Aquaculture Scoop March 2018

Aquaculture Scoop is a magazine for aquaculture professionals worldwide

Feed formulation Vitamins in aquaculture Innovative sensors Pelleting Presses

Issue 17 / March 2018

Industry Events

Editorial

Issue 17 / March 2018 Feed formulation Software developments

Welcome to the latest issue of Aquaculture Scoop.

In this issue we discover the latest developments in feed formulation software, learn about the application of sensor technology in aquaculture and get an insight into the importance of vitamin supplementation for fish health. We also find out how enzymes can improve nutrient availability, and discover the benefits of preconditioning in feed manufacture.

As ever, please send us your comments and articles for inclusion, contact details below and right.

Vitamins in aquaculture Nutrition guidelines

Innovative sensors Water monitoring systems

Pelleting Presses Latest technology

Events

The world’s top events related to aquaculture from around the world, listed on p.32

www.aquaculturedirectory.co.uk >> Published by:

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www.aquaculturedirectory.co.uk > Editorial Manager Nicky Barnes Tel: +44 117 2306494 Email: nbarnes@nisamedia.com

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Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

Page 1

Diets with functions for Aquaculture Klaus Homann, CHEMOFORMA AG Nowadays feed not only must satisfy basic nutritional requirements

preventing pathogens from entering the organism. In case a

of the cultured organism to improve growth and feed utilisation but

pathogen breaches the first barrier the innate immune system

in addition should support general health and stress resistance of

provides a non-specific but immediate secondary response. If

the farmed animals. One goal in all types of aquaculture is to

pathogens evade this secondary response in vertebrates a third layer

maximise the efficiency of production thereby optimizing

of protection kicks in which is called adaptive immune response. In

profitability. Management tools regulating the immune system are in

this stage a long lasting immunological memory is established that

great demand as farmed animals are exposed to social and

allows faster and stronger response each time the same pathogen

environmental stresses that subsequently have influence on the

infects the organism.

animals’ immune system and the susceptibility to diseases.

Medicated feeds to cure diseases or prevent their outbreak are in

Anyone wishing to understand the interrelation between nutrition

negative focus of surveillance authorities and consumers because of

and immunity has to also understand that stress responses in the

their possible impact on the environment and the fear of increasing

animals have an important influence. Stress as such is difficult to

numbers of multidrug-resistant microbes. The immune system of a

explain and to define. It is necessary to distinguish stress producing

healthy and productive animal provides a layered defense of

factors, the stressors, from the non-specific response to it, the stress.

increasing specificity against any type of pathogens (Fig. 1). Skin and

An animal is under stress when it has to undergo extreme functional,

membranes as well as the intestinal wall are physical barriers

structural, behavioral or immunological adjustments to cope with the

Figure 1

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Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

environmental conditions. Depending on the severity and nature of

cells the prioritized supply with these nutrients is ensured.

the stressor there is an immediate response. In case the stress persists and cannot be eliminated a pathological state is induced that

Protein and amino acid supply have great influence on immune

as a consequence leads to reduced performance or a disease state.

response. Especially in innate immune response the demand for

Many problems in the industry nowadays are a direct result of the

specific acute phase proteins is increased leading to an elevated

fish having to cope with one or a combination of stressors in the

demand for amino acids. As this is a well-balanced and complex

environment permanently. Poor management, the exposure to

system it goes well beyond a simple supply and demand equation

disease agents, poor nutrition or water quality and the exposure to

which makes it difficult to define the needs for specific amino acids

immunosuppressive agents contribute to reduced performance.

under specific circumstances.

Whenever the fish are exposed to physiological stress they immediately need to adapt to the situation to ensure survival. The

In classic nutrition fatty acids are considered important for

energy for the adaptation is covered by sufficient carbohydrates,

energy-supply. Recently the impact of fatty acids for physiological

lipids and protein which are available from the diet or from nutrient

processes was discussed and the question arose if fatty acids may

reserves of the animal.

have direct or indirect impact on immune responses in general.

Short chain fatty acids and medium chain fatty acids seem to

Nutrition as such is a regulator of the immune system. Non-nutrient

function more indirect by lowering the pH and thereby reducing the

and nutrient components have an impact on immune response thus

microbial pressure on the intestinal tract. This is especially the case

serving as regulators of the immune system. In case of required

for short chain fatty acids. The function and role of mid chain fatty

nutrients the absolute amount as well as the balance of the nutrients

acids in contrast need to be elucidated further in the future. No

is likewise important.

particular direct immune function has been attributed to most dietary long chain fatty acids except omega-3 and omega-6 types.

Deficiencies of essential nutrients lead to severe reduction in growth

These are involved in up- and down-regulation of inflammatory

and reproduction. At the same time the immune system is directly

processes. It turned out there is a need for an optimized balance of

affected. Leukocytes have tools implemented helping them to

the different long chain fatty acids in order not to disturb the fragile

compete for specific nutrients essential for activation. By establishing

system too much. Most of the peer reviewed articles dealing with

higher amounts of membrane transporters in immunocompetent

improved immune response by long chain fatty acids did not report

Figure 2

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

Page 3

effects of pure fatty acids but fish oil that comes with a natural and

of the B-group and nucleotides that are readily available for

therefore balanced composition of the various fatty acids.

physiological processes in the target animal.

Any measure reducing the specific stress-hormone level in the blood

While most of the components discussed above seem to be

or lowering hormone release upon stress allows nutrients to be used

beneficial for the immune system, coping with stress or performance

for performance and immune response exclusively. Some of the

via indirect mechanisms, especially proteins and nucleotides serve

performance loss was restored upon application of Vitamins and

directly as raw materials for active cell multiplication. This shifts

Carotenoids directly protectingimmune tissues by reducing

them to favorable components directly involved in the control of

hormonal effects and oxidative damage as well as by enhancing cell

physiological processes contributing to immune response, stress

differentiation and production. The increased metabolism upon

management and elevated zootechnical parameters. In contrast to

stress leads to elevated levels of free radicals. Innate and humoral

many other components purified dietary RNA/nucleotides are not

immune responses increase amongst others the concentration of

restricted to species or applications. Their universally valid use and

free radicals too. This is kind of self-destructive in case the

diverse functionality in every living organism as well as their

antioxidant system is inadequate. Phagocyte functions and

ecological safety allows them to be regarded as a management tool

surrounding tissues can be protected by feeding antioxidant

to control stress, performance and diseases in aquaculture. By

vitamins.

providing the resource for unhindered cell proliferation, gene expression and signalling they facilitate adequate reactivity upon

Upon stress the levels of circulating trace minerals is decreased. As

health challenges. All the scientifically approved functions of purified

acute phase proteins require trace minerals the immune response is

RNA/nucleotide feed supplements highlight their significance for the

severely compromised. Therefore it makes sense to supplement

development of functional feeds in aquaculture.

diets with readily available trace minerals to replenish storage pools that are depleted during stress. However, excess of some trace

The feed industry nowadays is in kind of a dilemma. The shortage of

minerals and vitamins may lead to suppression of the immune

specific raw materials, regulatory restrictions or just the strive for

response which therefore must be taken into consideration when

lowest costs in animal rearing and husbandry have influence on feed

formulating diets.

formulations. Simultaneous to the concentration of feed components the concentration of substances modulating the immune system is

Yeast or the intact yeast cell wall have limited or no direct effect on

changing with age or developmental status of poultry. From research

the immune system. For the significant effect a separation of the

it is known that immunomodulatory components appear to have

major components of the cell wall in β-glucans and MOS seems to be

robust dose-response profiles with threshold levels as well as

necessary. Many of the benefits reported from yeast cell wall

maximum tolerated levels. As immunomodulatory effects are not

application are consequences of the principal properties of the

just the simple sum of the effects of individual nutrients it is

components:

sometimes difficult to predict the effect of a specific formulated feed on a complex regulatory system such as immunity or stress

- β-glucans enhance the immune response and modulate the

management. Additional scientific work is needed to predict the

immune system

effects of single compounds and more important to determine the

- MOS is capable to absorb pathogens from the gastrointestinal

synergism or antagonism of specific ingredients in feed formulations.

tract β-Glucans are known to stimulate the immune system by activating leukocytes and enhance the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. This leads to a recruitment of other immune cells at the site of an infection and promotes healing of damaged tissues after removal of the pathogens. MOS is capable to absorb pathogens and toxins in the intestinal tract by directly binding to bacterial lectins or lectin-like structures forming MOS-bacteria complexes that can be excreted before the bacteria can colonize in the gastrointestinal tract.

In addition the cytoplasmic fraction of yeast needs to be taken into consideration when it comes to immune response and stress management. Metabolic active Saccharomyces cerevisiae are rich in molecules needed for high and fast cell turnover as well as enzymatic activities. These include proteins and amino acids as well as vitamins

Page 4

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

KAHL Flat Die Pelleting Presses Robust and Powerful For decades (more than 70 years) KAHL

4

pelleting presses have been applied

grinder rollers and the large die surface

i.e. about 15 mÂłof input material must be

successfully for compacting organic

results in a high throughput, even in case of

processed to achieve 1 ton of pellets.

products such as compound feed, straw,

products which are difficult to pellet.

The thick product layer between the pan

Pan grinder head

dried forage, dried beet pulp, wood and other more.

5

The product is pressed through a die by pan

ratio in case of straw, for example, is 15:1,

The roller gap can be adjusted during

operation, thus the pellet quality can be

The pan grinder head forms one unit

controlled.

comprising roller axles and rotating pan

grinder rollers, formed into endless strands,

grinder rollers. Number, diameter, width,

and then cut to the desired particle length

6

by means of knives.

with special seals prevent the product being

rollers are selected to best suit the material

pelleted from contamination by lubricating

to be pelleted. Materials with a low bulk

grease as well as grease losses.

density are handled with fewer rollers to

We are constantly developing our machines

Permanently lubricated roller bearings

in order to improve their capacities and

shape (cylindrical or conical), and surface of

provide more space.

economic efficiency. KAHL pelleting presses

7

are particularly appropriate for products

availability of the complete plant.

Quick die changing increases the

which are difficult to pellet.

8 The current production range of KAHL

Liquid variations in the product are

permissible.

presses consists of 12 different sizes 9

Mixtures with high levels of fat and

Die diameter

175 - 1,500 mm

Drive motor

3 - 500 kW

Roller diameter

130 - 450 mm

10

Pellet diameter

2 - 40 mm

supply under full-load simulation.

Output

2 kg/h – 30 t/h

molasses can be effectively pelleted.

Each pelleting press is tested before

Material feeding The small presses are driven by slip-on gears, the big presses by low-noise and

The material is directly fed to the press

low-wear worm gears with preceding belt

vertically from above by gravity without

drives.

passing any deflectors and without the use of mechanical aids (forced feeding). Thus

A convincing technology

the danger of blocking or bridging due to inadvertent compaction, particularly with

The circumferential roller speed of 2.5 m/s

materials having a low bulk density, is

is relatively low which makes it easier to

pelleting chamber avoids blockings.

excluded.

force the material between the rollers and

2

For material feeding and acceptance by the

deaerated more easily, the risk of roller slip

2.5 m/s ensures a good deaeration of the

pelleting tools a large press interior is

is reduced and the press can operate under

product.

available. The maximum effective diameter

a noise level lower than that of the drive

of our dies is 1,250 mm. A large feeding

motor.

1

The product is fed by gravity. The large

the die. Furthermore the material can be

3

The low roller speed of approximately

As a result of the low speed, the press

noise is below 70 dbA.

Page 6

area is especially necessary for materials with a low bulk density. The compaction

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

Dies Die thickness plus the number, shape, and diameter of the holes as well as the roller track width can be varied according to the material to be processed. A high specific press output with low energy consumption per unit is among other things greatly influenced by the retention time of the material inside the effective bores.

The specific roller track area varies between 25 and 30 cm² per kW of the installed power depending on the intended use and requested material compaction. Only with large specific perforated die areas can the installed power be completely converted into throughput.

Shearing effect The shearing forces produced by the pan grinder rollers when running on the product layer between rollers and die result in a better pre-compaction, less crumbling and drilling of the material, better intake characteristics, shorter length of the effective bores as well as smoother, harder, and tougher pellets with the same power consumption. Conical rollers can be used for materials whose nature does not allow

Changing dies is therefore very easy and

panel (OP) and an S7-PLC by Siemens as

them to be subjected to additional shearing

rapid, because except for the hydraulic nut

central components. The EAPR controls and

forces or which causes excessive wear on

no screws or clamps need to be loosened.

regulates all the relevant process

the die. Due to the direct material feeding,

The pan grinder head and die can easily be

parameters.

the large press interior, and the shearing

lifted by means of an electric chain hoist

effect of the rollers even very coarse

and be replaced without any need to clean

• Optimum operation of the pelleting press

material can be processed. With some

the interior.

• Low manpower requirements

products, e.g. waste, one size reduction stage can be saved by operating the existing grinding plant using a bigger mesh size. The

• High availability due to the use of proven

Automatization for optimum products

quality components • Optional field bus system saves installation work

net result is a saving of energy, a reduction in investment costs, and a simplified

Switch and control panels for all plant sizes

• DISTAMAT for continuous adjustment and

sequence of operation.

are designed, built, and installed by KAHL.

control of the roller gap (option)

Our electrical engineers develop

Change of pelleting tools

custom-made application software for ensuring a high degree of operating safety

The dies are supported on the full

Product tests can be carried out in the Kahl pilot plant

and efficiency.

In the last few years more than 5,000

circumference of the press case. The pan grinder head is seated loosely on the main

The EAPR is the pelleting press control

products have been pelleted successfully in

shaft and is connected to the latter by

system for an optimum, automatic

the KAHL pilot plant.

feather keys. From above the pan grinder

operation of the flat die pelleting presses of

head is held in place by the adjustable

the company KAHL. It consists of a local

hydraulic nut.

control cabinet with a graphic operator

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

Page 7

Don’t neglect the optimisation Aqua Feed manufacturers around the world form a significant role in

emphasis on the optimization capabilities of the system. This may be

the food chain, bringing quality feeds to the aquaculture industry as

driven by –

it feeds an ever increasing population. The pressure on manufacturers to strive for efficiency in all aspects of production is

• Market pressures such as increased customization of feeds

constant.

reducing the role of optimization • Increased time pressure which reduces the focus on optimization

Feed producers are looking to software systems to assist in these

exercises

efforts as they cope with various pressures. These include the need

• An emphasis by formulation suppliers on the integration story,

to control costs, managing ingredient variability, industry

seeing the “big” ERP system as the main driver in the business

consolidation, sourcing of talent and increasing regulatory pressures.

• Difficulty in managing and expressing the variability in the data

Various systems used by feed producers, such as feed formulation

• Limitations of systems to adequately tackle the questions that are

and ERP, are being augmented by links with on-farm systems to

important to users

further enhance capabilities through data analysis and modelling.

Format Solutions recognises the need for a holistic approach in Feed formulation software is one of the longest established systems

managing the complexities of running a feed business, and provides

used in this food chain. The focus is often given to highly expensive

a range of tools to assist in all aspects. One of its core strengths is

ERP implementations, which certainly bring value to feed producers

formulation software, having been a global supplier in this field,

in handling transactions and processes, and managing costs of their

bringing innovative solutions for over 30 years. Since the highest

operations. Feed formulation software still has the potential to bring

proportion of feed costs is the cost of the ingredients, we believe that

significant value to the user.

optimization is a fundamental capability for the feed business, ensuring continued nutritional quality in feed to customers and

In discussing feed formulation, significance is rightly given to the

ensuring efficient use of ingredient resources.

ability of these systems to integrate with others; automating the collection of inputs and the distribution of outputs ensures accuracy

iNDIGO™, Format’s next generation formulation tool is designed to

and efficiency in these transactions. However, one detects less

leverage technology to ensure the benefits of optimization are

Page 8

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

available in a way that is suitable for the current needs of feed

• New optimization capabilities

businesses.

Linear programming has traditionally been the tool of choice for formulation systems, and continues to be relevant in most cases.

iNDIGO™ does this in 3 specific ways –

Advances in nutritional research and the recognition that other factors have a role to play in the design of the “ideal” formula, raises

• Releasing time for important optimization exercises.

opportunities for new and creative approaches.

Providing efficient data management tools, including the types of integrations mentioned earlier. Formulation requires a lot of data

Format Solutions delivers new opportunities through its specialised

inputs which must be accurate, up to date and ready at the right

solvers that enable the incorporation of multiple non-linear

time. Ensuring this can be managed efficiently increases confidence

constraints in products, or additional constraints found in production

and, most importantly, releases time for optimization, the activity

facilities that will affect formula design. Using these solvers will

which returns real value to the business.

increase accuracy of solutions and evaluation exercises where such constraints are a factor.

• Increased accuracy in optimization exercises iNDIGO™ offers a flexible structure which allows the most accurate

iNDIGO™ is focused on providing the most convenient formulation

modelling of real-life variability yet possible in a formulation system.

facilities on the market through an easy to use system with unrivalled

Using the Time Period feature, users can easily set up, for example, a

integration and business intelligence capabilities, but the foundation

series of future scenarios with the variability managed to the level of

is in the class-leading, innovative optimization features. By

detail required. This ensures that optimization exercises reduce

continuing research into relevant solutions and delivery, iNDIGO™

in-built assumptions and are therefore more accurate.

provides users the opportunity to increase accuracy of optimization exercises, improve risk assessment and decision-making support.

Additional features allow easy exploration of alternative scenarios,

Formulation is at the hub of the feed business and iNDIGO™ will

providing sophisticated risk assessment opportunities, and

ensure the formulation function continues to bring value into the

supporting decision-making on resource purchases and allocation.

future.

To feature your company in the Aquaculture Directory contact us at: nbarnes@nisamedia.com

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

Page 9

Lumpfish benefit from innovative seneye sensors Ocean Matters looks to seneye for robust monitoring system Over the past seven years, Seneye have

Since the beginning of March, Seneye have

promising that Seneye is now hoping to

been deploying their patented sensor

provided Ocean Matters Ltd, a lumpfish

branch out to other businesses in the

technology - which automatically takes and

breeding company based in Anglesey, UK,

aquaculture industry, helping them save

uploads readings for water conditions like

with sensors to see whether they are suited

time and money, and have stated that

pH, NH3, temperature and light levels -

to the aquaculture industry. Seneye devices

anyone looking for more information can

around the world. Their sensors are now

take readings every half an hour and upload

visit www.seneye.com.

commonplace in domestic and public

them directly to the cloud-based seneye.me

aquariums, and the Norwich-based

dashboard, which automatically graphs the

Charlie Cross from Ocean Matters said: "At

company have started to receive attention

data and makes them easy to interpret. The

Ocean Matters, we strongly believe that with

from aquaculture businesses, because

seneye system provides much more than

an acute focus on sustainable cleaner fish

seneye devices are ideal for maintaining the

just data, allowing easy trend analysis and

supply and utilization, we can make

high water quality that successful fish

sends alerts if parameters become unsafe.

long-term meaningful differences in solving

rearing demands.

The results with Ocean Matters were so

the sealice problem. We are leaders in

Page 10

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

sustainable sea-lice management solutions,

interesting project as the lumpfish hatchery

developing consistently reliable supplies of

based in the UK. We established the

healthy cleaner fish and continually

business to try to save the world’s fish one

deepening our experience and support

tank at a time, but we have never had our

around their successful deployment. Ocean

focus on the aquaculture market like we do

Matters strives to constantly improve our

today. It makes sense for us to branch out

processes and procedures whenever

into the industry: our products are

possible. Enhanced sensory detection and

incredibly well suited to aquariums with

system monitoring is an important part of

high stocking densities and high feeding

our ongoing development. Initial trials are

regimes as we are able to monitor free

proving positive, we are very hopeful for a

ammonia (NH3) at unprecedentedly low

future working with Seneye and unlocking

levels.’

the technology’s full potential.”

Matt Stevenson, CEO at Seneye Ltd, said: ‘We have worked previously on many aquaculture projects around the world and seem to be increasingly active in this arena, and we are excited about having such an

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

Page 11

Why using a performing formulation software?

By Bruno Duranthon, President of A-Systems

In an ideal world, feeding formulation would be useless: diets once

Which lessons can we learn when selecting a feed formulation

adjusted could be used without interruption, raw materials would

software? This software has to enable you to quickly and reliably

have unchanging analysis, invariable prices and the animal

updated analytical values. Not only modifying values by typing them

requirements would be independent from their environment, the

in, but a link with a quality control software has to be done. In this

season and their growth stage. Besides the fact that such a world

case, it will avoid any mistake inputting data. In addition, the quality

would be boring, this of course does not correspond with the reality.

control software should be linked to the NIR device to insure the

In real life, everything changes constantly, therefore, the use of a

correct and fluid transfer of information. Nutrient calculation done

performing formulation software will allow formulators to face these

by equations must also be available to quickly adjust the whole

biological and industrial reality which are highly variable.

matrix (such as energy, digestible amino acids). Formulation software have to enable you to compare with a referential matrix, to audit

Raw materials analytical values constantly change. Considering

your data to quickly detect errors. The archive of former analysis also

analysis done in laboratories and data which can quickly be obtained

allow to look back on past values and potentially evaluate the

by NIR machines it is now easy to connect a feed formulation

reasons of an underperformance.

software, but to build a raw material matrix requires high-level skills and adapted tools to assist the nutritionist. Indeed it is crucial that

Raw materials also have variable prices. We will not debate on the

the ingredients database used in formulation, represents the reality

matter of which price list is relevant to optimise the production -even

of the used raw materials. A mistake of adjustment in the raw

though it’s crucial from the raw materials supply perspective-: in fact,

materials matrix can have important consequences. It will affect not

everything depends on the flow of raw material supply. Is it possible

only the quality of feed but also its cost: a waste of an expensive

to resale raw materials? Is it possible to postpone their use? Are

nutrient can cause overprices which will be hard to identify as they

available quantities unlimited (at least enough to comply with the

won’t be easily visible. Conversely, an overvaluation of a limited

production needs‌)? Given the instability of raw materials markets,

nutrient can create underperformance and thus, reduce the quality

what really matters is to demonstrate responsiveness and use tools

or generate longer growth stages for the animals, which generates

that allow to rapidly simulate multiple situations, answering the

again additional costs.

questions of purchasers. What is relatively easy when producing few

Page 12

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

diets, becomes rapidly difficult when considering a large number of

A database including all formulated and produced diets, and their

diets, potentially produced on multiple production sites.

analytical values as calculated by the software will be a valuable source of information. These data are to compare with the real

The benefit of using a professional formulation software becomes

results observed at farm level. Another aspect that can be of crucial

obvious when managing raw materials supplies and optimisation of

importance regards the compliance with the regulation. The

the raw materials cost. When we think that the ingredient cost

production of legal labels has to be supported by the software. Not

represents between 60% and 80% of the feed production cost, we

only the calculation of the composition but also the regulatory

understand without any difficulty that it is not possible for a

aspects coming from the presence of some additives. Every new

company to use solutions that are not professional and proven.

formulation would require an updated label. Without a performant formulation software, it could become a headache and could be at

The use of a formulation software will also allow to update mixes

the origin of legal uncertainty if labels are not in conformity with the

that can take into account the plant constrains for manufacturing,

regulation.

linked to their equipment. The automated transmission of diets to the production plant informatics system, will be more reliable and

Considering these variables, the user of a formulation software is

will avoid the waste of time re-typing data for example, or possible

often in interaction with other actors: the laboratory, the nutritionist

errors always produced during this re-typing.

or consultant, and the raw materials purchaser. Maybe the formulator is himself an independent consultant building the

The optimisation of a diet is usually made by mathematically proven

database of his clients? As a consequence the usage of the

techniques of “linear programing�. Advances in the development of

formulation software could be different. Even inside a company: the

the current models and optimisation engines now enable the use of

field technicians apply the nutritional recommendations coming

non-linear models, taking into account the interaction of raw

from the R&D department. A unique software, but extremely

materials. The reliability of the developed diets has now increased.

modular, can assure the secure and rapid exchange of data, allowing all the users to speak the same and unique language, facilitating the optimal use of this central tool.

Page 14

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

In conclusion, if there is a relative extensive offer of formulation

accurately to the constant changes coming from its environment and

software, the operator finds the interest on using one formulation

activity. Now, it is up to each person to deliberate the main criteria to

software enabling to comply with all the problematics he faces. The

consider before selecting a formulation software. We hope we have

formulation software is a source of important profit for the company

appealed the attention of readers about the key criteria to evaluate

and thus, formulation shouldn’t be done by tools that are not

the performance of their formulation software.

adapted or worse, cover just one part of the company’s needs. The software developers of these types of software are relatively few and the feed producers should question several key factors like the quality of the service provided, the independence, and the longevity of its software editor.

To answer the asked question: yes, it is critical for the feed producer to use a performing software that allows him to respond rapidly and

Advertise here Be seen by thousands of industry professionals

Tel: +44 117 2306493 Email: smajor@nisamedia.com

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

Page 15

Preconditioning for Extrusion of Aquafeeds Gordon Young, Food Industry Engineering, Australia

The authors are presenting short courses on “Aquafeed Extrusion Technology” and “Drying Technology” at Centre for Feed Technology, FôrTek, Norway, in April 2018, plus an Extrusion Course in Thailand in July 2018 (www.fie.com.au/events)

Dennis Forte, Dennis Forte & Associates, Australia

Preconditioning is a unit operation that has

reaction, or Degree of Cook, is primarily a

long been associated with extrusion

function of temperature and time, in the

processing (and with other feed processing

presence of sufficient water.

methods such as pellet milling). Although a

Benefits of Preconditioning All of the preconditioner equipment suppliers regularly espouse the benefits of

seemingly simple process, there are many

Note that in this discussion, Cooking is used

this technology. A number of the benefits

design variants available. There are also a

as a generic term to describe the various

typically claimed are presented in Table 1.

number of operational parameters that

material transformations occur within the

need to be given careful consideration when

product as it passes through the system.

selecting and/or designing a process application.

If we examine these benefits, we can see that they all relate to those basic functions

These simple relationships highlight the key

of preconditioning:

variables in preconditioning. The different

• Achieving required Hydration softens

The following seeks to present some of the

manufacturers of preconditioning

particles and reduces extruder wear. As

key design and process control criteria, so

equipment each have their own approaches

water is part of the cooking reaction,

that process optimization may be completed

to how to control and optimise the key

uniform hydration also enhances Degree of

in a less empirical manner.

variables. In this article we will discuss key

Cook.

attributes of preconditioning for extrusion

• Achieving required Degree of Cook means

of aquafeeds.

digestibility is improved.

What is Preconditioning?

Preconditioning, as applied to feed manufacture, involves adding moisture and heat to the feed formulation before extrusion (or pelletising). This involves adding water – normally partially as liquid water, and partially as steam – while mixing (for the required residence time).

The primary objectives of the preconditioning in extrusion of feeds are to: • Ensure uniform Hydration – this is achieved by adding sufficient water, ensuring it is applied uniformly (which relates to the Mixing Characteristics within the system), and allowing sufficient time for the water to penetrate the feed particles

Potential Benefits of Preconditioning Improved Product Uniformity Higher Output (from a given extruder size or alternatively less barrel length required) Efficient Heating Reduced Wear of Extruder Components Improved Process Stability Reduced Requirement for Starch in the Formulation Improved “Cook” Improved Digestibility Improved Water Absorption (as measured via Water Absorption Index, WAI) Reduced Water Solubility (as measured via Water solubility Index, WSI) Improved texturisation of some protein-based products due to enhanced moisture distribution

(which also depends on particle size) • Initiate the Cooking process – the cooking

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

Table 1 - Process Improvements gained via the use of preconditioning

Page 17

A high degree of cook also means that

transfer (measured via the Thermal

pressure, target discharge temperature of

binding and pellet durability can be

Diffusivity) is much faster (typically around

85 to 95°C is practical. If you try to achieve

achieved with less starch (with protein

100 times faster) than the rate of mass

higher temperature, it is likely that

binding also contributing subject to the

transfer (measured via the Mass Diffusivity).

uncondensed steam is exiting through feed

protein quality). If cook is initiated in the

As a result of this, the preconditioning

inlet, which is both wasteful and can

preconditioner, less cooking needs to be

process is described as being a mass

condense there causing blockage. (If a

done in the extruder – so improved

diffusion controlled process – the particles

temperature greater than 97°C is being

throughput. But also, in a preconditioner,

heat relatively easily, so the operation limits

achieved, then it is likely that uncondensed

the cook is achieved under relatively low

tend to be determined by the need for

steam also exists in the product stream, and

shear conditions (low mechanical energy)

hydration/wetting.

this two-phase flow is likely to cause problems in the extruder.)

compared to cook in the extruder barrel –so reduced water solubility and higher water

So for a chosen formulation, we should

• Design the system with a condensate trap

absorption in the product, again enhancing

maximize the mass transfer (hydration)

just prior to the preconditioner, to ensure

pellet durability in water.

capability of the system. The following

consistent high quality (dry) steam –

• Sufficient Mixing ensures the hydration

points should be considered:

variations in the quality of the steam will

and cooking are uniform – therefore

• To the extent possible, ensure particles

cause variations in temperature and/or

improved product uniformity and process

are small and have a uniform particle size

moisture content.

stability.

distribution (the mean particle diameter and the standard deviation should both be as

Figure 1 shows the results of measurements

small as possible)

of degree of cook for various residence

• Ensure an intimate contact between the

times in a preconditioner (for the same

steam and the particles (ensure a good

discharge temperature and moisture

Temperature and Moisture Diffusion into

mixing action)

content in each case). Note that initially,

Particles

• Ensure adequate residence time in the

increasing the residence time has a major

Key Preconditioner Operating Parameters

preconditioner, with narrow residence time

effect on cook, but then the curve flattens

In order for the cooking reactions to occur

distribution (see following for discussion of

out. As a rule of thumb, a mean residence

within the formulation, two key parameters

these aspects).

time of at least 60 seconds is recommended.

need to be controlled and optimised - these

Residence time of more than 90 seconds will

are the provision of a sufficient amount of

While heating may be considered “easier” to

water and an elevated temperature.

achieve, it is still, of course, critical. To

deliver very little additional benefit.

Injection of live steam into the

ensure heating is carried out effectively and

Residence Time and Mixing in the

preconditioner provides both heat and

efficiently:

Preconditioner

moisture simultaneously.

• Ensure the quantity of steam is sufficient (but not excessive, which is inefficient and

We have previously illustrated the

The effectiveness of the steam in achieving

can cause other problems). For

importance of sufficient Mean Residence

the objectives depends on two mechanisms.

preconditioners operating at atmospheric

Time. Mean residence time in a

These are: - The internal resistance: This relates to the Mass Diffusion (for hydration) and Thermal Diffusion (for heating) properties of the material being processed. The composition of the material and the particle size distribution of the feed both have a strong influence.

- The film resistance: This relates to the External Resistance for Mass Transfer and/or Heat Transfer to the material being processed. The type and the uniformity of the mixing within the system have the greatest influence upon this characteristic.

For most food materials, the rate of heat

Page 18

Figure 1 – The relationship between the Degree of Cook and the Mean Residence Time

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

Figure 3 – A typical F(t) Curve for an Open System

Figure 2 – Residence Time Distribution Curve

preconditioner can be determined quite

narrow, and the Mean Residence Time is as

reaction rate i.e. more “cook” for the same

simply:

long, as practicable.

amount of time. The negative aspect of

Mean Res. Time = Volume of Product in Chamber/Volumetric Throughput Rate.

What Type and Configuration Should I Use?

That is, the Mean Residence Time for a given

The preceding discussion gives a

required to force the feed into the system.

preconditioner (and configuration of that

fundamental understanding of the technical

This higher complexity has limited their use.

preconditioner) is inversely proportional to

requirements of preconditioning, which can

the throughput rate. Thus, with other things

then guide selection, configuration, and

Single- vs Twin- Shaft: Figures 4 & 5 show

unchanged, the cook achieved in the

operation of preconditioning systems.

Single- and Twin-Shaft Preconditioners. Twin

Types of Preconditioner

enhanced mixing capability.

operation at an elevated pressure is the requirement of a far more complex sealing arrangement for the infeed and discharge.

Pressure feeders or stuffers are also

Shaft Preconditioners are claimed to provide

preconditioner will reduce as the rate is increased – expect the product to change as production rate is increased. We will discuss later the type and configuration of

A large number of different types of

Weir-type Preconditioners incorporatea weir

the preconditioner and their impact on

preconditioner are available on the market.

just prior to the outlet to increase fill in the

residence time.

These can be classified into a number of

chamber. The residence time (for a

categories, as summarised in Table 2.

particular throughput rate) is directly dependent upon the weir height. But it is

Until this point we have focused primarily upon the Mean Residence Time. In reality, the system bahaviour cannot be described by a single value, rather the Residence Time Distribution (or RTD) must be considered. A distribution of times stems from the non-uniform flowof material through the system. This type of behaviour is typically represented graphically (see Figure 2).

Categories of Preconditioner Pressurised vs. Atmospheric Single Shaft vs. Twin Shaft “Open” Designs vs. “Weir” Designs Single Stage vs. Multi-Stage Vertical vs. Horizontal Table 2: Classification of Preconditioners

important to have paddles positioned to effectively sweep just upstream of the weir to prevent “dead” zones.

In Open-type Preconditioners (no weir), the angle (pitch) of the paddles can be altered, with the aim of holding product back to achieve a higher fill in the chamber.

The data is often also represented as an “F(t) Curve”, where the “Fraction of material that

To briefly define and compare these

has exited the system at time t” (F(t) is

designs:

plotted vs. “t”. This is shown in Figure 3.

Pressurised vs Atmospheric – as discussed, Obviously, a preconditioner with a poor RTD

temperature is a key parameter in the

will cause non-uniformity in the output –

cooking reaction. The use of a positive

material which exits the preconditioner too

pressure in the preconditioner allows the

quickly will be poorly hydrated and

use of an elevated temperature (as high as

undercooked. That is, the RTD should be as

115 °C) and thereby promotes an increased

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

Figure 4 – Single shaft preconditioner

Page 19

some manufacturers supply Multiple Stage

Overall Recommendations

Preconditioners. Figure 6 shows a two-stage preconditioner, in which the upper chamber

• Choose an appropriately sized precondi-

uses high speed agitation for maximum

tioner, configured to provide

mixing to incorporate water and steam,

o 60 to 90 seconds mean residence time

then the material drops into the lower

o Narrow residence time distribution

chamber where it is conveyed more slowly

Figure 5 – Twin shaft preconditioner and agitators

o Effective mixing.

to provide long residence time (in some

• Don’t introduce steam too near the entry

applications, where hydration is particularly

port which can result in choking

important – eg pasta manufacture – a

• Introduce water as early in the precondi-

number of stages may be incorporated to

tioner as possible

provide extended time).

• Adding oil in the preconditioner is not ideal, but if done, add it is late as possible to

Vertical Preconditioners are not very

avoid coating the particles before water has

common. A key benefit is the complete

been absorbed.

absorption of the injected steam, due to the

• Use good quality (dry) steam

counter-current flow configuration.

Figure 6 – Two-stage preconditioner General recommendations are: • Paddles beneath/near the inlet in forward pitch to keep infeed clear.

• Last few paddles at discharge end forward pitch to positively move material to the outfeed • Just prior to this, one or two sets of paddles in reverse pitch to “heap” product in the middle of the chamber.

• The remainder of the paddles at neutral pitch (flat to maximize mixing effectiveness).

The paddle configuration has a minimal impact upon the residence time for weir type systems. But mixing behaviour is strongly influenced by both the paddle configuration and the paddle speed. For open type systems, however, the residence time is strongly influenced by both these parameters - increasing agitator speed will tend to improvemixing, but will also tend to decrease residence time.

To avoid the compromise between mixing and hold time related to agitator speed,

Page 20

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

The Importance of Vitamins to Aquaculture Health

By DSM Aquaculture Center Asia-Pacific

Introduction

Therefore, formulators should assume that

are necessary for 100% of metabolic

feed ingredients will not provide adequate

functions, which makes vitamin

The growing number of aquaculture

vitamins, and supplementation of vitamins

supplementation extremely important in

production is mainly driven by

to commercial feeds is highly

guaranteeing animal growth performance.

intensification, higher growth rate, genetic

recommended.

Vitamins often combine with proteins to

improvement and optimizing of the animal’s diet that results in better performance.

While we see the challenge of diseases, we

form coenzymes that support enzyme

Vitamins Deficiency in Aquaculture

functionality. Processes such as energy synthesis or amino acid metabolism rely on multiple vitamins and are important

also witnessed the advancement of farming practices, improvement of biosecurity and

Vitamins may represent an additional 1-3%

for the growth, health, and wellbeing of the

increase of disease prevention effort.

of the cost of aquaculture feeds, but they

organism. Biochemical defects caused by

One of it is the use of vitamins in

Table 1

aquaculture that has a long-standing history. It is common to see farmers requesting feed mill to increase the level of vitamins to optimize the vitamins intake of the animals during challenge stage, to increase immunity or as part of their defense management.

With the growing level of intensification, nutrition management has increasingly become an important tool to farmers in improving their culture performance and achieve profitable growth. Despite the importance, the knowledge on selection, primary functions, dosing, and applications of vitamins still require a lot of awareness effort.

The Facts Vitamins are essential nutrients for fish and shrimp, because they are not synthesized by aquatic animals and have to be consumed with the diet. Vitamins are necessary for optimum metabolismof all other nutrients in feeds. While most feed ingredients contain vitamins, manyvitamins in their natural forms are destroyed by ingredient processing and feed manufacturing.

Page 22

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

Table 1 showing disease conditions of fish caused by vitamin deficiencies

deal with invasions of pathogens.

Furthermore, providing more than OVN™ recommendations for a few key vitamins like vitamin C, vitamin E, or the B-complex vitamins is suggested in farming conditions where the ability to deal with high stress or boost disease resistance is needed to guarantee on-farm performance.

Vitamin Supplementation While all ingredients used in feed will have some residual vitamins, it is likely that these vitamins will not survive the manufacturing processes of extruded fish feeds and pelleted shrimp feeds. For this reason, it should be assumed that the vitamins inadequate vitamin intake are manifested in

sub-optimum nutrition under average

provided by the ingredients will be

many ways, but mainly as deficiency

aquaculture conditions.

negligible, and all vitamins that are needed

diseases.

by the animals should be provided in the Optimizing vitamin nutrition for optimal

diet from a vitamin premix.

Deficiencies of different vitamins often

performance means:

result in similar deficiency signs (Example:

• Metabolism operates without limitation

Vitamins are absolutely essential

poor feed intake, poor growth), making it

or restriction, enabling animals to reach

micronutrients, and DSM’s long research

difficult in many cases to identify exactly

their maximum growth potential. NOTE: If

history with vitamins and in-depth

which vitamin is the cause. Sometimes

farms are stocked with animals coming from

knowledge of vitamin metabolism makes

vitamin deficiencies lead to easily seen

genetic improvement programs to increase

DSM willing to take up the challenge to

behavioral changes, or physical deformities

growth rates, care needs to be taken to

create the most up-to date and reliable

but other times a physical or histological

ensure that vitamins supporting metabolic

vitamin supplementation recommendations.

examination is necessary to see the signs of

processes related to growth are provided at

DSM’s 2016 OVN™

deficiency.

higher than normal levels.

(Optimum Vitamin Nutrition) vitamin

Optimum Vitamin Nutrition Concept

• The effects of negative factors that reduce

between optimal feed performance, farming

animal performance, such as exposure to

risks like poor environmental conditions,

pathogens or mycotoxins, are minimized.

stress and disease, and feed cost. The

supplementation recommendations balance

Supplementing vitamins to feed at NRC levels realistically provides only

importance of the OVN™ concept is • Immune system function is reinforced to

explained in the Graph 1.

It is rare today to see any of the classic signs of true vitamin deficiency, but it is common for feeds to contain inadequate amounts of vitamins because supplementation levels do not take into account losses during feed manufacturing. Reference values like the well-known NRC vitamin recommendations are based on laboratory research, not on real world feed production and farming conditions. When considering vitamin supplementation levels, it is important for nutritionists and formulators to take into account the feed ingredient properties and

Graph 1

Page 24

anti-nutrient content, as well as nutrient reduction during feed processing.

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

Optimum Vitamin Nutrition (OVN™) Guidelines Vitamins required by fish and shrimp that need to be provided in a premix are shown in DSM’s latest 2016 OVN™ guidelines, shown below.

DSM’s general OVN™ guidelines provide a range of vitamin supplementation levels for each vitamin rather than one specific value, because requirements are affected by many farm-related variables (genetic strains, farming methods, stocking density, age, health status, feed nutrient levels and quality, etc.). Note that DSM recommends increasing supplementation levels by 30% for fry and brood stock feeds.

The DSM Aquaculture Center Asia-Pacific has prepared preferred practical vitamin supplementation levels for Asian fish and crustacean species.

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

Page 25

The recommended vitamin amounts stated are those which should be provided to the animal in the feed at the point of consumption.

Additional vitamins should be added to the product to account for processing and shelflife storage losses to achieve the targeted consumption amounts of vitamins. To ensure optimum vitamin nutrition at all times, DSM recommends that vitamin levels in feeds be assessed regularly by every feed mill, and DSM offices can provide access to analytical services for vitamins on customer request.

Understanding Vitamin Premixes All vitamins except choline chloride, which absorbs water and reacts with other vitamins, can be combined into a single vitamin mix. While vitamins are often combined in premixes with minerals, the trace elements copper, iron, zinc, and manganese can cause oxidation of vitamins.

Combining vitamins and minerals together in premixes can only be recommended if premixes are used rapidly after production without long storage. Otherwise, to avoid problems, it is better to keep minerals separate from vitamins to ensure the highest stability of vitamin premixes. The table below shows that all of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), vitamin C and folic acid are sensitive to oxidizing agents like inorganic minerals.

For maximum efficacy effect vitamin premixes must be formulated with the key considerations.

• Stability • Mixability • Bioavailability • Handling

The DSM Advantage Vitamins remained as one of the most vital needs of shrimp and fishes and care must be taken to ensure sufficient and proper vitamins are supplemented to the aquatic animals. DSM’s extensive experience with vitamins as feed additives means that all DSM vitamin formulations combine high purity fully traceable vitamins with the best manufacturing know-how and most suitable raw materials to produce some of the most advanced vitamin products available today.

Page 26

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

YOUR INDUSTRY MAGAZINE Your aquaculture resource.

Aquaculture Scoop is a magazine for aquaculture professionals worldwide

Aquaculture Scoop is a magazine for aquaculture professionals worldwide

Extrusion processes

Issue 14 / March 2017

Aquaculture Scoop is a quarterly magazine featuring news and technical articles on feed, equipment, services, events and best practices. Bringing you the latest up-to-date relevant news, upcoming industry events and more.

Industry news Technological developments Company profiles Free to read!

Visit us online at: www.globalmilling.com

Fish health challenges

Fish descaling

Mycotoxins in aquafeed

Net cleaning

Fish feed factory in Zambia

Sustainable sushi

Industry Events

Feed Pelleting

Issue 16 / October 2017

Industry Events

A Protease Complex Improves Apparent Nutrient, Amino Acids and Energy Digestibility of Five Common Protein Sources in Atlantic Salmon Kabir Chowdhury PhD kchowdhury@jefo.ca BACKGROUND Nutritionists, formulators and feed manufacturers worldwide have

Dietary protease has shown to improve nutrient availability in both

been facing extreme challenges because of scarcity and random

fish and crustaceans. That includes carp, catfish, salmonid, tilapia,

fluctuations in price and availability of quality protein sources. This

shrimp and crab. Despite numerous growth trials, there are very few

has forced them to increase the use of less expensive but poorly

studies on apparent nutrient digestibility of common protein sources

characterized alternatives. The quality of which can vary from region

and none in salmonids.

to region, country to country, season to season, supplier to supplier, The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Jefo protease

and even from a single supplier, from batch to batch.

(a protease complex) on digestibility of protein and amino acids in One of the major ways to reduce these variations is to use enzymes.

five commercial protein-rich ingredients commonly used in salmonid

Use of enzymes specifically phytase, xylanase and protease in

feeds. The five ingredients were soybean meal, canola meal, poultry

aquafeed is on the rise to increase availability of dietary phosphorus,

feather meal, poultry by-product meal and bovine meat and bone

carbohydrates and amino acids, respectively.

meal.

Table 1. Proximate chemical composition of the test ingredients

Proximate composition (DM basis)

Soybean meal (SBM)

Canola meal (CM)

Poultry feather meal (PFM)

Poultry by-product meal (PBM)

Meat and bone meal (MBM)

Crude protein, %

54.0

38.0

90.4

71.5

50.7

Lipid, %

2.8

2.9

9.1

16.5

15.7

Ash, %

6.0

7.3

1.7

14.7

32.8

Table 2. Proximate chemical composition (DM basis) of the reference and the test diets

Proximate composition (DM basis)

Ref. diet

SBM

SBM + Enz

Crude protein, %

51.0

51.5

Lipid, %

20.9

Ash, %

5.2

Page 28

PFM

PFM + Enz

48.1

62.0

17.1

19.2

5.8

5.9

CM

CM + Enz

52.1

47.6

14.9

14.2

5.4

5.6

PBM

PBM + Enz

MBM

MBM + Enz

62.0

57.0

57.2

51.6

50.8

19.0

17.5

19.7

19.5

21.1

18.3

4.2

4.3

7.8

8.0

13.6

13.6

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

METHODS

The amino acid profile was analysed at the Central Testing Laboratory of University of Manitoba, Canada.

Location and experimental system

RESULTS

An ingredient digestibility trial with mixed-sex Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was undertaken at the research facility of Centre for

The apparent digestibility coefficient of crude protein (ADC CP) was

Aquaculture Technologies Canada in Prince Edward Island (PEI),

significantly improved in four of the five ingredients when

Canada. The fish were obtained from a local hatchery with a valid

supplemented with Jefo protease compared to those without. They

health certificate from the Canadian Department of Fisheries and

are: canola meal-CM (+2.5%), soybean meal-SBM (+2.9%), meat and

Oceans.

bone meal – MBM (+3.2%) and poultry by-product meal – PBM (3.4%) (Figure 1A).

The trial was conducted in 11 digestibility tanks (100L) where 25 fish/tank (ABW – 35.9 1.3g) were stocked and fed the experimental

A similar trend was observed for ADC of gross energy (GE) of CM,

diets for passive collection of faeces.

SBM, MBM and PBM, where it improved by +2.6%, +4.4%, +2.6% and 2.4%, respectively (Figure 1B). Although not significant, ADC of CP and GE of feather meal improved numerically when supplemented

Ingredient and diet composition

with the Jefo protease.

A reference diet (51% CP, 21% lipid DM basis) was formulated. Ten other diets were formulated where 30% of the reference diet was

The ADC of crude lipid was also increased for CM, SBM, MBM and

replaced with five test ingredients with and without the protease

PBM but not for PFM as it contained very small amount of crude

complex. Proximate chemical composition of the test ingredients and

lipid.

test diets are provided in tables 1 and 2, respectively.

In this study, significant improvement of some amino acids was also observed when supplemented with the Jefo protease. Among the

Faecal collection

essential amino acids, most notable is the threonine (Figure 2A) The collection of faces began after a week of acclimation with the test

followed by methionine (Figure 2B), lysine (Figure 3A) and histidine

diets. Faeces were collected in two batches where the diets were

(Figure 3B).

redistributed after the first batch.

Among the non-essential amino acids, ADC of proline increased The trial continued until enough faeces were collected for analyses.

significantly for MBM and PBM by 4% and 2.8%, respectively.

During which time, temperature and dissolved oxygen in the tanks were maintained at 12.9±2.0 C and 10.0±0.6 mg/L, respectively.

Among the raw materials, the most significant improvement of apparent digestibility of nutrients was observed in the case of MBM followed by PBM, soybean meal, CM and PFM. In case of MBM, ADC

Chemical analysis

of other essential amino acids such as tyrosine, valine, isoleucine, The proximate chemical composition of the feed and faecal samples

leucine, arginine and phenylalanine also increased significantly by

was analysed by Centre for Aquaculture Technologies Canada.

3.6%, 3.6%, 4.9%, 4.8%, 5.4% and 3.4%, respectively.

Apparent diges�bilty coefficient CP

Apparent diges�bilty coefficient GE

95.0%

100.0% 91.3%

90.0% 85.0%

91.0%

88.4%

87.6% 85.5%

84.8%

94.5%

95.0% 85.7%

92.4%

90.0% 85.7%

85.0%

82.3%

80.0%

80.0%

79.6% 77.0%

75.0%

75.2%

75.0%

83.7% 84.5%

81.3%

70.0%

72.0%

65.0%

70.0%

60.0%

65.0%

55.0%

58.3% 55.7%

50.0%

60.0% CM

CME

SBM

SBME

MBM MBME

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

PBM

PBME

PFM

PFME

CM

CME

SBM SBME

MBM MBME

PBM PBME

PFM PFME

Page 29

Apparent diges�bilty coefficient Thr

Apparent diges�bilty coefficient Met

95.0%

105.0%

92.2%

90.0% 85.0% 80.0%

84.1%

85.6%

96.5%

95.0% 90.0%

92.5%

PBM PBME

PFM PFME

92.0%

81.8%

80.0%

70.0%

92.2% 88.6%

85.0%

77.6%

75.0%

79.1%

75.0%

69.0% 67.1%

70.0%

65.0%

65.0%

60.0% CM

CME

SBM SBME

MBM MBME

PBM PBME

PFM PFME

60.0% CM

CME

Apparent diges�bilty coefficient Lys

SBM SBME

MBM MBME

Apparent diges�bilty coefficient His

105.0%

95.0%

100.0%

98.7%

90.0%

92.1%

91.2%

99.5%

89.8%

90.0%

95.0%

85.0%

99.3% 96.3%

84.7%

84.1%

83.6%

99.5%

100.0%

89.3%

88.7%

88.6%

85.0%

89.2%

85.4%

84.1%

84.4%

84.7%

86.0%

85.7%

84.3%

82.2%

80.0%

78.1% 76.3%

80.0%

75.0%

75.0%

72.4%

70.0%

70.0%

69.0%

65.0%

65.0% 60.0%

60.0% CM

CME

SBM SBME

MBM MBME

PBM PBME

PFM PFME

CM

CME

SBM SBME

MBM MBME

PBM PBME

PFM PFME

KEY FINDINGS

SUMMARY

• Apparent digestibility of nutrients and energy of most commonly used

Jefo protease is a pioneering protease for aquaculture and aquafeed

raw materials improved when supplemented with a dietary protease.

proving its efficacy in all major farmed aquatic animals including

• Similar to the nutrients and energy, ADC of some key essential amino

carp, tilapia, shrimp, salmonids. The protease complex has been

acids was also improved significantly in these raw materials.

more useful and effective when the alternative protein sources are

• Among the non-essential amino acids, the most notable improvement

used replacing fish meal or other expensive raw materials.

was in the ADC of proline, which carries significant importance because

The protease complex allows feed formulators to better optimize

ofits anti-oxidative capacity in animals.

nutrient profile in the feed by reducing the variations in the quality of

• Although numerically improved, significant improvement was not

raw materials in feed matrix. Therefore, allowing to reduce the safety

observed in case of feather meal.

margin for costly nutrients such as amino acids.

• However, in another study with European sea bass, apparent digestibility of feather meal improved significantly when supplemented with the Jefo

It brings significant cost savings somewhere between 5-25USD/MT of

protease.

feed depending on the initial formulation cost while maintain or improving the performance of the animals.

Page 30

Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018

Farmed Atlantic salmon constitutes over half of the total global salmon market

Sign up to our FREE weekly newsletter Email us at seafood@nisamedia.com Source: FAO- UN

Events in detail January

Click this link to download our events planner today and keep up to date with the latest industry meetings 2018 Year Planner

Victam Asia

July

27-29th March MVC Cereals-Mixed Feed Veterinary 2017

Bangkok, Thailand

Applied Food & Feed Extrusion (Asia)

30th January - 1st February

www.Victam.com

25-27th July

Moscow Russia www.mvc-expohleb.ru/

Bangkok, Thailand April

www.fie.com.au/events/applied-food-feed-e xtrusion-thailand

February

Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2018 23-26th April

VIV MEA 2018

Taipei, Taiwan

5-7th February

www.marevent.com

Abu Dhabu, UAE www.viv.net

August Food & Feed Extrusion Technology (Australia)

Aquafeed Extrusion Technology (Europe)

20-22 August

23-25th April

Victoria, Australia

Aquaculture America 2018

Ås, Norway

www.fie.com.au/events/extrusionaust

19-22nd February

www.fie.com.au/events/aquafeed-extrusion-

Las Vegas, USA

norway

www.marevent.com

Nor-Fishing 21st-24th August

Seafood Expo Global

Trondheim, Norway

Fish International

24-26th April

www.nor-fishing.no/?lang=en

25-27th February

Brussels, Belgium

Bremen, Germany

www.seafoodexpo.com

www.fishinternational.com/en/ March

AQUA 2018 25-29th August

Food & Feed Drying Technology (Europe)

Montpellier, France

26-27 April

www.marevent.com

Ås, Norway 13th North Atlantic Seafood Forum

www.fie.com.au/events/drying-norway

6-8th March www.nor-seafood.com

World Seafood Shanghai Exhibition (SIFSE) 29-31 August

May

Shanghai, China www.worldseafoodshanghai.com/en

AquaME

Aquaculture UK

6-8th March

23-24th May

Dubai, UAE

Aviemore, Scotland

www.agramiddleeast.com/en/Home.html

www.aquacultureuk.com/

Seafood Expo North America

Thaifex 2018

Izmir, Turkey

11-13th March

29th May – 2nd June

www.eurasiafairs.com/eng/index.html

Boston, USA

Bangkok, Thailand

www.seafoodexpo.com

www.thaifexworldoffoodasia.com

October Future Fish Eurasia 18-20th October

Latin American & Caribbean Aquaculture 2018

Aquafeed Horizons Asia Conference

June

29th March

23-26th October Bogota, Colombia

Bangkok, Thailand

VIV Europe 2018

http://feedconferences.com/

20-22nd June

www.marevent.com

Utrecht, Netherlands www.viv.net

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Aquaculture Scoop / March Issue 2018