curve flattens
In order for the cooking reactions to occur
distribution (see following for discussion of
out. As a rule of thumb, a mean residence
within the formulation, two key parameters
these aspects).
time of at least 60 seconds is recommended.
need to be controlled and optimised - these
Residence time of more than 90 seconds will
are the provision of a sufficient amount of
While heating may be considered “easier” to
water and an elevated temperature.
achieve, it is still, of course, critical. To
deliver very little additional benefit.
Injection of live steam into the
ensure heating is carried out effectively and
Residence Time and Mixing in the
preconditioner provides both heat and
efficiently:
Preconditioner
moisture simultaneously.
• Ensure the quantity of steam is sufficient (but not excessive, which is inefficient and
We have previously illustrated the
The effectiveness of the steam in achieving
can cause other problems). For
importance of sufficient Mean Residence
the objectives depends on two mechanisms.
preconditioners operating at atmospheric
Time. Mean residence time in a
These are: - The internal resistance: This relates to the Mass Diffusion (for hydration) and Thermal Diffusion (for heating) properties of the material being processed. The composition of the material and the particle size distribution of the feed both have a strong influence. - The film resistance: This relates to the External Resistance for Mass Transfer and/or Heat Transfer to the material being processed. The type and the uniformity of the mixing within the system have the greatest influence upon this characteristic. For most food materials, the rate of heat
Page 18
Figure 1 – The relationship between the Degree of Cook and the Mean Residence Time
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
Figure 3 – A typical F(t) Curve for an Open System
Figure 2 – Residence Time Distribution Curve
preconditioner can be determined quite
narrow, and the Mean Residence Time is as
reaction rate i.e. more “cook” for the same
simply:
long, as practicable.
amount of time. The negative aspect of
Mean Res. Time = Volume of Product in Chamber/Volumetric Throughput Rate.
What Type and Configuration Should I Use?
That is, the Mean Residence Time for a given
The preceding discussion gives a
required to force the feed into the system.
preconditioner (and configuration of that
fundamental understanding of the technical
This higher complexity has limited their use.
preconditioner) is inversely proportional to
requirements of preconditioning, which can
the throughput rate. Thus, with other things
then guide selection, configuration, and
Single- vs Twin- Shaft: Figures 4 & 5 show
unchanged, the cook achieved in the
operation of preconditioning systems.
Single- and Twin-Shaft Preconditioners. Twin
Types of Preconditioner
enhanced mixing capability.
operation at an elevated pressure is the requirement of a far more complex sealing arrangement for the infeed and discharge. Pressure feeders or stuffers are also
Shaft Preconditioners are claimed to provide
preconditioner will reduce as the rate is increased – expect the product to change as production rate is increased. We will discuss later the type and configuration of
A large number of different types of
Weir-type Preconditioners incorporatea weir
the preconditioner and their impact on
preconditioner are available on the market.
just prior to the outlet to increase fill in the
residence time.
These can be classified into a number of
chamber. The residence time (for a
categories, as summarised in Table 2.
particular throughput rate) is directly dependent upon the weir height. But it is
Until this point we have focused primarily upon the Mean Residence Time. In reality, the system bahaviour cannot be described by a single value, rather the Residence Time Distribution (or RTD) must be considered. A distribution of times stems from the non-uniform flowof material through the system. This type of behaviour is typically represented graphically (see Figure 2).
Categories of Preconditioner Pressurised vs. Atmospheric Single Shaft vs. Twin Shaft “Open” Designs vs. “Weir” Designs Single Stage vs. Multi-Stage Vertical vs. Horizontal Table 2: Classification of Preconditioners
important to have paddles positioned to effectively sweep just upstream of the weir to prevent “dead” zones. In Open-type Preconditioners (no weir), the angle (pitch) of the paddles can be altered, with the aim of holding product back to achieve a higher fill in the chamber.
The data is often also represented as an “F(t) Curve”, where the “Fraction of material that
To briefly define and compare these
has exited the system at time t” (F(t) is
designs:
plotted vs. “t”. This is shown in Figure 3. Pressurised vs Atmospheric – as discussed, Obviously, a preconditioner with a poor RTD
temperature is a key parameter in the
will cause non-uniformity in the output –
cooking reaction. The use of a positive
material which exits the preconditioner too
pressure in the preconditioner allows the
quickly will be poorly hydrated and
use of an elevated temperature (as high as
undercooked. That is, the RTD should be as
115 °C) and thereby promotes an increased
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
Figure 4 – Single shaft preconditioner
Page 19
some manufacturers supply Multiple Stage
Overall Recommendations
Preconditioners. Figure 6 shows a two-stage preconditioner, in which the upper chamber
• Choose an appropriately sized precondi-
uses high speed agitation for maximum
tioner, configured to provide
mixing to incorporate water and steam,
o 60 to 90 seconds mean residence time
then the material drops into the lower
o Narrow residence time distribution
chamber where it is conveyed more slowly
Figure 5 – Twin shaft preconditioner and agitators
o Effective mixing.
to provide long residence time (in some
• Don’t introduce steam too near the entry
applications, where hydration is particularly
port which can result in choking
important – eg pasta manufacture – a
• Introduce water as early in the precondi-
number of stages may be incorporated to
tioner as possible
provide extended time).
• Adding oil in the preconditioner is not ideal, but if done, add it is late as possible to
Vertical Preconditioners are not very
avoid coating the particles before water has
common. A key benefit is the complete
been absorbed.
absorption of the injected steam, due to the
• Use good quality (dry) steam
counter-current flow configuration.
Figure 6 – Two-stage preconditioner General recommendations are: • Paddles beneath/near the inlet in forward pitch to keep infeed clear. • Last few paddles at discharge end forward pitch to positively move material to the outfeed • Just prior to this, one or two sets of paddles in reverse pitch to “heap” product in the middle of the chamber. • The remainder of the paddles at neutral pitch (flat to maximize mixing effectiveness). The paddle configuration has a minimal impact upon the residence time for weir type systems. But mixing behaviour is strongly influenced by both the paddle configuration and the paddle speed. For open type systems, however, the residence time is strongly influenced by both these parameters - increasing agitator speed will tend to improvemixing, but will also tend to decrease residence time. To avoid the compromise between mixing and hold time related to agitator speed,
Page 20
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
The Importance of Vitamins to Aquaculture Health By DSM Aquaculture Center Asia-Pacific
Introduction
Therefore, formulators should assume that
are necessary for 100% of metabolic
feed ingredients will not provide adequate
functions, which makes vitamin
The growing number of aquaculture
vitamins, and supplementation of vitamins
supplementation extremely important in
production is mainly driven by
to commercial feeds is highly
guaranteeing animal growth performance.
intensification, higher growth rate, genetic
recommended.
Vitamins often combine with proteins to
improvement and optimizing of the animal’s diet that results in better performance. While we see the challenge of diseases, we
form coenzymes that support enzyme
Vitamins Deficiency in Aquaculture
functionality. Processes such as energy synthesis or amino acid metabolism rely on multiple vitamins and are important
also witnessed the advancement of farming practices, improvement of biosecurity and
Vitamins may represent an additional 1-3%
for the growth, health, and wellbeing of the
increase of disease prevention effort.
of the cost of aquaculture feeds, but they
organism. Biochemical defects caused by
One of it is the use of vitamins in
Table 1
aquaculture that has a long-standing history. It is common to see farmers requesting feed mill to increase the level of vitamins to optimize the vitamins intake of the animals during challenge stage, to increase immunity or as part of their defense management. With the growing level of intensification, nutrition management has increasingly become an important tool to farmers in improving their culture performance and achieve profitable growth. Despite the importance, the knowledge on selection, primary functions, dosing, and applications of vitamins still require a lot of awareness effort.
The Facts Vitamins are essential nutrients for fish and shrimp, because they are not synthesized by aquatic animals and have to be consumed with the diet. Vitamins are necessary for optimum metabolismof all other nutrients in feeds. While most feed ingredients contain vitamins, manyvitamins in their natural forms are destroyed by ingredient processing and feed manufacturing.
Page 22
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
Table 1 showing disease conditions of fish caused by vitamin deficiencies
deal with invasions of pathogens. Furthermore, providing more than OVN™ recommendations for a few key vitamins like vitamin C, vitamin E, or the B-complex vitamins is suggested in farming conditions where the ability to deal with high stress or boost disease resistance is needed to guarantee on-farm performance.
Vitamin Supplementation While all ingredients used in feed will have some residual vitamins, it is likely that these vitamins will not survive the manufacturing processes of extruded fish feeds and pelleted shrimp feeds. For this reason, it should be assumed that the vitamins inadequate vitamin intake are manifested in
sub-optimum nutrition under average
provided by the ingredients will be
many ways, but mainly as deficiency
aquaculture conditions.
negligible, and all vitamins that are needed
diseases.
by the animals should be provided in the Optimizing vitamin nutrition for optimal
diet from a vitamin premix.
Deficiencies of different vitamins often
performance means:
result in similar deficiency signs (Example:
• Metabolism operates without limitation
Vitamins are absolutely essential
poor feed intake, poor growth), making it
or restriction, enabling animals to reach
micronutrients, and DSM’s long research
difficult in many cases to identify exactly
their maximum growth potential. NOTE: If
history with vitamins and in-depth
which vitamin is the cause. Sometimes
farms are stocked with animals coming from
knowledge of vitamin metabolism makes
vitamin deficiencies lead to easily seen
genetic improvement programs to increase
DSM willing to take up the challenge to
behavioral changes, or physical deformities
growth rates, care needs to be taken to
create the most up-to date and reliable
but other times a physical or histological
ensure that vitamins supporting metabolic
vitamin supplementation recommendations.
examination is necessary to see the signs of
processes related to growth are provided at
DSM’s 2016 OVN™
deficiency.
higher than normal levels.
(Optimum Vitamin Nutrition) vitamin
Optimum Vitamin Nutrition Concept
• The effects of negative factors that reduce
between optimal feed performance, farming
animal performance, such as exposure to
risks like poor environmental conditions,
pathogens or mycotoxins, are minimized.
stress and disease, and feed cost. The
supplementation recommendations balance
Supplementing vitamins to feed at NRC levels realistically provides only
importance of the OVN™ concept is • Immune system function is reinforced to
explained in the Graph 1. It is rare today to see any of the classic signs of true vitamin deficiency, but it is common for feeds to contain inadequate amounts of vitamins because supplementation levels do not take into account losses during feed manufacturing. Reference values like the well-known NRC vitamin recommendations are based on laboratory research, not on real world feed production and farming conditions. When considering vitamin supplementation levels, it is important for nutritionists and formulators to take into account the feed ingredient properties and
Graph 1
Page 24
anti-nutrient content, as well as nutrient reduction during feed processing.
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
Optimum Vitamin Nutrition (OVN™) Guidelines Vitamins required by fish and shrimp that need to be provided in a premix are shown in DSM’s latest 2016 OVN™ guidelines, shown below. DSM’s general OVN™ guidelines provide a range of vitamin supplementation levels for each vitamin rather than one specific value, because requirements are affected by many farm-related variables (genetic strains, farming methods, stocking density, age, health status, feed nutrient levels and quality, etc.). Note that DSM recommends increasing supplementation levels by 30% for fry and brood stock feeds. The DSM Aquaculture Center Asia-Pacific has prepared preferred practical vitamin supplementation levels for Asian fish and crustacean species.
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
Page 25
The recommended vitamin amounts stated are those which should be provided to the animal in the feed at the point of consumption.
Additional vitamins should be added to the product to account for processing and shelflife storage losses to achieve the targeted consumption amounts of vitamins. To ensure optimum vitamin nutrition at all times, DSM recommends that vitamin levels in feeds be assessed regularly by every feed mill, and DSM offices can provide access to analytical services for vitamins on customer request.
Understanding Vitamin Premixes All vitamins except choline chloride, which absorbs water and reacts with other vitamins, can be combined into a single vitamin mix. While vitamins are often combined in premixes with minerals, the trace elements copper, iron, zinc, and manganese can cause oxidation of vitamins. Combining vitamins and minerals together in premixes can only be recommended if premixes are used rapidly after production without long storage. Otherwise, to avoid problems, it is better to keep minerals separate from vitamins to ensure the highest stability of vitamin premixes. The table below shows that all of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), vitamin C and folic acid are sensitive to oxidizing agents like inorganic minerals. For maximum efficacy effect vitamin premixes must be formulated with the key considerations. • Stability • Mixability • Bioavailability • Handling
The DSM Advantage Vitamins remained as one of the most vital needs of shrimp and fishes and care must be taken to ensure sufficient and proper vitamins are supplemented to the aquatic animals. DSM’s extensive experience with vitamins as feed additives means that all DSM vitamin formulations combine high purity fully traceable vitamins with the best manufacturing know-how and most suitable raw materials to produce some of the most advanced vitamin products available today.
Page 26
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
YOUR INDUSTRY MAGAZINE Your aquaculture resource.
Aquaculture Scoop is a magazine for aquaculture professionals worldwide
Aquaculture Scoop is a magazine for aquaculture professionals worldwide
Extrusion processes
Issue 14 / March 2017
Aquaculture Scoop is a quarterly magazine featuring news and technical articles on feed, equipment, services, events and best practices. Bringing you the latest up-to-date relevant news, upcoming industry events and more. Industry news Technological developments Company profiles Free to read!
Visit us online at: www.globalmilling.com
Fish health challenges
Fish descaling
Mycotoxins in aquafeed
Net cleaning
Fish feed factory in Zambia
Sustainable sushi
Industry Events
Feed Pelleting
Issue 16 / October 2017
Industry Events
A Protease Complex Improves Apparent Nutrient, Amino Acids and Energy Digestibility of Five Common Protein Sources in Atlantic Salmon Kabir Chowdhury PhD kchowdhury@jefo.ca BACKGROUND Nutritionists, formulators and feed manufacturers worldwide have
Dietary protease has shown to improve nutrient availability in both
been facing extreme challenges because of scarcity and random
fish and crustaceans. That includes carp, catfish, salmonid, tilapia,
fluctuations in price and availability of quality protein sources. This
shrimp and crab. Despite numerous growth trials, there are very few
has forced them to increase the use of less expensive but poorly
studies on apparent nutrient digestibility of common protein sources
characterized alternatives. The quality of which can vary from region
and none in salmonids.
to region, country to country, season to season, supplier to supplier, The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Jefo protease
and even from a single supplier, from batch to batch.
(a protease complex) on digestibility of protein and amino acids in One of the major ways to reduce these variations is to use enzymes.
five commercial protein-rich ingredients commonly used in salmonid
Use of enzymes specifically phytase, xylanase and protease in
feeds. The five ingredients were soybean meal, canola meal, poultry
aquafeed is on the rise to increase availability of dietary phosphorus,
feather meal, poultry by-product meal and bovine meat and bone
carbohydrates and amino acids, respectively.
meal.
Table 1. Proximate chemical composition of the test ingredients
Proximate composition (DM basis)
Soybean meal (SBM)
Canola meal (CM)
Poultry feather meal (PFM)
Poultry by-product meal (PBM)
Meat and bone meal (MBM)
Crude protein, %
54.0
38.0
90.4
71.5
50.7
Lipid, %
2.8
2.9
9.1
16.5
15.7
Ash, %
6.0
7.3
1.7
14.7
32.8
Table 2. Proximate chemical composition (DM basis) of the reference and the test diets
Proximate composition (DM basis)
Ref. diet
SBM
SBM + Enz
Crude protein, %
51.0
51.5
Lipid, %
20.9
Ash, %
5.2
Page 28
PFM
PFM + Enz
48.1
62.0
17.1
19.2
5.8
5.9
CM
CM + Enz
52.1
47.6
14.9
14.2
5.4
5.6
PBM
PBM + Enz
MBM
MBM + Enz
62.0
57.0
57.2
51.6
50.8
19.0
17.5
19.7
19.5
21.1
18.3
4.2
4.3
7.8
8.0
13.6
13.6
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
METHODS
The amino acid profile was analysed at the Central Testing Laboratory of University of Manitoba, Canada.
Location and experimental system
RESULTS
An ingredient digestibility trial with mixed-sex Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was undertaken at the research facility of Centre for
The apparent digestibility coefficient of crude protein (ADC CP) was
Aquaculture Technologies Canada in Prince Edward Island (PEI),
significantly improved in four of the five ingredients when
Canada. The fish were obtained from a local hatchery with a valid
supplemented with Jefo protease compared to those without. They
health certificate from the Canadian Department of Fisheries and
are: canola meal-CM (+2.5%), soybean meal-SBM (+2.9%), meat and
Oceans.
bone meal – MBM (+3.2%) and poultry by-product meal – PBM (3.4%) (Figure 1A).
The trial was conducted in 11 digestibility tanks (100L) where 25 fish/tank (ABW – 35.9 1.3g) were stocked and fed the experimental
A similar trend was observed for ADC of gross energy (GE) of CM,
diets for passive collection of faeces.
SBM, MBM and PBM, where it improved by +2.6%, +4.4%, +2.6% and 2.4%, respectively (Figure 1B). Although not significant, ADC of CP and GE of feather meal improved numerically when supplemented
Ingredient and diet composition
with the Jefo protease. A reference diet (51% CP, 21% lipid DM basis) was formulated. Ten other diets were formulated where 30% of the reference diet was
The ADC of crude lipid was also increased for CM, SBM, MBM and
replaced with five test ingredients with and without the protease
PBM but not for PFM as it contained very small amount of crude
complex. Proximate chemical composition of the test ingredients and
lipid.
test diets are provided in tables 1 and 2, respectively. In this study, significant improvement of some amino acids was also observed when supplemented with the Jefo protease. Among the
Faecal collection
essential amino acids, most notable is the threonine (Figure 2A) The collection of faces began after a week of acclimation with the test
followed by methionine (Figure 2B), lysine (Figure 3A) and histidine
diets. Faeces were collected in two batches where the diets were
(Figure 3B).
redistributed after the first batch. Among the non-essential amino acids, ADC of proline increased The trial continued until enough faeces were collected for analyses.
significantly for MBM and PBM by 4% and 2.8%, respectively.
During which time, temperature and dissolved oxygen in the tanks were maintained at 12.9±2.0 C and 10.0±0.6 mg/L, respectively.
Among the raw materials, the most significant improvement of apparent digestibility of nutrients was observed in the case of MBM followed by PBM, soybean meal, CM and PFM. In case of MBM, ADC
Chemical analysis
of other essential amino acids such as tyrosine, valine, isoleucine, The proximate chemical composition of the feed and faecal samples
leucine, arginine and phenylalanine also increased significantly by
was analysed by Centre for Aquaculture Technologies Canada.
3.6%, 3.6%, 4.9%, 4.8%, 5.4% and 3.4%, respectively.
Apparent diges�bilty coefficient CP
Apparent diges�bilty coefficient GE
95.0%
100.0% 91.3%
90.0% 85.0%
91.0%
88.4%
87.6% 85.5%
84.8%
94.5%
95.0% 85.7%
92.4%
90.0% 85.7%
85.0%
82.3%
80.0%
80.0%
79.6% 77.0%
75.0%
75.2%
75.0%
83.7% 84.5%
81.3%
70.0%
72.0%
65.0%
70.0%
60.0%
65.0%
55.0%
58.3% 55.7%
50.0%
60.0% CM
CME
SBM
SBME
MBM MBME
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
PBM
PBME
PFM
PFME
CM
CME
SBM SBME
MBM MBME
PBM PBME
PFM PFME
Page 29
Apparent diges�bilty coefficient Thr
Apparent diges�bilty coefficient Met
95.0%
105.0%
92.2%
90.0% 85.0% 80.0%
84.1%
85.6%
96.5%
95.0% 90.0%
92.5%
PBM PBME
PFM PFME
92.0%
81.8%
80.0%
70.0%
92.2% 88.6%
85.0%
77.6%
75.0%
79.1%
75.0%
69.0% 67.1%
70.0%
65.0%
65.0%
60.0% CM
CME
SBM SBME
MBM MBME
PBM PBME
PFM PFME
60.0% CM
CME
Apparent diges�bilty coefficient Lys
SBM SBME
MBM MBME
Apparent diges�bilty coefficient His
105.0%
95.0%
100.0%
98.7%
90.0%
92.1%
91.2%
99.5%
89.8%
90.0%
95.0%
85.0%
99.3% 96.3%
84.7%
84.1%
83.6%
99.5%
100.0%
89.3%
88.7%
88.6%
85.0%
89.2%
85.4%
84.1%
84.4%
84.7%
86.0%
85.7%
84.3%
82.2%
80.0%
78.1% 76.3%
80.0%
75.0%
75.0%
72.4%
70.0%
70.0%
69.0%
65.0%
65.0% 60.0%
60.0% CM
CME
SBM SBME
MBM MBME
PBM PBME
PFM PFME
CM
CME
SBM SBME
MBM MBME
PBM PBME
PFM PFME
KEY FINDINGS
SUMMARY
• Apparent digestibility of nutrients and energy of most commonly used
Jefo protease is a pioneering protease for aquaculture and aquafeed
raw materials improved when supplemented with a dietary protease.
proving its efficacy in all major farmed aquatic animals including
• Similar to the nutrients and energy, ADC of some key essential amino
carp, tilapia, shrimp, salmonids. The protease complex has been
acids was also improved significantly in these raw materials.
more useful and effective when the alternative protein sources are
• Among the non-essential amino acids, the most notable improvement
used replacing fish meal or other expensive raw materials.
was in the ADC of proline, which carries significant importance because
The protease complex allows feed formulators to better optimize
ofits anti-oxidative capacity in animals.
nutrient profile in the feed by reducing the variations in the quality of
• Although numerically improved, significant improvement was not
raw materials in feed matrix. Therefore, allowing to reduce the safety
observed in case of feather meal.
margin for costly nutrients such as amino acids.
• However, in another study with European sea bass, apparent digestibility of feather meal improved significantly when supplemented with the Jefo
It brings significant cost savings somewhere between 5-25USD/MT of
protease.
feed depending on the initial formulation cost while maintain or improving the performance of the animals.
Page 30
Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018
Farmed Atlantic salmon constitutes over half of the total global salmon market
Sign up to our FREE weekly newsletter Email us at seafood@nisamedia.com Source: FAO- UN
Events in detail January
Click this link to download our events planner today and keep up to date with the latest industry meetings 2018 Year Planner
Victam Asia
July
27-29th March MVC Cereals-Mixed Feed Veterinary 2017
Bangkok, Thailand
Applied Food & Feed Extrusion (Asia)
30th January - 1st February
www.Victam.com
25-27th July
Moscow Russia www.mvc-expohleb.ru/
Bangkok, Thailand April
www.fie.com.au/events/applied-food-feed-e xtrusion-thailand
February
Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2018 23-26th April
VIV MEA 2018
Taipei, Taiwan
5-7th February
www.marevent.com
Abu Dhabu, UAE www.viv.net
August Food & Feed Extrusion Technology (Australia)
Aquafeed Extrusion Technology (Europe)
20-22 August
23-25th April
Victoria, Australia
Aquaculture America 2018
Ås, Norway
www.fie.com.au/events/extrusionaust
19-22nd February
www.fie.com.au/events/aquafeed-extrusion-
Las Vegas, USA
norway
www.marevent.com
Nor-Fishing 21st-24th August
Seafood Expo Global
Trondheim, Norway
Fish International
24-26th April
www.nor-fishing.no/?lang=en
25-27th February
Brussels, Belgium
Bremen, Germany
www.seafoodexpo.com
www.fishinternational.com/en/ March
AQUA 2018 25-29th August
Food & Feed Drying Technology (Europe)
Montpellier, France
26-27 April
www.marevent.com
Ås, Norway 13th North Atlantic Seafood Forum
www.fie.com.au/events/drying-norway
6-8th March www.nor-seafood.com
World Seafood Shanghai Exhibition (SIFSE) 29-31 August
May
Shanghai, China www.worldseafoodshanghai.com/en
AquaME
Aquaculture UK
6-8th March
23-24th May
Dubai, UAE
Aviemore, Scotland
www.agramiddleeast.com/en/Home.html
www.aquacultureuk.com/
Seafood Expo North America
Thaifex 2018
Izmir, Turkey
11-13th March
29th May – 2nd June
www.eurasiafairs.com/eng/index.html
Boston, USA
Bangkok, Thailand
www.seafoodexpo.com
www.thaifexworldoffoodasia.com
October Future Fish Eurasia 18-20th October
Latin American & Caribbean Aquaculture 2018
Aquafeed Horizons Asia Conference
June
29th March
23-26th October Bogota, Colombia
Bangkok, Thailand
VIV Europe 2018
http://feedconferences.com/
20-22nd June
www.marevent.com
Utrecht, Netherlands www.viv.net
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Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018