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áeó≤ªdG I: 78( .%> ) _ 6 A( f81%0 IG" ( 5 , )8 X ? ' O8781% , l&+8% IG" ) 6 4 AN( M"$ 4 I N% 6 G" ( 5 , )8 X ? ' , f81% IG" ) 6 : AN( :%0 U { N% 6 G" ( 5 , )8 X ? ' , f81% : : T #] / 6 G" ) _ 6 G" ( 5 , )8 X ?0 , X N , f81% I= W$ _ 4 I0 , . 8%0 U 3 G" ) 6 " a Á I )A7 '> !/) :%0 c { 0 , . +"$ ] I G" ) 6 " a Á I: W = W$ 4 I G" ) 6 " a Á IG" ( 5 , )8 X ?0 X N " : 78( :M^ 0 .%> ) _ 6 :L3 / : T , f81% Á c h0±*K $c }0(±*K jcIc¤dG* ¤ q- +*yG* cn G* dM 5 RML ,\ &' % $ \ &<'$ : )& :n m M 1 jE '+ , 9 b MC?H / 7L , ./0 $ )I 0U ' _ 0 '&( : +) :")+ (> : ( '& A^ : @ ^+ V> N8 h+ O8781%0 ,: @ ^+ : &N8 l&+8% I. &( 0 ' _ 0 '&( &7 &N_ (> ,# &( W 0 . &( ) H; m _5 l&+% ( 0 _5 " : T # ")+ l&+8% %m 0 , ?> ( . :L & F A7 &L+ :. 4 Bi[ A" )%m 0 %F c(>0 : F ob 1 8 , , P C5 I"XL pL ? 6 qb F )&I V 0 , 0 M 0 , . / .( 0 , Á V 0 , 0 , 0 , +( F . / 0 , Á IQ 6 8 0 % L8 0 + L( , f83 4 )8_] " :M 1 : _0 : $ %> # - LM l&+8% Á
اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت := + 97 ? W +" ; )L ; )' T+ 0 XL 5 a 70 % P :N +( 6 >0 F # $ %&" B% 5 N ] %0 :j&'X& N R B<C D D! 1 W +" ; )L IVWM" : o L 0 : / # &Lf : $ %& :6&+) FL & 0 ,M)8N) #WB^(0 "+ 6 :"P;) # N ] .( N ] +% : B<C& D $ " < ' U &? &7L D! 1 W +" ; )L :6&+) y/LJ 0 , A ( f83 0 : ? 7B8 X 35 0 l> +) 6 M%&1 & r8" :N 8 N ] ML 0 ,# $ %&
_ V "3 0 :;"8f) & B;8 U ) 6 )8% ( 0 , A " 4 !/ w&I )3] l A y1 A a _ 6 I# $ %& "+ 0 "+ 4WY .( A8 )7 .B)% 8 0 #WB^) ,` a " 1 :+ LI .( A ) . )"+8) E : )7 6 , >0 # $ %&" :J Is &7L D! 1 W +" ; )L E & ?0 ,# E .( & z0 # %&H7 0 O@ 87 4 J " # W+ > " )8+ A )P) # $ %& 5 l E : )7 % &8 &L8 A I:_0&M) : $ %& :"B^)" 4 "/ .( 7 ' % ? # W > I# $ %& "+ l .( 3 3 = > 0 = +83 = t)1 ( > - =) "+ '>0&$0 , "+8) # ? / , )8 ] : f # N W +" ; )L = +83 # o; .( B G _ . +) − ;8) − "+8 M :J f # o;" # $ %& "+ / N > A< ( > - :o6 "+8 .B)% 8_ # o; .( :o6 B # $ %&" O 7( )! >0&P .( tLJ 0 ,= B( 0 = > 0 I @ !Y .( A%
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F 6 &rN +L" +% ,4 ! ] ? 7B 6 @ A , -8" :N 8 : & ) l 9 6 W =b W +" ; )L ,: ) + :;J A ] N( "8f) #WB^)" tLJ 0 ,l &I5 :B ^8( '& rJ :%&- + tLJ 0 ,h+L AP+ . 40 Q LM8" / J C ;8 ] L( +% 8 0 ,#WB^) :A? ( " '> A B(q ' _ 0 : 0 + G _ F ,W3 6 D +7 ,h+L AP+ " + 40 e 8; % 4 L8) )8 ] L( ="/( /6 l0&H < 6 % ( 0 I: ) + : "/) .( 1 E :o ┬Д 1 % ( 0 , 1 E & Y ? .( ┬Б&8^( 0 + 0 ) I` 6 1 "+8) A3> % 8 # $ %& O 7( B A) .( "+8" X 3 ' #&A<0 "+8 :? / > A< 6&+) > N; ] : ^ L U W +" ; )L I T X3 / , f83 0 : ) "+8 #] % ) 0 :"3 &) "+8 "+ 0 "+ 4 N( 6 . _ L 0 . % &8 L .( & L F (F )8 4 T X3 / , f83 # $ %& "+ ] I T X3 / , f83 # $ %& "+8 :%c "N E 0 : &+ O( &L .( % + #&A<0 # $ %& y &8 E 0 ' _ 0 :BL^ : T # L3 / .( : )N( F & : ) :( H7( y &8 E :t?"'?s l #'$ I W +" ; )L : 0 =( f83 '>0&P 7) . % &8 y+6 # c )( ' = : ) "+8 M ) ,# 3 ) ,# L ,# %>0 ,: 0&8B ] X8B : A7(0 # ( "+) > !( 6 :"@ A '&6 I ! %&L 0 , 0&8B ] %&L 4WY .( ` a0 &i L) & z 4 ! ] I'> ! 0 # ! XI f8 0 ! XI f8 0 ,&i L) 8B XI f8 4WY .( ` a0 &i L) 4 ! ] : 3 35 - "+ " VWM ' 1( .( V 3 /" ) "+8 , f83] ┬Д 78% : $ 3 I u& W +" ; )L ,w ;8) X M" 0 w +) X M 0 ,'> - F3 8) X M" : +6 ' V 3 / 0 , -+) & B;8 # N &83] A)"+ ┬З /L y8L┬А 0 ,:;"8f) # > - 0a VWM" : 78) # ? 8_] :A? ) ) "+8 B8 " = > .( ` a [%0 6 : +6 :" 30 V 3 / ) ,#WB^) _ 60 & B;8 6 y 0 AN &6 % CAI V 3 / 0c) "+8 IVWM : $ %& C MY5 \W 0 ┬Е f^
тАля║зя║╝я║Оя║Ля║║ я╗зя╗дя╗о я╗Гя╗╝╪и ╪зя╗Яя╗дя║оя║гя╗ая║Ф ╪зя╗Яя║Ья║Оя╗зя╗оя╗│я║ФтАм F3 8) :L17 X M ) ( l&+ 0 ,= ? _ :6&+( " 1% :% :"_&) X M )7 ┬Е@ !Y :6&+(
!% )7 :"_&( A :- &) !-%0 ,:- &) :"_&( )1 :%&) :"_&( 6 :% :"_&) X I D +%0 ,= & L 0 , s 1; 0 s )8? 0 s )1? ) s .)P8% t"M!) q6 :- &) t"M!( , f83 7 0 ,┬Ч "L :"_&( ;M A 6 .3 "8f% , LF %&- & [6 :73 '&^ 87┬А .3 6 # 7L 7 L 0 , LF %&- & [6 :73 '&^ ┬ЗW┬А 6 . 7L 7 :- &) :"_&( '&BL) :- &) :"_&(0 ,' > L QI 7) 6 A7 '> / QI 7) 6 '&BL( L ( LF z0 M)8N( M)8N( .( :- &) :% M)8N( .( "8f =%&1 :-%&M .1 % / 0 ,:73 '&^ ML3 0 '&^ y3 .3 7 A87 0 ┬Ч "L :% M( L 8 :- &) :"_&( L 0 ,'&Y[8) :- &) ,'&BL) :- &) , ) . 8"_&( :- &) '&86 1-7 " w ; ┬Б 7 0 ,&YT :- &) :"_&( ( , G 0 ! Q &) w /8 7 0 :73 ┬Н┬Ш 0 ┬Н┬Щ .3 6 A87 0 ┬Ч "L .3 M( '&BL) Q &) A 6 +81% 8 0 '& Y5 :"_&) 60 , +( N "+8 :"_&( 8) 0 "+8 :% A 6 L86 &Y[8) I& 0 :73 ┬Л┬Р :"_&) 8) 0 NP & B^ l&+8%0 F 7A( ` +81 6 i& :"_&( 4 Y F :h 1 + ? T "& BI SP A# 4"5 = + & b тЙИ┬к┬░├╣├йdG ╞Т┬к├жdG )7 X_ ! 8 :+%&1 # & r8 0 ,M%&3 )1? ) :"_&( A6 , )1N )7 6 '&;I |:- &) :"_&(} +
> &-83] , + '> +i 2B+ :% & ^( :% B 0 ,= ( )8 0 = > 60 =1; 6 Q┬А 0 & z ="+N 17N A7(0 )1N ` 0 ,:- &) 0 Q &)" :% "N # N A8 0 V L^ X_ > A< Q &)" 17N )7" :L_ !) #WB^) .(0
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áeó≤ªdG IV o8 ] 0 \ c) & r # 0 &AH ,]d0 , ! : ( =- &) 7 :L_ !) :) 1N +) :=&(X &7 SP A# + I"' RM' + [ )1N )7 X ? : )7 " )+ 8 : ")+ A - LM 0 , "+ 0 # $ %& ' ( .( ' ;83] I :;"8f) . Y 8 :3> )) #WB^) h+L & !L 0 VWM %&+8 :;"8f) ) 6 : 6&+) l 5 , )8 ] IC J] > 8Y 0 ≈côëdG ƒªædG :% 6 - &) 0 , : &/ 0 U ^7 " B%0 4 )f 0 1B X M ( M%&1 )1N )7 . O87% .( F-1 0 =$&8+ 8 , 1?5 , M!% ( & 0 c ] , + = &_ 18 0 Q & z &/ :-6 B% :"_&) F .( % + =" )/ 0 A - "+ 0 > LB -7 =$&+ &/ > &-83 , " 1% )(0 , A `1)% 8 C i5 :% % . I c ] -60 L >] = XL1% )( ,: )8?] # o1) :oG"3 &7 SP A# + I "' RM' I :;"8f) :M^ ] Q%&I . &/ )7 :% >0 M N^ I : $ %& : &8 "+( M( 0 +8 : &/ :M^ 5 # $ %& # $ ( h+ . )P ≈∏≤©dG ƒªædG ) 6 H : - 3 ) '> - 0 : B B ) '> - 0 : B) '> - 0 :% + '> - 0 :% r" '> - ( : "-+ # > - 6 #WN) 0 !- 'C & 0 : ?> f #W_& 0 WI] 0 'C &- Q &) )% G _ , :- &) '&86 4WY &MP) :J f # & ) = 8 0 ,= & ( Q%&I . - 0 = a . & L+8 Q &) 40 /%0 ,: 3 > O 7) . +L" : 0 /( I 1;7 Q P 0 Q"- .( V0&A 0 #] +; ] %&;8 :" 30 B 0 , )8?] )7 0 "-+ )7 # (W .( :(W : o ) &7 SP A# + I"' RM' I & B;8 6 )"+ V "3] , f83 " VWM X%> I A > C $ 6 # ; "B8 0 , A) h+ 6 A &i 0 VWM . :% &; w0&; ' &( á«aô©ªdG äÉ«∏ª©dGh äGQó≤dG ) : 6&+) : ")+ Q"+8 )7 = , - 0 =") &; M M81% ( '> - 6 ,: 6&+) # ")+ . # > - "8f
" )^ '> - q 4 - .B)% = q6 = " 0 :;"8f) # & r8)" X N81% 0 -+ 6 >0 % ) 0 = a -+ 6 /%
( =8/L : "-+ : _ 7 " '> - q6 ` 0 ; A N83] :;"8f) 4 Bi5 0 A & ( 0 : 6&+) # ")+ = ( 4 I0 81(0 = i 6 )7% L8 E : "-+ # > - " )8+ 8 : 6&+) # ")+ 0 ,: @ &-83] # > - +; ] 0 "-+ 0 )1N &; )7 & [8% > E 0 ,&1%0 : A3 6 ' -+( :"% I #WB^( V + 83 Q &) M M81% & 8 : ") )7 0 ,Q &) 7 &N) 7+) 81) ;M 7 &i L) 1/ 81) .( )7 6 , )8?E 0 &J 7+ . # W+ \ 8783 0 A; " )8+% Q &) 7 & 8 0 ,l&+8 0 ?&83] 0 u;/ " '> - A+( )7 0 P% 0 :;"8f) = &LY0 = ] +; 0 A = 8)83 0 / =" ( :?> :;"8f) # $ )" &; & & [8%0 & 8% 8 I L8 ] " '> - )7 4] 83] .( :;"8f( c;/ # & r8( .( =7)P8 ) 0 :M /) :o L Q &) 7 & [8 A q6 & B;8 : ") ( Q &) : B) '> - &AH ) ,: H;" '> ! " 7L) &N) f8 " Q &) '> c ,#WB^) _0 ( ,# )1N) 0 4 Bi5 # &_ > ! : A3 6 : B) # W+ > 0 :;"8f) : 3 7A 4 Bi5 A6 " = > 6 :- &) '&86 4WY ) 6 ' &M( # > - H 0 ,: &30 : A1 # ")+ C &? " '> - 6 t$ 86 :% + '> - I :- &) :"_&( &Y 0 6 +P A q6 : > ] : &1 '> ( , i& '&860
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: "Y & H) .B 0 ,# & )" # N83] > M 0 & r 6 & )7" 0 , A & r8( : ) A6 ,#] +; ] `" 6 &; :o @ Q &) N G _ ,#] +; E ' _ 6 :; 7 A :- &) :"_&( 18 0 ,& r8 A7( > &-83] 0 # L " V& B
2/ ]0 ,=; ( > - ] M)8N) 0 :3> ) 0 '&35 [ Q &) &+^%0 , -7 & ,> LB " F &)8( $05 " '> I 7 0 &) 0 = > =1; % T ! 0 +1% A6 , % N =3 1_q := ) ?% &7 SP A# + I"' RM' A WB^) A8 > ^(0 > B6 ~& 6 VWM" "+) : > ^( 4WY .( VWM : W-83] 0 :- : )7 I : !f^ III C cA83] 0 :%&f1 0 L V -+ :% &8 & z V -+ X 3] "+) V 78? ≈YɪàLE’G ƒªædG , & z0 w 6& 0 ' - 0 . )"+) !f^ 4 ! ] 78%0 , )8?] U ^7 #] N( c :- &) :"_&( :% M( : ;M :"_&( 6 = "3 MLM 8 : 5 X ? h+ .( Q &) "f8% )8?] ;8 0 # W+ '&@ 1 0 [ 0 2;7 :- & H( =% [8 .%&YT M( ="( + 0 Q &) ; C 7 0 .%&YT M( 0 +8%0 M+%0 Y[% 40 / 6 : % _ :-%&I0 =1 W(0 &AH) :% 7+" Q &) ( % ( , -81( = &; =8 ) [ .%&YT > +i =8 0 /(0 ,# I:$ %& #] N( 6 0 !/8 #] N( 60 = ; 0 = > . 0 =1; . & F /8% N76 :o5 &'!% &7 SP A# + I"' RM' I=8 !fi : )7 6 X M 4 ( > ) 83 I. )"+) 0 VWM . )8?] ;8 : )7
إدراة وﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ F ( : ) "+8 : ")+" ;78 0 F Mf8 6 VWM : > ^( " )8+ 8 0 "+8 :o L "+)" ' N '> E )8
)A( s W I' ^7) : ) "+8 l 5 Q -/ 6 )A( , "+8 ) (5 4Wr83] 0 AN & 6 " s &!7 0 F >0 F = B% 0 : ) "+8 : ")+ > /( X M B% '>0&$ " 8 : % / :% &8 X 35 > A< M(0 6 ( 0 F^7 "+8 >0 " [8 M(0 ,: ")+ '> 6 = &8i P;) .( 8 0 : ) "+8 : ")+ 6 s N% "+8 :o '> "8f G _ ,:% :"_&) VWI @ !Y ' &( M(0 ,:% &8 # & r8 `"8 "+8 :o '> =8")? t7( ` a X"M8%0 , 3 > !; Y :%> E 4 ) 5 h+L , - = t)1% )( 0 , "+8) 4 _ "+8 A 6 c &)8% 8 :( + - .( : )N( M$0 X"M8% &(5 , "+) l &i 0 : ? y/ s a "+8 :o '> 6 :%&/ h+ VWM :: 8 U0&^ A &6 8% "+8 :o Y ( +8" A =) 0 :3> ) # 3 30 M( :-6 8( B IIIIICW(c , &8_ − : 3> ) '> E , &8_ − "+) , &8_ − B) :6 H7 , )8 5 : (
B^ ,: W- # >&L) "3 % 0 ,VWM" 1 "1 6 &6 XN% 8 235 .( : )N( / I N% B^ !; 6 )+ & 1 = @ 60 "1 '>0&$ . L% I A+$0 6 0 +8% ,c"81% 0 ,X M 0 "+) .( : L-( B hG* g`¤+ ,4*2(* jcI¢ H G _ , > 0 5 "+) :z J ' '>0&$ 7+% q6 ,VWM 0 "+) . : &8^( : ") "+8 :o '> B . _ I:M"1" _ > !) = .( & Q%&6 6 F @ 0 : )? 6 P "+) tL!% 0 , "+8) >0 H+8 , -% F M( VWM ? % G _ ,` a & z 0 ' +8) F@ 3 '&N_ 0 :L8B) 0 )+) 0 :3 > '&N_ B "+8 :o ~yp #f p #f \Cf ˝ 1 ˝ k Sf F 6f
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áeó≤ªdG : "% ) 6 )8 "+8 :o # B( q6 .(0 ,:% &8 :M^ 5 .( F +F ( 0 ;7%0 MMf% A)"+( : ) "+8 : ")+ ;7 :-%&I0 # MY % /8 N F Mf8 : ) "+8 : ")+ # ? 8_ :A N) !;" ) H78 IVWM 0 "+) . ;8 w&I 0 X 3 % / ' ^7) l 5 Q -/8 VWM # ? 8_ :A N) !; 7( :o A IVWM "3 FL$ I N "+8 "+8 : ") _E 4Wr83 P6 :M /) :o L 4Wr83 I "+8" .B)( y 0 &L Q -/8 y " (5 4Wr83] 6 e N7 = .)P% ) ="!6 '> E > !
=+$0 7 "+) A " c &% XN% 8 X N # B) / 0 F I=8)A( | G* hG* g`¤+ ,4*2(± gH5ÊG* j*4c G*K jc {G* :(U] A" 0 : 3 35 # > A) 0 # )1 .( : )N( &6 "+8 :o L :% &8 = 6 "+) e N X"M8% : A7(0 = 0 ;8( # ?> "+) e N7 6 : &1 0 ,c/ ,2;7 FL$ ,: o1) )/ 0 ,> B8 E " '> - 0 ,2;7 :- , d L) )^ 0 : A#C &(
@ L > 8Y , ^7) l A Q-/% ) &; , f83 6 'C ;B 0 "+ 0&6 .( &6 6 :!!f8) :6&+) 0 : 7 9& X%> 8 0 '&Lf 0 :3 > # > A) X18B 0 = > P% 0 , A7 )N )+ e0> Q"Y0 , A? Q 17 0 = WI M( ( +8 " "+) '> 7+ 0 5 &'! 9 It? V "3[ A !8 0 ^) :A? (0 & %[8 0 ; >] " | G* hG* g`¤+ ¤ : 1 @& ( + _ =L & 0 !; +%0 ,X &8 0 F Mf8 0 H78" "+) .( :-@ 6 :% 7 "+8 :o '> \ 8/
: 0 :( A U -7 .( &% "+) " XN% ` 0 ,F^7 "+8 l Q -/8 "+) ) e N7 # ? 8_ X3 7 Q LM8 7 ="% + 8% l 16 ="!6 "+) H )A( = 5 ; !; H7 6 :%0 c &N_ + 0 : ? "& I:( f81) 2%> 8 # N &83 0 VWM X & 0 !; Bi /% VWM = , -% l 3 U ^7 > L8 6 "+) MP% XN% : MC?% J ? I B 0 & 5 "+ − 0 +8 "+8 − &; "+8 : ( A &_0 VWM -( 0 &;) )+ VWM" .B)% 8_ B) H7 7+% F^7 "+8" !; H7 : H & v 8% ; w7L I=L & ' .B)% 8_ : &/ A3 F , f81% .B( 0 ,'& L # )N( 6 81) G _ .( VWM" :L3 7( B 0 : ) "+8 > !) " '&N/ .( Cc? 8/% XN% : & )' A& I A > / 0 &)+ d BM 1 I + " , " 5 " g¤ <c + hG* iEK ,4*2(* ^ 5 DT&I tE s F M#' n : ' M# I "&+ F M#' 70 DA D ; )' =b &9 y B I:M^ 5 0 2%> 8 :J f :;"8f) #WN1 :3 > A 6 Y %0 y 4Wr83 : ; " l " : WM83 :3 > I: :6 A81) l 5 % / I ;7 ,UW , A) 0 # % 05 % /
5
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I # % 05 0 l 5 C $ 6 , A) .( :)A( B ,UW y A 6 /% )+" :MY M$0 I /( .(U 40 ? Q60 :Mf ;7 IC 5 % - 0 :Mf ;7 :+ 8( Iy #WB^( :A? ) 4 "_0 X 3 7L +F L =8MY cN7% "+) " 0 ,2%> 8 _ &( .( :"_&( .(U =-6 &% ] ( {> F Mf8 7 & ^ 0 : T , -% = " rL7% ! Y =8 0 '> .( "+) .1/% B 0 , /) .(c" I A8% A y 0 A8% y G _ .( :!/ y , c8 E I A?W : ; 0 A L3 0 A8 0 ;781 0 :!/ C 7 =A? .B)% 8 #WB^) "/ I:!/ y 0 > ) 83 0 : " ; !; '> " ` a 1% G _ =3> N F Mf8 £ ¤ }qhG* 4cdh1±* jc 8*¢H Kw/ $c + X M !/ 81( = > -) t)1% &(5 , "+8) =)"+ 0 =L18 ( > -( % / " !/8 > L8Y] l A% :# MY ' " !/8 > L8Y] C 7L 0 > L8Y] 2; A " QLI .% VWM .( & z !/ 81) I A- -/ >&-) l A% 8 O 7 l 5 % / .(0 , A- -/ > L8Y] +1% 8 l 5 C $ 6 > L8Y] A Mr% 8 # $ ) > L8Y] 8/( % / XN% 8 # $ ) .)P8% @ 7 40 ? 0 ,# ;J ) 40 ? = " Q"M% @ 7 40 ? ) ` a Q -/ @ 30 # $ )" L17 U : L17 : ) 5 0 , "+8 O 3 > >&-)" : ) "+8 l 5 0 ,> L8Y] A Mr% A" ) X1 0 , 3 > >&-)" :( A X N" > L8Y] ) : )8_ .( %c% # ;J ) 40 ? , f83 0 I l 5 0 > 8Y 6 "+)" :? ) )+% 40 N , f83 ) ,> L8Y] w J .( M6&% &(5 ,' ^7) l I> L8Y] A7)P8% XN% 8 > B65 f & \ ! 5Q M ,2%> 8 : ") 6 = H/ , )8 ] 2B+ 8 0 A7( B : L17 U05 0 3 > >&-)" "+8 O % / I# ;J ) 40 ? ' ) " X8B 0 0 : L17 U05 % / > L8Y] +( 0 "+)" 718% B 0 , A7( ) :L1 0 , 3 > >&-) # $ ( % / :: 8 # A? ) : +83] =7B)% 3 > >&-) # $ ( ) :L1 I 3 > >&-) # $ ( .( $ ( 2%> 8 !f) .(c " F -6 # $ ) X8B A7( B : L17 U05 0 , 3 > >&-) A7)P8% 8 # $ ) % / + 0 %WY .( . +( # $ ) ) 8 l ;! 0 , "+8 O ) 8 ' ) 5 MI - . [^7%0 ,40 N l ;J :"o35 0 :"o35 :L1 >0 / 8 8/) # $ ( .( $ ( ) :?> 2B+ 0 / 8 # f .( $ ( B /) L17 U 0 , 8/) # $ ( .( $ ( B :L17 > L8Y] A7)P8% XN% 8 :: 8 # Mf L 8% # ;J ) 40 ? %WY .( : "Y B : L17 : ) 5 % /8 0 , 8/) # $ ( I: "f M$0 % / 8% I: "f M( MI -8% $ ) % / 8% I !" : "B :% o) :L17 % / 8% I: "f M( MI -8% l A )+" : "B :% o) :L17 % / 8% I )+" : "B :% o) :L17 % / 8%
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Real Functions and Drawing Curves
Real Functions and Drawing Curves óĊăŎĿí ôŃĊĸŃ
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pad Y Óøn Y R ph>nhAí ph nxÚ
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ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة zB y2b hcN 6 1- wV z6 6Ĕ NsBsgb lf a r.b .O `cWb r zgz_b r y4zWb ^ t2*Ĕ zOz Gb escOb lf o2zRr Us6 .&sb m0o wVr Ů p 6 1- b Gcb \ 6 .Zr Ů o2zRr 2z ^ a r.b as& 6 1.b lf .y4gb wcN b Gb U2O y 5 z[gb a r-r ( z z_O b Ů zOz 2 b Ů zG+b Ů b Ɯ-r.'b lf `b/r Ů Xy2O b -.O f a r.b `b0^ Ů y27_b ar .b r z6.kpb đys' b `b/ wV f¹ .+ 7f p zk'kf h61 ađ* Wc +gb d 6sb e .+ 6 Pf (-.g b Ů a [ jĐ Ů 5 _OjĐ Ɯ zfs62b 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 s6 pg61 wV z"sbsk_ cb wbĒ 6 'cb (GeoGebraƜ d f zfs62b $f 2 b e .+ 6 r a r.b m0o = s* DO wcN U2O y Us6 g^ Ů c b r a r.b Ů z?Z k b a r.b Ů y.y 4 b a r.b Ɯ o- 2F z& lf z"r3 a r- a r.b m0o DO is_ w f ' y h ( b d' b Gb es[y Us6 .&sb y pj wVr y-2V a r- pCO r g^ Ů 5 z[b 4f1 wcN dg ; w b ky gb r Đ- Ogb DO wV z z&r zB y1 đ_;f d& wV a r.b 6 1- e.+ 7y Ɗ Wc +f Đ #f Ɗwo 5r1- 7g* lf .&sb m0o is_ r Ƌ z[z['b a r.b ƊarĔ 51.b Ƌa r.b - 2F Ɗwj b 51.b Ƌ y-2Wb a r.b r z"r4b a r.b Ɗ b b 51.b Ƌa r.cb wj z b dz g b ƊP 2b 51.b Ƌ [cGgb gz[b ky fr Đ- Of d& Ɗ8f +b 51.b 2Z ` đF lf cF .&sb 5r1- A2N wV . b d Z lf 2z _b (Bs w b r b Gb ^ wV 'Bsgb f.[gb a r.b pzV e.+ 7 w b escOb r Đ #gb lN fscOgb hb N lN fscOf f.[gb (Bs g^ Ů Wc +gb pN sj Ƌ b .b 3sf1 qzb 7ky t0b r t27ys7b zB y2b fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b wb Ms"2b ` đF wb cF gcNr a r.b lN fscOgb lf .y4f wcN as?'cb ( j2 jĐ Ɯ l_gy w & a r.b a #f wV f p6 hpb t0b zB y2b lf qkgC fr 5r1.b 0zWk k fscOgb m0o lf - W 6Đ Ƌ G;j
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Rational Function
ÑÚnb> B Ñ
Asymptote
x > Ñ
Transformation
HG+gb (Bsyr (wk'kgb -.g r O¹ f z[VĔ z6 2b - z[VĔ Ƌ ky gb r a r.b d& ađ* lf z z'b [z G b
énb iÐ pAÐÛÎ Ñ
Translation
Ünc_iÐ Ñ
Reflection
Ø{e> Ñ
Stretching Graphical Solution
pxØ}R pUÐØ Ñ
Odd Function Monotony of a Function Increasing Function
Constant Function polynomial Function
Co domain
p =n? pUÐØ Ñ
Vertical Line
Øí{ UÐ Ò}h T pUÐØ Ñ
pbd]Y pehS ÜnhbY pUÐØ Ñ Absolute Value Function
phbhbA pUÐØ Ñ
én Y Ñ
Domain
px{xÐ~> pUÐØ Ñ
ph[Snf> pUÐØ Ñ
Decreasing Function
inh= A Ñ
pUÐØ ØÐ}JÎ Ñ
Real Function
=nbY én Y Ñ î{Y Ñ
Range
HÌÚ B Ñ
x}_ UÐ ÒØ{_ Y pUÐØ Ñ
Piecewise Defind Function Even Function
زﻣﻦ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة I:!_
óĊăŎŀĿ ŐńŔĨň÷ ĢĤĈŃ õîŔňĄňńĿí łēčō ôŔĸŔĸĄĿí ĽíōĊĿí
:ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة - wczc' b 2z_W b - wN . Ė 2z_W b - .Z kb 2z_W b Ƌ đ_;gb d&
óĊăŎĿí đōčĉ ˅ _ _+f e x2f :(ɸ - ɸ˖ 952f ˅e x2f 1 6J :(ɹ - ɸ˖ 952f ˅ 16[f e x2f x &x8f e x2f :(ɺ - ɸ˖ 952f ˅ :2qvf ȗ y+ f x e x2gf p f h #l f :(ɻ - ɸ˖ 952f
ôĿíĊĿí ĽîĀŃ ôŔĸŔĸĄĿí ĽíōĊĿí
˅ _gKlf l _f q kx Ȗ1 Sk h* :(ɼ - ɸ˖ 952f
ôĿíĊĿí ŏĊŃ
:اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ 6 & b - iscf 2z: F - O 2f 1s 6 - zgzcO b 1s 7b - zV W: - w6 1 YsV A2N 3 p" - zj z 6 & b - zgcN (GeoGebraƜ s6 'cb zfs61 $f 2
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ľëîēŎĿíō õíōĉŗí phY HÚ sYÐ} = Øí~Y UË oHnA phY HÚ p HnA pUË (Graph, GeoGebra
ôøñîû ôĿíĉ ôŔÿōď ôĿíĉ ôĿíĊĿí ľûîń÷ ôœĉĎij ôĿíĉ
ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ [y2Gb - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob Ƌ đ_;gb d& - wjr O b hcO b - zF k 6Đ :ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ wV zN g#b r y-2Wb y2y2' b r zpW;b c 6Ĕ wV d g hzz[ b hc6r &2 [gb G;jĔ r 51.b .O r 51.b k f N y1. r y-2Wb r zN g#b Xzb _ b r Ů pkf d_ = +b Ƌ .&sb y pj wV wg^ 2 b 1 *Đ r .&sb wcN
ôŔēĊňŌĿí õŜœŎĄøĿíō ĽíōĊŀĿ ŒŇîŔòĿí ľŔüńøĿí
õśĉîĬńĿí ľă ôŔ÷îŔă õîĸŔòĤ÷ õîňœîòøńĿí ľă
3 ÒÚ [UÐ dL Ónfxn Y x º @ H |Ñ + Ü C| º å@ > |Ñ + Ü C|" @ G |Ñ + Ü C| , å@ < |Ñ + Ü C|
R ph>nhAí ph nxÚ ÓĆcZY A R phbhb UÐ éÐí{UÐ ê{ x
pad Y Óøn Y
R ph d eUÐ éÐí{UÐ dL pb=n UÐ ÓĆx UÐ }h?j> Y HÚØ nY h= =}x
p]ZiÌ ÒÚ É
}h?j>í ºng HÐÚØ =n UÐ phbhb UÐ éÐí{dU inh UÐ h e UÐ L r x ànZfT "geogebra" Ð} h@ h@ sYni}= êÐ{ Hn= pb=n UÐ ÓĆx UÐ
Lne@ eLí
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éÐí{UÐ ì|w ÞÐ B pHÐÚØ ? pxØn_UÐ ç}]Un= ngdh e> o_[x UÐ
اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ا(ﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ đys' b 'cG?f đGb p61- \ 6 w b 'cG?gb lf 7kb .y.#b 'cG?gb lfr (5 _Oj 4^2f a [ jĔ Ɯ Ƌ đys' b .& ^ -.g b r 1 [ b H* đGcb ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪة h z6 w b Wc +gb hzo Wgb lz ZđOb HG+gb 0o (Bsy a r.b M sj (Bsy `b0^r .&sb 5r1- ađ* lf p 6 1- z6 2b & 3Ė Ɯ Wc +gb z6.kpb đys' b r p> s*r
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I 3 & F¤ > L8Y :6&+¼ %&+8 ' +8( : I ' .( & [
Â&#x20AC;[g.
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Domain
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Coâ&#x2C6;&#x2019;domain
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Range Arrow Diagram
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Cartesian Diagram
¢ FM¥
Vertical line
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'
Ɗ z Ē .N s[b V2Ogb z[z['b a r.b lf d^ a #f -.& 5 ł+5 = (5Ɯ - أ ł - 5 = (5Ɯ - ب Ł
ŀ 5-ł
ľĄĿí
_ −
10#b d* . f gzZ dO# w b 5 hzZ Pzg" so Ł- b .b a #f ب Ŀ G ł - 5 dO# w b 5 hzZ t Ů 2W> ¹ r ¹ "sf wOz 2 b ] ' Ů ł] =Ł- a #f `ƅƅƅł G 5 `ƅƅƅĿ G ł - 5 a
+
−
_ −
Ŀ < 5 - ł is_y f.kN V2Of Ń- is_ د ]ł Ů'-Ɵ so Ń- a #f i V qzcNr
+
−
'−
t-2V -.N 10#b dzb- Ů Ņ - 5 ł = (5Ɯł- ﺟ
ƩũĪ
-r.& 2z ^ (5Ɯ 1 Ů ŀ < i Ů+N ǽ i z& (5Ɯ1 i = (5Ɯ- j ^ / I = - b .b a #f i V t-2V -.N i f.kN:% Ŀ G (5ƜȤ E2; 5 hzZ Nsg#f so - b .b a #f Ɗi V w"r3 -.N i f.kN : ^ ? 8 ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ł-5 ń
Ń+5
Ɗ z Ē .N s[b V2Ogb z[z['b a r.b lf d^ a #f -.& 7 ł + 5Ł = (5Ɯ - أ = (5Ɯ - ب Ł + 5ł - Ł5
Ł
ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ
Ƌ] gzZ ."r {łƞ- I so
Ł = (5Ɯ] + 5Ņ - Ł5
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
9
äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
4
= (5ƜŃ+ 5Ń+ Ł5 = (5Ɯ-
1 3
dO# w b hz[b k 6 Ł- Ůŀ- wb #f PF [ tr 7y .y.#b b .b a #f Ů [ 7b Đ 'b Pzg" wV M? B? Ƌ g7[b zcgN wV Ŀ = (5ƜŁŀ - 5ł = (5Ɯ ŀ- z& I # I Ɗ ŀ- n G UQ ł - 5 = (5Ɯ Ł- & I # Ɵł ŮŁ-] Ɗ Ł(Ł- Ƌ ŀ-Ɯ ﺟ
( ŀ-- Ɯ د
(ʀ˖ A h+ o ex *
{Ł Ůŀ ƞ - I أ
Ł
(ņƜ
(ŀ-Ɯ ( ŀ-- Ɯ و
(ŃƜ ( ŀ-- Ɯ ﻫـ
١ - ١ ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ
:(ʀ˖ A 2^ p 6 c[
7
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
(ŁƜ (Ł- Ƌ ŀ-Ɯ د
Ł
I ﺟ
¹ Đsp#f ] ko iĔ b 7gb m0o d& wV sO> b Gb .#y .Z Ƌ e [gb wV ] sor {łƞ - I so - a #f i wb m.:2jr b Gb .N 7j i l_gzV Ɗ wcy g^ ] gzZ - #y l_gzV ň = ] pkfr Ŀ = ] + ŀŇ - ň t Ŀ = ] + 5Ņ - Ł5 i V Ŀ = ] + ŀŇ - ň Ɗt ƅƅƅ Ŀ = ] + 5Ņ - Ł5 i V ň = ] pkfr
Ɗ z Ē a r.b lf d^ a #fr .N Z ."r :^% (Ł- - ŀ-Ɯ ب (Ł- + ŀ-Ɯ أ
Ɗlf d_b - `b/ l_f i - y-.Ob gz[b 7& : ^ ? 8 (ł- Ɯ (Ł- - ŀ-Ɯ ب (łƜ (Ł- + ŀ-Ɯ أ
(Ł-Ɯ (Ł- Ƌ ŀ-Ɯ ﺟ Ł
]ł Ůł- Ɵ د
(5ƜŀĿ ! (5Ɯ Ł-Ƅ z&Ƅ (5Ɯ = ƄƄ(5Ɯ ( ŀ-- Ɯ ŁŁ Ł- 1 W> Nsg#f (Ł-Ɯ U z&
Ł
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f
Ɵ Ń ŮŃ - ] ب
ŮƄƄƄƄƄ(5ƜŁ- Ƌ(5Ɯ ŀ- = (5Ɯ (Ł- Ƌ ŀ-Ɯ
Łe EŀeƄƄso Ƅ(Ł- Ƌŀ-Ɯ a #f
(Ł-Ɯ U - (Łe EŀeƜƄƄsoƄƄƄ( ŀ-- Ɯ a #f
:á«JB’G ∫GhódG øe πc ∫Éée óLhCG ň - Ł5
ﻧﺸﺎط
e x2f ȠR glSf :n b , m L"' = 5 Łl Ůŀl &0% X 1 ' , t? G UQ ŮƄƄƄƄƄ(5ƜŁ- ! (5Ɯ ŀ- = (5Ɯ (Ł- ! ŀ-Ɯ Łe EŀeƄƄsoƄ(Ł- ! ŀ-Ɯ a #f
Operations on Functions
Ɵł Ůŀ-] - I ǽ5 f.kN Ŀ ɨ (5Ɯ- is_ r {ł Ůŀ- ƞ Ƌ đGcb w Ē y1. b GN `k_gyr 2
z& - b .b a #f i ^ /
5
= (5Ɯ- Ɗ b .b a #f - #yĖ ˄Ǜȗ#lZ go b- Ogb 10" is_zV Ŀ = ł - 5 Ł - Ł5 ƊPCj
= (5ƜŅ- 5 - Ł5 = (5Ɯ-
ŀ
ń - 5 ł = (5Ɯ ł- ﺟ
= (5Ɯ Ń- د
ł-5Ł - Ł5
Ł5 - ŀ
ŀ
ň - Ł5
ń - 5 ł = (5Ɯł- ﺟ
= (5ƜŃ- د
ł! = 5ƅt ƅĿ = ň - Ł5 PCj `b0b Ŀ = e [gb is_y f.kN V2Of 2zR is_ ŀ- b .b أ {ł Ůł-ƞ - I soƄŀ- b .b a #f is_y qzcNr
= (5Ɯ i Ů (]Ɯ = - I = i a #f
ŀ5
ﻣﺜﺎل
f 2f e 'k ɪ S
Determining Domains
0 3 " TG \ X 3 5H 5 &X 5 &X = 5 b") 1<L ; d 97 Pu!
I = ł- a #f
ȿ z¹ [z[& y¹ 2 " ¹ 27^ b - i ȿ wg7 Ů ¶" + 5 + Ł5C = (5Ɯ- z& Ů - b .b 1 : lzzO b -.' - b .b 1 : i V Ŀ ɨ ¶" C Ń - Ł 4zggb i ^r Ŀ! C Ɗw Ē d_;b {V g^ Ł5 1 : d f Ŀ Ł5 1 :Ė Wb +f Ŀ Ł5 1 : d f (5Ɯ- 1 : '-
-
:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ɗwo b - d g w b r Ů zb b zgp7b GG+gb kz gb ZđOb 1 N
M
{
د
N
M
{
ﺟ
N
M
N
M
{
ب
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
{
أ
10
äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -
á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG
e ~ G* z¦ - le¦G%* :I ?p
Ɗwo b - d g Đ w b r zb b zj z b a _:Ĕ wV kz gb ZđOb 2
− − − −
− −
−
− − − −
O!
i \ 6 w b Y2Wb r - ' Đ r PF [ b zcgO ` đF 2^/ Ƌ - .NĔ H* wcN pcz g r [ 6 c&2f wV đGb p61-
− − − −
Ɗ{o b - d g Đ { b r 2gb ! r3Ĕ Nsg#g kz gb ZđOb 3 {(ń ŮłƜ Ů(ŀ ŮŁƜ Ů(Ń ŮłƜ Ů(ł ŮŁƜƞ ب {(ň ŮņƜ Ů(ņ ŮńƜ Ů(ń ŮłƜ Ů(ł ŮŀƜƞ أ {(ń ŮŁƜ Ů(ń ŮĿƜ Ů(ń Ůŀ-Ɯ Ů(ń Ůł-Ɯƞ د {(ł ŮłƜ Ů(ł ŮŁƜ Ů(ł ŮŀƜ Ů(ł ŮĿƜƞ ﺟ
:≈JCÉjÉe øY ÖLCG {ł- ŮŁ- ŮŁ Ůŀƞ = M i ^r I # M Ɗ- j ^ / 4 ł - 5ń = (5Ɯ- i ^ / b .b t.f ."r ł - 5Ń = (5ƜS z& +N# {ń ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀƞ Ɗ S j ^ / 5 ] gzZ ."r V ŀņ = (]ƜS j ^ / ب b .b t.f ^ أ د
~ {
Ɗw y gf d^ wV o .fr b .b a #f wj z b d_;b lf $ k 6 6 ﺟ ب أ
− − −
− −
− − −
−
− −
Ń H 5 > Ł ƅ f.kNƅŀ - 5 Ł H 5 H Ł- ƅ f.kNƅƅŀ-
Ɗ z& - b .cb {j z b d_;b h61 8
= (5Ɯ- j ^ / 9
b .b t.f $ k 6 h62b lfr Ů- b .cb wj z b d_;b h61
11
ŀ - 5ł ]ł ŮŁ-] Ů ł - 5 د
Ɵł ŮŁ-] Ů Ń - 5 Ń أ:Ǜ Ȗx Ɵł ŮŁ- ] Ů(ł- 5Ɯ (ŀ- 5łƜ ﺟ
łń ﺟ ŀ- و
Ń- ب ŀŀ ﻫ
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
nTm\TÐ ÊÐØÌ
Ŀ > 5 H ł-ƅ f.kN ŀ + 5
= (5Ɯ- j ^ / 10
ł H 5 H Ŀƅ f.kN Ł + 5
Pzg" d'yr Z. E ;kb sG* 0Wky
Ƌ Gz7 .N 7gb ! 'yr ! 'yr E ;kb c 6 DO {V G+y
Ƌ 2z ^ wb ! 'yr c 6Ĕ wcN "Ė PzG 7yĐ Ƌqz"s b r .N 7gb
b .b t.f $ k 6 h62b lfr Ů- b .cb wj z b d_;b h61 ł > 5Ƅ f.kNƅ ł + 5ŃŇ H 5 H łƄ f.kN ƅƅł5 Ň < 5Ƅ f.kN ƅ ŀ + Ł5ł
= (5Ɯ- Ɗi ^ / 11
: ! (łƜ- ب
(ŁƜ- أ
Ɗ z& Ů - b .b d g ǵƃģŭņǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 12 ńĿĿĿ H 5 H ĿƄ f.kNƄƄƄƄƄ5 ńŁ ŀńĿĿĿ H 5 > ńĿĿĿƄ f.kNƄŁńĿĿ + 5Ł ŅĿĿĿĿ H 5 > ŀńĿĿĿƄ f.kN ŀĿĿĿĿ + 5 łŁ
= (5Ɯ-
Ɗ."r , N3sgb 4p"Ĕ -.N d g 5 z& Ů z 2p_b 4p"Ĕ .& Py3s b ^2: m B [ t0b qzk#b Tc gb (ńĿĿĿĿƜ- ﺟ
|wza TÐ
Ƌ .N 7gb .N 7gb ! 'yr c 6Ĕ DO wV G+y äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
(ŀĿƜ- ﺟ
Ň أ: Ǜ p " ŀĿ- د
Ƌ c 6Ĕ E ;kb c 6 DO wV Gz7 G* G+y
Ł G 5Ƅ f.kN ł + 5 = (5Ɯ- Ƅƅ Ł > 5Ƅ f.kN ŀ - 5Ł
Ń H 5 H Ŀƅ f.kNƄƄ 5 - ŀ
Ɵł ŮŁ-] ŮŁ + 5 Ł ب
: I ?qf m _ mg:
= (5Ɯ- z&ƅ- b .b a #f -.& 7
Ŀ > 5 H Ł-ƅ f.kN ł + 5Ł
e ~ G* i b 6&* i+e/(*
Ƌ b .b t.f $ k 6 h62b lfr Ů b .cb wj z b d_;b h61 h
Ƌ b .b t.f $ k 6 h62b lfr
Ƌt2 #b 27_b a #g `b0^ đGb 2^/
(ŀĿĿĿĿƜ- ب
(ńĿĿĿƜ- أ
(aƜ % qOcB asF wV b .^ P 2gb Hz'f ^ Ƌa qOcB asF P 2f Hz'f % i ^ / ǶƒŻŏǭǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 13 Ɗ."r h Ƅƅƅƅ ( ŀń Ɯ% ب (łƜ % أ Ń
2G[b X?j asF wV b .^ & 7gb ^ Ƌ\j o2GZ X?j asF 2 - & 7f e j ^ / ǶƒŻŏǭǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 14 Ƌ(ńƜe Ů ( ŀŁ Ɯe ."r h (\jƜ e Ɗ z Ē .N s[b V2Ogb z[z['b a r.b lf d^ a #f lzN 15 ŀ + 5 Ƅ= Ƅ(5Ɯ- ب ŀ + ł5
ł + 5 Ƅ=Ƅ(5Ɯ- أ Ņ + 5ń - Ł5
5 - Ń Ƅ=Ƅ(5Ɯ - د
Ł - 5 Ƅ=Ƅ(5Ɯ- ﺟ
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
3 gf ." ¹ .z" .z" as [f XzOB
:(ɸ-ɸ˖ r 5 l &
(-Ɯ wo b - d g w b ZđOb 3 {ŀŇ- Ůŀł- Ůņ ŮŁƞ= t.gb ń = 5 Ů{ŀņ Ůŀł Ůň Ůń Ůŀ ƞ = t.gb ]' ŮŁ- Ɵ Ů I ب ]Ň- Ů '-Ɵ {Łƞ -]Ň- Ů '-Ɵ د
ƟŃ Ů '- Ɵ Ů I أ {Ŀƞ - % Ů {Ŀƞ - I ﺟ
Ń
4 5
7 8 10 12 13 14
{ł ŮŁƞ - I أ15 ] 'ŮŁ] ﺟ
12
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
2
6
{ŀ-ƞ FƟł Ůŀ Ɵ = b .b t.f ]ł Ůł- ] 9 ]ń Ůł] - I łĿŀ ŮŁņ- Ůń- 11 ]Ł Ů ŀ ] - I ŇńĿĿĿ ﺟ ŁŁńĿĿ بŀŁńĿĿ أ ŁŁń ب Ła = (aƜň أ ŀŅ rŁń Ů r Ů ŁHr = e
I ب ƟŁ ŮŁ-] د
1
8
ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
Ĺ?Â&#x2020;ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă
2-1
Ĺ?Â&#x2020;ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
â&#x2C6;ŤGhĂłdG OGĂ´WG
â&#x2C6;ŤGhĂłdG OGĂ´WG
2-1
Monotonicity of Functions Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ďøá ÄąĹ&#x17D;Ä&#x201C;
Properties of functions (continve) s6 'cb zfs61 $f 2 - = >1 eÄ&#x2018;Z - O 2f Y1r - zfs61 Ć&#x2039;(GeoGebraĆ&#x153;
I4 0 &I
( : ( 3& O( ÂŹ , f83 : 7/7( 3> Â Geogebra
*6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
CČ&#x160; "3 !
â&#x20AC;Ťďť§ďş&#x17D;ďť&#x2014;ďşśâ&#x20AC;Ź
~ { ~ { { ~ { ~ 1 u
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;ĂŽÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x2014;à þÎÄ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x20AC;ĤÄ&#x153;Ĺ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
I#WB^ÂĽ _ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 7 !+ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; :^ 7ÂĽ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ÂŽ LÂĽ ~&+
I &I
Monotony
Increasing Function I:% % c :
I: ! 7 :
Ć&#x2039; 1 2'b "1- 2 V â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x;â&#x20AC;Ź r .y 4 2 V .y.' r - b .b ]sc6 V2Of wV a r.b zk'kf W> j.N 7 Ć&#x2039; b .b - 2F U2Oy f sor 5 - 3 gc^ (5Ć&#x153;- s r @Z k
â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x2014;ďť&#x152;ďť ďť˘â&#x20AC;Ź
Decreasing Function
< 52 f o ck
Constant Function
I:8 Â&#x20AC; : Â
:ĂĄdGĂłdG ĂłjGĂľJ
( -.O gb H 6sb Ć&#x153;wbÄ&#x2019; 6 'b V2R - w6 1.b d?Wb C
mgS f 51 Ck
] ĹŽ CĆ&#x; 2 Wb wV + + uL pj - b .cb \ + Ĺ&#x20AC;5 < Ĺ 5 :h Ć&#x201E;] ĹŽ CĆ&#x; Ç˝ Ĺ 5 ĹŽ Ĺ&#x20AC;5 D< n G UQ (Ĺ&#x20AC;5Ć&#x153;- < (Ĺ 5Ć&#x153;-Ć&#x201E;:nÂ&#x2021;b
Â
:ĂĄdGĂłdG ¢ßbĂ&#x2030;ĂŚJ
Ă´Ĺ&#x192;Ä&#x160;Ä&#x2C6;øÄ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà þĂĹ?Ä&#x2030;Ĺ&#x2014;Ă
: 0 :BL^ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; Â?Â&#x2DC; :/;J ÂŞ Â?ÂŻ :/;J .( X M V 8
I: )" :L3 _ : d IV 3 /" : ( 3> O( &
I y ÂŤ E # ( "+)"
O!
E
]E ĹŽ Âś"Ć&#x; 2 Wb wV AE 7L pj - b .cb \ + Ĺ&#x20AC;5 < Ĺ 5 :h Ć&#x201E;]E ĹŽ Âś" Ć&#x;Ç˝ Ĺ 5 ĹŽ Ĺ&#x20AC;5 D< n G UQ (Ĺ&#x20AC;5Ć&#x153;- > (Ĺ 5Ć&#x153;-Ć&#x201E;:nÂ&#x2021;b
Â
â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x152;ďş&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź .y.' so b .b - 2F gc_ -s?[gb i ` Ä&#x2018;Gb (Br is_ w b 2 Wb r qy.y 4 b .b pzV is_ w b 2 Wb `b/r ĹŽq b .b pzV is_ w b 2 Wb r qz?Z k b .b pzV Ć&#x2039; y2 #b Y2Gcb A2O b ir- H[V b .b wk'kf h61 aÄ&#x2018;* lf â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعسâ&#x20AC;Ź b .b - 2F ' b <Z jr 2_V a gb d' hcOgb es[y Ć&#x2039;= b .b ]sc7b Wc +gb Ä? 'b Ä&#x2018;Gb {cN A2N
zÂşâ&#x2C6;?ŠJ{ óÌH â&#x2030;&#x2C6;a
\
13
Ĺ? â&#x20AC;Ťďť&#x201C;ďť&#x153;ﺎâ&#x20AC;Ź
"1- d [gb {j z b d_;b (Bsy .& wV 2o [b ky.g c#7gb 1 2'b 1 2'b "1- wV 2zS b L&Ä? ĹŽ e yÄ&#x201D; Ć&#x160;h62b lf -.& h ĹŽlf4cb 7kb Ć&#x2039; 1 2'b "1- @Z k 2 V â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź 1 2'b "1- .y 4 2 V â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź
:ĂĄdGĂłdG äĆ&#x2019;Ă&#x2018;K
l
]e ĹŽ aĆ&#x; 2 Wb wV 'I 8 pj - b .cb \ + Ĺ&#x20AC;5 < Ĺ 5 :h Ć&#x201E;]e ĹŽ a Ć&#x;Ç˝ Ĺ 5 ĹŽĹ&#x20AC;5 D< n G UQ (Ĺ&#x20AC;5Ć&#x153;- = (Ĺ 5Ć&#x153;-Ć&#x201E;:nÂ&#x2021;b
exČ&#x161; Çž 52f hC[f Ë? f Kf b
Â&#x20AC;[g.
b - ZÄ&#x2018;Ob is_ w f -.&r ĹŽ ZÄ&#x2018;Ob b Gb 51- i \ 6 ZÄ&#x2018;Ob .y.' b w6 2b H+b [y2F e .+ 6 r y2 #b Y2Gb yĂ&#x160; 2 " b .b a #f - #y wcN U2O g^ ĹŽ zš j z a r- d g w b 51.y Us6 51.b 0o wVr ĹŽh62b lf o .f $ k 6 r ĹŽ zĂ&#x160; j z r Ć&#x2039; b .cb b 2 Vr @Z k b 2 Vr .y 4 b 2 V b Gb 952f &6/k
Ä&#x2018; b a _:Ä&#x201D; 'Bsgb b .b - 2F Ä? & ` Ä&#x2018;F wb (Br Ć&#x2039;wj z b d_;b lf - 2FÄ? 2 V .y.' zWz^ hpb (Brr
:o }gR 5Ç&#x203A; 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f Ë&#x2013; 6l ;lf mÂ&#x20AC;Â&#x20AC;_ f
B 8 # ; 0 =% % c : A 6 B 8 # ; Š
wb hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` Ä&#x2018;F Pf <Z j 'z'?b "Ä&#x2013; Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x192;= 1 Ć&#x;Ĺ - ĹŽ '- Ć&#x; 2 Wb wV b .b Ć&#x;Äż ĹŽ Ĺ - Ć&#x; 2 Wb wV y.y 4 b .b Ć&#x;' ĹŽ Äż Ć&#x; 2 Wb wV ?Z k f b .b
I:8 Â&#x20AC; A 6 B 8 # ÂŤ; 0 : ! 7 A 6 I: 7/7( 3> Â Geo Gebra ( : ( 3& O( ÂŹ , f81%
Ć&#x160;wo z6 6 0V sj Ä&#x2018; {cN $f j2 b ts 'yr dz7^Ä&#x201D; 0V j - ɸ zfs62b 0V kb - Éš y2 #b 0V kb - Éş Â&#x20AC;: : 16[k I:8 Â&#x20AC; : â&#x2C6;&#x2019; : ! 7 : â&#x2C6;&#x2019; :% % c : â&#x2C6;&#x2019; &I k2/ ;lf Â&#x20AC;lÂ&#x20AC;gS f 1 ylf
6 & b - zgcN 6 & b - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b
9
exČ&#x161; Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČ&#x17E; b
äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
:ɸɼA 2
ﻣﺜﺎل
Ƌd [gb wj z b d_;b wV c ggb b .b - 2F ' 1
− −
ľĄĿí
]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ 2 Wb wV z?Z k b .b ½ ]Ł ŮĿƟ 2 Wb wV y.y 4 b .b ½ ] 'ŮŁƟ 2 Wb wV b .b ½
− − − − − −
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗd [gb d_;b wV 1 is_ w b 2 Wb r Ů y.y 4 b .b pzV is_ w b 2 Wb ' Ƌ pzV is_ w b 2 Wb r Ů z?Z k pzV
− − −
Ƌ pb #f {cN y.y 4 b .b r ]ŃŮŀ] = b .b t.f Ɗ ( Ɯ d_: (ŁƜ Ɵł ŮŁ] = b .b t.f Ɗ ( Ɯ d_: ]Ń ŮŁƟ wV y.y 4 Ů ]Ł ŮŁ-Ɵ wV z?Z k b .b Ɵń ŮŀƟ - b .b t.f Ɗ (¶"Ɯ d_: Ƌ]ł ŮŀƟ wV y.y 4 b .b ]ŀ Ů Ł-Ɵ wV z?Z k b .b I ?qf 4 [q f :I ?p
ﻣﺜﺎل t.fr a #f h62b lf $ k 6 Ů N # M Ɗ- b .b wk'kf zb b zj z b a _:Ĕ lf d_: d^ (Bsy 2 Ƌ o- 2F ' r Ů b .b ﺟ
ب
−
− − −
−
−
− −
− − −
− − − −
أ
−
−
ľĄĿí
]' Ů '-Ɵ wV y.y 4 b .b ] 'Ů '- Ɵ = - t.f Ů ] 'Ů '- Ɵ = I = - a #f أ ] 'Ů '- Ɵ = ] 'ŮŁ ƟF ƟŁ Ů '- Ɵ = - a #f ب ] 'Ů Ł Ɵ wV Cy ¹ y.y 4 Ů ]Ł Ů'-Ɵ wV y.y 4 b .b
]Ń Ů' - Ɵ = - t.f Ů ] 'ŮŁ Ɵ F]ŀ Ů '- Ɵ =- a #f ﺟ ] 'Ů Ł Ɵ wV z?Z k r Ů ]ŀ Ů '- Ɵ wV b .b
ŮE ;kb 0zWk b ŀń= 'Bsgb sG+b 2[ ` đF q"r 6 1.b ??+gb @?'b .& dO#y i hcOgcb l_gy z& wb đGb hz7[ r -.O gb H 6sb V2R d* - a r.b h61 zWz^ wcN hp y1. r {b 6 & 3 p" d^ e f Nsg#f l_gy g^ Ůa r.b m0o = s* DO ! k 6 r a r.b zk'kf DZttpƊƢƢ PZsgb lf (GeogbraƜ $f j2 b lf zj #f +7j dy4k e.+yr z 2Ob Scb hN.y $f j2 b 0or www,ǰǮǸǰǮǫǻǪƋǸǻǰ dzb- dy4k l_gy g^ hcO b r hcO gcb z_zf ky.b zB y2b wcz?W %2: q r z 2Ob Scb PZsgb 8Wj lf qb .N 7gb Ƌqf .+ 6 [y2Fr $f j2 cb : I ?qf m _ mg:
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
-
14
∫GhódG OGôWG ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ o- 2F ' h b .b t.fr a #f $ k 6 zb b a _:Ĕ lf d^ wV 2 ﺟ
ب
− − −
− − −
−
أ
− −
−
− −
∫GhódG ¢UGƒN á°SGQO ≈a á«eƒ°SôdG èeGôÑdG ΩGóîà°SG Ƌ s6 'b r c cb wj #gb
GeoGebra $f j2 o2p: lfr Ů zÊ j z a r.b dz g b zfs62b $f 2 b -.O
ﻧﺸﺎط Ƌ Ł + 5ł - ł5 = (5Ɯ-ƄƊ z& - b .b zÊ j z d f GeoGebra $f j2 e .+ 6 Ƌ o- 2F ' r b .b t.fr a #f ."r h62b lfr
: ' M# jRL U C7 / 7' (GeoGebraƜ$f j2 lf wj z b h62b r Ů2 #b .V j ( V - /b 7 +"RX
$" /b 7
wb d? b
2 * r
Graphics
HSB h
d D<_ =b kz gb 0V kb
D<_
Ɗ b .b .N Z ^ y2 #b 0V kb wV - (inputƜ a *-Đ P 2g Ł + 5ł - ł5 = (5ƜƊwb b s'kb wcN IQ
D<_
15
r
^
3
_
3
r
+
Ů b .b wk'kf zj z b 0V kb wV 2pKzV HSB h D<_ =b g^ b .b .N Z y2 #b 0V kb wVr
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
2
Π
nTm\TÐ ÊÐØÌ
."syr Z. $f j2 b b Gb e.+ 7y i Z. h62b lf t.gb r a #gb G* G+yr a r.b wk'kf b Gb h62y i Ƌt.gb r a #gb - #y wV Gz7 h61 wV Gz7 .N 7f wb b Gb ! 'y Ƌt.gb r a #gb - #y r a r.b - #y r ar.b h61 2" wV b Gb G+y i 2z ^ .N 7f wb ! 'yr t.gb r a #gb wb b r b .b wk'kf h61 b Gb PzG 7yĐ wb ! 'yr t.gb r a #gb - #y qk_gyĐ qz"s b r .N 7gb
|wza TÐ
3 gf ." ¹ .z" .z" as [f XzOB
S ?f K.Ȗ 1s> {cN (ŀŅƜ = (ŀƜ d_: wV b .b t.f - #y : K/f
&s Wf 2 V Ɗi r 2 Wb wV Y2Wb espWg đGb 2^/ : yCf ƟŁ ŮŁ-] - I = ] 'ŮŁƟ F ]Ł- Ů'- Ɵ b .b t.f b Gb _y i (ŀŅƜ= (!Ɯ d_;b wV : K/f Ƌ b .b t.f wb Ǿ Ł i qkf ¹ kJ ]Ł Ů'-Ɵ ƟŁ Ů'-Ɵ so (z'?b t.gb i r b .b t.f ǽ Ł i .^ : yCf 2[Wb wV a r.b zk'kf h61 {cN b Gb 1.Z e.N : K/f ly1 g b lf (ŃƜ $f j2 b e .+ 6 zWz^ wcN .z" b Gb 1- : yCf Ƌ(ŀńƜ = wV (Bsgb
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
10
-
∫GhódG OGôWG äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
S ?f K.Ȗ lf b .b t.fr b .b a #f - #y lz b Gb Hc+y i : K/f
Ƌes62gb d_;b lf z 4" Nsg#f so b .b a #f i ` đGb .^ : %ȗSf 1s'f lf z 4" Nsg#f so t.gb i r kz7b 1s'f _b 0o lf (ŅƜ = O" 2f `k_gyr Ů - ?b Ƌ `b/ wcN .z^ cb - 2FĐ ' .kN b .b a #f lf z 4#b 2 Wb ^ : K/f 2 V wcN b .b - 2F ' .kN qj ` đF wcN .^ : %ȗSf ` đF Pf P" 1 &s Wf 2 Wb m0o Pzg" is_ i ƋhcO .k wV (ŀłƜ =
D<_
: X? =? R D<C 1 ]' Ů' - Ɵ =- t.f Ů ] 'Ů' - Ɵ = - a #f أ ]' Ů ŀƟ wV y.y 4 Ů ]ŀ Ů ŀ-Ɵ wV z?Z k Ů ]ŀ- Ů ' -Ɵ wV y.y 4 b .b ب
džŐʗƥŝ
h62b lfr ł5 - 5ł = (5Ɯ- Ɗ- b .b wk'kf h61
− − − − + uL "'b
SE 7L "'b
b .b - 2F '
٢ - ١ ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ
y¹ 2 " ń + 5 Ł = (5Ɯ- Ɗ b .b - 2F '
Ɗ- 2FĐ ' r t.gb h62b lf $ k 6 Ůa r.b DO b wj z b d_;b d g z Ē a _:Ĕ 1
h+f
ŀ5 < Ł5 i r b .b a #f ǽ Ł5 Ů ŀ5 i A2W ŀ5Ł < Ł5Ł is_ Ł * ky gb wV2F 2C r ń+ ŀ5Ł <ń+ Ł5Ł ky gb U2F wb (ńƜ V B r y.y 4 b .b i V `b0b Xy2O b \[' (ŀ5Ɯ- < (Ł5ƜwcN 12[f 2zR 0or y¹ 2 " a r.b DZ k l_gy d gb ƋH[V h62b lf a r.b - 2F ! k 6 h y z& Ů b Gb
− − − −
ɸ
]' ŮĿƟ Ů ]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ wV y.y 4 ƟŁ ŮĿƟ - I
ɻ
∫ÉéªdG
Ů z?Z k ]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ ƟŁ Ů' -Ɵ I ] 'ŮĿƟ Ů z?Z k ]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ ] 'ŮŃ-] I y.y 4 ] 'ŮĿƟ Ů y.y 4 ]Ń- Ů'-Ɵ ƟŁ Ů'-Ɵ ƟŅ Ů'-Ɵ z?Z k , ]Ń ŮŃ-Ɵ ]' ŮŃƟ Ů z?Z k ]ŀ Ů' -Ɵ {Ł-ƞ - % {ŀƞ - I z?Z k ]' ŮŀƟ Ů z?Z k ]ŀ- Ů'-Ɵ ]' ŮŁ-] {ŀ -ƞ - I ] 'Ůŀ-Ɵ Ů y.y 4 ]Ł Ů '-Ɵ ]' ŮĿƟ {ĿŮŁƞ - I z?Z k ] 'ŮŁƟ
11
D<_
− − − −
−
− − − − −
− −
−
−
−
D<_
−
−
−
−
−
−
D<_
D<_ zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
-
16
∫GhódG OGôWG
Ƌ o- 2F ' r b .b t.f ^ h Ů z Ē a _:Ĕ c ggb a r.b lf d^ a #f -.& 2
ɹ
ﺟ
−
−
~G*
− −
−
−
− − − −
−
−
− − − −
− − −
د
−
أ
ﻫ
−
و
− − − −
− − − −
أ
ɺ
ب
2
…óªdG
~G*
] 'ŮĿƟ Ů ]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ {V y.y 4 ƟŁ ŮŁ-] - I {V z?Z k Ů]Ŀ ŮŁ-Ɵ wV y.y 4 ]' ŮĿ] ] 'ŮŁƟ Ů] ĿŮŁƟ wV z?Z k Ů ]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ wV y.y 4 ]Ŀ Ů'- Ɵ ] 'ŮĿƟ
OGôWE’G
− − − −
: (ɹ-ɸ˖ r 5 l &
ióªdG
Geogebra $f j2 e .+ 6
+ uL "'b
: : 52gf 1 >5
OGôWE’G
2 * b .b wk'kf wcN H[j .y.' b -
A
g [b lf .y." G[j h r-Ĕ Hy2: lf G[kb PBsf wb d? w & 2: gb ]2& Ů b.7kgb a *- HSB r ,wk'kgb wcN o.y.' - 2gb g^ zfs62b 0V kb wV wk'kgb wcN G[kb 2pK b wV g^ y2 #b 0V kb wV G[kb wz .& 2pKy Ƌ(łƜ d_:
−
−
I# ƟŅ Ů Ł-] Ɗ - j ^ / 3 ŀ > 5Ƅƅ f.kNƅ5 - Ń = (5Ɯ- Ƅƅ
ب
Ņ H 5 H ŀƄƅ f.kNƅƅ5
ﺟ
Ƌ o- 2F ' r b .b t.f h62b lf $ k 6 r Ů - b .cb {j z b d_;b h61 b .b t.f $ k 6 h62b lfr Ů w y f lf d^ wV - b .b wk'kf h61 ů zfs62b $f 2 b .& e .+ 6 4 Ƌ o- 2F ' r Ł5 - Ń = (5Ɯ - ب ŀ + Ł(ŀ- 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ- ﺟ ń - Ł5 = (5Ɯ- أ
د
ŀŁ-5
(5Ɯ- و
5ł - ł5 = (5Ɯ- ﻫ
ﻫ و
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
17
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
ł5
(5Ɯ - د
ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
Ĺ?Â&#x2020;ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă
Ĺ?Â&#x2020;ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
ĂĄjOĂ´Ă&#x2DC;dG â&#x2C6;ŤGhĂłdG h ĂĄÂŤLhĂľdG â&#x2C6;ŤGhĂłdG
ĂĄÂŤLhĂľdG â&#x2C6;ŤGhĂłdG ĂĄjOĂ´Ă&#x2DC;dG â&#x2C6;ŤGhĂłdGh
3-1
Even and Odd Functions lf L&Ä&#x2018; z6.ko W? (5Ć&#x153;- = = z& - b .cb wj z b d_;b 4zg y .Z W?b m0o 2p: r ĹŽ p [z G r a r.b 6 1- wV pf .+ 6 l_gyr ĹŽ bsp7 h62b Ć&#x2039;d>Ä&#x201D; G[j as& d g b r - ?b 1s'f as& Symmetry d g b
Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ďøá ÄąĹ&#x17D;Ä&#x201C;
Even and odd functions
I4 0 # 7/7(  Â&#x20AC;°8 I: ?0c 4 0 I:% &; 4 0
ĹťĹ?ÇǨĹ?
Â&#x20AC;[g.
\ Gkzb ĹŻhz[ 7gb wcN d_;b wF l_gy z& ĹŽhz[ 7f as& d g b 61- i \ 6 Ć&#x160;d>Ä&#x201D; G[j as& d g b `b0^ 61-r ĹŽ fš g wk'kgb W?j  â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2019;
 ,
 , â&#x2C6;&#x2019;
â&#x2C6;&#x2019; Â â&#x2C6;&#x2019; , â&#x2C6;&#x2019;
6 1- qb \ 6 g^ ĹŽ z6.kpb a _:Ä&#x201D; d g b Gb 51- i \ 6 d g b r - ?b 1s'f as&r kz7b 1s'f as& d g b zk'kgb d g 51.y Us6 51.b 0o wVr ĹŽhz[ 7f as& d>Ä&#x201D; G[j as&r - ?b 1s'f as&r kz7b 1s'f as& Ć&#x2039; y-2Wb b .b r z"r4b b .b 6 1.b .zpg š
Â
 ,
â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2019;
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;ĂŽÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x2014;à þÎÄ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x20AC;ĤÄ&#x153;Ĺ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
Â&#x20AC; ¨
Symmetry
â&#x2C6;&#x2019;
Even Function
: ?0U :
Odd Function
:% &6 :
â&#x2C6;&#x2019;
dDfH M ? 3 \ D8 &'
D<_
A 3 \ D8 &'
D<_
: D<_ =b G[kb 1s> wo b .b wk'kgb wj z b d_;b wcN OZ sb (= ĹŽ 5 -Ć&#x153; G[kb is_ Ć&#x2039; - ?b 1s'f as& 5 _OjÄ? Cy š qzcN OZ sb (= ĹŽ 5Ć&#x153; : D<_ =b z& ĹŽd>Ä&#x201D; G[j as& wk'kgb d g = ĹŽ 5 lz ZÄ&#x2018;Ocb wj z b d_;b (Bsy Ć&#x2039;wk'kgb 8Wj wcN OZ sb (= ĹŽ5Ć&#x153; G[kb 1s> {o (=- ĹŽ5-Ć&#x153; G[kb i
3-1
952f &6/k :o }gR 5Ç&#x203A; 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z
Ă´Ĺ&#x192;Ä&#x160;Ä&#x2C6;øÄ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà þĂĹ?Ä&#x2030;Ĺ&#x2014;Ă O( & â&#x2C6;&#x2019; : )" :L3 _ = d V 3 /" : ( 3>
I J5 :M- 4 _0 # ! > Âą 4 _ 4 0 # 7/7( )% I:% &; 4 0 0 : ?0c 4 0 l&+8%
ÄžÄ&#x201E;á Ĺ&#x2026;ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄ&#x192;
I %s ?0 s :% &; 4 0 0 : ?0c 4 0 ² w&;%
- ?b 1s'f as& c g gb zk'kgb lzĂ? z Ä&#x2019; a _:Ä&#x201D; lf d_: d^ wV 1 Ć&#x2039;d>Ä&#x201D; G[j as& c g gb zk'kgb r
Â&#x20AC;: : 16[k zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
18
I :% &6 : â&#x2C6;&#x2019; : ?0U : â&#x2C6;&#x2019; Â&#x20AC; ¨
â&#x20AC;ŤŘĽďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعسâ&#x20AC;Ź w .&Ä&#x2013; ts 7gb wV G[j t 1s> i ` Ä&#x2018;F Pf d>s G[j 4^2f j 1r- V _ d>Ä&#x201D; G[kb 7kb 5 _OjÄ? Ć&#x2039;cĹ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x2021;Äż! o1.Z yr 4 r d>Ä&#x201D; as& d g b pzV is_y t2* a r- h61 Ä&#x2018;Gb wb cF Ć&#x2039;d>Ä&#x201D; G[j as& d g b pzV is_y a r-r ĹŽ - ?b 1s'f
k2/ ;lf Â&#x20AC;lÂ&#x20AC;gS f 1 ylf
6 & b - zgcN 6 & b - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć&#x2039;(GeoGebraĆ&#x153; s6 'cb zfs61 $f 2 - zj z *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
Ć&#x2039; Ä&#x2018;_;gb d& - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob
: Â&#x20AC;&yfyqc f i 2/ :
< 52 f o ck
$f 2 b e .+ 6 -.O gb H 6sb V2R wV Ä&#x2018;Gb 1 zk'kgb 5 _Oj dgN {V(GeogebraĆ&#x153;$f j2 b pkfr zfs62b Ć&#x2039;d>Ä&#x201D; G[j as&r - ?b 1s'f as& a r.b Ć&#x160;PZsgb lf wj #gb $f j2 b 0o lf +7j dy4k `k_gyr .N 7gb dzb- dzg' `k_gy g^ http://www.geogebra.org PZsgb 8Wj lf z 2Ob Scb
Ć&#x2039;(-.O gb H 6sb Ć&#x153; wbÄ? 6 'b V2R - w6 1.b d?Wb
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f Ë&#x2013; 6l ;lf mÂ&#x20AC;Â&#x20AC;_ f
wb hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k {V " f ` Ä&#x2018;F Pf <Z j 'z'?b "Ä&#x201D; Ć&#x2039; z"r3 b - â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź
(ɸɿË&#x2013;Ç&#x2122;B Ć&#x2039; y-2V b - â&#x20AC;Ť ďş&#x;â&#x20AC;ŹĹŽ â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź
1
mgS f 51 Ck
zbr.b _ ;b - (Ĺ Ĺ&#x192;Ć&#x153; 'W> wb (Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x2021;Ć&#x153; 'W> lf b Gb ^ Ć&#x2039;( j2 jÄ&#x2013; Ć&#x153; fscOgcb â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x152;ďş&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź wV 2gb ! r3Ä&#x201D; E [j DO 1s> - #y ` Ä&#x2018;F wb cF 1s'f as& 5 _OjÄ? o1s>r .f O gb w .&Ä&#x2013; ts 7gb h ĹŽd>Ä&#x201D; G[kb 7kb r - ?b 1s'f as&r kz7b cĹ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x2021;Äż- r cĹ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x2021;Äż i 1r. E [kb t.& 1s> - #y hpzb cF Ć&#x2039; G[kb 8Wkb 5 _OjÄ? q j1 [fr d>Ä&#x201D; G[j m4^2f
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
12
-
ájOôØdG ∫GhódGh á«LhõdG ∫GhódG
(19)¢U :óbÉf ô«μØJ óæH »a as& r kz7b 1s'f as& d g b is_y .[V ƊĐ "Ė wF l_gy hz[ 7f as& d g b V Ůd f r w[V r w6 1 hz[ 7f Ƌ f¹ g wk'kgb W?j \ Gkzb hz[ 7gb wcN d_;b
-
ájOôØdG ∫GhódG h á«LhõdG ∫GhódG
− − − −
] C Ů C - Ɵ 5 d_b z"r3 b - b b .b E2;b \z[' lf . Đ y-2V r z"r3 b .b i Ė Ƌ b .b a #f ǽ5 Ů (5-Ɯ d_b wV wk'kgb h61 .kN so z"r4b a r.b 6 1- lf U.pb as& d g b đ ¹ f ^ wk'kgb h61 kk_f H[V arĔ P 2b Ƌ= 1s'f wk'kgb h61 .kN qj so y-2Wb b .b 6 1- lf U.pb as& 5 _OjĔ đf ^ wk'kgb h61 kk_f arĔ P 2b wV ¹ Ƌ(cŀŇĿ ! q yr 3 i 1r. r Ɯ d>Ĕ G[j
− − − −
−
−
O!
:ájOôØdG ∫GhódGh á«LhõdG ∫GhódG
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ M ǽ 5- Ů 5 d_b Ů(5Ɯ - = (5 -Ɯ - i ^ / z"r3 b - pj N # M : b .cb a [y : ! u
Ƌ - ?b 1s'f as& đ g f z"r4b b .b wk'kf is_yr ¹ M ǽ 5- Ů 5 d_b Ů(5Ɯ - - = (5 -Ɯ - i ^ / y-2V b - pj N # M : b .cb a [y : + "
Ƌd>Ĕ G[j as& đ g f y-2Wb b .b wk'kf is_yr ¹ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb a r.b lf 2z ^ ƩũĪ a #f wb 5- Ů 5 ly2?kOb g j E2: \[' #y y-2V r z"r3 pjs^ z& lf b .b Msj ' .kN (5-Ɯ- - #y ir- y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb b .b j ^ \[' y hb / r Ů b .b ﻣﺜﺎل Ƌ y-2V r z"r3 b - pjs^ z& lf w y gf d^ wV - b .b Msj ' 1 ł5 = (5Ɯ- ب Ł5 = (5Ɯ - أ ł + 5 = (5Ɯ- ﺟ
5 " = (5Ɯ- د
ľĄĿí
I = - a #f Ů Ł5 = (5Ɯ - أ Ł5 = Ł(5-Ɯ =(5-Ɯ- Ɗis_y Ů I ǽ 5- Ů 5 d_b `
(5Ɯ- = (5-Ɯ- :n 2
z"r3 b - - `
I = - a #f Ů ł5 = (5Ɯ- ب
ł5 - = ł(5-Ɯ = (5-Ɯ- Ɗis_y Ů I ǽ 5- Ů 5 d_b `
(5Ɯ-- =(5-Ɯ- :n 2
y-2V b - - `
ǶǩģǮ Ƕƪũıǩ
Ů ts[b b - +N ǽ i Ů Ŀ ! C z& i5 C = (5Ɯ- Ů I# I Ɗ- b .b wg7 Ƌt-2V -.N- i f.kN y-2V Ů w"r3 -.N i f.kN z"r3 b .b is_ r exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
19
äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
3 Ů- Ů z"r4b a r.b
13
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
] 'Ů ł-] = - a #f Ů ł + 5 = (5Ɯ- ﺟ ]' Ů ł-] ǾŃ- gkz ] 'Ů ł-] ǽŃ Řğ ƩũĪ Ƌ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb - b .b `
¿CG ôcòJ ! − = − ! '! = − '! − = −
I = - a #f Ů 5 " = (5Ɯ- د Ɗis_y I ǽ 5- Ů 5 d_b ` 5 " = (5-Ɯ " = (5-Ɯ z"r3 b - - ` (5Ɯ-= (5-Ɯ- :n 2 ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ƌ`b/ 2zR r y-2V r z"r3 b - pjs^ z& lf w y gf d^ wV - b .b Msj ' 2 5 " - ł5 = (5Ɯ- ﺟ 5 " + Ł5 = (5Ɯ - ب 5 " = (5Ɯ - أ 5 " ł5 = (5Ɯ- و 5 " ł5 = (5Ɯ- ﻫ 5 " Ł5 = (5Ɯ- د Ł5 + ł5 = (5Ɯ- ز 5 " 5 " = (5Ɯ- ط 5 & + 5 " = (5Ɯ- ح ?p'7'(L U ǶǩģǮ ƙĝǍų
z"r3 b .b j ^ f / Ė qj ŁĿ= (ŁƜ a f lz y Ɗlz [y2Gb t.& e.+ 7j `b/ 2zR r y-2V r
(ɹɸ˖ A h+ o ex * & 3
Even and Odd Functions
y-2Wb r z"r4b s6 a r.b = s* ` đGb lz Ƌ z[z G c f ŁĿ= 'Bsgb
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ :6l ;lf m _ f
ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ
k u A y.
( z¹ 6.koƜ b .b wk'kgb {j z b dz g b d_b (5Ɯ- Ů(5-Ɯ- j1 [g `b/r t2 #b E2;b \z[' ( y¹ 2 "Ɯ b .b a #f wb wg k 5 Ů(5-Ɯ sG+b 8Wj P j y-2V r z"r3 7zb b .b i Ė (¶"Ɯ 2[Wb d& {V -1r g^ p ;gb d 7gb Pzg#b
−
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ˖ :6l ;lf m _ f
ŁĿ= ƙd' i ar &ƚ .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF ¶o Ů - Ů Ɗwo z"r4b a r.b 2 E Ů r Ů ¶" Ů Ɗwo y-2Wb a r.b I Ů 3 Ɗ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb a r-
− − − −
dK'I !Q "(b ?H[V d>Ĕ G[j as& r - ?b 1s'f as& a r.b Pzg" zk'kf d g do
:zº∏©J óæH ≈a{ á°SGQó∏d äGOÉ°TQG a r- PF [b b -r e g b z" b - Ɗ z c gb a r.b wV Ƌ y-2V a r.b wZ r z"r3 b .b ts6 .& r i wV y-2Vr z"r3 b - ."s Đ c g fr = 1s'f as& c g f pjĔ (Ŀ=(5Ɯ-Ɯ y2W?b Ƌd>Ĕ G[j as&
Ɗi V Ů y-2V b - Ł1 Ůŀ1 Ɗlf d^ i ^r Ů z"r3 b - Ł- Ů ŀ- Ɗlf d^ i ^ / Ƌ y-2V b - Ł1 +ŀ1Ƅ( z"r3 b - Ł- + ŀ-Ƅ( Ƌ z"r3 b - Ł1 *ŀ1Ƅ( z"r3 b - Ł- * ŀ-Ƅ( Ƌ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb Ł1 +ŀ-Ƅ( y-2V b - Ł1 * ŀ-Ƅ( (ŁƜ d' i ar & .k wV ` " '> lf \[' Ů [ 7b = s+b e .+ 6 Ƅƅ ﻣﺜﺎل r z"r3 - b .b j ^ / f h62b lf -.& Ů- b .b wk'kf zb b zj z b a _:Ĕ lf d_: d^ (Bsy 2 Ƌ y¹ 2 " ` " \[&r `b/ 2zR r y-2V ﺟ
− = −
ب
أ
− =
−
− − −
−
−
−
+ =
− − −
− −
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
20
äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -
ájOôØdG ∫GhódG h á«LhõdG ∫GhódG
% Ů ¶o Ů ¶" Ɗ y-2Wb ar.b
ľĄĿí
r Ů Ɗ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb a r-
Ɗi L&đj - b .cb wj z b d_;b lf Ů5 + ł5 = (5Ɯ - أ y-2V b .b i t ů d>Ĕ G[j as& d g f b .b wk'kf ŮI = - a #f (5 -Ɯ + ł(5 -Ɯ = (5-Ɯ - ` Iǽ 5- Ů 5 d^ Ö 5 - ł5 - = (5-Ɯ :F (R' I ł ^ − / ? (5 + 5Ɯ - = (5-Ɯ ^G"'C B 5 (5Ɯ - - = (5-Ɯ Ƌ y-2V b .b n 2 i L&đj - b .cb wj z b d_;b lf Ů Ł5 - Ł = (5Ɯ - ب
(ɹɹ˖ǙB h+ o ex * 4
]' ŮĿ] so b .b t.fr h62b g^ b .b wk'kf =
z"r3 b .b i t ů - ?b 1s'gb 7kb d g f b .b wk'kfr Ů ƟŁ ŮŁ-] = - a #f Ł(5-Ɯ - Ł = (5-Ɯ - ` ƟŁ ŮŁ-] ǽ5- Ů 5 d^ a Ł5 - Ł = (5-Ɯ F (R' I z"r3 b .b n 2 (5Ɯ - = (5-Ɯ -
− − − −
Ɗi L&đj - b .cb wj z b d_;b lf Ů 5Ń - Ł5 = (5Ɯ - ﺟ ůd>Ĕ G[kb 7kb đ g f 8zbr Ů - ?b 1s'f as& đ g f 8zb b .b wk'kfr Ů I =- a #f ¹ ¹ Ɗ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb b .b n 2
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ƌ`b/ 2zR r y-2V r z"r3 pjs^ z& lf z Ē zj z b a _:Ĕ c ggb a r.b lf d^ Msj 2^/ 3 ﺟ
ب
− − − −
− − − −
أ
−
−
− − −
−
−
−
− − −
−
Ł- G (5-Ɯƅ f.kN
Ł + (5-Ɯ
Ł- > (5-Ɯƅ f.kN
Ł - (5-Ɯ-
Ł H 5ƅ f.kN
Ł + 5-
Ł < 5ƅ f.kN
Ł-5
Ł < 5ƅ f.kN
Ł-5
Ł H 5ƅ f.kN
Ł + 5-
ز
و
− − − −
− − − −
ﻫ
−
−
− − −
−
−
−
r−
−
Ɗ z& - b .b wk'kf d [gb d_;b d gy 3 Ŀ > 5ƅ f.kNƅ ŀ 5 = (5Ɯ Ŀ < 5ƅ f.kNƅ ŀ
5
− − −
Ƌ z"r3 b .b m0o i lz
ľĄĿí
Ƌ z"r3 b .b i t ů - ?b 1s'f as& d g f b .b wk'kf i (C y 1r #gb wj z b d_;b lf
Ƌ zÊ j z ƅƅ
Ł- G 5ƅ z& ƅŁ + 5 Ł- ɫ 5ƅ z&ƅŁ- 5 -
: S ?f K.Ȗ
r
ﻣﺜﺎل
= (5-Ɯ-
. 16Z ; fx &x7 ; f f 2f `
= (5-Ɯ-
(9˖1 ! (9-˖1 o Z df4f
äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ح
= (5-Ɯ-
:r 2R _f b h 2 x
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
21
b .b V ů - ?b 1s'f as& đ g f 8zb b .b wk'kf ¹ b .b V ůd>Ĕ G[j as& đ g f 8zbr Ů z"r3 7zb ¹ Ɗw Ē ^ yÊ 2 " `b/ lf \[' b l_gyr Ů y-2V 7zb (5-Ɯ 2zS gb (5Ɯ 6 W lf e 2 :
I ǽ 5- Ů 5 d^ Ö (5-Ɯ Ń - Ł(5-Ɯ = (5-Ɯ - ` z"r3 7zb - ` (5Ɯ- ! 5Ń + Ł5 = (5-Ɯ F (R' I 5 Ń + Ł5 - = (5Ɯ - 1< y-2V 7zb - ` (5Ɯ - - ! (5-Ɯ n b K / Ƌ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb - b .b n 2
د
5
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
= (5Ɯ - z& - b .b dÍ f 4
wWV H[V a r.cb zk'kgb wV d g b i đGb DO .[ Oy qb l_br b - 8zb (ŁƜ Ů (ŀƜ wj z b d_;b i L&đy (ŀƜ a 6 Ƌ d g r z"r3 pjs^ z& lf b .b b Gb ' y i G+b lf Ɗ b .b đ ¹ gV m-s"r b & wV pb #f lf .^ y i ir- y-2V 2zR is_ r ŮI pb #f i ^ / y-2V ł5Ń - 5ł = (5ƜƋE pb #f i ^ / y-2V 2zRr z"r3
?`b/ 2zR r y-2V r z"r3 b .b do :1 Z I ;8
:$f #f 952f r 5 l &
٣ - ١ ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ Ƌ` " 27V Í h d>Ĕ G[j r - ?b 1s'f r kz7b 1s'f as& wk'kgb d g i ^ / f 2^/ 1
− − −
−
D<_
− − −
− − − − −
−
−
D<_
D<_
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
G[j as& Ů N 1s'f as& ŮM as& d g b (ŀƜ d_: 1 d>Ĕ (ŁƜ d_: ŭ M 1s'f as& d g b (ŅƜ d_: Ɗ N 1s'f as& d g b (ńƜ Ů (ŃƜ Ů (łƜ d_: Ɗ d>Ĕ G[j s& d g b
22
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
14
-
ájOôØdG ∫GhódGh á«LhõdG ∫GhódG -
{Ł ŮŁ- ƞ = t.gb Ů y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb Ɗ (ŀƜ d_: 2 ƟŁŮŁ-] - % = t.gb r y-2V Ɗ (ŁƜ d_: Ɵł Ů'- ] = t.gb r z"r3 Ɗ (łƜ d_: ƟŃ ŮĿ] = t.gb r z"r3 Ɗ (ŃƜ d_: {Ŀƞ - % = t.gb r y-2V Ɗ (ńƜ d_: % = t.gb r y-2V Ɗ (ŅƜ d_:
ájOôØdG ∫GhódG h á«LhõdG ∫GhódG
− − −
− − −
D<_
D<_
− − − −
O! D<_
ɹ
] 'ŮŁƟ Ů ]Ł- Ů '-Ɵ Ů]Ŀ ŮŁ-Ɵ z?Z k Ů ]' ŮĿƟ y.y 4
ɺ
− − − −
D<_
− − − − −
−
O0 D<_
D<_
Ƌ`b/ 2zR r y-2V r z"r3 pjs^ z& lf - b .b Msj ' 3 ń = (5Ɯ - ﺟ
ب
ŀ - Ł5 + Ń5 = (5Ɯ- أ
Ł + ł5 = (5Ɯ - ﻫ ł-5
5ł - Ł5 = (5Ɯ- د
ł5 Ń - 5 ł = (5Ɯ -
5 & 5 = (5Ɯ- و
ł- Ů5 & = (5ƜŁ
- Ůń5 = (5Ɯ
ŀ-
z& z[z[& a r- ł- ŮŁ- Ůŀ- j ^ / 4
Ƌ`b/ 2zR py r y-2V py r z"r3 z Ē a r.b t lz V د
Ł- *ł-
Ł- *ŀ-
ﺟ
ł- +ŀ-
ب
Ł- +ŀ-
أ
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
h Ů`b/ 2zR py r y-2V pkf y r Ů z"r3 pkf y lz h Ůwcy g^ V2Ogb a r.b lf d^ zk'kf h61 5 Ƌ o- 2F ' Ŀ G 5Ƅƅ f.kNƅƅ5 -
= (5Ɯ - ب
ɻ
Ŀ < 5Ƅ Ƅ f.kN ƅƅŁ
= (5Ɯ- أ
Ŀ > 5 Ƅ Ƅ f.kN ƅƅŁ-
Ŀ G 5Ƅƅ f.kNƅŀ + 5
= (5Ɯ- د
Ŀ > 5Ƅƅ f.kN ƅ5 - ŀ
Ŀ G 5Ƅƅ f.kNƅŀ - 5
= (5Ɯ- ﺟ
Ŀ > 5Ƅƅ f.kNƄƅ5ņ Ɗ z Ē a _:Ĕ ađ* lf {cy f lN " 6
: (ɹɻ˖ A }R 2 6 c[ 2q }Z 7
z& lf b .b ' lgC [ 7b c 6Ĕ Pzg" i L&đj sor z7_N 1s> a 7b 0o {Vr Ů y-2V r z"r3 pjs^ p z .& DO GN r Ů y-2V r z"r3 b .b Msj i .z^ z' o k'kf h61 a g_ 6 l_gy d g b espWf e .+ 6 r Ƌ y-2V r z"r3 ( ?
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
− − − − −
D<_
D<_
− − − − − −
D<_
−
D<_
^ Ƌ pb #f wcN z"r3 b .b ( ? z' Ů` 6 2^ wV (łƜ d_:r (ŀƜ d_: h61 dg^ :% Ƌ pb #f wcN y-2V b .b ( ? z' Ů` 6 2^ wV (ŃƜ d_:r (ŁƜ d_: h61 dg^ : ^ ? 8 Ƌ o- 2F ' h b & d^ wV b .b t.fr a #f -.& : ^T 8
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
15
D<_
−
−
−
Ŀ > 5Ƅƅ f.kNƄƅƅ5
] 'ŮĿƟ {Łƞ - %
− − − −
ɸ
Ů ]' ŮŁƟ Ů]Ł- Ů '-Ɵ {Ŀƞ -Ł ŮŁ-Ɵ {Ŀƞ - % {Ŀƞ - ]Ł ŮŁ-Ɵ wV y.y 4
Ů ]Ł Ů'-Ɵ y.y 4 ] 'ŮŁƟ z?Z k
− − − −
∫ÉéªdG ~G*
%
D<_
23
ƟŅ Ůł-]
− − − −
−
6
]' ŮŁ-] ƟńŮń-]
D<_
ŮŁ5ń = (5Ɯ
]Ŀ ŮŁƟ Ů]Ŀ ŮŁ-Ɵ y.y 4 Ů]Ł- Ůń-Ɵ z?Z k ]Ł- ŮĿƟ
Ƌ`b/ 2zR r y-2V r z"r3 pjs^ z& lf pNsj lz r b - d^ t.f ."r 2
y-2V a r- Ů z"r3 a r- 5 ¶" Ɗ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb a r-
…óªdG
− − −
−
r Ů ! Ů Ɗ y-2V a r Ɗ z"r3 a r- 3 ¶o Ů - Ɗ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb a r-
OGôWE’G
−
−
−
- Ů Ɗ y-2V a r¶" Ɗ z"r3 a r- 4 Ɗ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb a r-
24
ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
Ĺ?Â&#x2020;ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă
Ĺ?Â&#x2020;ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
4-1
äĂ&#x201C;jĆ&#x2019;ĂŤĂ dGh â&#x2C6;ŤGhĂłâ&#x2C6;?d â&#x2030;&#x2C6;fĂ&#x2030;ÂŤĂ&#x2018;dG Ď&#x20AC;ÂŤĂŁÂŞĂ dG 印SóÌ¥dG Graphical Representation of functions, Geometrical Transformations Polynomial Functions OhóÍdG IĂ´ÂŤĂŁc ĂĄdGĂłdG Ć&#x160; 1s?b wcN p .N Z w b -r.'b 2z ^ b .b 61- i \ 6 K 5 C + Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;+ Ĺ&#x201A;5 C + Ĺ 5 C + 5 C + C = (5Ć&#x153;K Ĺ&#x201A; Ĺ Ĺ&#x20AC; Äż
Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ďøá ÄąĹ&#x17D;Ä&#x201C; : 0 ÂŁ 'Âł 4 0 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; : + ÂŤ : â&#x2C6;&#x2019; : M¤ : L +B8 : :-"MÂĽ :) - { -ÂĽ : :%´B : : 3 7Âľ #W% /8 , f83 # 7/7ÂĽ 3>  : "
C + { = Â&#x2020; C + { = Â&#x2020; V + C + { = Â&#x2020; { â&#x2C6;&#x2019; = Â&#x2020; { C = Â&#x2020; Â&#x17D;? + V+ { C = Â&#x2020; h+L : 3 7Âľ #W% /8 I: " ÂĽ 4 0
E Ç˝ K ĹŽ Äż ! KC ĹŽ I Ç˝ KC ĹŽ Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;ĹŽ Ĺ&#x201A;C ĹŽ Ĺ C ĹŽ Ĺ&#x20AC;C ĹŽ ÄżCĆ&#x201E;:h Nsg#f r Ć&#x153; I z[z['b - .NÄ&#x201D; Nsg#f so d [gb a #gb r a #gb i gcNr "1-r ĹŽ i "1.b lf -r.'b 2z ^ a r. a r.b m0o wg7 `b0br ĹŽ ( pkf z 4" Ć&#x2039;5 d[ 7gb 2zS gb o0* y sZ wcN wo -r.'b 2z ^ ĆŠĹŠÄŞ
Ć&#x2039; b -r.'b 2z ^ b - wg7 - i V Äż! ÄżCĹŽ ÄżC= (5Ć&#x153;- i ^ / -Â&#x161; zj b "1.b lfr ĹŽ zG* Ä? š r- wg7 wbrÄ&#x201D; "1.b lf -r.'b 2z ^ a r- -Â&#x203A; Ć&#x2039; z zO_ Ä? š r- wg7 b b "1.b lfr ĹŽ zOz 2 Ä? š r- wg7 Ć&#x2039;-r.'b 2z ^ b - wcN d?'j ĹŽ s r Wc +f tsZ a r- %2F r Pg" .kN -Â&#x153; Pf pzk'kf PF [ H[kb zkz7b z .&Ä&#x2013; wo -r.'b 2z ^ b .b 1 W> -Â? Ć&#x2039; kz7b 1s'f
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;ĂŽÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x2014;à þÎÄ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x20AC;ĤÄ&#x153;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà Transformation Translation
I % ÂŚ I4 -8
Graphs of Functions
â&#x2C6;ŤGhĂłdG äĂ&#x2030;ÂŤĂŚĂŤĂŚe º°SQ
Polynomial Functions
OhóÍdG IĂ´ÂŤĂŁc â&#x2C6;ŤGhO :â&#x20AC;&#x2122;k hCG
I{ B+
Reflection
â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x2014;ďť&#x152;ďť ďť˘â&#x20AC;Ź
3 >
Vertical
-6
Horizontal Asymptotes
V> - FY
: â&#x2030;&#x2C6;g Ă&#x2030;ÂĄd IQĆ&#x2019;°U §°ÚHCG ĂĄÂŤÂŁN ĂĄdGO O (Â&#x161;
Â
=
I: )" :L3 _ : d
â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2019;
â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2019;
25
Â
H* pc gyr ĹŽq7Wk -.Ob \V2 - b - wor Ĺ&#x20AC; = qczfr ĹŽ(Äż ĹŽÄżĆ&#x153; G[kb 2gy hz[ 7f y.y 4 - ĹŽ y-2V - ĹŽ I =- t.f :1 i 3LĆ&#x153; ( I wV
4-1
Graphs of functions Â&#x20AC;[g.
{o 2> kN Ä&#x2018; -.' pj hcNr ĹŽ b .b b Gb 51- i \ 6 b .b `b0^ 51- g^ Ć&#x2039; b .b .N Zr d [gb a #gb r a #gb 0o wVr ĹŽ b .b - 2F ' `b0^ĹŽ y-2Wb b .b r z"r4b wV z6.kpb Ä&#x2018;ys' b e .+ 6 zWz^ 51.y Us6 51.b Ć&#x2039;a r.b m0o zk'kf h61 952f &6/k o T^y lf rk wÂ&#x20AC;Z K?pČ&#x203A;f Ç&#x203A;4Â&#x20AC;[q x 952f 4u vp }Z :o }gR 5Ç&#x203A; 1 ^ f Kf oyc
Ć&#x160;Ć&#x160;-r.'b 2z ^ a r- DO b wj z b dz g b wcy gzV
Ă´Ĺ&#x192;Ä&#x160;Ä&#x2C6;øÄ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà þĂĹ?Ä&#x2030;Ĺ&#x2014;Ă IV 3 /" : ( 3> O( &
â&#x2030;&#x2C6;fĂ&#x2030;ÂŤĂ&#x2018;dG Ď&#x20AC;ÂŤĂŁÂŞĂ dG â&#x2C6;ŤGhĂłâ&#x2C6;?d
: L +B8 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; : + ÂŤ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; : M¤ 0 ÂŁ 'Âł 4 0 l&+8% :-"MÂĽ :) - { -ÂĽ : l&+8% I:%´B : l&+8% I:;"8fÂĽ 4 0 3>  : " : 3 7Âľ #W% /8 , f81% U ^7 : " ÂĽ 4 0 h+L : 3 7Âľ #W% /8 &Âś
exČ&#x161; Çž 52f hC[f Ë? f Kf b
â&#x20AC;ŤŘĽďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعسâ&#x20AC;Ź is_ w & o2V s e3Ä&#x2018;b Er2;b wcN Ä&#x2018;Gb wb .^ Â&#x2DC; zOz 2 b r zG+b a r.b O" 2f Pf -r.& 2z ^ - b .b Ć&#x2039; [ 6 c&2f wV b Gb p61- w b
Â&#x20AC;: : 16[k IV> - FY â&#x2C6;&#x2019; -6 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 3 > â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 4 -8 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;{ B+ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; % ÂŚ k2/ ;lf Â&#x20AC;lÂ&#x20AC;gS f 1 ylf
b - 7zb Äż = (5Ć&#x153;- b .b i Ä&#x2018;Gb wb (Br Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x2039; y2W?b b .b wg7 pk_br
b - zV W: - A2N 3 p" - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć&#x2039; O 2f Y1r - s6 'b zj z es61 $f j2 - zj z 6 &
2z ^ a r- tr 7 b f3Ä&#x2018;b Er2;b Ä&#x2018;Gb wb .^ Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x2039;`b/ (Bs c f hpb HN r -r.'b
*6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
.kN dzo #gb - #y {V Ä&#x2018;f Ogb j1 [f [y2F e.+ 6 Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x2039; "1.b 8Wj gpb lz b - j1 [f
I 0 +8 "+8 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 7 !+ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; :^ 7ÂĽ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ÂŽ LÂĽ ~&+ < 52 f o ck
(26) ¢U , (25) ¢U Âşâ&#x2C6;?ŠJ óÌH â&#x2030;&#x2C6;a
Ć&#x2039;H 6sb 2#& - w6 1.b d?Wb
ĹŽĹ 5 = (5Ć&#x153;- ĹŽ5 = (5Ć&#x153;- Ć&#x160; a r.b h61 wV ` Ä&#x2018;F Pf . Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x2039; a r.b m0o 6 1- Ä&#x2018;Gcb \ 6 .Zr ĹŽ Ĺ&#x201A;5 = (5Ć&#x153;-
:mgS f 51 Ck
a r.cb 1s> H7 wo a r.b m0o d f i Ä&#x2018;Gb wb lz Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x2039;eÄ&#x201D; a r.b wg7 r ĹŽ z zO_ b r zOz 2 b r zG+b ĹŽd g b
z& lf a r.b m0o 6 1- Ä&#x2018;Gb wb cF Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x2039; pkf d^ - 2F ĹŽ y-2Wb r z"r4b Ć&#x2039; 1s 7b {cN pjr-r Ä&#x2018;Gb " d [ 6 Â&#x2DC;
Ć&#x2039; G* so fr (z'> so f 2z7W Pf Ä&#x2018;Gb Pf " d^ <Z j Â&#x2DC;
# ( "+)" : 0 :BL^ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ÂŻÂ&#x203A; Â&#x17D;J ÂŞ Â&#x2039;¡Â&#x17D;J .( X M V 8 I:3> ÂĽ :L8B( â&#x2C6;&#x2019;
â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x152;ďş&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź h ĹŽ-r.& 2z ^ b - hpkf d^ _y i ` Ä&#x2018;F wb cF Â&#x2DC; cF h ĹŽa r.b m0o lf b - d^ "1- ^ hpzb cF ĹŽ z zO_ b ĹŽ zOz 2 b ĹŽ zG+b Ć&#x160;a r.b Xy2O `b0^ hpzb Ć&#x2039; y27_b r 5 z[gb
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
16
-
∫Ghó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG
Er2: A2N Pf 'z'?b "Ė as& ` đF Pf d>s Ƌ [ 7b a r.b b .cb {j z b d_;b Uđ * K&đf wcN ` đF .N 6 z"r3 pjs^ lf pNsk Uđ * wb b r p "1- Uđ * Ƌ`b/ 2zR r y-2V r
äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
: ≈g É¡d IQƒ°U §°ùHCG , á«©«HôJ ádGO O (
Ł =
d g fr wcNĔ %s Wf wk'kf pc gyr ŮqO 2g -.Ob \V2 b - wor (Ŀ ŮĿƜ wo wk'kgb 5 1 G[jr Ů - ?b 1s'f as& Ů ]Ŀ Ů '-Ɵ wV z?Z k - Ů z"r3 - Ů I = - t.f :1 i 3LƜ (] 'ŮĿƟ wV y.y 4
− − − −
: ≈g É¡d IQƒ°U §°ùHCG , á«Ñ«©μJ ádGO O (
(27) ¢U º∏©J óæH ≈a ( [cGgb gz[b b - 5 z[gb b - espWf ` đF wcN .^ wV (Bsf gpkf d^ i 'Bsf y27_b b .b `b0^r ¹ Ƌ 1s> H7 ŀ = (5Ɯ- Ů ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- a r.b h61 đGb wb cF 5 a r.b m0o h61 wV ho.N 6r z¹ j z G[jr wbrĔ b .cb d g b 1s'f .y.' đGb wb cF Ƌ zj b b .cb d g b t.gb - #y z& lf a r- m0o = s* wV đGb <Z j Ƌ y-2Wb r z"r4b r pkf d^ - 2F ' r
− − − −
=
5
−
ﻣﺜﺎل
Ɗ z& - b .cb wj z b d_;b h61 4 Ł > 5ƅƅ f.kNƅŁ5
Ł < 5ƅƅ f.kNƆƄƅŃ
: f 2f 1 6J 5
ľĄĿí
− − −
Ŀ < 5ƅ f.kN ƄƅŁ5 Ŀ H 5ƅ f.kN ƅƅ5 ĿG 5ƅ f.kNƄƅơ5ơ Ŀ > 5ƅ f.kN Ƅƅł5 ŀ ĿG 5ƅ f.kNƄƅ 5 ŀĿ > 5ƅ f.kN Ƅƅ 5
Ń = (5Ɯ- ů Ł < 5 f.kN ( ] 'ŮŁƟ 5 d_b Ń = (5Ɯ- 'I T ;$"L D<_ wV g^ wj z b d_;b 8Wj wcN ]' Ů Ŀ] = - t.fr Ů {Łƞ - I = - b .b a #f n %
− − −
D<_ zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
-
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ z& - b .cb {j z b d_;b h61 1 Ƌ o- 2F ' r b .b t.f $ k 6 h
Ŀ > 5Ƅ f.kNƅŁ5 Ŀ G 5Ƅ f.kN ƅ5
=(5Ɯ -
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
:( _gKȞ l _f f 1˖ 9 _Ȟ f 1
The Absolute Value Function
wo 5 z[gb b .b 1s> H7 I ǽ , | | =
Ɗ{cy g^ U2O r
Ŀ G 5 f.kN Ŀ > 5 f.kN
Rational Function
ǽcf f 2f = {~} − I ǽ ,
− −
= (5Ɯ- 3
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
Ɗwo y27_b b .cb 1s> H7
−
5-
= (5Ɯ-
− − − − − −
5
Ρ = Ł Ł = Ł(Ł-Ɯ ,~ = |~| , = | | = | − | :n % Ł5 , | | = | −| , ~ G | | :n 2 | | = ŀ- = 2*Ē dzfr Ů ŀ = go.& dzf (Ŀ ŮĿƜ G[kb lf i . y i N O: pc gy - b .b ( ] 'ŮĿƟ wV y.y 4 r ]Ŀ Ů '-Ɵ wV z?Z k - Ů z"r3 - Ů ] ' Ů Ƌ] = - t.f :1 i 3LƜ
− − − − −
= (5Ɯ- 1 = (5Ɯ- 2
26
á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓjƒëàdGh ∫Ghó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG
:á«FGôKEG øjQɪJ
ŀ > 5ƅ f.kN ƄƅƅŃ
D<_
ŀ H 5ƅ f.kNƅł + 5
Ů Ł > 5 f.kN ( ]Ł Ů ' -Ɵ 5 d_b Ł5 = (5Ɯ- h62j D<_ wV g^ , G[kb .kN g" "P PBr Pf Ł5 = (5Ɯ-
]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ wV z?Z k b .b ]' ŮĿƟ wV z?Z k b .b
."r h62b lfr z Ē a r.b lf b - d_b wj z b d_;b h61 o- 2F ' r b .b t.f
= (5Ɯ-
]' ŮĿ] so b .b t.f 2
=
17
: &
] 'ŮĿ] so b .b t.f 1 ]Ŀ Ů '-Ɵ wV z?Z k b .b ] 'ŮĿƟ wV y.y 4 b .b
(Ŀ ŮĿƜ wo qc g G[j wk'kf pc gyr Ůq O_g -.Ob \V2 b - wor ( I wV y.y 4 - Ů y-2V - Ů I =- t.f :1 i 3LƜ
−
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f
(ŁņƜ = d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d>s r
ł =
G[j wk'kf pc gyr Ů w 2Cb q6s_Og -.Ob \V2 b - wor arĔ P 2b wV P[y go.& lz 4" lf is_ yr (Ŀ ŮĿƜ qc g ly1s'gb lf 2 [y 4" d^r b b P 2b wV P[y2*Ē r (wk'kgcb 1 [ G* Ŀ = = ŮĿ = 5 Ɯ gpOG[yĐr Ů ]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ wV AE 7L - Ů y-2V - Ů{Ŀƞ - I = - t.f :1 i 3LƜ (] 'ŮĿƟ wV Cy ¹ AE 7L ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ŀ H 5Ƅ f.kNƅơ5ơ
= (5Ɯ- z& - b .cb wj z b d_;b h61 2
ŀ Ŀ <5Ƅ f.kN ƅ 5
Ƌ o- 2F ' r b .b t.f -.& h62b lfr
= (5Ɯ- 4
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
27
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí Transformations of Graphs
∫GhódG äÉ«æëæªd á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓjƒëàdG
Vertical Translation
ádGódG ≈æëæªd á«°SCGôdG áMGRE’G :’k hCG ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﺎوﻧﻰ
D j D&5 ( Geogebra $f j2 e .+ 6 wcNĔ z¹ 6 1 q '6 r b .b wk'kf 5 1 wcN 2: gb PB ( b - lN 2 O b b .b .N Z 2zS L&Đr Ů .& r .&r d D<_ wV g^ ŀ + Ł5 = (5Ɯ- p .N Z .y." Ł5 = (5Ɯ- Ɗ- b .b wk'kf h61
D<_
:á«fÉ«ÑdG Ωƒ°SôdG ≈a á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓjƒëàdG Ωƒ¡Øe z6.kpb a _:Ĕ ( & 3Ė Ɯ '7j i l_gy qj đGb wb 2: 2J kf t2* a _: wcN as?'cb o1r.j r ( p c[jƜ p7_Oj r :yu }:2qvf h y+ f i V `b0b đys' b m0o e .+ 6 pb 1s?b wg7y .y." 2* d_: wb wc>Ĕ d_;b dys' zcgN :yu ȗ y+ f t4u Q yp mu x
(ł ŮĿƜ Ů(Ł ŮĿƜ H[kb wb b .b wk'kf 5 1 '6 ( Ƌ 2f d^ wV ` K&đf d#6r dW6 wb z¹ 6 1 lz .&r Ł5 = (5Ɯ- wk'kf '6 ( p .N Z .y." b - lN 2 O b b .b .N Z 2zS L&Đr D<_ wV g^ Ł - Ł5 = (5Ɯ-
D<_
wk'kf e .+ 6 ń - Ł5 = (5Ɯ- h61 l_gy Xz^ lz Ƅǔƾ ?Ł5 = (5Ɯ:n G UQ :n B? iR$ & Ɗi V Ł - Ł5 = (5Ɯ Y Ů ŀ + Ł5 = (5Ɯ1 Ů Ł5 = (5Ɯ o1.Z & 3 (5Ɯ- wk'kf 8Wj so (5Ɯ1 wk'kf ( Ƌ - ?b 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ wV .& r .&r o1.Z & 3 (5Ɯ- wk'kf 8Wj so (5ƜY wk'kf ( Ƌ - ?b 1s'gb b 7b m # Đ wV .&r Ł
D<_
l_gy Xz^ lz ł5 = (5Ɯ- wk'kf e .+ 6 ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ Ɗlf d^ zk'kf h61 ń - ł5 = (5ƜY ب Ń + ł5 = (5Ɯ1 أ
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
C Α (9˖1 Ζ A }q+qȞ m:5
m # wV .&sb lf C o1.Z & 3 (5Ɯ- = = wk'kf 8Wj so C + (5Ɯ- = = wk'kgb is_y ů - b - tĔ Ŀ > C f.kN = r m # wV r Ů Ŀ < C f.kN , = r zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
-
(a [ jĐ Ɯ & 3Ė
28
5 _OjĔ i 1r.b wcN LV ' z6.kpb đys' b m0o i đGb wb .^ [ 7b đys' b i t d>Ĕ Pf # kb 1s?b \ G Ƌ5 z[b yr 7 f ts 7gb wV a [ jĐ r 5 _OjĐ espWf lz y wb b ar.#b r Ɗw .&Ė =1s'f wb 7kb
5 1s'f wb 7kb w6.kpb dys' b
( Ů -Ɯ ̷ ( Ů Ɯ
( - Ů Ɯ ̷ ( Ů Ɯ
5 _OjĐ
(- + Ů Ɯ ̷ ( Ů Ɯ ( ٶ" + Ɯ ̷ ( Ů Ɯ
a [ jĐ
.e jG* e I 4KesH á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓjƒëàdGh ∫Ghó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG
IIIIIII
ơ5ơ = {
ﻣﺜﺎل Y Ů 1 lf d^ z& ŮY Ů 1 Ů- a r.b zk'kf d [gb d_;b lz y 5 Y Ů 1 lf d^ .N Z ^ z6 1 & 3 - b .cb 1s> ľĄĿí
− − − − −
− −
y27_b
= { w
IIIIIII = { >
.&r ł o1.Z & 3 - b .b wk'kf 8Wj so 1 b .b wk'kf a = r m # wV ł - (5Ɯ- = (5Ɯ1 ` ł - ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ1 ` ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- a
= r m # wV .&r Ł o1.Z & 3 - b .b wk'kf 8Wj so Y b .b wk'kf a Ů
Ł + ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ Y `
ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- a
Ł + (5Ɯ- = (5ƜY ` ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
z zO_ b 5 z[gb zOz 2 b b .b ŀ ł Ł = (5Ɯ- 5 = (5Ɯ- ơ5ơ = = 5 = = p .N Z 5 N 1s'f N 1s'f 1s'f 5 t Ŀ = 5 t d g b Ŀ= d>Ĕ G[j d>Ĕ G[j G[j (Ŀ ŮĿƜ (Ŀ ŮĿƜ d g b
i )e ~G* $e 1&³*
.N Z ^ Ƌ z6 1 & 3 - b .cb 1s> Y Ů1 lf d^ z& Y Ů 1 Ů - a r.b zk'kf zb b a _:Ĕ lz 3 Ƌd_: d^ wV Y Ů 1 lf d^ ﺟـ
ب
IIIII = { >
ŀ { = {
IIIIIII =
− −
>
IIIII = {
− − − − −
أ
{ w
>
IIIII = {
− −
− − − −
−
= {
¯{
ŀ { Ł = {
− − − −
w
IIIIIII = {
− −
w
IIIIIII = {
2f !r4^ d g b G[j lz Y2Wb đGb wb (Br H* b- Og^ d g b 1s'f Ů( y27_b Ů z zO_ b a r.cbƜ Ƌ5 z[gb a r- ( zOz 2 b a r.cbƜ hz[ 7f Ƌd g b 1s'fr 5 _OjĐ 1s'f lz Y2Wb `b0^ (Br
:≈fhÉ©J πªY Horizontal Translation
ádGódG ≈æëæªd á«≤aC’G áMGRE’G :Ék«fÉK ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﺎوﻧﻰ
D<_
29
:h k7 Tk hlR f¹ .+ 7f ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- Ɗ- b .b wk'kf h61 ( P 2f wV b .b .N Z _ Geogebra $f j2 a *- HSB h ǪǫǼ(ȁƜ Ɗwb b s'kb wcN a *-Đ p .N Zr zj z b 0V kb wV b .b wk'kf 2pKzV D<_ wV g^ y2 #b 0V kb wV ǯ(ȁƜ=ơȁơ
Ů 2Vs gb wbĒ 6 'b 4p"Ė [¹ Vr Nsg#f wb đGb h7Z wk'kf h62b ŁŇ= 'Bsgb sG+b 0zWk wcN ` đF .N 6r z6 2b & 3Ė #z j - 'b 2zS b 6 1-r zOz 2 b b .b Ƌ b .b wk'kgb
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
18
-
∫Ghó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
:óbÉf ô«μØJ
"sgb m # Đ wV zÊ [V b .b wk'kf '6 ( L&Đr .&sb lf -.O kz7b 1s'gb y2 #b 0V kb wV b .b .N Z 2zS D<_ wV g^
z6 2b & 3Ė espWf wcN .z^ b wb 2z_W b 0o U.py 8Wj 1 2_ ađ* lfr \cGgb .'b 1 : 8Wk a r.cb z O_ b b .b wcN Ł5- (5Ɯ- b .cb 'Br w b sG+b 2zS b ! k 6 wcN ` đF .N 6 geoyebra $f j2 e .+ 6 r Ƌ z6 2b & 3Ė #z j ŁŇ= 'Bsgb a r.b wcN - 'b
D<_
b 7b m # Đ wV Cy ¹ b .b wk'kf '6 ( wV g^ .&sb lf -.O kz7b 1s'gb ?L&đ / f Ů D<_
:º∏©J .k wV 'Bsgb .N [b wcN .^ [ 7b G;jĔ 0zWk .O ƋŁň= (Bsgb a gb %2; hpWb 0o .^ r hcO (5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f (ɹʀ˖ A :h+ o ex * Ǚɺ ŀ Ł
Ł - 5 = (5ƜYƅŮƅł + 5
ŀ Ł
Y Ů 1 lz b .b zk'kf h62 Xz^ lz Ƅǔƾ Ůơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- Ɗ z& - b .b wk'kf e .+ 6 ƋơŃ + 5ơ = (5ƜY Ů ơń - 5ơ= (5Ɯ1
D<_
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ C + = =737& ;$ m # wV .&sb lf C o1.Z & 3 (5Ɯ- = = wk'kf 8Wj so (C + 5Ɯ- = = Ůwk'kgb is_y ů - b - tĔ Ŀ < C is_y f.kN 5 r m # wVr ŮĿ > C is_y f.kN 5 r ,
ơ5ơ= (5Ɯ- Ɗd [gb d_;b wV ƩũĪ & 3 - b .b wk'kf 8Wj so 1 b .b wk'kf ( 5 r m # wV .&r ł o1.Z (Ŀ ŮłƜ lzN O;b . G[jr ơł - 5ơ = (5Ɯ1 ` { wk'kf 8Wj so Y b .b wk'kf ( 5 r m # wV .&r Ł o1.Z & 3 - b .b (Ŀ Ů Ł- Ɯ lzN O;b -. G[j Ů ơŁ + 5ơ = (5ƜY `
− − − − − −
ŀ - ł5 = (5ƜYƅŮ ƅŀ + ł5 = (5Ɯ1 ب
/
ŀ - 5ŀ = (5ƜYƅŮƅŁ + 5ŀ = (5Ɯ1 ﺟ
ﻣﺜﺎل Ɗ z& M Ů 1 lz b .b lf d^ dz g b Ł5 = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 6
(ɺɷ˖ A mgS 2q }Z
cF r ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- 5 z[gb b - 1s 7b wcN h61 a r.b wk'kf h61 - b .b wk'kf e .+ 6 đGb wb ƋơŁ + 5ơ = (5ƜY Ů ơł - 5ơ = (5Ɯ1 z& Y Ů1 b .b wk'kf q7Wj so b .b wk'kf i đGb wb (Br 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ wV .&r ł o1.Z & 3 Ƌ (Ŀ ŮłƜ wo wk'kgb 5 1 G[j is_ z& kz7b PBs `b/r wk'kgb 5 1 G[j ! k 6 l_gy qj lz (Ŀ ŮłƜ G[kb wo t ł = 5 is_ V Ŀ = (5Ɯ1 & 3 - b .b 1s> Y b .b wk'kf h61 đGb wb cF qjĔ kz7b 1s'gb b 7b m # Đ wV .&r Ń o1.Z 5 1 G[j is_ wb b r Ń- = 5 i V Ŀ = (5ƜY PBs (Ŀ Ů Ń- Ɯ wo wk'kgb Pf 2_Wb 8Wj wcN .^ y t0b (ŅƜ a f ` đF Pf <Z j zOz 2 b b .b z zO_ b b .cb z[VĔ & 3Ė espWf wcN t2* c f HN Ƌ đGb " P r y27_b b .b r wV geogbra $f j2 e.+ 6 -.O gb H 6sb V2R wV Ƌ z6 2b & 3Ė r z[VĔ & 3Ė espWf (zBs
Ł(ł + 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ M
.^ r łŀ= d' i ar & 2[V wV " f ` đF Pf <Z j & 3 hg ( kz7b 1s'f wcNƜ z[VĔ & 3Ė i hpzb Ƌq .&r -.N 8Wk \cGgb .'b 1 : 8_O b .b wk'kf 4
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
ب
أ
Ł(Ł - 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ1
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
-
30
á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓjƒëàdGh ∫Ghó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG ľĄĿí
ب
− − − − − −
أƅ
−
wk'kf - 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ 1 wk'kf ½ m # Đ wV lz .&r & 3 Ł5 = (5Ɯ G[j is_ r kz7b 1s'gb "sgb Ƌ(ĿŮŁƜ wo wk'kgb 5 1
½
wk'kf so Ł(ł + 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ M wk'kf
so Ł(Ł
m # Đ wV .&r ł & 3 Ł5 = (5Ɯ5 1 G[j is_ r Ů kz7b 1s'gb b 7b Ƌ(Ŀ Ů ł-Ɯ wo wk'kgb
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ z& M Ů 1 lz b .b lf d^ dz g b Ł5 = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 4 Ł(ł Ƥ 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ M ب Ł(Ń + 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ1 أ Ɗ zb b a _:Ĕ zÊ j z c ggb - b .b .N Z ^ 5 ﺟـ
ب
− − −
−
−
أ
C
−
− − − − − −
−
− −
− −
− {−
Ł + Ł(ł - 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ1 z& 1 b .b wk'kf h61 l_gy Xz^ lz Ů Ł5 = (5Ɯ- i ^ / ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ
:(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f
19
= (5Ɯ1 أ
(Ŀ ŮŃ- Ɯ wo wk'kgb 5 1 G[j أ
Ü + ( C + ¢S)O = ¢U ≈æëæªdG º°SQ .&sb lf C o1.Z z[V & 3 (5Ɯ- = = wk'kf 8Wj so + (C + 5Ɯ- = = wk'kgb :n p'7'(? iR$ & .&sb lf o1.Z z6 1 & 3 h Ů (Ŀ <C f.kN 5 r m # wVr Ů Ŀ > C f.kN 5 r m # wV Ɯ (Ŀ > f.kN = r m # {Vr Ů Ŀ < f.kN = r m # wV Ɯ
31
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ů 1 lz b .b lf d^ dz g b Ł5 = (5Ɯ-
z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 6 Ń Ƥ Ł(Ł + 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ1 أ
Ɗ z& M ŀ Ƥ Ł(5 - łƜ = (5Ɯ M ب
ﻣﺜﺎل e x2f q+qk m:5 ȠR :2qvf ȗ y+ f ` K Ɗ o- 2F ' r b .b t.f -.& h62b lfr ł + ŀ -ŀ5 = (5Ɯ1 z& 1 b .b wk'kf h61 7
ł(Ł - 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ- ﺟ
d g G[j is_ r = r m # wV .&r ł o1.Z & 3
{ł ƞ - I = 1 t.f Ů (ł ŮŀƜ G[kb wo 1 b .b wk'kf : "I ] ' Ů ŀ Ɵ wV Cy ¹ qz?Z k r Ů ]ŀ Ů' - Ɵ wV z?Z k 1
−
Ƌ` " 27V ? pb #f wcN z?Z k ł + Ł -ŀ5 = (5Ɯ- i as[b l_gy do ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗlf d^ dz g b Ŀ!5 Ů 5ŀ = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 7 ł- 5 Ł = (5Ɯ Y ب ŀ + ŀ = (5Ɯ1 أ Ł-5 Ł+5
wk'kgb lz zb f lz & 3 dgN t.f 2z_W b lf Mskb 0o lz y Ů(Ł ŮłƜ G[kb wo wk'kgb 5 1 G[j i ! k 6 r b .b Ƌ đGcb 2J kgb ly1 g b DO GN hcOgcb l_gyr wk'kf q7Wj so ¶" + ( + 5 CƜ- = = wk'kgb V e N q"s r & 3 r kz7b 1s'f wcN z[V & 3 (5Ɯ- = = b .b Ƌ N 1s'f wcN z6 1
i )e ~G* $e 1&³*
ﺟـ
ب
− − −
−
− −
−
أ
− − − −
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
wk'kgcb z6 2b & 3Ė r z[VĔ & 3Ė e .+ 6 ŀ + 5Ń + Ł5 = (5Ɯ- wk'kf h61 l_gy : w B Ƌwcy g^ Ł5 = (5Ɯ1 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
32
5
ŀ
− − − − − −
− −
P 2gb a g^ ŀ + 5Ń + Ł5 = (5Ɯł - (Ń + 5Ń + Ł5Ɯ = Ƅƅ 5 ł - Ł(Ł + 5Ɯ = Ƅƅ 5 z& 1 b .b wk'kf 8Wj so ( GOgb Ɯ - b .b wk'kf n 2 h Ů 5 r m # wV .&r Ł o1.Z & 3 Ł5 = (5Ɯ1 z& Ƌd [gb h62b qc gyr = r m # wV .&r ł & 3Ė e .+ 6 ņ + 5Ņ + Ł5 = (5Ɯ- wk'kf h61 džŐʗƥŝ Ƌ- b .b - 2F ' h Ł5 = (5Ɯ1 wk'kgb z6 2b & 3Ė r z[VĔ
Ƌ kz7b 1s'f wV z6 6Ĕ a r.b DO zk'kf 5 _Oj zb b a _:Ĕ lz
¯{ =
ơ5ơ− =
ŀ { −=
ơ5ơ =
ŀ { =
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f
: &
Ł5
äÉæ«°ùdG Qƒëe ≈a ádGódG ≈æëæe ¢SÉμ©fG :Éãk dÉK
.& wcN a #gb lf 2 V d^ .y.' #y t1r2Cb lf `b0b Ƌ 2: f pb \ 7b a gb wV -1r g^ o.kN b .b - 2F ' b
d>s r (łŁƜ = d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf
á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓjƒëàdGh ∫Ghó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG
5
-
b Gb ' y i P ;b G+b lf (ɺɹ˖ A 2^ p 6 c[ 2q }Z {ŀƞ - I so a #gb _y i r pb #f wcN (ņƜ a f wV b .b - 2F -Ł ! 5 f.kN '!(5Ɯ- Ů +Ł! 5 f.kN' - ! (5Ɯ- Ɗ iĔ
−
− −
{ =
¯{− =
(ɺɹ˖ A h+ o ex * m # Đ wV lz .&r 1 .[g - b .b wk'kf & 3 h y أ6
b 7b m # Đ wV .&r Ń Ů 5 1s'gb b 7b Ƌ - ?b 1s'gb Ł(ł - 5Ɯ = Ł(5 - ł Ɯ i L&Đ ب wV .&r ł 1 .[g - b .b wk'kf & 3 h y wV .& r .&rr Ů5 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ Ƌ= 1s'gb b 7b m # Đ
{− =
?p'7'(L U ? BL U
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
ł - ơŁ - 5ơ = = ب
(5Ɯ- - = = wk'kgb h61 kz7b 1s'f wV 5 _Oj (5Ɯ- = = wk'kf 8Wj so (5Ɯ- - = = wk'kgb is_y Ů- b - tĔ
−
33
ł- 5
− −
ﻣﺜﺎل q+qȞ m:5 ȠR :2qvf ȗ y+ f ` K Ɗ z& M ŮY Ů 1 a r.b zk'kf h61 z6 6Ĕ a r.b zk'kf e .+ 6 8 Ł(ł - 5Ɯ- = (5Ɯ1 أ ơł+5ơ - Ń = (5Ɯ Y ب ŀ - Ł = (5Ɯ M ﺟ
− −
= (5Ɯ- ب
: (31) ¢U óbÉf ô«ØμJ óæH ≈a
Ɗ zb b a _:Ĕ zÊ j z c ggb - b .b .N Z ^ 8
Ɗ wo b .b .N Z 5 ŀ ł-5
z& - b .b wk'kf 8Wj so 1 b .b wk'kf
h Ů (Ŀ > ŀ- = C Ɯ 5 r m # wV .& r .&r o1.Z & 3
− − − − − −
ơł + 5ơ = (5Ɯ- أ
ľĄĿí ŀ = (5Ɯ5
(Ŀ Ůł Ɯ wo wk'kgb 5 1 G[j ب
:(ɺɹ˖ A h+ o ex *
ł- Ł(Ł+ 5 Ɯ = = أ ł - ł(ŀ + 5 Ɯ = = ﺟ
8
(ɺɺ˖ A ` K
{Ńƞ - % = t.gb Ů {Łƞ - % = b .b a #f ] 'Ů Ł Ɵ Ů ]Ł Ů' - Ɵ wV z?Z k b .b
ľĄĿí
أ Ů kz7b 1s'f wV 5 1 G[j is_ r Ů 5 r m # wV .&r ł o1.Z z[V & 3 h ƋdW6 wb %s Wf wk'kgb r (Ŀ ŮłƜ wo wk'kgb
: (33) ¢U º∏©J óæH ≈a
Ł5 = (5Ɯ- wk'kgb 5 _Oj so (5Ɯ1 wk'kf
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
lz h 1s'f as& wj z b d_;b 5 _Oj espWg ` đF 2^/ (5Ɯ- = = b .b wk'kf 8Wj so (5Ɯ- - = = wk'kgb i Ƌ kz7b 1s'f as& 5 _OjĐ
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
20
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(ɺɝË&#x2013; A Ę&#x2DC; (ɺɺË&#x2013; A (ÉżË&#x2013; e #k }Z
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,
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Â&#x20AC;&yfyqc f i 2/ : Casio Fx-98606 SD
ĹŽ kz7b 1s'f wV ĆĄ5ĆĄ = (5Ć&#x153;- wk'kgb 5 _Oj so (5Ć&#x153;Y wk'kf â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź z6 1 & 3 r ĹŽ 5 r m # wV .&r Ĺ&#x201A; o1.Z z[V & 3 h lzN O;b . G[j is_ r ĹŽ = r m # wV .&r Ĺ&#x192; o1.Z Ć&#x2039;dW6Ä&#x201D; %s Wf wk'kgb r (Ĺ&#x192; ĹŽĹ&#x201A;-Ć&#x153; G[kb wo
Â
ĹŽ 5 r m # wV .&r Ĺ&#x201A; o1.Z z[V & 3 h ĹŽ kz7b
ĂĄÂŤeĆ&#x2019;°SĂ´dG ĂĄĂ&#x2018;°SĂ&#x2030;ĂŤdG ĂĄdBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G
ĹŽ = r m # wV .&r Ĺ o1.Z z6 1 & 3 r
â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2019;
Pzg" hC w b zfs62b 6 'b bÄ&#x2019; m0o zgo ` Ä&#x2018;Gb (Br V _ zj z b GG+gb h61r z ?&Ä&#x2013; r zgcOb X Jsb ly.'b / y2Kjr y2 #b Ä?- Ogb d& pkgB lfr pN sj l_gyr #f2 cb c Z pj g^Polynomial -r.'b -.O gb (SDĆ&#x153; c[ kgb 2^ 0b e .+ 6 pzcN d?' gb $ kb LW& wcN bÄ&#x2019; m0o dzg' b H r1 ."sy g^ ĹŽ bÄ&#x2019; m0p -s"sgb 6 'b bÄ&#x2019; -s"r ir- pf .+ 6 l_gy z s _kOb _ ;b (esy Ĺ&#x2C6;Äż .gb { y2# 1 .> ^Ć&#x153;
Â
(Ĺ ĹŽĹ&#x201A;Ć&#x153; wo wk'kgb d g G[j is_ r
ÄžÄ&#x201E;á Ĺ&#x2026;ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄ&#x192;
Ć&#x160; z& 1 b .b wk'kf h61 w y gf d^ wV 9 Ĺ&#x201A; (Ĺ&#x201A; - 5Ć&#x153; - = (5Ć&#x153;1 â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź Ĺ (Ĺ&#x20AC;+ 5 Ć&#x153; - Ĺ&#x201A; = (5Ć&#x153;1 â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź ĆĄĹ&#x201E; - 5ĆĄ -Ĺ&#x201A; = (5Ć&#x153;1 â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x;Ů&#x20AC;â&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x2039; zj z b 6 'b r zfs62b $f 2 b .& e .+ 6 h62b '> lf \[' h
â&#x20AC;Ťďť&#x2039;ďť&#x17E; ďş&#x2014;ďť&#x152;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x2C6;â&#x20AC;Ź C = =737 ;$ dD Â&#x2030; j D&5 Geogebra $f j2 e .+ 6 Ĺ 5 = (5Ć&#x153;- Ć&#x160;- b .b wk'kf h61 (Â&#x161; Ć&#x160;{b b s'kb wcN 1 b .b .N Z ^ a *-Ä? P 2f wVr IQ
D<_
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f Ë&#x2013; 6l ;lf mÂ&#x20AC;Â&#x20AC;_ f
e .+ 6 (z'> d_; a r.b h61 wcN ` Ä&#x2018;F 1.Z lf .^ d' i ar & wV zj z b 6 'b r zfs62b $f 2 b
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r
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D<_
&Č&#x153; 9 b .b wk'kgb 5 _Oj so 1 b .b wk'kf â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź
ĹŽ5 _OjÄ&#x201D; Ć&#x153; [ 7b z6.kpb Ä&#x2018;ys' b i Ä&#x2018;Gb wb 2: ĹŽd>Ä&#x2022;b fš g [ Gf 1s?b pzV is_ (i 1r.b ĹŽa [ jÄ? d_: wV 2zS .'y z& Ä&#x2018;ys' b lf 2* Msj -.g b r Ć&#x2039;2zS? b r 2z _ b z& lf b .b wk'kf
a
D<_ .y." 0V j `b 2pK b Create slidersĆ&#x2026; pkf 2 *
(Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x192;Ć&#x153; = d' i ar & 2[V wV -1 sb ly1 g b ` Ä&#x2018;F Pf <Z j (Ĺ&#x2021;Ć&#x153; a f wcN \z G ^ 'z'?b "Ä&#x2013; wb hpOf d>s r
ĂĄdGĂłdG â&#x2030;&#x2C6;ĂŚĂŤĂŚe OóªJ :â&#x2030;&#x2C6;fhĂ&#x2030;ŠJ Ď&#x20AC;ÂŞY
:ĂĄdGĂłdG â&#x2030;&#x2C6;ĂŚĂŤĂŚe OóªJ :Ă&#x2030;kŠHGQ
Expanding of graph
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f Ë&#x2013; 6l ;lf mÂ&#x20AC;Â&#x20AC;_ f
o1.Z z[V & 3 h ĹŽ5 1s'f wV Ĺ 5 = (5Ć&#x153; kz7b 1s'gb b 7b m # Ä? wV .& r .&r "sgb m # Ä? wV .&r Ĺ&#x201A; o1.Z z6 1 & 3 r Äż = Ĺ&#x20AC;+ 5 Ć&#x160;so d g b 1s'fr - ?b 1s'gb b .b wk'kgb 5 _Oj so 1 b .b wk'kf â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź o1.Z z[V & 3 h ĹŽ M 1s'f wV Ĺ&#x201A;5 = (5Ć&#x153; G[jr kz7b 1s'gb "sgb m # Ä? wV .&r Ĺ&#x201A; Ć&#x2039;(Äż ĹŽĹ&#x201A;Ć&#x153; G[kb wo d g b b .b wk'kgb 5 _Oj so 1 b .b wk'kf â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x;â&#x20AC;Ź z[V & 3 h ĹŽ kz7b 1s'f wV ĆĄ5ĆĄ = (5Ć&#x153; kz7b 1s'gb "sgb m # Ä? wV .&r Ĺ&#x201E; o1.Z "sgb m # Ä? {V .&r Ĺ&#x201A; o1.Z z6 1 & 3 r Ć&#x2039; - ?b 1s'gb
= (5Ć&#x153;- wk'kgb 5 _Oj so (5Ć&#x153;M wk'kf â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x;â&#x20AC;Ź
1s'f wV 5Ĺ&#x20AC;
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34
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â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x2014;ďť&#x152;ďť ďť˘â&#x20AC;Ź (5Ć&#x153; - C = = wk'kgb h61 wk'kgb w6 1 -.g so (5Ć&#x153;- C = = wk'kgb is_y ĹŻ - b - tÄ&#x201D; wk'kgb w6 1 9 g_j r ĹŽĹ&#x20AC; < C i ^ / (5Ć&#x153;- = = Ć&#x2039;Ĺ&#x20AC; > C > Äż i ^ / (5Ć&#x153;- = =
D<_
â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x201E;â&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x160;M ĹŽ 1 lz b .b lf d^ dz g b ĆĄ5ĆĄ = (5Ć&#x153;- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 9 Ĺ + ĆĄĹ&#x2020; - 5ĆĄĹ = (5Ć&#x153;M â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź ĆĄ5 ĆĄĹ = (5Ć&#x153;1 â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź ÄžÄ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
 ƥ5ĆĄ Â&#x2039; = {
â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2019;
Ĺ É&#x; ĆĄĹ&#x2020; - 5ĆĄ Â&#x2039; = { Â&#x201E;
ĆĄ5ĆĄ = {
Â
{
Â&#x20AC;
- b .b wk'kgb w6 1 -.g so (5Ć&#x153;1 wk'kf â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x160;i V `b/ {cNr Äż < Ĺ = C cf Of - i z Ç˝ (= ĹŽ 5Ć&#x153; d_b 1 i z Ç˝ (= Ĺ ĹŽ5Ć&#x153; is_y & 3 (5Ć&#x153;1 wk'kf 8Wj so (5Ć&#x153;M wk'kf â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź ĹŽ 5 r m # wV .&r Ĺ&#x2020; o1.Z z[V = r m # wV .&r Ĺ o1.Z z6 1 & 3 r ÄžÄ&#x201E;á Ĺ&#x2026;ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄ&#x192;
Ć&#x160; M ĹŽ 1 lz b .b dz g b Ĺ 5 = (5Ć&#x153;- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 10 Ĺ (Ĺ&#x201E; - 5 Ć&#x153; Ĺ&#x20AC; - Ĺ = (5Ć&#x153;M â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź Ĺ 5 Ĺ&#x20AC; - = (5Ć&#x153;1 â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź Ĺ Ĺ Ć&#x2039; o- 2F ' r M b .b t.f -.& h zj z b 6 'b r zfs62b $f 2 b .& e .+ 6 h62b '> lf \['
â&#x20AC;Ťďť§ďş¸ďş&#x17D;ءâ&#x20AC;Ź ?e g b z"r z#b a r- wcN [ 7b y2 #b a r.b wV p 61- w b z6.kpb Ä&#x2018;ys' b \z G ½ Trigonometric functions First: Translation on X axis
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äĂ&#x2030;̍°ÚdG QĆ&#x2019;ĂŤe â&#x2C6;&#x161;Ă&#x2030;ĂŠJG â&#x2030;&#x2C6;a ĂĄMGREâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G :â&#x20AC;&#x2122;hCG
ĹŽi y- 2b kz7b 1s'f wcN $y1. b is_y z' $f j2 b .N r (Geo GebraĆ&#x153; 2 "sz" $f j2 e.+ 6 (Â&#x161; qkf 2 + h ĹŽx ( kz7b Ć&#x153; Ä&#x2018;> Wb 1s'f 2G6 2* wV pkf 1 + r ĹŽ(lzgy `zc^Ć&#x153; 1 Wb HSC i `b/r Ć&#x2039;(rĆ&#x153; $y1. b e Kj wk'kgb d_: `b wGO V (enterĆ&#x153; HSB h sin x Ć&#x160;2fÄ&#x201D; ^ (2f rÄ&#x201D; ^Ć&#x153; $f j2 b dW6 wV (Â&#x203A;
35
exČ&#x161; Çž 52f hC[f Ë? f Kf b
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łń= 10 Ɗw Ē ^ ^ / Ů (5Ɯ- = = z& - b .b wk'kf {WV Ɗi V (5Ɯ - C = = ŀ<C i ^ / 2z _ -.g b ŀ>C i ^ / 2zS? -.g b ŀ = C i ^ / \ Gf -.g b
Ů(a g: HSCb Ɯ 1 Wb wk'kgb wcN HSCb `b/r Ů wk'kgb `g6r iscb wV h_' b PzG 7 Ů 2g&Ĕ Ƌ(ƋƋƋŮ d? f Ů wF2: Ů H[kf Ŀ H+b d_:r H+b `g6r Ůiscb 0V kb wcN wV 2pKzV
isbr (enterƜ HSB h ( r + 5Ɯ " = = Ɗt sin x + r/3ƜƜ Ɗ2fĔ ^ [ 7b [y2Gb 8Wk ( ł Ƌ2* isc wk'kgb 0o
? BL U d1 737& 1 I n E ( :n p'7'(? ;$" 1 wcN 1 7zb p" zÊ [V z#b b - wk'kf & 3 h r+ ! = ł a r.b wV g^Ɯ r tr 7y 1 .[g kz7b 1s'f ł b .b i L&đj g^ Ů ! b .b t.f 8Wj sor Ɵŀ Ů ŀ - ] so zj b b .b t.f i L&đjr Ů( z[z['b Ƌd>Ĕ G[j r - ?b 1s'f as& o k'kgb d g ."syĐ qjĔ ů y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb ( rł + 5Ɯ "
Ƅǔƾ
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ł
Second: Translation on Y axis
ب
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36
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/
äGOÉ°üdG Qƒëe √ÉéJG ≈a áMGRE’G :É«fÉK
Ƌ\ 6 g^ 5 " = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf h61 ( Ł + 5 " = (5Ɯ1 z& 1 b .b wk'kf h61 ( ? BL U d1 737& D<_ 1 I n E 2* isc + ! = n p'7'(? ;$" 1 , ! b .b wk'kf q7Wj so zj b b .b wk'kf ƋwcNĔ lz .&r 1 .[g q & 3 .O ! = h qjĔ ; , so zj b b .b t.f i L&đjr + !Ƅ b .b i r ŮwbrĔ b .b lN - ?b 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ wV lz .&r 1 .[g q & 3 Ƌ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb
C
/
C
l
qcf Ofr e m4^2f t0b -.g b i ^ / /
0 "I h3I 0 ;$" 1 , =737 ;$ 1 Ł- > 5ƅ f.kN ƅƅŃ Ł- G 5ƅ f.kNƄƅŁ5
Ŀ H 5ƅ f.kNƅơ5ơ
= (5Ɯ- ب
ŀ Ŀ > 5ƅ f.kN ƅ 5
Ŀ < 5ƅ f.kN ƅŁ5 ŀ > 5ƅ f.kN
= (5Ɯ- د
Ŀ < 5ƅ f.kN ƅơ5ơ
ƅ ł5
ŀ < 5ƅ f.kN Ƅƅŀ
= (5Ɯ- أ = (5Ɯ- ﺟ
:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ɗm # wV .&r Ń o1 .[f & 3 Ł5 = (5Ɯ- wk'kf 8Wj so Ń + Ł5 = (5Ɯ1 wk'kf 2 =r ﺟ
=r د
I ?qf 4 [q f
{bĒ 6 'b $f 2 e .+ 6 wb łŅ Ůłń= (Bsgb E ;kb U.py (e g b z"r z#b Ɯ z c gb a r.b zk'kf (zBs {V ( c b Ɯ b .b wk'kf {cN U2O cb z6 2b r z[VĔ & 3Ė espWf e .+ 6 r z& lf fs62gb b .b = s* 2^/r Wc +f M Br wV z c gb Ƌ b .b - 2F r y-2Wb r z"r4b r t.gb r a #gb
5r ب
5r
أ
nTm\TÐ ÊÐØÌ a _:Ĕ h62b f Z. geogebra $f j2 e.+ 7y
=r ﺟ
=r د
5r ب
5r
أ
Ɗ{o ł + Ł(5 - ŁƜ = (5Ɯ- wk'kgb 5 1 G[j 4 (ł ŮŁ-Ɯ ﺟ
(ł- ŮŁ-Ɯ د
(ł- ŮŁƜ ب
(ł ŮŁƜ أ
Ɗ wo ł(ŀ+ 5Ɯ - Ł =(5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf d g G[j 5 (ŀ ŮŁƜ ﺟ
(ŀ- ŮŁƜ د
(Ł Ůŀ-Ɯ ب
ŀ Ɗwo Ń + ł - 5 = (5Ɯ-
(Ń ŮłƜ ﺟ
(Ń Ůł-Ɯ د
:≈JCÉjÉe øY ÖLCG Ł5 = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf h61 7 = Ů 5 z .&Ė t1s'f m # wV (y3 h Ƌd [gb d_;b wV g^
−
(Ń- ŮłƜ أ
− − − − − − −
z& - b .b wk'kf d g G[j 6
(Ń- Ůł-Ɯ ب
(Ł ŮŀƜ أ
,
−
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
: L[ \ 1 DG 5 E m'G M ŮY Ů1 ½
|wza TÐ 3 gf
= Ů5 lz & 3Ĕ -.'yr z#b b - wk'kgb zj z b Ƌ Z- d_ z#b b - Z. h62yr $f j2 b 8Wj e.+ 7y
." ¹ .z"
= Ů 5 lz & 3Đ .y.' {V ¹Gz7 G* G+yr qk_b Ƌ z#b b - wk'kf h62yr $f j2 b 8Wj e.+ 7y
.z"
! 'yr Ů y- ?b r zkz7b lz & 3Đ .y.' wV G+y
Ɗm # wV .&r ł o1 .[f & 3 ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- wk'kf 8Wj so ơł + 5ơ = (5Ɯ1 wk'kf 3
37
/
/
: I ?qf m _ mg: á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓjƒëàdGh ∫Ghó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG
٤ - ١ ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ
J
/
C ơ1ơ = C Ɗi V wb Ů C wb C d[ky 1 -.g b df Of z& h62b 5 z[g -.g b espWf H 1 l_gyr [z['b {V 1s?b so 2zS? b r 2z _ b Ůh62b 5 z[f so Ƌh62b wV 1s?b
Gz7 .N 7f wb h61 PzG 7yĐ qk_br H[V z#b b - wk'kf h62y
as [f
wb ! 'yr y- ?b r zkz7b & 3Ė zk'kf Ƌ .N 7f zk'kgb h61 wV $f j2 b e .+ 6 qk_gyĐ
XzOB
qz"s b r .N 7gb wb ! 'yr
.N Z ! k 6 wcN b Gb y1. wb E ;kb U.py :2^ p 6 c[ Ƌ o- 2F ' r o .f .y.' r pb {j z b d_;b ađ* lf b .b ƟĿ ŮŁ- ] = t.gb Ů ŀ - 5 & = (5Ɯ- أ Ɵ Ů ] rŁ ŮĿƟ {V y.y 4 b .b Ů]rŁ Ů rł Ł ] rł Ů rŁ Ɵ {V z?Z k Ł
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
22
-
∫Ghó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
]Ł Ů Ł- Ɵ = t.gb Ů 5 & Ł = (5Ɯ- ب Ɵ Ů ] rŁ ŮĿƟ wV y.y 4 b .b ]r Ł Ů rł Ł ]
rł Ů r Ł Ł
] 'ŮĿƟ y.y 4 ] 'ŮŀƟ wV Ů ]ŀ Ů'-Ɵ wV y.y 4 ]ŀ Ů'-Ɵ % ] 'ŮĿƟ wV y.y 4 Ů ]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ wV z?Z k {Ŀƞ - % 1 ¶" 6 ƅ 5 ƅ 4 ƅ 3 ƅƅ¶" ł - Ł(Ń + 5 Ɯ Ɗ M ŮŁ - Ł5 Ɗ Y Ů Ł(Ń - 5Ɯ Ɗ 1 ŀ - Ł(Ń + 5 Ɯ ƊM Ů Ń - ł5 Ɗ Y Ů ł(ł - 5Ɯ Ɗ 1 Ł + ơł + 5ơ Ɗ M Ů Ł - ơ5ơ ƊY Ů ơł - 5ơ Ɗ 1 5
: L[ \ 1 DG 5 E m'G M ŮY Ů1 ½
−
−
1
−
أ
ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf h61 d [gb d_;b wV 9 = Ů 5 z .&Ė t1s'f m # wV (y3 h
J
]' Ů ĿƟ wV y.y 4 Ů ]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ wV z?Z k ] ɸŮĿ] Ů ]Ŀ ŮŁ-Ɵ z?Z k Ů ]Ł- Ů'-Ɵ wV ] 'ŮĿ]
Ł+5
−
J
بŁ+ ŀ
−
…óªdG Ω
ŀ
z& Ů- b .b wk'kf h61 Ɗd [gb d_;b wV 8 = Ů 5 z .&Ė t1s'f m # wV (y3 h
− − − − − − −
,
ﺟ
: (4-1) øjQɪJ äÉHÉLEG
ł + Ł -ŀ5
Ɵ wV z?Z k b .b
OGôWE’G
ł5 = (5Ɯ-
,
: L[ \ 1 DG 5 E m'G M ŮY Ů1 ½
− − − − − − −
−
ŀ d^ .N Z ^ Ƌ= Ů 5 z .&Ė t1s'f m # wV (y3 h Ů 5 = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf h61½ 10 Ɗ z Ē zk'kgb pc g { b b -
ﺟـ
ب
7
− −
−
8 Ł - Ł(ŀ Ƥ 5Ɯ = (5Ɯł- ﺟ
9
Ł - ơł Ƥ 5ơ = (5Ɯł- ﺟ
10
−
− − − − − −
2
أ
− − − −
Ƌ zÊ j z { y f dz g b Ł5 = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 11 Ł(ł Ƥ 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ - ب Ń Ƥ Ł5 = (5Ɯŀ- أ Ł Ɗ zÊ j z w y f dz g b ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 12 ơŁ + 5ơ = (5ƜŁ- ب
ŀ + ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ ŀ- أ
d1+ 3& j 737& jI L F ? 8 Q ! ;8 ½
(ɸɾ˖ m^5 }f (ɸɸ˖ m^5 rk r 5 l f Z
`b/r a r.b m0o zk'kf h61 wV 1 pgb b Gb lf cG lz & 3Đ r y- ?b & 3Ė r zkz7b & 3Ė espWf e .+ 6 r zOz 2 b r 5 z[gb w b .b wk'kgb 5 1 G[j .y.' `b/r O¹ f qzcN dp7y wb b r y27_b b .b r z zO_ b b .cb d g b G[j pjs^ z& lf b .b Msj lzOyr - 2FĖ ' yr t.gb - #y Ƌ`b/ 2zR r y-2V r z"r3 $f 2 b .& e .+ 6 a r.b m0o h61 lf \[' b l_gyr e.+ 7y Xy2O b -.O gb a r.b wV f (GeoGebreaƜ zfs62b Ƌ pb 2J kgb b .b .N Z h61 wV b .b a #f lf z 4" 2 V d^
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
-
Ɗ zÊ j z { y f dz g b Ƌł5 = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 13
ŃĿĿ
eŀŅ = Łń = = ¶"
ŃĿĿ == ب 5
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
ł Ƥ (5Ɯ- = (5Ɯŀ- أ
ŀ Ɗ b .b wk'kgb d g b G[j -.&r Y b .cb wj z b d_;b h61 V 5 = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b j ^ / 14
Ł + (Ł - 5Ɯ- = (5ƜY ﺟ Ł(ł+ 5Ɯ -Ł = (5Ɯ
ł-
ﺟ
Ł + (5Ɯ- = (5ƜY ب (ł Ƥ 5Ɯ- = (5ƜY أ Ɗ zÊ j z { y f dz g b Ł5 = (5Ɯ - z& - z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 15 Ł(ł Ƥ 5Ɯ Ƥ
= (5ƜŁ- ب
Ł5 - Ń = (5Ɯ
ŀ-
أ
Ƌ zÊ j z w y f dz g b ơ5ơ= (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 16 ơŁ- 5ơ - Ń = (5Ɯł- ﺟ ơŁ+ 5ơ Ł - ń = (5ƜŅ- و
ơń+ 5ơ- = (5ƜŁ- ب ơŀ- 5ơ Ł- = (5Ɯń- ﻫ
ơ5ơ - Ł = (5Ɯŀ- أ ơ5ơŁ = (5ƜŃ- د
o- 2F ' h 6 kgb đys' b e .+ 6 w y gf d^ wV - b .b wk'kf h61 17 Ł Ŀ > 5 H Ń - f.kN ŀ + 5 Ł Ń H 5 H Ŀ f.kN ŀ - 5 -
"'
= (5ƜŁ- ب
Ł Ŀ G 5 f.kN Ł + 5 Ŀ > 5 f.kN Ł - Ł5-
= (5Ɯŀ- أ
p6sZr 1 f ł pz j " M W 1 y.y.& s gg> ǶưģŏƛǤĝ Ʈǩ ƤśƄǤĝ 18 d_;b wV g^ Ń + Ł(Ł- 5 Ɯ C = (5Ɯ- Ɗ- b .b wk'kf lf 4" ¹ d_: wcN Ɗ."r Ƌd [gb s cb M W 1 w?Z ب C gzZ أ s b A2N ﺟ
r dzg' 2" ^ qN-s 7f lf !2+y r d*.y lF d^ lN p¹ zk" ńĿ ađR 2" PV.y ǵƃģŭņǤĝ Ʈǩ ƤśƄǤĝ 19 Ƌ zÊ j z pc fr dy4k b r dzg' b Xzb _ d g w b b .b ^ Ůdy4k zj 2gOb Og #gb t.& ;b i _6Ė d_;b czG 7f {B 1 PGZ ??* ǶŐŠĝʽǨƯǤĝ ńģƯǨņŭǨǤĝ 20 ƋP 2f 2 f ŃĿĿ p & 7fr Ů¹ 2 f 5 pkf d^ asF i ^ / V Ů .y.#b Ƌ zÊ j z pc fr pbsF bĐ. A1Ĕ OGZ A2N lz w b - b .b .N Z ^ أ Ƌ y2 " `b/ lf \[' r ¹ 2 f Łń pbsF w b A1Ĕ OGZ A2N h62b lf ."r ب
39
23
(Ł Ƥ 5Ɯ - = (5ƜŁ- ب
d DG =737& D8 &' M ? ;8 ½
l_gyr ly1 g b m0o d& wV đGb lf zb N 1 pf cG Ƌ4zg gb ts 7gb r/ đGb Pf p ;Z kfr pGz7 hcOgcb Ń + Ł(Ł - Ŀ Ɯ C = ł wk'kgb \[' (ł ŮĿƜ G[kb أ18 ŀ Ń - = C pkfr 2 f Ń = s b A2N ﺟ2 f Ń s cb M W 1 w?Z ب 5 ńĿ = (5Ɯ- 19 ŀ ŃĿĿ |5 ` = 5 أ20 = =
á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓjƒëàdGh ∫Ghó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG
Ł + (ł + 5Ɯ- = (5Ɯł- ﺟ
(ɹɷ˖ m^5 }f (ɸɿ˖ m^5 rk r 5 l f Z
: äÉHÉLEG
38
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
Ĺ?Â&#x2020;ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă
Ĺ?Â&#x2020;ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
ĂĄâ&#x2030;¤â&#x2C6;?ÂŁÂŞdG ĂĄÂŞÂŤâ&#x2030;¤dG äĂ&#x2030;ĂŚjĂ&#x2030;Ă&#x2018;Ă eh äâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;OĂ&#x2030;Še Ď&#x20AC;M Solving Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities
5-1
k G äâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;OĂ&#x2030;ŠªdG Ď&#x20AC;M :â&#x20AC;&#x2122;hC
â&#x20AC;Ťďť§ďş&#x17D;ďť&#x2014;ďşśâ&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x2039; b - 1 ĹŽ5 z[f b - -
z& 1 ĹŽ- lz b .b wzk'kf .& r d_: wV zĂ&#x160; j z d f Ć&#x160; " h h62b L&Ä? ? Oš f lz b .b wzk'kgb dg 'gb PF [ b H[j -.N f â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź .N Z pb 2gb ! r3Ä&#x201D; \[' do ĹŽ Oš f lzzk'kgcb PF [ H[j ."r / â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź ? lz b .b lf d^ Ĺ&#x2DC;Ä&#x; ĆŠĹŠÄŞ
d_b (z'> 8_Ob r ĹŽ (5Ć&#x153;1 = (5Ć&#x153;- Ć&#x160;is_y ( ."r i Ć&#x153; PF [ b H[j .kN (Â&#x161; Ć&#x2039;lz b .cb ]2 ;gb a #gb wb wg k 5 Nsg#f wo (5Ć&#x153;1 = (5Ć&#x153;- b- Ogb d& Nsg#f is_ 1 ĹŽ- lz b - tÄ&#x201D; (Â&#x203A; Ć&#x160; zb b a _:Ä&#x201D; q'Bs g^ gpzk'kf PF [ H[kb zkz7b z .&Ä&#x2013; Â
Â
â&#x2C6;&#x2019;
C
{C} = D3 5 &X
â&#x2C6;&#x2019;
C
Â
{ ,C} = D3 5 &X
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;ĂŽÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x2014;à þÎÄ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x20AC;ĤÄ&#x153;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà I: +(
Equation
I:7% L8(
Inequality Graphical Solution
I¢ _
z = D3 5 &X
Â&#x20AC;[g.
wV y2 #b ky gb r Ä?- Ogb d& 51- i b Gcb \ 6 yš 2 " zj b "1.b lfr wbrÄ&#x201D; "1.b lf ly2zS f wVr 2zS f t2* šF gj b Gb 51.y Us6 51.b 0o wVr zĂ&#x160; j z r U2O z6 g^ zĂ&#x160; j z r yĂ&#x160; 2 " 5 z[gb ky fr Ä?- Of lf Ä&#x2018;_;f !0gky g^ ĹŽ 5 z[gcb t2*Ä&#x201D; = s+b DO wcN 5 z[gb ky fr Ä?- Of e .+ 6 pc&r z z& [z G r Ć&#x2039; y2 #b [y2Gb
`L = |Ă&#x153; + ¢S CG | :ĂĄdOĂ&#x2030;ŠªdG Ď&#x20AC;M â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x201E;â&#x20AC;Ź
Ć&#x2039; y2 "r zĂ&#x160; j z Ĺ&#x192; = ĆĄĹ&#x201A; - 5ĆĄĆ&#x201E;Ć&#x160; b- Ogb d& 1
Â
952f &6/k
Ă´Ĺ&#x192;Ä&#x160;Ä&#x2C6;øÄ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà þĂĹ?Ä&#x2030;Ĺ&#x2014;à ¢ 3> w>0 IV 3 /" : ( 3> O( &
:o }gR 5Ç&#x203A; 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z I s { -ÂĽ #] +( Š
ÄžÄ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
Ĺ&#x192; = (5Ć&#x153;1 ĹŽ ĆĄĹ&#x201A; - 5ĆĄ = (5Ć&#x153;- PBs ĆĄĹ&#x201A;- 5ĆĄ = (5Ć&#x153;-Ĺ°- b .b wk'kf h62j (Â&#x161; Ä&#x2018; ĆĄ5ĆĄ = (5Ć&#x153;- wk'kf & 3 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; { 5 r m # wV .&r t3 sy hz[ 7f pc gy b - 1 z& ĹŽ Ĺ&#x192; = (5Ć&#x153;1 h62j d_;b 8Wj wcN (Â&#x203A; (Ĺ&#x192; ĹŽÄżĆ&#x153; G[kb 2gyr kz7b 1s'f
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
5-1
Solving Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities
I s { -ÂĽ # 7% L8( _ %s ÂŹ? { -ÂĽ # 7% L8( _ # - LM 0 #WB^( :? ) , f83 A"_0 : _ { -ÂĽ # 7% L8(0 #] +(
â&#x2C6;&#x2019;
Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ďøá ÄąĹ&#x17D;Ä&#x201C; s { -ÂĽ #] +( _ %s ÂŹ? { -ÂĽ #] +( _
Ĺ? â&#x20AC;Ťďť&#x201C;ďť&#x153;ﺎâ&#x20AC;Ź
äĂ&#x2030;ĂŚjĂ&#x2030;Ă&#x2018;Ă eh äâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;OĂ&#x2030;Še Ď&#x20AC;M ĂĄâ&#x2030;¤â&#x2C6;?ÂŁÂŞdG ĂĄÂŞÂŤâ&#x2030;¤dG
I %s ? { -¼ #] +( Š I F { -¼ # 7% L8( Š 40
is_ lz [ 7b lz b .b tr 7 .kN qj Ä&#x2018;Gb wb lz Â&#x2DC; E [kb zkz7b z .&Ä? Nsg#f wo gpc& Nsg#f (Ĺ&#x192;ÄżĆ&#x153; = [V2gb a _:Ä&#x201D; (Bsf so g^ gpzk'kf PF [ Ć&#x160; z Ä&#x2019; Ä? 'b ar k w b r b Gb ^ lf H[V .z&r d& ."sy Â&#x2DC; YÄ&#x2018;FÄ&#x201D; wcN d& ."syÄ? Â&#x2DC; iÄ&#x2018;& ."sy Â&#x2DC; 2 V 1s> wcN asc'b lf z pjÄ? Nsg#f ."s Â&#x2DC;
I %s ÂŹ? { -ÂĽ # 7% L8( Š #] +( , f83 A"Š0 : _ # - LM 0 #WB^( \ )7% { -ÂĽ # 7% L8(0 Â&#x20AC;: : 16[k I ÂŹ? _ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; _ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; :7% L8( â&#x2C6;&#x2019; : +( k2/ ;lf Â&#x20AC;lÂ&#x20AC;gS f 1 ylf
6 & b - zgcN 6 & b - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć&#x2039; s6 'cb zfs61 $f 2 - = >1 eÄ&#x2018;Z - zj z *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
â&#x20AC;ŤŘĽďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعسâ&#x20AC;Ź m0o 34O w b Ä?- Ogb lf z'zBs b c fÄ&#x201D; DO HN Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x160;w Ä&#x2019; ^ hzo Wgb
I#WB^ÂĽ _ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 7 !+ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; :^ 7ÂĽ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ÂŽ LÂĽ ~&+
."r h62b lfr 1 ĹŽ- lz b .b wk'kf .& r d_: wV zš j z d f ( ."r i Ć&#x153; ]2 ;gb d'b Nsg#f z &Č&#x153; Ć&#x2026;Ć&#x2026;Ć&#x2026;5 - Ĺ&#x20AC; = (5Ć&#x153;1 ĹŽ ĆĄĹ - 5ĆĄ = (5Ć&#x153;- - ɸ {ÄżĆ&#x17E; &Č&#x153; Ć&#x2026;Ć&#x2026;Ć&#x2026;5 - Ĺ = (5Ć&#x153;1 ĹŽ ĆĄĹ + 5ĆĄ = (5Ć&#x153;- - Éš {Ĺ&#x201A; ĹŽĹ&#x201A;-Ć&#x17E; &Č&#x153; Ć&#x2026;Ć&#x2026;Ć&#x2026;Ĺ 5- Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x201E; = (5Ć&#x153;1 ĹŽ ĆĄ5ĆĄĹ = (5Ć&#x153;- - Éş Ć&#x;Ĺ ĹŽĹ&#x20AC;-] &Č&#x153; Ć&#x2026;ĆĄĹ&#x20AC;+ 5ĆĄ - Ĺ&#x201A; = (5Ć&#x153;1 ĹŽ ĆĄĹ - 5ĆĄ = (5Ć&#x153;- - Éť {Ĺ Ć&#x17E; &Č&#x153; Ć&#x2026;Ć&#x2026;5 Ĺ&#x192; - Ĺ&#x2021; = (5Ć&#x153;1 ĹŽ ĆĄĹ&#x2021;-5Ĺ&#x192;ĆĄ = (5Ć&#x153;- - Éź
mgS f 51 Ck
:(ɝɸË&#x2013; Ę&#x2DC; (ɝɡË&#x2013; A (ɸË&#x2013; e #k }Z
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< 52 f o ck
-.O gb H 6sb U2R - w6 1.b d?Wb : 0 :BL^ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; Â&#x17E;Â&#x2122; :/;J ÂŞ Â&#x17E;Â? :/;J .( X M V 8 I y ÂŤ E # ( "+)"
â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x152;ďş&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź }px S hlR 2q }Z
e .+ 6 r zj z b 6 'b e .+ 6 Ä&#x2018;Gb wb cF Â&#x2DC; lz b - h61 ( c b Ć&#x153; s6 'cb zfs62b $f 2 b .& hpzb cF h ĹŽ5 z[f b - t2*Ä&#x201D; r b - o .& Ć&#x2039; gpkf d_b cg 'gb PF [ b E [j Nsg#f - #y
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
24
-
á≤∏£ŸG ᪫≤dG äÉæjÉÑàeh ä’OÉ©e πM
E [j HZ 7f is_ z& z¹ j z 1 Ů- lz b .b wk'kf dz g Ů GOgb b- Ogcb d'b Nsg#f so wkz7b 1s'gb {cN gpOF [ - N d'b so o2p: t2 #b d'cb Wc +f Y2F ."sy g^ g^ Ů w j #b d'b wV (Bsf so g^ 5 z[gb b - Xy2O Ɗw Ē ^ (ŀƜ hZ1 (L&Đ .k Ɯ wV (Bsgb d'b e .+ 6 l_gy Ń = ơł- 5ơ a {ņ Ůŀ-ƞ p7Wj d'b Nsg#f is_ r Ń! = ł - 5 `
-
á≤∏£ŸG ᪫≤dG äÉæjÉÑàeh ä’OÉ©e πM
(Ń ŮņƜ Ů (Ń Ůŀ- Ɯ lz G[kb wV i OF [ y lzzk'kgb Ö {ņ Ů ŀ-ƞ Ɗwo b- Ogb d& Nsg#f `
:iôÑédG πëdG łG5 ł >5
f.kN f.kN
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ƌ yÊ 2 "r zÊ j z z Ē Đ- Ogb lf đ^ Ê d& 1 Ŀ = ŀ + ơ5ơ ب Ŀ = Ń - ơ5ơ أ
ń=ơņƤ5ơ ﺟ
Properties of the Absolute Value
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
Ł
Ƌ ł = 5 pkfr ŀ- 5 Ł - = ł - 5
ƩũĪ
: Ü Iô≤ØdG (42) ¢U (3) ∫Éãe ≈a
+I ǽ C d_b C- = 5ƅƅ ƄƅC= 5 Ɗi VƅƅC = ơ5ơ Ɗi ^ /
(
Ł5 = ơŁ5ơ=Łơ5ơ
(
I ǽ Ů Cd_b − = Cƅƅ Ƅƅ = C Ɗi Vƅơ ơ = ơ C ơ Ɗi ^ / (
5 ! = ơ5ơ = Ł5 Ɗ z Ē hzo Wgb {cN ` đF wb .^ ơň- 5 Łơ = ơ 5 Ł- ňơ 5 z[gb d* - (ŀ-Ɯ wV 2B / q gzZ 2zS Đ 5 z[gb i t
|E + ¢S `L| = |Ü + ¢S C| :ádOÉ©ªdG πM ﻣﺜﺎل Ƌ zÊ j z ơŀ + 5Łơ = ơł - 5ơ b- Ogb d& 2 ľĄĿí
ơŀ+ 5 Łơ = (5Ɯ1 Ů ơł- 5ơ = (5Ɯ- PBs 5 r m # wV .&r ł o1.Z & 3 ơ5ơ wk'kf 8Wj so Ɗ- wk'kf
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f
أ ب
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
41
1
äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí {
ơ ( ŀŁ + 5Ɯ Łơ = ơŀ+ 5Ł ơ = (5Ɯ1 Ö ơ ŀŁ + 5ơ Ł= (5Ɯ1 ` ŀ o1.Z z[V & 3 ơ5ơŁ wk'kf 8Wj so 1 wk'kf Ł zk'kf PF [ H[j is_yr , 5 r m # wV .&r ( ńŁ Ů Łł Ɯ Ů (ņ ŮŃ- Ɯ Ɗwoƅ1 Ů - lz b .b
ﺟ
2
_ i G+b lf 5 z[gb wV2F Pz 2 [y2F e .+ 6 .kN \z[' #y l_br d'cb Nsg#g^ pzcN c?& w b 5 hzZ m0o 2 O r zc>Ĕ b- Ogb wV DysO b `b/r d'b '> Ƌd'b sG* lf z 2" sG*
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
{ Łł Ů Ń-ƞ =0 )& D 5 &X
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
2W> = ơŀ - 5 ơ + ơŁ Ƥ 5 ơ ب
Ƌ zÊ j z z Ē Đ- Ogb lf đ^ Ê d& 2 ơł + 5Łơ = ơņ + 5ơ أ ﻣﺜﺎل
ơ5Ł Ƥ ň ơ= ň + 5Ņ + Ł5 ب
Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d_b d'b Nsg#f yÊ 2 " ."r 3 ơń Ƥ 5ơ = ơņ + 5ơ أ ľĄĿí
¿CG ôcòJ I ǽ , C n G UQ | | = |C| n G ! = C :n b
: 6" r 5 l
Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d_b d'b Nsg#f zÊ j z r yÊ 2 " ."r ł = ơ5ơ 1 {ł Ůł- ƞ : &Ȝ {ń ŮŁ-ƞ : &Ȝ ņ = ơ 5Ł - łơ 2 {ŀ Ůŀ-ƞ : &Ȝ Ł=ơ5ơ + Ł5 3 {Ł ŮĿ ŮŁ- ƞ : &Ȝ 5Ň = ơ5ơ ł5 4 ł { Ł ƞ : &Ȝ Ń- 5ł = ơŁ-5ơ 5 {Ņ ŮĿ ƞ : &Ȝ ł + 5 = ơł- 5Łơ 6 {ŀ ŮĿƞ : &Ȝ Ł + Ł5 = ơŁ+ 5ơ 7
− − − − − − −
i )e ~G* $e 1³*
25
أ
Oó©dG ¢SÉ«≤e ¢UGƒN ¢†©H
Ɗđ gVƄơ ơ ɢ ơCơ = ơ Cơ ( Ņ = ł ɢ Ł = ơł - ơ ɢ ơŁơƅƅŮƅŅ = ơŅ - ơ = ơł - ɢ Łơ Ƅơ ơ + ơCơ H ơ + Cơ ( Ɗđ gV ¹ m1 :Ė 8Wj gpb , C i -.Ob i ^ / H[V tr 7 b .'yr ň = ơń - ơ + ơŃ - ơ = ơń - Ń - ơ Ůƅň = ơńơ + ơŃơ = ơń + Ńơ ơC - 5ơ = ơ5 - Cơ (
Ɗw Ē ^ y2 #b [y2Gb (ŁƜ 2[V (L&ĐƜ .k e .+ 6 l_gy Ů Ń- = 5 pkfr ŀ+ 5 Ł = ł - 5
Ń!=5 Pf Pg#y "sf -.N."syĐ qjĔ z d'b Nsg#f 2W?cb y¹ r 7f Msg#gb is_zb (ŀƜ -.Ob {ŀŁ Ů Łƞ ŀĿ z ب { ł - Ů Ńƞ
= (5Ɯ- Ɗ5 z[gb b - Xy2O lf
]' Ů łƟ ǽ ņ = 5ƅƊi t ƄƅŃ = ł Ƥ 5ƅƊ ł < 5Ƅ f.kN Ɵł Ů ' - Ɵ ǽ ŀ- = 5ƅƊi t ƄƅŃ = ł + 5 ƤƅƊ ł H 5 f.kN Ƌ{j z b d'b \ Gy 0or { , − }ƄƊwo b- Ogb d& Nsg#f
(41) ¢U (2) ∫Éãe ≈a
(ŃŁƜ = Ů (ŃŀƜ = d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d>s r
ł-5 ł+5-
(ń Ƥ 5Ɯ ! = ņ + 5 `ƅƅ ơń Ƥ 5ơ = ơņ + 5ơ a أ d 1<& " g ƅń - = ņ ` ƅń Ƥ 5 = ņ + 5 ` Ł - = 5Łƅ:n 2 ƅƅ ń + 5 - = ņ + 5 {ŀ- ƞ wo b- Ogb d& Nsg#f n 2 ƅƅ ŀ-=5` :i 3' Ɗi .#j b- Ogb wV2F wVƄŀ - = 5ƄlN DysO b {ŀ - ƞ wo d'b Nsg#f n 2 ƅƅƅŅ = 27yĔ U2Gb = lgyĔ U2Gb
¿CG ôcòJ :n <+ C o 5 H |C| = Ł C
b- Ogcb d& Ń = 5 ` b- Ogcb d& Ņ = 5 `
ơ5Ł Ƥ ňơ = ň + 5Ņ - Ł5 a ب ơ5Ł Ƥ ň ơ= ơł - 5ơ `Ƅ:n 2 Ƅƅơ5Ł Ƥ ňơ = Ł(ł - 5Ɯ ` (5Ł - ňƜ ! = ł - 5 Ɗ is_yr Ń = 5 i t ŀŁ = 5 ł Ů 5Ł - ň = ł - 5 ` Ņ=5 Ů 5 Ł + ň- = ł - 5 r b- Ogb wV2F wV 5 hzZ lN DysO b ŀ = 27yĔ U2Gb = lgyĔ U2Gb Ń = 5 .kN ł = 27yĔ U2Gb = lgyĔ U2Gb Ņ = 5 .kN { , } Ɗ wo b- Ogb d& Nsg#f i t
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
42
äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -
á≤∏£ŸG ᪫≤dG äÉæjÉÑàeh ä’OÉ©e πM ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d_b d'b Nsg#f yÊ 2 " ."r 3 Ŀ = ơ5 - Łơ Ł - ơŀ - 5ơ أ
ب
Ń = Ń + 5Ń - Ł5
äÉæjÉÑàªdG πM :É«fÉK
Solving the Inequalities
(G Ů C H Ů C < Ů C >Ɯ Ɗ3sf2b .& xs ' zB y1 1 N wo ky gb i gcNr Ů ky gb 61- i \ 6 Ƌ 'z'> ky gb dO# w b 2zS gcb hz[b Nsg#f r gz[b - #y so ky gb d' -s?[gb r
Ɗ z& 1 Ů- lz b .b lf d^ wk'kf d [gb d_;b lz y b- Ogb d& Nsg#f is_ r (5Ɯ1 = Ł= Ů (5Ɯ- = ŀ= { Ů C ƞ wo (5Ɯ1 = (5Ɯ = 5 r C= 5 f.kN Ł= = ŀ= :n 2 { > < { ] Ů C Ɵ ǽ5 f.kN (5Ɯ1 > (5Ɯ- t Ł= > ŀ= : B+ ]' Ů ƟF ]C Ů ' - Ɵ ǽ5 f.kN (5Ɯ1 < (5Ɯ- t Ł= < ŀ=
{ > =
É«v fÉ«H äÉæjÉÑàªdG πM
{ =
C
{ > < {
{ > > {
:äÉæjÉÑàªdG πM {cN .^ r ky gb d& .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ɗ z Ē hzo Wgb lz 1 N lz zx ; fđN lgC zB y1 cg" wo f1 Slf Ƌlz zB y1 lz 1 N lz r f fđN lgC zB y1 cg" wo q lf Ƌlz B y1 ( H r G r >r <Ɯ wo ly b qfđNr
i )e 7 $e 1&*
ﻣﺜﺎل ﺟـ
ب
ơŁ-5ơ = {
ł = { >
−
= { >
أ
= { ơŁɟ5ơ
− − − − − −
> C d_b
− − − − −
7+ R'& D 5 &X Ń G ơŅ + 5 Łơ ] 'Ů ŀ- ] F Ɵń- Ů' -Ɵ Ɗwo ]ń Ůŀ -Ɵ Ƥ I :n 2
7+ R'& D 5 &X ł H ơŁ - 5ơ Ɵń Ůŀ-] Ɗwo
Ƌ G*ĕb ¹ k# ky gb d& .kN w y f N 2f ` đF wb 2:
= { >
ơŅɟ5Łơ = {
4
Ɵ Ů C] - I = ]' Ů Ɵ F] CŮ '- Ɵ
7+ R'& D 5 &X Ł > ơŁ+5ơ ]Ŀ Ů Ń- Ɵ Ɗwo ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ(ņƜ a f wV zj z b a _:Ĕ kz¹ O 7f zb b ky gb lf d^ d& Nsg#f ."r 4 ł < ơŁ - 5ơ ﺟ Ń H ơŅ + 5 Łơ ب Ł H ơŁ + 5ơ أ
] Ů C Ɵ - I = ] 'Ů ]F ƟC Ů'-Ɵ Ɗ `b0^ ]ł Ůł-Ɵ wo ł > ơ5ơ Ɗ ky gb d& Nsg#f i ^ / ł < ơ5ơ ky gb d& Nsg#f i V Ɵł Ůł-] -% is_ 2: f
äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
(ŃŃƜ = Ů (ŃłƜ = d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d>s r
ÉkjôÑL äÉæjÉÑàªdG πM
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ C H 5 H C- :n b Ŀ < C Ů C H ơ5ơ i ^ / :^% C - H 5 C G 5 :n b Ŀ < C Ů C G ơ5ơ i ^ / : ^ ? 8
ﻣﺜﺎل Ɗ z Ē ky gb lf d^ d& Nsg#f 2 V 1s> wcN ."r 5 Ń G ŀ + 5Ł - Ł5 ب Ń > ơł - 5ơ أ ľĄĿí
¿CG ôcòJ
7+ R'& = Q b W I ņ > 5 > ŀ - :n 2
O! , , C 1 D< O! > , > C :n G UQ O! > C n b
Ń > ł Ƥ 5 > Ń -ƅ2 ƅŃ > ơł - 5ơ a أ ł+Ń>ł+łƤ5>ł+Ń-` ]ņ Ů ŀ - Ɵ = D3 5 &X ` ơŀ - 5ơ = Ł(ŀ - 5Ɯ a ب ń G 5ƅt ƅŃ G ŀ Ƥ 5 ` ]ń Ů ł - Ɵ - I ǽ 5Ƅ ]' Ů ń] F Ɵł - Ů ' - Ɵ =0 7+ R'& D 5 &X `
n b > C :n G UQ
Ń G ơŀ Ƥ 5ơ :n 2 ł - H 5ƅ2 ƅŃ - H ŀ Ƥ 5ƅŮ
O! + > O! + C ~ < O! 75 O! > O! C ~ > O! 75 O! < O! C
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ z Ē ky gb lf d^ d& Nsg#f 2 V 1s> wcN ."r 5 Ň G ň + 5Ņ - Ł5
ﺟ
Ň H ơņ + 5łơ ب
ŀŀ > ơņ - 5ơ أ
: äÉHÉLEG ń {Ņ ŮŁ- ƞ ب {ł Ů ł ƞ أ Ɵń Ůŀ- ] - % ﺟ Ɵń Ůŀ] بƟĿ ŮŃ-] أ ŀ Ɵń Ůł- ] - % ﺟ Ɵ ł Ůń-] ] بŀŇ ŮŃ-Ɵ أ
Ł G5 Ů Ł- H5 ب
−
~
ŃH5HŃ- أ á«JÉ«M äÉ≤«Ñ£J
ﻣﺜﺎل y'f 1 B5Ț cņ Uđ * cłŁ j _V f esy wV 2o [b ky.f wcN 1 2'b "1- dz#7 ys#b - >1Ĕ G'f f Z 6 ? eszb `b/ wV 2o [b ky.gb cg 'gb 1 2'b "1- is_ h^ Ƌ eszb `b/ wV wOz Gb pb.Of lN
4 5
]Ł Ů Ł- Ɵ - % ǽ 5 ` Ł G ơ5ơ wo ky gb i V `b0b ł >ơ ł - 5ơ wo ky gb ﺟ
ľĄĿí
c5 = eszb 0o wV 2o [b ky.f wcN pcz#7 dg 'gb 1 2'b "1- i A2W zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
3
2" wV zcOb b Gb 1 pf X;_y :2^ p 6 c[ 2q }Z w f ky gb _y i wor ky gb d& wV z7_Ob zcgOb wV b Gb .N 7f hcOgb lf cG yr Ů d'b Nsg#f hcN Ƌ2z_W b lf Mskb 0o d f 2" Ń Hơ5ơ Ɗwo ky gb أ − Ł G 5 r Ł- H 5 a ب
Ɗw y gf d^ [cGgb gz[b ky f 1s> wcN ^ ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ Ņ>5>Ŀ ﺟ
(
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
43
(
44
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
26
-
á≤∏£ŸG ᪫≤dG äÉæjÉÑàeh ä’OÉ©e πM ( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f
hpOf d>s r Ńń= d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf P Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb : &
] Ņń Ů ńń Ɵ ǽ5 `
ń > ơŅĿ - 5 ơ
a
6
-
á≤∏£ŸG ᪫≤dG äÉæjÉÑàeh ä’OÉ©e πM
ņ ! = łŁ - 5 i t ņ = ơłŁ - 5ơ ` Łń = ņ - łŁ = 5 r łň = ņ + łŁ = 5 is_yr cŁń r cłň wo pcz#7 dg 'gb 1 2'b "1- i t ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
qb dg 'gb i3sb f Ů f 2" scz^ ń 1 .[g qbsGb wOz Gb i3sb lN h6 i3r Xc +y ȈơģʞʵǤĝ ĽƥǤĝ 6 ? f¹ 2" scz^ ŅĿ wOz Gb qj3r i ^ / ﻣﺜﺎل f . \ Nx 2 N Ƌ h6 ŀňŁ Ů h6ŀņŇ lz %r 2 y qbsF i ^ / - .Ob 1 Z XzJs wOz Gb 3 Sb ^2: t.& (g7 7 Ƌ [cGgb gz[b ky g WzJsb m0o dS;b e.[ y lgb k_ggb a sFĔ lN ľĄĿí
ŀĿĿ > 5 > ŅĿ a 7 ŁĿ > ơ ŇĿ - 5 ơ `
ŁĿ > ŇĿ - 5 > ŁĿ - `
h6 5 = WzJsb dS;b e.[ gb asF i A2W ŀňŁ H 5 H ŀņŇ ` { ky gb 4" wb ŀŇń- V B { = { + ŀŇń - ŀňŁ H ŀŇń - 5 H ŀŇń - ŀņŇ ņ H ơ ŀŇń - 5ơ i t ƅƅƅƅƅ ņ H ŀŇń - 5 H ņ-
(ɻɼ˖ A 6cZ 2q }Z
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
"1- ŀĿĿ Ů ŅĿ lz %r 2 y f 1 * wV b F "1- lN 2 O w b [cGgb gz[b ky f ^ 7
*x F 5 ȗc?k h* Ȕ e x2f i 2/ :
**
+ + U ( <)?%
b .b PC+y m1 7f i V 8^ N (G6 wcN sCb M O: H[6 / :n % Ů5 _OjĐ yr 3 5 z[b y¹ r 7f Es[7b yr 3 5 zZ is_zV 5 z[gb Ƌ br Gb V & Pf pf- ? .O r d Z r-1 zc b 2^ 1 7f `b0^ r-1 zc b NĐ ys? Ɗd [gb d_;b (Bsy = r Ů 5 r 1 N Ů -s7b 2_b wcN 2_b 1 7f i r Ů .f O gb z .&Ė x1s'f ơń-5ơ Ńł = (5Ɯ- Ɗ z& - b .b {k'kf P y
. "
*
O!
{
? z#b wV -s7b 2_b H[7 do
C
PC+ w b r 2f .N lz gb d_;cb PC+ r-1 zc b 2^ 1 7f Ń ơń- 5 ơ ł = (5Ɯ- 5 z[gb b .b 1 7gb wV dz' 7y 2_b i .#j (Bsgb h62b 7& 2_b 1 7f lfr G[kb .kN -s"sgb z#b wV pFs[6
27
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
ﻧﺸﺎط
{
45
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
Ƌ z¹ B y1 ` " 27V
äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
: (ɼ-ɸ˖ r 5 l &
ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ
:≈JCÉjÉe πªcCG woƅƅ ŀŁ = ơ5ơ b- Ogb d& Nsg#f 1 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ wo ƅĿ = ł + ơ5ơ b- Ogb d& Nsg#f 2 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ wo ƅĿ H ơŁ Ƥ 5ơ ky gb d& Nsg#f 3
ŀ ŀ
{Łƞ 3
z 2
{Ł ŮŁ - ƞ 1
6
5
¶" 4
¶o 9
- 8
r 7
{ń ŮŁ- ƞ 12
{Ņ Ůŀƞ 11
{ł Ůň-ƞ 10
{ń Ůł- ƞ 15
{ŀ ŮŃ- ƞ 14
{ŀƞ 13
{Ń Ůŀ ƞ 18
{ŀ- ƞ 17
{ņ- Ůŀ- ƞ 16
Ɵņ Ůł- ] 20
]Ń ŮŁ- Ɵ 19
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
:≈JCÉjɪe áæjÉÑàe hCG ádOÉ©e πμd áÑ°SÉæªdG πëdG áYƒªée á«dÉàdG áªFÉ≤dG øe ôàNG ]ń Ů ŀ- Ɵ أ I ب
ł=ơŁƤ5ơ 4
{ń Ů ŀ- ƞ ﺟ Ɵń Ůŀ-] - I د
ł- < ơ Ł Ƥ 5 ơ 6
z ﻫ
ł < ơ Ł- 5 ơ 8
Ɵń Ů ŀ- ] و
ł-=ơŁ-5ơ 9
ł > ơ Ł -5 ơ 5 łHơŁ-5ơ 7
:á«JB’G ä’OÉ©ªdG øe πμd πëdG áYƒªée ÉjôÑL óLhCG ń = ơ ņ - 5Ł ơ 11
Ņ = ơ ł + 5 ơ 10
ơł - 5 ơ = ơ ŀ + 5Łơ 14
ơŀ+ 5 ơ = ơ ł - 5 ơ 13
ƟŁ Ůŀ- ] - % 22
Ɵŀ- Ůń- ] - % 21
:á«JB’G ä’OÉ©ªdG øe πμd πëdG áYƒªée Év«fÉ«H óLhCG
ń ]ł Ů ł Ɵ % 24
ƟŁ Ůń- ] 23
ņ =ơ 5Ł Ƥ ł ơ 12 Ń = ŀ + 5Ł - Ł5
15
ł =ơ ń - 5 Ł ơ 18
ơł+ 5 ơ =ơ ŀ - 5 ơ 17
Ł < ơł + 5 ơ 21
ń H ơŁ - 5 ơ 20
ł =ơ Ń + 5 ơ 16
ł > ơ ŀ - 5 ơ 19
łŇŬń > ơłŬń + 5 ơ 26
:á«JB’G äÉæjÉÑàªdG øe πμd πëdG áYƒªée ÉkjôÑL óLhCG ņ H ơł + 5 Ł ơ 23
Ł G ơņ - 5 ł ơ 24
ł > ơŃ- 5 ơ 25
]ņ Ů ŀ Ɵ = 5 i t
:á«JB’G äÉæjÉÑàªdG øe πμd πëdG áYƒªée Év«fÉ«H óLhCG
ł < ơŀ - 5Łơ 22
1 b .b wk'kf qc gy wj b r Ů ơŃ- 5ơ = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf qc gy arĔ i [y2F Dž˅ƥǤĝ ńģǔľƗ 25 d g a sFĔ .&r i g¹ cN Ů lz V 7gb ."r Ů w G[j wV i [y2Gb PF [ / Ů ł = (5Ɯ1 z& Ƌ .& r 2 f ¹ ¹ scz^
k Sf r 5 l f &
Ƌc ŃŁ Ůc łń lz %r 2 r w Gb 2 fsf2 b q6 [f 1 2& "1- lN 2 O w b [cGgb gz[b ky f ^ 26 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
1
46
á«LhõdG ióªdG ájOôØdGh
Ω
]Ń ŮĿƟ wV z?Z k 7zb Ɵł Ůŀ-]
OGôWE’G áeÉY ø``jQÉ````“
ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ r y-2V r z"r3 pjs^ z& lf pNsj lz h o- 2F ' r , b .b t.f lzN z Ē zj z b a _:Ĕ wV 1 Ɗ`b/ 2zR ﺟ
ب
− − −
− − −
−
−
و
− − −
ﻫ
د
y.y 4 ]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ wV z?Z k z"r3 ] 'ŮĿ] Ǚ&
− − −
−
] 'ŮŁƟ wV
أ
− − −
−
z?Z k ]Ł Ů'-Ɵ wV y.y 4 7zb Ɵŀ Ů'-Ɵ
− − − −
−
] 'ŮĿƟ wV wV Ů]Ł- ŮŃ-Ɵ wV y.y 4 z"r3 ] 'ŮĿ] ]Ń ŮŁƟ wV z?Z k ]Ł ŮŁ-Ɵ
% wV y.y 4 y-2V
%
Ǚu
{Ŀƞ-%
x
Ɗ z Ē .N s[b V2Ogb a r.b lf d^ a #f ."r 2 ŀ - Ł5 = (5Ɯł- ﺟ ŀ + Ł5
5Ł = (5ƜŁ- ب ł - 5Ł - Ł5
ł + 5 + ł5Ł = (5Ɯŀ- أ
Ɗ o- 2F ' h zÊ j z 1 b .b dz g b ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 3 ł - ơŁ + 5ơ = (5Ɯ1 ﺟ ơ5ơ - Ł = (5Ɯ1 ب ơŀ - 5ơ = (5Ɯ1 أ ŀ + Ł(Ł Ƥ 5Ɯ = (5Ɯł1 ﺟ
Ɗ zÊ j z w y f dz g b Ł5 = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 4 Ł5 ƤŁ = (5Ɯ 1 ب ł Ƥ Ł5 = (5Ɯŀ1 أ Ł Ƌ pkf d_b d g b 1s'f b- Of ."r h
Ł - ł(ŀ Ƥ 5Ɯ = (5Ɯł1 ﺟ
ŀ ﺟ Ł - 5 = (5Ɯłŀ - 5Ł و = (5Ɯ Ņ 5
49
Ɗ zÊ j z {cy f dz g b ł5 = (5Ɯ- z& Ů- b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 5 ł(ŀ Ƥ 5Ɯ - = (5Ɯ 1 ب ł(ł + 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ 1 أ Ł ŀ Ƌ b .b wk'kf d g G[j lzN h ŀ = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 6 Ɗ zÊ j z {cy f dz g b Ŀ ! 5 Ů 5 ŀ = (5Ɯ - ب ŀ = (5Ɯ - أ Ł- 5 ŀ+ 5 Ł ŀ ŀ ŀ+ Ł- 5 = (5Ɯń- ﻫ
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
1
ŀ = (5ƜŃ- د ł+5
] 'ŮĿƟ Ů]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ wV z?Z k y-2V
% % ]{ ﺟł Ů ŀ- ƞ - % ب ,Ɵ' ,ŀƟ wV y.y 4 ,]ŀ Ů' - Ɵ wV z?Z k ] ' ,ĿƟ wV z?Z k ,]Ŀ Ů' - Ɵ wV y.y 4 ] ' ,Ł-Ɵ wV y.y 4 ,]Ł- Ů' - Ɵ wV z?Z k
Ł=5 ﺟ
(Ł- ŮŀƜ ﺟ
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
Ŀ=5 ب
(Ŀ Ů ŀƜ ب
أ أ ب ﺟـ
2 3
Ŀ=5 أ
4
(ĿŮ ł- Ɯ أ
5
28
-
á≤∏£ŸG ᪫≤dG äÉæjÉÑàeh ä’OÉ©e πM
]ŀ- Ůń-Ɵ - % ﺟ ƟŁ ŮŃ- ] - % و
]Ň Ů ŁƟ ب ƟŁ- ŮŅ-] ﻫ
ƟŅ Ů ŀ- ] ﺟ
{Ń Ůŀ- ƞ ب
Ɵń Ůŀ- ] % { وŁł - ŮŃ- ƞ ﻫ
{Ň Ů Ł ƞ أ
äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
6
Ł G ơł + 5ơ ﺟ
ł { Ł -ƞ د
{ņ Ů ŀ- ƞ أ
و
ł < ŀ + 5Ł + Ł5
7
Ł H ơŃ + 5 ơ ﻫ
ņ H ơń - 5Łơ ﺟ Ŀ < ł- ơŁ- 5 ơ و
ƟŇ Ů Ł] - % د ŀŅŀń Ů ŀńŇń 8
Ƌ zÊ j z z Ē k gb r Đ- Ogb d& Nsg#f ."r 7 ł > ơń - 5 ơ ب ł = ơń - 5 ơ أ
Ɗ y¹ 2 " z Ē ky gb r Đ- Ogb d& Nsg#f ."r 8 ń = ơł - 5Ł ơ ب Ń = ơł - 5 ơ أ ơł + 5Ł ơ = ơ ŀ - 5 ơ ﻫ
ł < ơ5 - ńơ د
x0b i3sb Z 2f 2z6 wcN s Ob 2g ! jĐ -s" Z 2gbr h" 5 pkf d^ i3r s N i b Pk?f $ ky 9 wV p&2F l_gy { b s Ocb i3r 2S> r i3r 2 ^ -.& ŀń H ơŀŅĿĿ - 5ơ i ^ / o1r2g (g7y ƋPk?gb 0o ! j lfr Y s6Ĕ
Ɗ z& - b .b wk'kf d [gb d_;b (Bsy 10
ŀŁ - ơŀŅ - 5ơ ŀ = Ł
w[Vĕb .&r Ň Ů 5 2cb .&r Ņ 9 {ńŁ ŮŁĿ- ƞ d'b Nsg#f
ơŃ + 5 ơ = ơŀ - 5ơ د
ŀŁ - ơŀŅ - 5ơ ŀŁ = (5Ɯ-
= r Ů 5 r ly1s'gcb 6 kgb .&sb 2 *
zÊ j z Ņ = (5Ɯ- b- Ogb d& Nsg#f ."r h ȈưĝŻśĝ ƄŐǔƽŝ
:≈YGóHG ô«μØJ óæH ≈a H 2b r 5 z[gb ky f espWf wb 2z_W b 0o U.py 10 5 z[gb i q đF wb (Bsy i hcOgb lf cG r Ů gpkz Ɗ i V `b0b ¹ "sf g¹ - is_y Ŀ > C i E2; z pc& Nsg#f C Hơ5ơ % so pc& Nsg#f C < ơ5ơ i r
ky gb d& Nsg#f wo fr ? C -.Ocb k_ggb hz[b wo f z wo C H ơ 5 ơ ky gb d& Nsg#f i ^ / 11 Ƌ0 .kN C < ơ5ơ ky g 2 N Ƌ Es pb r MđZĐ w c&2f ir. t i 2zGcb t- Ob 4#b k 2 Gb i 2zGb N26 5 [ 12 Ƌ N 6/h^ ňĿĿ Ů N 6/h^ņĿĿ lz %r 2 2 F i 2zF N26 lN [cGgb gz[b
ŀĿĿ > ơ ŇĿĿ - 5ơ 11 Łh6ň
ﺟـ
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
¥ F*{jG* 4efj1³* i+e/(*
(ł ŮŁƜ ب
ń ,ŀ - أ
1 ≈ªcGôJ QÉÑàNG
ŀ = 5 Ů ] ' ,Ł-] = t.gb 2
اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﻰ
,]Ŀ ,Ł- Ɵ wV z?Z k ,ƟŃ , Ŀ] = t.gb 3
Ɗ."r h62b lfr 5 - ń = (5ƜS Ů ŀ + 5 = (5Ɯ- z& S Ů- lz b .b wk'kf h61 1 ¾ Ƌ kz7b 1s'f Pf gpkf d^ PF [ H[j {z .& أ
]Ł , Ŀ Ɵ wV y.y 4
Ń + ơŀ + 5 ơ ب
(Ń ŮŀƜ أ
ŀ = 5 ] دŃ Ů' - Ɵ ﺟـ
Ƌlzzk'kgb PF [ G[j {z .& ب Ƌ kz7b 1s'fr lzOF [ gb lzgz[ 7gb -.'gb c gb & 7f ﺟ
4
ƋS b .b t.f ."r h Ł - ơŀ-5ơ = (5ƜS z& S b .b dz g b ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 2 Ł > 5 H Ł-Ƅd_bƄŁ5 5 H Ł d_b Ņ
y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb Ů y.y 4 Ů% = t.gb 5 (Ŀ Ůŀ-Ɯ d g b G[j Ů{ŀ-ƞ - % a #gb 7 -ƞ = d'b
]ņ ,ŀ Ɵ - % ({ بņ ŮŀƜƞ أ K
8
(ĿŬňƜ ŁŃĿĿĿ = (KƜ - 9
= (5Ɯ- Ɗ ½ z& - b .b wk'kf h61 3
Ƌ o- 2F ' r b .b t.f lzN h62b lfr ½
Ɵ' ,Ŀ Ɵ ,]Ŀ Ů' - Ɵ wV z?Z k Ů (Ł ŮĿƜ 6
{ Ńł
50
Ɗd [gb d_;b wV 4
− −
−
Ƌ b .b .N Z ^
ب
Ƌwk'kgb 5 1 G[j { .& ^ أ
Ƌd g b 1s'f b- Of ^
د
Ƌ o- 2F ' r b .b t.f ."r ﺟ
z& lf pN¼ sj lz r o- 2F r b .b t.f h62b lf $ k 6 r ł(ŀ-5Ɯ = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf h61 5 Ƌ`b/ 2zR r ¹ y-2V r ¹ z"r3 pjs^ ŀ ¾ ¾ d g h Ł + (5Ɯ- = (5ƜS z& S b .b dz g b = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 6 ¼ G[j ^ À 5 Ƌ o- 2F ' r # kb b .b ŀ
Ƌ b .b m0o wk'kgb d g b G[jr - b .b a #f ."r Ƌ ŀ+5 = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b j ^ / 7 ŀ Ń=( 5 Ɯ- b- Ogb d& ł G ơ Ń - 5ơ ب
lf d^ d& ¹ Nsg#f zÊ j z ."r 8 ł = ơ Ń - 5ơ أ
¾ Ɗ z Ē ky gb r Đ- Ogb lf d^ d& ¹ Nsg#f yÊ 2 " ."r 9 ب ň = ơ ń + 5ơ أ
ơŀ + 5ơ = ň + 5ŀŁ - Ł5Ń
ņ < ơŀ + 5łơ د
51
29
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
ņ H ơń - 5Łơ ﺟ
اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ
äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G É¡«∏Y äÉ≤«Ñ£Jh
óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ôŔŇîüĿí
äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G É¡«∏Y äÉ≤«Ñ£Jh
Exponents, Logarithms and their Applications
Exponents, Logarithms and their applications óĊăŎĿí ôŃĊĸŃ óĊă ăŎĿí ŎĿí ôŃ ŎĿ ôŃ ôŃĊĸ ĊĸŃ ĸ ʙ ;+f L ; f g :yb ʘ6 p oy& mf Sf 2 }gR ʘ6?R T ;f o6_f h x }Z F 6f }f l 5 Vygf iyv[k h.1Ǡ ʘ : +f 6K;lf r k2/ ;k ʘ 6 b fyv; mv ;* 7 'pȜ mu6 Vx oy:2qvlf x lgSf x oy*ȗlf df3 2S v gR 2l S f r 12R 6F hB * m 5 Vyf 1 ' Ȝ 6Gf glR e 2 : l 5 Vygf A y. rk x1 [ : lb ʘ l 5 Vygf ex 2'f x 6?R rk #f o6_f }Z 6g x 5 vpy f mf Sgf df3 }Z hG[f T&6 x ʘACyf + 9 Cyf Ζ ˕A 9˖ Cyf B /f `Zx Tl'f B / ˅e x2f L 6 x l 5 Vygf iyv[k }Z T:y f :Ț f 2f iyv[l m 5 Vygf iyv[k L 6 i ^ z4f ʘ yCf 2> 9 _f l 5 Vyf 2*x yu h ; 2f e #lf h : }gSZ ʘ S: x Ȗ 'k }Z }l 5 Vygf 9 _lf rk 1 [ ; x ˅ k Ǟeyg+k Gl* 2 2+ f l cf }Z ˕ }l 5 Vyf 9 _k yux˖ }q &x52 vf 9Ț i2/ ; lb ʘ fyĥf ;px
óĊăŎĿí łŀĬ÷ õîÿĎĈŃ :n = 5 E ^ m M n <+ n jE '& 1 ./0 + 9? ob
nhă inh= phe xÚnQ dUÐ pUÐ{UÐí phHúÐ pUÐ{UÐ h= pSĆ_UÐ s f x
phHúÐ pUÐ{UÐ æ}_ x
Óne xÚnQ dUÐ hiÐ S æ}_ x
ngÉÐ B s f xí ºphHúÐ pUÐ{dU inh UÐ h e UÐ æ}_ x
Óne xÚnQ dUÐ hiÐ S h ]> dL e Z> ýn Y x
Ñ C ÒÚ [UÐ dL phHÌ pUØn_Y x
phe xÚnQ U ÓøØn_Y x
.¼» ÜnH±U ÒØn _eUÐ Óne xÚnQ dUÐ æ}_ x
Ü
px} cUÐ HúÐ hiÐ S æ}_ x
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة , b 7b r "sgb 'z'?b 86Ĕ b Gb 51- i \ 6 dg_ 7y Us6r , z[z['b - .NĔ Nsg#f wV p> s* U2Nr , p> s*r y27_b 86Ĕ 6 1- .&sb m0o wV b Gb z6Ĕ b .b 51.y h ,w[z[& -.Ob wjskb 10#b `b0^ espWg^ zg y1 Rscb b .b `b/ .O 51.y h ,wj z b pcz g r = s* 51.y Us6 `b0^r , z6Ĕ b .cb z7_Ob b .cb Ƌ pzcN z z& [z G r p> s*r g y1 Rscb
phe xÚnQ dUÐ pUÐ{UÐ æ}_ x
p Hn UÐ pUùÐ êÐ{ Hn= Óne xÚnQ dUÐ pehS {@ x phe xÚnQ dUÐ ÒÚ [UÐ UÎ phHúÐ ÒÚ [UÐ Y nxă } @ é x
c_UÐí
phHúÐ ÓøØn_eUÐ _= A R p Hn UÐ pUùÐ ê{ x ÓÐ} R R phe xÚnQ dUÐ pUÐ{dU inh UÐ h e UÐ æ}_ x
ngÉÐ B s f xí ºÒØí{ Y
دروس اﻟﻮﺣﺪة Ɗ zb b 5r1.b lf .&sb is_ yr :%´B 235 : − {>
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
: 35 : : − {>
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L A" ¨0 : )8%> z " : : − {>
I { 3 ' 8+¥ #°8%> z " l&+8%
#°8%> z " Y h+ : · − {>
I:L3 £ : T , f83 #°8%> z " :) ? % I : 35 #] +¥ h+ _ ¹ :L3 £ : T , f81%
ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ :o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 2*yf t4u vp Z I: 35 : l&+8% I AJ Y O8781%0 ,: 35 : " L )8 l&+8% I:%´B 235 ² l&+8% IV =
{
C : '> ! § : 3 : +( ©
I: )8%> z " : l&+8% I2B+ 0 : )8%> z " '> ! ª : 35 '> ! .( %s ¬? 4 © ,' 0 ± # «6 : )8%> z " : " L )8 l&+8% I AJ Y O8781%0 I s : )8%> z " : 0 : 35 : ² : W+ O8781% I#°8%> z " ² l&+8% I: )8%> z #] +( ©
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
30
Ünc_iÐ Ñ
Reflection
xÚnQ U Ñ
Logarithm Logarithmic Equation Logarithmic Function
زﻣﻦ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة
phe xÚnQ U pUØn_Y Ñ
phe xÚnQ U pUÐØ Ñ
ÜúÐ Ñ
Exponent
én Y Ñ
Domain
ÜnHúÐ Ñ
Base
HÌ éÍn\> Ñ
Exponential Decay
phi fUÐ Ò bUÐ Ñ
The nth Power
HÎ ei Ñ
Exponential Growth
i i Ú|@ Ñ
nth Root
î{Y Ñ
Range
I:!_
ôŔēîēŗ ôŔē ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí îē í õîĄŀ ĄŀŀĤĜń Ĥ Ŀí ĤĜ
phHÌ pUÐØ Ñ
Expontential Function
Rational - Exponent
î} T ÜÌ Ñ
óĊăŎĿí đōčĉ
ľëîēŎĿíō õíōĉŗí
6;cf <:Ț Π˄ɸ - ɹ
geogebra-graph ky:5 (k 6 ˝ lgR : * f
v _ K x }p f vg #l x :Ș f 2f Π˄ɹ - ɹ
ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة 2z_W b - zB y2b wV wN . Đ 2z_W b - .Z kb 2z_W b đ_;gb d& - wczc' b
:Ț Ȗ1 Slf h*Π˄ɺ - ɹ }p f vg #l x l 5 Vygf f 2f Π˄ɻ - ɹ l 5 Vygf A y. HS Π˄ɼ - ɹ
óĊăŎŀĿ ŐńŔĨň÷ ĢĤĈŃ
اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ 6 & b - zgcN 6 & b - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b $f 2 - wb 6 & - zV W: - w6 1 YsV A2N 3 p" - zj z Ƌ zfs61
õîńøœčîįŎŀĿíō Ēēŗí
ŏĎćŗ óčŎě ņŃ ľœŎĄøĿí
õîńøœčîįŎŀĿí
Ēēŗí
ôŔēŗí ôĿíĊĿí õîńøœčîįŎŀĿí ņŔŇíŎķ
ôœĎĔļĿí Ēēŗí ņŔŇíŎķ
ŒŇîŔòĿí ľŔüńøĿí
ôŔńøœčîįŎŀĿí óĉîĬńĿí ľă
ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ [y2Gb - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob Ƌ đ_;gb d& - wjr O b hcO b - zF k 6Đ
ôŔēŗí õśĉîĬńĿí ľă
óĉîøĬńĿí õîńøœčîįŎŀĿí
ŒŇîŔòĿí ľŔüńøĿí
ôŔńøœčîįŎŀĿí ôĿíĊĿí ęíŎć ôòēîĄĿí ôĿŕí ŁíĊĈøēí
ĽåîĠøĿí - ŎńňĿí ôŔēŗí ôĿĊĿí Őŀī õîĸŔòĤ÷
ôŔ÷îŔă õîĸŔòĤ÷
:ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ d Z zN g#b r y-2Wb y2y2' b r zpW;b c 6Ĕ wV d g = +b hzz[ b hc6r &2 [gb G;jĔ r 51.b .O r k wVr Ƌ .&r d^ y pj wV wg^ 2 b 1 *Đ r Ů pkf d_
53
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪة : l 5 Vygf x <:Ț 2*yf l Oq f LK/lf ex q
{j z b dz g b pkfr Ů z6Ĕ b .b r pkzj sZr 86Ĕ hzo Wf b .b 51.j t2* z& j lfr Ů pzcN Đ- Of d&r pb lzj sZ ar k j `b0^r z6Ĕ b .cb z7_N 1s?^ zg y1 Rscb = s* 51. r Ů zg y1 Rscb Đ- Ogb d&r Ů g y1 Rscb e .+ 6 z z& [z G wb Y2G jr zg y1 Rscb b .b Ƌ zg y1 Rscb a r.b
31
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ôŔŇîüĿí
ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ájô°ùμdG ¢ù°SC’G
1-2
ájô°ùμdG ¢ù°SC’G
Rational Exponents łŀĬø÷ ıŎē
ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪ
I235 ² )+
DO wcN V2O r , b 6 2zR w[z[& -.Ob zOz 2 b 1r0#b 61- i \ 6 DO wcN V2O r 'z'?b 86Ĕ 61-r Ů z zO_ b r zOz 2 b 1r0#b = s* Ƌ y27_b 86Ĕ wcN 51.b 0o {V U2O Us6r Ů p> s*
I 7 > º
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
{Ŀ} - I ǽ C d_b
ŀ=
C (
2W>
C
(
ŀ K-C , ŀ = ŀ-C K =
Ŀ!C
IJœĎĬ÷
Ɗi V +N ǽ K d_br I ǽ C d_b ( K "& 1 n "< C D ) h C * ƋƋƋƋƋ * C * C * C = C K Ů $H I C -.Ob wg7y z& ŮC -.Ocb ? 7 I ( CƜ wg7yr ƋK 5ĕb J b" C as[jr H I K -.Ob r
C
ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí : 7 ' -
The nth Power
{ 35
Base
{5
Exponent
K
K
K
K
K-e
C C = ( ) ½
Ke
K e
C
ﻣﺜﺎل Ł (ŀŇ) * ł- (Ň) ł- (ŀŅ) * Ňŀ
= { Ē 1 .[gb 1s> H7 {V ."r 1
Ń ł * Ł Ł * ň- Ł Ň- Ł * Ń ł
952f &6/k :o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z
e
C = KC ½
C = ( C) ½
r "sgb s6 'z'?b 86Ĕ b Gb 51- i \ 6 y27_b 86Ĕ b Gb 51.y Us6 51.b 0o wVr Ů b 7b w[z['b -.Ocb zjskb 1r0#b `b/ .O 51.y h Ů pkzj sZ hzgO r Ƌ y27_b 86Đ 1r0#b ZđNr
´ {
:áë«ë°üdG ¢ù°SC’G ¢UGƒN Ɗi V Ŀ ! Ů I ǽ ,Cƅ,ƅN ǽ K Ůe d_b e K+e C = ( C) ½ C = KC * C ½ K
[g.
> ?
nth Root Rational Exponent
K
Rational exponents
I:%´B 235 ²
:áë«ë°üdG ¢ù°SC’G
235 ² )+%
ôŃĊĈøĔńĿí õíōĉŗí : )" :L3 _ : d
I - -_ + 7 > º ? %
: ( 3> O( &
ľĄĿí
=
Ł (Ł ł * Ł) * ł- (łŁ) Ł-(ŃŁ) * Ń ł
:%´B 235 ² l&+8%
= 1 .[gb
I235 § : _ # - LM ©
Ń - Ń ł * Ň + Ł + ň- Ł =
Ł = ŀ * Ł = Ŀł * ŀ Ł = zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
1-2
54
: : : 16[k ´ { − > ? − {5 − { 35 − : 7 ' -
إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺪرس mgS 2q }Z
p61- i \ 6 w b 86ĕb z6 6Ĕ Wy2O b DO P" 1 Ƌ Gz7 y-.N c f ađ* lf y- .NĖ c&2gb wV b Gb wV Wy2O b m0o \[' w_b f3đb Er2;b wcN .^ Ƌ y2Kkb 1s?b
:اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ b - w6 1 YsV A2N 3 p" - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b zgcN 6 & : *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J − #WB^¥ _ − 7 !+ − :^ 7¥ − ® L¥ ~&+ 0 +8 "+8
Er2;b wcN .^ r 'z'?b 86Ĕ = s+ ` đF .^ Ƌ= s+b m0o \[' w^ f3đb
:ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ w6 1.b d?Wb
:(ɸ˖ e #k }Z
Ɗ w y f N 2f z6Ĕ 2y- [gb Hz7 .kN qj đGb wb .^ Ƌ zbrĔ pcf sN wb - .NĔ dzc' 2Cb Đ & wV 5 6Ĕ wcN 5Ĕ Py3s = s* \z G Ƌ g7[b r H7 wb o1 ? * r .& sb 6 6ĕb 86Ĕ Pzg# Ƌ 1s> Ƌ 1s> H7 wV $ kb PBr
:ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ : 0 :BL^ − J ª · J .( 3> ¥ V 8B y « E # ( "+)"
:اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ , A;(0 :/ /! 235 0 235 , A;( ` WI M( M?«3 : 7 ' - %&+ ª -8 =7(0 , { 35
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
32
-
ájô°ùμdG ¢ù°SC’G
ájô°ùμdG ¢ù°SC’G
Ł
zcgOb so f -.Ob wjskb 10#b i đGb wb .^ Ƌ(i) s[cb -.Ob 0o PV2b z7_Ob t2* y-.N c f GNĖ wko/ X?N dgN đGb wb cF Ƌwjskb 10#b 1s> wb z6Ĕ 1s?b lf dys' b cG ' C w[z['b -.Ocb wjskb 10#b Xy2O ` đF Pf <Z j ađ* lf qb đGb hpV .^ r Xy2O b -.'gb Er2;b Ƌ Gz7 y-.N c f 10#cb Wc +gb Đ 'b (ńŅ) = wV (Bsgb ar.#b lz y
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ The nth Root
≈fƒædG QòédG zcgOb so -.Ob wjskb 10#b i V d gb r Ů-.Ob `b/ Pz 2 b z7_N zcgN so f -.Ob wOz 2 b 10#b i gcN Ƌ(K) s[cb -.Ob 0o PV2b z7_Ob ł
i t
Ň -.Ocb w zO_ b 10#b so Ł i V
Ł = łŁ ń
i t
łŁ -.Ocb 8f +b 10#b so Ł i V
i t
C -.Ocb wjskb 10#b so 5 i V
Ł= Ň
5=
C
K
D ) /X
C
D /X
K
ﻣﺜﺎل Ɗ z Ē Đ 'b lf d½É ^ wV ( ."r i ) I wV 5 hzZ ."r VƄC = K 5Ƅ j ^ / 2 Ňŀ = C Ů Ń = K ب 2W> = C Ů ń = K أ
(ɼɽ˖ A \ 6S 2q }Z
`b/r Gz7 y-.N c f .N ađ* lf Xy2O b 0o hN- Ƌt2* wb 1s> lf dys' cb
Ń- = C Ů Ł = K ﺟ
Ň- = C Ů ł = K د
ľĄĿí
1s> wb z6Ĕ 1s?b lf dys' b Xy2O b 0o (Bsy d 7gb lf 2z _b d& wV .zW wor 8_Ob r wjskb 10#b Ƌ y27_b 86Ĕ wV
=5
n <L
Ŀ = ń5 i V
2W> = C Ůń = K
ł! = Ňŀ Ń ! = 5
n <L
Ňŀ = Ń5 i V
Ňŀ = C Ů Ń = K
I Ǿ Ń- != 5
n <L
Ń- = Ł5 i V
Ń- = C Ů Ł = K
Ł- = Ň- ł = 5
n <L
Ň- = ł5 i V
Ň- = C Ů ł = K
Ŀ= Ŀ
ń
Ň- ł * ŃŁ
=
Ł-( Ń ł) * ŃŁ
1 .[gb 1
äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
Ɗwb b ar.#b lf (C b- Ogb \[' w b 5 hzZ i VƄC = K 5Ƅ j ^ / C
K
C
2W> = C
C
K
K
ł = ŀ - 5 Ł - Ł + 5Ł ł =
5Ł* 5Ł ł * ł
Ŀ>C
"sf w"r3 (z'> -.N ŀ ! K Ů "sf t-2V (z'> -.N ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
C
Ņ
Ńň- = Ł5 ﻫ Ņ
e
K
( C ) = eC = CƄƊi Vƅ Iǽ K
ŀŁňŅ = Ń5 د
lz r C -.Ocb 5- 7b 10#b lz Y2Wb t-.N a g (Br ƊŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ 4 K
K
Ů +N ǽ e Ů {ŀ} - +N ǽ Kƅi ^ / :\ T ł Ł ł( ŀŅ ) = ŅŃ = ł(Ń) = (ŀŅ) C
Łń = Ł(ń-) = Ł( (ŀŁń-) ł ) = Ł(ŀŁń-) ł
ﻣﺜﺎل
3 Ņ(ł + Ł ) ŅŃ
C
Ɗlf đ½Ê ^ 1s> H7 wV ."r 3
! ب
ň Ņ
CŇ
ł
Ɔ- أ ľĄĿí
ł ŁC Ł- = ł(ł Ł Ł[ł(ł + Ł )Ň]
C
C Ł)
ł
!=
Ɔ- = ň ŅC Ň łƆ- أ Ņ(ł + Ł ) ŅŃ
C
! ب
ł(ł+ ŁC) Ň! =
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
lz r C -.Ocb 5- 7b C) ŀŁŇ
ņ
ﺟ
ń ŁŃł- ń
ب
» Ɗlf đ½Ê ^ 1s> H7 wV ."r 5 ŀŁ
C ŅŁń
Ń
Ɔ أ
!= C-.Ocb (w"r3 10#b dzb-) 5- 7b 10#b
P 1 r Ł- Ů Ł so -.Ob 0pb 5- 7b 10#b is_zV ŅŃ = C PBs Ƌ .z&r gzZ wor Ł = ŅŃ Ņ gkz ^2f t2* 1r0"
33
Ɗ ( ."r i ) { y gf d^ {V 5 hzZ ."r 3 łŁ- = ń5 ب łŅ = Ł5 أ
= lgyĔ 2
ņ( +
Ɗđ gV
"sf w"r3 (z'> -.N
IǽC
10#b lz Y2Wy i b Gb PzG 7yĐ .Z .Z j 2z_W .k wV Ņ
{ŀ} - +N ǽ K
Ŀ<C
Ƌ z[z[& 1r0" ."s Đ
: S ?f K.Ț
C
K
Ŀ=C
so H[V .& r {[z[& 10" ."sy
e
Ł- وƄz ﻫƄŅ! دƄń ﺟƄŁ بƄŅ! أ
Ƌ
K
! go i z[z[& i 10" ."sy
C
Ł +5Ł ł * 5Ł
C
ŀŁń = ł5 ﺟ ŀŁŇ- = ņ5 و
ł = Ń - Ń Ł * Ň + Ł + ň - ł = ƅƅƅƅƅƅ
75 ﺟ 75 د
:n iI ( \ T& 1 p'7'(?
ńŅŮńń= d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d>s r Ł (Ł Ł*ł)*ł(łł)
75 أ 75 ب
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
55
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f
Ł Ń *Ł ł *ň-ł
K
) C -.Ocb wjskb Ƌ đGb p e Z w b wko0b X?Ob c f ađ* lf P 1Ĕ C
C = K5 j ^ /
ŀ
K
K
łŁ = ń5 j ^ /
= C n <+ {ŀ} - +N ǽ K ŮĿG C {[z[& -.N tĔ C ŀ lf 2 ^ t-2V (z'> -.N K Ů Ŀ > C f.kN Cy ¹ 'z'> ZđOb m0o :\ T ŀ ŀ I Ǿ ň- Ƅ=ƄƄ Ł (ň-) Ł = ŀŅ Ń Ɔ =Ƅ Ń (ŀŅ)Ɔ ŀ ŀ ł- = ŁŃł- ń Ƅ= ń (ŁŃł-) ł- = Łņ ł - =Ƅ ł (Łņ) -
¿CG ßM’
/X u
:\ T Ň = ł5 j ^ /
IJœĎĬ÷
Đ 'b m0o wcN .^ C Ů i hzZ 2zS b O¹ (
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă (ŀŁ) * ł- (Łņ) Ɗ1 .[gb gzZ 1s> H7 wV ."r 1 Ł(Ňŀ) * ŀŅ ŀ+ 5 5 ł = 5 ň * Ł Ɗ i 2 ŀŇ * ł
IJœĎĬ÷
(ɼɼ˖ A }pyqf 54'f 2q }Z
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
56
É¡«∏Y äÉ≤«Ñ£Jh äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ájô°ùμdG ¢ù°SC’G
yÊ -2V -¹ .N 10#b dzb- i ^ / f ,|C| =
K
C
K
Using The Modulus ¢SÉ«≤ªdG ΩGóîà°SG is_zV zÊ "r3 -¹ .N (K) 10#b dzb- i ^ / -.Ob 5 z[f¾ e.+ 7y Ƌ5 z[gb e .+ 6Đ wN - đV Ƌ zÊ "r3 K i ^ / |5| = K5 Ƌ yÊ -2V K i ^ / 5 K
ﻣﺜﺎل » Ɗ 1s> H7 wV { y gf d^ $ j ."r 4 ł5Ň- ł
¿CG ßM’ (ņ
1+ ) 1 2 jI"
-ŀ)
Ņ
ب
أ ﺟ
Ł5ň
د
Ń( ł
-Ł)
Ń
|5ł| =
ł
أ ب
= Ł5ň
Ł(5ł)
5Ł- = ł(5Ł-) ł = ł5Ňł <Ł
z& ł - Ł = | ł - Ł| = Ń( ł -Ł)
Ń
ﺟ
ŀ< ņ
z& ŀ - ņ = | ņ - ŀ | = ( ņ -ŀ)
Ņ
د
:(ɻ˖ \ 6S 2q }Z
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
C
e
Ń
د
ł( ń
-
= K CƅƊi Vƅ I ǽ
C
K
ŀŁ ŀŅ
C
-Ł)
ł
أ ﺟ
, +N ǽ e Ů {ŀ} - + N ǽ Kƅi ^ / Ł ł
łń
Ń = Łŀ- ƅŮƅ łŀ = ņƄ:\ T Ń
ł
K
Ɗi V lzz[z[& ly-.N Ů
C
K
K
ńņ
Ů{ŀ} - +N ǽ K i ^ / = C ½
* C
K
C
K
K
= C
2W> ! z&
K
K
½
Gz7 y-.N c f ađ* lf b 7b 5Ĕ espWf wcN .^ ƋespWgb 0o ] 1- b Gb pbđ* lf PzG 7y
IJœĎĬ÷
ŀ e
K
-Ł)
Ń
:(ɼ˖ \ 6S 2q }Z
IJœĎĬ÷
ŀŇ(Ł - 5) Ń( ń
ب
: S ?f K.Ț
Ƌw"r3 -.N 10#b dzb- iĔ |5ń| = Ł5 Łń Ɗ so s?b r
» Ɗ 1s> H7 wV { y gf d^ $ j ."r 6 Ņ
10#b dzb- i ^ / -.Ob 5 z[f e.+ 7j / gb ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ z¹ "r3 -¹ .N (i) 5 ń tr 7 pj Ł5 Łń - #y .kN đGb DO G+y
ľĄĿí
C 0 C− C
:9 _lf i 2/ :
2Cb zcgN wV Ů ly-.Ob Py3s i đGb wb 2: Ƌ 'z'?b 86Ĕ wV Py3s b 8Wj f¹ g q ;y g7[b r
Ƌ Gz7 y-.N c f ađ* lf đGb t.b espWgb 0o hN- :(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f
57
= Ů(ńņ) = d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d>s r (ńŇ)
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
: & äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
| łCń| = ŀŁCŅŁń
Ń
ł - = ń( ł -) ń = ń ŁŃł -
ń
أ ب
( + C ) Ł = ņ( + C ) ŀŁŇ
ņ
ﺟ
ﻣﺜﺎل Ɗlf đ½Ê ^ 1s> H7 wV ."r 5 Ł ł
łŁ Ł * ŀ- Ń *
ب
ł
Ň * ń -łŁ * Ń
ńŀŅ Ň
Ń
Łł * Ł- Ņ
łŀ Ł Ł * ŀ- Ń* Ł
d +"(G *$ = Q /X D+ 3L
Łł * Ł- Ņ
d H M 5 = Q $ DG D 3L
Ň
أ ľĄĿí
= 1 .[gb أ
Ň
łŀ Ł Ł * ŀ- (ŁŁ)* Ł (łŁ)
Łł * Ł- (Ł * ł)
=
łŁ Ł * Ł-Ł
ł * Ł (Ł) = Łł * Ł-Ł*Ł-ł
F (R' I
Ł - Ł ł * Ł + ŁŁ - Ł - łŁ
| łCŁ| =
Ł=
ŀ = 2W> ł * 2W> Ł =
d +"(G *$ = Q /X D+ 3L
Ł ł ń Ň
Ł * Ń Ń ŀĿ * Ł
Ń
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
ň
ł
Ł- ń
Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d½É ^ d& Nsg#f I wV ."r 6 ľĄĿí
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
Ņ ł
ﺟ
= | ń - Ł |= Ń( ń
-Ł)
Ń
د
ł Ń
=
Ł ň = ł5 أ
1 b"M =) I"' /X / I łł = ơ5ơ ` Łņ ! = 5 `
ŀŇ(Ł - 5)
أ ب
6
* Ł
ﻣﺜﺎل
1 b"M jb"I
C
-Ł)
:ä’OÉ©ªdG πM
ł Ň = Ń (ŀ + 5 ) ب
ŀŁ ŀŅ Ń
- Ł = ł( ń
ń
¾ Ɗ lf đ½Ê ^ 1s> H7 wV ."r 7 ŀ - Ň * ŁŃł ł أ
ب
|ł(Ł-5)| =
1 .[gb ب
ł
Ň * ń łŁ = ŀ ŀŅ * Ń Ń Ł ł ł d H M 5 = Q $ DG D 3L ł ( Ł) * ń ( ńŁ) = ń Ń ŀ Ł Ň ( Ł) * Ń ( Ł) ń ŀ ŁŁ*łŁ Ń = ŁŁ = Ł - Ł - Ł +ł Ł = = ń ŀ ŁŁ* ŁŁ
ń
5
Ł ň = ł5 a أ łň = ł( Łł 5) ` łň = Ł5 ` łň = Ł5
ŀ=
ł Ł -Ł * Ł ł ł* ŀ ń -Ł * ŀ ń -Ł *
ń łł ŀ ŁŁ ŀ ŁŁ ŀ ŁŁ
= 1 .[gb أ
7
= 1 .[gb ب
58
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
34
-
ájô°ùμdG ¢ù°SC’G : S ?f K.Ț
Ń=
ájô°ùμdG ¢ù°SC’G
ł* Ł ŁŁ=
Ň = łŁ = 5 `
ŃŇ = ł(ŀ +5) ` Ń(
Ł*Ł ł ł5 =
{ŀń } = d'b Nsg#f `
ŀ łŁ =
ł s[cb lzV2Gb PV2 Ń = Ň!=5` ŅŃ = łŃ = Ł5
Ů(ńň)= d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d>s r (ŅĿ)=
ŀ ŀń -5
ﺟ
ب
و
ŀ Ņ=
أ
ł ŀ Ń ŁC
د
ﻫ
ﺟƅƅ Ł
ł
ņń Ņ
وƅ Ł-( 5ł)
ł
بƅƅ C أ ﻫƅ Ńń ň Ň د
ﺟƅƅƅŇ- بƅƅƅƅŇ أ ł Ń وƅƅƅƅŀ ﻫƄƅƅƅ Ń د
ŀ Ňŀ
ƅƅ= - 5 ﻫ
Ƅƅ= - 5 د
Ņ ز
ń łŁ = Ł 5 أ
e = a ZđOb wGOy e q & 7f t0b P 2gb PcB asF a i ^ / ǶƒŻŏǭǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 7
ŀ łI
» = a ZđOb wGOy I qg#& O_f PcB asF a i ^ / 9 ½
١ - ٢ ﺗﻤـــــــﺎرﻳـــﻦ
8 K
ł
Ł ﺟ
5
ł
و
Ł5 ń
ł Ń
Ńł
Ň*
ŀ Ł
Ń
C
: $ f = 5 =L + & B y G m'G 1 ب 5 ł أ ﻫ
ń5 Ņ
Ł ł
ń و
Łł
ł Ł
C
د
Ń
Ɗ y10" 1s> wcN w y gf đ½Ê ^ ^ 2 ŀ ŁC أ ب
(5 ł ) ﻫ
Ń ň
Ň د
& E ! 3 : f F(I =b =L + & DG ł ł ń (łŁ-) ب Ń (ŀŅ) أ
Łņ ﺟ و
ŀ Ł- ( Łł
ł
=Ņ ﺟ ŀ Ł
1
ﻫ
Ń
Ń Ł
Ń * Ł- Ł)
ŀ Ł
Ł ( ŀŃ ) + ł ( ŀŇ ) د
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
2
äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
3 ŀ Ł
Ɗ z Ē zcgOb $ j ¼ 1s> H7 wV ."r 4 ŀ Ł ł-( Łł - C) أ 5* 5 ł ب
(ŁŃ + Łł) ﺟ
( ł = + ł = ł 5 + ł 5) ( ł = - ł 5) ﻫ ŀ Ł ł ( ł + łŁ + łŀ) ز Ł
ŀ
ŀ
Ł
ŀ
( Ł = - Ł 5) ( Ł = + Ł 5) د ŀ ŀ Ł( Ł -5 + Ł 5) و
ŀ
ŀ
ŀ
ŀ
ŀ
Ɗ 1s> H7 Ĕ w y gf đ½Ê ^ 2? * 5
4
Ł ł
ł (Ň) _ Ł (ŀŅ) ﺟ łŀŅ
ł
Ńń* Ň Ň ŃŁ
و
ŀ ł
ŀ Ł ŀŅ ب ( ņŁň Ň ) * ( Ňŀ )
ŁŬń * ĿŬŁŀŅ
ł
* ĿŬŀ
ŀ +5 ŀ Ł ň * Ń -5 ŀŅ
Ł+ 5 ŀŇ * ŀ- 5 Ň
ńŀŁ ň + ŁŃł ń أ
ﻫ
ń Ņ
ح
(ŅŃ) - ł (Łņ) د Ł
ŀ-(ŀń) * ŀŃ Ňŀ * Łł (ŀŁń)
ǽ 5 i V ň = Ł5 ł i ^ / 6 z د
{ŀ} ﺟ
{Łņ- ŮŁņ} ب
{Łņ } أ ŀ
= Ņ - ŅŃ 7
12
ŀ- د Ł
ŀ Ł
ﺟ
Ł- ب
Ł أ =
¹ y2[ ūŇ 13 |5| s?b بƅŇ ! s?b أ
ز
: M)& I !s 1 I 1 3 3A I !s "'
6
وŀŅ ﻫƅň دƅň ﺟƅ ŀ بƅŁń أ Ń
ŀ h6ń = Łń = Ł Łń = a أ 2"C5 ;E" m+" ' I
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Łņ qg#& t0b O_gb PcB asF ."r
ŀ Ł + 5+ 5 و
11 ƅ 10 ƅ 9 ƅ 8 ƅ¶" 7 ł Ł
ب
ľĄĿí
59 ł= Ń Ņ
ń(ŀ-5) ł
Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ É d& Nsg#f I {V ."r 8
ŀ ŃŬŀŁłŀĿ - ŀņ = Ł ŀņ = a ب h6 ŃŬŀ - a `
(ɸ-ɹ˖ r 5 l & ŀ ƅƅ ł 5
ŀ+5`
Łh6Łń q & 7f t0b P 2gb PcB asF 7& أ Ƌ.& r t2;N h» Z2b $ kb ¹ 2[f Łh6ŀņ q & 7f t0b P 2gb PcB asF 7& ب
ł 9
ł ƅƅƅ Ń C
ŃŁ =
ﻣﺜﺎل ŀ Ł
:(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f
ƅƅƅ ňŇ بƅƅƅŃ أ
Ň ł ) = (ŀ+ 5) `
ŀń =5 `
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ł ł 5 : yCf
ŀ łi Ł
ł Ň = Ń (ŀ + 5) ب
1 b"M jb"I
{Łņ- ŮŁņ } = d'b Nsg#f `
Ł ł 5 Ɗ b- Ogb d& .kN : K/f
|5|- د
|ŀ-5| ﺟ
5- ب
ł-5 ł
ŀ-5
Ń
= Ň=Ń5
14
|Ł=|5 د
Ɗ ŀ z& 'z'> ZđOb 15
ŀ - د Ń
Ł=|5|
ﺟ
Ł= 5
! ب
Ł= 5
8
أ 9
أ
ł
= 5 i V Ň = Ł -5 i ^ / 10
ŀ
ŀ
C = ( C) = lgyĔ ŀ ŀ ȳK C = K ( ȳ C)= 27yĔ ȳ ȴ
ȳ
ŀ ﺟ Ń
Ń- ب
K
ŀ
Ņ
د
ŀ ﺟ Ņ
Ņ ب
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
35
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
Ń أ =
ł ń
ŀ
Ņ * ń -Ņ
łŅ
ń
11
ŀ أ
60
É¡«∏Y äÉ≤«Ñ£Jh äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ájô°ùμdG ¢ù°SC’G
: L[ % )& 1 DG D 5 &X =b ! 12 ﺟ
ŀ ņŁ ب ŀŁŇ = 5
ŀ ń= Ł 5 أ
ŀŅ = ŀ - 5ł Ł و Ł
ł = łŃ -5 ł ﻫـ Ň
łŁ = (ń -5 ) د
Łņ = ł5
ń Ł
Tc f wcN ]sk b .&Ĕ (1) . Wb i hcN / źģƛņLjĪģś ƤśƄǤĝ 13 ZđOb wGO k6 (i) .O (C) m1.Zr ½ ŀ ( > sk6 ł .O r qzk" ŀĿĿĿĿ Tc f a g" M-r / V Ƌ k6 i .O Tc gb cg" ¶" z& ŀ- i ( ¶" ) = 1 C Ƌ . Wcb ysk7b ys gb 7kb ."r ŮŀŁńňņ Tc gb cg"
Ń
ب
ł
C
ƣģƖŠ 16
ł- Ń
ń
I
ł
و
ŀŅ ﻫـ
ب
¹ y2[ ū Ň
ŀň Ł
Ł
ŀ
(ŀŬŁŀ) ņń أ
Ł ! = ł5 `
|5| = Ł5
Ł
i N 2f e.N so G+b
:≈YGóHEG ô«μØJ
Ƌ
Ił
rŃ
ł
H[V 5 7zbr |5| = Ń5
= H ZđOb wGOy I pg#& H 2^ 2GZ asF X?j i ^ / ǦǍŭŨǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 19 » 2GZ X?j asF ."r أ Ƌłh6ŁņĿĿĿ pg½ #& 2^
ƋXOCb wb 2G[b X?j asF - y3 .kN 2_b h#& wV 2zS b 7& ب
61
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
14
ŀ
Ň!=5`
= a ZđOb -.' y a O_gb PcB asF i ^ / ǦǍŭŨǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 18 łh6ŀłłŀ qg½ #& O_f PcB asF ."r Ƌ O_gb .&sb
13
Ł
Ń = ł5 أ
Ń = ( ł 5) `
i ^r ¹ j1 ņń so Mr2;gb y . wV j 1Ĕ -.N i ^ / V Ů j 1Ĕ z 2 Mr2;f .g'f . ǵƃģŭņǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 17 i j 1ĕb PZs gb -.Ob ."r Ƌ2p:Ĕ -.N i z& Ņ (ŃŬŁŁ) ņń = M ZđOb P y o2 _ wV j 1Ĕ -.N Ƌ2p: ń 1r2f .O
O_gb h#& I z&
ň ﺟ
: & "A' 15
Ɗ(lzy2;N lzgZ2b $ kb ¹ 2[f) z Ē zcgOb 2" Hz7 wV ¼ 6 'b bĒ e.+ 6 Ł
Ń د
Ł Ň = 5 i V , Ń = ł 5 i ^ / أ
C C
Ł- ņ ł * ŀ-
Łń أ
ł Ł
ĦƥŲǤĝ ƼƖņǕĝ 14
5 = Ń5
12
ب
ŀ Ń
ŀ i eC
=
ŀ i eC
=
ŀ e iC ŀ eC
ب
Ń
i e
= C
e
15
e
= C i "sf z"r3 - .N i Ůe Ŀ < i E2; 'z'> ZđOb "sf y-2V - .N i Ůe f.kN qzV Pg#y 'z'> ZđOb ń
ŁŃň = Ņ (ŃŬŁŁ )ņń =M 17 h6ŀŀ = ŀłłŀ Ł = %
h6 ŀň = Ń
%ł rŃ ŁņĿĿĿ rŃ
ł
= a 18
ł
= H 19
ł=
Ń
ł( HŁ) E ł = Ł% Ů ł H E ł = ŀ% ł\j E = łH E Ń
ł
łŁ
- ł H E ł = ŀ% - Ł% = h#'b wV 2zS b ŁŇ
ńŃŅ - ł H E ł =
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
36
ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x2021;ÎßĿĂ
印SCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G ĂĄdGĂłdG
2-2
Exponential Function and its Application â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x2014;ﺪâ&#x20AC;Ź
Exponential function â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďť&#x;اد اďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďť&#x152;ďť ďť´ďť¤ďť´ďş&#x201D; اďť&#x;ﺴďş&#x2DC;ﺨﺪďş&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź $f 2 - wb 6 & - 5 1 YsV A2N 3 p" - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć&#x2039;wj z Y1r - zfs61
I: 35 : Â&#x2020; Y
C = (5)- ĹŽ +I # I Ć&#x160;-
z& -
C p6 6 $ wg7
Â&#x161;
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;ĂŽÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x2014;à þÎÄ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x20AC;ĤÄ&#x153;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà Expontential Function
I: 3 :
Exponential Growth
I 3 )
Exponential Decay
I 3 4j P
z6 b - I Ç˝5 z& 5(Ĺ&#x201A;-) = (5)- b .b d g Ä? / gb (Br Č&#x2C6;ÇĆ˝Ć&#x2014; Ć&#x201E;Ĺ?Ę&#x2014;ĆŻĹ? 印SCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G ĂĄdGĂłâ&#x2C6;?d â&#x2030;&#x2C6;fĂ&#x2030;ÂŤĂ&#x2018;dG Ď&#x20AC;ÂŤĂŁÂŞĂ dG
Ă´Ĺ&#x192;Ä&#x160;Ä&#x2C6;øÄ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà þĂĹ?Ä&#x2030;Ĺ&#x2014;Ă
â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x201E;â&#x20AC;Ź
: )" :L3 _ : d : ( 3> O( &
Ć&#x160;lz b .b lf d^ wk'kf lf 4" š .& r d_: wV h61 [Ĺ&#x201A; ĹŽĹ&#x201A;- ] Ç˝ 5 hz[ j O 6Ä? 1 5 Ĺ&#x20AC; ( Ĺ ) = (5)1 ĹŽ 5Ĺ = (5)ÄžÄ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďť&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x2020; اďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ﺪعﺲâ&#x20AC;Ź w6 1.b d?Wb
â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďşźďş&#x17D;ŘŻŘą اďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďť&#x152;ďť ďť˘â&#x20AC;Ź zbr.b _ ;b - Ĺ&#x2026;Ĺ&#x201E;œœ> wb Ĺ&#x2026;Šœœ> w61.gb _b ( j2 jÄ&#x2013; ) fscOgcb
5 Ĺ&#x20AC;
5
Graphical Representation of the Exponential Function
0 +8 "+8
Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; 0_or ( Ĺ ) = (5)- ĹŽ 5Ĺ = (5)-
I s : 35 4 0 ¨
印SCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G ĂĄdGĂłdG
Exponential Function
Ć&#x160; b .b i V Ĺ&#x20AC; ! š "sf zĂ&#x160; [z[& -š .N Ci ^ /
" e'& n <+ : $H H 0 D '(& = 5 9b $H d 2 (+% m!
â&#x2C6;&#x2019; #WB^ÂĽ _ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 7 !+ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; :^ 7ÂĽ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ÂŽ LÂĽ ~&+
5Ä&#x201D; so (5) d[ 7gb 2zS gb is_zV Ć&#x160; z6Ä&#x201D; b .b f Â&#x2DC; d f .& sb tr 7yÄ? "sf w[z[& -.N spV 5 6Ä&#x201D; f
I: 35 :
â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x2014;ďť&#x152;ďť ďť˘â&#x20AC;Ź
" e'& n <+ : +"RX $H 0 D '(& d= 5 9b H
*6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x152;ďş&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź w b z6Ä&#x201D; b .b r y2 #b b .b lz Y2Wb ` Ä&#x2018;Gb (Br Â&#x2DC; 5Ä&#x201D; f 5 6Ä&#x201D; so (5) d[ 7gb 2zS gb pzV is_y b .b r Ĺ 5 = (5)- zOz 2 b b .b d f w[z[& -.N spV Ć&#x2039; 0_or Ĺ&#x201A;5 = (5)- z zO_ b
Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ďøá ÄąĹ&#x17D;Ä&#x201C;
- y4b r z_k b . sWb d f [zZ- 7& cG 1sf lN k z& wV df O j f 2z ^ š O;gb 10cb X?kb 2gN 2 Vr k _b DO wV yÄ&#x2018;+b 2 _ r zj _7b 0o wV pbr k j Us6 w b z6Ä&#x201D; b .b espWf cG 1sfÄ&#x201D; m0o `c r ĹŽ o2zRr Ć&#x2039; p> s* DO A2Ojr 51.b ÂżCG Ă&#x;Mâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;
IJĹ&#x201C;Ä&#x17D;ďá
2-2
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x2021;ÎßĿà óÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
Ă&#x2030;ÂĄJĂ&#x2030;â&#x2030;¤ÂŤĂ&#x2018;ÂŁJh 印SBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G ĂĄdGĂłdG
Ĺ&#x201A;
Ĺ
Ĺ&#x20AC;
Ĺ&#x2021;
Ĺ&#x192;
Ĺ
Ĺ&#x20AC;
Ĺ&#x20AC; Ĺ&#x2021;
Ĺ&#x20AC; Ĺ&#x192;
Ĺ&#x20AC; Ĺ
Ĺ&#x20AC; Ĺ
Ĺ&#x20AC; Ĺ&#x192;
Ĺ&#x20AC; Ĺ&#x2021;
Ĺ&#x20AC;
Ĺ
Ĺ&#x192;
Ĺ&#x2021;
Â
â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2019;
Äż
Ĺ&#x20AC;-
Ĺ -
Ĺ&#x201A;-
Ă&#x153;
Ă&#x153; Ă&#x2DC;
Ă&#x153; Ă&#x161;
z6Ä&#x201D; b .cb z Ä&#x2019; = s+b ! k 6 l_gy h62b lf (Ĺ&#x20AC; < C) iÄ&#x201D; pb #f wcN .y 4 f 5Ĺ = (5)- Ć&#x160;- b .b Â&#x161; (Ĺ&#x20AC; >C >Äż) iÄ&#x201D; pb #f wcN ?Z k f 5( Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ ) = (5)1 Ć&#x160; 1 b .b +I so lz b .b lf d^ t.f Â&#x203A; b .b wk'kf 1s> so 5Ĺ = (5)- Ć&#x160;- b .b wk'kf Â&#x153; Ć&#x2039; - ?b 1s'f wV 5 _OjÄ? 5( Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ ) = (5)1 Ć&#x160;1 zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
â&#x2C6;&#x201A;JĂ&#x2030;eĆ&#x2019;â&#x2C6;?Še â&#x2030;&#x2C6;dEG â&#x2C6;&#x17E;°VCG
C = $H =&(L 6 &7 I < C =b
FRL"L growth function L 3 RM' 1 " T<I P =? <( + u' DT da 7R RG"& $H =&(L I ~ < C < =b C= FRL"L decay \6 q' "'b DT RM' 1 " T<I d )C& / @A7 "&5
62
Â&#x20AC;[g.
Ć&#x2039; 1s?b wcN -r.'b 2z ^ a r.b gcO i \ 6 % pb #f i z& K5 KC Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; + Ĺ 5 Ĺ C + 5 Ĺ&#x20AC; C + ÄżC = (5) 2z ^ a r.b DO b wj z b dz g b gcO r I d [gb pb #fr Ć&#x2039; z zO_ b b .b r zOz 2 b b .b r zG+b b .b d f -r.'b z6Ä&#x201D; b .b wg7 .y." b - 51. Us6 51.b 0o wVr dz g b 51. 6 g^ 5Ä&#x201D; so (5) d[ 7gb 2zS gb is_y pzVr Ć&#x2039; z6Ä&#x201D; b .cb wj z b 952f &6/k
â&#x20AC;ŤŘĽďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعسâ&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x160; wpW: 2z O .k wV
:o }gR 5Ç&#x203A; 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z
Ć&#x2039;Ĺ&#x20AC;! š "sf zš [z[& -.N is_y C i V z6Ä&#x201D; b .b Xy2O 7&
I: 35 : Â&#x2020; Y h+ § l&+8%
5(Ĺ&#x201A;-)
= (5)- Ć&#x160; i V `b0b E2;b 0p {WyÄ? (Ĺ&#x201A;-) Ć&#x160; i V `b0b Ć&#x2039; z6 b - 8zb lz UÄ&#x2018; *Ä? r q ; b t.f wcN (Ĺ&#x20AC;) a f aÄ&#x2018;* lf .^
I: 35 : " L B^ 3&% I4j P : B 8(0 C° : : 35 : B 8( l&+%
5 Ĺ&#x20AC;
u2 #b a r.cb b Gb 6 1- aÄ&#x2018;* lf ( Ĺ ) ĹŽ 5Ĺ Ć&#x160; lz b .b Ć&#x2039; [ 7b .&sb wV
37
exČ&#x161; Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČ&#x17E; b
I: 35 : § : _ # - LM Š Â&#x20AC;: : 16[k 3 4j P â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 3 ) â&#x2C6;&#x2019; : 3 :
Ă&#x2030;ÂĄÂŤâ&#x2C6;?Y äĂ&#x2030;â&#x2030;¤ÂŤĂ&#x2018;ÂŁJh äĂ&#x2030;ÂŞĂ jQĂ&#x2030;ZĆ&#x2019;â&#x2C6;?dGh ¢Ú°SCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x2021;ÎßĿà óÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;Ŀà Â&#x203A; Â&#x203A;
Ă&#x2030;ÂĄJĂ&#x2030;â&#x2030;¤ÂŤĂ&#x2018;ÂŁJh 印SBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G ĂĄdGĂłdG
: Â&#x20AC;:Č&#x161; f 2f }gR _Â&#x20AC; K 2q }Z
ÄžÄ&#x201E;á Ĺ&#x2026;ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄ&#x192;
Ć&#x160; z Ä&#x2019; hzo Wgb ` Ä&#x2018;F Pf <Z j Â&#x2DC;
Âť Âť ĹŽ 5Ĺ&#x201A; = (5)Ĺ - ĹŽ5Ĺ = (5)Ĺ&#x20AC;- a r.b lf d½Ă&#x2030; ^ wk'kf .& r d_: wV h61 [Ĺ ĹŽ Ĺ -]Ç˝ 5 hz[ j O 6Ä? 1 5 Ĺ&#x192; = (5) Ĺ&#x201A;â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x201E;â&#x20AC;Ź 5
Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;
= (5-)- * (5)- â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x;â&#x20AC;Ź
Ć&#x160; w y f dg^ V Ĺ&#x201A; = (5)- j ^ / 2 5 Ĺ&#x201A; * Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; = (Ĺ + 5) - â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; = (Ĺ )- â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź ÄžÄ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
5
5
Ĺ&#x201A; * Ĺ&#x2C6; = Ĺ Ĺ&#x201A;* Ĺ&#x201A; =
Ĺ +5
Ĺ&#x201A; = (Ĺ + 5)- â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź
Ĺ&#x2C6; = Ĺ Ĺ&#x201A; = (Ĺ )- â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź 5 5- 5 52W> Ĺ&#x20AC;= Ĺ&#x201A;= Ĺ&#x201A; = Ĺ&#x201A; * Ĺ&#x201A; = (5 -)- * (5)- â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x;â&#x20AC;Ź :印SCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G ĂĄdGĂłdG â&#x2030;&#x2C6;â&#x2C6;?Y äĂ&#x2030;â&#x2030;¤ÂŤĂ&#x2018;ÂŁJ
â&#x2030;&#x2C6;°SCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G Ć&#x2019;ÂŞĂŚdG :â&#x20AC;&#x2122;k hCG
Exponential Growth
zkf3 2 V wV 1 ys f 7k C zg_b w6Ä&#x201D; sgkb dz g b i(1 + Ĺ&#x20AC; ) C= (i)- z& - b .b e .+ 6 l_gy Ć&#x160;( ZÄ&#x2018;Ob m0o ! k 6 wV `gcOf <Z j) Ć&#x2039; i o-.N yr 7 f Ä˝Ç&#x2022;Ć&#x201E;ǨǤÄ? ŧĹ&#x203A;Ć&#x201E;ǤÄ?
lf i -.Ob ( ys f 7j) 1 ^2f tsk6 ( 1 wGO w b ]sk b .& wV 2g 7f C Tc f cg" Âś" 7& .kN Ć&#x160; ZÄ&#x2018;Ob wGO Tc gb cg" i V 2 V 5 wb tsk7b . Ob hz7[ 2 W sk7b 5i ( 1 + Ĺ&#x20AC;) C = Âś" 5
.O Tc gb cg" ."r ĹŽĹŤĹ&#x2021; o1.Z ½ š ^2f š ysk6 . V wGO½ w b ]sk b .& wV qzk" Ĺ&#x201E;ĿĿĿ Tc f d"1 M-r 3 Ć&#x160; z Ä&#x2019; Ä? 'b lf d½Ă&#x2030; ^ wV e sN 2;N 1r2f Ć&#x2039;t2p: . Ob â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x;â&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x2039;tsk6 P 1 . Ob â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x2039;tsk6 . Ob â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź
Ć&#x2039;aÄ&#x2018;'gBÄ? df N - w6Ä&#x201D; aÄ&#x2018;'gBÄ? -sgkb df N - w6Ä&#x201D; sgkb a r-r w6Ä&#x201D; sgkb a r- dz g 1 pf hp 7^Ä&#x2013; ` Ä&#x2018;F Pf d> s Ć&#x2039; zš j z w6Ä&#x201D; aÄ&#x2018;'gBÄ? Ć&#x2039; Ä&#x2018;Gb wcN o.z^ l_gy w b b sG+b DO `zb r Ć&#x2039; b .b a #f -r.& wV (5) 2zS gcb hzZ A2Wj Â&#x2DC; 2J kgb (=) hzZ - #yÄ&#x2013; GOgb b- Ogb wV AsOj Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x2039; pzcN kc?& w b E [kb w .&Ä&#x2013; ts 7gb wcN -.'j Â&#x2DC; wk'kf wcN d?'kV E [kb `c b d? f H* dz>s es[j Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x2039; scGgb b .b
ÄžÄ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
: 2R ;k Â&#x20AC;lÂ&#x20AC;gS h :x
1 :2 7( ; ( ' h 5 i 5 + C = O! EB) l #'$ I
s b hzZ 1 z * b Gb es[y z& zcN W b Z G b Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x160;PZsgb j O 6Ä? `k_gy z6Ä&#x201D; b .b h61 h y h lfr
tsk6 . Ob â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź
Ĺ&#x20AC;= 5 `
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tsk6 P 1 . Ob â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź
qzk" Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x20AC;ÄżĹ&#x192;ĿŏŠ= Ĺ&#x192; * Ĺ&#x20AC;Äż( ĿŏĿĹ&#x2021;
Ĺ&#x192; + Ĺ&#x20AC;) Ĺ&#x201E;ĿĿĿ = Âś"
63
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wV qf .+ 6 [y2F %2: h z& 2 "sz#b $f j2 Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x160; PZsgb lf wj #gb qczg' l_gyr [ 6 5r1-
exČ&#x161; Çž 52f hC[f Ë? f Kf b
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Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ = 5 `
http:// www.geogebra.org/cms/en/download
t2p: . Ob â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x;â&#x20AC;Ź
zj z b 6 'b bÄ&#x2019; Â&#x2DC;
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.O Tc gb cg" ."r ĹŽĹŤĹ&#x201E; o1.Z ^2f ysk6 . V wGO w b ]sk b .& wV qzk" Ĺ&#x20AC;ĿĿĿ Tc f d"1 M-r 2 Ć&#x160; z Ä&#x2019; Ä? 'b lf d^ wV sk6 Ĺ&#x2021; 1r2f Ć&#x2039;t2p: . Ob â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x;â&#x20AC;Ź
Ć&#x2039;tsk6 X?j . Ob â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź
Ć&#x2039;tsk6 . Ob â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź
Exponential Decay
zj z b 6 'b bÄ&#x2019; e .+ 6Ä? %2: wb b H 2b wV ."sy Mhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=finlgwČ&#x152;otT
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w6Ä&#x201D; a C b dz g b 2W?b lf 2 ^ r .& sb lf dZ p6 6 { b r K(1 - Ĺ&#x20AC;) C = (K)- Ć&#x160; - b .b e .+ 6 l_gy Âť Âť Ć&#x2039;K o-.N ĹŽ yr 7 f zkf3 2 V wV 1 o1.Z ½ ys f 7k â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x201E;â&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x2039; ĹŤĹ&#x2C6; 7k yĂ&#x160; sk6 @Z k b wV ! jÄ&#x2013; 0o 0* r ĹŽh#^ Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x2021;Ĺ&#x201E;Äż so k7b wV o0b lf h#kgb ! j w?Z Tc / 4 Ć&#x2039; k6 i .O h#kgb 0o lf o0b ! j d g z6 b - ^ â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x2039; sk6 Ĺ&#x2021; 1r2f .O h#kgb ! j h#^ 2ZÄ&#x201D; 1.Z â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf Ë&#x2013; : 6l ;lf mÂ&#x20AC;Â&#x20AC;_ f
(Ĺ&#x2026;Ĺ&#x192;) = ĹŽd' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` Ä&#x2018;F Pf <Z j Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x160; 'z'?b "Ä&#x2013; wb hpOf d>s r : &
ÄžÄ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
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(Ĺ&#x2026;Ĺ&#x192;) = 2
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(Ĺ&#x2021; = K lN DysO b ) sk6 Ĺ&#x2021; 1r2f .O â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź h#^ Ĺ&#x2021;Ĺ&#x2020;Äż - Ĺ&#x2021;(ĿŏĿĹ&#x2C6; -Ĺ&#x20AC; ) Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x2021;Ĺ&#x201E;Äż = (Ĺ&#x2021;)- `
Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ&#x2C6;ĿŏĹ&#x2026; â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x;â&#x20AC;Ź
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Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ&#x2020;Ĺ&#x2020;ĹŹĹ&#x201E; â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź
ÄžÄ&#x201E;á Ĺ&#x2026;ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄ&#x192;
i qzk#b 1 z7b 2O6 5 z& i (ĿŏĹ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x192;) Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x201E;ĿĿĿĿ = 5 ZÄ&#x2018;Ocb š[ F @Z k y 1 z7b wZs7b 2O7b i ^ / 3 Ć&#x160; ."r Ć&#x2039; p 2: K'b lf sk7b lf4b Ć&#x2039; p 2: lf sk6 Ĺ&#x201A; 1r2f .O 1 z7b 2O6 â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x2039; .y." p 2: .kN 1 z7b 2O6 â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
Ć&#x2026;Ć&#x2026;Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x2021;Ĺ&#x2020;ĹŹĹ&#x2026; â&#x20AC;Ť بâ&#x20AC;ŹĆ&#x2026;Ć&#x2026;Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x201E;ĿĿĿĿ â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź
3
64
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38
-
á«°SC’G ádGódG
ŀ+ 5- Ł = (5)-
z& - b .b i b Gb 7'y i : K/f 2 Ƌ pb #f wcN y.y 4
É¡JÉ≤«Ñ£Jh á«°SB’G ádGódG
٢ - ٢ ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳـــﻦ .y 4 f is_ pkf t Ɗlz r pkf d_b t.gb r a #gb ."r h Ů z Ē a r.b lf d_b wj z b d_;b h61 1 ? ?Z k f pkf t r ŀ+5 - Ł = (5)- د 5 ( ŀ ) = (5)- ﺟ 5ł = (5)- ب 5Ł = (5)- أ
: yCf
Ł
:=L + D&G 2
Ɗ w Ē ^ 1s> H7 wV b .b m0o PBr đGb Pf P
G[kb wV - ?b 1s'f PG[ 5 Ł = (5)- Ɗ - b .b أ 5 -ŀ Ł=(5)- Ɗ - b .b ب ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ G[kb wV - ?b 1s'f PG[ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
5 ( ŀ ) Ł = 5-Ł * Ł = ŀ+5- Ł = (5)-
Ł
]ŀ ŮĿ[ǽ C o z ŀ > ŀŁ > Ŀ Ɗi
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
z&r
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ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
a.Of i ^r Ů g7j ŃłŁŅńłŃŀ so ŁĿĿĿ e N y pj wV ar.b t.& i _6 -.N i ^ / ŘģǔƑǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 3 Ɗ ūŀŬń tr 7y½ k7b wV zj _7b - y4b
:(ɹ-ɹ˖ r 5 l &
ƋŁĿĿĿ e N lf k6 i 1r2f .O br.b m0pb i _7b -.N d g ¹ Sz> ."r أ ¾ - #yĖ Sz?b m0o e.+ 6 ب 8Wk - y4b 2g 6 / `b/r ŮŁĿŁĿ e N br.b m0pb PZs gb i _7b -.N Ƌa.Ogb
Ƌ% so pb #f a #gb -.'f 2zR z6Ĕ a r.b Pzg" 1 ] 'ŮĿ[ so a 7b -.'gb a r.b t.f
» z6 b .b O¹ Tc gb 0o sgky
.y 4 f ( ) Ů (C) Ɗ a r.b
Ƌ sk6 ņ .gb ūń o1.Z ½ ^2f ¹ ysk6 . V wGOy½ `k wV MsBsf qzk" ŇĿĿĿ Tc f cg" ."r 5 w6Ĕ sgkb b .b O¹ .y 4 y 2z' b t.& wV isgc7b ] g6 -.N i ^ / ǶŐǔǨƑǤĝ ǵnjʽŊǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 6 Ň 1r2f .O 2z' b m0o wV isgc7b ] g6 -.N ."r Pz 6Ĕ -.N i z& K(ŀŬĿł) ŁĿĿ = (K)- Ɗ ƋPz 6
2
ŀ < C وƅƅƅ]ŀ ŮĿ[ ﻫƄ - ?b 1s'f د
أ ب g7j ńŇŁņŁŀŃŀ = ¶"
أ ŀĿ(ĿŬĿŅ + ŀ) ŅŀĿ = ¶" ب i(ĿŬĿŅ + ŀ) ŅŀĿ = ¶"
ŀ=
4
Łńł - Ň(ŀŬĿł)ŁĿĿ = (i)- 6
ŀ - 5 ń = ŀ+ Ł- 5 ń = (Ł - 5)-
39
ŀ +5 Ł ń
ŀ+ 5Ł ń
=
5 ń * ŀ +5 ń
Ł+ 5 ń * ŀ- 5 ń
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
7
( ) Tc gb cg" 7& wV đGb DO G+y : K/f 1 Ƌ (5) -.'f zkf3 2 V .O / Tc gb cg" 7'b i đGb wcN .^ : yCf Ɗwb b ^ -.'f zkf4b 2 Wb j ^ ŀ= 5 PB Ɗtsk7b . Ob Ņ = 5 PB Ɗ tsk6 X?j . Ob Ń = 5 PB Ɗ tsk6 P 1 . Ob ŀŁ = 5 PB Ɗ t2p: . Ob ƋƋ 0_or
Ł + 5 ń = ŀ+ ŀ+ 5 ń = (ŀ + 5)-
ŀ=
(ŀ - 5)- * (5)i ŀ+5ń =(5)- j ^ / 7 (ŀ+5)- * (Ł-5)-
: S ?f K.Ț
p¹ zk" ŀŀŁńņ - ņ(ĿŬĿń + ŀ ) ŇĿĿĿ = ¶" 5
5ń = ŀ+ ŀ- 5ń = (ŀ- 5)- `
65
3
p¹ zk" ŀņňĿŇŃŇ - ¶"
ŀ+ 5 ń = (5)- Ö
z' Ů »Mr2;f {V qzk" iszcf Tc f d"1 2g 6 / ƃģǨŊʛƒĪģś ƤśƄǤĝ 4 Ɗ ."r ŮūŅ o1.Z ½ ysk6 - y4 Ƌ k6 i .O Tc gb 0o gj (Bs ¹ Sz> أ ½ Ƌ sk6 ŀĿ 1r2f .O Tc gb 0o 1.Z ب
?Z k f (-) Ů(¶") Ɗ a r.b
i (ĿŬĿŀń+ŀ ) ŃłŁŅńłŃŀ = ¶"
ǽ C i ^ / z?Z k is_ 5C = (5)- z& - b .b ﻫ 5 ǽ C f.kN .y 4 f is_ (CŁ) = (5)- z& - b .b و
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
Ƌ z?Z k b .b o z
ł = C ﺟƅƅƅ(Ł ŮĿ) بƅƅƅ(ŀ ŮĿ) أ
5 = C i V (ł Ůŀ) G[kb C = (5)- Ɗ - b .b wk'kf 2f / ﺟ
wV 5 _OjĐ 5 ( ŀł ) = (5)1 Ɗ 1 b .b wk'kf 1s> so 5ł = (5)- Ɗ - b .b wk'kf د
= lgyĔ
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
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ôŔŇîüĿí
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3-2
Solving Power Equations
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ō ﻓﻜﺮ
łŀĬø÷ ıŎē I: 35 :
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Solving power equations and their application
I: 35 : Y
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Graphical Solution
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Power Equation
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^ ƋK = eƄƄn bƄƄ{ŀ- Ůŀ ŮĿ} Ǿ C z& C = CƄƄn G UQ :% e
[g.
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ﻣﺜﺎل Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f I {V ."r 1 5 ŀ ( ) = Ł-5ł ب Ň = ł+5Ł أ Łņ
ľĄĿí
Ň = ł+5Ł a أ ł=ł+5 ` {2W>} = d'b Nsg#f `
ł Ł = ł+ 5 Ł
`
5ł-ł= Ł-5ł
`
2W> = 5 pkfr
Ł = 5ł + 5 ` ŀ = 5 pkfr Ł
5(
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ŀ Ł-5 ب Łņ ) = ł a
5ł- = Ł - 5 ` Ł = 5Ń ` ŀ { Ł } = d'b Nsg#f `
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
3-2
I s : 35 4 0 ¨
Power Equation
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
ä’OÉ©ªdG πM É¡JÉ≤«Ñ£Jh á«°SC’G
: : : 16[k }p h* - : f1 Sk
66
:اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ :mgS 2q }Z 6 & - zgcN 6 & b - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ɗ w Ē wcN .^ r hcO .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌwj z h61 Y1r - wb إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺪرس
5Ĕ {V (asp#gb ) 2zS gb i ^ / z6 b- Ogb wg7 K
e
ǽ C i E2; K = J dO# C = C i ` đF wb (Br e K J i wb 1r2Cb x- y Đ Ƌ = Ƌ z& {ŀ- Ů ŀ Ů Ŀ} - I e e K K Ƌ (ŀ-) = (ŀ-) Ů ŀ = ŀ { b & {V `b0^r K = e
: *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J − #WB^¥ _ − 7 !+ − :^ 7¥ − ® L¥ ~&+ 0 +8 "+8
:ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ w6 1.b d?Wb
e
t = C Ɗ i ^ / sor (Ņņ) = z¹ j .k b wV ` đF <Z j wcN .z^ b #y kor 6 6Ė Xc + r 5Ĕ tr 7 y (w"r3 -.N r t-2V-.N r 2W>) e hzZ zb g & Gz7 y-.N c f ađ* lf hzo Wgb m0o wcN .^ Ɗwor _b -s"sgb zj b .N [b wV ` đF <Z j h e e = C r 2W> = e i V {ŀ- Ů ŀ Ů Ŀ} Ǿ Ů C z& = C Ƌw"r3 -.N e f.kN | | = C r t-2V -.N e f.kN
ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ņĿ¶¶> wb ŅŅ¶¶> _b اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ? zfĔ 2 _ Xz^ Ů{b b a 7b ` đF wcN %2F 2_V .k {V zfĔ 2 _ b (Bsgb h62b ` đF Pf df Ƌ<Z jr
pkf Y2G r jr.gb c 6Ĕ wcN "Ė {V ` đF .N 6 d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ;Z kf ` đF wb cF dzb- lf (ŃŇ) = "Ė r Ů z6Ē b- Ogb espWf wb ƋhcOgb Ɗ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d>s r (ŅŇ) = Ů (Ņņ)= (5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
40
-
É¡JÉ≤«Ñ£Jh á«°SC’G ä’OÉ©ŸG πM : &Ȝ
ŀ= 5 pkfr Łń = ŀ+ 5ń أ Ł != 5 t Ń = Ł5 pkfr ł- Ł = Ł5 - ŀ Ł
á«°SC’G ä’OÉ©ŸG πM ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
¾ ¾ Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f % {V ."r 1
1
ŀ = Ł5 -ŀ Ł ب Ň
ب
ŀ = 5 t Ŀ = ŀ- 5 أ ł- 5 ņ = ł-5 Ńƅt ƅł- 5 ņ = (ł- 5)Ł Ł
Łń = ŀ+5ń أ e
2
ﻣﺜﺎل
ب
¾ ¾ Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f I {V ."r 2 Ń-5Łł = Ł-5Ń
ب
Ł+5ņ = Ł+5ł
ŀ+5
Ł = (5)ŀ-
Ł- = 5 pkfr
(Ł-5)Łł = Ł-5Ń
4
Ł-5ň = Ł-5Ń
a ب `
2W> = Ł - 5 ` {Ł} = d'b Nsg#f ` ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ b- Ogb d& Nsg#f I {V ."r 2
−
Ń-5Łł = Ł-5Ń
`
ł = (5)Ł-
− − −
Ł+5ņ = Ł+5ł a أ 2W> = Ł + 5 ` {Ł-} = d'b Nsg#f `
Ł = 5 pkfr
أ ľĄĿí
ł = 5 pkfr ŀ= 5 pkfr Łņ = ŀ+ 5 ņ 3
e
Ƅ ,{ŀ- Ůŀ ŮĿ} Ǿ ŮCƄ z&Ƅ = CƄn G UQƄ : ^ ? 8 2W> = e Ƅƅ: Q Ƌx-2V -.N l f.kN = CƄƅ: Ƅ Ƌ{"r3 -.N l f.kN ! = CƄi
ł-5ņ = Ņ-5ŁŁ
ب
ŀ-5Ń = ŀ-5ń
أ
ﻣﺜﺎل
łŁ = (5)- \[' { b 5 gzZ ."r ŀ+5Ł = (5)- j ^ / 3 ľĄĿí
łŁ = ŀ+5Ł ` ń=ŀ+5 ` {Ń} = d'b Nsg#f `
Ƌ ¹ y2[ ĿŬŅ so PF [ b G[kb wkz7b w .&Ė h62b lf (ŅŅ) = <Z jr 2_V .k wV 5 Er2: ' r z¹ k h7[k y2 _ b i wGOgb z& 5Ł = (5)- Ɗ is_ kzOf ň zc* ńŀŁ = Ł = zkf3 2 V ň .O yđ+b -.N :Ǜ Ȗx Ɗ(i) zkf4b 2 Wb -.N : Ǜ p " ŀłŁ = iŁƅi t ƅiŁ = ŇŀňŁ 2 V ŀł = i pkfr
łŁ = (5)- a ńŁ = ŀ+5Ł ` Ń=5 ` ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ńň = (ŀ+5)- \[' { b 5 gzZ ."r Ů5ņ = (5)- j ^ / 3 exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
67
äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
:Év«fÉ«H á«°SC’G ä’OÉ©ªdG πM
Solving the Exponential Equations Grophically
ﻣﺜﺎل lfr 5 - Ņ = (5)Ł- z& Ł- , 5Ł = (5)ŀ- z& ŀ- lz b .b lf d_b {j z b wk'kgb .& r d_: {V h61 4 5-Ņ = 5Ł b- Ogb d& Nsg#f ."r h62b {
ł
− − −
Ł
ŀ
Ŀ
ŀ
Ł
ł
ŀ Ń
ŀ Ň
Ň
ň
Ň
Ń
Ł
ŀ
ŀ Ł
ł
Ń
ń
Ņ
ņ
ľĄĿí Ü
ܽ
Ü-Á
Ł xr 7y PF [ b G[kb {kz7b { .&Ė Ɗh62b lf {Ł} = b- Ogb d& Nsg#f ` ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
» » Ů ŀ+5Ł = (5)ŀ- lz b .b lf đ½Ê ^ .& r d_: {V h61 (geogebra) zfs62b $f 2 b .& e .+ 6 4 Ƌł = ŀ+5Ł b- Ogb d& Nsg#f ."r h62b lfr ł = (5)Łﻣﺜﺎل k _b m0o -.N XN C z' { k b e 7[jĐ [y2G [zZ.b k _b .& 2 _ y ĖģŐũĭģś ƤśƄǤĝ 5 Ɗ."r zc* Xb ŁĿ 5 z[b y . .kN yđ+b -.N i ^ / V Ůlz zc* wb zc* d^ e 7[j #z j N 6 d^ Ƌ N 6 ń 1r2f .O yđ+b -.N أ Ƌ zc* Xb ńŅĿ r iszcf Ł yđ+b -.N ( ?y N 6 h^ .O ب ľĄĿí
» 1s> wcN yđ+b -.N ^ l_gy Ƌ z6 b K( C ) = (K)K(Ł) ŁĿĿĿĿ = N 7b -.N K z& (ń = K PBs ) N 6 ń 1r2f .O yđ+b -.N أ zc* ŅŃĿĿĿĿ = ńŁ * ŁĿĿĿĿ = ŁńŅĿĿĿĿ = (5)- PCj zc* Xb ńŅĿ r iszcf Ł yđ+b -.N o.O is_y { b N 7b -.N - #yĖ ب ~~~~ = 5 &( I ŁńŅĿĿĿĿ = K(Ł) ŁĿĿĿĿ ` ŀŁŇ = KŁ ` ņŁ = KŁ Ƌ N 6 ņ = K pkfr ` ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
(ŅŅ) = <Z jr 2_V .k c 6 lN " 5 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
41
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
68
É¡«∏Y äÉ≤«Ñ£Jh äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
á«°SC’G ä’OÉ©ŸG πM
: S ?f K.Ț
٣ - ٢ ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳـــﻦ
:(ɸɺ˖ m^5 f ;k }Z
:=L + D&G 1
(ł Ů ]) G[j {V 5-Ń = (5)Ł-
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
=
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
=
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
=
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
=
ŀ = Ł-5ń i ^ / أ
5 i V
łŁ = |5|Ł i ^ / د
b .b espWgb ` đF l_g t.f (Bs b b 7gb m0o OBr Ƌ pzcN Đ- Ogb d&r z6Ĕ
= (5)ŀ- z& ŀ- b .b wk'kf PGZ / ﻫ xr 7 5-Ń = 5ł b- Ogb d& Nsg#f i V
? / gb đGcb (Bsy i #yr G* .g'f q e Z x0b d'b V
Ł-5ņ
= Ł-5ł i ^ / ب
ŀ+5ł i V ŀ+5ń
= ŀ+5Ł i ^ / ﺟ
5 i V
5 i V
5ł
z& Ł- b .b wk'kf ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
EH 1 I 1 3 3A I !s "' ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ņ- د
ł- ﺟ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
Ł=5 `
= 5 i V ň = ń-5ł i ^ / 2
ņ ب
Ł أ
ł=5 `
= K i V (z'> -.N K Ů ŀ + K > 5 > K z& ŁĿ = 5Ł i ^ / 3
Ń د
ł ﺟ
Ł ب ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
Ńń د
Łņ ﺟ
ń د
Ń ﺟ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
Ł د
ŀ ﻫƄń! دƄŀ ﺟƄŁ بƄł أ
ņ أ
Ň = Ł-5( Ł ) i ^ / 6 = 5 i V ŁŇ ł
ł ب
Ŀ ب
ŀ! د
ŀ- أ
: L[ % )& 1 DG D 5 &X I =b ! 8 ŀ ń-5 ب łŁ = Ł
69
Ł- ﺟƅ2W> بƅŁ- أ
ŀ = Ł+ 5 ń ﺟ
ł لƄƄŁ كƄƄƄƄł يƅŁ ط
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
ŀŬł بƅƅŀ أ
9
Ņ- بƅƅł أ
10
Ł- بƅƅŁ أ
11
2W> بƅ ŀ- أ
12
ŀ ( Ł ) ŇŀňŁ = = أ
14
äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ń-5ł = ń-5ņ
و
ńŃ = Ł-5ł * Ł ﻫ
Ň Ł-5 ł ح Łņ = ( Ł )
Ł-5ń = Ņ-5łŁ
ŅŃ = 5Ń ى
ز
Ń 5- 5 ط Łń = ń * Ł ŀ = 5-ŀŃ ك Ń
ŀ = ń-5(ł) ل ň
ŀ- Ń
: % )& 1 DG D 5 &X y ? I ! 9 » ł = 5ł أ .& r x2;N h» Z2b $ kb ¹ 2[fƅƅń = ŀ+5Ł ب 5- = ŀ+5ł ﺟ
ŀ + 5 ŀŁ = 5Ł د
Ɗ Đ- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f ."r 5Ł = (5)- j ^ / ŀ ب łŁ = (ŀ+5)-
10
ł ŀ
ŀĿŁŃ = ( Ł ) ŇŀňŁ = ƅ
Ň = (5)- أ
ŀ-i ( ŀ ) ŇŀňŁ = ŁńŅ
¾ Ɗ Đ- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f ."r ŀ+5ł = (5)- j ^ / 11 ŀ = (ŀ-5)- ب Łņ = (5)- أ
Ł
ň
ŀ
¾ Ɗ Đ- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f ."r Ł-5ņ = (5)- j ^ / 12 ŀ = (5Ł)- ب łŃł = (5)- أ
ń ŀ
ŀŅ = 5Ł * Ł b- Ogb d' Í hy2^r .g'f lf d^ e Z ĦƥŲǤĝ ƼƖņǕĝ 13 zd X @ ŀŅ = 5Ł * Ł
ŀŅ =Ɔ 5Ł * Ł
5 Ň = ŀŅ Ł = Ł`
ŀŅ =Ƅ5Ń `
ł Ł = 5Ł `
ŁŃ =Ƅ5Ń `
ł= 5`
ب
ŁńŅ
ŀ- i ( Ł ) = ŇŀňŁ
Ńň
w|S @
8
ŀ- حƅŁ زƅƅń وƄƄń ﻫ
ň = Ń+5 ł أ
ł = |5|ł د
1
7 ƅ- 6 ƅ 5 ƅ¶" 4 ƅ- 3 ƅ 2
Ł أ
= 5 .kN i OF [ y 5ł = (5)1 Ů 5Ł = (5)- i b .b zk'kf 7 ŀ ﺟ
ŀŅ = 5Ł * Ł Ɗ s?b r : (ɺ-ɹ˖ r 5 l &
ń أ
Ņ ب ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ŀŅ = 5Ł * Ł iĔ
ŀ أ
ŀń ب
ŀł ﺟ
ł Ł = 5 Ł x
= ŀ + 5 ł i V ň = 5ł i ^ / 4
Ƌ zOz Gb 5 hzZ Pzg#b ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ wcN g7[b d [y 5ń + ŀ + 5 ń -.Ob 5 ŀņ د
Ł Ń = 5Ń x
( Ł )=
Pz 6 Ņ = i `
ŀ-i ŀ
(Ł) ` ń = ŀ- i
Ł=5`
? U & ? A 0 1 3 ŀ-K ŀ . ¹ Pz 6Đ -.N K z& ( Ł ) ŇŀňŁ = = w6Ĕ a C b b .b O¹ y2' b k _b - .N @Z k 14 Ɗ."r ƋiĒ lf
ƋiĒ lf Pz 6 Ń 1r2f .O k _b m0o -.N أ ƋŁńŅ k _b m0o -.N ( ?y iĒ lf Ms 6 h^ .O ب zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
70
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
42
óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ôŔŇîüĿí
ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
᫪àjQÉZƒ∏dG ádGódG ≈fÉ«ÑdG É¡∏«ãªJh
4-2
4-2
≈fÉ«ÑdG É¡∏«ãªJh ᫪àjQÉZƒ∏dG ádGódG Logarithmic Function and its Graphical Representation
łŀĬø÷ ıŎē
Logorithmic function and its graph
ﻧﺎﻗﺶ
I: )8%> z " : %&+ : " ¢ L )8 I: )8%> z " ª : 35 '> ! .( % /8 I2B+ 0 : )8%> z " '> !
اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ - zgcN 6 & b - 5 1 YsV A2N 3 p" - zgzcO b 1s 7b zfs61 $f 2 - wb 6 &
#] +¥ h+ _ I:M 1L : )8%> z "
ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí
4
Domain
8+¥ 8%> z " Common Logarithm
− #WB^¥ _ − 7 !+ − :^ 7¥ − ® L¥ ~&+
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
: 1B :
Inverse Function
*6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
¼ M Ů 5 d f 2: f p 7& l_gy Đ = gzZ n % b - espWf wb ! 'j `b0b Ƌ= gzZ 7'b .y."
8%> z
Logarithm
᫪àjQÉZƒ∏dG ádGódG {o 5 sb = = zg y1 Rscb b .b Ëi V ŀ ! C z& lz "sf ly-.N C Ů5 i ^ / C 5 C = = z6Ĕ b .cb z7_Ob b .b Ƌ(z'> 8_Ob rƄƄłŁ = ńŁƄƄn bƄƄń = łŁ sbƄƄn G UQ :\ T Logarithmic Function
Ł
ôŃĊĈøĔńĿí õíōĉŗí
0 +8 "+8
ȋǭƽƗ ƄŐʗƯŝ
5
Ɗi V C = = z6Ĕ b .cb ǽ (E ٶ") G[kb j ^ / Ƌ5 sb = = b .cb ǽ (ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ŮƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ) G[kb -
I:L3 _ : d I»d X3 _
C
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ w6 1.b d?Wb
ō ﻓﻜﺮ
Ɗ pzcN "Ė ar &r z Ē z6Ĕ Đ- Ogb df M = 5 Ɗi V Ń = ŁƅƅŮƄƅł = ŁƅƅŮƄƅŁ = Ł i ^ / ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = = Ů ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = 5 - ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ go lzzb f lz'z'> ly-.N lz 1s?'f M gzZ -
zg y1 Rscb 1s?b V _ {ŀ} - + I ǽ C z& E = C z6Ĕ 1s?b - ¶&
ﻣﺜﺎل
á°SGQó∏d äGOÉ°TQEG A I = sb =&(L C &'+ g
᫪àjQÉZƒ∏dG IQƒ°üdG ≈dEG πjƒëàdG 1 Ɗ zg y1 Rscb 1s?b wb { y gf đ^ Ê as& Í
A I = C =&(L d 9 Nb <& $H m! $ C n %
ĿŬĿŀ = Ł-ŀĿ ﺟ
ŀ = ŀŁ -Łń ب ń
Ł- = ĿŬĿŀ sb ﺟ
ŀ - = ŀ sb ب Ł ń Łń
Ňŀ = Ńł أ ľĄĿí
{ = − t? G U b
&'+ g f ! L % M? b d 9 Nb <
ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ
ŀĿ
Ń = Ňŀ sb أ ł
ƋK U "(b ? zg y1 Rscb 1s?b wb ŀŅ = Ń(Ł-) dys' l_gy do ȈǭƽƗ ƄŐʗƯŝ
· J ª J .( X M V 8
71
y « E # ( "+)" : 0 :BL^
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
[g.
اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ Ƌ<Z jr 2_V .k {V z6Ĕ Đ- Ogb ` đF Pf df Ƌ = Ů 5 lf d^ - #y đGb PzG 7y i z& M gzZ - #y wb d>s b wV b Gb .N 6 [zZ.b M gzZ - #yĖr Ł>M > ŀ Ɗi V wb b r Ń >ł > Ł Ƌ zg y1 Rscb b .b espWf wcN U2O j إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺪرس
0o wVr z6Ĕ b .b wcN U2O r 86Ĕ b Gb 51- i \ 6 h y1 Rsb U2Oyr Ů h y1 Rscb wcN b Gb U2O y Us6 51.b t0b r 5 6Ĕ wcN MsV2gb 5Ĕ qj f 5 6Ĕ 7kb f -.N ł ŀĿ = ŀĿĿĿ j ^ / đ gV -.Ob `b/ $ kz6 h Ů [ 7b zcgOcb z7_Ob 1s?b wor ł = ŀĿĿĿ sb i V ŀĿ ŀĿ 5 6ĕb 7kb - Ogb g y1 Rscb wcN `b/ .O U2O y U2O y h ł = ŀĿĿĿ sb 1s?b q ^ l_gy \ 7b a gb V Ƌ Wc +gb p [z G r g y1 Rscb lzj sZ wcN `b/ .O
:}v[> 6 S 2q }Z
¶" = - sb : Ǜ p " C
(¶" Ů -) :Ȗx 1
{ŀ} - Ŀ < Ů Ŀ < - Ɗ i K&đf Pf
952f &6/k :o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z
1s> wb ŀŅ = Ń(Ł-) 1s?b dys' l_gyĐ 2 ¹ "sf 'z'> -.N 8zb Ł- 5 6Ĕ iĔ zg y1 Rsb ¹ Ƌ(ŀ -.Ob k 6 ) :mgS 2q }Z
z7_Ob b .b {o zg y1 Rscb b .b i ` đF wcN .^ Ƌ(ņŀ) = a gb ađ* lf `b/r z6Ĕ b .cb
43
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
I2B+ 0 : )8%> z " '> ! ª : 35 '> ! .( 4 © I s : )8%> z " : )% I:M 1L : )8%> z " #] +¥ h+ © : : 16[k 8+( 8%> z − 4 − : 1B : − 8%> z
É¡«∏Y äÉ≤«Ñ£Jh äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
: &yfyqc f i 2/ :
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ zg y1 Rsb 1s? { y gf d^ É lN 2 Ë N¼ 1 {Ȉ}- +Iǽ z& = = 5 ﺟ
ŀ Ł = łŇ ب
ŀĿĿĿ = łŀĿ أ
Common Logarithm OÉ੪dG äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dG e .+ 6 l_gyr ŀŁņ sb = ŀŁņ sb Ů ņsb = ņ sb x Ů5 6Ĕ ^ ir. _yr ŀĿ q6 6 x0b h y1 Rscb so ŀĿ ŀĿ Ƌ-.N xĔ - Ogb h y1 Rscb - #yĖ 6 'b -s"sgb log % Wf
- #yĖ 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 l_gy qj đGb wb 2: Ɗ w y g^ 5 sb 1s?b wcN t0b h y1 Rscb C
Ɗ zb b sG+b P j đ f łŁ sb - #yĖ
ﻣﺜﺎل 2 Ɗ z6Ĕ 1s?b wb { y gf đ^ Ê as& Í ł = ŀĿĿĿsb ب ń = łŁ sb أ
2W> = ŀ sb ﺟ Ł
Ł
ŀ = 2W>Ł ﺟ
Ł
log
3
2
2
ľĄĿí
ŀĿĿĿ = łŀĿ ب
łŁ = ńŁ أ
Ɗw Ē P j ŀĿĿĿ sb - #yĖ f
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
2 Ɗ z6Ĕ 1s?b wb { y gf đ^ Ê as& Í
ŀ = ń sb ﺟ
Ł = ŀĿĿsb ب
ń
Ł = Łń sb أ ł ŀŁń
إﻳﺠﺎد ﻗﻴﻢ ﻋﺒﺎرات ﻟﻮﻏﺎرﻳﺘﻤﻴﺔ
log
ń
ľĄĿí
z6Ĕ 1s?b wb dys' b r 5 = ŀŁń sb A2Wj أ ń
łń = 5ń
ł = 5 pkfr
`
:ä’OÉ©ªdG πM óæH »a ` đF Oz 6 lf .^ (Ń) a f d& {V . b d Z Ƌ y2 #b 2y- [gb dzc' NsBsgb
ĿŬĿŀ = =ŀĿ
`
`
Ł- = = pkfƅ
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
b- Ogb Xy2O a #f ' zg y1 Rscb Đ- Ogb d& .kN asp#gcb [z['b hz[b V2Ogb `b/r d'b zcgN 2" d Z Đr Ƌ pWy2O a #f wV b- Ogb `c \['y t0b
ł = ŀŁń sb ` ń
Ł- = ĿŬĿŀsb `
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ :6l ;lf m _ f
72
(ņł)= Ů(ņŁ)= d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf P Ɗ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d> s r Ň = Ł sb ب
≈fÉ«ÑdG É¡∏«ã“h ᫪àjQÉZƒ∏dG ádGódG ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ňŀ sb أ
ŀ Ł
ł
ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت
ﻣﺜﺎل
Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ É d& Nsg#f I {V ."r 4 Ł = (Ņ+5) sb ﺟ 5
ŀ ł
Ɗlf d^ gzZ ."r 3
łŁ sb ب
ŀ - 5 = ŅŁń sb ب ń
ł = (ń+5) sb أ
ŀń = ń
Ƌ z6Ĕ 1s?b wb b- Ogb dys' r z[z['b 5 hzZ Pzg#b V2Of b- Ogb ب Ńń = ŀ-5ń `ƅƅƅƅƅƅƅƅŅŁń = ŀ-5ń ` ń = 5 pkfr ƅƅƅƅƅƅƅƅŃ = ŀ - 5 ` { } = d'b Nsg#f ` 2W> < Ņ + 5 Ê \Í['½ { b 5 hzZ Pzg#b V2Of b- Ogb ﺟ 2W> < 5 lf đ^ ŀ!5 {ŀ} - ] ' Ů 2W>[ so b- Ogb Xy2O a #f n Ɗ z6Ĕ 1s?b wb b- Ogb dys' r Ŀ = Ņ - 5 - Ł5ƅƅƅ Ņ + 5 = Ł5 Ŀ = (Ł + 5) (ł - 5) Ł- = 5 Ƅƅƅƅr Ƅƅƅƅł = 5 f b- Ogb Xy2O a #f Ǿ Ł- = 5 i z&r { } = d'b Nsg#f ` ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ É d& Nsg#f I {V ."r 4 sb ﺟ
(ŀ-5)
Ł + 5 = Łņ sb ب
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
ł
1
{ŀ} -+Iǽ z& 5 = = sb ﺟ
ﺟƅƅŁŀĿ = ŀĿĿ ب
ľĄĿí
2W> < ń + 5 hzZ d_b V2Of b- Ogb أ z6Ĕ 1s?b wb b- Ogb dys' r Ň = ń + 5 `ƅƅƅƅƅƅƅƅłŁ = ń + 5 ` ł = 5 pkfr {ł} = d'b Nsg#f ` ƅƅƅ b- Ogb Xy2O a #f ǽ ł `
Ł=ň
ł = ŀĿĿĿ sb أ Ł ł
(ŀŁń) = Łń أ
2
أ
3
Ł
5ł = Ňŀ is_zV 5 = Ňŀ
( b- Ogb Xy2O a #f) ń- < 5 x
73
0
ŀŁń = 5ń `
z6Ĕ 1s?cb dys' b r (ŀĿ q6 6 - Of h y1 Rsb) = = ĿŬĿŀsb A2Wj ب Ł-ŀĿ = =ŀĿ
0
0
ﻣﺜﺎل
Ɗlf d½É ^ gzZ ."r 3 ŀŁń sb أ
ĿŬĿŀ sb ب
1
ŀ = (ŀ-5ł) sb أ ń
Ńł = 5ł Ɗ i t
Ń=5` = ( ŀ )=
Ł
sb PBs
ł
łŁ Ɗ is_zV = = łŁ sb PBs ب ŀ Ł
ń- = = Ɗ i V `b0b =- Ł = ńŁ ŀ
Ņ = 5 łƅƅi t ƅƅŀń = ŀ- 5ł Ů ł < 5 أ b- Ogb d& \[' ł = 5 ŀ = 5ƅƅł = Ł + 5ƅƅi t ƅƅŁ+ 5ł = Łņ ب Ł (ŀ- 5 ) = ň Ů ŀ< 5
ﺟ
Ŀ= (Ł+ 5 ) ( Ń- 5) i t Ŀ = Ň - 5 Ł- Ł5 Ń=5
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
44
4
-
≈fÉ«ÑdG É¡∏«ã“h ᫪àjQÉZƒ∏dG ádGódG äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
:2^ p 6 c[ 2q }Z
l 5 Vygf
:Ț
f 2f
+%
%
e 'lf
%
(ŀ ŮĿ)
TJ _ f 2_p
5 = = hz[ 7gb as& d g f gođ^
h" l f
gpkf d^ a #f wcN y.y 4 a r- gođ^
1 6JȜ
(Ŀ Ůŀ)
5
5
b .b wg7 - b .cb z7_Ob b .b i V {ŀ}- +I ǽ C z& C = (5)- j ^ / 5 sb= = t zg y1 Rscb
C==
C
− − − −
᫪àjQÉZƒ∏dG ádGódGh á«°SC’G ádGódG ø«H ábÓ©dG
5
5 sb = = zg y1 Rscb b .b r C = = z6Ĕ b .b d gy d [gb d_;b C as& d g b r - 2FĐ r t.gb r a #gb z& lf lz b .b lf d^ = s* 51- Ƌ 5 = = hz[ 7gb
5 sb = =
−
C
ﻣﺜﺎل 5 sb= = Ů5 sb = =Ƅlz b .b lf d^ É wk'kf .& r d_: wV h61 5 ŀ Ł
−
Ń
Ł
−
ľĄĿí
5 sb = =
− − −
Ł
{ŁŁ ŮŀŁ ŮĿŁ Ůŀ-Ł Ů Ł-Ł } (5 6Ĕ ) Ł -.Ob tsZ 5 hzZ 1 +j
z2lf
+%
᪫àjQÉZƒ∏dG ádGó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG
Graphical Representation of the Logarithmic Function
zg y1 Rscb b .b r z6Ĕ b .b lz Y2Wb ` đF Pf <Z j hz[ 7gb as& d g b r - 2FĖ r t.gb r a #gb z& lf Ɗw Ē ^ ar." wV hp " d#6r 5 = =
5 sb= =
Ł
ŀ
ŀ Ł
ŀ Ń
5
Ł
ŀ
2W>
ŀ-
Ł-
5 sb
Ł-
ŀ-
2W>
ŀ
Ł
5 sb
Ł
ŀ Ł
ŀ Ł
zg y1 Rscb b .b wk'kgb z Ē = s+b ! k 6 `k_gy h62b lf I = t.gb ƄƄƄƄŮƄƄƄƄ+I = a #gb
ŀ > C > Ŀ d_b ?Z k fr ŀ < C d_b .y 4 f
5 sb = = b .b C
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f
Ƌ o- 2F ' r t.gb ."r h62b lfr 5 sb = = b .b wk'kf zÊ j z d f 5
wb hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė
b .cb ¹[Vr yÊ sk6 [' 7gb y2Cb asggb PV.y z' zÊ y2B f¹ Kj ar.b t.& \ G ǶŐˋģŐũ ńģLJŐʗƥŝ 6
ł
ńĿĿĿH 5 f.kN
: ! Ƌ tsk7b ( 2b wV > wo 5 z&
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
(ɻ-ɹ˖ r 5 l & ł
łł = Łņ
أ
74
≈fÉ«ÑdG É¡∏«ã“h ᫪àjQÉZƒ∏dG ádGódG ľĄĿí
qzk" łŅĿ = łŅĿĿ * ĿŬŀ = łŅĿĿ * ūŀĿ = (łŅĿĿ)- أ qzk" ŀŀŃņŬņ = (Ńňňň - ŇĿĿĿ) sb ŀĿĿ+ŇĿĿĿ * ūŀĿ = (ŇĿĿĿ)- ب ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
d?' t0b Tc gb lN 2 Í Oy½ = i ^ k7b wV ^2;b .&Ĕ y N.b wcN Ur2?gb Tc gb lN 2 O C j ^ / 6 Ë C ) sb Ł + ŀ ] ŃŀĿ = = z& k7b m0o Oz f .O ^2;b qzcN Ƌqzk" ŀŀĿĿ = C f.kN = 7& [(ŀ + ŀĿĿ
1
٤ - ٢ ﺗﻤـﺎرﻳــﻦ :=L + D&G 1
Ņ وƅƅƅŁ ﻫƅƄƄ2W> دƅƅł - ﺟ
wo ł = Łņ sb 1s?cb V _gb z6Ĕ 1s?b أ ł 2W> ł 1s?cb V _gb zg y1 Rscb 1s?b ب ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ woŀ = ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = ŀ sb د Ł = 5 i V ŀ + 5 = ŀŁŇ sb i ^ / و Ł ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ǽ C d_b ?Z k f 5 sb = (5)z& - b .b ح
(ł ŮŇ ) طƅƅ]ŀ ŮĿ[ حƅĿ < 5 ز
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
C
=+5 ى {Łņ} ﺟƅƅ{ŀŁł} بƅƅ{ŀĿ} أ ŀ دƅƅŁ ﺟƅƅƅŀ بƅƅ2W> أ ŁŬŀŇň - ﺟƄƅŃŬņńń بƄƅŀŬŀņŅ أ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
= ĿŬĿĿŀsb ﺟ
= 5 i V Ł = Ń sb i ^ / ﻫ 5 ز ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋso 5 sb = (5)- Ɗ - b .b a #f ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
Ł
(ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ŮŇ) G[kb 2gy 5 sb = (5)- z& - b .b wk'kf ط Ł (=Ů5 bĐ. ) ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = ŀń sb i V == ńsb Ů 5 = łsb i ^ / ى -Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ É d& Nsg#f I wV ."r 2 ł = (Ł + 5) sb ب Ł = (ŀ - 5) sb أ
Ł = ň sb ﺟ ł 5
2
ń
Ł = ň sb و
{ł} وƄƄƅƅ{Ł} ﻫƅƅ{ŀń} د
ł
Ł = (Ł + 5) sb ﻫ
5
ł = Ň sb د Ń ŀ+5
5
gzZ ."r 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. 3 ň sb ﺟ
Ł sb + ł sb د Ņ
3
(ŀ + 5) sb = (5)- د
5
ł
ŀ sb أ
ņ
ń
5 sb = (5)- ﺟ ŀ Ł
ŀłsbń - ņ sbŃ ﺟ
5 sb = (5)- ب ł
5 sb = (5)- أ Ł
-Ɗlf d^ É gzZ - #y wV 6 'b e.+ 6 5 Łņ sb ب ŀń sb أ Ł
ZđOb P zN g "Đ t- skb .& wV 26Ĕ qzk#b tsk7b ] 2 :Đ Xy1 ?f j ^ / 6 js_f 26 ] 2 : gzZ ."r Ƌ- 2VĔ -.N 5 ] 2 :Đ sk6 -.N i z& (5 i) sbŀĿĿ + ńĿĿ = (5)Ƌt- kb 0o wV O 2b k7cb - 2V ń lf
75
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
Ņ
ņ sb ب
Ɗ o- 2F ' r o .f ."r h62b lfr z Ē w y gf d^ wV - b .b zÊ j z d f 4 ŀ ł
qzk" ŅłĿ 6
45
= (5)-
Ƌqzk" łŅĿĿ tsk7b hp' 1 wV > Tc y ly0b lzbsggb .& wcN Ë[' 7gb y2Cb أ ¼ Ƌqzk" ŇĿĿĿ tsk7b hp' 1 wV > Tc y ly0b lzbsggb .& wcN Ë[' 7gb y2Cb ب ¼
( f K 6lf G_f HS ˖ * _ K 2q Z
2W> = ŀ sb ب
ƄƄƄƄƄƄ5 ūŀĿ
ńĿĿĿ < 5 f.kNƄ(Ńňňň - 5 ) sb ŀĿĿ + 5ūŀĿ
(ņń) = 6 qzk" łŀńŇŬŅŁ Ɗ "Ė dzp7 {V zg y1 Rscb a r.b e .+ 6 zgo a gb (Bsy G 2gb đ_;gb DO d& {Vr z 7'b zcgOb DO Ƌ z b
ﻣﺜﺎل
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ôŔŇîüĿí
ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dG ¢UGƒ````N ¢†©H
5-2
Some Properties of Logarithms zÊ j z zg y1 Rscb b .b dz g zWz^r h y1 Rscb espWf \ 7b 51.b wV gËcO¼ 2y- [gb Hz7 wV .N 7½ w b g y1 Rscb = s* DO !1.j wcy gzVr Ƌh y1 Rsb wcN ts '¼ w b Đ- Ogb d& r zg y1 Rscb
äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dG ¢UGƒN ¢†©H i V +I ǽ= Ů 5 Ů {ŀ} - +I ǽ C i ^ /
= C sb - C
ŀ = ŀĿ sb Ů ŀ = ł sb đ gV ¹ ł
" f = sb -
I: )8%> z " #] +¥ _
§ : _ # - LM I#°8%> z "
ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí I: )8%> z : +( Logarithmic Equation
C
2W> = ŀ sb Ů 2W> = ŀ sb đ gV ń
h y1 Rscb Xy2O lf Ů lf d^ ar &
[g.
dys' b zWz^ U2Nr Ů g y1 Rscb b Gb 51- i \ 6 Us6r Ů8_Ob r z6Ĕ 1s?b wb zg y1 Rscb 1s?b lf p ZđNr g y1 Rscb = s* DO 51.b 0o wV 51.y Ƌ p 6 1- pb \ 6 w b 86Ĕ lzj s[
: &'+ g ob "q f - I ǽ = Ů5 z& = sb + 5 sb = = 5 sb
952f &6/k
+
C
C
C
: f # ./0 3f R8s = sb = ¶" Ů 5 sb = PB C
C
:n b &'+ g @+")L 1 ¶" C = =ƄŮƄ C = 5ƆƆ Ƅ ¶" + ¶" C = = 5 n C * C = = 5ƆƆ Ɔn <'b ¶" + = = 5 sb :n <L &'+ g A = Q A ./0 D+ 3'I
ôŃĊĈøĔńĿí õíōĉŗí : )" :L3 _ : d : ( 3> O( ¬ 0c( ªd X3 _
C
C
C
:o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z I: )8%> z " # > L+ F 1L #°8%> z " Y , f81% I: )8%> z " #] +¥ © I#°8%> z " , f83 : 35 : +¥ ©
= sb + 5 sb = = 5 sb n <L O! , o'& E 15 k+ )' I C
ﻣﺜﺎل
I#°8%> z " § # - LM ©
ŀņ sb + Ł sb gzZ ."r 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. 1 łŃ
5-2
Some properties of logarithms
_ ¹ :L3 £ , f83 I: 35 #] +¥
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ Some Properties of Logarithms
łŀĬø÷ ıŎē Y h+ , f83 I#°8%> z "
¢UGƒ```N ¢†©H äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dG
łŃ
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
: : 16[k
76
: )8%> z : +(
اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ :اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ Đr df O j g y1 Rscb = s* 6 1- .kN qj đGb wb 2: - zgcN 6 & b - w6 1 YsV A2N 3 p" - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ɗđ gV zg y1 Rscb 1s?b wb pbs'j h z6Ĕ 1s?b Pf Ƌwb 6 & ŀ = C sb qzg y1 Rscb p 1s> C = ŀC C
ŀ = 2W>C
*6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
Ƌ lzj s[b m0o \[' w & (C) 4f2cb f3đb Er2;b wcN .^ f
- đ_;gb d& - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob Ƌwjr O b hcO b
:إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺪرس ` đF .N 6r ŮņŅ= (Ł) Ů(ŀ) lz z> +b ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌh y1 Rscb Xy2O e .+ 6 lz z> +b lz o {V
ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ Ƌw6 1.b d?Wb
2W> = ŀ sb qzg y1 Rscb p 1s> C
{V ` đF .N 6r (ł) 2Cb z> * ` đF Pf df Ƌh y1 Rscb Xy2O e .+ 6 z> +b m0o
ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ŇŁ¶¶> wb ņŅ ¶¶> lf b Gb ^ ( j2 jĖ ) fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
46
Â&#x17E;-Â&#x203A;
äĂ&#x2030;ÂŞĂ jQĂ&#x2030;ZĆ&#x2019;â&#x2C6;?dG ¢UGĆ&#x2019;```N ¢â&#x20AC; ŠH : S ?f K.Č&#x161;
Â&#x17E; Â&#x203A;
wcN g y1 Rscb lzj sZ \z G wV Ä&#x2018;Gb DO G+y .Z Ć&#x160;lz gb s'kb (= + 5 ) sb = = sb+ 5 sb : K/f 1 C
C
äĂ&#x2030;ÂŞĂ jQĂ&#x2030;ZĆ&#x2019;â&#x2C6;?dG ¢UGĆ&#x2019;````N ¢â&#x20AC; ŠH ÄžÄ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
f l #'$
Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x192;
Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x192; sb = ÄžÄ&#x201E;á Ĺ&#x2026;ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄ&#x192; Ĺ
Ĺ
C
(=- 5 ) sb = = sb - 5 sb : K/f 2 5
C
= 5 =
C
C
C
C
Ĺ&#x201A;ĹŹĹ&#x201E; sb - Ĺ&#x2020; sb gzZ ."r 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. 2 Ĺ
sb = = sb - 5 sb : yCf C
Ĺ&#x201E;
C
C
f l #'$ f l #'$
C
C
C
ÄžÄ&#x201E;á Ĺ&#x2026;ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄ&#x192;
Ĺ Ĺ&#x2020; sb 1s> H7 wV ."r 3 Ĺ&#x201A;
` " 27V ? 5 sbĹ = (5)S b .b a #f q7Wj so Ĺ 5 sb = (5)- b .b a #f do ĹťÇ&#x2C6;ÄŁĹ Ć&#x201E;Ĺ?Ç&#x201D;Ć˝Ĺ? 4
C
C
C
77
C
exČ&#x161; Çž 52f hC[f Ë? f Kf b
) sb = Ĺ = sb-Ĺ 5 sb : yCf C
C
C
sb- 5 sb ) = = sb Ĺ -5 sb Ĺ : K/f 5
5 =
1 .[gb
Ĺ&#x201E; sb Ĺ&#x201A; = Ĺ&#x201E; Ĺ&#x201A; = Ĺ&#x20AC;* Ĺ&#x201A; =
Ĺ&#x20AC; I Ç˝ 5 z& 5 sb - = ( 5 ) sb :n %
(= sb - 5 sb) (= sb + 5 sb)
C
C
) sb Ĺ = = sb Ĺ - 5 sb Ĺ : yCf C
äĂ&#x2030;ÂŞĂ jQĂ&#x2030;ZĆ&#x2019;â&#x2C6;?dGh ¢Ú°SCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x2021;ÎßĿà óÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
C
C
C
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf Ë&#x2013; 6l ;lf mÂ&#x20AC;Â&#x20AC;_ f
d>s r Ĺ&#x2020;Ĺ&#x2020;= d' i ar & .k wV-1r f ` Ä&#x2018;F Pf <Z j Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x160; 'z'?b "Ä&#x2013; wb hpOf Ĺ&#x2026;ĹŹĹ&#x201E; = Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x201A; sb + Ĺ&#x2020; sb = Ĺ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x20AC; sb 1 Ĺ
Ĺ&#x20AC;= Ĺ sb = Ĺ
Ĺ&#x2020; Ĺ&#x201A;ĹŹĹ&#x201E;
Ĺ
C
5 sb = M :jW I =
$H A = Q D+ 3' I C $Â&#x201D; 1 b"M ;'+ g / Â&#x2026;+ 5 sb C
= sb
=
C
Ĺ
Ĺ&#x2026;=Ĺ&#x20AC;*Ĺ&#x2026;= Ĺ&#x201A;
5 =Ć&#x201E;Ć&#x201E;Ć&#x201E;M= 5 sb = = sb M C
:n Â? Ć&#x201E;Ć&#x201E;Ć&#x201E;
=Ć&#x201E;Ć&#x201E;5 sb
Ĺ
w"r3 -.N i z& |5|sb i = i5 sb C
({ / hcO ) hp7Wj = s+b DO {V ` Ä&#x2018;F .N 6 Â&#x2DC; sG+ sG* hp - esZr Âż
exČ&#x161; Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČ&#x17E; b
= sb
=Ć&#x201E;Ć&#x201E;MĆ&#x201E;Ć&#x201E; n <'b â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x201E;â&#x20AC;Ź
Ĺ&#x2020;
ÄžÄ&#x201E;Ŀà Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ&#x2C6; sb Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x2026; sb * = 1 .[gb Ĺ sb Ĺ&#x2020; sb Ĺ Ĺ&#x2020; sb Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ sb * = Ĺ sb Ĺ&#x2020; sb Ĺ&#x2020; sb Ĺ Ĺ sb Ĺ&#x192; * = Ĺ sb Ĺ&#x2020; sb
f l #'$
f l #'$
Ĺ&#x2021;=Ĺ *Ĺ&#x192;= ÄžÄ&#x201E;á Ĺ&#x2026;ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄ&#x192;
Ĺ&#x20AC;Äż 2zR 2* -.Ob 5 6Ä&#x201D; 2zzS \ 7b a gb d& ."r 5
=I"q <)& f - Â
Ĺ&#x201A;
+% zj b a #f gkz *%so wbrÄ&#x201D; a #f 4
C
Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ&#x2C6; sb * Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x2026; sb f F(IH "A' 4
Ĺ
sb Ĺ&#x2026; 3
C
5 sb C
Ĺ
sb = Ĺ&#x201A;ĹŹĹ&#x201E; sb - Ĺ&#x2020; sb 2
$H " eL f - Â&#x; 5 sb C = 5 sb = sb =
f # ./0 3f R8Q
: &
47
Ĺ&#x201E;
+
C
(
ÄžÄ&#x201E;Ŀà Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x201E; sb =
C
C
C
Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ Ĺ&#x201E; sb gzZ ."r 6 'b ež .+ 6 ir. 3
=Ĺ = sb - Ĺ 5 sb : K/f 4
C
C
â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x201E;â&#x20AC;Ź
5 sb i = i 5 sb : yCf
Ĺ (=
: ;'+ g f -Â&#x17E; Äż < 5 z& 5 sb K = K 5 sb
C
C
C
Ĺ
(`7Wk ZÄ&#x2018;Ob '> ar & )
5 sb i = i(5 sb ) : K/f 3
5 Ĺ ( =
Ĺ&#x20AC; = Ĺ&#x20AC;Äż sb = ÄžÄ&#x201E;á Ĺ&#x2026;ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄ&#x192;
r
C
C
â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x201E;â&#x20AC;Ź
ÄžÄ&#x201E;Ŀà Ĺ&#x201E;Äż sb = 1 .[gb Ĺ&#x201E;
&( f l #'$ f l #'$
= = sb - 5 sb
C
Ĺ&#x201E; sb - Ĺ&#x201E;Äż sb gzZ ."r 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. 2
C
sb sb
Ĺ
: &'+ g ob &( f -Â? 5 sb ( ZÄ&#x2018;Ob '> `7Wk ar &) = sb - 5 sb = =
C
C
Ĺ&#x20AC;=
Ĺ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x20AC; sb gzZ 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. ."r Ć&#x201E;Ĺ&#x201A;ĹŹĹ&#x2020; - Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x201A; sb ĹŽ Ĺ ĹŹĹ&#x2021; -Ĺ&#x2020; sb i ^ / 1
C
C
Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x192;
f l #'$
(= 5 ) sb = = sb + 5 sb : yCf C
(Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x2020; * Ĺ ) sb = 1 .[gb
( ZÄ&#x2018;Ob '> ar &) 2*Ä&#x201C;b w 2B 5s_Of ĹŽ sb ĹŽ C sb lf Ä&#x2018;^Ć&#x2026; Ă&#x160; Â&#x2022;n 2 Â&#x2013; Ć&#x2026; C
Ĺ&#x20AC; = C sb sb C
â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x201E;â&#x20AC;Ź Ĺ&#x20AC; Ĺ&#x20AC; + gzZ 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. ."r 5 Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x201E; sb Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x201E; sb Ĺ&#x201E;
ÄžÄ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
Ĺ&#x201A;
f l #'$ f l #'$
Ĺ&#x201E; sb + Ĺ&#x201A; sb = 1 .[gb Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x201E;
Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x201E;
(Ĺ&#x201E; * Ĺ&#x201A; ) sb = Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x201E;
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
78
Ă&#x2030;ÂĄÂŤâ&#x2C6;?Y äĂ&#x2030;â&#x2030;¤ÂŤĂ&#x2018;ÂŁJh äĂ&#x2030;ÂŞĂ jQĂ&#x2030;ZĆ&#x2019;â&#x2C6;?dGh ¢Ú°SCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x2021;ÎßĿà óÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;Ŀà Â&#x17E; Â&#x203A;
äĂ&#x2030;ÂŞĂ jQĂ&#x2030;ZĆ&#x2019;â&#x2C6;?dG ¢UGĆ&#x2019;````N ¢â&#x20AC; ŠH
f l #'$
: S ?f K.Č&#x161;
Ĺ&#x20AC; = Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x201E; sb = Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x201E;
ÄžÄ&#x201E;á Ĺ&#x2026;ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄ&#x192;
Ĺ&#x192; = Ĺ 5
Ĺ&#x20AC; Ĺ&#x20AC; Ĺ&#x20AC; + + Ć&#x201E;Ć&#x201E; gzZ ."r 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. 6 Ĺ&#x201A;Äż sb Ĺ&#x201A;Äż sb Ĺ&#x201A;Äż sb Ĺ&#x201E;
Ĺ&#x201A;
Ĺ
ĂĄÂŤÂŞĂ jQĂ&#x2030;ZĆ&#x2019;â&#x2C6;?dG Ă´jOĂ&#x2030;â&#x2030;¤ÂŞdG §°ÚĂ&#x2018;J
Simplifying the Logaritmic Experssions
â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x201E;â&#x20AC;Ź
f , f
Ĺ&#x20AC; Ĺ&#x201E; Ĺ Ĺ&#x2020; Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ sb - Ĺ sb Ĺ&#x201A; + Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x2026; sb - ĿŏĿĿĹ&#x2C6; sb 1s> H7 Ä&#x201D; 2? * 6 ÄžÄ&#x201E;Ŀà Ĺ&#x20AC; Ĺ Ĺ&#x2020; Ĺ&#x2C6; Ĺ&#x201A; Ĺ&#x201E; Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ sb - ( Ĺ ) sb + Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x2026; sb - Ĺ&#x20AC;ĿĿĿ sb = 1 .[gb Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ Ĺ&#x201E; Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x2026; Ĺ&#x2C6; ( Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ Ĺ&#x20AC; * Ĺ&#x2021; * Ĺ Ĺ&#x2020; * Ĺ&#x20AC;ĿĿĿ ) sb =
f
2W> = Ĺ&#x20AC; sb = ÄžÄ&#x201E;á Ĺ&#x2026;ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄ&#x192; Ĺ&#x20AC; sb - Ĺ&#x2C6; sb - Ĺ&#x20AC; Ĺ sb - Ĺ&#x201A; sb Ĺ&#x192; 1s> H7 Ä&#x201D; 2? * 7 Ĺ Ĺ&#x2020; Ĺ&#x201E;
ĂĄÂŤÂŞĂ jQĂ&#x2030;ZĆ&#x2019;â&#x2C6;?dG äâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;OĂ&#x2030;ŠªdG Ď&#x20AC;M
Solving Logarithmic Equations
â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x201E;â&#x20AC;Ź
Ć&#x160; w Ä&#x2019; ^ b- Ogcb lgyÄ&#x201D; U2Gb wcN isj [b \z G G+b lf 5 hzZ Pzg" so b- Ogcb lgyÄ&#x201D; U2Gb a #f iÄ&#x201D; Ĺ&#x192; = 5 sb Ĺ Ĺ&#x201A; Ć&#x2039;lz [y2Gb t.& e .+ 6 d'b l_gy `b0b ĹŽ2W?b .N f z[z['b : yCf
Ĺ&#x2C6; != 5 i t Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ&#x201A; = Ĺ 5 Ć&#x160;wbrÄ&#x201D; [y2Gb Ĺ = | 5| sb ` Ĺ&#x192;= |5| sb Ĺ Ć&#x160; zj b [y2Gb Ĺ&#x201A; Ĺ&#x201A; Ĺ&#x2C6; != 5 Ć&#x160; i t Ĺ&#x2C6; = Ĺ Ĺ&#x201A;= |5| `
Ä?- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f I wV ."r 7 Ĺ&#x201A; = 5 sb + 5 sb â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź Ĺ&#x192;
:(5 y+f x ?^ qlf Ë&#x2013; 6l ;lf mÂ&#x20AC;Â&#x20AC;_ f
Ĺ&#x20AC;= ( Ĺ&#x20AC; + 5 ) sb + 5 sb â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź
Ĺ
Ĺ
sb Ć&#x160; b- Ogb d& .kN : K/f
Ĺ&#x201A;
Ĺ
ÄžÄ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
2W> < Ĺ&#x20AC; + 5Ć&#x2026;Ć&#x2026;ĹŽĆ&#x2026;Ć&#x2026;2W> <5 d_b V2Of b .b )& @+")L \ X 2W> < 5Ć&#x2026;Ć&#x2026;n 2 f l #'$ Ĺ&#x20AC; = (Ĺ&#x20AC; + 5 ) 5 sb Ĺ Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ = (Ĺ&#x20AC;+ 5) 5 $H A = Q &'+ g A 1 D+ 3L 2W> = (Ĺ&#x20AC; - 5 ) ( Ĺ + 5) ` 2W> = Ĺ - 5 + Ĺ 5 b- Ogb Xy2O a #f ǞŠ- = 5 i z&r Ĺ&#x20AC;= 5 r Ĺ - = 5 f {Ĺ&#x20AC;} = d'b Nsg#f
d>s r Ĺ&#x2021;Äż ĹŽĹ&#x2020;Ĺ&#x2C6;= d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` Ä&#x2018;F Pf <Z j Ć&#x2039; 'z'?b "Ä&#x2013; wb hpOf
â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź ` ` `
&
`
Ĺ&#x201E; sb + Ĺ&#x201A; sb + Ĺ sb = 1 .[gb 6
)& @+")L \ X 2W> < 5 d_b V2Of b .b â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź 5 sb Ĺ f Ĺ&#x201A;= + 5 sb ` Ĺ&#x192; sb Ĺ
Ĺ&#x201A;Äż
exČ&#x161; Çž 52f hC[f Ë? f Kf b
79
Ĺ&#x201A;Äż
=b "q I Ĺ = 5 sb `
Ĺ&#x2026; = 5 sb Ĺ&#x201A; `
Ĺ
Ĺ
5 sb
Ĺ Ĺ&#x2020; Ĺ&#x201E;
Ĺ
$H = Q &'+ g A 1 D+ 3' Ĺ&#x192; = 5 ` {Ĺ&#x192; } = d'b Nsg#f ` b- Ogb Xy2O a #f Ç˝ Ĺ&#x192; = 5 i z&r
Ĺ&#x20AC;
Ć&#x160; z Ä&#x2019; Ä?- Ogb lf d^ Ă&#x2030; d& Nsg#f I wV ."r 8
Solving the Power Equations by Using Logarithms
ĂĄÂŤÂŞĂ jQĂ&#x2030;ZĆ&#x2019;â&#x2C6;?dG äâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;OĂ&#x2030;ŠªdG Ď&#x20AC;M
Ĺ&#x20AC;= (Ĺ&#x20AC;- 5 Ĺ&#x201A; ) sb - (Ĺ&#x20AC; + 5 Ĺ ) sb â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź
Ĺ
äĂ&#x2030;ÂŞĂ jQĂ&#x2030;ZĆ&#x2019;â&#x2C6;?dG ΊGóÎà °SĂ&#x2030;H 印SCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G äâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;OĂ&#x2030;ŠªdG Ď&#x20AC;M â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x201E;â&#x20AC;Ź
Ć&#x160;lzy2;N lzgZ1 2ZÄ&#x201D; $ kb š 2[f z Ä&#x2019; Ä?- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f I wV ."r 9 Ĺ - 5Ĺ&#x201E; = Ĺ&#x20AC;+ 5 Ĺ&#x201A; â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź Ĺ&#x2020; =5 Ĺ â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź
Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x20AC;
{ Ĺ Ĺ&#x2021; } - 8
{ Ĺ ĹŽĹ } -
ÄžÄ&#x201E;á Ĺ&#x2026;ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄ&#x192;
5
) sb = 1 .[gb 7
Ĺ&#x20AC;= Ĺ&#x20AC;Äż sb = ( Ĺ&#x20AC; * Ĺ&#x2C6; * Ĺ&#x2020; * Ĺ&#x2C6; ) sb = Ć&#x201E;
Ĺ + 5 sb Ĺ Ĺ Ĺ&#x2026; = 5 sb + 5 sbĹ `
Ĺ&#x201A;=
Ĺ
Ĺ&#x201A;Äż
Ĺ&#x201A;Äż
Ĺ&#x20AC; Ĺ&#x2C6; Ĺ&#x2020; Ĺ&#x192; Ĺ sb - Ĺ&#x2020; sb - Ĺ&#x201E; sb - ( Ĺ&#x201A;
äĂ&#x2030;ÂŞĂ jQĂ&#x2030;ZĆ&#x2019;â&#x2C6;?dGh ¢Ú°SCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x2021;ÎßĿà óÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
Ĺ sb = 5 sb â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź
Ĺ&#x201A;Äż
Ĺ&#x20AC;= Ĺ&#x201A;Äż sb = Ĺ&#x201E; *Ĺ&#x201A; * Ĺ sb = Ć&#x201E;
Ĺ
Xy2O a #f .y.' #y zg y1 Rscb b- Ogb d& d Z Ć&#x2039; d'b '> 1 *Ä? $ kb DysO b lN kzkSy 0or ĹŽ b- Ogb : Â&#x20AC; 6" r 5 l
ÄžÄ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
Ĺ&#x2020; = 5Ĺ â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź Ĺ&#x2020; sb = 5Ĺ sb `
1 b"M ;'+ g / Â&#x2026;I Ĺ&#x2020; sb =5 ` Ĺ&#x2020; sb = Ĺ sb 5 ` Ĺ sb
Ć&#x160; z Ä&#x2019; Ä?- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f % wV ."r
:=L[ jI '' I R$ 3 l #'$ I log
7
)
log
)
2
ans
2
Ĺ ĹŹĹ&#x2021;Ĺ&#x20AC; - 5 `
lzV2Gcb sb 0* Ĺ -5Ĺ&#x201E; = Ĺ&#x20AC;+5Ĺ&#x201A; â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź Ĺ&#x201E;sb Ĺ - Ĺ&#x201E; sb 5 = Ĺ&#x201A;sb + Ĺ&#x201A;sb 5 `
Ĺ&#x201E; sb ( Ĺ - 5 ) = Ĺ&#x201A; sb(Ĺ&#x20AC;+ 5) `
Ĺ&#x201E;sb Ĺ - Ĺ&#x201A;sb - = ( Ĺ&#x201E; sb - Ĺ&#x201A;sb) 5 `
Ĺ&#x201E; sb Ĺ - Ĺ&#x201A;sb - = Ĺ&#x201E;sb 5 - Ĺ&#x201A;sb 5 ` Ĺ&#x201E;sb Ĺ - Ĺ&#x201A;sb =5` Ĺ&#x201E;sb - Ĺ&#x201A; sb
â&#x20AC;&#x201C; log
3
log
)
3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;
)
â&#x20AC;&#x201C;
2
log
5
)
log
=
Ĺ&#x20AC; = (Ĺ&#x20AC;+ 5) sb - 5 sb 1 Ĺ&#x201A;
R$ 3 l #'$ I I !s 3f 1 i 3'
7
=
Ĺ&#x201A;-
({ Ĺ } Ć&#x160; s#b )
2.807354922
=
{Ĺ ĹŹĹ&#x2021;Ĺ&#x20AC;} = d'b Nsg#f `
5
)
:=L[ jI '' I R$ 3 l #'$ I
2.807354922
{Ĺ&#x2021;ĹŹĹ&#x192;Ĺ&#x201E;} = d'b Nsg#f ` zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
Ĺ&#x2021;ĹŹĹ&#x192;Ĺ&#x201E; - 5 `
80
({Ĺ&#x192; ĹŽ Ĺ
}) Ć&#x160; s#b )
(Ĺ ĹŹĹ&#x2021;Ĺ&#x2026; Ć&#x160; s#b ) (ĿŏĹ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x201E; Ć&#x160; s#b ) (Ĺ ĹŹĹ&#x201A; Ć&#x160; s#b )
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
Ĺ&#x201E; Ĺ
Ĺ&#x201A;
= Ĺ sb+ 5 sb 2 5
Ĺ Ĺ&#x192; = Ĺ -5Ĺ&#x201E;
3
Ĺ&#x20AC; +5 Ĺ = 5 Ĺ&#x2020;
4
Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x201A;ĹŹĹ&#x192; = 5Ĺ -Ĺ&#x2020; Ĺ&#x201A; 5
48
äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dG ¢UGƒ```N ¢†©H đčĊĿí
-
Ɗ ZđOcb [¹ F yÊ sk6 .y 4 y f Oc6 2O6 i hcN / 6 Oc7b 2O6 ( ?y k6 h^ .O K(ŀŬĿŁ) łŁń = = ( sk6 ň s#b ) qzk" łŇŇŬŃ
R$ 3 l #'$ I I !s 3f 1 i 3' ans
3
1
4
¶" 3
6
Ł5
+
÷
1
ans
5
–
=
2
1 ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ Đ- Ogb lf d^ É d& Nsg#f lzy2;N lzgZ1 2ZĔ ."r 8 5ł = ŀ- 5 Ń ب Ł=5ņ أ
(ɼ-ɹ˖ r 5 l &
2
äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dG ¢UGƒ````N ¢†©H
ﻧﺸﺎط
ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ وﺣﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ K
z& (ĿŬň) ٠ = ZđOcb ¹[ F yÊ sk6 @Z k ĐĒ .& dgN W^ j ^ / ǶưģŏƛǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 10 lN XZs bĒ Ëi h¼ ¾cN½ / V Ƌ bĒ dgN sk6 -.N K Ů bēb z . Đ W_b ٠ Ů bĒ W^ ƋdgOb lN XZs Ài d Z bĒ m0o pcgO w b sk7b -.N gV ūŃĿ p W^ Sc / dgOb ľĄĿí
z . Đ W_b lf ūŃĿ t ūŃĿ W_b Qsc -s?[gb K ٠ (ĿŬň) = ٠ ĿŬŃ ` ٠ = 5 &( I K 1 b"M / I (ĿŬň ) = ĿŬŃ ` ŇŬŅňŅņŀŇ = ĿŬŃ sb = K ` ĿŬň sb K = ĿŬŃ sb ` ĿŬň sb
n 2
Ƌ k7b X?jr sk6 Ň lf 2 ^ dgO Đ bĒ
ġîĘňĿí Őŀī ĶŔòĤ÷
pczS; lf sk6 Ń 1r2f .O bĒ W^ ."r \ 7b a gb wV 9
7 (ŀ+ 5) sb + 5 sb أ
٥ - ٢ ﺗﻤـﺎرﻳــﻦ
8
: M)& I !s 1 I 1 3 3A I !s "'
(ŀ+ 5) sb - 5 sb ب ŀ
(ŀ+ 5) sb Ł + 5 sb Ł
ŀŅ ﺟ
ł ب
ŀĿ د
ŁŬńsb ﺟ
ņ sb ب
ŀ أ
ŀ- د
ŀ ﺟ Ł
ń ب
Ł أ
= sb + 5sb د
=-5 ﺟ
ﺟ
ŀب
ŀ أ
ł د
ł ﺟ
ń و
ŀ ﻫ ł
ŀ- ح
ņ ز Ł
ńب
Ł أ
ł د Ł
ńĿ ﺟ
= Ň sb 1
ŀĿ د
Ł
Ń أ
= ńsb + Łsb 2
= ń sb 3
9
ń
= ŀŁ sbƄ Ëi VƄ= = Ń sbƅŮƄ5 = łsb i ^ / 4 =5 ب
=+5 أ
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
81
äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
= ł sb Ł + Ł sb Ł 5 ŀŁ د
Ł ﺟ
łŅ ب
2W> د
ń ﺟ Ł
ŀĿ ب
łĿ sb د
2W> ﺟ
ŀ ب
10
Ņ
Ņ
Ņ أ = Ł sb * ń sb 6
ŀĿĿĿ و ŀ=
Ņ
Ł
ł
ń
łĿ أ
(ŀ + 5) sb Ů 5sb bĐ. w y gf d^ É lN 2 Í N¼ 8 Ł(ŀ+ 5 )
E sb
¶" sb sb C sb * * * ƅ= lgyĔ 11 E sb ¶" sb sb sb C ŀŅ sb ŀŅ sb ń sb ł sb Ń= Ł sb = ń sb * ł sb * Ł sb Ůƅ
12
5 sb ﺟ
5 sb ب ŀ+ 5
Ł¶"ł
Ł sb + ŀŁ sb ﺟ łŁ Ł
ł sb + Ł sb ب
ň sb - ńŃ sb أ
ņ sb ł + Ńňsb و ņ sb
Łsb - ŀ ŀŁńsb
ﻫ
Ņ sb - ŀŁńsb + ŃŇ sb د
sbƄ-Ƅ C sbƄ-Ƅ¶" sb ŁƄ+Ƅ sb ŀŁ Ƅ+ƄC sb ŀŁ ح
ĿŬŀ sb + ł sb + ŀŅ sb ز
ł
Ņ
ł
ń
ł
ł
ł
ń
Ł=
ŀ ŀ ﻫ + 5 sb 5 sb
ŀŅ sbƄ*Ƅń sbƄ*Ƅł sb gzZ 7& h ń
Ņ
Ņ
ł
Ł
Ł
و
ł
i ŀ
Ņ
Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ É d& Ë Nsg#f I wV ."r 10 ŀ= (ł- 5) sb + 5 sb ب ł = (Ł+ 5) sb + 5 sb أ
ﺟ
Ł = Ł sb - 5 sb ł Ł = 5sb - 5 sb
14
(ŀ+ 5) 5 sb أ ¾ 9 Ɗ 1s> H7 Ĕ 2? * À
ŀŬŅŃŃ = i pkfr ĿŬłŁ = ( Ł ) 13 ŅŀĿ * ńŬŁń - Ń(ŀŬŀń) * Ņ ŀĿ * ł = %
Ł
= ł sb * ń sb * Ł sb 7
ﻫ
ŀŬŁŇŇ ﺟŀŬŃł بŀŬņņ أ
ń
ŀ أ
ł
Ł
Ł
5 sb = ł sb - (ł+ 5) sb د
Ł
ŀ = E sbƄ*Ƅ¶" sbƄ*Ƅ sbƄ*ƄC sb Ëi 11 C
E
¶"
Ƌ.& r t2;N hZ2b $ kb ¹ 2[f w y gf d^ É wV 5 gzZ ."r 12 ŀ+ 5
ł = ł- 5 Ł د
ŀ=
Ł-5
ņ*Ń ﺟ
Ł = ŀ- 5ń ب
ņ = 5ł أ
ﻧﺸﺎط z6 b .b O¹ - -4y kzOb h#& i ^r ŅŀĿ* ł so kzOf K'b wV y2z _ b lf kzN h#& i ^ / ĖģŐũĪģś ƤśƄǤĝ Ƌ N 6 Ń .O y2z _ b h#& ."r V K(ŀŬŀń) ŅŀĿ* ł = %
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
49
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
82
É¡«∏Y äÉ≤«Ñ£Jh äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí k Sf r 5 l f HS &
áeÉY øjQÉ“
ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ
1 Ɗw y f dg^ 1
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
= 5 i V ŀŅ = Ń5 i ^ / أ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
5 = C i V (ŀŅ ŮŃ-) G[kb C = = b .b wk'kf 2f / ﺟ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ŀ = ŁŃ ب
= ŀĿĿĿ sb د
ǽ C f.kN 5 hzZ Pzg#b ?Z k f is_ 5C = (5)- z& - b .b ﻫ
ﺟ
Łب
Ł ! أ
5 Łsb = = و
] ŀ ,Ŀ [ ﻫ
Ń د
ŀ Ł
ŀ ŀ ح5( ł ) = = ز ŀك ŀ ى
(Ł ŮĿ) ط ŀ ل
5 = = hz[ 7gb wV 5 _OjĐ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ b .b wk'kf 1s> so 5Ł = (5)- Ɗ - b .b wk'kf و Ƌ - ?b 1s'f wV 5 _OjĐ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ b .b wk'kf 1s> so 5ł = = b .b wk'kf ز = Ł-5ņ i V Ł-5 ł = Ł-5 ń i ^ / ح
Ł ﺟ
ĿŬŀ ب
ł أ
G[kb wV - ?b 1s'f PG[y ŀ+5Ł = (5)- z& - b .b wk'kf ط
ł و
ŀ ﻫ
Ń د
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
= 5 sb i V ł = 5 sb i ^ / ى Ň
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
Ł
=ń sb * Ł sb * ł sb ك ł
ń
Ł
ŀ + ŀ ل ŀŃ sb ŀŃ sb ņ
Ł
Ɗ 1s> H7 ."r 2 Ň sb + ł sb ﺟ łŁ ŁŁ
( ŀĿ ł ) ب
łŁ Ł
ŀ ł
Łņ أ
ń sb - ŃĿ sb و
ł sb * ń sb ﻫ
Ł = (Ņ + 5) sb ﺟ
ŀ Ł-5 ł ب Ňŀ =
ň = ł5 أ
Ń = ŀ+5 ł وŁ = (Ł - 5) sb - (ŀ - 5) sb ﻫ
ŀ sb د Ł- = 5
Ł
2
Ł
ń
Ń ł*Ň ŁŅ
ł
3
(ł) ﺟ
(Ł-) ب
(Łņ- ŮŁņ) أ
ĿŬŁŅ و
ņ ( ł ) ﻫـ
(łŁ) د
ŁĿĿŃ * ŁŇńņ ŁĿĿŇ
= C A2Wj 4 lzV2Gcb sb 0*
د
Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ É d& Nsg#f I wV ."r 3 5
Ł
Ł
Ł
ń
Ň sb ŃĿĿ - Ń sb ŁĿĿ + ņ sb ŁŇń = C sb `
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
85
ĿŬĿŁŇňŃŃŇ = C sb ` ŀŬĿŅŇň = C sb `
äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
Ƌ.& r t2;N hZ2b $ kb ¹ 2[f
ŁĿĿ Ń * ŁŇń ņ ŃĿĿ Ň
Ɗ z Ē a r.b lf đ^ Ê zÊ j z d f 5 (ŀ - 5) sb = (5)r د ŀ Ł
5 sb = (5)¶o ﺟ Ł
5( ŀ ) = (5)S
ł
: }p f h #l f 5
gzZ - #y wV 6 'b e.+ 6 4
ب
ŀ-5 Ł = (5)-
أ
źģƛņLjĪģś ƤśƄǤĝ
e x2f t4u h #l f 6 &y Ì (k p6 i2/ : ń(ŀŬň)*ŀĿĿĿ = 2gOgb Oc7b 2O6
Ƌ k6 i 1r2f .O Oc7b 2O6 p (Bs Í Sz> ."r أ ƋiĒ o2O6 XOB Oc7b 2O6 ( ?y k6 h^ .O ب e N wV i sz'b 0o - .N j ^ / V w6 a C b ¹[ F ar.b t.& wV j sz'b M sj .& - .N @Z k 7 ƋńłŇņň ( ?zb ŁĿĿĿ e N -.Ob 0o a C h ŇĿńŃĿ tr 7 ŀňŅĿ ƋŀňŅĿ e N lf k6 i 1r2f .O i sz'b 0o - .N p (Bs Sz> ^ أ ƋŀňŇń e N i sz'b 0o - .N ."r ب wb i sz'b 0o - .N d? i PZs e N t wWV a.Ogb 0p i sz'b 0o - .N a C 2g 6 / ﺟ ƋŀňŅĿ e N qzcN so f X?j Ƌ gzZ 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. ."r ĿŬŃņņ = łsb ŮĿŬłĿŀ = Łsb i ^ / 8 ńsb ﺟ ň = Ł-5( Łł ) ﺟ ņ = 5ń * Ł و
ł sb ب Ł
Ņsb أ
Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f % wV ."r 9 ƅņ = ŀ+5ł ب ƅń = 5Ł أ ŀ-5Ň = Ł-5ł
ﻫ 5
ŀ = (ŀ + 5)- b- Ogb d& Nsg#f ."r ب ň
ł = 5- ŀ ń د ł = (5)- j ^ / 10
( + C)- = ( )- * (C)- Ëi أ 5 ŀŁ - ŀ = 5Ł b- Ogb d& Nsg#f zÊ j z ."r 11
5 sb =i ` = sb
i
(ŀŬň) = Ł
sk6 Ň - i
łsb + Łsb = ł * Ł sb = Ņsb أ ĿŬņņŇ = ĿŬŃņņ+ ĿŬłĿŀ = ŀĿ
8
ĿŬŅňň = ĿŬłĿŀ - ŀ = Łsb - ŀ = Ł sb = ń sb lzV2Gcb sb 0* ŀ-5 Ň = Ł-5 ł 9 Ň sb ( ŀ-5 ) = ł sb (Ł- 5) Ň sb - Ň sb 5 = łsb Ł - łsb 5 ĿŬŀŁ- - Ňsb - ł sbŁ = 5 Ň sb - ł sb
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
6
i(ŀŬň) *ŀĿĿĿ=ŀĿĿĿ* Ł ب
Ƌqzk" ŀĿĿĿ so Oc7cb wc>Ĕ 2O7b i ^ / V ūň 1 .[g yÊ sk6 2gOgb Pc7b t.& 2O6 - -4y 6
86
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
50
-
äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dG ¢UGƒ```N ¢†©H
( + C )- = + C ł = ł * C ł = ( )- * ( )lz b .b lf d^ h61 ` đF wb cF
»ªcGôJ QÉÑàNG
10
اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﻰ
11
(Ł - 5) sb = (5)S ﺟ
Ł-5 = (5)- ب 5
ł
e z"r3 pjs^
5 ŀŁ - ŀ= (5)Ł- Ů 5 Ł = (5)ŀ-
Ł
ŀ
51
ﺟ
Ł- ŀŁ
C
Ł-Łņ ł
ŁŃł و ŀŁń sb + ń sbł
1
ب
C
* C ł
ŀ Ń
ŀ ﻫ Łņ ňsb
Ɗ2? * 3 أ
ł
(ŀŅ) أ
ŀ sb + ńsb د ń
Ɗ Đ- Ogb lf d^ É d& Nsg#f I wV ."r 5
ŀ = Ł-5ł ب ł
ń = |Ł - 5| أ ŀ Ńﺟ ŀŅ = 5
ŀĿ sb + łsb = 5sb د
Ɗ 6 'b e .+ 6 ."r 6
ŀ أ
3
ب
Ł أ
4
2W> د
ŀ ﺟ ł Ł-
ب
Ɗ( 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. ) w y gf d^ É gzZ ."r 4 2W> ( ŀń ł ) * ň * Ł(ŀ- ł)
] ' ,Ł ] ﺟـ
ń و
Ł
ŀ-(ŀń) * Ń (Ňŀ) * ł (ŀŁń)
ł
ŀ ň
|5| - Ł = (5)S ﺟ
5 sb - ŀ = (5) ¶o د
:}lb 6 f 5 .Ȗ r 5 l HS h*
] ' ,Ł ] أ
Ł - 5 = (5)- أ
' r t.gb lzÍ N¼ h62b lfr Ůw y gf d^ É wk'kf h61 2 Ƌ y-2V Ł(Ł - 5) = (5)- أ ŀ-5ł = (5)- ب
z& lf pNsjr b .b - 2F
0o) lzk'kgb lf PF [ b H[j -.& h .& r d_: wV (d'b so (Ŀ) - % ب
Ɗ z Ē a r.b lf d^ É a #f lzÍ N¼ 1
lzy2;N lzgZ2b $ kb ¹ 2[f Łń = Ł-5 ł \['½ w b 5 gzZ أ ņńĿ ł ńŀĿ ń
gzZ ب
Ɗa C b - d g½ py r sgj b - d g ½ z Ē a r.b x Ì 7 ŀ + 5(ŁŬŀ)ŀĿ = = 5 - ŀ (ł) ĿŬŁ = =
ب د
ﻫ
{ŀ-} ب
{ł- ,ņ} أ
{łĿ} د
{Ł- ,Ł}ŀ ﺟ
ŁłŬŁŃ ب
ŃŬňł أ
6
sgj ب
sgj أ
7
a C د
a C ﺟ
5
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
87
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
5(ŀŬĿń) ł = = 5( ŀ )ĿŬŃ = =
Ł
أ ﺟ
óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ
ôüĿîüĿí
äÉ`jÉ¡``ædG
äÉjÉ¡ædG
Limits
Limits óĊăŎĿí ôŃĊĸŃ
} f x ʘ F 6f 1 lf # 2+f Qx6[f 2* ˕Calculus˖ hk c f x hF [ f yux vpȗf ȗ;g; lf x hk c f x ] _ >Ȗ x e C Ȗ x vqf : 52 D /
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة
˅ vg g+ x e x2f }Z 6 W f : 52f i2/ ; mgR : 52f w& +p k 6Ǜ #cZ ʘ [g /lf iygSf x 5 ' f x +f x :2qvf _ K f rk 2 2Sf }Z hk c f x hF [ f mgR h.2 x ˅ vg* rR z6.Ț iygSf HS x 6 'f mgR 8'S } f ȗc?lf HS h*x v Z 6 W f x ʘ f 2f ayg:
óĊăŎĿí łŀĬ÷ õîÿĎĈŃ :o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 2*yf vp }Z ë inbUÐ nYð { Y pUÐØ pxngi s f x
ÓnxngfUÐ R pY{bY æ}_ x i i ê ëC i C - 5 É```¡f Y phf_eUÐ }hQ ÓnhecUÐ _= æ}_ x e eC -e5 C !5 ' * » º ' - ' º ' º |`É ' |`É nhă inh=í nxă } @ pxngiĆUÐ {fL pUÐØ pxngi {@ x º hd Un= º}In eUÐ x _ Un= pUÐØ pxngi Øn xÎ pbx}J Ø{ x pUÐØ pxngi p É Y b dU phinh UÐ Ón Hn UÐ ê{ x
RÐ}eUÐ R Ñ}\Un= ºpU ]eUÐ pe bUn= i i
pxngfUÐ pehS }x}b>í ¼ ëC ë C - 5 É```¡f ë inbUÐ nY{ Y pUÐØ pxngi {@ x ð C -5 C !5 ÓnxngfU phHnHúÐ hwnaeUÐ dL pL f Y Ónbh ]> æ}_ x
éÐí{UÐ
88
-¹ g N .g Oy df _ b r dB W b 7'b w6 6Ĕ . gb i l szj Y '6 lf d^ M. .[br Ů y pkb 2_V wcN 2z ^ ¹ gpzb V h lfr Ůdf _ b r dB W b lz ZđOb 4 k zb .y2W s"r d^ ho 6 .[br Ůdf _ b r dB W b hcN U ; ^ wV dCWb P"2y ƋhcOb 0o 1sG r U ; ^ wV 2z ^ go 7f gpkf Đ #gb lf .y.Ob wV df _ b r dB W b hcN e.+ 7yr z 2p_b r z6.kpb [z G b wV e.+ 7zV Ů z[z G b ]sc6 6 1.b q" 'j f 2z ^ ¹ r Ů Wc +gb escOb r y1 # b r 4#O w b đ_;gb d&r z z'b a gNĔ G 2gb a r.b Ƌ pc& lN t2*Ĕ zB y2b escN - #y zWz^r b .b y pj so .y." espWf b Gb 51.y Us6 Ɗ wor .&sb 5r1- ađ* lf y¹ 2 "r z¹ j z y pkb `c y pkb wV f.[f ƊexȚ 952f y¹ 2 " b - y pj - #y Ɗ }p #f 952f Ƌ y pjđb .kN b .b y pj Ɗ$f #f 952f ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ f Kf rk T^y v Z K?pȚ 4 [q x 2*yf t4u : 51 2S :o I # % A7 :( -( l&+8% ' ' * ȇ , ' < ' , : ( :7 +¥ ³z # )B h+ l&+8% '
,:)1- , "/8 ,® L¥ h% +8 :: :% ¼ ¶ :-%&I © IQ6 &¥ V½ ŀ- i
Ci=
i
- i5
C C-5
É```¡f - (F f81( : :% ¼ ? % C !5 e-i i iC - i 5 É```¡f 0 C* e = e - e 5 C !5 C
F 0 %F ¬? :% ¼W 7 : :% ¼ ¶ :) &% - 0 : :% ¼ :/J .( Q-/8" : L # L3 £ , f81% I:% A7 I4 0 # % A7 : 3 35 ;¥ § : 78( # - LM l&+8%
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
52
ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí pxngiĆUÐ {fL pUÐ{UÐ pxngi Ñ Limit of a Function at Infinity
}In Y x _> Ñ
pfh_Y }hQ pheT Ñ
óĊăŎĿí ôŃĊĸŃ
direct Substitution
RÐ}Y Ñ
Conjugate
Polynomial Function
Øí{ UÐ Ò}h T pUÐØ Ñ
زﻣﻦ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ?& ŀŃ
Unspecified Quantity
æ}_Y }hQ Ñ
Undefined
pUÐØ pxngi Ñ
Limit of a Function
óĊăŎŀĿ ŐńŔĨň÷ ĢĤĈŃ
õîœîŌňĿí
:ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة 2z_W b - đ_;gb d& Ů wczc' b 2z_W b - .Z kb 2z_W b Ƌ zB y2b wV wN . Ė
ôĿíĊĿí ôœîŌŇ
ôĿíĊĿí ôœîŌŇ ĉîĀœç ôœîŌŇŜĿí Ċňī
ôœĎĨŇ
اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ A2N 3 p" - zj z 6 & b - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Y1r - = >1 hcZ Ůi sb eđZ Ů zV W: Ů Datashow j z d f zfs61 $f 2 -r4f wb 6 & - O 2f 1s 6 - O 2f Ƌ(geogebra) ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ d& - E k 6Đ - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob Ƌ zgcN ' ;Z kf - wjr O b hcO b - đ_;gb pCO l_br Ů.& r 51- wV pOzg" e.+ 7 Đ Y2Gb m0or Ƌ ?'b lf3 lf 6 kgb q Zr wV e.+ 7y :ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ d Z zN g#b r y-2Wb y2y2' b r zpW;b c 6Ĕ wV d g = +b hzz[ b hc6r &2 [gb G;jĔ r 51.b .O r k wVr wcN f N y1. r y-2Wb r zN g#b Xzb _ b r Ů pkf d_ Ƌ .&sb y pj wV wg^ 2 b 1 *Đ r .&sb
53
ŀ - i ë
C
i
C - i5 É```¡f C - 5 C !5
Œij ïĎĠĿí ĶijíĎńĿí
ôĿíĊĿí ôœîŌŇ ĉîĀœç ôĤĸŇ Ċňī
ôńĔĸĿí ôĿŎĤńĿí
Œij ôŃĊĸŃ õîœîŌňĿí
ĞœŎĬøĿí ĎėîòńĿí
ľŔŀĄøĿí
óĊăŎĿí đōčĉ ˅ vqf }Z k2_k ˄ ˕ɸ˝ɺ˖ 952f
óĊăŎŀĿ ŐńŔĨň÷ ĢĤĈŃ
˅ ǯ 6 & f 2f vp 1 ' ˄ ˕ɹ˝ɺ˖ 952f
˅ vpȗf 2qR f 2f vp ˄ ˕ɺ˝ɺ˖ 952f
ľëîēŎĿíō õíōĉŗí ky:5 (k 6 ˝ }f : * ˝ : * f
óĊăŎĿí łēã
89
óĊăŎĿí łēã
:اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪة - #y r b - y pk > +b z6 6Ĕ hzo Wgb HG+gb (Bsy w b Wc +gb Y2Gb `b/r y pjđb .kNr G[j .kN b - y pj 2Cb r bsGgb g7[b r dzc' b r 2: gb DysO b . Ƌq# jr isj [b e .+ 6 2z* r \V 2gb wV ¹
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
ôßĿÎßĿĂ
ôßĿÎßĿà óÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;Ŀà ôßĿÎßĿà óÄ&#x160;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;ÄżĂ
äĂ&#x2030;jĂ&#x2030;ÂĄĂŚdG Âťa ĂĄeĂłâ&#x2030;¤e
1-3
äĂ&#x2030;jĂ&#x2030;ÂĄĂŚdGâ&#x2030;&#x2C6;a ÂťaĂĄeĂłâ&#x2030;¤e ĂĄeĂłâ&#x2030;¤e äĂ&#x2030;jĂ&#x2030;ÂĄĂŚdG
Introduction to Limits of Functions .g Oyr ĹŽdB W b hcN wV z6 6Ä&#x201D; hzo Wgb lf G[j .kN b - y pj espWf 2 Oy 0o 6 1.br Ć&#x2039; pWy2O E [j Pzg" .kN b .b ]sc6 wcN z6 6 W? espWgb 0o Ć&#x2039; z[z['b - .NÄ&#x201D; Nsg#f wV zg_b M sj wcN U2O b wS ky ]sc7b
â&#x20AC;Ťďť§ďş&#x17D;ďť&#x2014;ďşśâ&#x20AC;Ź ÂżCG Ă´còJ &G = 5 \ + u =0 ' 5 2 1 "RG 3 " g dM #L . AL 1<&+ =
Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ďøá ÄąĹ&#x17D;Ä&#x201C; I:7 +ÂĽ Âłz # )B
Ć&#x160;`b/ `k_f i z Ä&#x2019; zcgOb $ j ."r Ĺ&#x201E;*Ĺ&#x201A; 1
Äż_Ĺ&#x2020; 4
Ĺ&#x2C6;-Ĺ&#x192; 3
Ĺ&#x201A;+' 6
Äż_Äż 5
' - ' 8
'_' 7
o :å̍ŠªdG Ă´ÂŤZ äĂ&#x2030;ÂŤÂŞÎźdG
Unspecified Quantities
â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x2014;ďť&#x152;ďť ďť˘â&#x20AC;Ź
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;ĂŽÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x2014;à þÎÄ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x20AC;ĤÄ&#x153;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà :7 +( Âłz : ) Unspecified Quantities
l&+( Âłz
Undefined Value of a Function
: :)
Limit of a Function
: :% Âź
gkz ĹŽ Ĺ&#x201A; ĹŽ Ĺ ĹŽ Ĺ&#x20AC; hZ1 d f fš g -š .'f zcgOb $ sj DO Ă&#x2039;i .#j <Z jr 2Ă?_V .k wV Ć&#x2039; zcgOb wZ d f o.y.' l_gyÄ? $ skb DO Ć&#x2039; pb wkOf Ä? 2W> wcN g7[b i z& V2Of 2zR Äż _ Ĺ&#x2020; : Â&#x2022;n % - .NÄ&#x201D; lf w pj Ä? -.N ."sy z&Ć&#x2026;Äż _ Äż zcgOb $ j .y.' l_gy Ä? iÄ&#x2019; r 2W> lfr ĹŽ kzOf 2zR zg^ 2W> i V `b0b 2W> $ kb i ^ 2W> wV pkf d^ Ă&#x2C6; 2B½ / ? U & ' * Äż ĹŽ ' - ' ĹŽ ' Ć&#x2026;Ć&#x160; Cy š kzOgb 2zR zg_b '
IÇ˝
~ < C n G UQ
, '
~ < C n G UQ , ' â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ~ > C n G UQ
, '
952f &6/k
V 3 /" : ( 3> O( &
C d_b
'= C + '
~ > C n G UQ , ' â&#x2C6;&#x2019;
- #y r y2 #b 2y- [gb dzc' r a r.b b Gb 51- i \ 6 g^ ĹŽ kzOf gzZ b .b 2zS f 0* y f.kN f b .b y-.Ob gz[b 51.b 0o wVr ĹŽ o .f - #y r a r.b DO a #f - #y 51- .NÄ&#x201D; Nsg#f wcN U2O yr y pkb wV f.[f 51.y Us6 p# sj zg7fr ĹŽ pzcN zcgOb DO r ĹŽ . ggb z[z['b yš 2 " G[j .kN b .b y pkb - #y zWz^ wcN U2O y `b0^r Ć&#x2039; b .cb d ggb {j z b d_;b lf zš j z r ar.#b lf
: )" :L3 _ : d
:=L[ G ' â&#x2C6;&#x2019; , ' 1+u " 3 5H 5 &X = 5 I (3 &) 2"XL
' - = C + '-
Â&#x20AC;[g.
Ă´Ĺ&#x192;Ä&#x160;Ä&#x2C6;øÄ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà þĂĹ?Ä&#x2030;Ĺ&#x2014;Ă
â&#x2C6;&#x201A;JĂ&#x2030;eĆ&#x2019;â&#x2C6;?Še â&#x2030;&#x2C6;dEG â&#x2C6;&#x17E;°VCG
Ć&#x160;i V
Introduction to limits of functions
I:M- 7 : :% Âź
Ĺ? â&#x20AC;Ťďť&#x201C;ďť&#x153;ﺎâ&#x20AC;Ź
Ĺ&#x192; _ Ĺ Ĺ&#x2021; 2
1-3
:o f Kf rk T^y wÂ&#x20AC;Z K?pČ&#x203A;f Ç&#x203A;4Â&#x20AC;[q x 952f 4u vp }Z
= C * '
' * Č&#x2021; , ' < ' ,
= C * '-
' ,á : ( :7 +¼ ³z # )B h+ l&+8% '
I: 7/7ÂĽ L 3& , f83 : :% Âź ? %
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
I: ' .( O8781 :% 4WY .( : :% Âź ? %
90
Ć&#x160; 1Ä&#x2019; r XZ sgb m0o ;Z kf .kN wcy f wN 2yr Ć&#x2039;% 2 Z t s'j .[j t qz"s e.N Pf 1 _VÄ&#x201D; Pzg" as Z wS ky Â&#x2DC; 1 wcN hp " k 6 k wcN Ä&#x2018;Gb Pz#; wS ky Â&#x2DC; pzV ]1 : .Z 2_Wb i r2O; 7y w & `b/r ĹŽhp Ä&#x2018;f3 Ć&#x2039;lzOf b F lf O j 7zbr b F lf 2 ^
Â&#x20AC;: : 16[k : :) â&#x2C6;&#x2019; : :% Âź â&#x2C6;&#x2019; :7 +( Âłz : ) *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
Ć&#x2039;wjr O b hcO b - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob
1 _VÄ&#x201D; ! 2+ 6 wcN hpOz#; r lz f ?b Ä&#x2018;Gb 4y4O Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x2039;hp 1 e 2 & r 1Ä&#x2019; lys_ r wcN k b r ĹŽ p gzZ j ^ gpf 1 _VÄ&#x201D; 2 _ e g oÄ? Â&#x2DC; ! 2+ 6 wcN hpOz#; r ĹŽ1 _VÄ&#x201D; m0o ! 2+ 6Ä? Ä&#x2018;Gb Ć&#x2039;2_Wb 0pb lzN. gb 4y4O r ĹŽ N. gb 1 _VÄ? â&#x20AC;ŤŘĽďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعسâ&#x20AC;Ź
:< 52 f o ck
Ć&#x2039;w6 1.b d?Wb :mgS f 51 Ck
zbr.b _ ;b ĹŽ Ĺ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x201E; 'W> wb Ĺ&#x2C6;Äż 'W> lf b Gb ^ Ć&#x2039; 61.gb _f - ( j2 jÄ&#x2013; ) fscOgcb ( z s _kOb )
:IĂłjĂłL ºgĂ&#x2030;Ă&#x2DC;e 2W>
pjÄ&#x201D; kzOf 2zR zg^ wg7 2W> i Ä&#x2018;Gb wb (Br Â&#x2DC; 5Ĺ ĹŽ 5 z Ä&#x2019; y2 #b 1s7_b Ä&#x2018; gV "Ä&#x2013; -.O f 5 - Ĺ 5
Ĺ 5Ĺ&#x201A;
d_b $ kb i .#j Äż = 5 lN DysO b ĹŽ 5 ĹŽ 5 2W>
Ć&#x160;wo $ skb i .#j 1s7_b m0o 1 ? * .O r 2W> pkf :Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; ĹŽĹ&#x20AC;- ĹŽ2W> ĹŽĹ
:â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x152;ďş&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź pkN 2z O b l_gy z z& XZ sf 2^/ ` Ä&#x2018;F wb cF Â&#x2DC; r ĹŽ 2B r %2F r Pg" wcN ts ' zB y1 dg# 1 wb U.py (wko/ X?O^) lzz[z[& ly-.N g7Z dg# pkN 2 Oy z z& XZ sf `b0^ ĹŽ ;Z kgb r 2_Wb Ć&#x2039; I Ç˝ C z& ĹŽ ' - 'ĹŽ '- C ĹŽ C + 'd f
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
54
-
äÉjÉ¡ædG ‘ áeó≤e -
(ɸ)
V2Of 2zR ب
2W> أ
kzOf 2zR د
2W> ﺟ
و
'-
ﻫ
kzOf 2zR ح
'
ز
'-
äÉjÉ¡ædG ‘ áeó≤e
ﻣﺜﺎل Ŀ_ń- د ' - * Ņ - ﺣـ
ł_Ŀ ﺟ '*ń ز
V2Of 2zR د ' ﺣـ
Ŀ ﺟ ' ز
ľĄĿí
'- ب
' أ
kzOf 2zR zg^ و
' ﻫ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ŀ * ' د '_' ح
I ?qf 4 [q f :I ?p
Ɗ k¹ _gf `b/ i ^ / z Ē zcgOb $ j ."r 1 Ŀ_ņ ب (Ł -) _ Ŀ أ ŀŁ + (' -) و ' * (ņ -) ﻫ
'_ň ﺟ
' + ' ز
: á£≤f óæY ádGO ájÉ¡f
lf .^ r ňŀ 'W> (Bsgb E ;kb ` đF Pf <Z j hpkf cF r ȿŁ lf 5 2Cj f.kN ȿ cg#b hp Oz 6 < 5) lzgzb espWf wb hp7Wj sc?y w & c f GN wcN .z^ b h y ;Z kgb ađ* lfr Ł >5 ) 1 7zb r Ł i V 1 7zb lf r lzgzb lf Ł -.Ob lf 5 2 [ f.kN qj Ɗw Ē ^ z¹ B y1 `b/ .kN 2 Ojr ń -.Ob lf 2 [ (5)-
ﻧﺸﺎط h Ů z Ē ar .#b dg^ ŀ + 5 Ł = (5) - 5 ib I wcN V2Ogb - b .cb wj z b H+b Ɗwb b d_;b {V Ɗ z Ē c 6Ĕ lN " (¢S)O
(5) -
− −
t ń = (5)- É```¡f
¢S
(¢S)O
¢S
4^8
1^9
5^2
2^1
4^98
1^99
5^02
2^01
4^998
1^999
5^002
2^001
4^9998
1^9999
5^0002
2^0001
.......
.......
.......
.......
2
5
5
2
Ł>5
Ł<5
1 7zb p" lf Ł lf 2 [ 5
lzgzb p" Ł lf 2 [ 5
:n % Ƌ(5) - pzb 2 [ { b gz[b f Ůlzgzb p" lf Ł -.Ob wb 5 2 [ f.kN ½
Ł !5
Ƌ(5) - pzb 2 [ { b gz[b f Ů1 7zb p" lf Ł -.Ob wb 5 2 [ f.kN ½
i as[jr ń = (ŀ + 5Ł) É```¡f
¾ zÊ B y1 `b/ lN 2 O½ Í jr (ń) -.O¼ b lf 2 [¼ (5)- Ëi V 1 7zb lf r lzgzb lf (Ł) -.Ob lf 5 2 [¼ f.kN ń = (ŀ + 5 Ł) É``````¡f Ɗw Ē ^
Ł !5
Ł !5
Ƌ ń tr 7 Ł lf 5 2 [ f.kN (ŀ + 5Ł) b .b y pj
91
I ?qf m _ mg:
ÖdÉ£dG AGOCG
Ɗ k¹ _gf `b/ i ^ / z Ē zcgOb $ j ."r 1 '-ł ب ' + Ń أ Ŀ_Ŀ و ' +' ﻫ
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
á©FÉ°ûdG AÉ£NC’G Ɗ z Ē zcgOb lz Z2W cb đGb G+y .Z Ŀ {Ŀ } - I ǽ C z& C Ů Ů Ŀ _Ŀ Ŀ C
ôjó≤àdG
ar.#b dz g sG* b Gb A2Oy pkN 2 Ogb hz[ 7gb H+b h62yr 1s? b .b y pj $ k 7yr Ů f Z. Ƌ 'z'>
RÉàªe
'z'> 1s? ar.#b b Gb ;ky Ů pb {j z b dz g b qzcN O?y .Z l_br Ƌh62b lf b .b y pj - #y {b b r
V2Of 2zR , Ŀ Ů kzOf 2zR zg^ .k wcN "Ė wV \ 7b wko0b X?Ob $ sj e.+ 6 Ƌ(ňĿ) = <Z jr 2_V
GkóL ó«L
'z'> 1s? ar.#b b Gb ;ky lf \[' zb .N 7gb DO b ! 'y qk_br Ƌ y pkb - #y '>
wcN .z^ b Pf .k b 0o wcN "Ė ` đF wb cF Đ pCO r Ƌ f¹ g -.'f $ sj pb zcgOb m0o DO i Ƌ(ňĿ) 'W> hcO .k wV -1r g^ o.y.' l_gy
ó«L
{V G+ l_br ar.#b b Gb ;ky G+y {b b r 2J kgb hz[b DO - #y Ƌ pb {j z b dz g b {V
` fscOf wb XB .k wV -1r w b .N s[b e.+ 6 (ňŀ) 'W> a gb ;Z kf wV ŇŅ =
∫ƒÑ≤e
{b b r ar.#b ;j b Gb PzG 7y Đ ! 'yr b .cb {j z b dz g b PzG 7y Đ Ƌqz"s b r .N 7gb wb
∞«©°V
55
: }u &Ȝ x
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
ƙd' i ar & ƚ .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF Ƌ hp " O f Pf b Gb ^ lf (ňŀ) 'W>
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
äÉjÉ¡ædG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
y pj i V Ů1 7zb r lzgzb w p" lf C lf 5 2 [ f.kN Ů a .z&r gzZ lf 2 [ - b .b gzZ j ^ /
a = (5)- É``````¡f : +^ u m'<L a tr 7 (5)C!5
a tr 7 C lf 5 2 [ f.kN (5)- y pj : " L
ﻣﺜﺎل
Ł5 ƋŁ lf 5 2 [ f.kN (5)- hzZ 51- V ŃŁ-- 5 = (5)- j ^ / 2
ľĄĿí
(¢S)O
~
~
¢S
(¢S)O
¢S
3^9
1^9
4^1
2^1
3^99
1^99
4^01
2^01
3^999
1^999
4^001
2^001
.......
.......
.......
.......
2
4
4
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
Ł<5
: s¿CG ∫ÉãªdG Gòg øe ßM’
(Ł = 5 .kN V2Of 2zR b .b i t ) Ł = 5 f.kN 2W> lzzO b e.N¼ Đ & lf b & {kO¼ {j z b d_;b {V s#Wb - Ł = 5 .kN V2Of b .b is_ Ài 1r2Cb wkO Đ Ł # 5 f.kN b .cb y pj -s"r - 2W>
(ŀ -) lf 5 2 [ f.kN (5)- hzZ 51- V
ŀ - Ł5 ŀ +5
− ~
−
− ~
~
(ł) d_:ƅƅƅƅƅƅ(Ł) d_:Ƅƅƅƅƅ
2
= (5)- j ^ / 2
(5)- É``````¡f ."r z Ē a _:Ĕ lf d^ {V 3 ł !5
(Ł) ȿd' i ar &ȿ .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF hp " O f Pf b Gb ^ lf (ňŁ) 'W>
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
ﻣﺜﺎل
~
Ń- Ł5
wg k Đ Ł i lf hR2b Ł = 5 .kN -s"r pb Ł - 5 = (5) ȗKf z2f T > K. 4ux
Ł5 É``````¡f `ƄƄ1 7zb p" Ń = ŃŁ-- 5 Ł!5
Ł
Ń- 5 z& - b .b y pj i L&đyr Ń = Ł - 5 = É```¡f i t Ł !5
Ƌ - b .b a #gb
lf r lzgzb p" lf Ł # 5 f.kN Ń # (5)- Ëi .#j ¼ 'Bsgb ar.#b j z lfr wj z b d_;b lf
Ń = t27zb y pkb = wkgzb y pkb
2
Ł>5
~
qj wcN .z^ b Pf (ňŁ) 'W> (Ł) a f ` đF Pf <Z j
IJœĎĬ÷
ôüĿîüĿí óĊăŎĿí
äÉ`jÉ¡``ædG
ŀŬŀĿ
ŀŬĿŀĿ
ŀŬĿĿŀ-
$
# ĿŬňňň- ĿŬňň-
ĿŬňĿ
Ü
ŁŬŀ-
ŁŬĿŀ-
ŁŬĿĿŀ-
$ Ł- # ŀŬňňň- ŀŬňň-
ŀŬňĿ
Ü Ø
ŀ
~
(ŀ) d_:Ƅƅƅƅ
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
92
: 6" r 5 l
− − − −
` ;f hc?f Z
= (5)- É```¡f ŀ !5 = (5)- É```¡f Ł !5 = (5)- É```¡f ł !5
Ů = (ŀ)- 1 Ů = (Ł)- 2 Ů = (ł)- 3
f.kN (5)- hzZ 51- V ŀ + Ł5 = (5)- i ^ / 4 ?-s"r pb (5)- É```¡f do ł ! 5 ł !5
e .+ 6 wb ` đF q"r [ 7b ly1 g b lN "ėb Ƌ y pkb gzZ 2y.[ b ar.#b
:o m:6f rkx ex2'f rk P*ȗp
1 7zb r lzgzb p" lf ŀ- #5 f.kN Ł - #(5)Ł- =
ŀ- Ł5 ŀ+5
=
É```¡f ŀ - !5
`b0b
: &yfyqc f i 2/ :
G[j .kN b - y pj - #y wcN (ňŁ) 'W> (ł) a f <Z j s6 'b $f 2 e .+ 6 4#b 0o (zBs dCWy Ƌ z¹ j z e .+ 6 'zBs 2fĔ - -4yr A2Ob 4p" e .+ 6 ¹ Ƌ 1 7gb wcN G[kb ^2& (Bs w b 9đWb Wcf − − − −
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
56
ย -ย
รคร jร ยกรฆdG โ รกeรณโ คe ย -ย
:o P*ศ
รคร jร ยกรฆdG โ รกeรณโ คe ฤพฤ ฤฟรญ
ฦ i V (a #gcb {g k C t ) C .kN V2Of b .b j ^ / -r.& 2z ^ - z& (C)- = (5)- ร ```ยกf C !5 ฦ gkz ลฎ(a #gcb wg k ฤ C z&) C .kN V2Of 2zR b .b j ^ / ลฎ2^/ g^ -s"r pb (5)- ร ```ยกf is_ .[V C !5 ฦ -s"r pb 8zb (5)- ร ```ยกf is_ .Zr
ล = (5)- ร ``````ยกf (ล ) d_: ล !5
ล !5
ฤพฤ รท ล รฃ ฤฝล รฎฤ
(5)- ร ``````ยกf ."r ฦ z ฤ a _:ฤ lf d^ {V 3 ล !5
ย
โ โ โ
โ โ โ
(ล ) d_:
(ล ) d_:
: ย n p'7'(ย ? I ( T H 1 ลฎC = 5 .kN V2Of b .b is_ ร i 1r2Cb wkOyฤ C # 5 f.kN b .cb y pj -s"r C = 5 .kN b .cb y pj -s"r wkOy ฤ 0pV C = 5 .kN V2Of b .b j ^ / 8_Ob r ฦ G[kb 8Wj .kN b .b y pjr G[j .kN b - gzZ lz Y2Wb lN ` sc6 2 N ศ วญฦฝฦ ฦ ล ส ฦฏล
1
โ ซุฃโ ฌ ล = (ฤฟ)- โ ซุจโ ฌ
(ูก-ูฃ) โ ซ๏บ ๏ปคู ู ู ู ๏บ ุฑ๏ปณู ู ๏ปฆโ ฌ
ฤฟ !5
+ ล !5
(ล ) d_:ฦ ฦ ฦ ฦ
ล = (5)- ร ```ยกf
ฦ -s"r pb 8zb (5)- ร ```ยกf
ย โ โ โ โ โ โ
โ
ย
: (ษธ-ษบ) r 5 l &
ย
:ร ยซv fร ยซH รกjร ยกรฆdG Oร รฉjEG โ โ Y รธjQร ยชJ :โ hCG
2
ฦ i .#j h62b lf
ล !5
-s"r pb 8zb (5)- ร ``````ยกf (ล ) d_:
C !5
i .#j wj z b h62b lf
ล = (5)- ร ``````ยกf (ล ) d_:
(ล = 5 .kN V2Of 2zR b .b i L&ฤ )
rล
โ ซุฃโ ฌ
ฦ ."r wj z b h62b lf 1 (5)- ร ``````ยกf โ ซุฃโ ฌ
โ โ
r ล
ศ !5
(ฤฟ)- โ ซุจโ ฌ
ย
ล = (ล )- โ ซุจโ ฌ
โ โ โ โ โ
93
ฦ kยน _gf `b/ i ^ ร i ."r d [gb wj z b h62b lf 2 (5)- ร ``````ยกf โ ซุฃโ ฌ
ล !5
(ล )- โ ซุจโ ฌ
exศ วพ 52f hC[f ห f Kf b
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf mย ย _ f
( ล d' i ar & ) .k wV -1r f d& ` ฤ F wb cF ย ฦ hp " O f Pf b Gb ^ lf ล ล = 3
2W> = (5)- ร ```ยกf (ล ) d_: ล !5
-s"sf 2zR = (5)- ร ```ยกf (ล ) d_: ล !5
ล - = (5)- ร ```ยกf (ล ) d_: ล !5
y pj pb b .b is^ (Bsy wj z b d_;b i ฤ Gcb (Br ย i t wj z b d_;b wcN ( ) r [ -s"r aฤ * lf ฤ e ฦ G[kb m0o .kN -s"sf 2zR b .b
57
exศ วพ 52f hC[f ห mgSศ b
äÉjÉ¡ædG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉ`jÉ¡``ædG (5) -
ôüĿîüĿí óĊăŎĿí
Ɗ i .#j wj z b h62b lf 3
Ɗ."r d [gb wj z b h62b lf 3 (5)- É``````¡f أ
2W> = (5)- É```¡f
Ł-!5
(Ł -)- ب
− − − − − − − − −
ł = (Ł-)- ب
(5)- É``````¡f ﺟ Ŀ !5
(Ŀ)- د
(5) -
Ł5 - Ł= (5)- b .cb d [gb {j z b d_;b
د
Ł = (Ŀ)-
4
Ł = (5)-
Ɗ."r d [gb wj z b d_;b lf −
Ŀ !5
(Ŀ)- ب
−
É```¡f Ŀ !5
Ɗi .#j wj z b h62b lf 4
(Ł5 - Ł) É``````¡f أ
أ
Ł- !5
Ł = (Ł5 - Ł)
− Ł5 - Ł = (5)-
É```¡f
أ
Ŀ !5
Ł = (Ŀ)-
ب
(5) -
Ń - Ł5 = (5)- b .cb d [gb {j z b d_;b 5 Ł +5
− − − − − − − −
−
Ɗi .#j wj z b h62b lf
Ɗ."r d [gb wj z b d_;b lf
(5)- É``````¡f أ Ł-!5
(Ł -)- ب
Ń- Ł5 Ł+5
Ń=
(5) -
− −
: Ǜ 6 & f 2f vp 1 ' : Ǜ p "
Ɗ."r d [gb wj z b d_;b lf 6 (5)- É``````¡f ب (Ŀ) - أ Ŀ !5
(Ł) - ﺟ
(5)- É``````¡f د
Ł!5
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
-
أ
Ł- !5
Ƌ V2Of 2zR (Ł-)- ب
Ń-Ł5 = (5)Ł+5
É```¡f
5
7
94
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ŀŬňňň ŀŬňň ŀŬň Ü ŀłŬňňń ŀłŬňń ŀłŬń Ü Ø
ŀŃ = (Ń+ 5ń) É```¡f L&đj ar.#b lf Ł !5
äÉjÉ¡ædG ‘ áeó≤e
9
:ÉvjôÑL ádGódG ájÉ¡f OÉéjEG :Ék«fÉK Ń + 5 ń = (5)- z& (5)- É``````¡f $ k 6 r { Ē ar.#b dg^ 7 Ł !5
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Ü Ü Ø
(ŀ + 5 ł) É``````¡f $ k 6 r { Ē ar.#b dg^ 8 ŀ-!5
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10
ĿŬňňň -
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Ł - 5 É``````¡f $ k 6 r { Ē ar.#b dg^ 10 Ń - Ł 5 Ł !5
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Ü Ø
ŀ - Ł5 É``````¡f $ k 6 r { Ē ar.#b dg^ 9 ŀ + 5 ŀ-!5
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É```¡f Ł !5
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i L&đj ar.#b lf
Ü Ø
95
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
58
ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
ôßĿÎßĿĂ
ĂĄdGĂłdG ĂĄjĂ&#x2030;ÂĄf OĂ&#x2030;ĂŠjEG Ă&#x2030;jv Ă´Ă&#x2018;L
2-3
ôßĿÎßĿà óÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;Ŀà ôßĿÎßĿà óÄ&#x160;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;ÄżĂ
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2-3
Finding the Limit of a Function Algebraically
Finding the limit of function algebracally
b - y pj 7& lf kk_g w b y2Kkb r Y2Gb DO wcN U2O j 51.b 0o wV b .b wk'kf h61 r yĂ&#x160; -.N y pkb - #y r ar." dgN wb " 'b ir- G[j .kN Ć&#x2039; zĂ&#x160; j z y pkb - #y r
: k2/ ;lf Â&#x20AC;lÂ&#x20AC;gS f 1 ylf
â&#x20AC;Ťďť§ďş¸ďş&#x17D;ءâ&#x20AC;Ź
I# % A7 # %&H h+ Â : MÂĽ :)1- , f83 I: :% Âź :) Âś :%&H7 , f83
."r Ĺ&#x201A; + 5 Ĺ = (5)Ĺ - ĹŽ Ĺ&#x20AC;+ Ĺ 5= (5)Ĺ&#x20AC;- j ^ / (L&Ä&#x2018; / f) (5)Ĺ&#x20AC;- Ă&#x2030;``````ÂĄf ĹŽ (Ĺ&#x20AC;)Ĺ&#x20AC;- - Ĺ&#x20AC;
Datashow j z A2N 3 p" - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć&#x2039; s6 'cb zfs61 $f 2 - zj z 6 & b -
Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ďøá ÄąĹ&#x17D;Ä&#x201C; I 0 ÂŁ 'Âł : :% Âź
i i Â? â&#x2C6;&#x2019; C = C - 5 Ă&#x2030;```ÂĄf
C-5
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;ĂŽÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x2014;à þÎÄ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x20AC;ĤÄ&#x153;Ĺ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x2014;ďť&#x152;ďť ďť˘â&#x20AC;Ź
Limit of a Function
Limit of a Polynomial Function
I Ç˝ C ĹŽ-r.& 2z ^ (5)-Ć&#x201E;t? G UQ ½
Ć&#x2039;wjr O b hcO b - wko0b X?Ob - 2: gb A2Ob
(C)- = (5)- Ă&#x2030;``````ÂĄf Ć&#x201E;:nÂ&#x2021;b C!5
(Ĺ&#x192;-) Ă&#x2030;``````ÂĄf â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź Ĺ&#x201A; !5
Ć&#x2039;w6 1.b d?Wb
(Ĺ&#x192; - 5 + Ĺ 5Ĺ&#x201A;) Ă&#x2030;``````ÂĄf â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź Ĺ -!5
<Z jr ĹŽ-r.'b 2z ^ b .b s6 'b wj z b d_;b h61 Â&#x2DC; pb #f wV Wc +f hzZ .kN b .b m0o y pj - #y wV ` Ä&#x2018;F Ć&#x2039; Ä&#x2018;Gb K&Ä&#x2018;f d#6r
ÄžÄ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
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Ć&#x160; z Ä&#x2019; y pkb lf Ä&#x2018;^ Ă&#x160; ."r 1 (Ĺ&#x201E; - 5Ĺ ) Ă&#x2030;``````ÂĄf â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź Ĺ&#x20AC; !5
96
Ć&#x2039; yĂ&#x160; 2 " G[j .kN b - y pj - #yÄ&#x2013; Y2Gb DO r 952f &6/k
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59
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G[j .kN b - y pj - #y zWz^ b Gb 51- i \ 6 ar .#b e .+ 6 r ĹŽ b .cb wj z b dz g b e .+ 6 .Z G[j .kN y pj pb a r.b DO i b Gb hcO r ĹŽ y-.Ob Ć&#x2039; a #gb 0pb wg k Ä? r b .b a #gb wg k ĹŽ b .b a #gb wg k G[j .kN y pj pb 8zb a r.b DO i r y pkb y2Kj DO b Gb 51.y Us6 51.b 0o wVr
:â&#x20AC;ŤŘĽďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعسâ&#x20AC;Ź ` Ä&#x2018;F Pf ;Z kgb wV \ 7b E ;kb K&Ä&#x2018;fr $ j e.+ 6 'W?b 8Wk (Ĺ&#x20AC;) a f d& wV (Ĺ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x2026;) 'W> hcO .k wV -r.& 2z ^ a r- pzcN \cGy a r.b m0o i ` Ä&#x2018;Gb (Br Ć&#x2039; b - wg7 zj b r 2z ^ i ` Ä&#x2018;Gb .^ a gb d'b 'Bsgb sG+b sB wV Ć&#x2039; 2: gb DysO b e .+ 6 p y pj - #y h y -r.'b
: L & :)1
Â&#x20AC;[g.
Ĺ -5 - Ĺ 5
lz y pkb w gzZ lz i1 Zr K&Ä&#x2018;gb d#6r
Ĺ !5
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
wj z b d_;b h61 wV zfs62b s6 'b $f 2 .& e.+ 6 Â&#x2DC;
Ĺ !5
Conjugate
Ĺ&#x201A; !5
:â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x152;ďş&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź
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Synthetic Division
ÄžÄ&#x201E;á Ĺ&#x2026;ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄ&#x192;
zbr.b _ ;b r Ĺ&#x20AC;ĿŠ'W> wb Ĺ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x2026; 'W> lf b Gb ^ Ć&#x2039; 61.gb _f - ( j2 jÄ&#x2013; ) fscOgcb
Ă&#x2030;```ÂĄf
ÂŽ L( h% + Direct Substitution
Ć&#x160; z Ä&#x2019; a r.b lf d^ Ă&#x2030; y pj ."r 1 (Ĺ&#x201E; + 5Ĺ&#x201A; - Ĺ 5) Ă&#x2030;``````ÂĄf â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź
(Ĺ&#x201E; + 5Ĺ&#x201A; - Ĺ 5) Ă&#x2030;``````ÂĄf â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź Ĺ !5 "_ R& k+ )' I Ĺ&#x201A; = Ĺ&#x201E; + Ĺ&#x2026; - Ĺ&#x192; =Ć&#x201E;Ć&#x201E;Ć&#x201E;Ć&#x201E; I Ç˝ 5 hzZ d_b Ĺ&#x192;- = (5)-Ć&#x201E;Ć&#x201E; Â&#x2022;n % Ĺ&#x192;- = (Ĺ&#x192;-) Ă&#x2030;``````ÂĄf â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź
:mgS f 51 Ck
Ĺ !5
Â&#x161;
: :% Âź
0 ÂŁ 'Âł : Polynomial Function
â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x201E;â&#x20AC;Ź
:< 52 f o ck
(5)Ĺ -
OhóÍdG IĂ´ÂŤĂŁc ĂĄdGĂłdG ĂĄjĂ&#x2030;ÂĄf Ă´Ĺ&#x201C;Ä&#x17D;ĨĹ&#x2021;
*6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
Ĺ&#x20AC;+ 5 = (5)Ĺ - ĹŽ Ĺ - 5 = (5)Ĺ&#x20AC;- z& Ĺ - ĹŽĹ&#x20AC;- lz b .cb
C !5
Ĺ&#x20AC; !5 (L&Ä&#x2018; / f) (5)Ĺ - Ă&#x2030;``````ÂĄf ĹŽ (Äż)Ĺ - - Ĺ Äż !5
f Kf rk T^y wÂ&#x20AC;Z K?pČ&#x203A;f Ç&#x203A;4Â&#x20AC;[q x 952f 4u vp }Z :o
"/8 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;ÂŽ LÂĽ h% +8 : :% Âź Âś :-%&I Š Q6 &ÂĽ , f83 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; : L ÂŤ 0 : MÂĽ :)1- Ĺ&#x20AC;-i
Ci=
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i
C C-5
-i5
i
=
e
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C !5
C - i 5 Ă&#x2030;```ÂĄf e C - 5 C !5
#z kb fš .+ 7f b - y pj ."sy
รคร jร ยกรฆdG รดรผฤฟรฎรผฤฟรญ รณฤ ย ฤ ล ย ฤฟรญ ( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m y_ f
ร vjร L รกdGรณdG รกjร ยกf Oร รฉjEG
e = (5)X ร ``````ยกf C!5
e ! a = [(5)X ! (5)-] ร ``````ยกf -ย C !5 a (5)- ร ``````ยกf = e (5)X C !5
ฤฟ ! e E2;
Iวฝ]
z&
-ย
a = (5)- ร ``````ยกf n G UQ C!5 :nย b aลฑ] = (5)- ] ร ``````ยกf -ย C !5
eลฑa = (5)X ฦ (5)- ร ``````ยกf -ย C !5
I วฝ ia z&
ia = i((5)-) ร ``````ยกf C !5
-ย
รดล ฤ ฤจล
ย -ย
ย
โ ซ๏ปฃ๏บ ๏บ ู โ ฌ
d' i ar & .k wV -1r f d& ` ฤ F wb cF ย wcN UsZscb .z" O f ฤ Gb d& O f Pf (ล ล ) 'W> G*ฤ wcN U2O b r ลฎwGOgb a gcb b Gb hpV t.f ฦ ho4y4O r ฤ Gb Pz#; r p"ฤ Nr O ;b
ฦ z ฤ y pkb lf ฤ ^ ร ."r 2 ล + 5ล ร ``````ยกf โ ซุฃโ ฌ ล
5 J ร ``````ยกf โ ซุจโ ฌ 5 r 5 ล !
ล - 5ล + 5 ล -!5
(ล + 5ล ) ร ``````ยกf
:(ส ษน) +[B 1
ฤพฤ ฤฟรญ
ล - = ล - ล * ล = (ล - 5 ล )
ล -!5 ล - = ล = ล + ล - * ล ล + 5ล ร ``````ยกf โ ซุฃโ ฌ ล ล - ล - (ล -) ล + ล (ล -) ฦ =ฦ (ล - 5ล + ล 5) ร ``````ยกf ฦ =ฦ ล - 5ล + ล 5 ล - 5 ! ล -!5
5 J ร ``````ยกf
r ล = ล = ล !5 ฦ =ฦ 55 J ร ``````ยกf โ ซุจโ ฌ r rล 5 ร ``````ยกf r ล !5 r ล !5
ฤพฤ รท ล รฃ ฤฝล รฎฤ
ฦ z ฤ y pkb 7& 2 ล - ล 5 ร ``````ยกf โ ซุฃโ ฌ
5 " 5 ร ``````ยกf โ ซุจโ ฌ
a = (5)- ร ``````ยกf nย bฦ a = (5)X ร ``````ยกf j ^r C!5
C!5
รดล ฤ ฤจล
{ C } - I วฝ 5 d_b (5)X = (5)- t? G UQ ยฝ
ย
โ ซ๏ปฃ๏บ ๏บ ู โ ฌ ย
โ โ
97
ล - ล 5 ร ``````ยกf ฦ ."r 3 ล -5 ล 5 ! ฤพฤ ฤฟรญ ล 5 ล = 5 .kN kzOfยฝ 2zR ล ล -- 5 = (5)- ร i L&ฤ ยฝj
(5)-
yร 2W?b 2zR p ; gb df sOb wcN g7[b r dzc' b
:o Zฦ e = (5) Y ร ```ยกf ลฎ a = (5)- ร ```ยกf C !5
C !5
I วฝ ] z& aลฑ] = (5) -ลฑ]
exศ วพ 52f hC[f ห f Kf b
e !a = [(5)Y ! (5)-] y pj - #y .kN x2 .b 2y.[ b 5 5 zZ 1r2B L&ฤ ย z c gb b .b
a = (5)- ร ```ยกf C !5
Pf y2Kkb m0o wcN \z G ^ ฤ Gb Pf ล a f <Z j ย ล - ล 5 {ล } -I pb #f z& ล - 5 = (5)- j ^ / qj (zBs ฦ i V gzZ (-r.'b 2z ^ b -) I pb #f z& ล + 5 + ล 5 = (5)Y `b0b {ล } - I วฝ5 hzZ Pzg#b i yr 7 f lz b .b ฦ (ล + 5 + ล 5)
ร ```ยกf ล !5
ล - ล 5
= ล - 5
ร ```ยกf C !5 C !5
a
(5)-
2W> ! e ลฎ e = (5)Y
ร ```ยกf C !5
Iวฝ i ลฎ ia = i(5)-) ร ```ยกf C !5
-ย
-ย -ย -ย -ย
y pkb - #y i L&ฤ r (ล ล ) = ลฎ (ล ) a f ` ฤ F Pf <Z j ย 2: gb DysO b h y kz gb hz[b lf 5 2 [ f.kN ฦ hz[b m0o .kN 2W?cb yยน r 7f e [gb y pj is_y ฤ z& ( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf mย ย _ f
(ล ) ศฟd' i ar &ศฟ .k wV -1r f d& ` ฤ F wb cF ย ts 7f PV2 e g oฤ r hpOz#; r hpbsc& O f Pf (ล ล )= ฦ m4y4O r XzOCb b Gb ล ล
ร ```ยกf
(ล - ล 5 ) ร ```ยกf
=
ล !5
(ล + 5 ล ) ร ```ยกf ล !5
ล !5
a gb Oz 6 wV sO> ฤ Gb DO p" sf b & wV ย p 6 1- h r \ 6 w b t2 #b dzc' b zcgO ho2^/ 0_or (ล + 5 " ล 5) (ล ! 5) = (ล ! ล 5) z&
ร ```ยกf C !5
eลฑa = ((5) Y ฦ (5)-) ร ```ยกf
{C} - I so - b .b a #f z' lz b - Y ลฎ - j ^ / : 6Op d_b (5)Y = (5)- i ^r I so Y b .b a #fr C !5
โ ซุจโ ฌ
ร ```ยกf ล - !5
(ล ล ) = y2Kkcb .pg ฤ Gb Pf 1s 7b wcN c f <Z j ย qj wb as>scbr y2Kkb -sk ! k 6 wcN ฤ Gb 34O r ฦ i ^ /
ฦ 1s?b wcN (5)- ^ l_gy qj V
ฦ i V a = (5) Y ร ```ยกf i ^r {C} - I วฝ5
โ ซุฃโ ฌ
: 52gf 1 >5
ล + 5ล ล !5
r!5
ล =ล - (ล -) + ล (ล -) ล = (ล - 5 + ล 5ล )
ร ```ยกf ล !5
5 &
ร ```ยกf r !5
*5
ร ```ยกf
r !5
=
ล - ล 5 ร ```ยกf ล + 5ล ล !5
โ ซุฃโ ฌ
ร ```ยกf
โ ซุจโ ฌ
= 5 & 5
r !5
r - = r & * r =
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ห } 1ศ m;_f ห k Sf ย F 6f b
60
2
-
Éjv ÈL ádGódG ájÉ¡f OÉéjEG
h r \ 6 w b y2 #b 2y- [gb g7Z zcgN ` đF Pf P" 1 ȿ wV 'Bsgb sG+b wb đGb m j Wb r p 6 1{V 'Bsgb sG+b - :1Đ `c H 1r ȿ d'cb - :1 Ƌa gb d&
X
− −
(ŀ - 5)
ŀ ! 5 d_b (5)X = (5)- Ëi .#¼j `b/ lf
(-r.'b 2z ^)ƅƅƅł = (5)X É``````¡f i
:h+f
qzcN es7[gb tr 7yr wb b d_;b g^ 2f đf Ogb PCj Ɗwcy g^ 5 gzZ PBs r Ł = 5 i .#kV 2W?b أ
Ł
ŅŅ Ŀ
ń Ł(ł)
łŁ ŀ-
ŀ
ł ł= ŀ- 5
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ň + ł5 É``````¡f Ɗ."r 3 Ł + 5 Ł-!5
πë∏d OÉ°TQG M& &( &5 =b 1 DG m L"L M 5 l ( & l ( & y 7L +y 5 AL R^ L"L d +"M * 7I 1 \ H 3 ;( ? \ H 3 = 5 l ( & m'<? M 5 l ( & 1 d &( pL ? =b &( pL ? "q? "M+ M 5 l ( & l ( & 1 pL 7 d=E R = 5 \ A3 =' +"M * 7I "&'(? d &( &5 1 6 9'?%
ﻣﺜﺎل Ɗ."r 4
ŀ + Ł5Ł - ł5 É``````¡f Ł - 5 + Ł5 ŀ!5
ľĄĿí
Ůŀ = 5 lN DysO b `b/r Ŀ = (5)- H7 b b - i L&đj (ŀ - 5) df Ob Ëi {kOy¼ 0or ŀ = 5 lN Cy ¹ DysO b Ŀ = (5)X e [gb b - `b0^ o.& df sN wb H7 b b - dzc'¼ sO?b 2Kj É {V ]2 ;f ¹ r Ƌe [gb r H7 b lf d^ Ɗ{ Ē ^ ŀ + Ł5Ł - ł5 1 .[gcb 2*Ē df Ob ."skb bsGgb g7[b e.+ 7j (ŀ - 5) ŀ-5 ŀ - 5 - Ł5
:iy;_lf ȗk Sk
:n b K /
Ł* ŀ- 2C `b/r zj 2f (¶") Ů ( ) 12_j د + ń Pg#yr d_;b g^ (ń) dW6 (Bsy (Ł-) $ kb PBsyr Ł* (ł) 2Cj h d_;b g^ PBsyr (ł) $ kb is_zb (Ł-) Ƌ2W?b wp k b Pg#yr (Ņ-) dW6 PBsy (Ņ) $ kb is_zb z es7[gb lf "1- dZ g7[b !1 * is_yr ł + 5 - Ł5 = g7[b !1 * :oyc x
(ł+ 5 - Ł5)(Ł-5) = Ņ- 5ń+ Ł5ł - ł5 : 6" r 5 l
Ł+5
É```¡f Ł-!5
ł - 5ń + Ł5ń - ł5 É```¡f ň - Ł5 ł-!5
ŀ - = ŀ - 5 - Ł5 É``````¡f Ƅ=Ƅ (ŀ - 5 - Ł5) (ŀ - 5) É``````¡f ł Ł+5 (Ł + 5) (ŀ - 5) ŀ!5 ŀ! 5 ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă Ņ + 5ń - Ł5 - ł5 É``````¡f أ4 Ł-5 Ł!5
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
98
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m y_ f
ł ȿd' i ar & ȿ .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF O f asc'b m0o O fr b Gb ^ lf (ňŇ) 'W> Ƌ `b0^ m34O r 3 ggb wcN pzV wk .z" hpWOB 6 .y.' r đGb lf U OCb Pz#; #y Ƌq"đNr XOCb 6 !đNr hp 13 fr Ň + ł5 É```¡f Ł+ 5 Ł-!5
1
(Ń+5Ł-Ł5)(Ł+5) É```¡f (Ł+ 5) Ł-!5
2
ŀŁ= Ń+ (Ł-)Ł- Ł(Ł-) = (Ń+ 5Ł - Ł5) É```¡f
3
=
Ł-!5
3
=(Ń) ȿd' i ar &ȿ .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF Ƌ hp O fr b Gb ^ lf (ňŇ) أ
ł - 5ŀĿ - ł5 É``````¡f ب ł - 5Ł + Ł5 ł-!5
:2&x
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m y_ f
Ņ+ 5ń - Ł5- ł5 É```¡f Ł-5 Ł !5
- ł5 - ł5 - Ŀ Ł 5+ 5 ŀ+5 - Ŀ ŀ+5 Ł5
2W>
ŀ- $ kb is_yr Ł sor 2Cb $ j + (ł-) Pg#yr ﺟ
Ł + 5 - ł5
Ł5Ł
Ł5
ŀ+
(ł-) dW6 2Cb $ j PBsyr Ł wV ŀ ¶b 2Cy ب
61
ŀ+
: l;_f %5 . ȗk Sk
Ł - 5ń + Ł5Ń - ł5 É```¡f ŀ-5 ŀ !5
É``````¡f ` ŀ!5
ŀ-5
: 6Gf ( yp
ŀ
z&r
ŀ!5
ł = (5)- É``````¡f n p'7'(? I ( +"w7 ¹[ F qj V
. b6 f l;_f _ 6J
Ł- 5 wcN Ņ- 5ń + Ł5ł - ł5 h7Z
= (5)-
(5)X =
ŀ!5
:e #k
ôüĿîüĿí óĊăŎĿí
äÉ`jÉ¡``ædG
(ŀ + 5 + Ł5) (ŀ - 5) ŀ + 5 + Ł5 =
4
Ł-5 - Ł5 É```¡f ŀ+ 5 ŀ-!5
ب
Ņ+ 5ń - Ł5 É```¡f ł-5 C!5
: 6" r 5 l
أ:2&x 1
sO> ] ko i L&đyr Ů đGb Pf (Ń) a f d& <Z j lf đ^ h7[j kj V ŀ #5 i ^ / r Ů H7 b dzc' wV sor e [gb r H7 b lz ]2 ;gb df Ob wcN e [gb r H7 b Ƌ z z^2 b g7[b r bsGgb g7[b [y2G (ŀ- 5)
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
äÉjÉ¡ædG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -
(ł-5+Ł5)(Ł-5) É```¡f (Ł - 5) Ł!5
ÉvjÈL ádGódG ájÉ¡f OÉéjEG
ﻣﺜﺎل
≥aGôªdG ΩGóîà°SG
(ł- 5 + Ł5) É```¡f =
Ɗ z Ē y pkb ."r 5 5ń - Ł5 É``````¡f ب
Ł!5
ŀ - ł - 5 É``````¡f أ Ń-5 Ń 5 !
ł - Ń + 5 ń !5
ľĄĿí ŀ - ł - 5 = (5)- : n % Ń-5
Ń = 5 .kN kzOf 2zR
ł- ł- ŀĿ- Ŀ ł ň łĿ ŀ- ł-
Ƌe [gb r H7 b lf d^ É wV (Ń - 5) df Ob lf p @Ëc+ j Y2F lN ' j `b0b ŀ-ł-5 É``````¡f Ƅ= ŀ + ł - 5 * ŀ - ł - 5 É``````¡f Ń-5 Ń 5 (ŀ + ł - 5 )(Ń - 5) Ń!5 ŀ+ ł-5 ! Ń-5 É``````¡f Ƅ= ƄƄƅ (ŀ + ł - 5 )(Ń - 5) Ń!5
ŀņ Ń-
ŀ ŀ= É``````¡f Ł ŀ + ł - 5 Ń 5 Ƅ= ƄƄƅ ! Ł 5ń - Ł5 ł+ Ń+5 * É``````¡f = 5ń - 5 É``````¡f ب ł+ Ń+5 ł - Ń + 5 ń !5 ł - Ń + 5 ń !5 (ł + Ń + 5 ) (ń - 5)5 (ł + Ń + 5 )(ń - 5)5 É``````¡f = É``````¡f = (ń - 5) ň-Ń+5 ń !5 ń!5 łĿ = (ł + ł) ń = (ł + Ń + 5 )5 É``````¡f = ń !5
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă É``````¡f أ ń !5
i i C i = C - 5 É``````¡f
C-5
C !5
ôœĎĨŇ
ŀ-i
ﻣﺜﺎل ŀ - ŀň5 É``````¡f É``````¡f ŀ-5 ŀ 5 = ŀ-5 ŀ 5 6 ! !
:ájô¶ædG ≈∏Y èFÉàf i -i5 C e = eC - e5 É``````¡f - C 5
ŀ-i
e-i i
C!
i i C i = C - (5C + 5) É``````¡f - Ŀ 5
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
ňň = ń ȿd' i ar &ȿ .k -1r f d& ` đF wb cF Ƌ(z'?b d'b wb as>scb asc'b m0o wV hpOf <Z k r
!
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
99
ŀŁ - 5Ń - Ł5 Ł - Ł-5 Ł - ŀ-5 Ł-5
É```¡f
Ł - ŀ+5 ł-5 ŀ - Ł5Ń
2
Ņ!5
É```¡f
4
Ł!5
=
ŀňŀ - ŀň5
þëîøŇ
ŀň = ŀŇ ŀ * ŀň =
ŀ
ŀ-(ł-) ł - Ł(ł-) ŀ-(ł-)
ŀ - 5Ł Ł - ŀ-5 ł - ŀ-5Ł
É```¡f ł!5
É```¡f ŀ!5Ł
É```¡f ń!5
1 3 5
Ł -ŀ - 5 É```¡f ń - 5 ń!5 Ł + ŀ-5 * Ł - ŀ-5 É```¡f = ń-5 ń!5 Ł + ŀ-5 Ń-(ŀ-5) É```¡f = Ł+ ŀ-5 (ń - 5) ń!5 ŀ ŀ É```¡f = Ń = Ł+ ŀ-5 ń!5
:(4) ájô¶f
ŀ+ 5 Ł - ń+5
Ƌ ` đF Pf y2Kkcb y.zpg c f <Z j ŀŅ- Ń5 É```¡f Ł- 5 Ł!5
ł
Ł
Ň- 5 Ń- 5 Ů Ł- 5 É```¡f Ů Ł- 5 É```¡f Ɗ."r d f Ł!5 Ł !5
`b/r $ kb j1 [fr y2Kkb \z G h dzc' b e .+ 6 Ɗi 2^0 z& đGb t.b y2Kkb espWf ,z62 b ŀ- i
Ci =
C C- 5
i - i5
ł - 5 ŀĿ- ł5 É```¡f ب ł- 5Ł + Ł5 ł-!5 ŀ- 5ł - Ł5 É```¡f = ŀ- 5 ł-!5
U.pb i wcN .z^ b Pf ` đF Pf ( ) Ů( ) Ůń a f <Z j ]2 ;gb df Ob lf @c+ b ňň = \V 2gb wV 2Cb lf t.& 2Cj .Z d 7gb m0o d f wVr Ůe [gb r H7 b lz H7 b \V 2f r e [gb \V 2f r H7 b \V 2f wV 27_b Ƌ O¹ f e [gb r
Ɗ z Ē y pkb ."r 5 Ł- ŀ-5 ń-5
=
ł = ł - Ł + Ł(Ł) =
ŀ
:≥aGôªdG ΩGóîà°SG
ƅƅƅƅƅ
ŀ + 5 É``````¡f ب Ł - ń + 5 ŀ-!5
=
Ł + ń+5 Ł + ń+5
*
ŀ+ 5 Ł - ń+5
É```¡f
أ
5
ب
ŀ-!5
É```¡f ŀ-!5
(Ł+ ń+5 )(ŀ+5) É```¡f [Ń-(ń+5)] ŀ-!5
= =
Ń = (Ł+ ń+5 ) É```¡f =
É```¡f C 5
ŀ-!5
!
Ƌ y2Kkb wcN 2: f \z G sor Ņ a f <Z ky h
:ájô¶ædG ≈∏Y èFÉàf w & pzcN 2 gb $ kb r Ń y2Kkb lz ZđOb ` đGb (Br Ɗ zb b c fĔ d&r ;Z kf lf sk_g y
: 6" r 5 l
lf @c+ b pkf cG w b ly1 g b DO j O 6Đ `k_gy Ƌ\V 2gb e .+ 6 e [gb r H7 b lz ]2 ;gb df Ob
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
: Ș vqf 2&x
62
-
Éjv ÈL ádGódG ájÉ¡f OÉéjEG
l_gy d 7gb m0o i (zBs Pf ņ a f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ y2Kkb e .+ 6 pc&
ﻣﺜﺎل Ɗ."r 7 ŅŁń - Ń(ń + 5) É``````¡f 5 Ŀ 5
łŁ - ń5 É``````¡f ب Ń - Ł 5 Ł !5
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m y_ f
= Ņ ȿ d' i ar &ȿ .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF Ƌ hp " O f Pf b Gb ^ lf ŀĿĿ
łŁ + ń(Ń - 5) É``````¡f Ł-5 Ł !5
ŅŁń- Ń5
ńĿĿ - = ł(ń-) Ń = (ń-) -5 É```¡f = ń+5 Ń(ł) - Ń(ł + ¶o)
¶o
É```¡f Ŀ!¶o
É```¡f ń-!5
د
ŀ - ŀŀ(ŀ + 5) É``````¡f ﺟ 5 Ŀ !5
É``````¡f = ب Ł !5
Ń Ń + 5) É``````¡f = أ ńĿĿ = łń * Ń = ń - (ń 5 Ŀ 5
ľĄĿí
ŁĿ = łŁ * ńŁ =
ńŁ - ń5 ŁŁ - Ł5
!
ŀŀ ŀŀ ŀŀ = ŀ-ŀŀ ŀ *ŀŀ = ŀ - 5(ŀ + 5) É``````¡f ﺟ Ŀ 5
!
łŁ + ń(Ń - 5) Ł-5
ń(Ł-) - ń(Ń - 5)
É`````````¡f = (Ł-) - (Ń - 5) Ł!5
أ
ŀ ł
É``````¡f Ł!5
د
ŇĿ = Ń(Ł-) ń =
Ń + ¶o) É```¡f = Ňŀ - (ł ¶o Ŀ!¶o
ب
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ."r 6 Ňŀ - Ń(ł + ¶o) É``````¡f ب ¶o Ŀ!¶o
ŅŁń - Ń5 É``````¡f أ ń + 5 ń-!5 ŀ- ŀ+5 ł É``````¡f ﺟـ 5 Ŀ!5
ŀĿŇ = ł(ł)Ń = ŀ ł
أ
!
6 Ń(ń-)- Ń5
ôüĿîüĿí óĊăŎĿí
äÉ`jÉ¡``ædG
(٢-٣) ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ
ŀ ł
= (ŀ)- ¶o(ŀ+5) É```¡f = ŀ - ŀ+5 ¶o Ŀ!5
ł
É```¡f
ﺟ
:≈JCÉj Ée πªcCG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
Ŀ !5
ŀ-5 = ŀ + 5 É``````¡f 2 ŀ!5
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ł!5 5 - Ł5 É``````¡f 5 Ŀ!5 ń - ń5 C É``````¡f ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = 5 C 5
Ł
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
Ń- 5 = Ł - 5 É``````¡f 4 Ł 5
: (2-3) øjQɪJ äÉHÉLEG ŀ- 3 ŀŁ 6 łŁ 10
łŁ 8 ƅƅ
Ł 7
Ƌ y pj b .cb 8zb 13
ņ 12 ƅƅ
ł Ł 11
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
= ń(
ŀ- Ł5 ŀ-5
r
r
(Ł + 5ł - Ł5) É```¡f ł !5
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
-
3 5
Ł5 É``````¡f 7 = Ł- ŀ5+ -5 ŀ 5
!
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ŀ!5
łŁ - ń5 É``````¡f Ň - ł5 Ł!5
=
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
Ň 15 ƅƅ ŀ- 14 Ł
C!
8
) É``````¡f 10
9
100
ÉvjÈL ádGódG ájÉ¡f OÉéjEG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
Ń 17
6
!
2W> 2 ƅƅ ŀĿ 1 ŃCń 5 ƅƅ Ń 4
=
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
!
Ň - ł5 É``````¡f ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = Ł- 5 Ł 5 ! ŀŅ - Ń5 É``````¡f ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = Ł-5 Ł 5
= (ŀ + 5ł) É``````¡f 1
ņ É``````¡f 12 = ŀŀ ++ ń5 5 ŀ- 5 !
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
=
Ł-5 - Ł5 Ń-5Ł
É``````¡f 11 Ł!5
:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe án ë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG ŀ - Ł5
Ɗtr 7½ 5
16
ŀ ب
Ŀ أ
y pj b .cb 8zb د
18
Ł ﺟ Ł Ɗtr 7½ 5ŀ++55 É``````¡f 14 ŀ-!5
2W> ب
ŀ- أ
ł د
Ł + (ł)ł - Ł(ł) =
É``````¡f 13 Ŀ!5
ŀ ﺟ Ł
Ň - 5Ł Ɗtr 7½ Ł - 5 É``````¡f 15 Ł 5 !
Ń ب
Ł=
Ł أ
Ň د
Ņ ﺟ tr 7 55 ¶" É``````¡f 16 r Ł !5
r ب Ł
ŀ أ
y pj b .cb 8zb د
Ł ﺟ r
tr 7 55 F É``````¡f 17 r Ń !5 r أ Ł
ŀ ب y pj b .cb 8zb د
Ń ﺟ r
x án ª«b óLhCG (änóLh p r¿EG) á«JB’G äÉjÉ¡ædG øe πc
101
63
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
ŀ + Ł5 É``````¡f 19 ł - 5 Ł- 5 !
(Ł + 5ł - Ł5) É``````¡f 18
5Ł " É``````¡f 21 5 r 5 !
20 (5 ¶" - 5Ł) É``````¡f r
5 - ň É``````¡f 23 Ňŀ - Ł5 ň!5
ŀ+5 É``````¡f 22 ŀ + ł5 ŀ-!5
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
ł!5
Ł
!5
รคร jร ยกรฆdG รดรผฤฟรฎรผฤฟรญ รณฤ ย ฤ ล ย ฤฟรญ ล + ล 5 ล -5
ร ``````ยกf 25 5 +ล 5 ล -!5
ร ``````ยกf 24 ล !5
ล ล - ล 5 ล ร ``````ยกf 26 ล -5 ล !5
5ล ล - ล 5 ร ``````ยกf 27 ล -5 ล !5 ล + ล 5 ล ล - ล 5ล
ร ``````ยกf 29 ล -!5
ล - 5 - ล 5 ร ``````ยกf 28 ล +5 ล -!5
ล - 5 - ล 5 ล ร ```ยกf 31 ล !5 ล - ล 5ล ล
ล + ล 5 ร ``````ยกf 30 ล - ล 5 ล - 5 !
ล - 5ล + ล 5ล ร ``````ยกf 33 ล - 5 + ล 5 ล -!5
ล - 5 - ล 5ล ร ``````ยกf 32 ล - 5 - ล 5 ล !5
ล - ล (ล + 5) 5
ล -ล (ล -5ล )
ร ``````ยกf 35 ฤฟ!5
5ล
ล ( ล + 5ล - 5 ) ร ``````ยกf 36 ล + 5 ล + 5 ล !5
5 - ล 5ล - ล 5 ร ``````ยกf 39 5 ล + ล 5 ฤฟ!5
ล - ล 5 + ล 5 ร ``````ยกf 38 ล -5 ล !5
ล -5
ร ``````ยกf 41 ล !5
ล - ล +5 5
ร ``````ยกf 43 ฤฟ!5
ล - ล - 5ล ล -5
ล ล ล - ล 5
ร ``````ยกf 49 ล - 5 ล ล 5 !
ล ล
ล
5 - ล 5 5 - ล 5
ล ล - ล (ยถo + ล ) ยถo ล
21
ล -5 ล ล - ล 5
ร ``````ยกf 51 ล !5
ล ล - ล 5
ล ล ล
= ล -(ล -) ล ล = ล ล ล
ร ``````ยกf 42 ล !5
ล - ล (ล + 5 )
ร ``````ยกf 55 ฤฟ!ยถo
5
(ล -5)
ล ล ล ล =
ล
(ล ) ล =
5
(ล ล -ล 5)ล ร ```ยกf ล ล - ล 5 ล !5
ร ```ยกf ฤฟ !5
ล ล
ล
=
=
ยถo
= 57
ยถo ล
ล
ล -ล (ล -5ล ) ร ```ยกf = 5ล ฤฟ!5 (ล - 5 ) 5ล ร ```ยกf 5ล ฤฟ!5
=
37
ล - ล 5 + ล 5 ร ```ยกf ล - 5 ล !5
43
ล = (ล + 5ล + ล 5) ร ```ยกf = ล !5
ล ล
=
ร ```ยกf ล !5
ล ล * ล ร ```ยกf = ล ล - (ยถo + ล ) ร ```ยกf
ฤฟ!ยถo
=
(ล +5ล +ล 5)(ล -5) ร ```ยกf ล !5 (ล -5)
=
ล - 5 (ล + 5 )(ล - 5
ฤฟ!ยถo
ล ล ล = ล (ล )ล * ล ล ล - ล (ล + 5) ล ร ```ยกf = ล ล - (ล + 5) ร ```ยกf ล - (ล + 5) ล !ล +5 ล - (ล + 5) ล !5
ร ```ยกf ) ล !5
59
ล = ล (ล )ล * ล =ฦ ฦ ฦ ฦ ฦ ฦ ฦ ฦ
ล ล - ล (ยถo + ล )
28
= ล -ล 5ล ล ร ```ยกf 33 !5
ล !5 ล
ล ล
ล
5 - ล 5 5 - ล 5
ร ```ยกf ล !5
ล -5-ล 5ล
ร ```ยกf
ล 5ล ร ```ยกf = ล -ล +5ล 5ล ฤฟ!5
=
ล ล ล - ล 5ล = ล ล - ล 5 ร ```ยกf ล !5
27
ล
ล ล + ล ล ล ล ล =
(ล ล -ล 5)ล ล ล ล = ล - ล (ล ) ล * ล = ล ล -ล 5 ร ```ยกf ล !5 (ล - ล 5)- ล 5 ร ```ยกf (ล - 5)5 ล !5
ล !5
ล ล
(ล ) - (ล +5)
= ล -5
ล
:6. h* ร ```ยกf
ร ```ยกf ล !5
ล (ล -ล 5)
ร ```ยกf
23
ล + 5ล + 5)ล ร ```ยกf ฦ y pj pb 8zb (ล = ล -ล 5ล ร ```ยกf 30 (ล -ล 5)ล ล -!5 ล -!5
102
ฤฟ !5
ร ```ยกf ล !5
5ล ล -ล 5
= ล -5
22
ล ร ```ยกf = 2W> = (ล +5)(ล -5) ล ล !5
ร ```ยกf 52
ล !5 ล
ร ``````ยกf 54 ฤฟ!5
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ห } 1ศ m;_f ห k Sf ย F 6f b
ล - ล +5 5
(ล +5)(ล -5)5 ร ```ยกf ล -5 ล !5
ร ``````ยกf 50 ล !5
ล
5-ล
= ล ล - ล 5
ล !5
ล [(ล +5)(ล -5)]
ร ```ยกf
r !5
ร ```ยกf ล + 5 ล -!5
ร ```ยกf
ร ``````ยกf 48 ล !5
ล ล - ล (ล + 5 ) ร ``````ยกf 56 ล -5 ล !5
ล ล
(ล -5)-
5 ล & 5
= ล + ล 5
(ล -)-5 ร ```ยกf ล (ล -)-ล 5 ล -!5
= (ล +5)(ล -5)
ล ฤฟ =
ร ``````ยกf 46 ล !5
ล - ล 5 ล ล ล - ล 5 ล ล
ร ``````ยกf 53 ล !5
=
r
r
ฤฟ!5
ล ล - ล 5 ล -5
ร ``````ยกf 47 ล !5
ล ล ล - ล 5
ล ล - ล 5
= r &
ล -
ล - ล ล +5ล ร ``````ยกf 44 5
ร ``````ยกf 45 ล - 5 ล 5 !
ล ล ล - ล 5ล
20
!
ล - 5 + ล 5 ร ``````ยกf 40 ล - ล 5 ล !5
ล - ล 5 ล ล - ล 5 ล -5
r
ล - r= rล & - ( ล ) ล = (5 & - 5ล ) rร ```ยกf ล 5
ร ``````ยกf 34 ฤฟ!5
ล - 5ล + ล 5 - ล 5 ร ``````ยกf 37 ล -5 ล !5
ล - 5
ล + ล (ล -) ล + ล 5 ร ```ยกf 19 ล - = ล - = ล ล -(ล -) = ล -5 ล -!5
รดรผฤฟรฎรผฤฟรญ รณฤ ฤ ล ฤฟรญ
รคร `jร ยก``รฆdG ล - ล 5
61
ล ล
=
ล ล + ล +5
ล + ล +5 ล + ล +5 ร ```ยกf ฤฟ !5
=
ล - 5 ล -5
ล !5
ล - ล +5 5
ฤฟ!5
=
* ล - ล +5 5
ร ```ยกf 46 ร ```ยกf 48
ร ```ยกf ฤฟ!5
ล - (ล +5) ร ```ยกf (ล + ล +5 )5 ฤฟ!5
= =
62
ล ฤฟล = ล (ล )ล =
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ห } 1ศ m;_f ห k Sf ย F 6f b
64
óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ôüĿîüĿí
óæY ádGódG ájÉ¡f ájÉ¡fÓdG
3-3
ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ôüĿîüĿí óĊăŎĿí
3-3
ájÉ¡fÓdG óæY ádGódG ájÉ¡f Limit of a Function at Infinity
Limits of Function at Infinity
łŀĬø÷ ıŎē :% ¼W 7 : :% ¼ :% ¼W 7 : :% ¼ ¶ I ¬º £ , f83
: *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
:% ¼W 7 : :% ¼ ¶ I¢ L £ , f83
Ƌwjr O b hcO b - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob : < 52 f o ck
ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí I:% ¼W 7 : :% ¼ Limit of a Function at Infinity
ƋH 6sb 2#& - w6 1.b d?Wb
» ^ wV ! 'j f.kN (5)- b .b ]sc6 V2Of¼ wb z z'b r zË cgOb [z G b lf 2z ¼ Ƌ`b/ (Bsy Í wb b E ;kb r ' #5
ﻧﺸﺎط
h61 wV s6 'b $f 2 .& e.+ 6 Ŀ <5 Ů 5ŀ = (5)- Ɗ z& - b .b - -3 / d_;b wk'kf lf L&đ½ / f − ? y pjĐ f lf 2 [¼ w & "sgb 5 hzZ − : n B ? es62gb d_;b lf − lf 2 Z r 5 hzZ - 3 gc^ qj ½ 2 [ f.kN (5)- y pj Ëi as[¼j `b0b Ů2W?b lf (5)- hzZ 2 Z y pj Đ f Ƌ2W> tr 7½ y pjĐ f lf 5
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
: mgS f 51 Ck
ájÉ¡fÓdG óæY ádGO ájÉ¡f
ôœĎĨŇ
Limit of a Function at Infinity
Ŀ = 5ŀ É``````¡f
_ ;b - (ŀĿň) 'W> wb (ŀĿł) 'W> lf b Gb ^ Ƌ 61.gb _f - ( j2 jĖ ) fscOgcb zbr.b
ôŃĊĈøĔńĿí õíōĉŗí
{ C Ů+Iǽ i z&}
I: )" :L3 _ : d
:اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ - b .b h61 wV zfs62b s6 'b $f 2 .& e.+ 6 ŀ ŀĿł = E ;kb g^ ] 'ŮĿ[ 2 Wb wV 5 = (5)- z& m0o wcN hp " r đGb K&đf 1s 7b wcN d#6r Ɗ c 6Ĕ
Ŀ= i C
5
É``````¡f '!5
ôĀŔøŇ
'!5
IV 3 /" : ( 3> O( &
:á«°SÉ°SCG óYGƒb ¶" z& Ů ¶" = ¶" É``````¡f ½
'!5 ' = i 5 É```¡f Ëi V .& sb lf 2 ^ ¹ "sf -¹ .N i i ^ / ½ !5
'
.kN lz b - g7Z r 2B¼ r Y2V r Msg#f y pk [cO gb +"w ? :n % ' # 5 f.kN 'z'> \ 7b 51.b {V p 6 1- \ 7b C # 5
103
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
? '#5 f.kN b .b wk'kgb .'y f ?L&đ / f Ņ
r 5 = (5)- i ^ / b .b wk'kgb .'y / f + I
ǽKŮ C
C
[g.
ŀń = 5
z& Ů i5 = (5)- r (5)?'#5 f.kN
DysO b e .+ 6 b - y pj - #y zWz^ b Gb 51- i \ 6 lf DO e .+ 6 `b0^ Ů bsGgb g7[b r dzc' b r 2: gb y2Kkb Pf K&đgb \ Fr đGb K&đf ir- 51.y Us6 51.b 0o wVr Ůa r.cb y pkb - #y y2Kj (ŀĿł ) 'W> zb b #z kb r wb ! 'j f 2z _V Ů y pj đb .kN b - y pj - #y zWz^ b Gb ¹ a r.b DO ]sc6 6 1.b zcgOb [z G b wV y pkb m0o - #y : إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺪرس Ƌ y pj đb lf 1 [ ." ¹ 2z ^ hzZ wb pzV 2zS gb Tc y f.kN
:ájÉ¡fÓdG óæY ádGO ájÉ¡f
ŀ É```¡f 5 ' !5
:(ɸ) 6Op
C É```¡f z&Ƅ Ŀ = i5 ' !5
: ' p
Ŀ= + I ǽKŮ C
'= i5 É```¡f ' !5
f Kf rk T^y w Z K?pțf Ǜ4 [q x 952f 4u vp }Z :o I ¬º £ , f83 :% ¼W 7 : :% ¼ ? %
Ɗi ` đF 2^/
Ů ¶" z& ¶" = ¶"
I : " L 3& , f83 :% ¼W 7 : :% ¼ ? %
É```¡f
: : 16[k
' !5
51.b wb -sOb ` đF wb cF (ŀ) y2Kj (zBs b ŀ 2^0 hpk_gy g^Ŀ = i 2^0 b ňĿ = .&sb wV arĔ ' g7Z r 2B d> & r Y2V r Msg#f y pj - #y zWz^ wj b 51.b wV pgcO \ 7b (Ł) y2Kj ađ* lf lz b Ƌ '# 5 f.kN ňņ =
65
952f &6/k
I:% ¼W 7 : :% ¼ . k2/ ;lf l gS f 1 ylf :L3 _ : d − # 6 ;i − ~& U A? − "( ³i LI − '> L1
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
IV 3 /" : ( 3> O( & − 0 J> ,W − : )"
äÉjÉ¡ædG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉ`jÉ¡``ædG
ôüĿîüĿí óĊăŎĿí
ﻣﺜﺎل Ɗ."r 1 أ
ł ( Ł5 - Ń) É``````¡f ب '!5
ŀ É``````¡f (ł + 5 ) '!5
Ƌ zfs62b $f 2 b .& e .+ 6 zÊ j z `b/ lf \['¼ h ½ ľĄĿí
ŀ É``````¡f ł É``````¡f + 5 =
{
'!5
أ
'!5
ł=ł+Ŀ= ŀ É``````¡f ) ` (ł + 5
ł=
− − − − − − −
'!5
'#5
f.kN a 7b lf ( ) 2[Wb wV i r lzc'b \ G ŀ `b0b 2W?b # 5 i .#j ŀ gpf pyr 7 Đr ł lf 1 [ (ł+ 5 ) = (5)- b .b i V đGb pzV P[y w b O ;b G*Ĕ lf 0or Ů5 gzZ 2 ^ Ƌ{j z b d_;b lf `b/ wcN dzb. b l_gyr b .b i .#j '#5 f.kN Ɗ( ) 2[Wb wV `b0^
ł
ł É``````¡f - Ń É``````¡f = ( Ł ł - Ń) É``````¡f ب 5 '!5 '!5 '!5 Ń = Ŀ * ł - Ń = Ł ł É``````¡f ł - Ń =ƆƆƆƄƄƄƄƅƅƅ 5 '!5 Ń = ( Ł ł - Ń) É``````¡f ` 5 '!5
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ."r 1 ń É``````¡f أ (Ł + 5 )
(ń + Ł Ł ) É``````¡f ب 5
'!5
ł-
l_gyĐr Ń #( 5 - Ń) =(5)- Ů2W?b # 5 =(5)Ƌ Ń tr 7 i
Ł5
− − − − − − − −
−
ŀ É``````¡f (ł + 5 )
'!5
wcN .^ r zÊ j z r yÊ 2 " ŀĿŃ = (ŀ) a f d& đGb Pf <Z j
= ŀ ȿd' i ar &ȿ .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF 4y4O r lzZsW gb wcN k b r hp " O f Pf (ŀĿŃ) Ƌho s 7f PV1 wcN dgOb r U OCb ń ń Ł É```¡f + 5 É```¡f ( Ł+ 5 ) É```¡f ' !5 ' !5 ' !5
'!5
ﻣﺜﺎل (ń - 5 Ń + ł5) É``````¡f Ɗ."r 2
-
104
ájÉ¡fÓdG óæY ádGódG ájÉ¡f ľĄĿí
]2 ;f df N ł5 0* `b/r ( ł ń - Ł Ń + ŀ) ł5 É``````¡f = ( ń - 5Ń + ł5) É``````¡f 5
ب ń É```¡f + ( ' !5 ' !5 ' !5 ń = ń + 2W> = i K&đfr (ŀĿŃ) = (Ł) a f d& <Z j f.kN qj z& lzOf -.N lf 1 [ Đ (ń- 5Ń + ł5) Cy ¹ ' #(ń-5Ń+ł5) i .#j '#5 Ł Ł5
5
'!5 '!5 ń Ń ' = ŀ * ' = ( ł - Ł + ŀ) É``````¡f * ł5 É``````¡f =ƄƄƄƄƄƄƄƄƄƅ 5 5 '!5 '!5 ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ z Ē y pkb lf đ^ Ê ."r 2 (Ł+ Ł5ņ + ł5 ) É``````¡f أ
(ł5 - 5ł - Ń ) É``````¡f ب '!5
'!5
ﻣﺜﺎل ł - ł5Ł É``````¡f ﺟـ ŀ+ Ł5ł '!5
(5) − − − −
ŀ+ 5ł
'!5
Ł ) É```¡f ( Łł - 5
5 '!5 Ƅ=Ƅ ł -Ł5Ł É``````¡f ŀ+ 5ł '!5 ( Ł ŀ + ł) É```¡f 5 '!5
Ł ) É``````¡f ( Łł - 5 '!5 5
( Ł ŀ + ł) 'É``````¡f 5 5
ľĄĿí
!
Ł Ƅ= Ƅ ł - Ł 5Ł É``````¡f ب
ŀ+ 5ł
ł - 5Ł) É``````¡f ( Ł5 ' 5 !
ŀ + ł) É``````¡f ( Ł5 ' 5 !
'!5
ł Ƅ=Ƅ ł - Ł 5Ł É``````¡f ﺟـ
ŀ+ 5ł
'!5
' = Ŀ- ' Ƅ=ƄƄƄƄƄƄƅƅƅ Ŀ+ł
(5)- É``````¡f - #y .kN : n \ T& /0 1 p'7'(? Ɗi V -r.'b 2z ^ a r- (5)1 Ů(5)- lf d^ z& (5)1 '!5
Ƌe [gb "1- tr 7 H7 b "1- j ^ / 2W?b tr 7y Đ zÊ [z[& -¹ .N wGO y pkb ½ Ƌe [gb "1- lf dZ H7 b "1- j ^ / 2W> ¹ tr 7½ y pkb ½ Ƌe [gb "1- lf 2 ^ H7 b "1- j ^ / ' - r ') wGO y pkb ½
105
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
= Ł ȿ d' i ar & ȿ .k wV -1r f d& đGb wb cF Ƌhp " O fr ŀĿń Ł
ņ
( Ł5 + 5 +ŀ) ł5 É```¡f = (Ł+Ł5ņ+ ł5) É```¡f ' !5 ' !5 ' =ŀ * ' = (
أ
Ł = Ŀ-Ł Ƅ=ƄƅƄƄƄƅƅƅ ł Ŀ+ł
(5) -
− − − −
Ŀ = Ŀ - Ŀ Ƅ=Ƅ Ŀ+ł
(5) − − − −
Ɗ z Ē y pkb lf đ^ Ê ."r 3 ł - 5Ł É``````¡f أ Ł
ł - Ł5Ł É``````¡f ب ŀ+ Ł5ł '!5
Ƌ(e [gb wV 5 2zS gcb sZ wcN ) Ł5 wcN e [gb r H7 b lf d^ h7[j Đ 'b d^ wV
1
Ł = Ł + 2W> = Ł ) É```¡f = (ń+ Ł5 ) É```¡f
'!5
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
أ
(ŀ-
ł Ł5
-
Ł
ņ
Ł5 + 5
أ
2
+ ŀ) É```¡f * ł5 É```¡f = ' !5
' !5
Ń ł É```¡f = (ł5- 5ł- Ń ) É```¡f ب ł5 ) 5 ' !5 ' !5 ł Ń ł É```¡f '- =(ŀ- Ł - ł ) * 5 É```¡f = 5 5 ' !5 ' !5
f.kN qj L&Đ Ƌ(ŀĿń) = (ł) a f d& ` đF Pf <Z j wcN wcN e [gb r H7 b lf đ^ h7[kV y27^ b .b is_ lf đ^ h7[j a gb lf 2[Wb wV đ gV e [gb wV 2zS gcb sZ Cy r ¹ Ł5 wcN h7[j ( ) 2[Wb wVr Ů Ł5 wcN e [gb r H7 b Ƌ pkf wcN sZ H7 b wV i ^ sb w & Ł5 wcN h7[j ¶" wV
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
66
ย -ย
รกjร ยกfร dG รณรฆY รกdGรณdG รกjร ยกf ล + ล 5ล ร ```ยกf ล -5+ล 5ล ' !5
โ ซ๏บ โ ฌ
ฤพฤ รท ล รฃ ฤฝล รฎฤ
ษน9 }gR i _lf x L; f rk hb l;_
ล - =
2W> + ล 2W> + ฤฟ + ล
ร ``````ยกf โ ซ๏บ ู โ ฌ '!5
ล + ล 5ล ล - 5 + ล 5ล
ล +ล -
5
( ล ล ล + ล )ล 5 5
' !5
ล -5
ร ```ยกf
ล ล +ล 5ล
' !5
( ล -ล ) 5 5 ร ```ยกf ( ล ล ล + ล ) 5 ' !5 5
+ 5ล + ล 5ล + 5ล + ล 5ล
( ล -ล ) 5 5 ( ล ล ล + ล )ล 5 5
5 = |5| ย n 2 ย ฤฟ <5 ` ล - ล 5 ล + ล 5
ล - ล 5 = (5)ล + ล |5 |
= 5 l & F(R 1 DG ย &( I
ล = ฤฟ - ล ฦ = ฤฟ+ล
ล -ล ) ร ```ยกf 5 '!5 ร ```ยกf ( ล ล ล +ล ) 5 ' !5
=
โ โ โ
+ 5ล + ล 5ล 5ล
5 ล ล
ล ล
67
=
ล + ล 5 + 5= (5)
+ ( ล +ล ) ล 5 ล 5
ล ล +
ล +ล ล 5
' !5
ร ```ยกf ' !5
ร ```ยกf ' !5
' !5
ล + ล ) ร ```ยกf ( ล 5
ฤฟ= ฤฟ = ล +ล
ล ร ```ยกf 5 - ' !5 ล = ล ล + ล 5 + 5 ( ล + ล + ล ) ร ```ยกf 5 ' !5
ฤพฤ รท ล รฃ ฤฝล รฎฤ
(5 ล - 5ล + ล 5ล ) ร ``````ยกf โ ซุจโ ฌ
ล ล + ล 5ล
'!5
'!5
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ห } 1ศ m;_f ห k Sf ย F 6f b
106
d& aฤ * lf pzb as>sb h w b $ kb ` ฤ Gb (Br ย -r.'b 2z ^ "1- j1 [g y pkb gzZ (Bs w b r a gb ฦ e [gb r H7 b wV
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf mย ย _ f = (ล ) ศฟd' i ar &ศฟ .k wV -1r f d& ` ฤ F wb cF ย ฦ d'b wcN ฤ Gb Pz#; r 4y4O r hpbsc& O fr (ล ฤฟล ) ล + ล - 5ล 5 ร ```ยกf ล ' !5
=
ล +5ล - ล 5ล ร ```ยกf 5ล ' !5 ล ' = 2W> + ล -' =
โ ซุฃโ ฌ
โ ซุจโ ฌ
ษป9 }gR i _lf x L; f rk hb l;_
( ล ล
5
=
ร ``````ยกf ` '!5
ฦ z ฤ y pkb ."r 4 ล -5 ร ``````ยกf โ ซุฃโ ฌ
5ล - ล 5ล ร ```ยกf ' ล ล ล - 5ล + 5ล !5
=
=
' #5 a ย &( I 5 = |5| = ล 5 #ฤฟ < 5 ` = = 5 l & F(R 1 DG
' !5
ร ```ยกf
ล - ล ) ร ```ยกf ( ล 5
( ล + ล 5 - 5) ร ``````ยกf โ ซุจโ ฌ '!5 ( ล + ล 5 + 5) ( ล + ล 5 - 5) * ฦ ร ``````ยกf = ล ( ล + ล 5 + 5) '!5 ล - ล 5 - ล 5 ร ``````ยกf = ล + ล 5 + 5 '!5 ล ร ``````ยกf = ล + ล 5 + 5 '!5
โ ซุจโ ฌ
- 5ล + ล 5 ล ) ร ```ยกf
ล 5ล - ( 5ล + ล 5ล )
5 ล
' !5
ร ``````ยกf ` '!5
' !5
ร ```ยกf
(
ฤฟ+ ล
* (5 ล 5 ล 5 ล
=
ฤฟ-ล
=
4
' # 5a
5 = |5| = ล 5 `
ล ล
โ ซุฃโ ฌ
ฤพฤ ฤฟรญ
ร ``````ยกf โ ซุฃโ ฌ ล + ล |5 | '!5 ' #5 a
โ โ โ
'!5
ล - ล 5
(ล ) ศฟd' i ar & ศฟ .k wV -1r f d& ` ฤ F wb cF ฦ asc'b m0o P r d'b wV hp;Z jr (ล ฤฟล )= ล =
ล + |5 |
'!5
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf mย ย _ f
ร ```ยกf
ฦ z ฤ y pkb ."r 4 ล - ล 5 ร ``````ยกf โ ซุฃโ ฌ ล
( ล + ล 5 - 5) ร ``````ยกf โ ซุจโ ฌ
5
ล ฤฟล = 'Bsgb d'b sG* hpV wV ` ฤ F .N 6 ย ล a f wV b .b y pj - #yฤ
-ล ) 5
ล + 5ล - ล 5ล ร ``````ยกf 5ล '!5
โ ซ๏ปฃ๏บ ๏บ ู โ ฌ
ร ```ยกf = ล ล + ล ' !5 ล
5 = |5| = ล 5 ฦ i .#j '#5 f.kN ล 2W?b # i5 ฦ i .#j '# 5 f.kN wj z b h62b lf L&ฤ yr a 7b lf ( ) 2[Wb wV g^ ย 0or ล = = hz[ 7gb lf 1 [ y b .b wk'kf i d [gb .& sb lf 1 [ y pjฤ b wV b .b gzZ i wcN a.y \V 2gb wV 2Cb wb ! 'kV ( ) 2[Wb wV f ลฎ(z'?b ฦ 2W?b lf 1 [ b .b gzZ i h62b wV Cy ยน L&ฤ yr
5
ฦ ."r 3 โ ซุฃโ ฌ
5ล - ล 5ล ร ``````ยกf โ ซุจโ ฌ ล - ล 5ล + ล 5ล '!5
ล 5
ฦ qj wcN .^ r ` ฤ F Pf (ล ) a f <Z j ย
(
รดรผฤฟรฎรผฤฟรญ รณฤ ฤ ล ฤฟรญ
รคร `jร ยก``รฆdG
( ล ล
=
exศ วพ 52f hC[f ห mgSศ b
5
+ ล
5
)
ร ```ยกf ' !5
- ล ล + ล ) ร ```ยกf 5
' !5
=
ล - ล 5 ร ```ยกf = ล - ล + ล ' !5 ล 5 ล 5 2W> 2W> = ล = ล 5
3
äÉjÉ¡ædG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -
ń
ájÉ¡fÓdG óæY ádGódG ájÉ¡f
(٣-٣) ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ
:≈JCÉj Ée πªcCG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
= ( Ł - Ł ł ) É``````¡f 2
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
= (ł - Ł5 ) É``````¡f 4
5
'!5
ł =( 5 + ŀ) É``````¡f 1
= ń- Ł
É``````¡f
= (ņ-) É``````¡f 3 '!5
É``````¡f
ŀ+ 5 Ł 5 ł + ń5 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = ń-ł5 Ń ņ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = ( - ł) + Ł5 5
6
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
'!5
É``````¡f 8 '!5 Ł ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = (5 - ŀ + 5 ) É``````¡f 10 '!5
6 'b ) G[j .kN b - y pj - #y wV z"sbsk_ b e .+ 6 zj z b 6 'b e .+ 6 zWz^ wb ` đF q"r Ƌ ( zj z b ŀĿņ = wV đ b a r.b dz g b zfs62b $f 2 b .& r đGcb l_gyr Ů kz gb G[kb .kN b .b y pj 2y.[ r z¹ j z sG+b 0zWk b Ů 2zS> Nsg#f r t-2V d_; dgOb 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 wV hp .N 7fr -Đ O f `zcNr
5
'!5
É``````¡f 7 '!5 É``````¡f 9 '!5
:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ɗtr 7½ 5 Ņ ' د
ł ﺟ
Ł ب
' د
Ł ﺟ
ŀ ب
' د
ł ﺟ Ł
ŀ ب Ł
É``````¡f 11
ł + 5Ł
'!5
2W> أ
É``````¡f 12
Ń ŀ+ 5
'!5
2W> أ ł +5
' د
ŀ ﺟ
ŀ د
'!5
2W> أ ŀ + Ł5 ŀ - 5Ł
ŀ ب Ł
ŀ ﺟ Ł
É``````¡f 13
Ł5 - Ł
d_; b .b a *- lf .^ cb zfs62b $f 2 b .& r Ƌ 'Bsgb a _:Đ wcN as?'b r (z'>
É``````¡f 14 '!5
2W> أ 5+ŀ ŀ- 5Ń
ŀ ب Ń
=
: &yfyqc f i 2/ : I ?p
'!5
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
'!5
ł5
ŀ+ 5 5ł ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = ŀ - Ł5 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
Ł
ł
É``````¡f 15 '!5
ŀ- أ
ájÉ¡fÓdG óæY ádGódG ájÉ¡f OÉéjEG 5ņ- Ł É``````¡f 18 5ł+ Ł '!5 Ł5ł - 5Ņ - ń
Ń+ 5+ Ł5Ł
'!5
Ł5Ń
É``````¡f 21 '!5
ł + Ł5
( 5ń - Ł ŀ ) É``````¡f 27
Ł ( Ł 5 Ł + ņ) É``````¡f 26
107
5ł
(ł + 5 )
'!5
É``````¡f 19 '!5
ł+ 5
' !5
Ł - ł5 É``````¡f 23 ŀ- 5Ń+ Ł5ł '!5
: 6" r 5 l
É``````¡f 16 '!5
Ł5
É```¡f 20
ŀ - Ł5 Ł É``````¡f 24 ŀ - 5ń- ł5Ń '!5 5+ Ł
ł Ł5
(ŀ+ Ł5ń + ł5) É``````¡f 17
Ɗwcy f gzZ ."r
ŀ - 5 Ł É``````¡f 22 ŀ+ 5Ń+ Ł5 '!5 Ņ - Ł5 Ł Ł(ŀ- 5)
'!5
É``````¡f 25
ŀ + ł5Ł - Ń5ł
'!5
Ń5 ń - Ł5ł + 5Ł
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
(ł - Ł5)5 ŀ - ł5 ń ' 14
2W> 13 ŀ Ł 15 ł
2W> = Ł5 É```¡f 16 ' !5
(ŀ+ Ł5ń+ ł5) '=(Ł
ņł
=
'=
ņł+
ŀ ń + 5 5
Ł 5 Ł 5
É```¡f ' !5
5 É```¡f ł + ŀ ' !5 Ł5
+ ŀ) ł5 = =
É```¡f ' !5
É```¡f ' !5
5ņ-Ł É```¡f 5ł+ Ł ' !5 Ł5
É```¡f ł+ 5 ' !5
ب
' !5
ﺟ
(ŀ - 5) (Ł + Ł5) É```¡f
ﻫ
5ł + Ł5 ŀ - 5Ł
=
É```¡f
أ
(ŀ - 5) (Ł + Ł5) É```¡f ŀ - ł5 ń ' !5
ń - Ł5
17
É```¡f ' !5
' !5
É```¡f
و
' !5
:(3-3) øjQɪJ äÉHÉLEG Ł- 2
ŀ 1
' 4
ņ- 3
18
19
Ń 20
' 6
Ł 5
ł 8
' 7
2W> 10
ł 9
ŀ 12
ł 11
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
68
-
ájÉ¡fÓdG óæY ádGódG ájÉ¡f [Ł5Ń - ŀ + Ł5Ń]5 É```¡f 5Ł + ŀ + Ł5Ń ' !5
äÉ`jÉ¡``ædG
=
5Ł5 + Ń
9 }gR i _lf x L; f l;_ ŀ Ń
=
Ł+
( ł +5 + Ł 5ń
5ł 5 ( Ł(ł-5) + ) É``````¡f 28 ŀ+5Ł '!5
- ņ + 5 Ń + Ł 5ń ) É``````¡f 31
(5 Ł - ŀ + 5 Ł - Ł5Ń ) É``````¡f 30
'!5
ł5ł - Ń
ŀ 5 ŀ Ł5 + Ń
É```¡f ' !5
ł - 34
ôüĿîüĿí óĊăŎĿí
Ł
É``````¡f 29 '!5
'!5
ŀ - 5 + Ł5 É``````¡f 32 ł - Ł5Ň '!5
É``````¡f 33 '!5
ň + Ņ5
=
ȈưĝŻśĝ ƄŐǔƽŝ
ŀ Ň 33
j _V qzk" X?j 1 ^ d_b Wc_ r Ůqzk" ńĿĿĿ o1.¼À Z z . Wc_ .y Of Z G ^2;b t.& $ k Ƌ # kgb Z G b -.N 5 z& ńĿĿĿ + 5 ŀŁ = ¶" zb g"Ė Wc_ b : ! Ɗ! j .kN 1 _b ! j Wc_ 1 1 ^ ŀĿĿĿĿĿ ب 1 ^ ŀĿĿĿĿ أ
Ƌ r2_b lf w pjĐ -¹ .N ^2;b $ k f.kN 1 _b ! j Wc_ ."r 2
ﻧﺸﺎط
:}R 2 6 c[ &
1 ^ ŀĿĿĿĿ ! j .kN 1 _b ! j Wc_ أ
( zj z b 6 'b ) G[j .kN b - y pj - #y {V z"sbsk_ b e .+ 6 : 7 R& M 7 75 DG + 9? ! ;8 Ů z Ē a r.b lf d^ h61 {V zj z b 6 'b e.+ 6 ł5 ŀ = 5 .kN ŀŀ-- 5 = (5)- ب
1
2W> = 5 .kN ł5 = (5)- أ Ł " = (5)- ﺟـ 2W> = 5 .kN 5Ł Ł5
ľĄĿí
ŀ
qzk" ŀĿĿĿĿ = ńĿĿ +ŀĿĿĿĿ * Ł = ¶"
ł5 = (5)- b .b wk'kf d gj zj z b 6 'b e .+ 6
أ
2W> = (5)- É```¡f h62b lf Ŀ !5
qzk" ńńĿĿĿ = ńĿĿĿ + ŀĿĿĿĿ * = ¶" ب
b .b wk'kf d gj zj z b 6 'b e .+ 6 ب ł5 Ł - ( ŀŀ-- 5 ) (5)-
5 ńĿĿĿ + Ł = ¶" 2 5 É```¡f ' = ńĿĿĿ É```¡f + Ł ' !5 ' !5
, M 7 75 X % ƅŀ = (5)- É```¡f h62b lf ŀ !5
b .b wk'kf d gj zj z b 6 'b e .+ 6 ﺟـ 5ŁŁ " = (5)Ł5 5ŁŁ " É```¡f Ń = Ł5 i .#j h62b lf Ŀ !5
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
V2Of 2zR Wc_ b
108
:á«FGôKEG øjQɪJ ǯ 2&x : rk ȗb
˙6[B : &Ȗ ˚ [ɿɷ : &Ȗ ˚ [ńŁ - ń ( Iǽ
¶" Ů
ŀ É```¡f 5 ' !5
1
ŀ + Ł )] 5 É```¡f 5 ' !5
2
ŀ Ł5 - ŀ
łŁ
ń ł- 5Ņ - Ł5
= Ń
Ł5
2W> 24
j ^r Ů
Ł=
= (5)- j ^ / 4
[ɾ- ʘ ɺ : &Ȗ ˚ e Ů a w gzZ ."r Ů ł = (5)- É```¡f
Ł ŀ=
ń- 27
¶" Ů w gzZ 5a |5| + e
' 23
Ņ - Ł5 Ł É```¡f ŀ+5Ł-Ł5 ' !5
ŀ."r V Ł = (5)- É```¡f Ů ŀ = (5)- É```¡f Ȉ !5 ' !5
ŀ É```¡f Ł =(5)- Ȉ !5
Ń+ 5+ Ł5Ł
ŀ + 5 + Ł ' !5
+ Ł5 z& Ů ł - 5 = (5)- j ^ / 3 ¶" - Ł5 Ƌ i ^r
[ɸ- ʘ ɸ : &Ȗ ˚
Ł5ł - 5Ņ - ń
É```¡f
Ł5ł
( ŀ ł
' !5
Ł5ł
ŀ
łŁ= ŀ + Ł=
Ł(ł-5)
Ł(
ŀ Ł
- 30
21
2W> 22 Ł
Ņ- 5Ł = Ł(ŀ- 5) É```¡f 25 ' !5 Ņ -Ł
Ł5
É```¡f ŀ + Ł - ŀ ' !5 5 ň 26
Ł5
+
É```¡f +
ł -ŀ) Ł5 ' !5 5
É```¡f ' !5
5 ) É```¡f ŀ + 5 Ł ' !5 ŀ
É```¡f ŀ + Ł ' !5 5
28
= ŀ- 29
(5Ł - ŀ + Ł5Ń )5 É```¡f 32 ' !5
5Ł + ŀ + Ł5Ń 5Ł + ŀ + Ł5Ń
69
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
* (5Ł - ŀ + Ł5Ń )5 É```¡f = ' !5
äÉjÉ¡ædG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ôüĿîüĿí óĊăŎĿí
äÉ`jÉ¡``ædG
:áeÉ©dG øjQɪàdG ¢†©H äÉHÉLEG
ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ (5) -
− − − − −
− − − − − − − − − −
−
(ł) d_: Ł ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ (Ł - 5) É``````¡f
− − − − −
(Ł) d_: ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ (5)- É``````¡f
Ŀ!5
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
3
ŀŬŀ łŬŀ
ŀ-!5
(ł-)-
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
(ŀ) d_: ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ (Ł + 5-) É``````¡f
ł-!5
(Ŀ)-
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ŀŬĿŀ
ŀŬĿĿŀ
$
ŀ
#
ĿŬňňň
ĿŬňň
ĿŬň
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
$
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
#
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
z&
Ł- 5 - Ł5 Ł-5
Ł = 5 .kN Ł - 5 - Ł5 Ł-5
$
ŀ ł
$
Ł- 5- Ł5 Ł- 5
ł=
Ü
ŀŬŀ
ŀŬĿŀ ŀŬĿĿŀ łŬĿŀ łŬĿĿŀ
(ŀ-)-
ŀ - Ł5 É```¡f $ k 6 r w Ē ar.#b dg^ 2 ŀ - 5 ŀ !5
Ł !5
łƅŀ d_: 1 Ł-ƅł d_:
2W>ƅŁ d_:
Ɗdg^ d [gb wj z b d_;b lf 1 (5) -
(5) -
Ü Ø
# ĿŬňňň # ŁŬňňň
É```¡f
i L&đj ar.#b j z lf
Ł !5
Ł- 5- Ł5 Ł- 5
ł = (Ł)- =
= (5)- Ɗw Ē ^ V2Of - b .b j ^ / 3
]
É``````¡f =(Ł)- i ^ / ] gzZ ."r h Ł #5 f.kN b .b hzZ
Ł!5
Ł ﺟ
' د
2W> ﺟ
ŀ ب
+ Ł5 É``````¡f 4 Ɗtr 7½ 5 5 Ŀ!5 2W> أ
' 5
ŀ+ 5
2W> 6 V2Of 2zR ņ + 5
ŀ- أ
É```¡f Ł + 5 Ł- !5 Łł-ł5 Łņ = Ł(ł)ł = ł-5 É```¡f ł !5 (Ł+5)(Ň-5) É```¡f ŀŅ-5Ņ-Ł5 É```¡f = Ň-5 (Ň- 5) Ň !5 Ň !5
x ᪫b óLhCG : äóLh r¿EG á«JB’G äÉjÉ¡ædG øe πc Łņ - ł5 ł-5 ŀ- ŀĿ(ŀ+ 5) 5 ŀ+5ń+Ł5Ł ņ - Ł5ł
É``````¡f
ł !5
9
É``````¡f 12
Ŀ !5
É``````¡f 15 '!5
ŀ- 5 Ƅ ŀ- 5 ŀŁŇ - ņ5 ł Ň- 5 ń - ł5ņ 5 - Ł5 ł
É``````¡f
ŀ!5
ņ+ 5 Ł+ 5 ŀŅ- 5 Ņ - Ł5 Ň-5 ŀ - ł5ł ŀ + Ł5
8
É``````¡f 11
Ł!5
É``````¡f 14 '!5
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
É``````¡f
Ł-!5
7
É``````¡f 10
Ň!5
É``````¡f 13 '!5
110
łŁ - ń5 É```¡f Ň- Ł5 Ł Ł !5 ŀ+5Ł-Ń5ł É```¡f Ń5Ņ - ń ' !5
2 3
(ł-5Ł)(ŀ+5) É```¡f Ł+ Ł5ń ' !5
4
É```¡f
5
ł- Ł5Ń ŀ+ 5Ł
' !5
Ł - ņ5 + ń5 É```¡f ŀ-5 ŀ !5
6
Ɗw Ē ^ V2Of - b .b j ^ / 7 ł ! 5ƅ f.kN ł = 5ƅ f.kN
Ņ + 5ń - Ł5 ň - Ł5 ŀ+]
Ņ + 5ń - Ł5 É```¡f ň - Ł5 ł !5
`
'!5
'!5
2W> ب
a
ŀ 4
ł Ɗtr 7½ Ł + Ł 5 É``````¡f 5
Ł ب ŀ أ Ɗtr 7½ (5 - ŀ + Ł5 ) É``````¡f 6
ŀ ﺟ
' د
É```¡f Ł !5
ł=]
' b Đr." is^
:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG ł د
Ü Ü Ø
ĿŬňň ĿŬň ŁŬňň ŁŬň
= (5)-
= (ł)- i ^ / ] gzZ ."r
7 9 10
ŀĿ = (Ł+ 5 ) É```¡f =ƆƆƄƄƄƄƄƄƄƄ Ň !5 ņŁ - ņ5
łŁ - ł5
ņ
ŀŁŇ - 5 = Ň - ł5 É```¡f 11 Ł !5
É```¡f
Ł !5
ŀŀŁ Ń ņ ł-ņ ņ ł = Ł* ł = (Ł) * ł =Ƅ ŀĿ ŀĿ ŀĿ +5) É```¡f 12 ŀĿ=ň(ŀ)ŀĿ= ŀ- 5(ŀ+5) É```¡f = ŀ- (ŀ 5 Ŀ !5 Ŀ !5
ɹ9 }gR i _lf x L; f rk hb l;_
'=
Ŀ -' Ŀ+ ŀ
ŀ
Ł5
=
ŀ Ł5
ŀ - ł5ł É```¡f ŀ + Ł5 ' !5
- 5ł +ŀ
É```¡f
ņ- Ł5ł
Ł ł
=
Ŀ+Ŀ+Ł Ŀ-ł
ŀ
=
Ł5
+
ń 5
ņ
-ł
Ł5
=
' !5
Ł Ł5 wcN e [gb r H7 b g7[ ŀ+5ń+ 5Ł
+Ł
13
É```¡f ' !5
15
É```¡f ' !5
:á«FGôKEG øjQɪJ Ɗ ."r i z Ē y pkb lf d^ gzZ ."r Ņ-5ń- Ł5 ŀ+ 5
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
É```¡f ŀ- !5
70
1
-
ájÉ¡fÓdG óæY ádGódG ájÉ¡f
Ł= ŀ+ ŀ= (ŀ+ 5)
É```¡f ŀ !5
-
=
»ªcGôJ QÉÑàNG
اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﻰ
Ɗwb b d_;b wV ب
¾ ¼ wV z Ē ¾ y 2 #b 1s7_b lf 27¼ » ^ d½Ë ^ PB¼ 1 Ɗ 1s> H7 Ë ł+5 د 5 ň - ł5
ﺟ
Łń - Ł5 Ł(ń- 5)
Ƌ` " 27V ?(5) ŁK = (5) ŀK do
ŀ+5 ŀ+5Ł+ Ł5 5 Ń + Ł5
ŀŅ+ 5Ň + Ł5
.K a #f k¹ z f (5)ŁK + (5)ŀK = (5)K ."r V
ł ŀ-5
ب
5 5 - Ł5
= (5) ŁK Ů 5 Ł
Ň+ 5 Ł
= (5) ŁK Ů
أ
= (5) ŀK i ^ / 2
Ń = (5)ŀK i ^ / 3 ŀ+5
» Ƌ pb #f k¹ z f ŀ -ŀ5 + ŀ = (5)- z& - b .cb 1s> H7 ¼ ."r 4 ŀ+5 Ł » Ƌ pb #f k¹ z f ń + 5 + ŀ-Ł 5 = (5)1 z& 1 b .cb 1s> H7 ¼ ."r 5
5ł
Ɗ z Ē zB y2b cg#cb t4f2b 2z O b ^ 6 ƋC lf 5 2 [ f.kN (5)- ¶b y pk^ U2O a i V C lf 5 2 [ gkz& (I ǽ a) a lf (5)- 2 Z /
− − − − − −
Ł5 ŀ lf 5 2 [ f.kN (5)- hzZ 51- V ŀ-ŀ- 5 = (5)- j ^ / 7
z& - b .b d gy 2W> = 5ƅ f.kN
ŀ
2W> > 5ƅ f.kN
ŀ-
Ł > 5 f.kN
5
Ł G 5 f.kN
Ł+5
(5) -
(5)- É``````¡f ب Ŀ !5
= (5) − − − −
(¶Ŀ)- ! (+Ŀ)- i L&đj h62b lfr
(5)- z& - b .b j ^ / 8
(5)- É``````¡f -s"r ' h Ů b .b m0o wk'kf h61 Ł !5 Ɗw y f pzV (Bs½ Í y-.N¼ c f HN 9 ŀ = 5 .kN V2Of ½ b .b is_ Ài 1r2Cb wkOy Đ ŀ #5 f.kN b .cb y pj -s"r أ Ƌ b .cb y pj -s"r wkOy Đ 0pV ŀ = 5 .kN V2Of b .b j ^ / ب
Ł
2W> < 5ƅ f.kN
5
|5 | É```¡f ﺟ 5 ' !5
Ł ( 5 - ŀ5+ 5 ) É```¡f د
' !5
Ł- ł + 5 ŀ- 5
ŀ = (Ŀ)- iĔ 2W?b .kN V2Of pj lf hR2b
(Ł-)- ﺟ
(5)- É``````¡f د Ł-!5
Ɗ ."r d [gb d_;b wV 10 (Ŀ)- أ
Ł5 Ń
5-ł
و
É``````¡f
Ɗ .¼ "¾ r½ Ài z Ē y pkb ."r 11 5 ņ É```¡f أ
É```¡f ب
' !5
ń+5Ł
' !5
Ņ + 5 ń - Ł5 É``````¡f ﻫ Ł- 5 Ł 5
ŀ!5
!
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
111
11 ņ Ł
=
'=
' = (ŀ-
ņ 5ņ É```¡f = É```¡f ń + Ł ' !5 ń+ 5 Ł ' !5 5 Ł5Ń 5Ń É```¡f = É```¡f 5- ł ' !5 ŀ- ł ' !5 5 5 |5| ŀ= 5 É```¡f = 5 É```¡f ' !5 ' !5
ŀ + 5) É```¡f 5 ' !5
(ł-5)(Ł-5) (Ł - 5)
=
É```¡f Ł !5
8
(5) -
{
ب ﺟ
5 - ŀ + Ł5 É```¡f 5 ' !5
د
5 É```¡f = Ņ+Ł5ń-5
ﻫ
Ł
:≈ªcGôàdG QÉÑàN’G áHÉLEG
أ
− − − − −
{ ~
Ł !5
o P*ȗp hc?f rk
ŀ- = ł - Ł = (ł -5 ) É```¡f =ƄƄ
Ń = (+Ł)- Ů Ł = (-Ł)-
Ł !5
Ł+ ł+5 Ł+ ł+5 ŀ Ń
=
* Ł- ł+5 ŀ- 5 (ŀ - 5)
(Ł + ł + 5
É```¡f
(+Ł)- ! (-Ł)Ƌ -s"r pb 8zb (5)- É```¡f
و
Ł !5
ŀ !5
É```¡f
) (ŀ - 5) ŀ !5
=
ŀ- Ł5 ŀ- 5
= (5)- أ9 {ŀ}- I wcN V2Of ŀ #5 f.kN b .cb y pj ."s r (ŀ+5)(ŀ-5) (ŀ- 5)
71
`
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
É```¡f ŀ !5
ŀ- Ł5
= ŀ- 5
É```¡f ŀ !5
z&
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äĂ&#x2030;ĂŁâ&#x2C6;?ãŸG Ă&#x153;Ă&#x2030;``°ÚM Trigonometry
Trigonometry óóÄ&#x160;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Ŀà ôĹ&#x192;Ä&#x160;ĸĹ&#x192; ĂłÄ&#x160;Ä&#x192; Ĺ&#x17D;ÄżĂĿà ôĹ&#x192; Ă´Ĺ&#x192;Ä&#x160;ĸĹ&#x192; Ä&#x160; Ä&#x160;ĸĹ&#x192; w&y Â&#x20AC;F 6f 1 k Qx6Z 2* yu Ë&#x2022;Trigonometry  qÂ&#x20AC; Č&#x2014;f Ë&#x2013; #g#lf ;* mgR w&y w w&y Â&#x20AC;F 6f Â&#x20AC;F F 66f F f 1 1 k Qx6Z 2* Qx6 Qx6ZZ 2* 2* 2 yu yu Ë&#x2022; yu Ë&#x2022;Ë&#x2022;T Trig rigonom onometry etry tryy   qÂ&#x20AC;  q  qqÂ&#x20AC; Č&#x2014;f Č&#x2014;f Č&#x2014;f Ë&#x2013; #g# Ë&#x2013; Ë&#x2013; Ë&#x2013; #g#lf ;* lf f ;* mgR ; mmgR : Â&#x20AC;^x $g#lf QČ&#x2014;F e yJ rÂ&#x20AC; ^Č&#x2014;Sf 2&y $Â&#x20AC;* A . w&y k Sf :2qvf x i R : : Â&#x20AC;^x : Â&#x20AC;^x Â&#x20AC;^x $g# $g# $ lf $g $g# lf QČ&#x2014;F lf lf Q F e y QČ&#x2014;F e J rÂ&#x20AC; J rÂ&#x20AC; J r Â&#x20AC; ^^Č&#x2014;Sf ^Č&#x2014;Sf Č&#x2014;Sf 2& &y $ 2& y Â&#x20AC;* A A . w . w&y &y k S SSf f :2qvf x i R i ;* 2R y_ hlR rk ex rÂ&#x20AC; 6Clf k2^ o bx Ę&#x2DC;Ë&#x2022;Ë&#x2026;Ë&#x2026;Ë&#x2026;Ë&#x2026; Ę&#x2DC;hOf f 1 Ę&#x2DC;i l f Â&#x20AC;& f 1 Ę&#x2DC; Â&#x20AC;'f f 1Ë&#x2013; Â&#x20AC;#g#k e x1 5yB  Z t x7 ; ;* 2R * 2R * 2R y_ * y_ y_ hlR hlR rk hlR rk rk rk k ex exx rÂ&#x20AC; 6 eex Â&#x20AC; 6 Â&#x20AC; 6Clf Â&#x20AC; 6 Clf Cl k k 2^ o 2^^ o bx x Ę&#x2DC;Ë&#x2022;Ë&#x2026;Ë&#x2026; Ę&#x2DC;Ë&#x2022;Ë&#x2026; Ë&#x2022; Ë&#x2026;Ë&#x2026; Ę&#x2DC; Ë&#x2026; Ę&#x2DC;hOf h f f 1 Ę&#x2DC;i hOf 1 Ę&#x2DC;i l f 1 Ę&#x2DC;i i l f Â&#x20AC;& f Â&#x20AC; Â&#x20AC;& Â&#x20AC;& f & f 1 Ę&#x2DC; 1 Ę&#x2DC; Â&#x20AC;'f Â&#x20AC;' Â&#x20AC;'f f f 1Ë&#x2013; 1Ë&#x2013; Ë&#x2013; Â&#x20AC;#g Â&#x20AC;#g#k e Â&#x20AC; #k e x1 x1 5yB 5yB B  Z  Z t t x7 x vqÂ&#x20AC;p y^ ySFx r 4f ` 6VČ&#x161; }f #g#lf ;* mgSf q Z6Sk T&6 Ę&#x2DC;mu2 Sk q x k 6uČ&#x161; q  Z uyk2/ : 3 Ę&#x2DC; #g#lf vq vvvqqÂ&#x20AC;p y vq Â&#x20AC;p y p p yy^^ ^ y y ySFx SFx SF Fx F Fx xx r 4 r 4 ` r r 4f ` 6VČ&#x161; 6VČ&#x161; }f 6V }f }f }f #g#lf ;* m #g#lf # f ;* ;* m * mgSf ggSf f q Z6Sk q ZZ6Sk Sk T&6 Sk T&6 Ę&#x2DC;mu Ę&#x2DC;mu2 S Ę&#x2DC;mu u2 S Skk k q x q x x x x k 6uČ&#x161; k k 6uČ&#x161; 6 q q  Z q q  Z uyk2/ : 3 Ę&#x2DC; uyk2/ u 2 : 3 Ę&#x2DC; #g#lf Ę&#x2DC; f Ę&#x2DC; #g#lf ` 6J rR 92Â&#x20AC;g^ :2qu yZ6R 6Wf o lb Ë&#x2026;wRČ&#x2014;F e yJ fČ&#x2013;2 $g#lf * ;lf u6  px6Â&#x20AC; f i2^ lb Ę&#x2DC; v 6Op yV Bx ` 6 `` 6 J rR rR 92Â&#x20AC; 92Â&#x20AC; 9 g^ g^ :2q g^ g^ :2q : u y u yZ6R Z6 6Wf o o lb lb Ë&#x2026;wR Ë&#x2026;Ë&#x2026; Č&#x2014;F F e yJ F yJ y f fČ&#x2013;2 Č&#x2013;Č&#x2013;2 2 $g#l $gg#lf f * ;l f * ;lf lff Ç&#x203A; pp u6 u6 u66  p  x6Â&#x20AC;  x6 f i2^ x6Â&#x20AC; 2^ lb Ę&#x2DC; lb Ę&#x2DC; v v v 6Op yV Bx $g#lf B /f ^Č&#x2014;Sf  p f \?b $Â&#x20AC;* $g#lf $g# lf B lf B B /f /f ^Č&#x2014;S ^Č&#x2014; ^Č&#x2014; f   p p f \ \?b $ b $Â&#x20AC;* Â&#x20AC;* ;f Â&#x20AC;#g#lf ;qf mvk 2/ : yu #g#lf ;*  Z 6Sf 6" k rkx Ë&#x2026; 6Sf ; Â&#x20AC;#g ;f Â&#x20AC;#g#lf #lf #l #lf lf ;q f ;q f vk 2 f m / : yu / : : yu yu yu u #gg#lf #lf ; lf ; ;*  Z ;*  Z * 6S *  f 6 6S f 6" k " k rkx rkx Ë&#x2026; 6S 6Sf f Ë&#x2026;<l?f Q [ 5 1 ' oyp ^ \? b lb x 8f m _f ~x6cf Ë&#x2026;<l?f Q Q [ 5 [[ 1 ' ' oyp oyp yp ^ \? ^ \ \? b \? b b lb lb llbb x x xx 8f 8f m _ 8f m f ~ m _ ~x6cf x6cf ]6Kf x Â&#x20AC;F 6f RČ&#x2014;lf x  p lf ?p  Z i2/ ;  f x8f x Z ;lf ;*  Z 6Â&#x20AC;#b _Â&#x20AC; K #g#lf ;* mgSf ]6K Kf x Â&#x20AC;F f f x Â&#x20AC;F Â&#x20AC;F 6f Â&#x20AC;F 6f 6ff RČ&#x2014;lf x RČ&#x2014; RČ&#x2014;lf x lf  p  lf ? ?p    Z i Z i2/ ; / ;  f  f f x8 x8 x8f x88 x x Z ; ZZ ;lf lf ;*  Z Z 6Â&#x20AC;# 6Â&#x20AC;#b _Â&#x20AC; K _ _Â&#x20AC; K #g#g# #g#l g# f f ;* ;* ;* ;* * mgSf mgSf Â&#x20AC;cg[f x Â&#x20AC;Z 6W'f Z ;lf ;*  Z #g#lf ;* i2/ ; lb Ę&#x2DC; Â&#x20AC;cÂ&#x20AC;p cÂ&#x20AC;lf x Â&#x20AC; 6vcf 8v&Č&#x161; x b6+lf R qB  Zx Â&#x20AC;cg[f Â&#x20AC;c [f x Â&#x20AC; x Z 6WW'f x Â&#x20AC; 'f f Z Z ;lf ; ; ;lf ;*  Z *  Z # # g#lf g#lf ;* ;* i * i2/ ; 2/ ; l b Ę&#x2DC; Â&#x20AC;cÂ&#x20AC;p Â&#x20AC; cÂ&#x20AC;l Â&#x20AC;cÂ&#x20AC;p Â&#x20AC; f x f Â&#x20AC; 6 Â&#x20AC; 6vcf cf 8v 8v 8v&Č&#x161; x &Č&#x161;Č&#x161; b & b bb6+lf b6+lf 6+ +lf R +lf lf R R RR qB qB qB  qB   Zx Zxx Ë&#x2026; Â&#x20AC;R qCf 5 l^Č&#x161; Z ?c :Č&#x2013; lOp  Zx Ë&#x2026; Â&#x20AC;R Â&#x20AC;RR qC qq 5 qCf 5 5 l^Č&#x161; l^Č&#x161; ^Č&#x161; Z ?c ^Č&#x161; ?c ?cc :Č&#x2013; ?c :Č&#x2013; lO lO lOp   Zx Zx
ĂłÄ&#x160;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Ŀà Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ďá þÎÿÄ&#x17D;Ä&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x192; Ăł ĂłÄ&#x160;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D; Ä&#x160;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Ŀà ĿĂĿà Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ÄŹ Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ÄŹ Ĺ&#x20AC; á Ăľ á Ăľ þÎÿÄ&#x17D;Ä&#x17D;Ä&#x2C6; Ä&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ&#x192;
Â? ./0 + 9? ob :n m M 1 jE '+ 9 b MC?Â&#x201D; / 7L Â&#x2013; Â&#x2020; Ă&#x2DC;nÂ&#x153;xĂ&#x17D; Â?R rdÂ&#x203A;Y ĂŽĂş ĂŞneÂ&#x161;UĂ? oh@ Ă&#x2019;{LnS ĂŤÂ&#x17D;inS ĂŞ{Â&#x17E;Â&#x161;Â&#x2014;x Â&#x201C; Â?dL  fxĂł ĂŽ|UĂ?Ă ÂşrdÂ&#x203A;Y ĂŽĂş ohÂ&#x153;UĂ? Ă&#x2019;{LnS ĂŤÂ&#x17D;inS ĂŚ}_Â&#x161;xĂł Â&#x201C; Ă&#x2018;Â&#x17D;h@ Â&#x2026;Y rdÂ&#x203A;eUĂ? âÄ&#x2020;Â&#x201D;Ă&#x152; ĂŠĂ?Â&#x17D;JĂ&#x152; oHnfÂ&#x161;Ăł> rdÂ&#x203A;Y ĂŽĂ&#x152; Â?R Â?iĂ&#x152;
rdÂ&#x203A;eUĂ? Ă?|w Â?R ĂŠÂ&#x17D;gÂ&#x153;Y Â&#x2026;dÂ&#x201D; ĂŠÂ&#x17D;J ÂŹ
ngU pd=nbeUĂ? nxĂ?Ă~UĂ? Ă&#x2DC;nÂ&#x153;xĂ&#x17D; Â?R rdÂ&#x203A;Y ĂŽĂş ĂŞneÂ&#x161;UĂ? oh@ Ă&#x2019;{LnS ĂŤÂ&#x17D;inS ĂŞ{Â&#x17E;Â&#x161;Â&#x2014;x Â&#x201C; ĂŽĂ&#x152; âÄ&#x2020;Â&#x201D;Ă&#x152; ĂŠĂ?Â&#x17D;JĂ&#x152; Ă&#x2DC;nÂ&#x153;xĂ&#x17D; Â?R ohÂ&#x153;UĂ? Ă&#x2019;{LnS ĂŤÂ&#x17D;inS ĂŞ{Â&#x17E;Â&#x161;Â&#x2014;xĂł Â&#x201C;
rdÂ&#x203A;eUĂ? Ă?|w Â?R pUÂ&#x17D;gÂ&#x153;Y pxĂĂ?Ă&#x203A; Ă&#x153;nhS
rdÂ&#x203A;Y Â?R rdÂ&#x203A;Y ĂŽĂş ĂŞneÂ&#x161;UĂ? oh@Ă ohÂ&#x153;UĂ? Ă&#x2019;{LnS ĂŤÂ&#x17D;inS ĂŞ{Â&#x17E;Â&#x161;Â&#x2014;x Â&#x201C; Ă&#x201C;nHnhS Ă&#x2DC;nÂ&#x153;xĂ&#x17D; Â?R rdÂ&#x203A;Y ĂŽĂş ohÂ&#x153;UĂ? Ă&#x2019;{LnS ĂŤÂ&#x17D;inS ĂŞ{Â&#x17E;Â&#x161;Â&#x2014;xĂł Â&#x201C; rdÂ&#x203A;eUĂ? Ă?|w Â&#x160;A
rdÂ&#x203A;eUĂ? Ă?|w nxĂ?ĂĂ&#x203A; Â?dL pLÂ&#x17D;fÂ&#x161;Y p]ZiĂ&#x152;Ă Â&#x152;xĂ&#x161;ne> Â&#x160;A Â?R pÂ&#x2DC;HnÂ?UĂ? pUĂšĂ? ĂŞ{Â&#x17E;Â&#x161;Â&#x2014;x Â&#x201C;
rdÂ&#x203A;Y ĂŽĂş ĂŞneÂ&#x161;UĂ? oh@Ă ÂşohÂ&#x153;UĂ? Ă&#x2019;{LnS ĂŤÂ&#x17D;inS
â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďť&#x2DC;ﺪďş&#x201D; اďť&#x;ﺣﺪ؊â&#x20AC;Ź dg; qzcN [z G r yr 4b h [b c gb b Gb 51- i \ 6 & 7fr ĹŽ c gb & 7f U2O r ĹŽA W+jÄ? r M W 1Ä? y r3 hcO y Us6 iÄ&#x2019; r ĹŽhK kgb PcCgb & 7fr ĹŽwN 2b d_;b z"r z#b wjsj Z 6 1- aÄ&#x2018;* lf e N q"s c gb d& aÄ&#x2018;* lf `b/r z z'b r z6.kpb [z G b DO r e g b Ć&#x160;w Ä&#x2019; ^ go lz61Ć&#x2039; z#b ( .N Z) isj Z Ć&#x160;arÄ&#x201D; 51.b Ć&#x2039;e g b z" ( .N Z) isj Z Ć&#x160;wj b 51.b
ĂŠÂ&#x17D;JĂ rdÂ&#x203A;Y ĂŽĂş ohÂ&#x153;UĂ? Ă&#x2019;{LnS ĂŤÂ&#x17D;inS Â&#x152;h= pSÄ&#x2020;_UĂ? sÂ&#x161;fÂ&#x161;Â&#x2014; xĂł Â&#x201C; ÂŹ
rdÂ&#x203A;eUĂ? Ă?|gU p@Ă&#x161;nÂ&#x17E;UĂ? Ă&#x2019;}Ă˝Ă?{UĂ? }]Ă´S Â&#x2021;[Ăľi
rdÂ&#x203A;Y ĂŽĂş ĂŞneÂ&#x161;UĂ? oh@ Ă&#x2019;{LnS ĂŤÂ&#x17D;inS ĂŚ}_Â&#x161;xĂł Â&#x201C;
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b zy zyp zyp #f f }p # #f }p #f f \ f \Cf f Cf Ë? } Cf Ë? 1Č&#x161; 1 m;_f m Ë? m;_f m; Ë? k S Ë? k k f k f Â&#x20AC;F Â&#x20AC;F 6f 6f 6f f f b
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â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş¨ďşŽďş&#x;ďş&#x17D;ŘŞ اďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďť&#x152;ďť ďť˘â&#x20AC;Ź o f Kf rk T^y vÂ&#x20AC;Z K?pČ&#x203A;f Ç&#x203A;4Â&#x20AC;[q x 2*yf t4u vp  Z :o }gR 5Ç&#x203A; 1 ^ oyc Â" § Â&#x2026;7 8 0 G" ( 5 X Âş ' l&+8% I" Âľ :" -ÂĽ % 0c V ? M( G" ÂĽ Â&#x201E;W$ 4 I X3 78 G" ( ? % X Âş ' , f83 G" ( % 0U # 3 ? I : A :%0 c W_ ! 4 I0 G" ( 5 X Âş ' ² : W+ O8781% I G" ÂĽ Âľ :?> ¤ '&@ &M IG" ( 5 ,°8 X ? ' l&+8% M"$ 4 I Âś  G" ( 5 ,°8 X ? ' , f81% IG" ÂĽ  4 A X ? ' , f83 G" (  4 A M"$ 4 I ? % ,°8 :%0 U { Âś  G" ( 5 ,°8 X ? ' , f81% IG" ÂĽ  : A X ? ' , f83 G" (  : A :%0 U { ? % I,°8
_  G" ( 5 ,°8 X ?0 X Âş , f81% :: T #] ÂŁ  G" ÂĽ I= W$ _ 4 I0 ,²8%0 U 3 G" ÂĽ  " a * I°A7 '> !/ÂĽ :%0 c { 0 ,²+"$ ] I G" ÂĽ  " a * I:Â&#x20AC;W = W$ 4 I G" ÂĽ  " a * X Âş § .%> ¨ _  :L3 ÂŁ : T , f81% IG" ( 5 ,°8 X ?0
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
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ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí ôŔ ôŔē îēŗ ēŗ ŗí õ í õîĄŀ îĄŀĤĜń ĤĜńńĿí pxíÐÛ } TÌ Ñ
Largest Angle
rd eUÐ pAn Y Ñ
The Area of the Triangle
rd eUÐ âĆ Ì éÐ JÌ Ñ
اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ?& ŀŃ
The Sides Lenghtes of a Triangle The Opposite Angle of an Side
ÒØnA pxíÐÛ Ñ
Acute Angle
pxíÐÛ }`ÉÌ Ñ
p@}afY pxíÐÛ Ñ
Obtuse Angle
peýnS pxíÐÛ Ñ
Right Angle
óĊăŎĿí đōčĉ óĊăŎĿí óĊă ŎĿí đō ŎĿí đō đōčĉ đōčĉ č
ľëîēŎĿíō õíōĉŗí ľëî ľë ëîēŎĿ ēŎĿííō ēŎ íō õíō íō õíō íō õíōĉŗí ĉŗ ĉŗí ŗíí
'f ˕ 2R ^˖ oyp ^ 'f 'f 'f ˕ ˕ 2R ^ ˕ ^˖ oy ^ ˖˖ oy oyyp ^^ ˄˄˕ ˕ɸ˝ɻ˖ 952f ɸ˝ɻ˖ 95 ˖ 952f 2f
lgR : * f lgR lgR : : : * f * * f f
i l f & ˕ 2R ^˖ oyp ^ i l i l f & ˕ & ˕ 2R 2R R ^˖ o ^˖ oyp ^ yp ^ ^ ˄˄˕ ˕ɹ˝ɻ˖ 952f ˕ɹ˝ɻ˖ 95 ˖ 952f ˖ 952f 2f
اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ 3 p" - zgcN 6 & b - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Datashow j z A2N (geogebra) Ɗd f c b r {bĒ 6 'cb zfs61 $f 2
óĊă ăŎŀĿ ŀ Őń ŐńŔĨň ŔĨňň÷ Ģ ÷ ĢĤĈŃ óĊăŎŀĿ ŐńŔĨň÷ ĢĤĈŃ ŁîńøĿí ðŔÿ óĊīîķ Łîńø îńøĿí ð Ŀí ðŔÿ ó Ŕÿ ó Ŕÿ ÿ óĊīîķ Ċ Ċīîķ õîĸŔòĤ÷ õîĸŔòĤ÷ ôŔēĊňŋ ôŔ÷îŔăō
đîŔķ ĉîĀœç đîŔķ đîŔķ ĉîĀœ ĉĉî ç ĉîĀ
Īŀğ ĽŎģ ĉîĀœç Īŀğ ĽŎģ ĉ Ŏģ ĉîĀœç î
ôĿŎŌĀŃ ôœ Ń ôœōíď ôĿŎŌĀŃ ôœōíď úŀüŃ Őij
ðŔĀĿí óĊīîķ ðŔĀ ðŔĀĿ Ā í óĊ í ó īîķ ī ôŔēĊňŋ õîĸŔòĤ÷ Ĥ÷÷
úŀüŃ ŀ Œij ĽŎŌĀŃ úŀüŃ Œij ĽŎŌĀŃ
ôŔ÷îŔăōō
đîŔķ ĉîĀœç đîŔķ đîŔķ ĉîĀœ đîŔķ ĉîĀ ĉîĀ ĉîĀ îĀ ç ôĿŎŌ ôĿŎŌĀŃ ôœ ĿŎŌĀŃ ôœ Ń ôœōíď ô ōíď ō ôĿŎŌĀŃ ôœōíď úŀü úŀüŃ ŀüŃ Ő Őijij úŀüŃ Őij
óĊăŎŀĿ ŐńŔĨň÷ ĢĤĈŃ Łîī ŊÿŎñ úŀüńĿí ľă ľ ľă
ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ [y2Gb - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob Ƌ đ_;gb d& - zF k 6Đ
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êne UÐ oh@ Ò{LnS Ñ
Cosine Rule
pU g Y pxíÐÛ Ñ
Smallest Angle
oh UÐ Ò{LnS Ñ
Sine Rule
é g Y d é J Ñ
Missing Length
Ón d Y Ñn A Ñ
Trigonometry
d é JÌ Ñ
Longest Side
UnKnown Angle
pd=nbY pxíÐÛ Ñ
ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة d& - wczc' b 2z_W b - w6.kpb 2z_W b - w[Gkgb 2z_W b ƋwbĐ. 6Đ 2z_W b - đ_;gb
ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ d Z zN g#b r y-2Wb y2y2' b r zpW;b c 6Ĕ wV d g zN g#b Wzc_ b r &2 [gb G;jĔ r Ů51.b .O r k r wV wg^ 2 b 1 *Đ r .&sb wcN f N y1. r y-2Wb r Ƌ .&sb y pj
óĊăŎĿí ôŃĊĸŃ d }[SÌ Ñ
Shortest Side
śŎģ úŀüńĿí Œij łŀī íċç śŎģ śŎ úŀüń śŎģ úŀüńĿ üńĿ üń ń í Œij łŀī í í Œij Œij łŀī í Œij ŀī íċç ċċçç
úŀüńĿí Œij łŀī íċç úŀ ú ú Ŀí Œ úŀüń Ŀí Œij í Œij Œ Œijij łŀī Œ łŀ íċç łŀī łŀī ċçç ôûŜüĿí ŊīŜ ôû ôûŜü ôûŜüĿ í ŊīŜ ŊīŜ īŜğã Ľí ğã ã Ŏģã ğã Ľí ğã ĽíŎģ Ŏģ ôûŜüĿí ŊīŜğã ĽíŎģã
óĊăŎĿí łēã
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ôœōíĐĿí đîŔķō ņŔĬŀğ ôœōí ôœōí œō ĐĿí đ ĐĿí đîŔķō îŔķ ņŔĬŀğ îŔķō ŔĬŀğ Ĭŀğ ğ îńŌŔij îń ńńŌŔij óčŎĜ čŎĜĄń Ą ĄńĿí ĄńĿ îńŌŔij óčŎĜĄńĿí
úŀüńĿí Œij łŀī íċç úŀüń ú Ŀí Œij úŀüń úŀü Ŀí Œ łŀī łŀī ŀ íċç ċ ĽŎģō Ľ ģ ņŔøœ ņŔøœ Ŕ ōíď î íď îēîŔķ Ŕ Ŕķ ĽŎģō ņŔøœōíď îēîŔķ Ŋī ŊīŜğã Ŝ Ċăã Ċă ŊīŜğã Ċăã
óĊăŎĿí łēã
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ĽŎģ ĉîĀœç ĽŎģ ĽŎ ĉîĀ ĉîĀœç ĉîĀœ îĀœç ĽŎŌĀ ĽŎŌ ŎŌĀ ŌĀŃ Īŀğ Ń Īŀğ Ī Īŀğ ĽŎŌĀŃ Īŀğ úŀüŃ úŀüŃ ü Ő Őijij úŀüŃ Őij
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The Sine Rule
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The Sine rule
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Solving the Triangle Using the Sine Rule
h [b c gb wV yr 4b z" e .+ 6 wcN i o2 b 0o .g Oy Ƌ yr 4b O!
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ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
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Geometrical Applications
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117
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/ Ɗ¶" 5 C
c gb wV (ɹ)
g¦pG* ¤IeE *yvj 6e+ n m G* 0 2> kOb 6 zZ - #y wkOy c gb d& i ` đGb .^ 7b m2> kN lf 2> kN đ qzV hcN / ŮqzV bsp#gb MđBĐ .& asF fscOgb 2> kOb lz lf is_y i E2; 6 zZ qzV hcN / c gb d& l_gy Đ qjĔ ůdZĔ wcN / c gb d' kb (g7y z#b isj Z i g^ Ů y r3 đ f M kk_gy qj L&Đ ŮPcB asFr lz yr 3 6 zZ qzV hcN Ů( c) X qzV escOgb ¶" C c gb d'b sG* lf wcy Ɗ /C Ů (¶&c) X
:oyc (ɹ) ʘ (ɸ) rk (ɺ)
/¶"
¶" & / = & /¶" : A Ǚ* $g#lf }Z
:o z (ɻ)
& = (= ¶&) & =
& /C = = ¶" :oyc Zƅ & = C = ¶&
(ɽ)
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
/
= :o z ¶" & &
(ɼ)
77
5C /¶"
&
=
C :o z C & /
/
C
= ¶& /
C
c gb wV
ΡC & ¼ = = ¶& :oyc ZƅC & = /
= &
= ¶& /
:o ( q ;p (ɼ) ʘ (ɻ) rk C & / = & /C
äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ``°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí
ﻣﺜﺎل
¿CG ôcòJ
;$ ~~
E ;$ {
/
/ - #yĖ
= &
ľĄĿí
C
l
Ɗ{ Ē ^ ( c)X ."sj Ɗis_y ¶" C 9 {V ;$ {
ŀŇŁ ŁĿĿ = "
ĿŬňŀ = ŀŇŁ ŁĿĿ = "
C C &
/
= &
/
/
C
C &
Ɗ z#b isj Z e.+ 7
z#b isj Z e.+ 7
cŅń łĿ ŀň = ( c)X `
Ƌ`b/ (zBs b (ń) Ů (Ń) lzb gb ` đF Pf <Z j
c gb iĔ (¶"c)X = ( c)X) (Cc)X ."sj cŃŇ ńň ŁŁ -Ƅ(cŅń łĿ ŀň) * Ł - cŀŇĿ = (Cc)X
: 52gf 1 >5
O!
/¶" - #yĖ
¶" C HŁ = "
( z#b .N Z)
(Cc) X - #yĖƄcŀŇĿ = (¶&c) X + ( c) X + (Cc) X
/ V h6ŀĿĿ o2G½Z X?j asFr Ůe o4^2f 2 - d* - es62f c f ¶" C 5 ."r h6ŀŇŁ = ¶" C = C i ^ Ƌ.& r x2;N hZ1 2ZĔ ¶" asF أ ƋP Ë 2f 2 gz k6 2ZĔ ¶" C c gb (G6 & 7f ب
= h T& VM$ ( ŀ 1 ) W 2 "W Df Ł &97 I + u m ! *
: ^ȗSf i2/ ;
/
//
( - & yr 3 gođ^r lzZ 7b tr 7 f ¶" C /
//
/
//
Ɗ{ Ē ^ z#b isj Z e .+ 6 ¶" asF ."sj h6ŀńĿŬň - cŃŇ ńň ŁŁ " * ŀŇŁ = ¶" ` /
.
1
/
8
2
sin
6
sin
×
4
.,,,
5
.,,,
8 3
0
5
.,,,
.,,,
9 1
9
.,,,
2 )
C " ¶" C * C ŀŁ =
.,,,
2
c gb (G6 & 7f ب
¶" C
c gb & 7f ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
e .+ 6 l_gy qj V Ů GOf (Cc) X Ů / Ů /C o E6 Z
c f ¶" C 5
¶" .N [b asF أ
/
& - #yĖƅ & =
Ö«édG IóYÉb ≈∏Y á«JÉ«M äÉ≤«Ñ£J c f h62 `b/r [z G b lf 2z _b d& {V z#b .N Z e .+ 6 l_gy½
Life Applications on the Sine Rule
Ƌ scGgb - #yĖ
÷
//
Ɗ."r h6ŇŬŃ o2GZ X?j asF 2 - d* - es62f Ůh6ŀĿŬł = ¶" C = C qzV ¶" C
)
=
cŃŇ ńň ŁŁ " ŀŇŁ * ŀŇŁ * ŀŁ = /
Łh6 ŀŁŃňņ -
lzOcB ĐsF wo b 7gb wV GOgb 6 z[b j ^ / r 2W> ] ko i V ŮlzOcCb ly0o .&Ĕ c [gb yr 4b r Ů GOgb fscOgb \[' w b c gb lf lzk r .& r Ɗw Ē ^ `b/ (zBs l_gyr
ŀŇŁ ¶" = ` / // / // cŅń łĿ ŀň " cŃŇ ńň ŁŁ "
//
/
cŅń łĿ ŀň "
c gb 0o d& h
."s Đ zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
118
i k_gf i c f ] ko is_zV /M < /C < / :o b 3 x zb b a _:Đ r .z&r
C
C
c f ] ko is_zV / G /C :o b 3 x Ƌ`b/ (Bs ( ) hc>
C = J
¹ c f 8zb d_;b
J > C
C
( ) hc>
C
yr 4b h Z .z&r c f
J = C
(&) hc> J
C
J < C <
C
G C
z& Ů d& ."sy Đ qj V Ů ŀ < & j ^ / 1 Ƌ.& sb lf 2 ^ p z" yr 3
Ɗlzb g & ] ko is_yr cňĿ = ( c) X i V Ů ŀ = & j ^ / 2 #yĐ qjĔ Ůd& ."sy Đ qj V ŮcňĿ < (Cc) X i ^ / أ ƋcŀŇĿ lN c gb y r3 6 zZ Msg#f .y4y i Ɗi V ňĿ > (Cc) X i ^ / ب ( ( c) X + (Cc) X) - cŀŇĿ = (¶" c) X @Z j 2?kN d^r /¶" - #yĖ z#b isj Z e .+ 6 l_gy kor Ƌ.z&r d& ] ko wb b r Ů .z&r gzZ qb is_ .[V Ů yr 4cb iĐ g & ."sy qj V ŀ > & j ^ / 3 + (Cc) X i ^ / b & d^ wVr Ƌ "2Wkf r - & is_ Ƌd& ."sy qj V cŀŇĿ = (¶"c) X + ( c) X
i c f ."sy
C
C ƅƊ .N [b C & /
."s Đ r .z&r d& r iđ& ."sy g 1 qj .#j \ 6 gf Ƌasc& lf i k r .& r r 2W> ] ko i ^ / f U2O Cy ¹ l_gy C & / = M M W 1Đ r / Ů /C wOcB wbsF j1 [g Ů asc'b (1) hc> / r Ů c f is_ y Đ M> /C i ^ / V Ů C c5 zZ so C z& Ƌ.z&r c f ."sy Ɗi ^ yr 4b h Z .z&r c f ] ko is_zV M = /C zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
78
-
Ö«÷G (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb -
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f
Ö«÷G (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb
ﻣﺜﺎل
OÉ°TQEG
Ů(Ń) e Z1 d' i ar & .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF hp " O f Pf (Ņ) Ů(ń)
E
C
l O!
d_;b dÍ gy½ ǶơģʞʵǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 6 \y2V lf lz NĐ đ d [gb Ƌ y1 gb t.& ađ* e.[b 2^ wj b Nđb lz V 7gb ."r Ƌe.Z 2ZĔ b b Nđb r
C
c ~
O!
JBW% 2 ' VM$ (
s- &* Ke0 le+e/(*
O! C9 O = E O! C
h6ŀłŬŁŁ - H Ů h6ŁńŬŁŃ - / Ů h6ŁłŬŇŃ - /C 4 h6ŀŅŬŁŇ - ¶" أ5 Łh6ńŀŁŬŇŀ - ¶& C c gb & 7f ب Ƌ f¹ .Z ňņ - Ů C lz V 7gb 6
E
= O! C 9 (
^
c
ľĄĿí
ŀ
O! C O! C * C Ł
cŅł = (cŃņ + cņĿ) - cŀŇĿ = ( c)X
C
/
C wo
b b Nđb r wj b Nđb lz V 7gb r
f¹ .Z ņŅ - cŃņ " * ňŁ = C `
/
ňŁ = C Ɗis_zV cŅł " cŃņ "
/
cŅł "
.
9
2
sin
×
4
)
7
6 3 ) = ÷ sin 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 f¹ .Z ņŅ ¹ y2[ so b b Nđb r wj b Nđb lz V 7gb
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ƌe.Z 2ZĔ wj b Nđb r arĔ Nđb lz V 7gb ."r 6 ﻣﺜﺎل
S ?f K.Ț
zV 2S" PZ sf đ wb b d_;b wV ģŐƾĝʽƴŭǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 7 Ů PZsgb r ŮC PZsgb lz V 7gb j ^ / Ů ¹ c f d_;½ ŮcņŁ tr 7y PZsgb .kN yr 4b 5 zZ i ^r Ů Ů 2 fŁłŅ ¹ Ɗ."r cńŀ xr 7 C PZsgb .kN yr 4b 5 zZr
O!
(z'> d_; z#b isj Z 2^0 wV đGb DO G+y .Z ` đF Oz 6 wcN .z^ b #zV Ů G* wV hpOZsy gf Ƌ z#b isj Z - #y Y2Gb d'b '> wcN 2 y G* t iĔ 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 1 pf i [
c
c
$ kb ¹ 2[f PZsgb r ¶" PZsgb lz V 7gb أ Ƌ(z'> -.N 2ZĔ ¶" Ů ŮC PZ sgb d g w b A1Ĕ & 7f ب ƋP 2f 2 f 2ZĔ $ kb ¹ 2[f pb 6r 1 ¹
C
l
ľĄĿí
cńņ = (cņŁ + cńŀ) - cŀŇĿ = (¶"c)X Ɗ ¶" C 9 {V (¶"c)X ."sj أ Ɗ ¶" asF - #yĖ z#b .N Z e.+ 7j cńŀ " * ŁłŅ ŁłŅ ¶" C ¶" 2 f ¹ Łŀň -ŁŀŇŬŅŇņŀ = cńņ " = ¶" pkfrƅ cńņ & = cńŀ " ` ( z#b .N Z) ¶" " = C " a ( c)X Ů ¶" Ů C zfscOg ¶" C c gb (G6 & 7f ."sj ب
: 52gf 1 >5
/
/
\ 7b r gK kgb 2zR OcCgb (G6 & 7g ` đF 2^/ Ɗw Ē ^ wor p 6 1- hpb ŀ qN W 1 * q .N Z asF Ł = c gb (G6 & 7f ŀ gpkz 1s?'gb yr 4b z" * qzV lzOcB t wbsF 2B d> & Ł =
/
" ¶" C ŀŁ = ¶" C c gb & 7f a ƋŁe ŁŃńŃŁ - cņŁ " * ŁłŅ * ŁŀŇŬŅŇņŀ * ŀŁ = Ƅƅ /
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
119
äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ``°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí
ŀ
qy2GZ wbsF 2B d> & Ł = lzOgb (G6 & 7f = U2'kgb q : (G6 & 7f ŀ qN W 1 * lz y3 s gb qz .N Z wbsF Msg#f Ł M W 1Đ * G6s gb .N [b asF = = wN 1 d_: t (G6 & 7f ŀ gpkz yr 4b z" * qy2GZ 2B d> & Ł
c ~
;G
J
c ~
.(ádƒ¡ée ájhGõd ø«∏M óLƒj) å∏ãªdG Gòg ÉjGhR äÉ°SÉ«b OÉéjEG »a å∏ãe …C’ Ö«édG IóYÉb ΩGóîà°SG ١ ﻧﺸﺎط
i
50
;$ O!
40
10 0 20
170 180 160
30
;$
;$
c ~
C
J
;$
Ƌ c[kf - 1 "2V - 2G7f - = >1 hcZ - Y1r 5 C h61 C G[j lf أ cłĿ p6 zZ yr 3 h62b c[kgb e.+ 6 C G[j lf ب Ƌh6 ņ pbsF { b ¶" C h61 h 5 C Pf ' W r ¶" G[kb .kN 1 "2Wb l6 4^1 ﺟـ PG[y 6sZ ¹ h61 h6 ń 1 .[g 1 "2Wb ?L&đ / f G[j {V 5 C Ƌlz G[j {V 5 C PG[y 5s[b i L&đj go.& ¶" C c gcb i g61 ."sy i x Ƌ yr 4b !2Wkf 2*Ē r y r4b - & O!
O!
Ɗi x h6ņ = ¶" C Ů h6 ń = C Ů h6 łŬń = M Ɗi L&đj د
;$
;$
/
C
c ~
Ɗ{ Ē ^ ¶" C c gb d& zj _f ' j ﻫ ƅƅƋM l_zbr C wcN ¶" lf es62f .O 2?Z ."sj exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
c gb h61
ǶǩŻŲņƑǨǤĝ ńĝnjźĭĝ
.k wV > *r Wc +gb hp " <Z j
79
/
O!
2" 0zWk k ŀŁĿ = E ;kb 0zWk 2" ` đF P
> C>M
/
cłĿ= (Cc)X Ůh6ń = C Ůh6ņ = qzV x0b ¶" C
0 15
c ~
C
(I ?qf 4 [q f ) :I ?p
/
c gb (G6 & 7f ب ƋM Ů= Ů5 đ b
PZ sgb 6r 1 t0b
13 0
J Ła Ń = PcB i qb PcCf t (G6 & 7f (PcCgb PcB asF a)
ƋM PZsgb r 5 PZsgb lz V 7gb أ
0 14
r i
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
j ^ / Ů ¹ c f d_; zV 2S" PZ sf đ d [gb d_;b wV 7 yr 4b 5 zZr Ů h^ň tr 7½ = PZsgb r 5 PZsgb lz V 7gb tr 7½ M PZsgb .kN yr 4b 5 zZr ŮcŃĿ xr 7 5 PZsgb .kN Ɗ."r V ŮcŀĿń
;$
J
C
J
c ~
;$
?L&đ / f Ƌ ¶" asF lz r 5 C = ¶" G[j lf es62gb (M)
c gb M W 1 lz i1 Z د
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
120
äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -
ŀ
Ö«÷G (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb
h6 ł Ł = łĿ & ņ = M Ɗi x ƅƅƅC & / = M
/
> C > M :n h6ņ = ¶" C Ů h6 ń = ¶" Ů h6 łŬń = M :n B? Ƌ` " 27V ?\ 7b c gb y r3 6 zZ - #y {V z#b .N Z e .+ 6 `k_gy do ﻫـ Ɗ{ Ē ^ ¶" C c gb d& zj _f ' j h6 ł ŀŁ = łĿ " ņ = M Ɗi x ƅƅƅC " = MƅƅƋM l_zbr C wcN ¶" lf es62f .O 2?Z ."sj /
/
/
yr 4b {o t2*Ĕ r - 'b yr 4b go.& yr 4cb i gzZ ."s V > C > M Ů - & c i z& Ɗ{ Ē ^ z#b .N Z e.+ 7jƅƋ pb cg_gb /
*ņ ĿŬņ = cłĿ " = & Ɗis_ pkfr łĿń " = ņ " Ɗi x ń /
/
C C "
/
= "
/
yr 4cb i gzZ ."s V / > C > M Ů - & c i z& cg_gb yr 4b {o t2*Ĕ r - 'b yr 4b go.& Ɗ{ Ē ^ z#b .N Z e.+ 7jƅƋ pb
cŃŃ Łń łņ - ( c)X i V `b0b /
/
//
/
/
ń łĿ &
//
cŀłń łŃ Łł - cŃŃ Łń łņƄ- cŀŇĿ - ( "2Wkf) t2*Ĕ yr 4b is_ r ƣģƖŏǤĝ Ȉǣư džŐʗƥŝ
Ƌ go."r h i gzZ e yr 4cb ."sy qj ƋcŃĿ (ac)X Ůh6 ŀń = e Ů h6ŀŁ = a qzV c f i e a /
/
ĿŬņ =
.Ö«édG IóYÉb ≈∏Y ᣰûfCGh øjQɪJ πM »a áÑ°SÉëdG ádB’G ΩGóîà°SG ٢ ﻧﺸﺎط
\ &_ "g
,"_
C
*+ (
i.gb PZ sf đ d gy 1r #gb d_;b Ƌ ¹ c f is_ y2?f 2o [b r 8ys7b lz V 7gb j ^ / cłĿ 8ys7b .kN yr 4b 5 zZr h6 Ň 2 f scz^ 2ZĔ ."r ƋcŃĿ eszWb .kNr {V h6 ŀ d^ i ^ / eszWb r 2o [b lz V 7gb Ƌ [z['b {V h^ ŀŅŬņń d gy h62b ?(Cc)X - #y `k_gy do أ
;$ {
c ~
"0 7!
O!
cłĿ & * ņ ń
.
1
8
_
0
3
(
0
+
4
0
)
/
/
h62b 5 z[f _ h62b {V asGb = [z['b {V asGb ŀ _ Ň = ƅƅƅ Ƌh^ ŀłŃ = ŀŅŬņń
3& 6 4 M = ;$" :- -/ 6 4 M
.
3& 6 4 M = 3 ob \ M 3& { -(
8
1
(
÷
1
÷
.
6
7
5
)
=
?eszWb r 2o [b lz z[z['b V 7gb ."s Xz^ ﺟـ / / ¶" = Ɗ{ Ē ^ z#b .N Z e.+ 7j ¶" " "
= ;$" ob \ M ;$" * 3 ob \ M
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
121
äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ``°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí " * ŀłŃ / Ƌh^ŀĿŃ - cłĿcŃĿ = pkfr "
.
1
3
4
×
sin
3
)
0
÷
/ ŀłŃ = cŃĿ " cłĿ "
sin
4
0
)
:n =
?eszWb r 2o [b lz V 7gb - #yĖ h62b {V \zZ.b asGb e .+ 6 `k_gy do د
h6 ŅŬŁ - ¶" C Ɗi .#j E ;kb 0p -s"sgb h62b lf ŀ _ ŅŬŁ - gpkz \z['b asGb i V `b0b Ƌh^ŀĿŃ - ŀŅŬņń ƣģƖŏǤĝ Ȉǣư ĽʞʱŻŝ
$ kb '> lf \[' h eszWb r 8ys7b lz z[z['b V 7gb z#b .N Z e .+ 6 ."r \ 7b E ;kb {V Ƌ5 z[b e .+ 6
(١-٤) ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ
:πªcCG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
Pf
c gb MđB a sF 6 k ¼
c f x Í wV 1
tr 7½ c gb 0o 5r 2 1 gb 2 .b 2GZ asF i V Ů h6 ł ŀĿ qOcB asF ŮMđBĔ tr 7 f c f ¶" C 2 /
h6 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = C i V h6 ŇŬŃ = ¶" ŮcŃĿ = (¶"c)X ŮcŅĿ = (Cc)X qzV ¶" C /
H ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ =
/ Ł is_y ¶" C "
c f 3
c gb wV 4
cƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = (Cc)X i V h6ŀĿ = ¶" qzV t0b y r4b - 'b ¶" C c gb 5r 2 2g Ůh6ŁĿ o2GZ asF 2 - 5 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
tr 7y h6 Ņ qOcB asF t0b MđBĐ tr 7 gb c gb & 7f 6
.IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG /
so h6ŀĿ = C ŮcłĿ = (Cc)X qzV t0b ¶" C h6ŃĿ د h6ń ﺟ
c gb 5r 2 1 gb 2 .b 2GZ X?j asF 7 h6ŁĿ ب h6ŀĿ أ
/
so C asF i V cłĿ = (Cc)X Ůh6Ń tr 7y ¶" C ŀ د ł Ń ﺟ ŀŅ
(¶" C9)¶f د
/
¶" ﺟ
c gb 5r 2 1 gb 2 .b 2GZ X?j asF i ^ / 8 h6Ł ب h6Ń أ y¹ r 7f C " HŁ 1 .[gb is_y ¶" C ب /
c gb wV 9 C أ /
/
tr 7y == " i V M = 5 c gb lN "1 +b 2 .b 2GZ X?j asF wo H j ^ / 10 HŃ د H ŀŁ ﺟ HŁ ب H أ Ɗtr 7 6r 2 1 gb 2 .b 2GZ asF i V Ůh6ņ = i e ŮcłĿ = (a)X ŮqzV i e a zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
c gb 11
/
C
= & C &
= & Ɗis_ pkfr
//
//
Łń łņƄ- cŀŇĿ - "2Wkf t2*Ĕ yr 4b is_ r / // cŀłń łŃ Łł - cŃŃ : S ?f K.Ț
=
? 2o [b r 8ys7b lz z[z['b V 7gb ."s Xz^ ب
s¿CG ôscònJ
/
cŃŃ Łń łņ - ( c)X i V `b0b
cŀŀĿ = (cŃĿ + cłĿ) - cŀŇĿ = (Cc)X
c ~
l
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ņ
= & Ɗi x
G+y .Z
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The Cosine rule
Ă´ÄŹĂąĂÄ&#x17D;Ŀà óÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
ΊĂ&#x2030;ÂŞĂ dG Ă&#x2013;ÂŤL ( IĂłYĂ&#x2030;b) ÂżĆ&#x2019;fĂ&#x2030;b
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â&#x20AC;Ťďť§ďş&#x17D;ďť&#x2014;ďşśâ&#x20AC;Ź
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: Â&#x20AC;: : 16[k
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äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ``°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí
ﻋﺮض اﻟﺪرس
: n <+ O! C h T 2 Z =b : M? = 5 l &' m ! 5 E n ? E S7+ " C ¶" Ł - Ł C+ Ł ¶" = Ł Ů C " ¶" Ł - Ł ¶" + Ł = Ł C ¶" " C Ł - Ł + Ł C = Ł ¶" Ů /
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ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ
Ƌ yr 4b !2Wkf ¶" C
c gb is_y f.kN e g b z" .N Z 1
i l f & ( 2R ^) oyp ^
Ƌ` " 27V Í ? yr 4b h [b c gb b & wV (z'> e g b z" ( .N Z) isj Z do 2
` đF wcN A2N Datashow j z A2N 3 p" e .+ 6 (Bsgb i o2 b hpOf <Z j h Ů e g b z" ( .N Z) isj Z .kN dCWy qj wcN .^ f b Gb ^ lf (ŀŁń) 'W> ¹ MđB 0* i yr 4b e g z# > +b lzj s[b ^ / / qj w & Ů .& r t1r- z 2 wV /¶" Ů / Ů C c gb gzVr Ƌt2*Ĕ 1s?b ! k 6 l_f Ů1s?b t.& V2N Ƌ` đF wcN qB2N `k_gy 2* i o2 wcy
٣ ﻧﺸﺎط ( .N Z) isj [b t2* lzo 2 lN Ů( j2 jĖ ) fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b e .+ 6 r z61.gb ` _f wV ' Ƌ qzb c>s Ë gzV `gcOf <Z j h Ů e g b z" .å∏ãe ≈a ∫ƒ¡ée ™∏°V ∫ƒW OÉéjEG ﻣﺜﺎل Ƌ.& r x2;N hZ2b ¹ 2[f M ."r cŃŁ = (Mc)X Ů h6ŁŁŬŇ = = Ů h6ŁŃŬł = 5 qzV /
/
/
c f M = 5 1 ľĄĿí
M " = 5Ł - Ł = + Ł 5 = Ł M ŁŇŅŬŇņ - cŃŁ " ŁŁŬŇ * ŁŃŬł * Ł - Ł(ŁŁŬŇ) + Ł(ŁŃŬł) = h6 ŀŅŬň - M : =L[ G R$ 3 [ l #'$ I K U /
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ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă /
Ƌ.& r x2;N hZ2b ¹ 2[f ¶" ."r cŅŃŬŇ = (¶"c)XŮ h6ńŇŬŃ = Ů h6 ņŁŬŇ = C qzV /
(126) ¢U (3 e ~I y + §D
c f ¶" C 1
/
z" isj Z ko2 b t2* ¹Z2F lz[ Wb ) ` đF Pf <Z j _ ;b wcN zcgOb PZ sgb DO wb ho.:1 r e g b z" .N Z lN fscOf p ."sy w b fscOgcb zbr.b Ƌ p Y2Fr e g b
áKÓãdG ¬YÓ°VCG ∫GƒWCG âª∏Y GPEG å∏ãªdG ≈a ájhGR ¢SÉ«b OÉéjEG
: n t& 5 n iR$ /
C " /¶"/ Ł - Ł/¶" + Ł/ = Ł C
(e g b z" .N Z) /
Ł C - Ł/¶" + Ł/ = C " /¶" / Ł : n Ł/
/
/
( ¶" Ł wcN g7[b )
C - Ł ¶" + Ł /
/
/
¶" / Ł
= C " Ɗis_ V
Ɗi ! k 6 l_gy g^ Ł/¶" - Ł/ + Ł/ /
C
/
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= ¶" "
C + Ł ¶" C /¶"Ł
Ł / - Ł /
Ů
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= "
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
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ΩɪàdG Ö«L ( IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb
.å∏ãªdG Gòg »a ádƒ¡ée ájhGR ¢SÉ«b OÉéjEG »a å∏ãe …C’ ΩɪàdG Ö«L IóYÉb ΩGóîà°SG
Ł/¶" - Ł/ + Ł/
(e g b z" .N Z) ;$ {
;$
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(¶"c)X ."r Ůd [gb d_;b lf 2
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C
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(DysO b )
? O!
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ľĄĿí
C
= ¶" "
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C
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DŽDŽDŽ
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(Ŀ Ů ) ¶" Ů(Ŀ ŮĿ) C
is_zV "2Wkf ¶"c wb b r b 6 yr 4b e g z" i L&đjr cŀłł Łń ńņ - (¶"c)X /
//
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ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
C
?
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ﻣﺜﺎل
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/
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/
c gb wV yr 3 2 ^ wo i c is_ `b0b ů PcB 2 ^Ĕ c [gb wo yr 3 2 ^
ŀ − = c ~ '! − = Ł
Ł (ŀņŬń) - Ł(ŀŁŬń) + Ł(ņŬń)
ŀ -= Ł
c ~− c {~ ! = ~ !
ł = c ~ ! =
ŀŁŬń * ņŬń * Ł
=
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e /a Ł
C &
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7
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.
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5
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=
=
DŽDŽDŽ
ń + cŀŁĿ " ł ł - cŀŁĿ " = ń + i " ł ł - i " = "(+[ F"M ƋlgyĔ U2Gb = 2W> = ń + łŁ * ł ł - ŀŁ - =ƄƄƄƄƄƄ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă /
(C c)X Ł = (¶"c)X i Ů h6 ŀŇ = ¶" Ů h6ŀń = Ů h6 ŀŁ = C i ^ / ¶" C c gb 3 /
127
/
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
84
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ΩɪàdG Ö«L (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb
Ɗ- #yĖ e g b z" lzj sZ e .+ 6 l_gy qj ` đGb .^ lzOcCb ĐsF hcN /
b b PcCb asF أ
c f wV
äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ``°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí
å∏ãªdG πM ≈a ΩɪàdG Ö«L (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb ΩGóîà°SG b 'b m0o wVr gpkz 1s?'gb yr 4b 5 zZr lzOcB wbsF zfscOg c gb d' e g b z" isj Z kb (g7y Ƌ.z&r c f ."sy ɪ¡æ«H IQƒ°üëªdG ájhGõdG ¢SÉ«bh ø«©∏°V ≈dƒW á«eƒ∏©ªH å∏ãªdG πM
Ƌ gpkz 1s?'gb yr 4b 5 zZr ly2*Ē a sF hcN / Ů c gb wV đ b y r4b 6 zZ ب Ƌ`b/ (Bs Br2Ogb c fĔ r đ b qNđB
Solving the Triangle in the Terms of the Lengths of Two Sides and Measure of the Angle Included
O!
cŅŃ
Ů
ł Ń=
- 2 h6ņŀŬł - 1
Ł(ŀŁ) - Ł(ŀŇ) + Ł(ŀń)
ŀŇ * ŀń* Ł
= C & 3
cŃŀ /ŁŃ //łń = (¶"c)X ŀ Ň=
Ł(ŀŇ) - Ł(ŀń) + Ł(ŀŁ)
ŀń * ŀŁ* Ł
= ¶" &
cŇŁ /Ńň //ň = (¶"c)X
ľĄĿí /
/
¶" " CŁ - Ł + Ł C = Ł ¶" a cŁĿ " ń * ŀŀ* Ł - Ł(ń) + Ł(ŀŀ) = Ł ¶" ` = ¶" ` ŁĿ "ń * ŀŀ * Ł - Ł(ń)+Ł(ŀŀ) h6ŅŬńŁň /
/
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1
1
r2
+
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=b + E X+Q 75 1 ) W = I )&I h T , A3& + u E m ! n ? E l #'$ Dq + n ? E l #'$ 1 ^% I l &' : nH K U ,m X m X n ? E l #'$ =b 3 + u m ! n b nH ,m! &P !" 7& ^ 1 )I" ob m! m X do? T \ H n ? E l #'$ =b t? G UQ M? b l &' m ! m ! n b !" 7 + u d R^ $ n <+ 9 &L n b + u t? G UQ R^ ! n <+ 9 &L m !
C
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n m G* 0 ¥D e jG* g¦/ ¤IeE *yvj 6* c gb d' kb (g7y e g b z" isj Z i ` đGb (Br Ɗ zfscOg Ƌ gpkz 1s?'f yr 3 5 zZr lzOcB wbsF أ Ƌ đ b qNđB a sF ب zfscOg c f wV yr 3 5 zZ - #y .kN qj ` đGb 2: r dCWy Ů gpkz 1s?'gb yr 4b 5 zZr lzOcB wbsF ¹ e g b z" isj Z e .+ 6 `b/r z#b isj Z lf Đ. yr 4b z" i V z#b isj Z e .+ 6 b & wV qjĔ e .+ 6 b & wV f Ů "sf g ¹ "2Wkgb r - 'b is_y "2Wkf yr 4b j ^ / qj V Ů e g b z" isj Z z" is_y - & yr 4b j ^ / r Ů ¹ b 6 pf g z" Ƌ ¹ "sf pf g
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b
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Ió«Øe áeƒ∏©e
85
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c)X , Cc)X
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/
Ů h6ń = Ů h6ŀŀ = C qzV t0b ¶" C c gb d& 4 cŁĿ = (¶"c)X /
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ĿŬŇŀņ- -
/
= C &
¶" / Ł
Ł (ŀŀ) - Ł(ŅŬńŁň) + Ł(ń)
ŅŬńŁň * ń * Ł
=
cŀŃŃŬņŇŅ - (Cc)X ` [ (¶"c)X + (Cc)X ] - cŀŇĿ = ( c)X [ c ŁĿ + cŀŃŃŬņŇŅ ] - cŀŇĿ =Ƅ ƄƄƄ cŀńŬŁŀŃ = ƄƄƄƄ cŀŃŃ Ńņ ňŅ = (Cc)X Ů h6ŅŬńŁň = ¶"` cŀń ŀŁ ńĿ -( c)X /
//
/
/
//
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă /
cŃŁ ŀŇ = ( c)X Ů h6ŀŃŬŁ = ¶" Ů h6ŁŃŬŅ = C qzV t0b ¶" C /
/
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
c gb d& 4
128
äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -
ΩɪàdG Ö«L ( IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb
áKÓãdG ¬YÓ°VG ∫GƒWCG á«eƒ∏©ªH å∏ãªdG πM
Solving the Triangle knowing its Three Side Lengths
ﻣﺜﺎل
;$
/
h6ŀŁ = ¶" Ů h6Ň = Ů h6Ņ = C qzV t0b ¶" C c gb d& /
O!
/
5
ľĄĿí
;$
Ɗis_zV đ b c gb y r3 6 zZ - #y scGgb
;$ {
Ł(Ņ)- Ł(ŀŁ) + Ł(Ň)
ŀŁ* Ň * Ł
=
Ł/
C - Ł ¶" + Ł /
/
/
=Ƅ C "
¶" / Ł
Ńł = Ƅ ŃŇ
C
cŁŅ Łł Ń - (Cc) X ` /
¿CG ôcòJ
.
."f 75 X+Q =7)+ h T& D n <+ 3 ./0 =b , 9X& , O 1 DG X+Q 0 M&
8
r2
+
8
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1 1
–
r2
2
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2
(
÷
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SHIFT COS ANS
=
z"r z#b w .N Z e .+ 6 hpk_gy qj ` đGb (Br ar.#b hpzcN A2N h Ů e N q"s c f d'b e g b Data show j z b A2N 3 p" f¹ .+ 7f wb b
//
r2
6
f (zBs wV b Gb ^ lf (ń) Ů (Ń) lzb gb lO 6 Ƌ\ 6
*
2 )
=
Ł/ Ł Ł/ Ł Ł Ł Łň = (Ň)- (Ņ) + (ŀŁ) = - C + ¶" = " / / łŅ Ņ * ŀŁ * Ł C ¶" Ł
owíÐ}TÐ odýmR |gP Óm c dTÐ @
/
c)X , Cc)X
cłŅ ŁĿ ŀĿ - ( c) X ` [cłŅ ŁĿ ŀĿ +cŁŅ Łł Ń] - cŀŇĿ = (¶"c) X ` cŀŀņ ŀŅ ŃŅ = /
/
/
//
//
//
/
pg\KÐ ÐÙÎ
z#b isj Z
t asFr lz yr 3 w6 zZ PcB
e g b z" isj Z
yr 4b 5 zZr i OcB ĐsF gpkz 1s?'gb
e g b z" isj Z
đ b MđBĔ a sF
//
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă /
h6 ŁŀŬŀ = ¶" Ů h6ŀŇŬŃ = Ů h6 ŀŁŬŁ = C qzV t0b ¶" C c gb d& 5 /
êÐz Gm< TÐ Ìz h
/
ńģŐơģʞʵǤĝ Ȉƾ ǶśģņǔǤĝ
z#b isj Z e e g b z" isj Z e .+ 6 `k_gy dpV Ů f
c f wV đ b y r4b 6 zZ h¼cO¼ `j A2V Ƌ` " 27V Í ? c gb 0o wV PcB asF - #yĖ
ΩɪàdG Ö«L ( IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb ≈∏Y á«°Sóæg äÉ≤«Ñ£J
Geometrical Applications on the Cosine Rule
ﻣﺜﺎل Ů (¶"c)X Ɗ ."r Ů
/
d> h E wV ¶" X?j Ů h6Ń = ¶" Ů h6Ł = Ů h6ń = C qzV c f ¶" C 6 ( E C ¶" c)X
EC
/
/
ľĄĿí
= ;$
C
;$ =
?
O!
Ł/¶" - Ł/ +Ł/ /
?
O!
¶" C c gb {V
E
ŀł = ŁĿ
;$ = C
/C Ł
C
= ¶" "
Ł(Ń)- Ł(Ł) + Ł(ń)
Ł*ń*Ł
=Ƅ
(129 8 le¦ 9eM{G* ¥D i+ej G* y + §D
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
129
äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ``°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí
cŃň Łņ łĿ - ( ¶"c) X ` /
.
5
r2
+
r2
2
–
r2
4
(
÷
=
SHIFT COS ANS
//
*
2
*
5
)
2
=
=
¶"E C c gb wV ¶" " ¶" C * ¶"E Ł - Ł(¶" C) + Ł(¶"E ) =Ƅ Ł(E C) cŃň Łņ łĿ " Ł * ńŁ * Ł - Ł(Ł) + Ł( ńŁ ) =ƄƄ łŬņŃňň h6 ŀŬňŃ - E C ` Ł(E¶") - Ł(E ) + Ł(¶" ) C C = (E C ¶"c) " a EC * ¶"C * Ł Ł(ŁŬń) - Ł(ŀŬňŃ) + Ł(Ł) ĿŬŀňńŀ =ƅƅƅƅ /
//
z" r z#b isj Z e .+ 6 l_gyĐ qj đGb wb 2: Ům y r3 6 zZ zfscOg c f MđB a sF - #y wV e g b y r4b 6 zZ wV yr 7 f p ; gb c gb iĔ `b/r ƋMđBĔ a sF wV yr 7 f 2zR pk_br ( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
i ar & .k wV y1. lf -1r f d& ` đF wb cF Ƌhp " O f Pf (ń) Ů (Ń) wgZ1 d' Ͱh+ o ex *Ͱ &
ŀŬňŃ * Ł * Ł
cņŇ ŀŃ ŀŃ-( E C ¶"c)X ` /
. (
+
r2
2 2
*
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1 *
2
9 1
.
-
r2
4 9
4
)
//
.
2 =
5
r2
Ů cŀĿł
=
SHIFT COS ANS
=
/łŃ = (Cc) X Ů ŀņŬĿł - /
cłŃ /Ň =(¶"c) X
ﻣﺜﺎل ¿CG ôcòJ 0 2"P =5 I" D<C )I H M$ =&'7L D<_ d "P = Q :n G U 2"P =5 I D<C n <+ dn ' <' n ' I ' n '+ t ! # + u E t M$ 1 2 75 + u E 2 (L d 9 X& I & = 5 n ' $" n '+ M b t 9! =b 5 E =b n '+ (' 97 d )I = 5 M$ t? G UQ t d 'I 8 M ? 1 tI 8
Ů h6ń = ¶" Ů h6ň = C qzV wN 1 d_: E ¶" C ǶƒŻŏǭǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 7 Ƌt2 - wN 1 E ¶" C d_;b i Ůh6ŀŀ =¶" C ,h6ň =CE Ůh6 Ň = E ¶" C
ľĄĿí
¶" C
;$ E
;$
;$ ;$ {
c gb {V
ŮcŅĿ /ŀń -( c) X Ů cłń /ň - (Cc) X 5
ŀ - = Ł(ŀŀ)- Ł(ń)+ Ł(ň) = " Ņ ń*ň*Ł
¶" E C
cŇŃ /łŅ - (¶"c ) X
c gb wV
ŀ = Ł(ŀŀ)- Ł(Ň)+ Ł(ň) = E " Ņ Ň*ň*Ł
i¦-e¦0K i¦ 6y J le ¦f -
" - = E " n 2
O!
;$
cŀŇĿ = ( c)X + (Ec)X is_yr
E ¶" C d_;b wV i cf _ fr i c [ f i yr 3 cŮ Ec i
M& 0
z&r
Ƌt2 - wN 1 E ¶" C d_;b ` ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ƌh6ņŬŁ = E Ů h6ŃŬń = E ¶" Ůh6ŅŬł = ¶" Ůh6 ņŬŁ = ¶" C Ů h6ŁŬņ = C qzV wN 1 d_: E ¶" C 6 Ƌt2 - wN 1 E ¶" C d_;b Ëi zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
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cŁņŬŅŅ = (Cc)X Ů h6 ņ = ¶" Ůh6 ŀĿ = Ůh6 ń = C qzV c f ¶" C :ĦƥŲǤĝ ƼƖņǕĝ 33 Ɗ( c)X ."r /
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cŀĿŀ /łŁ //ŀł = C - cŀŇĿ= ( c) X h6ŀņ - ¶"C h6 ňŇŬŃņ - C Ů h6 ŀłĿŬŇŅ - E 27 h6ŀŃŬņŀ - E C ŮcŅł /Łń = Ů h6ŁŅŬŃł - /C 28
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cŅŁ /Ńł ŮcłŅ /ŁĿ Ů cŇĿ /ņń 29
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Łe ŀłŀŃņŬŅ
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ń
30
cŅŇŬŀň - ( c)X `
[zZ- ŀĿŬŀņ 31
ȈưĝŻśĞ ƄŐǔƽŝ
Ƌ b b PcCb asF ."r cŅĿ gpkz 1s?'gb yr 4b r (Ł- ŀĿ ) Ů (Ł + ŀĿ ) goĐsF c f MđB lf i OcB 34 /
Ł z& Ů c gb wV yr 3 2 ^ 5 zZ ."r V h6Ń = ¶" - I Ů h6Ņ = - I Ů h6Ň = C - I qzV c f ¶" C 35 ¶" + + C = I /
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."r V Ů c gb Hz'f so % Ł z& Ůh6 ňŇ = C + I Ů h6ŁŇ = Ů h6ŁŅ = C- I i ^ / ¶" C c gb wV 36 Ƌ c gb 0o wV yr 3 2S> 5 zZ h Ů c gb MđB a sF /
wGO b e g b z" .N Z e.+ 6 qjĔ (z'> hy2^ d& 33 (-) 1 : 34
h6 ŁŁ
Ƌ c gb 0o y r3 e g sz" lz 7kb ."r Ņ Ɗń Ɗ Ń wo c f y r3 sz" lz 7kb j ^ / 37 cŅĿ = (=c)X i 5 M + Ł( 5 - M) = Ł = i ^ / M = 5 c gb wV 38 /
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cņŇ /Łņ//Ńņ 35 cŃń /ŃŅ//ŀń 36 135
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
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1
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: M)& I !s 1 I 1 3 3A I !s "' Ɗ tr 7 c gb {V yr 3 2 ^ 5 zZ i V h6 łń = M Ůh6 Łń = = Ůh6ŀń = 5 i ^ / Ů M = 5 c gb {V 8 c ňĿ د c ŃĿ ﺟ cŀŁĿ ب cŀńĿ أ Ɗtr 7 ¶" C c gb (G6 & 7f i V ŮcŀŁĿ = (¶"c)XŮ h6ņ = Ů h6Ń= C i ^ / ¶" C c gb wV 9 Łh6 Ł ņ د Łh6ŁŇ ﺟ Łh6 ł ņ ب Łh6ŀŃ أ /
5
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7
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10
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ŁłŬŅ Ů ŁņŬŇň 16
exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
137
ŀĿŀ ŀĿŇ = (E C ¶" c) & = (E C c ) & 17
h6ŁŃŬŃŇ Ůh6łĿŬŇņ ŮƄh6ŁńŬńŁ 18 h6ňŬńŁ - \j ŮƄh6ŁłŬňł lzGz'gb
19
äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ``°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí
a sF ."r Ů h6ŇĿŬŃ tr 7y X?j asFr Ů
h6ŀŅŬĿŅ 20 h6ŀŀŬŇŃ ŮƄh6ŀňŬńń 21
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h6łŅŬłňƅŮƄh6ŇŬŁŇ
22
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h6ŀŅ 27
2 f ŀŁŬłŇ - 30
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c f ¶" C 23 c f ¶" C 24 c gb d& 25
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cŇŃ /ŀ //ŀń- ¶" 12 14
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اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ا وﻟﻰ
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ŐĿōŗí
õŜĔŀĔøńĿíō õîĬñîøøńĿí
Sequences and series
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phH{fw p_=n eU H{fgUÐ H UÐ {@ x
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Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;ĂŽÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x2014;à þÎÄ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x20AC;ĤÄ&#x153;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà Â?H{fw Â&#x192;HĂ Ă&#x2018;
Geometric mean
Summation (
phH{fw pdÂ&#x2014;dÂ&#x2014;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018;
Geometric series
ph=nÂ&#x2014;A p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018;
ph=nÂ&#x2014;Â?UĂ? p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;eUĂ? Ă&#x153;nHĂ&#x152; Ă&#x2018;
Common differnce
Infinite geometric series
Â?=nÂ&#x2014;A Â&#x192;HĂ Ă&#x2018;
Arithmetic mean
pxngiønY Ă&#x2018;
Infinity
Â&#x2026;heÂ&#x153;Â&#x161;UĂ? ~YĂ&#x161; Ă&#x2018;
Arithmetic sequence
phgÂ&#x161;fY }hQ phH{fw pdÂ&#x2014;dÂ&#x2014;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018;
: 2*yf < 52 rk7
)
ph=nÂ&#x2014;A pdÂ&#x2014;dÂ&#x2014;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018;
Arithmetic series
phH{fw p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018;
Geometric sequence
Ć&#x2039; ?& Ĺ Äż
Common ratio
phH{fgUĂ? p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;eUĂ? Ă&#x153;nHĂ&#x152; Ă&#x2018;
{A Ă&#x2018;
Term
2z_W b ĹŽ zB y2b wV wN . Ä&#x2013; 2z_W b ĹŽ.Z kb 2z_W b Ć&#x2039; Ä&#x2018;_;gb d& ĹŽ {czc' b 2z_W b ĹŽ wF k 6Ä?
ĹŽ zgcN 6 & b ĹŽ (iscf + Dz ) 2z: F ĹŽ zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć&#x2039;= >1 i sb eÄ&#x2018;Z ĹŽ w6 1 YsV A2N 3 p" ĹŽ zV W: Ć&#x2039; z6.kpb r z 7'b O gb h62b zOz 2 _ :
phgÂ&#x161;fY }hQ p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018;
Infinite sequence
px{xĂ?~> p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018;
Increasing Seqence
ph[Snf> p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018;
Decreasing Seqence
pdÂ&#x2014;dÂ&#x2014;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018;
Series
ĂłÄ&#x160;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Ŀà Ä&#x2018;Ĺ?Ä?Ä&#x2030; Ë&#x2026; Č&#x2014;;g; lf x S lf :(ɸ - ɸË&#x2013; 952f
þÎďùÎøøĹ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
Ë&#x2026; Â&#x20AC; ;+f S lf :(Éš - ɸË&#x2013; 952f Ë&#x2026; Â&#x20AC; : +f Č&#x2014;;g; lf :(Éş - ɸË&#x2013; 952f
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;Ä&#x160;Ĺ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x152;Ŀà ôďùÎøøĹ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;ùÎÄ&#x201D;Ä&#x201E;Ŀà ôďùÎøøĹ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x152;øĹ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x192; Ä&#x17D;Ĺ&#x201D;ÄŻ
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x152;øĹ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x192;
Ë&#x2026; Â&#x20AC;:2qvf S lf :(Éť - ɸË&#x2013; 952f Ë&#x2026; Â&#x20AC;:2qvf Č&#x2014;;g; lf :(Éź - ɸË&#x2013; 952f
Ĺ?Ä&#x201C;Ä&#x160;Ĺ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x152;Ŀà ĢÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x17D;ÄżĂ
: k2/ ;lf Â&#x20AC;lÂ&#x20AC;gS f h :yf
phgÂ&#x161;fY p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018;
Finite sequence
ĂłÄ&#x160;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Ĺ&#x20AC;Äż Ĺ?Ĺ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x201D;ĨĹ&#x2C6;á ĢĤÄ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x192;
2*yf vÂ&#x20AC;lq } f 6Â&#x20AC;c[ f 5 vk
pUĂ?Ă&#x2DC; Ă&#x2018;
Function
Ĺ?ùÎÄ&#x201D;Ä&#x201E;Ŀà ĢÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x17D;ÄżĂ
Ĺ?Ä&#x201C;Ä&#x160;Ĺ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x152;Ŀà ĢÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x17D;ÄżĂĹ? Ĺ?ùÎÄ&#x201D;Ä&#x201E;Ŀà ĢÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x17D;Ŀà Ĺ&#x2020;Ĺ&#x201D;Ăą ôġĹ&#x153;ÄŹÄżĂ
ĂľĹ&#x153;Ä&#x201D;Ĺ&#x20AC;Ä&#x201D;øĹ&#x201E;Ŀà ĪĹ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x201E;Ä&#x20AC;øĿà Ä?Ĺ&#x192;Ä?
ôďùÎøøĹ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x20AC;Äż Ĺ?Ĺ&#x2021;ĂŽĹ&#x201D;òĿà ĞĹ&#x201D;ĂźĹ&#x201E;øĿĂ
ôďùÎøøĹ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x20AC;Äż ŠÎďĿà Ä&#x160;Ä&#x201E;ÄżĂ
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;Ä&#x160;Ĺ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x152;Ŀà þĹ&#x153;Ä&#x201D;Ĺ&#x20AC;Ä&#x201D;øĹ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;ùÎÄ&#x201D;Ä&#x201E;Ŀà þĹ&#x153;Ä&#x201D;Ĺ&#x20AC;Ä&#x201D;øĹ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
ĞÍÎÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x17D;ÄżĂĹ? ĂľĂĹ?Ä&#x2030;Ĺ&#x2014;Ă phedL pÂ&#x2DC;HnA pUĂ&#x2039; Ă&#x2018;
Ă&#x2018;Â&#x17D;HnÂ?dU phYÂ&#x17D;HĂ&#x161; sYĂ?}= Ă&#x2018;
ĂŽĹ&#x2039;Ä&#x2030;Ĺ?Ä&#x160;Ä&#x192; Ĺ&#x2020;Ĺ&#x192; Ĺ?ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă ĂÄ&#x160;Ä&#x192; Ĺ&#x2026; ÄŠĹ&#x17D;Ĺ&#x201E;Ä&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x192; ĂŽĹ&#x2039;Ä&#x2030;Ĺ?Ä&#x160;Ä&#x192; Ĺ&#x2020;Ĺ&#x192; Ä&#x2030;Ĺ?Ä&#x160;Ä&#x201E;Ĺ&#x192; Ä&#x17D;Ĺ&#x201D;ÄŻ Ä&#x2030;Ä&#x160;ÄŤ ÄŠĹ&#x17D;Ĺ&#x201E;Ä&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x192;
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;áÎĹ&#x201D;Ä&#x192; þÎĸĹ&#x201D;òĤá
*6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
ĂŽĹ&#x201D;ĂżĹ&#x17D;ÄżĹ&#x17D;Ĺ&#x2C6;ğøĿà ŠĂÄ&#x160;Ä&#x2C6;øÄ&#x201C;Ă
,: I L783] w&M , 7 !+ ,:^ 7ÂĽ 0 > ÂŁ , ÂŽ LÂĽ ~&+ Il ^8 ] V "3 , 'Âż /ÂĽ ,#WB^ÂĽ _ , 0 +8 "+8 *6 _lf mÂ&#x20AC;Â&#x20AC;_ f ]6J + 0 L : °º 0 :% &; :%&%&/8 0 : A;^ :"o35  )8
A7( B Â&#x2020; ¤ -8 "30 ,:_ÂŤ-ÂĽ :M^ 5 0 {> C 7Â&#x20AC; 0
2*ygf  lÂ&#x20AC;Oq LK/k
zp kgb 2zR O gb r zp kgb O gb HG+gb 0o ar k y  ) ÂŤ > L8Y] 0 ' _ > L8Y 0 :% &; 0 : °º # > L8Y] 0 b '^r Pzg# b 4f1 e .+ 6 r Ä&#x2018;7c7 gb pkf M2W y h I' _ :% Âź z 7'b c7c7 gb b Gb 51.y ĹŽ Ä&#x2018;7c7 gb lf > * fš .+ 7f c7c7 gb Msg#f - #y `b/r ĹŽ z6.kpb c7c7 gb r DO 2z7W {V `b/ XJsy h zgcOb 6 'b Ä?Ä&#x2019; `b/ {V Ć&#x2039; z z'b Ä&#x2018;_;gb h ĹŽ{ 7'b H6sb r z 7'b O gb HG+gb (Bsyr lzG6sb lz ZÄ&#x2018;Ob r {6.kpb H6sb r z6.kpb O gb Ć&#x2039;{6.kpb r { 7'b Ć&#x2039; pb e Ob .'b r O gcb {j z b dz g b 2z* r š
95
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ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
Ĺ?ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă
Ĺ?Â&#x2020;ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
äĂ&#x201C;°Úâ&#x2C6;?°Úà ªdGh äĂ&#x2030;ŠHĂ&#x2030;Ă Ă ÂŞdG
Ĺ?ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă ĂłÄ&#x160;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;ÄżĂ
1-1
äĂ&#x201C;°Úâ&#x2C6;?°Úà ªdGh äĂ&#x2030;ŠHĂ&#x2030;Ă Ă ÂŞdG
Sequences and Series â&#x20AC;Ťďť§ďş&#x17D;ďť&#x2014;ďşśâ&#x20AC;Ź
Ĺ? â&#x20AC;Ťďť&#x201C;ďť&#x153;ﺎâ&#x20AC;Ź
Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ďøá ÄąĹ&#x17D;Ä&#x201C; p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;eUĂ? Â&#x2021;x}_> Ă&#x2018;
1-1
Sequences and series
}hQ p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;eUĂ?Ă phgÂ&#x161;feUĂ? p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;eUĂ? Ă&#x2018; phgÂ&#x161;feUĂ?
Â&#x20AC;[g.
p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;edU Â?iÂ&#x17D;fUĂ? {Â?UĂ? Ă&#x2018;
D<_
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â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x17D;ďş&#x2018;ďť&#x152;ďş&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź
âÂ&#x17D;eÂ&#x153;eUĂ? ~YĂ&#x161;Ă Ă&#x201C;Ä&#x2020;Â&#x2014;dÂ&#x2014;Â&#x161;eUĂ? Ă&#x2018;
D<_
:2"eA )I"& 1 5 = Q M& ( L 1<&+ jI" VW + iI ( F&7 D<C ;$ ) 8f +b d_;b pys 'y w b t2S?b O 2gb -.N ."r (Â&#x161;) Ć&#x2039;(* # Ć&#x2039;lf b d_;b t2S?b O 2gb -.N - #y `k_gy do (Â&#x203A;) Ć&#x2039;d_;b z 2 lz r t2S?b O 2gb -.N lz ZÄ&#x2018;Ob - #y PzG 7 do (Â&#x153;) Sequence
p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;edU Â?inhÂ&#x2DC;UĂ? Â&#x160;hÂ&#x203A;eÂ&#x161;UĂ? Ă&#x2018;
â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x2014;ďť&#x152;ďť ďť˘â&#x20AC;Ź
'z'?b - .NÄ&#x201D; Nsg#f pb #f b - wo O gb Nsg#f o .fr pkf z 4" Nsg#f r +N "sgb 4f2b arÄ&#x201D; .'cb 4f2y z& I z[z['b - .NÄ&#x201D; lf b b .'b ĹŽĹ I 4f2b wj b .'b ĹŽĹ&#x20AC;I Ĺ&#x201A;I 4f2b lN 2z O b l_gyr iI 4f2b wjskb .'b r Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; 0_or Ć&#x160;w Ä&#x2019; ^ lz6sZ lz o-r.& _ O gb Ć&#x2039;(iI) 4f2b pb 4f2y r (iI ĹŽ Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;ĹŽĹ&#x201A;I ĹŽĹ I ĹŽĹ&#x20AC;I) â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x201E;â&#x20AC;Ź
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;ĂŽÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x2014;à þÎÄ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x20AC;ĤÄ&#x153;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018;
Sequence
phgÂ&#x161;fY p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018;
Finite Sequence infinite Sequence
phgÂ&#x161;fY }hQ p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018; pLÂ&#x17D;eÂ&#x153;Y Ă&#x2018;
Set
{A Ă&#x2018;
Term
pdÂ&#x2014;dÂ&#x2014;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018;
Series Summation notation
âÂ&#x17D;eÂ&#x153;eUĂ? ~YĂ&#x161; Ă&#x2018;
952f &6/k Ă´Ĺ&#x192;Ä&#x160;Ä&#x2C6;øÄ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà þĂĹ?Ä&#x2030;Ĺ&#x2014;Ă phedL pÂ&#x2DC;HnA pUĂ&#x2039; Ă&#x2018; phYÂ&#x17D;HĂ&#x161; sYĂ?}= Ă&#x2018;
ÂżCG Ă&#x;Mâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; f =0 )I ''& d )I ''& \ X "f 75 15 "R)+ nI u " nI u " &7 I , )I ''& d=? 7 0 15 "R)+
O gb lf d_b wbrÄ&#x201D; -r.& 7b ^ 1 Ć&#x160; z Ä&#x2019; . w b "sgb z"r4b - .NÄ&#x201D; O f â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź (Ĺ ) -.Ob w b r Ĺ&#x201A;Äż ĹŽ Ĺ&#x20AC;Äż lz 1s?'gb - .NÄ&#x201D; O f â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x2039;Ĺ&#x201A; wcN g7[b pkf d^ d [y zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
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10" - Nsg#f - zp kf 2zR O f - zp kf O f - O f Ć&#x2039;w; js zV O gb wj z b dz g b Ć&#x2039;Pzg# b 4f1 c7c7 f pkz Z2W b Ä&#x2018;Gb wb cF r ĹŽ O gb Xy2O wcN .^ Â&#x2DC; : k2/ ;lf Â&#x20AC;lÂ&#x20AC;gS f 1 ylf Ć&#x2039; Nsg#gb lz r â&#x20AC;Ť اďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعسâ&#x20AC;Ź6 'b bÄ&#x2019; - Dz Ä&#x201D; r iscgb 2z: Gb - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć&#x2039; zOz 2 _ : ĹŽ = >1 eÄ&#x2018;Z - zgcOb :@^ px 6cZ 2q  Z *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J d_: d_ t2S?b O 2gb -.N i Ä&#x2018;Gb wb 2: Â&#x2DC; Ä&#x2018;_;gb d& - U ; ^Ä? - wjr O b hzcO b - wko0b X?Ob Ć&#x160;{ Ä&#x2019; ^ -.'f Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x20AC; = Ĺ&#x20AC; = t2S?b O 2gb -.N Ć&#x160;(Ĺ&#x20AC;) d_: < 52 f o ck Ĺ Ĺ = Ĺ&#x192; = t2S?b O 2gb -.N Ć&#x160;(Ĺ ) d_: Ć&#x2039;E 6rÄ&#x201D; 2#& - w6 1.b d?Wb Ĺ Ĺ&#x201A; = Ĺ&#x2C6; = t2S?b O 2gb -.N Ć&#x160;(Ĺ&#x201A;) d_: mgS f 51 Ck Ĺ Ĺ&#x192; = Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x2026; = t2S?b O 2gb -.N Ć&#x160;(Ĺ&#x192;) d_: fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b -Ĺ&#x2C6;œœ> wb Ĺ&#x192; œœ> lf b Gb ^ Ĺ K = t2S?b O 2gb -.N Ć&#x160;(Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;) d_: Ć&#x2039; 61.gb _f P" 2f - ( j2 jÄ? ) Ć&#x2039;{jskb d_;b hZ2b 4f2 z& â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x152;ďş&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; ĹŽ(Ĺ&#x2021;) d_: ĹŽ(Ĺ&#x201E;) d_: {V O 2gb -.N $ k 7 Ä&#x2018;Gb M- Â&#x2DC; -.N lz r d_;b hZ1 lz ZÄ&#x2018;Ob ! k 6 Ä&#x2018;Gb wb cF Â&#x2DC; zOz Gb - .NÄ&#x201D; Nsg#fr 'z'?b - .NÄ&#x201D; Nsg#f lN ` Ä&#x2018;F d6 Â&#x2DC; N = +N F {Äż} F -N i z& Ć&#x2039;d_;b 0o {V O 2gb :mgS 2q  Z > +b O 2gb h61 wjr O dgO^ ` Ä&#x2018;F wb cF Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x2039; O 2f Ĺ&#x2020; O 2gb -.N l_br w; js zV O g Y2Wb r o-r.& ^ zWz^r ĹŽ O gb Xy2O wcN .^ Â&#x2DC; P 1 ĹŽ-r.'b z 2 ĹŽ5 sZÄ&#x201D; z& lf Nsg#gb lz r pkz PB 2 - `b0^ P 2f d^ wV 2 - P 1 h61 hpzb cF Â&#x2DC; wcN d?' b ĹŻd_;b wV g^ 2*Ä&#x2019; 1 s# d^ O 2gb Ć&#x2039;`b/ (Bs y-.N c f GN Pf pkf d^ 2> kN 1 2_
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
96
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äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ľĄĿí
(ŀŁ ŮŀĿ Ů Ň Ů Ņ Ů Ń Ů Ł) أ (Łņ Ů ŁŃ Ů Łŀ Ů ŀŇ Ů ŀń Ů ŀŁ) ب ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
lf O gb DO b e Ob .'b ! k 6 đGb wb cF Ɗdz Z ƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀŁ Ů ň Ů Ņ Ů ł أ
ƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀŅ Ů ň Ů Ń Ů ŀ ب ƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀŅ Ů Ň Ů Ń Ů Ł ﺟ {V .'b gzZr .'b z 2 lz Y2Wb ` đF wb (Br o-r.& hzZ zfscOg H[V _ O gb i r O gb Ƌ z 2 cb PC+ r O gb is_ w fr Ů zp kgb O gb đGb wb (Br Ƌ zp kf 2zR ađ* lf c7c7 gb r O gb lz Y2Wb đGcb (Br Ƌ`b/ wcN .z" ¹ .^ r (Ņ) = Xy2O b Ƌ c7c7 gb Msg#f Ů c7c7 gb Ɗly2z O b lz Y2Wb (Br : S ?f K.Ț
ŀĿ i đGb DO .[ Oy .Z (ŀ + S Ł) - #y .kN : K/f ŀ=S Ƌ c7c7 gb Msg#f d g (ŀ + S Ł) {jskb .'b d g {or c7c7 gb .N Z {o (ŀ + S Ł) : yCf ƋMsg#gb 7zbr {ko/ X?N zcgOb >2Wb % ń= :2^ p 6 c[ 2q Z -.'f .N Z ."sy Đ qj s[[' y {_b ů đGb t.b - .NĔ O f pkfr O gb Pzg#b e Ob .'b - #yĖ (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŀ Ů ņ Ů ń Ů ł Ů Ł) .N Z pb ."sy Đ zbrĔ ( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
d>s r Ņ Ů ń= d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf : &
(ƋƋƋ Ů ń- Ů ł- Ů ŀ-) أ (ŇĿ Ů ƋƋƋ Ů Ņń Ů ŅĿ Ů ńń) ب (ƋƋƋƋ Ů ŁŃ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ Ů ł) أ (ŀŃ- Ů ŀŀ- Ů Ň- Ů ń- Ů Ł-) أ (ƋƋƋ Ů Łņ Ů Ň Ů ŀ) ب
97
1
Ɗ z Ē O gb lf d_b wbrĔ -r.& 7b ^ 1 Ƌ(ŀ -) -.Ob . w b b 7b y-2Wb - .NĔ O f أ Ƌń wcN g7[b pkf d^ d [y w b r Ňŀ Ů ńŀ lz 1s?'gb - .NĔ O f ب General term of a sequence :á©HÉààªd ΩÉ©dG óëdG a #f wV i q z 2 t0b 2?kOb 1s> iI z& iI _yr (wjskb .'b ¹j z& wg7yr) O gb e Ob .'b Ƌ O gcb GOf -r.& ađ* lf ¹j z& q" k 6 l_gyr Ů O gb :K U \ T i Ł = iI so ƋƋƋ Ů Ň Ů Ņ Ů Ń Ů Ł Ɗ z"r4b - .NĔ O gb e Ob .'b ½
ƋƋƋ Ů ņ Ů ń Ů ł Ů ŀ Ɗ y-2Wb - .NĔ O gb e Ob .'b ½
ŀ - i Ł = iI so i(ŀ-) = I so Ł+i i
ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŅ Ů ŀń - Ů ŀŃ Ů ŀł - Ɗ O gcb e Ob .'b ½
Ƌ ` " 27V ? O gb Pzg#b e Ob .'b - #yĖ .N Z ."s do ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ ﻣﺜﺎل ŀ G i z&
i I Ł = ŀ + iI
Ů ŀ - = ŀI Ɗw Ē ^ V2Ogb (iI) O gcb wbrĔ 7g+b -r.'b ^ 2 ľĄĿí
ƊiIŁ = ŀ + iI ZđOb wV Ń Ů ł Ů Ł Ů ŀ = i gzZ lN DysO b Ł- = ŀ- * Ł = ŁI :n 2 ŀIŁ = ŁI is_ ŀ = i PBs Ń- = Ł- * Ł = łI :n 2 ŁIŁ = łI is_ Ł = i PBs Ň- = Ń- * Ł = ŃI :n 2 łIŁ = ŃI is_ ł = i PBs ŀŅ- = Ň- * Ł = ńI :n 2 ŃIŁ = ńI is_ Ń = i PBs (ŀŅ - Ů Ň - Ů Ń - Ů Ł - Ů ŀ -) Ɗwo O gcb wbrĔ 7g+b -r.'b
(ŀ - = ŀI lN DysO b ) (Ł - = ŁI lN DysO b ) (Ń - = łI lN DysO b ) (Ň - = ŃI lN DysO b )
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ł G i z&
ŀ - i I Ł = iI
Ů ł = ŀI Ɗw Ē ^ V2Ogb (iI) O gcb wbrĔ -r.& 7b ^ 2
Finite seqence and infinite sequence:á«¡àæªdG ô«Z á©HÉààªdGh á«¡àæªdG á©HÉààªdG -.N i ^ / zp kf 2zR is_ r (m.N r m2?& l_gy t ) z¹ p kf o-r.& -.N i ^ / zp kf O gb is_ » 2zR o-r.& Ƌ(m2?& l_gy Đ 2> kOb lf w pj Đ -.N) q kf
5
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ﻣﺜﺎل Ɗ ZđOb wGOy wjskb o.& w b O gb lf đ^ Ê ^ 3 Ƌ(arĔ .'b lf . -r.& 7g* wb ) ŀ Ƥ iŁ = iI أ ¹ Ƌ(arĔ .'b lf . -r.'b lf q kf 2zR -.N wb ) ¹
Łi = I i
ب ľĄĿí
ń Ů Ń Ů ł ŮŁ Ů ŀ = i PBs أ Ƅ ń = ŀ + (Ł) Ł = ŁI ƅƅŮ ƅł = ŀ + (ŀ) Ł = ŀI ` ň = ŀ + (Ń) Ł = ŃI ƅƅŮ ƅņ = ŀ + (ł) Ł = łI 9'7 )I '' (ŀŀ Ů ň Ů ņ Ů ń Ů ł) Ɗwo O gb ` ƅƅŮ ŀŀ = ŀ + (ń) Ł = ńI ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ń Ů Ń Ů ł ŮŁ Ů ŀ = i PBs ب Ƅ Ń = Ł (Ł) = ŁI ƅƅŮ ƅŀ = Ł (ŀ) = ŀI ` ŀŅ = Ł (Ń) = ŃI ƅƅŮ ƅň = Ł (ł) = łI Ƌ 9'7 " g )I '' (ƋƋƋƋ Ů Łń Ů ŀŅ Ů ň Ů Ń Ů ŀ) Ɗwo O gb ` ƅƅŮ Łń = Ł(ń) = ńI
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ ZđOb wGOy wjskb o.& w b O gb lf đ^ Ê ^ 3 Ƌ(arĔ .'b lf . -r.& 7g* wb ) i ł – ŀ = iI أ ¹ » 2zR -.N wb ) Ƌ(arĔ .'b lf . -r.'b lf q kf ¹
łi = I i
ب
™«ªéàdG õeQh äÓ°ù∏°ùàªdG Ƌ O gb -r.& Pg" zcgN wo c7c7 gb l_gyr Ů [ 7b O gb G 2gb c7c7 gb wo ƋƋƋ + ŀŀ + Ň + ń + Ł gkz O f wo (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŀ Ů Ň Ů ń Ů Ł) Ɗđ gV Ƌ 2? +f 1s? đ7c7 gb _b ( g#z6) 2[yr ȿ ȿ Pzg# b 4f1 e .+ 6 Series and summation notation
ﻣﺜﺎل Ƌ]s_Wgb Msg#f ."r h Ů z Ē đ7c7 gb lf đ^ Ê ]s_Wf ^ 4 ņ Ń ŁS ب أ
(ŀ – SŁ)
ł=S
ŀ=S
ľĄĿí
2
Ń = Ł(Ł) = ŁI is_yƅŁ = S PBs ƅŮ ŀ = Ł(ŀ) = ŀI is_yƅŀ = S PBs أ ŀŅ = Ł(Ń) = ŃI is_yƅŃ = S PBs ƅŮ ň = Ł(ł) = łI is_yƅł = S PBs łĿ = ŀŅ + ň + Ń + ŀ = ŁS
Ń ŀ=S
is_yr (ŀŅ + ň + Ń + ŀ) wo c7c7 gb n 2
3
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
6
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG
: S ?f K.Ț
ņ = ŀ – Ń * Ł = ŁI is_y Ń = S PBs ƅƅŮƅń = ŀ – ł * Ł = ŀI is_yƅł = S PBs ب
Ů c7c7 gb lz 4zzg b {V đGb DO G+y .Z : K/f Ƌ c7c7 gb Msg#fr Ů O gb r
ŀŀ = ŀ – Ņ * Ł = ŃI is_y Ņ = S PBs ƅƅŮƅň = ŀ – ń * Ł = łI is_yƅń = S PBs ŀł = ŀ – ņ * Ł = ńI is_yƅņ = S PBs Ńń = (ŀ – SŁ)
ņ ł=S
is_yr (ŀł + ŀŀ + ň + ņ + ń) wo c7c7 gb n 2
: ( ('& pL ? X+s & ) R$ 3 [ l #'$ f Z-r N27 .[Ogb z 7'b zcgOb lf 2z _b 3 #j 6 'b ĐĒ kb (z Msg#f - #y so f pb zcgOb m0o lz lfr Ůa *-Ė j z lf .^ b E2; \ 7b a 7b wV c7c7 gb Msg#f lf \[' b l_gy a gb dz 6 wcOV Ů c7c7 f Ɗwb b s'kb wcN ( ) `b0b -.'gb iscb 7&
Pzg# b 4f1 % Wf wcN HSCj ( )
log
Ɗw Ē ^ (ŀ – SŁ) ky gb .N Z _j ( ) .
2
ALPHA
)
(x)
_
1
Ɗw Ē ^ d[k cb (Replay) % Wgb e.+ 7j ( ) ŮwcNĔ d[k b wV (ņ) O gb -r.& -.N _j dW6Ĕ d[k b wV (ł) a gb 0o wV sor q . j t0b .'b 1 _j
7
3
Ƌ\ 7b Pg#b $ kb \ Gf sor Ńń $ kb : ;b wcN wGOzb
=
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
ﺟ
ň
Ł(ŀ + S)
ń=S
ب
Ń
(Ł – Sł)
ŀ=S
ń
أ
ŀ=S
ŀ=S
: yCf
7c7 gb
(ŀł Ů ŀĿ Ů ņ Ů Ń Ů ŀ) pb 2J kgb O gb gkz (ƋƋƋ Ů ŃI Ů łI Ů ŁI Ů ŀI) = (KI) O gb ( ƋƋƋ + ŃI + łI + ŁI + ŀI) 0_o c7c7 gb p ^ l_gy (+) fđOb ( Ů) ZđOb a. 7j c7c7 gb wV i t : &yfyqc f i 2/ :
a *-Ė % Wf wcN HSCj ( )
e .+ 6 $ kb '> lf \[' h Ů]s_Wgb Msg#f ."r h Ů z Ē đ7c7 gb lf đ^ Ê ]s_Wf ^ 4 Ƌ 6 'b bĒ ŀ - SŁ * ł
(ŀł + ŀĿ + ņ + Ń + ŀ) {o (Ł - S ł)
ń
3 #jĖ ů 6 kgb 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 wcN ` đF .N 6 (Bsgb E ;kb 2Z hpzb cF r Ů .[Ogb z 7'b zcgOb Ƌ sG+b `c 0zWk zWz^ i z b Ůņ = ( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
hpOf d>s r ņ = d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb łń =(ŀł + ŀĿ + ņ + Ń + ŀ) أ4 Ńń = (Łń + ŀŅ + ň + Ń) ب
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
7
ŀŃŇŇ = (ņŅŇ + łŇŃ + ŀňŁ + ňŅ + ŃŇ) ﺟ
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
١ - ١ ﺗﻤـــــــﺎرﻳـــﻦ
(ɸ - ɸ) r 5 l & :≈JCÉj Ée πªcCG
so ŀ - iŁ = iI z& (iI) O gcb 8f +b .'b 1 so ł + Łi = iI z& (iI) O gcb wV P 2b .'b 2 = ŁI i V ŀ = ŀI i ^ / iI i = ŀ + iI z& (iI) O gb wV 3
E
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ɗ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ so ń wcN g7[b d [ { b zOz Gb - .NĔ O f wV 8f +b .'b 4 ŀĿ د ŁĿ ﺟ Łń ب ń أ
Ń ń
د
(Ł + i) (ŀ + i) د
6
C 5
ƄƄŀň 4 Ƅŀ 3 Ƅŀň 2 Ƅň 1
zp kf دƄ zp kf 2zR ﺟƅ zp kf بƅ zp kf 2zR أ (łĿ ŮŁĿ ŮŀŁ ŮŅ ŮŁ) أ
ﺟ
ŀ- ب ń
Ńń
أ
ŀ ŀ ŀ ŀ ŀ ( ŁŃł Ů Ňŀ Ů Łņ Ů ň Ů ł ) ﺟ (ň- ŮŃ Ůŀ- ŮĿ Ůŀ-) د
Ɗwo (ƋƋƋ Ů (Ņ * ń) Ů (ń * Ń ) Ů (Ń * ł) Ů (ł * Ł)) O gb .N Z 6 (ŀ + i) iŁ ﺟ (ŀ + i) i ب (ŀ + i) (ŀ - i) أ
:á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG Ɗ zp kf 2zR r zp kf z Ē O gb t lz 7 (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŀ Ů ņ Ů Ń Ů ŀ) أ (Łŀ Ů ƋƋƋ Ů ň Ů ņ Ů ń Ů ł) ب +N ǽ i Ůŀ- Łi = I z& ( I) O gb ﺟ i
ŀ = ŀI r Ņŀ + K Ń = (K I) Hgkb أ
i
{ń Ů Ń Ů ł Ů Ł Ů ŀ} ǽ i Ůł + iŁ = iI z& (iI) O gb د
K
Ɗ z Ē .N s[b wGOy e Ob o.& w b O gb lf d_b wbrĔ -r.& 7g+b ^ 8 ŀ Ł(Ł - i) i(ŀ-) = I د i( ŀ ) = I ﺟ Łi + i = I أ = I ب i i i ł ń - iŁ i wb b .'b ^ h Hgkb X; ^ 9 ب ƋƋƋ Ů ŃŇ Ů ŁŃ - Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ - Ů ł ƋƋƋ Ů Ňŀ Ů ņņ Ů ņł Ů Ņň Ů Ņń أ ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ ﺟ ƋƋƋ Ů ŀń Ů ŀĿ Ů Ņ Ů ł Ů ŀ د ƋƋƋ Ů łŁ ŀŅ Ň Ń Ł `b/ .O 2 Wb .y4y h ŮarĔ eszb wV \ Z- Ň .gb zj. b Z zcb ly1 g hy2^ 51 gy ǶơģʞʵǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 10 Ƌ zÊ fsy lz [zZ- a.Og Ƌ O gb m0pb wbrĔ -r.& 7g+b ^ أ Ƌ O gb m0pb e Ob .'b ."r ب ƋP 7b eszb wV hy2^ qZ2S 7y t0b lf4b ."r ﺟ zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
8
8
ŀ ŀ ŀ ( ń Ů ł Ůŀ Ůŀ- Ů ł -) ب
Ɗso +N ǽ i z& ŀ - iŁ = iI Ɗwjskb o.& w b O gb lf 2: Ob .'b 5 ŀ ń
7
K
I Ł- = ŀ + K I
ŀ I* Ł
= ŀ+K I
Ů ŀ - K (Ł-) ł = (K I) ب ŀ r K( Ł ) =(K I) ﺟ
(ŁK + K) Ł = K I = د Ɗ K I + (ŀ+ K) = ŀ + K I Ů ŀ = ŀI r Ɗ z b G 2gb y C[b DO #b Of 10 (ŀŅ Ů ŀŃ Ů ŀŁ Ů ŀĿ Ů Ň) أ ŀ
ŀGK
9
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
98
-
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG
Ƌ51.b kgC gb y C[b lf -.N ar k ŀń - ŀł ly1 g b ŀĿ ŀĿ (ƋƋƋƋ ŮŀĿĿ * łņŇĿ - łņŇĿ Ů ŀĿĿ * ŃŁĿĿ - ŃŁĿĿ Ů ŃŁĿĿ) 13
Ɗ z Ē đ7c7 gb lf d^ ]s_Wf ^ 11
ŀ=S
= (ƋƋƋ + ńł + Ńł + łł + Łł + ŀł) أ
łŅł ﺟ
(Ł – ŁS) (Ł + ŀ )
(Ł - Sł) ŀ-S ( ŀ
Ł
)
ń ŀ=S
' ŀ=S
أ ﺟ
Ņ Ł=S Ņ
S ł=S
ب
(ł + SŁ)
د
ŀ + S( ŀ ) * ł
Ł
ņ ł=S ń
أ ﺟ
ŀ=S
ūŀĿ a.Og h#kgb ! j @Z k yr Ů o0b lf h#^ŃŁĿĿ arĔ e Ob wV $ ky o0cb h#kf řɿŻƯņǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 13 0o ."r h Ů! jĖ O f lf wbrĔ -r.& 7g+b ^ Ƌ 2: f pb [ 7b k7b ! j a.Of lf yÊ sk6 ƋMsg#gb
15
h6łŁ qOcB asF MđBĔ tr 7 f c f d [gb d_;b d gy ǶƒŻŏǭǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 14 d* .b s'j Hgkb 0o 2g 6 r Ůwc* .b c gb h61r Ů đ b qNđB W?j ƋarĔ c gb pzV g c f đ wcN kc?& w & ƋPzg# b 4f1 e .+ 6 c gb Gz'f d g { b c7c7 gb ^ أ ƋP 2b c gb Hz'f ."r ب ƋHgkb 0o lf wbrĔ c f P 1Ĕ Gz'f Msg#f 2 gz k7b ."r ﺟ
;$
ŁŃł ب
a 61 wV wjr2 _bĖ .y2 b hy2^ e.+ 6 ģŐŮǍǤǍŏǔņǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 15 8Wj a 61 hpkf d^ e Z h lfr Ůq Z.> lf đ wb b 61 8Wj a 61 2g 6 0_or Ůly2* Z.> đ wb b 62b ƋHgkb 0p b 62b (H[V .& r 2f b 62b m0o hc7 @+: d^ i gcN) ¹ ƋPzg# b 4f1 e .+ 6 c7c7 gb ^ أ c&2gb wV b 62b m0o hpc? 6 w b = +:Ĕ -.N ."r ب
: 6" r 5 l
V2Ogb O gb lf d_b wbrĔ -r.& 7b ^ 1 Ɗw Ē ^ ŀ G i d_b
ب
e .+ 6 $ kb '> lf \[' h Ů]s_Wgb Msg#f ."r h z Ē đ7c7 gb lf d^ ]s_Wf ^ 12 Ƌ 6 'b bĒ
h6 ŀŇĿ ﺟ K
Ň ŀ=S
' د ( ŀ - ŀ ) ŀ+S S ŀ=S
h6ŀŁ = P 2b c gb Hz'f ب
ł
Ƌ` " (Br ? N 6 X?j hy2^ qZ2S 7y t0b lf4b is_z6 esy t wV د
cSŃ + S(ŀ-)m
= ŁņńńŬŅŁ + łĿŅŀŬŇŬł + łŃĿŁ + łņŇĿ + ŃŁĿĿ) = h#^ ŀņŀňňŬŃŁ ń ŀ - K( ň ) ŃŁĿĿ = ŀĿ ŀ=K (Ń * ł + Ň * ł + ŀŅ * ł + łŁ * ł) أ14
K
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG
Ƌ 7f +b Ƌ 7f +b 2gb w & b 62b m0o sbr . ly0b = +:Ĕ Pzg" Msg#f ."r ﺟ
I
Ł = ŀI Ů ii = ŀ + iI أ
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
9
ŀ G i d_b ŀ + iI + iI = Ł + iI Ůń = ŁI Ůł = ŀI ب Ń iI + ŀ
= ŀ + iI Ůŀ = ŀI ﺟ
Ł ﺟ
2;N wj b eszb د
h z Ē O gb lf d_b wbrĔ 7g+b -r.'b ."r 2 Ɗ zÊ j z O gb m0o d f i - ł = iI i(
ŀ Ł
ب
) ł = iI د
(ŀł + ŀĿ + ņ + Ń + ŀ) أ
ŀ - iŁ = iI أ
ŀ - i(Ł) ł = I i
Ņ+KŁ=KI ب
(-r.& Ň wb ƋƋƋ + ŀņ + ŀŀ + ň + ł) ب
ﺟ
ŀ ŀ ŀ (' ƋƋƋ + Ň + Ń + Ł + ŀ) ﺟ ŀ ŀ ŀ (' ƋƋƋ+ ŀŁ + Ņ + Ł ) د
: K/f \? b 3
Ƌ O f {o = pb #f b - d^ أ
Ņń = (ŀņ + ŀń + ŀł + ŀŀ + ň) = (ł + S Ł)
2zR O f {o {ƋƋ Ů Ń Ů ł Ů Ł Ů ŀ Ů Ŀ} pb #f b - d^ ب Ƌ zp kf ń ﺟ ň + ņ + ń + ł + ŀ = (ŀ+ KŁ)
ŇĿ , (łŃ + Łł + ŀŃ + ņ + Ł) = (Ł - ŁS)
Ŀ=S
ņ ł=S
Ņ
ŀ
ŀ
ŀ
ŀ
ŀ
Ņ Ł=S ŀň
Ň ŁĿ =
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
أ ب
Ł=S
ń ňł ł ł ł ł ł ŀ - S ŀ = ( + + + + ) = ( ) ł ŅŃ ŅŃ łŁ ŀŅ Ň Ń Ł ŀ=K (Ł + Ņ + Ł + ń + Ł + Ń + Ł + ł ) = (Ł + S )
99
11
ﺟ
د
12
ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
Ĺ?ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă
Ĺ?Â&#x2020;ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;Ŀà Ĺ?ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă ĂłÄ&#x160;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;ÄżĂ
ĂĄÂŤHĂ&#x2030;°ÚÍdG åŠHĂ&#x2030;Ă Ă ÂŞdG
2-1
ĂĄÂŤHĂ&#x2030;°ÚÍdG åŠHĂ&#x2030;Ă Ă ÂŞdG
Arithmetic Sequence Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ďøá ÄąĹ&#x17D;Ä&#x201C;
â&#x20AC;Ťďť§ďş¸ďş&#x17D;ءâ&#x20AC;Ź
ph=nÂ&#x2014;Â?UĂ? p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;eUĂ? Â&#x2021;x}_> Ă&#x2018;
Arithmetic Sequence
p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;edU Â?inhÂ&#x2DC;UĂ? Â&#x160;hÂ&#x203A;eÂ&#x161;UĂ? Ă&#x2018;
Ć&#x2039;P 7b d_;b w & gpkf d^ dg^ h ĹŽlzzb b lzGgkb lf Ä&#x2018;^ Ă&#x160; 51-
ph=nÂ&#x2014;Â?UĂ?
ph=nÂ&#x2014;Â?UĂ? p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;edU Â?iÂ&#x17D;fUĂ? {Â?UĂ? Ă&#x2018;
Â&#x20AC;[g.
ph=nÂ&#x2014;Â?UĂ? p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;eUĂ? Â&#x152;hh_> Ă&#x2018;
Â?=nÂ&#x2014;Â?UĂ? Â&#x192;HÂ&#x17D;UĂ? Â&#x2021;x}_> Ă&#x2018;
Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;
Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;
Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;
Ĺ&#x20AC;Äż
Ĺ&#x2026;
Ĺ&#x201A;
Ĺ&#x20AC;
Ă nHĂĂşĂ? Â&#x152;Y Ă&#x2DC;Ă{Â?Y Ă&#x2DC;{L ĂŠnBĂ&#x2DC;Ă&#x17D; Ă&#x2018; Â&#x152;xĂ&#x2DC;{L Â&#x152;h= ph=nÂ&#x2014;Â?UĂ?
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;ĂŽÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x2014;à þÎÄ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x20AC;ĤÄ&#x153;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà Â&#x192;ei Ă&#x2018;
Pattern
Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;
Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;
Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;
Ĺ&#x2020;
Ĺ&#x201E;
Ĺ&#x201A;
Ĺ&#x20AC;
:ĂĄÂŤJBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G ĂĄâ&#x2C6;?Ă&#x201E;°SCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G øY Ă&#x2013;LCG ?wj b r arÄ&#x201D; lzGgkb lz UÄ&#x2018; *Ä? r q ;b q"r f (Â&#x161;) Ć&#x2039;lz[ 7b lzGgkcb lz c ggb lz O gb ^ (Â&#x203A;) .N Z ! k 6 `k_gy do ? wj b Hgkb wV O gb hzZ wcN L&Ä&#x2018; / f (Â&#x153;) Ć&#x2039; .N [b m0o ^ ? O gb m0o -r.& lz H 2cb
Arithmetic Sequence
â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x17D;ďş&#x2018;ďť&#x152;ďş&#x201D; اďť&#x;ﺤﺴďş&#x17D;ďş&#x2018;ďť´ďş&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź
2: f qb \ 7b .'b r .& d^ lz Y2Wb pzV is_y w b O gb wo Ć&#x2039;(E) 4f2b - N qb 4f2yr O gb 5 6 wg7y š 1.[f tr 7y š o.& zfscOg pkys_ l_gyr +N Ç˝ i d_b iI â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Ĺ&#x20AC; + iI = E :n 2 Ć&#x2039;(E) p6 6 r (C) arÄ&#x201D;
ph=nÂ&#x2014;A p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018; Arithmetic sequence
Â?iÂ&#x17D;i {A Ă&#x2018;
nth Term
ph=nÂ&#x2014;Â?UĂ? p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;eUĂ? Ă&#x153;nHĂ&#x152; Ă&#x2018; Common difference Order of the term arithmetic mean
{Â?UĂ? pÂ&#x2DC;>Ă&#x161; Ă&#x2018;
Â?=nÂ&#x2014;A Â&#x192;HĂ Ă&#x2018;
. phedL pÂ&#x2DC;HnA pUĂ&#x2039; Ă&#x2018;
phYÂ&#x17D;HĂ&#x161; sYĂ?}= Ă&#x2018;
Â&#x161;
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
O gb lz Y2Vr ĹŽ c7c7 gb r O gb b Gb 51- i \ 6 DO ^r - c7c7 f - #y zWz^ 51- g^ ĹŽ Nsg#gb r Xy2O dg_ 7y Us6r 51.b 0o wVr zB y2b E gjÄ&#x201D; pb wjskb .'b - #y r pb wj z b dz g b r z 7'b O gb a *- r w 7'b H6sb Xy2O r ĹŽ z 7'b O gb lzzO r Ć&#x2039;ly-.N lz z 7'b E 6rÄ&#x201D; lf -r.'f -.N 952f &6/k
Ă´Ĺ&#x192;Ä&#x160;Ä&#x2C6;øÄ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà þĂĹ?Ä&#x2030;Ĺ&#x2014;Ă
â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x2014;ďť&#x152;ﺎďť&#x2019;â&#x20AC;Ź
:n X? iI ( U C7 1 Hgkb 2> kN hzZ wV .y 4 b l_br ĹŽ2zS y arÄ&#x201D; Hgkb 2> kN hzZ wV .y 4 b ½ Ć&#x2039; 1 .[g .y 4 so wj b pzV .& d^ z& (Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x2020; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x201E; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x201A; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x20AC;) Ć&#x160;wo wj b Hgkb 2> kOb c ggb O gb ½ O gb zg6 `b0br ĹŽĹ q gzZ 1 .[g 2: f q[ 7y t0b .'b lN .y4y Ć&#x2039; z 7'b
2-1
10
Ć&#x2039;lzGgkb .& {V 2: f qb \ 7b .'b r .& d^ lz ZÄ&#x2018;N ."s
:o }gR 5Ç&#x203A; 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z I# + 88ÂĽ ² .( : 1ÂŁ :+ 88ÂĽ l&+8% I{III , Â&#x17E; , ÂŻ , Â&#x2039; , Â?} 4 NÂĽ § : 1ÂŁ :+ 88ÂĽ ¨ Âś I: 1ÂŁ :+ 88)" e ¢ 7 ÂŁ l&+% I{ 3] 0 40] ÂŁ :6&+) : 1ÂŁ :+ 88ÂĽ ²+% I 5 .( ² Â&#x20AC; .% ² 1ÂŁ F3 ? % I.% ² : 1_ U 30 ' Y % : Â&#x20AC;: : 16[k
:I ?qf g : &
{V .y 4 b l_br ĹŽ.y 4 {V {j b Hgkb r arÄ&#x201D; Hgkb 1 Ć&#x2039;{j b lf M26 arÄ&#x201D; Hgkb (Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x20AC;Äż ĹŽ Ĺ&#x2026; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x201A; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x20AC;) {o wbrÄ&#x201D; O gb 2 (Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x2020; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x201E; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x201A; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x20AC;) {o zj b O gb O gb -r.& lf .& d^ i {j b Hgkb {V L&Ä&#x2018;y 3 Ć&#x160;i x 2: f qb \ 7b .'b lN Ĺ 1 .[g .y4y Ĺ = 2: f qb \ 7b .'b - -r.'b lf .& x Ć&#x160; go {j b Hgkb {V O gb .N Z
- z 7'b O gb 5 6 - {jsj .& - z 7& O f - Hgj Ć&#x2039;{ 7& H6r - .'b 1 : k2/ ;lf Â&#x20AC;lÂ&#x20AC;gS f 1 ylf
- zgcOb 6 'b bÄ&#x2019; - iscgb 2z: Gb - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć&#x2039; zOz 2 _ : : *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
Ć&#x2039;{ko0b X?Ob - {jr O b dgOb - Ä&#x2018;_;gb d& - ;Z kgb r 1 s'b :< 52 f o ck
Ć&#x2039;{6 1.b d?Wb
Ĺ&#x20AC; - iĹ = iI
â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعسâ&#x20AC;Ź : Č&#x2DC; }gR 2b Â&#x20AC; ;+f S lf \ 6S  Z
(E) z 7'b O gb 5 6 2: f qb \ 7b .'b - -r.'b lf .& x = +N Ç˝ i d_b iI â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Ĺ&#x20AC; + iI = E Ć&#x2039;5 6Ä&#x201D; r arÄ&#x201D; o.& zfscOg z 7'b O gb lys_ l_gy
â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x152;ďş&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x160; z Ä&#x2019; c 6Ä&#x201D; ` Ä&#x2018;F wcN %2F Â&#x2DC; r .y 4 {V Ĺ&#x20AC;Äż = E ;kb {V i fs62gb i Ggkb do ?@Z k ? i ?[kb r - y4b 1 .[f do ?lzGgkb lf d_b Ĺ&#x2020;I ĹŽ Ĺ&#x201E;I - #y l_gy do
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
100
-
á«HÉ°ù◊G á©HÉààŸG : qu3 \CR
á«HÉ°ù◊G á©HÉààŸG
ﻣﺜﺎل
O f pCO z 7& O f ^ đGb wb cF Ƌhp " d#6r z?Z k t2*Ĕ r y.y 4
( ŀŅ Ů ŀń Ů ŀŃ Ů ŀł Ů ŀŁ ) ب Ł + ił = iI د
? / gbr ? z 7& O f z Ē O gb lf t 1
(ŀň Ů ŀŅ Ů ŀł Ů ŀĿ Ů ņ) أ ł + iŁ = iI ﺟ
ľĄĿí
Ɗi đGb Pf d>s
ł = ŀĿ – ŀł = ŁI – łIƅŮƄł = ņ – ŀĿ = ŀI - ŁI a أ ł = ŃI – ńI = łI – ŃI DT& I ƅ ł = p6 6 z 7& O gb `ƅƅƅƅł = ŃI – ńI = łI – ŃI = ŁI – łI = ŀI - ŁI `
Ƌ ¹ "sf p6 6 i ^ / y.y 4 z 7'b O gb is_ Ƌ ¹ b 6 p6 6 i ^ / z?Z k z 7'b O gb is_ {V zÊ j z z 7'b O gb -r.& dz g đGb wb cF Ƌ s6 'cb zfs62b $f 2b .& ađ* lf r {j z h61 Y1r
ŀ ŀ ŀ ŀ ŀ ŀ ب ŀŁ = ł - Ń = ŁI – łIƅŮƄ Ņ - = Ł - ł = ŀI - ŁI a Ƌ z 7& 7zb O gb `Ƅƅƅƅƅ ŁI – ł I ! ŀI - Ł I `
Ł = ł – iŁ – ł + Ł + iŁ = (ł + i Ł) - (ł + (ŀ + i) Ł) = iI – ŀ +iI a ﺟ Ł p6 6 z 7& O gb ` ł cŁ + ił m - cŁ + ŀ + i m = iI – ŀ +iI a د łł - ił - ił ł ł ¹ 1 .[f tr 7 Đ (ŀ + i)i = (ŀ + i )i = i - ŀ + i = ƅƅƅƅ
Ƌ z 7& 7zb O gb `
O gcb y-.Ob c fĔ DO ađ* lf đGb Pf d> s Ƌ pb {jskb .'b Sz> wb d>s b z 7'b dzo #f O 1 wcN xs 'y {jskb .'b isj Z i đGcb lz Ƌly2*Ē đ b qkf hcN w f o .& - #y l_gy
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
(ŀĿ Ů Ń Ů Ł - Ů Ň - Ů ŀŃ -) ب i ł -ŀ= I د Ł
(Ņ) p6 6 z 7& ب
(ń-) p6 6 z 7& أ
z 7& 7zb د
(Ł) p6 6 z 7& ﺟ
(ŀŇ Ů Łł Ů ŁŇ Ů łł Ů łŇ) أ ł + iŁ = I ﺟ
i
i
á«°übÉæàdG á©HÉààªdGh ájójGõàdG á©HÉààªdG (ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀł Ů ň Ů ń Ů ŀ) Ɗd f (2W> < E) ¹ "sf p6 6 i ^ / .y 4 is_ (iI) z 7'b O gb (ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀŀ- Ů Ņ- Ů ŀ- Ů Ń) Ɗd f (2W> > E) ¹ b 6 p6 6 i ^ / z?Z k is_ (iI) z 7'b O gb r Graphical representation of arithmetic Sequence :á«HÉ°ùëdG á©HÉààª∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG Ƌ zÊ j z wbrĔ O 7b -r.'b d f h (ƋƋƋ Ů Ń Ů ņ Ů ŀĿ) z 7'b O gcb zb b O 1Ĕ -r.'b ."r 2
:( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
d>s r ŀŀ= d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf
? / gbr ? z 7& O f z Ē O gb lf t 1
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
11
1 äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
(ɸɹ) A 2^ p 6 c[ 2q Z
7zb z 7'b O gb lf 2* Msj -s"r wcN .^ O gb U2O l_br (Ŀ > E) z?Z k r (Ŀ < E) y.y 4 Ɗ z Ē O gb d f (Ŀ = E) is_y f.kN b ņ
ņ
ņ
0_or (ƋƋƋ Ů ł Ů ł Ů ł ) (ƋƋƋ Ů ń- Ů ń- Ů ń-) Ů (ƋƋƋ Ů ł Ů ł Ů ł) {j z b H+b is_y ŮE [kb lf Nsg#g zÊ j z d g r Ƌ kz7b 1s'gb y¹ 3 sf pb d ggb : S ?f K.Ț
O gb {V .'b gzZr .'b z 2 lz đGb DO G+y .Z Ƌ z 7'b {V K q z 2 x0b .'b gzZ so K I i đGb wb 2: Ƌ z 7'b O gb
~ {
− − − −
− −
− {−
iI
ľĄĿí
{
ł- = ŀĿ – ņ = ŀI - ŁI = E a Ň - Ů ń - Ů Ł - Ů ŀ Ɗwo zb b O 1Ĕ -r.'b ` {ņ Ů Ņ Ů ń Ů Ń Ů ł Ů Ł Ů ŀ} so O gb a #f {Ň - Ů ń - Ů Ł - Ů ŀ Ů Ń Ů ņ Ů ŀĿ} so ¶O gb t.f Ƌ O gcb wj z b dz g b 1r #gb d_;b d gyr i :n D<C 1 B? i wkOy gf .& r f [ 6 wcN P[ z 7'b O gb -r.& d g w b E [kb is_yr +N ǽ i z& i wV wbrĔ "1.b lf b - wo z 7'b O gb Ƌ O gb 5 6 so i df Of
Ƌ` " 27V ? (Ŀ = E) j ^ / (iI) z 7'b O gb is_ i PZs / f ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
ń – ił = iI z& (iI) O gb wV 2
Ƌ y.y 4 O gb m0o i lz بƋ p6 6 ."r r Ů z 7& O f (iI) i أ Ƌ2;N 8f +b o.& ."r ﺟ
?i gzZ gV Ů Ňń = iI i ^ / د
Finding the nth term of an arithmetic sequence :á«HÉ°ùëdG á©HÉààª∏d ≈fƒædG óëdG OÉéjEG Ɗw Ē ^ E p6 6 r C arĔ o.& w b (iI) z 7'b O gcb wjskb .'b ! k 6 l_gy @+")L 1
EŁ + C = ł I Ů E + C = Ł I Ů C = ŀ I E (ŀ – i) + C = iI
ﻣﺜﺎل O gb m0o -r.& -.N ."r ب
101
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
(ŀĿĿ ŮƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀň Ů ŀŅ Ů ŀł) z 7'b O gb wV 3 2: Ob .'b ."r أ ľĄĿí
ł = ŀł – ŀŅ = EƅƅŮƅŀł = C ` z 7& O gb a ł * (ŀ – ŀĿ) + ŀł = ŀĿI ` E (ŀ – i) + C = iI a أ ŃĿ = Łņ + ŀł = ł * ň + ŀł =ƅƅ ŀĿĿ = iI f.kN i gzZ - #y so scGgb ب
:( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
d>s r ŮŀŁ = d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf
Ɗso O gb m0pb wjskb .'b i .#j Hgkb 0o wcN 1 2g 6Đ r
ł – ił + ŀł = ŀĿĿ `
ł * (ŀ – i) + ŀł = ŀĿĿ `
E (ŀ – i) + C = iI a
łĿ = i ` ňĿ = ŀĿ – ŀĿĿ = ił :n 2 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
12
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
á«HÉ°ù◊G á©HÉààŸG ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ƌ y pkb lf 2: Ob .'b gzZ ."r h ( Ņń ŮƋƋƋ Ů ŀŀ Ů ň Ů ņ) z 7'b O gb -r.& -.N ."r 3 :á«HÉ°ùëdG á©HÉààªdG ø««©J Ƌ5 6Ĕ r arĔ o.& hcN w f z 7'b O gb lzzO l_gy
Identfing the arithmetic Sequence
ﻣﺜﺎل łŃ = ŀńI Ů ŀŇ = ņI pzV w b (iI) z 7'b O gb ."r 4
¿CG ßM’
ľĄĿí
n b E & E = 5 \ A3 = E + C { − = E − C − )& =b"I "qI K U − =b = H = E { :1 ' )& j&XI = 5 )& =b"I &( I =E
X = Y =
6 2
łŃ = ŀńI Ů ŀŇ = ņI Ɗi b 7gb zGOf lf hcOj Ɗ pkfr E (ŀ – ņ) + C = ŀŇ ` E (ŀ – i) + C = iI a ŀŇ = EŅ + C ` E (ŀ – ŀń) + C = łŃ d gb łŃ = EŀŃ + C Ů Ł = E Ů lz b- Ogb d' r wbrĔ b- Ogb wV DysO b r Ņ = ŀŁ – ŀŇ = C ` ŀŇ = Ł * Ņ + C ` (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀĿ Ů Ň Ů Ņ) wo z 7'b O gb `
$ kb is_yr (Y) l_zbr Ůwj b 2zS gb gzZ wGOy t2* 2f .
MODE
1
2
y.y 4 O gb V Ŀ < E ب ŃĿ ﺟ
łĿ= K pkfr ń - Kł = Ňń د :ɸɺ A ;+f S lf r S 2q Z
Đ 'b {V z 7'b O gb lzzO đGb wb cF Ɗ z Ē
: R$ 3 [ l #'$ łŃ = EŀŃ + C Ů ŀŇ = EŅ + C Ɗlz b- Ogb d& '> lf .^ cb Ɗ zb b sG+b P j zgcOb 6 'b e .+ 6 ? R \ Q s _gb hZ2b _ `b/r EQN g [b lf 1 +jr MODE zcgOb % Wf wcN HSCj zG+b b- Ogb 1 +j h ĐĒ DO wV EXE % Wgb wcN HSCb r pf f % Wgb wcN HSCb `b/r anX + bnY = cn zj b b- Ogcb h wbrĔ b- Ogcb z 2 b (cn) \cGgb .'b r Ů (Y) Ů (X) đf Of d*.j Ɗwb b s'kb wcN 2: f 1 = 6 = 18 = 1 = 1 4 = 3 4 = . :pL 7 6 5 '$ $ kb is_yr (X) l_zbr ŮarĔ 2zS gb gzZ wGOy wbrĔ 2gcb = % Wgb wcN HSCb ½ =
ł = E Ů( 1 .[f) ł= K I - ŀ + K I أ
% Wgb wcN HSCb ½
Ɗ(z Wgb wcN HSCj :p ?"R 1 z "#
ł = E Ů ŀń- = C 2 Ń=EŮł=C 1 Ł- = E Ů ŃĿ- = C 4 ń- = E Ů Łņ = C 3 Ƌ 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 `b/ lf s[[' y hpN- h lz zg^ lz { 7'b H6sb Xy2O lf đGb wcN .^ Ƌlz zg^ lz z 7& E 6r .N a *- l_gy Xz^ h : v[> 6 S 2q Z
lz { 7'b H6sb espWf .z^ wcN 2z O b 0o U.py Ƌlz zg^ lz z 7& E 6r .N a *- Ůlz zg^
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
13
: & äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
łņ = ŀĿI + łI Ů ŀņ = ŅI pzV w b (iI) z 7'b O gb ."r 4 Arithmetic means
g¤+c {qG* c 6K&±*
+C Ł ƒg ŮC ly-.Ocb (H6s gb ) w 7'b H6sb i hcO
z 7& O f (Łń Ů Łŀ Ů ŀņ Ů ŀł Ů ň) Ɗi 1 N r ŀł = ŀņŁ+ ň = b b r arĔ ly.'cb w 7'b H6sb ½
? BL U
ŀņ = Łŀ +Ł ŀł = P 2b r wj b ly.'cb w 7'b H6sb ½
ly-.Ob lz w 7'b H6sb U2O i V z 7& O f lf zb f -r.& đ ¶" Ů Ů C j ^ / ¶" + C = is_ V ¶" + C = Ł :n 2 – ¶" = C – :h ¶" ŮC Ł ¶" + C
+{+{+ + + =
=
ŮC ly-.Ob lz i 5 ŮƋƋƋ Ů ł5 Ů Ł5 Ů ŀ5 Ɗ z 7& E 6r .N a *- l_gyr Ƌ z 7& O f ( Ůi 5 ŮƋƋƋ Ů ł5 Ů Ł5 Ů ŀ5 Ů C) is_ z'
¿CG ôcòJ &G ) =I (3 F$ 5H ./0 J &X 2 (+ d 0 5 = 5 ( ^ \ T : 5 =I (3 F$ ! ,{ ,{ , , , =I (3 F$
Ů C) n b K /
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
? BL U
Ƌ z 7& O f (¶" Ů Ł
:πªcCG ȈǭƽƗ ƄŐʗƯŝ wg7 Ńł ŮƋƋƋ Ůŀń Ůŀŀ Ůņ Ɗi V z 7& O f (Ńņ Ů Ńł ŮƋƋƋ Ůŀŀ Ůņ Ůł) js^ / ( ) ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ O gb -r.& -.N = z 7'b E 6rĔ -.N ( ) ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ O gb m0o E 6r -.N = z 7'b O gb -r.& -.N ( )
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
M2w< ¤+ g¤+c {qG* c 6K&±* H 2KwqH 2w< c12(* Insert an infinite number of arithmetic means between two number
ﻣﺜﺎل ŃŇ Ů Ņ lz z 7& E 6r ń d*- 5 ľĄĿí
^ O gb -r.& -.N ."sj :% z 7'b O gb -r.& -.N i V 0b O gb wV 2z*Ĕ r arĔ ly.'b lz E 6r 7g* ."sj ņ=ń+Ł=i E (ŀ – i) + C = iI Ɗ z 7'b O gcb wjskb .'b ƊE gzZ ."sj : ^ ? 8 ņ = i Ů ŃŇ = iI Ů Ņ = C ƊlN DysO b E (ŀ – ņ) + Ņ = ŃŇ Ƅƅƅ ņ = E `ƅƅ Ņ wcN lzV2Gb g7[ ŃŁ = EŅ :n 2 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
Ƌ z 7& E 6r 1 Ł - O gb -r.& -.N = z 7'b E 6rĔ -.N 2 Ł + E 6rĔ -.N = O gb -r.& -.N 3 :( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f )6l ;lf m _ f
hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb E (ŀ- K ) + C =
a ŀł = 3
łĿ = K pkfr Ł * (ŀ- K) + ņ = Ņń ` Ņń) Ɗ{ Ē ^ Ů y pkb lf O gb _j y pkb lf ŀĿI - #yĖ (ņ ƋƋƋ Ů Ņŀ Ů Ņł Ů łĿ = K pkfr Ł- * (ŀ- K) + Ņń = ņ łĿ = y pkb lf ŀĿI i x łņ = Eň + C + EŁ + C Ů ŀņ = Eń + C ŀŃ = 4 Ł=CŮł=E Ɗ(ŀń) = 5 (ŃŇ Ů E - ŃŇ Ů ƋƋƋ Ů E + ŀł Ů ŀł) Ņ = Ł + Ń = Ł + E 6rĔ -.N = -r.'b -.N ŃŇ = a Ů ŀł = C
14
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
102
-
á«HÉ°ù◊G á©HÉààŸG
ŃŇ = Eń + C ` ŃŇ = ŅI ` ņ = E `ƅƅƅłń = EńƅƅƅŃŇ = Eń + ŀł (ŃŇ Ů Ńŀ Ů łŃ Ů Łņ Ů ŁĿ Ů ŀł) O gb (Ńŀ Ů łŃ Ů Łņ Ů ŁĿ) wo E 6rĔ
á«HÉ°ù◊G á©HÉààŸG , Ńŀ , łŃ , Łņ , ŁĿ , ŀł
ŃŇ
ņ+
K
ŀ Ń
ł
- Ń = K I 12 ƄƅƅƅŇŃ - Ňń = K I ŀń 14 Ƅƅƅƅƅƅƅ ŀĿ E 16 ƅƅƅƅƅƅƅ¶" ł 18 ƅƅƅƅƅƅƅE
ņ+
ņ+
ņ+
scGgb z 7'b E 6rĔ - #yĖ E gzZ e.+ 7j : ^T 8 Ńŀ Ů łŃ Ů Łņ Ů ŁĿ Ů ŀł Ɗwo scGgb E 6rĔ
ņ+
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
ŃŇ Ů ŀł ly-.Ob lz z 7& E 6r Ń d*- 5
٢ - ١ ﺗﻤـــــــﺎرﻳـــﻦ
:(ɹ - ɸ) r 5 l &
O f 7zb 2 ƅƅł = E z 7& O f Ŀ = E z 7& O f 4 ƅŅ = Eƅ z 7& O f = + 5Ł = E z 7& e (ƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀ Ů Ń Ů ņ) 7 Ƅƅƅƅ(ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŁ Ů ņ Ů Ł) ņ ŀń (ƋƋƋƋ Ů Ł - Ů Ń - Ů Ń-) ŁŇ 10 ƅƅƅƅƅƅƅŁĿ
ņ+
,Ņ
:á«HÉ°ùM É¡fƒc ∫ÉM ≈a ¢SÉ°SC’G óLhCG ºK ,á«HÉ°ùM ô«Z É¡jCGh ,á«HÉ°ùM á«JB’G äÉ©HÉààªdG øe ÉvjCG OóM
1
(łŇ Ů łŃ Ů Łň Ů Łń Ů Łŀ) 2
(ŁŃ Ů Łŀ Ů ŀŇ Ů ŀń Ů ŀŁ) 1
(ņ Ů ņ Ů ņ Ů ņ Ů ņ) 4
(Łň- Ů Łł- Ů ŀņ- Ů ŀŀ- Ů ń-) 3
i "sf i zg^ = Ů5 z& (=Ń + 5ń Ů=ł + 5ł Ů=Ł + 5) 5
3
:á«JB’G ä’ÉëdG øe πc ≈a á«HÉ°ùëdG á©HÉààª∏d ≈dhC’G OhóM á°ùªîdG ÖàcG ń=EŮŁ=C 6
5
ł- = E Ů ņ = C 7 ŀ = E Ů Ń- = C 8 Ń
6
:≈JCÉj Ée πªcCG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
8
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
9
so (ƋƋƋ Ů Ň Ů ń Ů Ł) z 7'b O gcb P 7b .'b 9
so ń - ił = iI z& (iI) O gb lf 2;N t- 'b .'b 10
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
so (ƋƋƋ Ů ņł Ů ņņ Ů Ňŀ) z 7'b O gcb wjskb .'b 11
so (ƋƋƋ Ů 2W> Ů ŀŃ Ů ŀŁ ) z 7'b O gcb wjskb .'b 12 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ so ŀŁ Ů Ň ly-.Ocb w 7'b H6sb 13
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
11
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
13
tr 7 5 i V Łŀ so ŁŅ Ů5 ly-.Ocb w 7'b H6sb i ^ / 14
:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ɗ O gb .N f z 7& z Ē O gb Pzg" 15 (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀń Ů ŀŀ Ů ņ Ů ł) أ
15
(ƋƋƋ Ů Łł- Ů ŀň- Ů ŀń- Ů ŀŀ-) ب (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ ) ﺟ
17
Ņ
: K/f \? b
.z#b hpWb b Gb lf cG (ŁŁ) wb (ŀň) lf ly1 g b U ; ^ lf l_g y w & z 7'b O gcb z6 6Ĕ hzo Wgcb Ƌ G*Ĕ -.N K z& ŀ < K s?b r +N ǽ K d_b G+b 19 Ƌ(z'>
15
Ł + K O gb -r.& -.N i s?b r G* 22
Ń
ł
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
Ɗwo z Ē O gb lz lf z 7'b O gb 16 ( ŀ + i ) = (iI) أ i
(Ł(ŀ + i )) = (iI) ب ( (Ł + i) ił ) = (iI) ﺟ
.& r f [ 6 wcN P[ i s?b r G* 20 O gb 5 6 (C) i s?b r G* 21
ń
Ů ŀŅ Ů Łŀ ) د (ƋƋƋ Ů Ņń Ů ŀŀ ń ń ń
ŀ - łi = ( I) د ŀ + i + Łi i
Ɗtr 7y ŀŀI Ů ńI lz w 7'b H6sb i V Ł + i ł = iI z& z 7& O f (iI) j ^ / 17 ŁŅ د ŁŁ ﺟ ŀŅ ب Ň أ tr 7 C i V z 7& O f lf zb f -r.& đ ł + CŅ Ů ŀ - Cń Ů ŀ + CŁ i ^ / 18 Ń د ł ﺟ Ł ب ŀ أ
:CÉ£îdG ∞°ûàcG
ńĿ 24
Ņŀ Ů łņ 23
ń = E 26
ŀŃ = Kƅ(ŀń Ů ŀŁ Ů ņ) 25 (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀń Ů ŀŁ Ů ň) 27
ŀ - iI - iI = E i t 2: f qb \ 7b .'b r .& d^ lz Y2Wb tr 7y qj z 7'b O gb 5 6 U2Oy +N
19
ǽ i d_b
Ƌ .& r f [ 6 wcN P[ z 7'b O gb -r.& d g w b E [kb is_ i 1r2Cb 8zb 20 5 6 so Ů i Ů C
z& + iC = iI w Ē ^ z 7'b O gb wV iI Ů i lz ZđOb wGO 21 Ƌ ZđOb m0o wV O gb
Ł - i tr 7y O gb m0o -r.& -.N i V lzzb f ly-.N lz zÊ 7& ¹G6r i kc*- / 22
:á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG
(ƋƋƋ Ů ŀń Ů ŀŁ Ů ň) 29
(ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŀ Ů ņ Ů ł) Ů ŀĿ = K 28
(ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŃ Ů ŀŁ Ů ŀĿ) 31
(ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŁ Ů ņ Ů Ł) 30
ŀŇ = Ů łĿ = C 33
ŀńŁ = ńŀI 32
Ƌ O gb m0o 5 6 ."r Ů ŀńŅ - = ŁŁI Ů ńŀ - = ŀI pzV z 7& O f (i I) 26
ŅŃ Ů ŀŁ 35
ŀŁ = Ů Ń = C 34
Ƌ O gb ."r ? i gzZ f Ůņň = iŁI Ů łň = i I Ů ł = arĔ o.& z 7& O f 28
ŀņ = K Ů Ł = 5 37
(ŁŀĿ Ů ŀŇĿ Ů ƋƋƋ Ů Łŀ Ů ŁŃ) 36
(ƋƋƋ Ů ŀĿ Ů ņ Ů Ń) z 7'b O gb lf ir2;Ob r 2;N wj b ly.'b ."r 23 (ŀłł - Ů ƋƋƋ Ů ńń , ńň , Ņł) z 7'b O gb -r.& -.N ."r 24 Ƌ O gb m0o lf ņŁ q gzZ t0b .'b 1 ."r h , (iń + Ł) O gb lf wbrĔ đ b -r.'b ^ 25
Łņ tr 7y P 7b o.&r ŮŀŇ tr 7y P 2b o.& w b z 7'b O gb ."r 27
wj b o.& a f đ tr 7y 2: Ob o.& Ů Łŀ = 8f +b o.& w b z 7'b O gb ."r 29 O gb m0o ."r ƋŁŁ = ńI Ů ň = ŁI + ŀI pzV z 7& O f (i I) 30 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
103
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
16
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
á«HÉ°ù◊G á©HÉààŸG
H6r ŀŀ= E 6rĔ -.N 39
ņ Ɗ Ń 7k^ 2: Ob r P 2b py.& lz 7kb r Ů ŁĿ = 5- 7b o.& w b z 7'b O gb ."r 31 ."r h O gb ."r Ů ŃĿ tr 7y P6 b r 8f +b py.& Msg#fr Ů ŀŀ = P 2b o.& z 7& O f 32 Ƌ O gb m0o wV ŀńŁ q gzZ t0b .'b 1
ŀŀŇĿ 38 (ƋƋƋ Ů ņ Ů Ń Ů ŀ) 40
Ƌ Ů C w gzZ ."r V z 7& O f lf zb f -r.& Ů ŁŃ Ů C Ů łŅ j ^ / 33 Ƌ Ů C lf d^ gzZ ."r V Ů ŁĿ so Ł Ů CŃ lz w 7'b H6sb Ů Ň so Ů C lz w 7'b H6sb i ^ / 34
I ?qf 4 [q f :I ?p
Ů C w gzZ ."r V .& ŀŅ o-r.& -.N z 7& O f is_ (ŅŇ Ů Ů ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů C Ů Ň ) j ^ / 35
z6.kpb O gb e .+ 6 H 1 wb E ;kb 0o U.py Ƌ '?b a #g G 2f d^ ;f d'b ů z z& [z G
ŁŃ - Ů Łņ lz z 7& G6r ŀŅ d*- 36 -.N ."r h 5 gzZ ."r (ŀŅ + 5 ŃĿ Ů ň – 5 ńĿ Ů ƋƋƋ Ů ŀń + 5 ł Ů Ņ + 5 ń) z 7'b O gb wV 37 Ƌ O gb -r.& ŀĿĿ wbrĔ zj b wV PG[V Ů1.'kf wV G[j wcN lf y1 + b q " 1- - zZ wV hy2^ . ĖģʞʶŐƽǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 38 w b V 7gb ."r Ƌ h6 ŀŁĿ 1 .[g 2: f pb [ 7b V 7gb lN .y4 V 7f PG[y zb zj d^ wVr Ůh6 Ƌ 2: Ob zj b wV pOG[y
:I ?qf g : &
z 7'b O gb P 1 [Ob & (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀń Ů ŀŇ Ů Łŀ) E (ŀ + K) + C = K Iƅł- = E Ů Łŀ = C Kł - ŁŃ = ł- * (ŀ - K) + Łŀ = K I ň = ŀń - ŁŃ = Ȍ I ` wj b Ms 6Ĕ ƅƅƅŇ = KƅƅKł = ŁŃ Ŀ = K I is_ f.kN 1 [Ob ar k lN Dy2gb XZs y =Kł = ŁŃ ` Ň=K `
is_ y2p: E 7Z wcN pkg -.7y i wcN P b Pf \W r Ů y1 + " 1- d"1 t2 : ǵƃģŭņǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 39 m0o -.N ."r Ƌ qzk" ŀŃĿĿ so 2z*Ĕ H7[b i ^ / V Ů ŇĿ + iŀŁĿ so wjskb o.& z 7& O f ƋE 7ZĔ so 8f +b r b b py.& lz w 7'b H6sb Ů Łń tr 7y P6 b o.& z 7& O f ȈưĝŻśĞ ƄŐǔƽŝ 40 Ƌ O gb m0o ."r ŀĿ
ﻧﺸﺎط 1 [Ob e .+ 6 dc[y i z Gb qkf cF .Zr ŮMs 6Ĕ wV w F 1 [N lf & Łŀ Dy2f ar k y ǶŨƛǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ Ƌ 2: f q[ 7y t0b Ms 6Ĕ lN wb b Ms 6Ĕ wV & ł a.Og Ƌ8f +b Ms 6Ĕ wV Dy2gb pbr k y Us6 w b 1 [Ob & -.N ."r 1 ?1 [Ob 0o ar k lN Dy2gb XZs y Us6 N¹ s 6 h^ .O 2 ? z Gb 1 ; 6 ir- z Gb 2zZ [Ob isF O y ly0b wB2gb (?k h 3
&yfyqc f i 2/ : }p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
17
6" r 5 l
5 6 lzN h lfr Ů z 7& z Ē O gb lf t lz 1 ƊwbrĔ đ b o-r.& ^ h Ů pkf d^ Ł ł+ K=KI ب Ł - Kł = K I أ ń - ŁK ń-K
=KI د
KŁ - ń = K I
fscOgcb z s _kOb _ ;b e .+ 6 đGb lf cF ir- r.b isbr k y ly0b wB2gb lN ' b wV ( j2 jĐ ) - :1Ė h Ů pb isB2O y w b 2F +gb lzÍ r z Gb 1 ; 6 Ƌ2F +f ir- 2zZ [Ob m0o ar k b ů f3đb :I ?qf m _ mg:
ﺟ
wbrĔ -r.& O 1Ĕ wo ŀņ Ů Ł + Ł Ů + ń Ů C i ^ / 2 7& h ŮC lf d^ gzZ ."r z 7& O f lf Ƌ O gb 5 6 ^ ł = p6 6 ŮŀŃ = arĔ o.& z 7& O f 3 I Ů ŀł I ."r h pkf wbrĔ -r.& 7g+b Łŀ
f Kf 1
m _ f
" E ;kb c 6 Pzg" wcN z#y i PzG 7y Ƌ G* ir- cf ^
3 gf
pkf dzc[b {V G+yr c 6Ĕ z b R wcN z#y ." Ê .z" Ƌ .N 7f wb ! 'yr DO b {V G+yr c 6Ĕ DO wcN z#y Ƌqz"s b r .N 7gb wb ! 'yr Ů2*Ē
H6s f
wb ! 'yr E ;kb c 6 wcN "Ė PzG 7y Đ Ƌqz"s b r .N 7gb
XzOB
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
104
ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
Ĺ?ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă
ĂĄÂŤHĂ&#x2030;°ÚÍdG äĂ&#x201C;°Úâ&#x2C6;?°Úà ªdG
Ĺ?ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă ĂłÄ&#x160;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;ÄżĂ
ĂĄÂŤHĂ&#x2030;°ÚÍdG äĂ&#x201C;°Úâ&#x2C6;?°Úà ªdG
3-1
Arithmetic Series
Arithmetic series
:ĂĄÂŤHĂ&#x2030;°ÚÍdG ĂĄâ&#x2C6;?°Úâ&#x2C6;?°Úà ªdG ´Ć&#x2019;ÂŞĂŠe ;o- (Karl Gauss) 5r " a1 ^ wj gbÄ&#x201D; hb Ob 1 .[b wb d>s f.kN m2gN lf O 7b l6 wV sor ĹŽqgcOf [y2G r zĂ&#x160; ko/ Ĺ&#x20AC;ĿĿ wb Ĺ&#x20AC; lf - .NÄ&#x201D; Pg" $ j - #y "r3 š Ĺ&#x201E;Äż $ j tr 7y Msg#gb i L&Ä? z& Oy26 Ĺ&#x20AC;ÄżĹ&#x20AC; pkf d^ $ j w b - .NÄ&#x201D; lf Ĺ&#x201E;ÄżĹ&#x201E;Äż = Ĺ&#x20AC;ÄżĹ&#x20AC; * Ĺ&#x201E;Äż :2 (+ 2 o? & ; 5 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ! \ G ? y 70U ~ = Q 1 5H J &X X+Q K7<&+ D9b The sum of arithmetic series
:< 52 f ]6J
1 s'b - {ko0b X?Ob - {jr O b hcO b - Ä&#x2018;_;gb d& Ć&#x2039; ;Z kgb r
l {
â&#x2C6;&#x2019; l
ĂĄÂŤHĂ&#x2030;°ÚÍdG ĂĄâ&#x2C6;?°Úâ&#x2C6;?°Úà ªdG z 7'b O gb -r.& Pg" zcgN wo
Arithmetic series
< 52 f o ck
p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;Y Â&#x152;Y Ă?{A ĂŤ âÂ&#x17D;eÂ&#x153;Y Ă&#x2DC;nÂ&#x153;xĂ&#x17D; Ă&#x2018; ĂŠĂĂşĂ? ngx{A phYÂ&#x17D;d_e= ph=nÂ&#x2014;A
. }hBĂşĂ?Ă
p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;Y Â&#x152;Y Ă?{A ĂŤ âÂ&#x17D;eÂ&#x153;Y Ă&#x2DC;nÂ&#x153;xĂ&#x17D; Ă&#x2018; ĂŠĂĂşĂ? nw{A phYÂ&#x17D;d_e= ph=nÂ&#x2014;A
Ă&#x153;nHĂşĂ?Ă
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;ĂŽÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x2014;à þÎÄ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x20AC;ĤÄ&#x153;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà Arithmetic series
ph=nÂ&#x2014;A pdÂ&#x2014;dÂ&#x2014;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018; Â&#x2026;heÂ&#x153;Â&#x161;UĂ? ~YĂ&#x161; Ă&#x2018;
Summation notation
( )
ĂĄÂŤHĂ&#x2030;°ÚM ĂĄâ&#x2C6;?°Úâ&#x2C6;?°Úà e øe â&#x2030;&#x2C6;dhCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G GĂłM Âż ´Ć&#x2019;ÂŞĂŠe
mgS f 51 Ck
Sum of first n terms of an arithmetic series
^ " H \ H 0 )&I I ( ( (' 1 n J &X X+Q :% -.Nr a 2z*Ä&#x201D; o.& ĹŽE p6 6 ĹŽ C arÄ&#x201D; o.& z 7& c7c7 f ky.b i ^ / Ć&#x160; z& iÂś" 4f2b qb 4f2y c7c7 gb m0o lf .& š i Msg#f i V i o-r.&
Ĺ Ĺ&#x201A; œœ> wb Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x2021; œœ> lf b Gb ^
a + (E - a) + Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; + (EĹ + C) + (E + C) + C = iÂś"
Ă´Ĺ&#x192;Ä&#x160;Ä&#x2C6;øÄ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà þĂĹ?Ä&#x2030;Ĺ&#x2014;Ă phedL pÂ&#x2DC;HnA pUĂ&#x2039; Ă&#x2018;
Ć&#x160;w Ä&#x2019; ^ t2* 1s? Msg#gb 0o lN 2z O b l_gyr C + (E + C) + Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; + (EĹ - a) + (E - a) + a = iÂś"
â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x152;ďş&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź lN _b kgC gb fscOgb 2Z ` Ä&#x2018;F wb cF Â&#x2DC; fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b wb Ms"2b hpWc^r 5r " a1 ^ Ć&#x2039; fscOgb lf .y4f wcN as?'cb ( j2 jÄ&#x2013; )
2gb lf i wb Ć&#x2026; (a + C) i = iÂś" Ĺ
Ć&#x160;i $ ky ĹŽ 1 ' )& j&XI (a + C) + Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;+ (a + C) + (a + C) + (a + C) = iÂś"Ĺ
= 5 1 b"M &( I (a + C) i = iÂś"Ĺ n 2
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
â&#x20AC;ŤŘĽďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعسâ&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x160;w Ä&#x201D; d_;b z 7'b c7c7 gb ^ ` Ä&#x2018;F lf cF (ɸ) a + (E - a) Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; + (EĹ + C) + (E + C) +C = KÂś" (Éš) C+E+C (EĹ - ) + (E - ) + a = KÂś" (Éš) ĹŽ (ɸ) lz b- Ogb Pg# 2gb lf K wb Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; ( + C) + ( + C) + ( + C) = KÂś"Ĺ K ( + C) Ĺ = KÂś" s# k 7y hpN- h E(Ĺ&#x20AC; - K) + C = (KI) = a i ` Ä&#x2018;F 2^/ i K [E(Ĺ&#x20AC; - K) + CĹ ] Ĺ = KÂś"
Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ďøá ÄąĹ&#x17D;Ä&#x201C; ph=nÂ&#x2014;A pdÂ&#x2014;dÂ&#x2014;Â&#x161;Y ĂŞÂ&#x17D;gaY Ă&#x2018;
(Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x20AC; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x2C6; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x2020; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x201E; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x201A;) z 7'b O gb lf wbrÄ&#x201D; -r.& 7g+b Msg#f :BT&b Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x20AC; + Ĺ&#x2C6; + Ĺ&#x2020; + Ĺ&#x201E; + Ĺ&#x201A; = Ĺ&#x201E;Âś" _
w6 1.b d?Wb
ĂĄÂŤHĂ&#x2030;°ÚM ĂĄâ&#x2C6;?°Úâ&#x2C6;?°Úà e øe GkĂłM K ´Ć&#x2019;ÂŞĂŠe
â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x2014;ďť&#x152;ﺎďť&#x2019;â&#x20AC;Ź
3-1
Ĺ?Â&#x2020;ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
18
Â&#x20AC;[g.
O gb dz g ĹŽ z 7'b O gb espWf b Gb 51- i \ 6 arÄ&#x201D; o.& hcN w f pkzO zWz^ - pb KI ^r zĂ&#x160; j z z 7'b .N a *- - ly-.N tÄ&#x201D; w 7'b H6sb - #y - 5 6Ä&#x201D; r 51.b 0o {V dg_ 7j Us6r ĹŽly-.N lz z 7& E 6r z 7'b c7c7 gb lf .& š K Msg#f - #y 952f &6/k :o }gR 5Ç&#x203A; 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z
 Č&#x2014;J I ?p
ĹŽ(E - a ĹŽ E + C) ĹŽ(a ĹŽ Ĺ&#x20AC;I ) Pg" ` Ä&#x2018;F wb cF (EĹ - a ĹŽ EĹ + C) mv O*Č&#x2014;k ox1x
a + C = [ 7b ! r3Ä&#x201D; lf !r3 x Msg#f i s# k 7y hpN(Ĺ&#x20AC;ĿĿ + Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; + Ĺ&#x192; + Ĺ&#x201A; + Ĺ + Ĺ&#x20AC;) c7c7 gb Pg" ` Ä&#x2018;F wb cF
I: 1ÂŁ :"1"18ÂĽ § l&+8% I: 1_ :"1"18( s _ K Â&#x201E; ) ? % I: 1_ :+ 88( B% I:;"8ÂĄ : _ U° M( : 1ÂŁ #W1"18ÂĽ F &% Â&#x20AC;: : 16[k
Ć&#x2039;Pzg# b 4f1 - z 7& c7c7 f : k2/ ;lf Â&#x20AC;lÂ&#x20AC;gS f 1 ylf
{ b $ kb lf \[' h ĹŽ5r " a1 ^ {j gbÄ&#x201D; hb Ob dOV g^ _ : - 6 'b bÄ&#x2019; - iscgb 2z: Gb - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć&#x2039; pzb sc>s Ć&#x2039; zOz 2
105
}p #f Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČ&#x17E; hÂ&#x20AC;f1
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
á«HÉ°ù◊G äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG
nI
i ŀ=S
5 E ( ('&
:( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
ﻣﺜﺎل
¿CG ôcòJ S & E " H u j &X' S & E = H
(ł - SŃ)
ŁŃ ń=S
."r : j &X' u l #'$ 1 ľĄĿí
z 7& O f d gy spV wbrĔ "1.b lf Msg#gb 4f1 d* - 1 .[gb i z& )I ''& 5 ! ? ŁĿ = ŀ + ń – ŁŃ = i
)I ''& =? 7 3
ł – iŃ = iI
ňł = ł – ŁŃ * Ń = ŁŃIƅŮƄ ŀņ = ł – ń * Ń = ńI
J &X& e f ~ = n , = \ , = C :15 k+ )' I
(a + C) iŁ = i¶"
ŀ=]
ŀŀĿĿ = (ňł + ŀņ) ŁĿ Ł = ŁĿ¶"
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ."r 1 (eń - ŀŁ)
łŁ
ŀň= d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j 1 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d>s r ŁĿ أ ŀłŅĿ = (ŀŁń + ƋƋƋƋ + Łł + ŀņ + ŀŀ) = (ń + ]Ņ)
ب
(ń + ]Ņ)
ņ=e
ŁĿ
:( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
ŅŁ + ƋƋƋƋƋƋ + Ň + ń + Ł z 7'b c7c7 gb Msg#f ."r 2 ľĄĿí
= n n <'b J &X& e f = iI, = n , = C 15 k+ )' I
łł + ƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů Ňŀ + Ňń + Ňň z 7'b c7c7 gb Msg#f أ .& i Msg#fr łň tr 7y 2z*Ĕ o.&r ł tr 7y arĔ o.& w b z 7'b O gb -r.& -.N ب Ƌ ŁŀĿ tr 7y pkf wbrĔ $H \ H 0 )&I I ( ( (' 1 n J &X X+Q : ^ ? 8 (a + C) iŁ = i¶" Ů E (ŀ - i) + C = a i hcOj Ɗi V zj b ZđOb wV wbrĔ ZđOb lf DysO b r [E (ŀ - i) + CŁ] iŁ = i¶" :n 2 [ E (ŀ - i) + C + C ] i = ¶" i
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ﻣﺜﺎل Ɗ."r ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + ŀŀ + Ň + ń z 7'b c7c7 gb wV 3 Ƌ pkf wbrĔ .& ŁĿ Msg#f أ ƋP 7b .'b lf . o-r.& lf -r.& ŀĿ Msg#f ب ﺟ ¹ c7c7 gb -r.& Msg#f ŁĿI wb ŀĿI lf .
ľĄĿí
ł=ń-Ň=E Ůń J &X& e f [E (ŀ - i) + CŁ] iŁ = i¶" = − { = E , = C 15 k+ )' I [ł * (ŀ - ŁĿ) + ń * Ł] * ŁĿ Ł = ŁĿ¶" (ł * ŀň + ŀĿ) ŀĿ =Ɔ i¶" F (R' I ŅņĿ = Ņņ * ŀĿ = Ƅƅ )I ''& =? 7 3 E (ŀ - i) + C = Ƅ iI EŅ + C = Ƅ ņ I
= i , = E , = C 15 k+ )' I Łł = ł * Ņ + ń =Ƅ ƅ J &X& e f =b k+ )' I [ł * (ŀ – ŀĿ) + ņ% Ł] * ŀĿ Ł = ŀĿ¶" [Łņ + Łł * Ł] * ń = ŀĿ¶" F (R' I łŅń = ņł * ń = Ƅƅ ŁĿI wb ŀĿI lf . c7c7 gb -r.& Msg#f )I ''& =? 7 3 E (ŀ - i) + C =Ɔ iI E ň + C = ŀĿI = E , = C 15 k+ )' I łŁ = ł * ň + ń =Ƅƅ ŅŁ = ł * ŀň + ń = E ŀň + C = ŁĿ I = + ~ − ~ = n J &X& e f (a + C) iŁ = i¶" (ŁĿI + ŀĿI) ŀŀ Ł = ŀŀ¶" = n , = ŁĿI , = ŀĿI 15 k+ )' I ńŀņ = (ŅŁ + łŁ) ŀŀ Ł = Ƅƅ
=C أ
ب
ŀń = K `
KŃ - ňł = łł `
ňŀń = (KŃ - ňł)
ŀń ŀ=K
K
E((ŀ - K) + CŁ) Ł
= ŀń
= K¶" r ŀń
ňŀń = [Ń- * ŀŃ + Ňň * Ł] Ł = ƅ Ƌ k_ggb asc'b Pzg" ` đF Pf <Z j K [a + C] Ł = ŁŀĿ = K¶" Ůłň = KI Ůł = C ب ŀĿ = K ` [łň + ł] K = Ł * ŁŀĿ ł = E Ů ň = C ŁĿ¶> 3 ŀń ŃńĿ = [ł * ŀŃ + ň * Ł] Ł = ŀń¶" ŀń ŃńĿ = Ņ + Kł r ŀ Ņ + Kł = ł(ŀ - K) + ň = E(ŀ - K) + C = KI ŀń ب łňŅ = (Ņ + Kł) K
ń
[ł(ŀ - K) + ň * Ł] Ł = ņńĿ ﺟ (Kł + ŀń) K = ŀńĿĿ 2W> =ŀńĿĿ - iŀń + Łił AsV2f Łń - = K ŁĿ = K ņńĿ = ŁĿ¶"
ﺟ
(ɹɷ) A 6cZ 2q Z .& ¹ ŀŀ Ƅǔƾ
¹ O gb -r.& Msg#f - #yĖ t2* asc& ."s do ŁĿI wb ŀĿI lf .
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ."r ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ +ŀń + ŀŁ + ň z 7'b c7c7 gb wV 3 Ƌ pkf wbrĔ .& Ê ŀń Msg#f أ Ƌ2;N 8f +b .'b wb 8f +b .'b lf . c7c7 gb -r.& Msg#f ب ¹ ƋarĔ .'b lf . ņńĿ tr 7y pNsg#f w b -r.'b -.N ﺟ ¹ zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
`
KŃ - ňł = Ń- * (ŀ - K) + Ňň = KI
Ɗ."r 2
19
2
E(ŀ - K) + C = łł = KI
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ł
أ
Ń- = Ňň - Ňń = E ŮŇň = C
E(ŀ - i) + C = Ȳ
ł * (ŀ - i) + Ł = ŅŁ ŅŁ = Ł + ł - i ł :n 2 ŅŁ = ŀ - i ł (a + C) iŁ = i¶& ŅņŁ = (ŅŁ + Ł) Łŀ Ł = Łŀ ¶"
ب
ņ=e
أ
ŀ=]
ﻣﺜﺎل
)I ''& =? 7 3 = \ , = E , = C 15 k+ )' I
łŁ
ŁŁŁł- = (ƋƋƋ - łł - ŁŇ - Łł-) = (eń + ŀŁ)
ŁĿI
-r.& ň ŀĿI
ňI
ŀI
wbrĔ ň Msg#f Ů wbrĔ ŁĿ Msg#f ."sy ňI wb ŀĿI lf . -r.'b Msg#f ň ŁĿ ńŀņ = ŀńł - ŅņĿ= [ł * Ň + ń * Ł] Ł - [ł * ŀň + ń * Ł] Ł =
20
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
: : 52gf 1 >5
106
-
á«HÉ°ù◊G äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG
Ƌ zp kf z 7& O f (KI) so lzOf H6r .& ."sy qj V yÊ -2V -¹ .N K i ^ / أ e = ŀ + ŁK I ŀ+KI * K = ¶" i L&Đ
K
Ł
i G6r i .& ."sy qj V {"r3 -.N K j ^ / ب qzcy x0b r Ů ŀ + K I go K
Ł
[lzG6sb Msg#f] Ł = K¶" i L&Đ
á«HÉ°ù◊G äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG Constracting the arithmetic sequence
ﻣﺜﺎل ňŇĿ = i¶" ŮŇņ = iI Ůŀŀ = ŀI Ɗ pzV w b z 7'b O gb ."r 4 ľĄĿí
i gzZ - #y أ J &X& e f (a + C) iŁ = i¶" {~ = iO! , { = iI , = ŀI 15 k+ )' I (Ňņ + ŀŀ) iŁ = ňŇĿ Ňņ = ŁĿI F (R' I .& ŁĿ = i Ɗis_zV ňŇĿ = iŁ * ňŇ E gzZ - #y ب =? 7 3 E (ŀ - i) + C = iI { = iI , ~ = n , = ŀI 15 k+ )' I E ŀň + ŀŀ = Ňņ = 5 &( I F (R' I ņŅ = ŀŀ – Ňņ = Eŀň Ń =E` ŀň = Ń + ŀń = łI Ů ŀń = Ń + ŀŀ = ŁI Ɗ O gb lys_ ﺟ (Ňņ Ůƌƌ Ů ŀň Ů ŀń Ů ŀŀ) wo z 7'b O gb ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
:( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f )6l ;lf m _ f
d>s r Łŀ= d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf : &
Łł = ŀI أ4 E(ŀ - K) + C = KI a E(ŀ - K) + Łł = ŇŅ ` Ņł = E(ŀ - K) K E[(ŀ - K) + CŁ] Ł = K ¶" a K [E(ŀ - K) + Łł * Ł] Ł = ńŃń ` Ņł = E(ŀ - K) lN DysO b ŀĿ = K ` (Ņł + ŃŅ)K = ŀĿňĿ ` Ņł = E(ŀ - K)a ņ=E ` (ƋƋƋ Ů łņ Ů łĿ Ů Łł) K ŀń= K pkfr (ňń - ŀņ) Ł = ńŇń- ب ŁŁ= 5 wb b ^ z 7& O f P ysk7b hy2^ r1 (ƋƋƋ Ů ŁĿŀŅĿ Ů ŀňŅŇĿ Ů ŀňŁĿĿ) ŀňŁĿĿ = C ŃŇĿ = E ŀŇņŁĿ + KŃŇĿ = KI ` K [E(ŀ - i) + CŁ] Ł = i ¶" ŀĿ qzk" ŁŀłŅĿĿ = [ŃŇĿ * ň + ŀňŁĿĿ * Ł] Ł Łł = C `
:6. h*
(ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + ŁĿŀŅĿ + ŀňŅŇĿ + ŀňŁĿĿ) ŀĿ qzk" ŁŀłŅĿĿ = ŀŇņŁĿ + KŃŇĿ = ŀĿ¶"
ŀ=K (ɹɹ)A 6cZ 2q }Z
á«HÉ°ùëdG á©HÉààªdG øjƒμJ
pzV w b z 7'b O gb ."r 4 ńŃń = i¶" Ů ŇŅ = iI Ů Łł = ŀI أ
ńŇń - = i¶" Ů ňń - = iI Ů ŀņ = ŀI ب
ﻣﺜﺎل d^ ar wVr Ů.y2 b 2zVs Yr.k> wV p¹ zk" ŀŁĿ Tc f ŁĿŀń e N 2y ky ar wV hy2^ M-r ƃģǨŊʛƒĪģś ƤśƄǤĝ 5 Ƌ\ 7b 2p;b lN p¹ zk" ŀń 1 .[g qN-sy f .y4y `b/ .O 2p: Ƌe Ob 8Wj lf 2 g7y- 2p: ar wV qN-r t0b Tc gb ."r أ Ƌe Ob 8Wj lf 2 g7y- y pj w &r 2y ky ar lf . hy2^ qN-r f Msg#f ."r ب ¹ ľĄĿí
zkf4b .gb Ů ŀń = E p6 6 r Ů ŀŁĿ = C arĔ o.& z 7& O f d g hy2^ pN-r w b y2p;b Tb gb ŀŁ = i pzV is_ ŁĿŀń e N 2 g7y- y pj w &r ŁĿŀń e N 2y ky ar lf E (ŀ - i) + C = iI Ɗisj [b wV Ƌ p¹ zk" ŁŇń = ŀń * ŀŀ + ŀŁĿ = ŀŁI is_ V
ŀŁ = i Ů ŀń = E Ů ŀŁĿ = Cƅ ƊlN DysO b أ E(ŀ – ŀŁ) + C = ŀŁI ƄƄƅƅƅ
[E (ŀ - i) + CŁ] iŁ = i¶" isj [b wV
ŀŁ = i Ů ŀń = E Ů ŀŁĿ = Cƅ ƊlN DysO b ب Ƌ p¹ zk" ŁŃłĿ = (ŀń * ŀŀ + ŀŁĿ * Ł) ŀŁ Ł = ŀŁ¶"
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
21
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
zfscOg z 7'b O gb Msg#f isj Z e .+ 6 e Ob ađ* hy2^ qN-r f cg" - #y `k_gy do Ƅǔƾ ƋMsg#gb - #yĖ `b/ (Br ?-r.'b -.Nr 2z*Ĕ r arĔ o.& ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
o1 .[f ysk6 rđN wcN d?'y i ^ / V Ůqzk" ŀňŁĿĿ m1.Z tsk6 2 dgOb hy2^ . ȇǍŏƒ Ľˋĝʹ 5 ? 2: Ob k7b y pj wV r1 lf qzcN d?'y f Msg#f is_y h_V Ů p¹ zk" ŃŇĿ
٣ - ١ ﺗﻤـــــــﺎرﻳـــﻦ
:≈JCÉjÉe πªcCG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
tr 7 ŁĿ -.Ob wp k r ŀ -.Ob . w b zb gb 'z'?b - .NĔ Msg#f 1
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
tr 7y zOz Gb - .NĔ Nsg#f wV z"r3 - .N ŀĿ ar Msg#f 2
tr 7 łĿ lf dZ r ŀĿ lf 2 ^ wo w b y-2Wb zOz Gb - .NĔ Msg#f 3
tr 7 ńĿ Ů łĿ lz 1s?'fr ł wcN g7[b d [ w b zOz Gb - .NĔ Msg#f 4
so ŀŇ 2z*Ĕ o.&r Ł arĔ o.& z 7& O f lf wbrĔ -r.& O7 b Msg#f 5 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
= (ŀ + ]Ł)
ń ŀ=]
6
IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉME’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ɗtr 7y (ŀ + SŁ) ŁŃ د (ŀ + Sł)
ŀ-iń ŀ=S
د
Ń ŀ=S
z 7'b c7c7 gb gzZ 7
łń ﺟ łĿ ب Łń أ Ɗwo Pzg# b 4f1 e .+ 6 ŀ – iń + ƋƋƋ + ŀŃ + ň + Ń Ɗ c7c7 gb Sz> 8 i i i ﺟ ب أ (ŀ + Sń) (ŀ - Sń) (ŀ - Sń) ŀ=S
ŀ=S
Ń=S
Ɗwo Pzg# b 4f1 e .+ 6 ŁŁ + ŀņ + ŀŁ + ņ Ɗ c7c7 gb Sz> 9 (Ń + Sł)
Ń ŀ=S
د
(ŀ + Sņ)
Ń ŀ=S
ﺟ
(ł + SŃ)
Ń
ب
ŀ=S
(Ł + Sń)
Ń ŀ=S
أ
CÉ£îdG ∞°ûàcG Ƌ ¹ "sf 'z'> -¹ .N wGOy (ŀŁ Ů ƋƋƋ Ů Ń - Ů Ň - Ů ŀŁ -) z 7'b O gb -r.& Msg#f 10 ¹ Ƌ 2W> ¹ tr 7y (ŁŃ- Ů ƋƋƋ Ů Ň Ů ŀŅ Ů ŁŃ) z 7'b O gb lf H[V wbrĔ -r.& 7b Msg#f 11
á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG
Ɗisj [b e .+ 6 z 7'b O gb -r.& Msg#f - #y l_gy hOj K [a + C] Ł = i ¶" ŁŇń = ŀń + ŀŀ + ŀŁĿ = E ŀŀ + C = ŀŁ% = a z&
107
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
( ƋƋƋ Ů ŁŁ Ů ŀŇ Ů ŀŃ) z 7'b O gb lf wbrĔ -r.& 2;Ob Msg#f ."r 12 ƋŁŅ 2;N 8f +b o.&r Ń arĔ o.& z 7& O gb wbrĔ .& Ê 2;N 7g+b Msg#f ."r 13 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
22
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
á«HÉ°ù◊G äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG
ƋŃĿ wb Ł lf z"r4b - .NĔ Msg#f ."r Ƌ(ƋƋƋ + Ł + Ń + Ņ) z 7'b c7c7 gcb wbrĔ .& ly2;Ob Msg#f ."r Ƌ(ł + iŁ) = iI z& (iI) O gb lf wbrĔ .& łĿ Msg#f ."r Ƌ(ŇĿŮ ƋƋƋ Ů Ň Ů ń Ů Ł) z 7'b O gb -r.& Msg#f ."r pNsg#f is_zb arĔ .'b lf . (ƋƋƋ Ů ŁŃ Ů ŁĿ Ů ŀŅ) O gb lf o0* e3đb -r.'b -.N ."r ƋŃńŅ y¹ r 7f Ƌ 2W> Ê h^ ¹ pNsg#f is_y {_b ůarĔ .'b lf . (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŁ- Ů ŀŃ - Ů ŀŅ -) O gb lf o0* e4cy .& ƋMsg#gb w:đ zb arĔ .'b lf . (ƋƋƋ Ů Łŀ ŮŁŃ Ů Łņ) O gb lf o0* e3đb -r.'b -.N ."r eszb lN lzpzk" 1 .[g .y4y S¹ c f esy d^ wV 2*.y i ^ / V Ů p¹ zk" ŀń wfszb qcgN lf - y3 2*.y ƃģųźĝ Ƌ f¹ sy ŀń ađ* m2*.y f Msg#f ."r Ƌ 2: f qb \ 7b d^r Ů .O[f ŀŅ wcN ts 'y arĔ X?b i ^ / V Ů ÊW> ŀŅ ¶b P7 y w61.f %27f ȈƒƃŻǨǤĝ ŦʽƑǨǤĝ ¹ .N [gb -.N h^ Ƌ.N [f Ń 1 .[g 2: f q[ 7y t0b X?b lN .y4y .N [gb lf -.Ob P7 y qzcy 2* X> ?%27gb 0p UsW> wV js b cN lf cN ņŇ =2 es[yr Ů z 0Sb Pc7cb yÊ 1 # đ'f Ê hy2^ `c gy ĖĝžƴǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ w & 0_or Ů cN ŀĿ qzcy t0b X?b r Ů cN ŀŀ qzcy t0b X?b r Ů cN ŀŁ wcW7b X?b wV PCy z' ƋUsW?b m0o -.N ."r Ƌ .& r cN qzV PCy t0b 2z*Ĕ X?b ńĿĿ Tc g arĔ H7[b . y ŮE 7Z Ň wcN m- .7 es[y i wcN \W r Ůa gb lf S¹ c f d"1 A2 Z ƞƄLj » H7Z d^r Ůqzk" ƋA2[b gzZ gV Ů qzk" ŁĿĿ 2: f qb \ 7b H7[b lN .y4y a lz lf i ^r wk gb hzc7 b .Nsf -.&r Ů pzj f .&Ĕ cf : j z> dgN ^2;b t.& .k6 ǶŠģŐƜ ¹ ŀĿĿ - 4 r ŮarĔ eszb lN f 2R qzk" ŀĿĿĿ PV.y i wk gb hzc7 lN 2z* b b & wV qj .Z O b Er2: » esy d^ lN qzk" \' 7gb Tc gb wb g" is_y h_V Ů e y Ņ .gb hzc7 b lN ar [gb 2* / V Ůqb a ?2z* b f 2R .y.7 b
ŀŁ
qzk" ŁŃłĿ = [ŁŇń + ŀŁĿ] Ł = i ¶"
14 15 16
(ɺ - ɸ) r 5 l &
17 18
ŁĿĿ 3 ƅƅƅŀŀĿ 2 ƅƅŁŀĿ 1
19 20
łń 6 ƅƅƅ ňĿ 5 ƅƅŁŃł 4
21 22
(Ł + Sń)
23
Ń
9 (ŀ - Sń)
ŀ=S
2W> Msg#gb i s?b r G* 10
25
r 2W> = wbrĔ -r.& O7 b Msg#f i s?b r G* 11 ŁĿŃ = wbrĔ -r.& 7b Msg#f
eszb wV 2 fscz^ Ń V 7f t2#b wcN 1. y i 12[V cysGb V 7gb Y 7b ƙ- y3ƚ .O 7y ǶơģʞʵǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ Ƌ zÊ fsy .& r 2 fscz^ X?j 1 .[g V 7gb - y4 es[y h ŮarĔ ¹ ƋP 7b eszb wV ƙ- y3ƚ pOG[y w b V 7gb ."r 1 Ƌ(e y O 6 Ms 6Ĕ ) arĔ Ms 6Ĕ wV ƙ- y3ƚ pOG[y w b V 7gb Msg#f ."r 2 ? 2 fscz^ Ňŀ V 7f pbđ* PG[y w b e yĔ -.N gV ŮM G[j ir- Hgkb 0o wcN y1. b wV - y3 2g 6 / 3 ¹
ŀĿ
łŁĿ = [Ń * ň + ŀŃ * Ł] Ł = K¶"ƅ , ƄŃ = E ŮŀŃ = C 12 ŀń
(ŃŁĿ) "Ė r ` đF Pf ar & 14 ŁĿ ŁŅĿ - = (KŁ - Ň) 15
K
ŀ=K
(ŀ- * (ŀ - i) + ŀŁ * Ł) Ł = ņŇ = K¶" Ŀ = ŀńŅ + KŁń - ŁK K + ŁK - KŁŃ = ŀńŅ ŀŁ UsW?b -.N ŀŁ = i Ůŀł = i z 7& O f P y qF 7Z - .6 - 2gb %2 [gb Tc gb 24 (ƋƋƋ Ů ňĿĿ Ů ņĿĿ Ů ńĿĿ) ŀ pzk" ňŅĿĿ = [ŁĿĿ * ņ + ńĿĿ * Ł] Ł = A2[b gzZ ` đF Pf ar & 25 I ?p
(ƋƋƋ Ů ń Ůń Ů Ń
ŀ Ł
Ů Ń) z 7& O f P y - y3 Y 6 ŀ Ł =EŮ
E(ŀ - K) + C = %
ŀ Ł ŀ
Ń=C
ŀ
= Ł * (ŀ - K) + Ń = KI
ŀ
ŀ
ŀ
ł Ł + K Ł = KI `
h#^ņ = Ł + ņ * Ł = ņI ŀ
ŀń
ŁŁń = (ŁŅ + Ń) Ł = (a + C) Ł = ŀń¶" 13
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
ŀ Ł
8 ƅƅ ŁŃ 7
ŀ=S
24
ﻧﺸﺎط
23
K
ŀ
łŇŬń = [ Ł * Ņ + Ń * Ł] Ł = ņ¶" K ŀń ŀ ŀ ( Ł + K Ł ) K = ŀŅŁ `ƅ[ Ł * (ŀ - K) + Ň] Ł
= Ňŀ
Ŀ = łŁŃ - Kŀń + ŁK
iŀń + ŁK = łŁŃ
AsV2f Łņ- = K
esyŀŁ = K
ŀĿŁĿ = (ł + KŁ)
łĿ ŀ=K
16
ŀŀĿņ Ɗ "Ė r ` đF Pf ar & 17 Ń = E Ů ŀŅ = C 18 E ((ŀ - K) + CŁ) Ł = ŃńŅ = K¶" K Ł KŁ - KŁ + KŀŅ = ŃńŅ ` (Ń(ŀ - i) + łŁ) Ł = ŃńŅ ŀŁ = K Ŀ = ŃńŅ - KŀŃ + ŁKŁ ŃńŅ = ŀŁ¶" AsV2f ŀň- = K K
ŀň - ŀņ "Ė r ` đF Pf ar & 20 19 (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀň Ů ŀņ Ů ŀń) z 7& O f d gy - y3 m2*.y f 21 ŀń = i Ů Ł = E Ů ŀń = C ŀń Ńłń = (Ł * ŀŃ + ŀń * Ł) Ł = ŀń¶" ŀń Ńłń = ŀł + KŁ ŀł + KŁ = KI Ɗ2* d& ` ŀ
(ƋƋƋ Ů ŁŃ Ů ŁĿ Ů ŀŅ) z 7& O f P %27gb .N [f 22 ŀŅ ņłŅ = (Ł * ŀń + ŀŅ * Ł) Ł = ŀŅ¶" (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀĿ Ů ŀŀ Ů ŀŁ) z 7& O f P y js b cN =1 23
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
108
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4-1
Geometric sequence
Geometric sequence
Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ďøá ÄąĹ&#x17D;Ä&#x201C;
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. phH{fgUĂ? p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;eUĂ? Â&#x152;hh_> Ă&#x2018; phH{fgUĂ? Ă nHĂĂşĂ? Ă&#x2018;
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Â?iÂ&#x17D;i {A Ă&#x2018;
nth Term
px{xĂ?~> p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018; Increasing Sequence
ph[Snf> p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018;
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Decreasing Seqence
Ă&#x2019;Ă&#x161;nIĂźĂ? p=ĂnfÂ&#x161;Y p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018; Alternating signal Sequence Geometrical Mean
Â?H{fw Â&#x192;HĂ Ă&#x2018;
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w6 1.b d?Wb
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mgS f 51 Ck
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Ĺ i Ĺ&#x192; = I â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź i Ĺ&#x20AC; = I ĹŽ Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ = I Ć&#x160; z& i Ĺ&#x20AC;
Ĺ&#x20AC; â&#x20AC;&#x201C; iI * Ĺ&#x192;
iĹ&#x201A; * Ĺ = I â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź i (iI) O gb â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x;â&#x20AC;Ź
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
œœ> wb œœ> lf b Gb ^
{or (Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ ĹŽ Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x2026; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x2021; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x192; ĹŽ Ĺ ĹŽ Ĺ&#x20AC;) wo # kb O gb â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x2039; š 1 .[f ! KI - Ĺ&#x20AC;+KI iÄ&#x201D; z 7& 7zb š Ć&#x160;i # kb O gb lf L&Ä&#x2018;j â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź I I I I = Ĺ&#x20AC; +KKI i x 0_or Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; ĹŽĹ = Ĺ&#x192;I ĹŽ Ĺ = Ĺ&#x201A;I ĹŽ Ĺ = Ĺ I Ĺ&#x201A; Ĺ Ĺ&#x20AC; 1 .[f Âť .& x ! k 6 r O gb -r.& ^ l_gy qzcNr a Ć&#x2039; b 1 .[gb 0o zfscOg
phH{fgUĂ? p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;edU Â?iÂ&#x17D;fUĂ? {Â?UĂ? Ă&#x2018;
?5- 7b r 8f +b lzc_;b
:< 52 f ]6J
Â&#x2026;e ~Â&#x17E;G* iÂ&#x2DC;b 6&* i+e/(*
phH{fgUĂ? p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;edU Â?inhÂ&#x2DC;UĂ? Â&#x160;hÂ&#x203A;eÂ&#x161;UĂ? Ă&#x2018;
Â&#x152;xĂ&#x2DC;{_U Â?H{fgUĂ? Â&#x192;HÂ&#x17D;UĂ?Ă
: k2/ ;lf Â&#x20AC;lÂ&#x20AC;gS f 1 ylf
â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x152;ďş&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź Nsg#f d^ lf cF r ĹŽ Nsg#f wb Ä&#x2018;Gb h7Z Â&#x2DC; -.N dz#7 hpzb cF Ĺ Ĺ&#x192; = (Bsgb E ;kb -sk 0zWk Ć&#x2039;hp# j dz#7 r 2f d^ {V # kb c gb (Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x2021; ĹŽ Ĺ&#x192; ĹŽĹ ĹŽ Ĺ&#x20AC;) # kb O gb 1s 7b wcN ^ Â&#x2DC; Ĺ&#x2026; ĹŽĹ&#x201E; a _:Ä&#x201D; {V # kb c gb -.N - #y hpzb cF Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; ĹŽ Ć&#x2039; 7b 2^/ Pf Ć&#x2039; z 7& # kb O gb j ^ i Ä&#x2018;Gb d6 Â&#x2DC;
phH{fgUĂ? p_=nÂ&#x161;Â&#x161;eUĂ? Â&#x2021;x}_> Ă&#x2018;
Â?=nÂ&#x2014;Â?UĂ? Â&#x192;HÂ&#x17D;UĂ? Â&#x152;h= pSÄ&#x2020;_UĂ? Ă&#x2018;
- z?Z k O f - y.y 4 O f - {jsj .& - z6.ko O f Ć&#x2039; 1 :Ä&#x2013; r k f O f - {6.ko H6r
IJĹ&#x201C;Ä&#x17D;ďá
4-1
Ĺ?Â&#x2020;ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
24
Â&#x20AC;[g.
e Ob .'b $ k 6 r ĹŽ z 7'b O gb b Gb 51- i \ 6 -š .N d*- r ĹŽ pb { 7'b H6sb ."r r ĹŽ Wc +f 1s? pb Msg#f ."r `b0^ ĹŽly-.N lz z 7'b E 6rÄ&#x201D; lf -š r.'f Us6 51.b 0o {Vr ĹŽ Wc +f 1s? o-r.& lf -r.'f -.N ĹŽ z6.kpb O gb U2Oy O gb lf 2* Msj wcN U2O y Ć&#x2039;51.b 0pb kB2N {V qbr k k6 2* 1sKkg l_br 952f &6/k :o }gR 5Ç&#x203A; 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z I: 3 7Âľ :+ 88ÂĽ l&+% I: 3 7Âľ :+ 88ÂĽ s )% I: 3 7Âľ :+ 8)" 7 ÂŁ ? % I: 3 7Âľ :+ 88ÂĽ ²+% I: 3 7Âľ :+ 88ÂĽ ²+8 :L3 ÂŁ : T , f81% I.% ² 3 7Âľ F3 ? % I.% ² : 3 7 U 30 ' Y % I 3 7Âľ F3 0 1ÂŁ F3 ² : W+ l&+%
109
}p #f Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČ&#x17E; hÂ&#x20AC;f1
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
á«°Sóæ¡dG á©HÉààŸG
tI 8 ł = i – ŀ + ił =
ŀ + ił * Ł ił * Ł
إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺪرس Ƌ z6.kpb O gb Xy2O b ` đF hpV t.f wcN .^
ľĄĿí
I
ŀ+i =Ƅ I a أ i
ł = S p6 6 r z6.ko O gb ` z6.ko 7zb O gb Ƅ`
ŀ + iI a ب iI ŀ z&)ƅ(ŀ – iI * Ń ) = Ƅ(iI) a ﺟ I tI 8 ŀŃ = i ` ŀ – iI
Ł ^'I 8 * (ŀŁ+iŃi) Ń =
(ŀ < i ŀ = S p6 6 r z6.ko O gb Ƅ` Ń
§ J3 <
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ z6.ko pjs^ a & wV p6 6 ."r r z6.ko z Ē O gb lf yÊ lz 1 ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ ) = ( I) ب ( ŀł Ů ŀň Ů Łņ (łŮŅŮŀŁŮŁŃŮŃŇŮňŅ) = (iI) أ i Ňŀ ŁŃł (Ł(ŀ + i ) ł) = ( I) د (iŁ × ń) = ( I) ﺟ i
i
Graphical representation of geometrical sequence
: á«°Sóæ¡dG á©HÉààª∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG ﻣﺜﺎل
Ƌ zÊ j z wbrĔ O 7b -r.'b d f h ( ƋƋƋ Ů Ł Ů Ń Ů Ň) z6.kpb O gcb zb b O 1Ĕ -r.'b ."r 2 ľĄĿí
nI
Ɗwo zb b O 1Ĕ -r.'b wb b r Ů ŀŁ = O gb 5 6 ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ Ůŀ Ň Ń Ł { ņ Ů Ņ Ů ń Ů Ń Ů ł Ů Ł Ů ŀ }ƄƄso a #gb ŀ ŀ ŀ { Ň Ů Ń Ů Ł Ů ŀ Ů Ł Ů Ń Ů Ň }ƄƄso t.gb :n =? R D<C 1 B? ŀ > S > Ŀ Ů Ŀ < C z& ?Z k f O gb -r.& ½
{
~
~
{
n
k¹ zO 7f Wc +f z6.ko O f ^ đGb wb cF Ƌ`b/ P r \ 7b Xy2O b {V -1r g Ů bĐ. z6.kpb O gcb {jskb .'b $ k 7y b Gb M- ƋƋƋ ŮŁ S C Ů C Hgkb ađ* lf {V zÊ j z z6.kpb O gb -r.& dz g đGb wb cF {fs61 $f j2 e .+ 6 r .f O gb { .&Ė ts 7gb Ƌ s6 'cb (ɹʀ) A 2^ p 6 c[ 2q Z
Ƌ z6Ĕ b .b P y z6.kpb O gcb wj z b dz g b ½ ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ
Ƌ ` " 27V ? (z'?b .& scb y¹ r 7f r 2W?cb y¹ r 7f z6.kpb O gb 5 6 is_y i l_gy do ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
O gb ^ b Gb zj _f t.f wb 2z_W b 0o U.py Ƌ > * Đ & {V z6.kpb Ƌ z6.ko O f ."s i l_gy Đ Ŀ = S f.kN
ŀ ) z6.kpb O gcb zb b O 1Ĕ -r.'b ."r 2 Ƌ zÊ j z wbrĔ O 7b -r.'b d f h (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀł Ů ŀň Ů Łņ
25
wcN P[ o-r.& z6.ko O f ."s ŀ = S f.kN Ƌhz[ 7f H*
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
§¡ 7 {¦f - y + §D äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí Finding the nth term of a geometrical sequence :á«°Sóæ¡dG á©HÉààª∏d ≈fƒædG óëdG OÉéjEG Ɗw Ē ^ S p6 6 r C arĔ o.& w b (iI) z6.kpb O gcb wjskb .'b ! k 6 l_gy (ŀ) Xy2O lf łSC = IƅŮƅ ŁSC = IƅŮƅ SC = IƅŮ ƅ C = I Ń ł Ł ŀ ŀ - iSC = I Ƅ Ɗ so O gb m0pb wjskb .'b i .#j Hgkb 0o wcN 1 2g 6Đ r i
b 6r "sf i " S gz[b i V zÊ "r3 5 6Ĕ sZ j ^ / Ń(ł) = ŃS Ňŀ = ŃS ł!=S` wkOg
ﻣﺜﺎل
ŀ Ł = S z6.ko O f
أ ب ł = S z6.ko O f Ł = S z6.ko O f ﺟ
ľĄĿí ŀ - i(Ł) * C = IƅŮƅŁ = Ń = SƅŮƅŁ = ƄC a i Ł łŁ 8f +b .'b gzZ i t łŁ = ŀŅ * Ł = Ń Ł * Ł = ŃSC = ńI `
ŀ – iS * C = I a Ł wcN lzV2Gb g7[ r ńŀŁ = ŀ - iŁ * Łƅ ` i Ň Ł = ŀ – iŁ ` ň=i` Ň = ŀ – iƅ` P6 b .'b so ńŀŁ q gzZ t0b .'b i t
ƋP 7b o.& ."r r z6.ko O f ń – ił * Ł = iI z& (iI) O gb i 3 :á«°Sóæ¡dG á©HÉààªdG ø««©J Ƌ5 6Ĕ r arĔ o.& hcN w f z6.kpb O gb lzzO l_gy
Identifying the geometrical sequence
ľĄĿí
(ŀ) ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ (Ł) ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ŃĿ = ł S C
`
łSC= I Ń ŅSC = I ņ
a
ŀ +S I SI
:2qvf S lgf }p f h #l f
nI
{ b E [kb i L&Đ 2 7zb z6.kpb O gb d g O gb wV g^ hz[ 7f H* wcN O gb -r.& l_br Ů z 7'b Ƌ z6Ĕ b .b P z6.kpb ń-Kł * Ł = I ŁŅ= 3 K
łŁĿ = Ņ S C ` a (Ł) Ů (ŀ) lz b- Ogb wV2F g7[ r ŅS
C
Ň = łS `
(Ŀ ɥ S C z&) łŁĿ ŃĿ = łS C `
( ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŁĿ Ů ŀĿ Ů ń ) wo O gb `
Ł = S pkfr (ŀ) b- Ogb wV DysO b r ŃĿ = C Ň Ɗ i t ŃĿ = ł(Ł) C ` ń = C i V Ň wcN lzV2Gb g7[ r
ȈǭƽƗ ƄŐʗƯŝ
Ƌ ` " 27V ? zÊ "r3 -¹ .N S 5 6Ĕ sZ j ^ / PZs / f zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
26
1
iĔ z6.ko O f 7zb د ŀ ŀ ŀ (ƋƋƋ Ů Łņ Ů ň Ů ł Ů ŀ Ů ł Ů ň Ů Łņ )
1 .[f !
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ƌ O gb m0o ."r łŁĿ = ņI Ů ŃĿ = ŃI i ^ / V Ů z6.ko O f (iI) 4
iĔ
:( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
Ɗ."r ( ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů Ň Ů Ń Ů Ł ) z6.kpb O gb wV 3 ^ ƋńŀŁ q gzZ t0b .'b 1 : ^ ? 8 Ƌ 8f +b .'b :%
ﻣﺜﺎل
Ł5 Ł
|5| =
n
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
ń-ŀ+K ł * Ł ń-K ł * Ł
=
ŀ+SI KI
110
á«°Sóæ¡dG äÉ©HÉààŸG Ń-K ł * Ł ń-K ł * Ł
= ƅƅ
1 .[f = ł = ń + K - Ń - Kł = ŀŇ = Ł ł * Ł = ń-ņ ł * Ł = ņI
z6.ko O f (KI) ` Ɗ z6.kpb E 6rĔ
pb *- l_gy w b z6.kpb E 6rĔ i wb đGb 2: đ f Ƌly-.Ob ly0o 1 : wcN .g O ly-.N lz
á«°Sóæ¡dG á©HÉààŸG
:á«°Sóæg á©HÉààe áHÉàμd ᫪∏©dG áÑ°SÉëdG ádB’G ΩGóîà°SG Ɗw Ē P j đ f ¹ Ł = S Ů ń = C pzV w b z6.kpb O gb _b HSCj h (Ł -.Ob ) S gzZ PCj h * % Wgb wcN HSCj h = % Wgb HSCj h (ń -.Ob ) C gzZ _j ƋƋƋƋ 0_or zb b -r.'b wGO = % Wgb wcN HSCb 1 2_ r O gcb wj b .'b wGO V = % Wgb ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
O gb m0o ."r Ƌ łŇŃ = ŇI Ů ŀŁ = łI pzV z6.ko O f (iI) 4 Ƌ O gb ."r Ƌ ŀńłŅ tr 7y 2: Ob o.& Ů Ņ tr 7y wj b o.& Ů "sf o-r.& z6.ko O f 5 ﻣﺜﺎل ǧŐǣƯņǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ
[ 7b k7b lf yÊ sk6 ū Ń so zgzcO b 1 -Ė t.& wV tsj b wj b X?b đF - y3 a.Of i ^ / 5 ? sk6 Ņ .O ho-.N is_z6 h_V Ů b F ŁŃĿĿ z¹ b & đGb -.N i ^ / V Ů 2: f pb ľĄĿí
¿CG ôcòJ
ŅŃ Ů Ł
lz z6.ko E 6r O 1 a *- أ
(ŅŃ Ů łŁ Ů ŀŅ Ů Ň Ů Ń Ů Ł) ŅŃ - Ů Ł lz z6.ko E 6r O 1 a *- ب (ŅŃ - Ů łŁ Ů ŀŅ - Ů Ň Ů Ń - Ů Ł) ŅŃ - Ů Ł - lz z6.ko E 6r O 1 a *- ﺟ (ŅŃ - Ů łŁ - Ů ŀŅ - Ů Ň - Ů Ń - Ů Ł -) ŅŃ Ů Ł - lz z6.ko E 6r O 1 a *- د (ŅŃ Ů łŁ - Ů ŀŅ Ů Ň - Ů Ń Ů Ł - ) ( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
ŁŇ¶> ŮŁņ ¶> d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d>s r
ŁŃĿĿ = z¹ b & đGb -.N a ū Ń * ŁŃĿĿ + ŁŃĿĿ = zj b k7b wV đGb -.N ` (ĿŬĿŃ + ŀ) ŁŃĿĿ = (ŀŬĿŃ) ŁŃĿĿ = ĿŬĿŃ * (ŀŬĿŃ)ŁŃĿĿ + (ŀŬĿŃ) ŁŃĿĿ = b b k7b wV đGb -.N ƋƋƋ 0_or Ł(ŀŬĿŃ)ŁŃĿĿ = (ĿŬĿŃ + ŀ) (ŀŬĿŃ) ŁŃĿĿ = ( ƋƋƋ ŮŁ(ŀŬĿŃ)ŁŃĿĿ Ů (ŀŬĿŃ)ŁŃĿĿ Ů ŁŃĿĿ) z6.ko O f is_½ đGb - .N i t Ņ = iƅŮƅŀŬĿŃ = SƅŮƅŁŃĿĿ = C ŀ – iS × C = I z6.kpb O gcb wjskb .'b isj Z wV DysO b r i ŁňŀňŬňŅŅňŅŅ = ń(ŀŬĿŃ) × (ŁŃĿĿ) = iI Ƌ ¹ b F ŁňŁĿ y2[ tr 7y sk6 Ņ .O đGb -.N i t
Ń ~}~ = ŀĿĿ = %
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
ǶŐŠŻľǤĝ ǶLjģŐǣǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ
eszb wV PGZ / V Ů . 4b qj3r = [j r zj. b q Z zb .y.# b ůe .ZĔ wcN 2z6 ¹ w;gb B y1 a g^ 51 gy 6 » esy d^ wV PG[y i ^r Ů 2 f ńĿ V 7f arĔ Ƌ 2: f \ 7b eszb wV pOG[y w b V 7gb XOB a ¹ ƋP 7b eszb wV pOG[y w b V 7gb ."r ب Ƌ zÊ fsy pOG[y w b V 7gb O f ^ أ Geometric Means g¤ 6w G* c 6K&±* z6.ko O f wV lzzb f 2zR ly.& lz OZ sb -r.'b wo z 7'b E 6rĔ wV g^ z6.kpb E 6rĔ ƋE 6rĔ m0o - #yĖ ů z6.kpb O gb 5 6 e.+ 7yr
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
27
łŇŃ = ņS CƅƅłŇŃ = ŇIƅŀŁ = ŁS CƅŀŁ = łI Łņ= 4 łŇŃ
Ł = S `ƅńŁ = łŁ = ńSƅƅ ŀŁ =
ņS C ŁS C
(ƋƋƋ Ů ŁŃ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ Ů ł)ƅƅł = C `ƅƅŀŁ = Ń * C ŀńłŅ = ňS CƅŀńłŅ = ŀĿIƅƅŅ = S CƅŅ = ŁI Łņ= 5 ŀńłŅ
ňS C
Ł! = S `ƄŇ(Ł!)Ƅ= ŁńŅ = ŇS `ƅ Ņ = SC ł! = C ` Ņ = Ł! * C (ƋƋƋ Ů ŁŃ Ů ŀŁ - Ů Ņ Ů ł-) (ƋƋƋ Ů ŁŃ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ Ů ł) O f wo a g^ p61 gy w b V 7gb O f Łņ= 6 z6.ko (ƋƋƋ Ů ŁĿĿ Ů ŀĿĿ Ů ńĿ) ŅS C = I `ƅŀ-iŁ * ńĿ = I 2 f łŁĿĿ = ŅŁ * ńĿ K ņ ŀ
E 6rĔ -.N = -r.'b -.NƅƅƅłŁ = KIŮ Ń = C ŁŇ= 7 Ł+ łŁ = ŇI ` Ň = Ł + E 6r Ņ = K łŁ = ņS C ŀ Ł = SƅņŁ = ņSƅłŁ = ņS Ń ` ŀ (ŀŅ Ů Ň Ů Ń Ů Ł Ů ŀ Ů Ł ) E 6rĔ
111
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ∂JÉeƒ∏©e ≈dEG ∞°VCG =b =$ 79 F$ F")+ ; 1 5 &X& 6 A s , I , I R! & 3
U2O i V z6.ko O f lf zb f -r.& đ ¶" Ů Ů C j ^ / ½ ¶" ¶" C = Ł qj t = Ɗ z& ¶" Ů C ly-.Ob lz w6.kpb H6sb C ¶" C ! = is_ V
/X M? I nI , dddddd , I ./0 "W Df 3 =? 7 : n 2 ; = GM =$ 79 F$ iI ƋƋƋƋ łI ŁI ŀI
IJœĎĬ÷
-
ǶŐƒŻŏǭǤĝ ƣģƒnjĭĝ źģŭšĞ
i
ﻣﺜﺎل ŁňŀŅ Ů Ń lz z6.ko E 6r ń d*- 6 ľĄĿí
^ )I ''& 5 ! ? : % O gb -r.& -.N i V 0b ů z6.kpb O gb wV 2z*Ĕ r arĔ ly.'b lz E 6r 7g* ."sy ņ=ń+Ł=i E & E ! ? : ^ ? 8 ŀ – iS C = IƅƊ z 7'b O gcb wjskb .'b i ņ = i Ů ŁňŀŅ = iI Ů Ń = C Ɗ lN DysO b Ņ ŀ – ņS × Ń = ŁňŀŅ ŁňŀŅ = S × Ń Ɗ i t ł! = S pkfrƅ Ņ(ł!) =ƅŅS Ɗ i t ƄņŁň = ŅS Ɗ Ń wcN lzV2Gb g7[ : I M& $ 79 U $ H X+s S & E l #'(? : ^T 8 r ƅ ŁňŀŅ Ů ňņŁ Ů łŁŃ Ů ŀĿŇ Ů łŅ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ń ł* Ů ł * Ů ł * Ů ł* Ů ł * Ů ł * ŁňŀŅ Ů ňņŁ- Ů łŁŃ Ů ŀĿŇ- Ů łŅ Ů ŀŁ- Ů Ń ł- * Ů ł- * Ů ł- * Ů ł- * Ů ł- * Ů ł- *
ňņŁ - Ů łŁŃ Ů ŀĿŇ - Ů łŅ Ů ŀŁ - ƄƄ r ƄƄňņŁ Ů łŁŃ Ů ŀĿŇ Ů łŅ Ů ŀŁ :=0 I M& U $ H ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
łŁ Ů ŀŃ lz z6.ko E 6r 6 d*- 7 ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ ?lzyr 7 f lz "sf lzz[z[& ly-.Ob w6.kpb H6sb r w 7'b H6sb lz ZđOb is_ i PZs / f
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
28
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
á«°Sóæ¡dG á©HÉààŸG
yEeI {¦ - y +
ﻣﺜﺎل Ƌ ly-.Ob ."r Ů Ň tr 7y w6.kpb gpG6r Ů ŀĿ tr 7y w 7'b gpG6r i "sf i -.N 7 ľĄĿí
= Ů 5 go ly-.Ob i A2Wj =+5 ŀĿ = Ł Ɗ w 7'b H6sb Xy2O 5 – ŁĿ = = Ɗ pkfr ŁĿ = = + 5 Ɗ Ł wV b- Ogb wV2F 2C Ň = =5 Ɗ w6.kpb H6sb Xy2O ŅŃ = = 5 Ɗ lzV2Gb Pz 2 r ŅŃ = (5 – ŁĿ)5 Ɗ b- Ogb wV b- Ogb lf DysO b Ŀ = ŅŃ + 5 ŁĿ – Ł5 : F (R' EH K I Ŀ = (ŀŅ – 5) (Ń – 5) : =8BT & D 3'I ŀŅ = 5 Ů Ń = 5 : ) I"' )& D Ń = = Ů ŀŅ = = : ='& E X+s k+ )' I ŀŅ Ů Ń go i -.Ob i t
H6sb r { 7'b H6sb lz ZđOb E ;kb 0o lz y Ƌ > * Đ & {V {6.kpb H6sb Ɗi V lz "sf lzz[z[& ly-.N C Ů C Ɗi ^ / đ gV ¹ C= C= C*C
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ƌly-.Ob ."r Ů ŁĿ tr 7y w6.kpb gpG6r Ů Łń tr 7y w 7'b gpG6r i "sf i -.N 8
C + C = gpb { 7'b Ł
= "sgb {6.kpb H6sb "sgb {6.kpb H6sb = { 7'b H6sb Ɗi V `b0b Ƌlzyr 7 f ly-.Ob
ﻣﺜﺎل Msg#fr ŮňĿ tr 7y P 2b r arĔ lzG6sb Msg#f i ^r Ůly-.N lz z6.ko E 6r O 1 c*- / 8 Ƌi -.Ob go gV ŅĿ tr 7y b b r Ůwj b lzG6sb ľĄĿí
Ņ = Ł + Ń = O gb -r.& -.N ` ńI
Ń= E 6rĔ -.N a
Ů ŁI go P 2b r arĔ lzG6sb is_zVƄC = arĔ -.Ob i A2W r `
: &
ňĿ = (łS + ŀ) S C ` ŃI ŮŁI go b b r wj b lzG6sb a
ŅĿ = (S + ŀ) ŁS C `
Łń * Ł = + C ` ŁĿ = C ŃĿĿ = (C - ńĿ) C
ŅĿ = łS C + ŁS C `
ł = (Ł S + S - C) (S +ŀ)SC Ł (S + ŀ) ŁS
C Ŀ = Ł + Sń - Ł SŁ `
Ŀ = (ŀ - SŁ)(Ł - S) `
Ů g7[ 1ł = Ł + SŁ - ŁSŁ ` ŀ = S Ů Ł = S ` Ł
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
29
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ń Ů ŀŅĿ go i -.Ob
hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb
ňĿ = ńI + ŁI `
ňĿ = ŃS C + S C `
:( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
ń=C` ŀŅĿ = C `
Ł = S lN DysO b ŀ = S lN DysO b r Ł ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
lzG6sb Msg#f wb lzbrĔ lzG6sb Msg#f lz 7kb j ^r ŀŃńŇ ŮŁ lz z6.ko E 6r .N c*- / 9 ƋE 6rĔ `c -.N ."r V Łņ Ɗ ŀ wo lzy2*Ē
٤ - ١ ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ
ŮC ly-.Ob i A2Wj 8 ńĿ = + C ŃĿĿ = C ` Ŀ = ŃĿĿ + C ńĿ - ŁC ŀĿ =C Ů ŃĿ = C Ŀ = (ŀĿ - C)(ŃĿ - C) ŀĿ Ů ŃĿ i -.Ob ŃĿ = Ů ŀĿ = ŀŃńŇ = a Ů Ł = C 9 = lzbrĔ lzG6sb Msg#f (S + ŀ) SŁ = ŁS Ł + S Ł = Ł S C + S C (ŀ + S)a a a = ŁS + S ly2*Ē lzG6sb Msg#f ŁS
:á«°Sóæg É¡fƒc ∫ÉM ≈a É¡°SÉ°SCG óLhCG ºK ,≈∏j ɪ«a á«°Sóæ¡dG äÉ©HÉààªdG OóM (ƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ň Ů Łņ Ů Ňŀ Ů ŁŃł) 2
(ƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀŅ Ů ň Ů Ń Ů ŀ) 1
` iŀŁ i 4
ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ ) 3 (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŅ łŁ ŅŃ ŀŁŇ
(ŀ – Łi) 6
(ƋƋƋƋƋ Ů Łņ - Ů ň - Ů ł Ů ŀ -) 5
(ŀ + S)ŀŃńŇ S
=Ƅƅ
ł=S`
ŀ ŁS * (S + ŀ) SŁ Łņ = (S + ŀ) ŀŃńŇ ņŁň Łņ = Łņ = łS `
ŀ-K ł = ņŁň
ŀ-K ł * Ł = ŀŃńŇ
: ¿CG º∏Y GPEG á«°Sóæ¡dG á©HÉààªdG øe ≈dhC’G á°ùªîdG OhóëdG ÖàcG ŀ- = S Ů ŀŁŇ- = C 10 Ł
ŀ- = S Ů ŀ = C 9 Ł
Ł = S Ů Ń- = C 8
Ń=S Ů Ł=C 7
≈JCÉj Ée πªcCG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
tr 7y ( ƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀŅ Ů łŁ Ů ŅŃ) z6.kpb O gb lf P 7b .'b 11
ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ ) z6.kpb O gb lf 5- 7b .'b 12 so (ƋƋƋƋƋ Ů Łņ Ňŀ ŁŃł ŀ – i(ł) × Ł = I z& ( I) O gb lf 8f +b .'b 13 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ tr 7y i i ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
so ( ƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ - Ů ł) z6.kpb O gcb wjskb .'b 14
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
so ŀŅ Ů Ń ly-.Ocb w6.kpb H6sb 15
tr 7 = i V ŀń so = Ů ň ly-.Ocb w6.kpb H6sb i ^ / 16
ŀ-K ł = Ņ ł ņ=i E 6r 7g* = E 6rĔ -.N `
= i V z6.ko O f lf zb fr "sf -r.& đ ¶" Ů Ů C j ^ / 17
:(4 - 1 M4e - le+e/(*
:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ňŀ د łŁ
Ɗ so ( ƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ňŁ Ů Ņ Ů Ň ) z6.kpb O gb wV 8f +b .'b 18 ň ﺟ Łņ ب Łņ أ Ń
(ƋƋƋƋƋ ŮŀŅ ŮŀĿ ŮŃ ŮŁ-) ب
ŀŅ
( Ńň Ů Łł Ů ŀ Ů łŁ ) ﺟ
Ł ŁŃ ŀŁ Ů Ņ Ů ł ) د Ů C Ŀ < Ů Ŀ < C z& (ƋƋƋ Ů ŁC C
Ł G i d_b
(ŀ – iI × ŀŃ ) = (iI) ب
Ň
Ɗ O gb .N f z6.ko z Ē O gb Pzg" 19 (ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŁŃ- Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ- Ů ł) أ
Ɗ wo z Ē O gb lz lf z6.kpb O gb 20 ŀ G i d_b (Łi Ń) = (iI) أ
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
30
ŀ ł = S z6.ko O f 2 ŀ Ł = S z6.ko O f 4
z6.ko O f 7zb 6
z6.ko O f 7zb 1 Ł = S z6.ko O f 3 ł- = S z6.ko O f 5 :e lbȜ g :
ƅƅŀŅŁ 13 ƅƅ.& r 12 ƅƅƅ .& r 11
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
112
-
á«°Sóæ¡dG äÉ©HÉààŸG
¶" + C ŀ-K(Ł-)ł = I 14 K Ł > 17 ƅŁń 16 ƅŇ! 15
20 ƅ 19
E
wk'kgb wcN P[ pjĔ s?b r G* I 1 .[f = ŀ +KKI s?b r G* O gb gcN w f s?b r G* ƋlzWc +f lz "sf lz [z[& ly-.N s?b r G*
22
Ł * ń = KI ŀŃ = K ŁŃ = łI ŀ ŃŇ = CƅƅŁŃ = Ń * C ŁŇ! = w6.kpb H6sb Ů C i -.Ob lzV2Gb Pz 2 ł = C ƅŮƅŀĿ = + C ň = (C - ŀĿ) C ň= C ŀ = C ,ň= C 2W> = ň + CŀĿ - ŁC ň Ů ŀ i -.Ob ň Ůŀ= C = {o w6.kpb H6sb `ƅƅ Ů C i -.Ob ł= C - ` Ł=C- C ł = ( C - ) ŮŁ = ( C - ) C
26
Ń
¶oűe
K
23
Ń
Ł
Ł = ¶" C ب
Ł = ¶"
C أ
Ƌ .& r f [ 6 wcN P[ w b c?Wkgb E [kb lf Nsg#g z6.kpb O gb -r.& d g 22 Ƌ(ŀ G i d_b) O gb 5 6 U2Oy ¹ 1 .[f tr 7y ¹
iI
ŀ + iI
i ^ / z6.ko (iI) O gb wg7 23
-.N hcN w f o- #y l_gyr Ů z6.ko O f lf lzzb f ly.& lz OZ sb -r.'b wo z6.kpb E 6rĔ 24 ƋE 6rĔ Ƌw6.kpb gpG6r lf 2 ^ lzWc +f lzz[z[& ly-.Ob w 7'b H6sb 25 ƋwbrĔ đ b o-r.& ^ h Ů z6.ko O f pj Ƌ iŁ * ń = iI z& O f (iI) j ^ / 26 Ɗ .¶¶¶"r cƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀ- Ů ŀŁ Ů ŀŃ - Ů ŀŇ m z6.kpb O gb wV 27 Ƌ ŀĿŁŃ - = q gzZ t0b .'b 1 ب 2: Ob o.& أ ƋņŅŇ q gzZ t0b .'b 1 Ů lf b o.& ."r h i(Ł) łŇ = iI z& z6.ko (iI) O gb i lz 28 Ƌ O gb m0o ."r Ƌ ŁŃ = b b o.&r ŀŁ = p6 6 z6.ko O f 29
27
Ƌ O gb m0o ."r Ƌ ŁŇŇ = 5- 7b o.&r ň = arĔ o.& z6.ko O f 30
29
ŃŇŅ = 5- 7b o.& Ů ŀŇ = b b o.& w b z6.kpb O gb ."r 32
ƋłŇŃ = ŇI Ů ŀŁ = łI pzV w b (iI) z6.kpb O gb ."r 31 Ƌ ŀŅĿ = ŅI Ů ŀĿ = ŁI pzV w b (iI) z6.kpb O gb ."r 33 Ńň Ů ŀŅ lz w6.kpb H6sb ."r 34
34
Ƌł w6.kpb gpG6rr ń w 7'b gpG6r ly0cb ly-.Ob ."r 35 Ƌ ł 1 .[g 2*Ē lN d[yr Ł 1 .[g go.& lN .y4y Ů "sgb w6.kpb gpG6r lz "sf ly-.N ."r 36 Ƌ ŅŃ Ů Ł lz z6.ko E 6r O 1 d*- 37
35
Łņ Ů Ň lz "sf z6.ko E 6r 7g* d*- 38 Ň Łņ ?5 gzZ gV Ň so 5 Ů Ł ly-.Ocb w6.kpb H6sb i ^ / 39 ?i -.Ob gV Ů ł w6.kpb gpG6rr Ň gpkz Y2Wb i "sf i -.N 40
2 b ¹ ŀŁ arĔ eszb wV > / V Ů 2: f qb \ 7b eszb XOB a.Og i 4* wV gb ?y ǶŒŐʗǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 41
31
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
36 äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ? 2 b ¹ ŀńłŅ qzV ?y f¹ sy h^ .O V
m0o i _6 -.N is_y h^ Ƌ k6 d^ ū ł a.Og i.gb t.& wV i _7b -.N - -4y ŘģǔƑǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 42 ? g7j ŅĿĿ ĿĿĿ so wb 'b i _7b -.N i hcN / Ů sk6 ń .O ky.gb lf ū ŀŁ 7k yÊ sk6 @Z k y 1 z7b lg i ^ / V Ů qzk" Xb ŀŁĿ p 2: .kN pkg 1 z6 ǵƃģŭņǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 43 ? sk6 ń .O 1 z7b gzZ is_ h_V Ů 2: f pb [ 7b k7b 1 lN - y3 ū Ņ 7k ysk6 rđN wcN d?'yr Ůqzk" ŀŁĿĿ t2p;b q 1 XJsfŰǢųŻǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 44 ? sk6 Ņ 1r2f .O qzk#b q 1 is_y h^ Ů 2: f [ 7b k7b
Ń
Ł = ň - Ńň * ň Ů Ń i -.Ob Ń =C `ƅƅň = ` Ņ = Ł + Ń = Ł + E 6rĔ -.N = -r.'b -.N ŅŃ = ńS Ł ` ŅŃ = ń S C = ŅI ń(Ł) = łŁ = ń1 Ł =1 (ŅŃ Ů łŁ Ů ŀŅ Ů Ň Ů Ń Ů Ł) łŁ = 5 `ƅƅŅŃ = 5ŁƅŇ = 5 Ł K ŀ- (ĿŬĿł + ŀ) C = I z6.ko O f P y i _7b -.N ŅņńłŬń - ŅņńłĿńŬŁŇŅ = Ń(KŀŬĿł) * ŅĿĿĿĿĿ = KI z6.kpb O gb P y 1 z7b lg @Z k Ł(ŬŇŇ) * ŀŁĿĿ Ů ĿŬŇŇ * ŀŁĿĿ ŮŀŁĿĿ ŀŁĿĿ = ŀ - i(ĿŬŇŇ) * ŀŁĿĿ = ŀ - K S C = KI p¹ zk" ņŀňŬŅłŃ = Ń(ŬŇŇ) * ŀŁĿĿ = ńI
113
ﺟ
ĦƥŲǤĝ ƼƖņǕĝ
25
ň = C Pz 2 b ł = ` (Ł _ ŀ) b- Ogb g7[ Ń ň = C lN (Ł) b- Ogb wV DysO b Ł= ň - ł
= ¶"Ł+ C
: á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG
24
C
Ł
¶" + C =Ł د
18
: K/f \? b
(ƋƋƋ Ů ŃĿ Ů ŁĿ Ů ŀĿ) ŀĿŁŃ - = ŀŃI ŁŃ = ŁS C (ƋƋƋ Ů ŁŃ Ů ŃŇ Ů ňŅ) O gb
ŀ G i d_b (ŀ - i Ł) = (iI) ﺟ Ɗ i V z6.ko O f lf zb fr "sf -r.& đ ¶" Ů Ů C j ^ / 21
5 .Ȗ g :
C 21 ƅ
á«°Sóæ¡dG á©HÉààŸG
ﻧﺸﺎط ǶŐŠģǔƑǤĝ ǵźģʞʶǤĝ
ū ł so e N d^ wV ky.gb m0o i _7b .y 4 a.Of i hcNr Ů g7j ŇĿĿĿĿ so f ky.f wV i _7b -.N i ^ / Ƌ 2: f qb \ 7b e Ob lN
37
Ƌ.& r e N .O i _7b -.N ."r Ƌlzf N .O i _7b -.N ."r Ƌ ky.gb m0o i _7b c ggb z6.kpb O gb ^ ? 2: Ob e Ob y pj wV i _7b -.N is_y h^ Ƌ e sN 7g* y pj wV j z b m0o dz g b (Excel) dz7^ $f j2 e.+ 6 t.fr Ů2?f wV i _7b -.N wV -2Ggb - y4b lN ¹ ' ^ Ů fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b j O 6Đ Ƌ zj _7b c_;gb m0o #b Ogb &2 [gb asc'b r Ůwfs[b d*.b wcN o2z
أ ب ﺟ د ﻫ و
39 42 43
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
32
ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
Ĺ?ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă
Ĺ?Â&#x2020;ÄżĹ?Ĺ&#x2014;Ă ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
印SóÌ¥dG äĂ&#x201C;°Úâ&#x2C6;?°Úà ªdG
5-1
Geometric Series Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ďøá ÄąĹ&#x17D;Ä&#x201C; . phH{fgUĂ? pdÂ&#x2014;dÂ&#x2014;Â&#x161;eUĂ? âÂ&#x17D;eÂ&#x153;Y Ă&#x2018;
Â&#x2026;heÂ&#x153;Â&#x161;UĂ? ~YĂ&#x161; ĂŞĂ?{Â&#x17E;Â&#x161;HĂ? Ă&#x2018;
. phgÂ&#x161;feUĂ? }hQ phH{fgUĂ? Ă&#x201C;Ä&#x2020;Â&#x2014;dÂ&#x2014;Â&#x161;eUĂ? Ă&#x2018; }hQ phH{fgUĂ? Ă&#x201C;Ä&#x2020;Â&#x2014;dÂ&#x2014;Â&#x161;eUĂ? âÂ&#x17D;eÂ&#x153;Y Ă&#x2018; . phgÂ&#x161;feUĂ?
Nsg#f - #y zWz^ gcO r ĹŽ O f -r.& Msg#f wo c7c7 gb i gcO i \ 6 Ć&#x160; zb b z6.kpb c7c7 gb Msg#f - #y `k_gy do iÄ&#x2019; r ĹŽ z 7'b c7c7 gb 0o d f - #y sO?b lf qj L&Ä? Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x2021;Ĺ&#x2026;Ĺ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x2021;Ĺ&#x2021;Ĺ&#x201E; Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; + Ĺ&#x2021;Ĺ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x201E; + Ĺ Ĺ&#x2021;Ĺ&#x201E; + Ĺ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x201E; 1s? m- #yÄ&#x2013; isj Z Sz> wb " & ] ko `b0b ĹŽ y.zc[ b [y2Gb Msg#gb Ć&#x2039;iÄ&#x2019; qzcN U2O j Us6 f 0or ĹŽ Oy26r cp6
Â?UĂ&#x17D; ĂŽ}Ă˝Ă?{UĂ? ĂŽ}Z_UĂ? }Â&#x2014;cUĂ? Â&#x160;xÂ&#x17D;Â?> Ă&#x2018;
Â?Â&#x2DC;Â&#x2014;i Ă&#x2DC;{L
(+) Pg#b 1 : pkz PBr z6.kpb O gb -r.& Msg#f wo z6.kpb c7c7 gb Ć&#x2039;Âś" 4f2b pkf .& Ă&#x160; Msg#gb 4f2yr
phH{fw pdÂ&#x2014;dÂ&#x2014;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018;
phgÂ&#x161;fY }hQ phH{fw pdÂ&#x2014;dÂ&#x2014;Â&#x161;Y Ă&#x2018; Infinite Geometric Series
印SóÌg ĂĄâ&#x2C6;?°Úâ&#x2C6;?°Úà e øe â&#x2030;&#x2C6;dhCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G GĂłM Âż ´Ć&#x2019;ÂŞĂŠe Sum of first n terms of an geometric sequence
k G Ă&#x2030;gĂłM ĂĄÂŤeĆ&#x2019;â&#x2C6;?ŠªH 印SóÌg ĂĄâ&#x2C6;?°Úâ&#x2C6;?°Úà e øe GĂłM Âż ´Ć&#x2019;ÂŞĂŠe OĂ&#x2030;ĂŠjEG : â&#x20AC;&#x2122;hC Â&#x20AC;6c 6&Âą*K Â&#x2DC;K&Âą* S p6 6 ĹŽ C arÄ&#x201D; o.& z6.ko c7c7 f Ĺ&#x20AC; â&#x20AC;&#x201C; iSC + Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; + Ĺ SC + SC + C j ^ /
(Ĺ&#x20AC;) Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; (Ĺ ) Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; Ă´Ĺ&#x192;Ä&#x160;Ä&#x2C6;øÄ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà þĂĹ?Ä&#x2030;Ĺ&#x2014;Ă Scientific calculator phedL pÂ&#x2DC;HnA pUĂ&#x2039; Graphical programs
Ă&#x2018;
phYÂ&#x17D;HĂ&#x161; sYĂ?}= Ă&#x2018;
Ć&#x160; wcy g^ c7c7 gb m0pb iÂś" Msg#gb - #y l_gy qj V Ĺ&#x20AC; â&#x20AC;&#x201C; iSC + Ĺ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; iSC + Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; +Ĺ SC + SC + C = Âś" i : nÂ&#x2021;b =b 1 b"M "qI iSC +Ĺ&#x20AC; â&#x20AC;&#x201C; iSC +Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; +Ĺ&#x201A;SC +Ĺ SC + SC = Âś"S i : n <+ 1 ' )& Â&#x201C;"MI Ć&#x160; i t iSC â&#x20AC;&#x201C; C = iÂś"S - iÂś" (iS â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Ĺ&#x20AC;)C = (S -Ĺ&#x20AC;) iÂś" Äż ! S -Ĺ&#x20AC; i E2; (S -Ĺ&#x20AC;) wcN 1 b"M &( I Ĺ&#x20AC;!SĹŽ
(iS - Ĺ&#x20AC;)C = iÂś" S-Ĺ&#x20AC; ĹťÇ&#x2C6;ÄŁĹ Ć&#x201E;Ĺ?Ç&#x201D;Ć˝Ĺ?
? Ĺ&#x20AC; = S f.kN Msg#gb gzZ f
Geometric series Â&#x20AC;[g.
â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x201E;â&#x20AC;Ź
e Ob o.& $ k 6 r ĹŽ z6.kpb O gb b Gb U2O i \ 6 z6.ko O gb {6.kpb H6sb 51- g^ ĹŽ Wc +f 1s? 51.b 0o {Vr ĹŽx-.Ob H6sb lz r qkz ZÄ&#x2018;Ob $ k 6 r O f -r.& lf q kf 2zR -.N Msg#f b Gb ."sy Us6 Ć&#x2039; z6.ko 952f &6/k oyc o T^y lf rk wÂ&#x20AC;Z K?pČ&#x2013; 4Â&#x20AC;[q x 952f 4u vp }Z :o }gR 5Ç&#x203A; 1 ^ f Kf I: 3 7Âľ :"1"18ÂĽ Â&#x201E; ) § l&+8% 405 _ : ( "+) : 3 7 :"1"18( .( s _ Â&#x201E; ) ? %
Ĺ&#x2021; = i ĹŽ Ĺ = S ĹŽ Ĺ&#x201A; = C Ć&#x160; pzV w b z6.kpb c7c7 gb Msg#f ."r 1
33
5-1
The sum of geometric series : 印SóÌ¥dG ĂĄâ&#x2C6;?°Úâ&#x2C6;?°Úà ªdG ´Ć&#x2019;ÂŞĂŠe
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;ĂŽÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x2014;à þÎÄ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x20AC;ĤÄ&#x153;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà Geometric Series
印SóÌ¥dG äĂ&#x201C;°Úâ&#x2C6;?°Úà ªdG
}p #f Çž 52f hC[f Ë? f Kf b
IS { 35 0 405 _ : ( "+) : 3 7 :"1"18( .( s _ Â&#x201E; )Â ? %
â&#x20AC;ŤŘĽďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعسâ&#x20AC;Ź i \ 6 { b c7c7 gb r O gb lz Y2Wb ` Ä&#x2018;Gb .^ Â&#x2DC; ZÄ&#x2018;Ob pzV a. 7y O f {o c7c7 gb i hcNr p61lf .& Ă&#x160; K Msg#gb 4f2yr -r.'b lz (+) 4f2b wb (ĹŽ) Ć&#x2039;KÂś" 4f2b o-r.&
yEeI {ÂŚÂ&#x2022;Â?- yÂ&#x17E;+ §D Ć&#x160;i V 7c7 gcb f Ob 1s?b wb Ms"2b C K = KÂś" ĹŽ Ĺ&#x20AC; = S f.kN (5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf mÂ&#x20AC;Â&#x20AC;_ f
hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` Ä&#x2018;F Pf <Z j Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x2039; 'z'?b "Ä&#x2013; wb
I4 ÂłY5 0 C IÂ&#x201E; )NÂĽ 0 { 35 0 405 _ " 8( : 3 7Âľ :+ 88ÂĽ B% I: A87( Âłr :"1"18ÂĽ Â&#x201E; )Â ? % Â&#x20AC;: : 16[k I: A87( Âłz : 3 7 :"1"18( â&#x2C6;&#x2019; : 3 7 :"1"18( k2/ ;lf Â&#x20AC;lÂ&#x20AC;gS f h :yf
- wb 6 & - zj z 6 & b - jscf eÄ&#x2018;Z - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć&#x2039; zfs61 $f 2 *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
_ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 7 !+ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; :^ 7ÂĽ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ÂŽ LÂĽ ~&+ 'Âż /ÂĽ I 0 +8 "+8 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; #WB^ÂĽ < 52 f o ck
Ć&#x2039;w6 1.b d?Wb mgS f 51 Ck Â&#x17E;¡ :/;J ÂŞ ÂŻÂ&#x2DC; :/;J .( 3> ÂĽ V 8B
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
114
-
á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
(}R 2 6 c[ )
ľĄĿí (iS - ŀ)C = i¶" Ɗ z6.kpb O gb Msg#f S-ŀ Ň = i Ů Ł = S Ů ł = C Ɗ lN DysO b Ň ņŅń = Łńń × ł = Ҷ" Hz7 b r ( Ł - ŀ)ł = Ҷ" Ł-ŀ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
ŅŀŃŃ = ŀŀŁ * ł = ŀŀSC = ŀŁ% = aƅŮƅŃŇ = ń% = C 3 - ŃŇ = ŀŁŁŃĿ = Ł * ŅŀŃŃ Ł-ŀ
Sa-C = Ҷ" S-ŀ
Ņ Ń (ŀ - KS) C ŀŃńŅ = (ŀŀ- -ł) ł = ŀ - S = K¶" أ
ŀŁņŇņń = ŅŃ
(ŀ - ŀĿ( ŀ
Ł )) ŀĿĿĿ ŀ - ŀĿ( ŀŁ )
ŀĿ = i Ů ŀŁ = S Ů ŀĿĿĿ = C ب
Ɗ gpzV lz cb lz z6.kpb lz c7c7 gb Msg#f ."r 1 Ņ=iŮł=SŮŃ=C أ
y¤1&±*K K&±* cJw0 g¤H¢ + g¤ 6w J g { {hH H *w0 ¢ nH 2cnM(* cN¤Ic.
&
(ŀ) ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
1
(Ł) ƋƋƋƋƋƋ
iS C = Sa is_ V
iS
C-C S-ŀ
= i¶" Ɗ i hcOj
S wV lzV2Gb 2C r ŀ – iS C = a Ɗ i r
ŀ ! S Ů Sa - C = i¶"
Ɗ i V (ŀ) wV (Ł) lf DysO b r
S-ŀ
ﻣﺜﺎل
= ŀĿ¶" ب
ŅńŅŀ + ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + ň + ł + ŀ Ɗ z6.kpb c7c7 gb Msg#f ."r 2 ľĄĿí Sa - C S - ŀ = i¶" Ɗ z6.kpb O gb Msg#f Sz>
ŅńŅŀ = a Ů ł = S Ů ŀ = C Ɗ lN DysO b
ŃĿŅŇ =
ŀ Ł * ŁŇ - ŁĿŃŇ ŀ Ł -ŀ
ł * ŅńŅŀ - ŀ = ¶" ňŇŃŀ = ŀňŅŇŁ ł-ŀ Ł = ¶" Hz7 b r ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
ŁŇ = a Ů ŀŁ = S Ů ŁĿŃŇ = C Ɗ pzV { b z6.kpb c7c7 gb Msg#f ."r 2
= K¶" 2
ƮŐǨŭņǤĝ Ƈǩƃ ǦĝŻŲņƒĝ
ﻣﺜﺎل ŀ- S (Ł)ł
Ł=S
ŀŅ ŀ - S(Ł) ( ŀ ) Ň ņ=S أ ŀ Ů Ň = Ņ Ł = Ň = ņ% = C
3
6. h*
= ŀŅ% = a Ů Ň = C
Ɗ ."r 3 ľĄĿí
(iS - ŀ)C = i¶" : $ 79 ( ('& J &X S-ŀ
: 15 k+ )' I
Ň = i Ů Ł = S Ů ŃŇ = C Ň ŀŁŁŃĿ = Łńń × ŃŇ = Ҷ" Hz7 b r ( ŁŁ--ŀ)ŀ ŃŇ = Ҷ"ƄƄ zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
Ƅǔƾ
Ƌ` " 27V ? S Ů a Ů C zfscOg \ 7b a gb wV Msg#gb - #y `k_gy do ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ lz z Ē lz c7c7 gb lf d^ Msg#f ."r 3 ŀ - S( ŀ )ŀŅ
Ł
łŅŃ = K¶" Ů ŀ = a Ů ŁŃł = C 4 Ka - C S - ŁŃł = łŅŃ ` = ¶" S-ŀ S-ŀ S - ŁŃł = S łŅŃ - łŅŃ ŀ =S SłŅł = ŀŁŀƅ ł (ƋƋƋ Ů ň Ů Łņ Ů Ňŀ Ů ŁŃł) O f P y y2 _ b N 13 XN C Ɗ z&Ĕ H 2b 5 (ƋƋƋ Ů łŁĿĿ Ů ŀŅĿĿ Ů ŇĿĿ) z6.ko ŀĿ = K Ů Ł = S Ů ŇĿĿ = C ` (KS - ŀ) C = ¶" K S-ŀ ŀĿ - ŇĿĿ = ¶" y2z _ ŇŀŇŃĿĿ = ( Ł -Łŀ) ŀĿ -ŀ
ŀŀ
ب
ŀ - S(Ł) ŀ
ŀŅ
Ň ņ=S
ł=S
أ
ﻣﺜﺎل Forming the geometric sequence :ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ƋłŅŃ o-r.& Msg#fƄƄŮƄƄ ŀ = 2z*Ĕ o.&r ŁŃł = arĔ o.& w b z6.kpb O gb ."r 4 Sa - C S-ŀ
ľĄĿí
= i¶" ƅƅŮƅƅ łŅŃ = i¶" ƄƄƅƅ ŮƄŀ = aƄŮƄŁŃł = CƄa S - ŁŃł S – ŁŃł = (S – ŀ) łŅŃ ` ƄƄ = łŅŃƄ` S-ŀ ŁŃł – łŅŃ = S – S łŅŃ ` S – ŁŃł = S łŅŃ – łŅŃƄ` ŀ =S ` łŅł wcN lzV2Gb g7[ r ŀŁŀ = S łŅłƄ` ł ( ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů Łņ Ů Ňŀ Ů ŁŃł ) =0 $ 79 )I ''& ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ƌ łŅŃ o-r.& Msg#f Ůŀ 2z*Ĕ o.&r ŁŃł arĔ o.& w b z6.kpb O gb ."r 4 ǶƒŻŏǭǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ
ﻣﺜﺎل
XOB tr 7y w"1 +b qOcB asF ŮMđBĔ tr 7 f c f d [gb d_;b lz y 5 0o 2g 6 / V Ů c gb 0o MđB q6r 1 X?k t0b wc* .b c gb PcB asF ƋHgkb 0o wV wbrĔ c f ŀĿ ¶b Gz'f Msg#f ."r V Ůd* .b s'j Hgkb ľĄĿí
;$ ~
¿CG ôcòJ 2 ('& h T& F 3 M) W \ I × = JBWH
Łłň Ńň ŅŃ =
35
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
34
á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG
-Ň ŇŀŇŃ = Ł * ŁŃĿňŅ - ŀ = K¶&
115
ń=S
z6.ko O f d gy spV z6Ĕ 1s?b wcN Msg#gb 4f1 d* - 1 .[gb i z& Ň = ŀ + ń – ŀŁ = i Ů Ł = S Ů ŃŇ = ŀ – ń(Ł)ł = C = ńI
ŀĿ = ŀ + ņ - ŀŅ = -r.'b -.N ŀĿ ŇŀŇŃ = ( ŁŁ -- ŀŀ) Ň = ŀĿ% ŀ ŃĿňŅ = ŀńŁ * Ň
ŀŁ
ŀŁĿ = ŃĿ × ł =ƄƄƄƄƄ 2 ^Ĕ c gb Hz'f ŅĿ = ŁĿ × ł =ƄƄƄƄƄ wb b 2S>Ĕ c gb Hz'f łĿ = ŀĿ × ł =ƄƄ2S>Ĕ c gcb wb b c gb Hz'f -r.& ŀĿ wb ƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů łĿ Ů ŅĿ Ů ŀŁĿ Ɗ so Hgkb i t z6.ko c7c7 f Msg#f worƄƋƋƋ + łĿ + ŅĿ + ŀŁĿ = Gz'gb Msg#f
(ŀĿ( ŀŁ ) - ŀ) ŀŁĿ = ŀĿ¶" ŀ -ŀ Ł
(iS - ŀ)C =Ƅ i¶" Ɗ z6.kpb c7c7 gb Msg#f S-ŀ ŀĿ = i Ů ŀŁ = S Ů ŀŁĿ = C Ɗ lN DysO b
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 r Hz7 b r
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
-.N is_y h_V Ů ( z Gb s' b kzN t.& wV) esy d^ y2 _ b N 13 WN C / ĖģŐũĭģś ƤśƄǤĝ 5 Ƌ ŇĿĿ arĔ eszb wV o-.N i ^ / e y 2;N .O y2 _ b Infinite geometric series
á«¡àæªdG ô«Z á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàªdG
ﻧﺎﻗﺶ
ō ﻓﻜﺮ
ŁĿ V 7f qkN .O y H & m # wV Yr.k> d[j - y3 - 1 pzb d[ky w b V 7gb Tc z' d& 2f .N wcN 2 f dpV c&2f d^ .O z[ gb V 7gb X?j tr 7 Yr.k?b ?H 'b wb d?y i - y3 PzG 7y
2 f ¹ ŁĿ
IJœĎĬ÷
đ7c7 gb ` 6 1- ađ* lf `b/ wcN "Ė `k_gy Ƌ( z pjđb ) zp kgb 2zR z6.kpb pj V zÊ [z[& -¹ .N pNsg#f i ^ / r Ů -r.'b lf w pjĐ -.N pb w b wo zp kgb 2zR z6.kpb c7c7 gb
Ƌ 1 [ f 2zR is_ pj V Msg#f c7c7 gcb l_y hb i f Ůw[z[& -.N lf 2 [y pNsg#f iĔ ů 1 [ f is_
Ɗ c7c7 gb wGO - y3 pOG[y w b V 7gb Msg#f E ? "<b 7I =b pNsg#f i V o-r.& -.N - 3 gc^r ƋƋƋƋ + ŀŬŁń+ ŁŬń + ń + ŀĿ l_gy wb b r Ů pb {cOWb Msg#gb sor Ů 2 f ¹ ŁĿ lf 2 [y O gb -r.& -.N - -4y f.kN H 'b wb d?y - y3 i 1 N ¶& Msg#gcb wj z b dz g b lz y (Bsgb d_;b r Ů y pjĐ f wb w[z[& -.N lf Msg#gb 2 [y z 1 [ b c7c7 gb i V `b0b i lf Msg#gb 2 [y hb / z 1 [ 2zR is_ r ŀ >|S| z& ŀG|S| z& w[z[& -.N
~
3 J &X
{ ~ { ~
~
Ɗ{ Ē ^ c7c7 gb -r.& K ŀ > |S| j2 * i V Ů ( SS--ŀŀ ) C = K¶"
Ŀ !KS i V ' ! ŀ > |S| z&
C
S-ŀ
K f.kOV ŀ > S > ŀ - i x
= K¶" ƊMsg#gb ( ?y `b0 r
- #y l_gy Đ qj V ŀ < |S| i ^ / i đGb wb lz 2zR -.N - #y l_gy Đ x y pj Đ f wb O gb Msg#f is_y b 'b m0o {Vr z6.kpb O gb -r.& lf q kf Ƌ-r.'f 2zR Msg#gb
yEeI {¦ - y + §D
3 RL
اﻟﻤﺘﺴﻠﺴﻼت اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﺑﻴﺔ وﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﺑﻴﺔ
ﻣﺜﺎل
Ƌ` " 27V ? o-r.& lf { pj Đ -.N Pg" l_gy z Ē z6.kpb đ7c7 gb lf t 6 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + ńŃ + łŅ + ŁŃ ب ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + Łņ + Ńń + ņń أ ľĄĿí
أ o-r.& lf { pj Đ -.N Pg" l_gy c7c7 gb V łń = Ńń ņń = S z6.kpb c7c7 gb 5 6 ."sj ŀ > łń > ŀ - Ɗ iĔ zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
wb h7[k z6.kpb đ7c7 gb i ` đF wb 2: (-r.'b lf -.'f -.N pb) zp kf z6.ko đ7c7 f lf .& Ê K Msg#f - #y hpb \ 6 .Zr Ů zp kf 2zR t2* r
36
iĔ ŀ < S f.kN z pj Đ z6.ko c7c7 f Pg" l_gy Đ Ƌ b 'b m0o {V ¹V2Of -¹ r.'f Đ Msg#gb ( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
d>s r łņ ¶> d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf
á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG
ب o-r.& lf { pj Đ -.N Pg" l_gy Đ c7c7 gb V łŁ = łŅ ŁŃ = S z6.kpb c7c7 gb 5 6 ."sj ŀ < łŁ Ɗ iĔ
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
` " 27V ? o-r.& lf { pj Đ -.N Pg" l_gy z Ē z6.kpb đ7c7 gb lf t 6 Ňŀ ب ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + ňŁ + Łņ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + Ņł + Łŀ + ņ أ Ń + Ň The sum of the infinite geometric series á«¡àæªdG ô«Z á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàªdG ´ƒªée (iS - ŀ)C = i¶" ZđOb wGOy z6.ko c7c7 f -r.& lf .& i Msg#f i kgcN S-ŀ ŀ > S > ŀ - is_ f.kN 2W?b lf 2 [y iS i V o-r.& lf q kf 2zR -.N Pg" .kNr C
S - ŀ = ɸ ¶" Ɗ Msg#gb ( ?yr ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ
Ƌ ` " 27V ? ŀ G |S| f.kN z pjĐ z6.ko c7c7 f Msg#f - #y `k_gy do
: &
Msg#f - #y l_gy Đ {b b r ŀ < |S| Ů ł = S أ Ƌ c7c7 gcb ŀ > |S| Ů ł = Ň _ Ń = ب m0o lf -r.'f 2zR -.N Msg#f - #y l_gy {b b r Ƌ c7c7 gb Ł
Ňŀ
ﻣﺜﺎل
ŁŃ Ņ ł
Ł Ń Ň ľĄĿí Ł = Ň × Łņ = Ňŀ _ Łņ = S Ɗ z6.kpb O gb 5 6 ."sj أ ł Ňŀ Ń Ň Ń Msg#f c7c7 gcb ."sy ` ŀ > Łł > ŀ - a Ł = S Ů Ňŀ =ƄƄ C a C = ¶" Msg#gb Sz> wV DysO b r ɸ ł Ň S-ŀ Ňŀ Ňŀ ŁŃł = Ň = Ň = ¶" ` Ł -ŀ ŀ ɸ Ň ł ł ń = ł × ń = Ł _ ń = S Ɗ z6.kpb O gb 5 6 ."sj ب Ń Ł Ņ ł Ņ Msg#f pb 8zbr y.N c7c7 gb ` ŀ < ńŃ a ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
lf { pj Đ -.N Pg" l_gy z Ē z6.kpb đ7c7 gb lf x Ƌ` " 27V ? o-r.&
Ɗ ."r i lz z Ē lz z6.kpb lz c7c7 gb lf d^ Msg#f ."r 7 Łŀ ņ ب ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + Ņł ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ňŅ – ŃŇ + ŁŃ – ŀŁ أ ŁĿ + ŀĿ + ń
ƋƋƋƋƋ + ł + Ņ + ŀŁ + ŁŃ أ ƋƋƋƋƋƋ - ł - ň - Łņ - Ňŀ- ب ŀ ŀ ŀ ŀ ƋƋƋƋ + Ń + Ň + ŀŅ + łŁ ﺟ ŀ - KŁ * ł ' ŀ=S K -ŀ
37
Łņ
i¦)*{.(* M4e -
ȈǭƽƗ ƄŐʗƯŝ
Ƌ` " 27V ? (<Z jr 2_V) .k wV z6.kpb c7c7 gb Msg#f - #y `k_gy do
Ɗ ."r i lz z Ē lz z6.kpb lz c7c7 gb lf d^ Msg#f ."r 7 ƋƋƋƋƋƋ + Łń + ń + Ł ب ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + ň + Łņ + Ňŀ أ
6
ń*Ł
'
ŀ=S
د ﻫ
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
116
-
á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
¦ pjG* |H4 *yvj 6*
ﻣﺜﺎل
اﺳﺘﺨﺪام رﻣﺰ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ
Use the summation notation
ŀ-S Ņ
( ņ )ŃŁ
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
( ņ ) ńŅ
'
ŀ=S
ņ
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă Ń
Ɗ ."r 8
ﻣﺜﺎل qzk#b 1.[f zb f e sN 7g* y pj wV a gOb .&Ĕ t2p;b d*.b wb b ar.#b d gy ǢųŻǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 9 ¹ Ƌ z6.ko O gb PC+y d*.b 0o i gcN Ůt2?gb 8f +b
P 2b
ƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋ
b b ŅŃŇ
wj b
arĔ
êm^TÐ
ŃłŁ
ŁŇŇ
ge Tm< î|fYTÐ AzTÐ
أ ب ﺟ
Ƌ z6.kpb O gb 5 6 ."r Ƌ 8f +b r P 2b lzf Ob lf d^ ađ* df Ob 0pb t2p;b d*.b ."r Ƌ .gb m0o ađ* df Ob 0o q[' 7y f cg" t2?gb qzk#b ."r Ƌ .gb `c ađ* df Ob 0o d*.b t2p;b H6s gb ."r
د ľĄĿí
{j b .'b
ł = ŃłŁ = z6.ko O gb a أ Ł ŁŇŇ arĔ .'b = (S) 5 6Ĕ ` ł Ů pzk" ňŅŁ = Ł × ŅŃŇ = S * łI = P 2b e Ob ađ* t2p;b d*.b ب qzk" ŀŃńŇ = łŁ × ňŅŁ = S * ŃI = 8f +b e Ob ađ* t2p;b d*.b
:2^ qf 6 c[ f
ŀŃńŇ + ňņŁ + ŅŃŇ + ŃłŁ + ŁŇŇ ) ŀŁ ( ŀŁ * ń ŀŁ * ń ŀŁ * ń ŀŁ * ń ŀŁ * ń
(-r.& ń wb ƋƋƋƋƋƋ + ŅŃŇ + ŃłŁ + ŁŇŇ ) ŀŁ = df Ob q[' 7y f cg" ﺟ [ń( łŁ ) - ŀ] ŀŁ * ŁŇŇ = ¶" ` ł -ŀ i Ł
(ŀŃńŇ + ňņŁ + ŅŃŇ + ŃłŁ + ŁŇŇ) ŀŁŀŁ* ń
(iS - ŀ)C = ¶" a i S-ŀ
qzk" ŃńńņŅ =
ŀ
ņńňŬŅ = ŃńńņŅ * ń = c7c7 gb Msg#f ń =
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
: 6" kygSk
(ŁS + S - ŀ) (ŁS + S + ŀ) = ŃS + ŁS + ŀ (ŀ + łS) (ŀ - łS) = ŀ - ŅS (ŀ + S - ŁS) (ŀ + S + ŁS) (ŀ + S) (ŀ - S) = (ŀ + ŁS + ŃS) (ŀ - ŁS) = z6.kpb O gb {V y pkb lf K%
ŀ > | S | is_ f.kN s?b r G* 6 < z6.ko O f lf q kf 2zR -.N Msg#f s?b r G* 7 Ƌ z6.ko O f -r.& lf wbrĔ .& Ê K Msg#f
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
)
3
'
2
)
r
5
2
8
8
=
'
(
3
ŃńńņŅ ŀŁ * ń
'
-
1
=
*
1
2
-
1
)
=
2
*
d*.b cg" = 1sp;b -.N = df Ob d*.b t2p;b H6s gb د ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ
ń wcN (-r.& ń wb ƋƋƋ + ŅŃŇ + ŃłŁ + ŁŇŇ) g7[ `b/r Ůdf Ob d*.b t2p;b H6s gb - #y `k_gy do Ƌ ` " 27V ? sk6 ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
2 f ¹ Łń wbrĔ [zZ.b wV 2_b OGZ / V Ůw[V ts 7f wcN .y.'b lf 2zS> 2^ "2&- h ĖģʞʶŐƽǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ zc_b V 7gb ."r Ƌ [ 7b [zZ.b wV p OGZ w b V 7gb lf zb [zZ- d^ wV H[V ū ŅĿ PG[ . h Ƌ X[ w & 2_b p OGZ w b
٥ - ١ ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ
IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ɗ tr 7y Ł = S Ů ŀ = C pzV w b z6.kpb O gb lf wbrĔ -r.& 7g+b Msg#f 1 Łň د łĿ ﺟ łŀ ب łŁ أ ŁĿ د
» 2zR -.N Msg#f 2 Ɗ so (ƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀ Ů Ł Ů Ń) O gb -r.& lf q kf ŀŅ ﺟ ŀŁ ب Ň أ
» 2zR -.N Msg#f i ^ / 3 Ɗ tr 7y arĔ o.& i V Ń so ŀŃ p6 6 z6.ko O f -r.& lf q kf Ń د ł ﺟ Ł ب ŀ أ
3 ƅƅC 2 ƅƅ 1
K/f Y ? b
á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG
qzk" ņńňŬŅ =
:(ɼ - ɸ) r 5 l &
ƅƅ ¶" 4
38
Ɗ wb b s'kb wcN 6 'b bĒ (z Wf z 2 e.+ 7yr
i-ŀS a =
117
ŀ=S
äÉ©HÉààªdG ≈∏Y äÉ≤«Ñ£J z& lf i 7jĖ \cO w b z z'b đ_;gb DO 6 1- wV O gb e .+ 6 l_gy Ƌ `b/ (Bs zb b c fĔ r Ů 2#or Ů Vrr Ů2 _ lf qb .' w b 2zS b r
d*.b 1- ?f
(ƋƋƋ Ůň Ůŀń ŮŁń) zp kf 2zR z6.ko O f P 2_b "2&ł ŀń ń = Łń = S Ů ń = C ` C Łń = 2 f ŅŁŬń = ł = X[ w & NsG[gb V 7gb = '¶" ( ń ) -ŀ S - ŀ
C 5
-ŀ
ŀ - S( ł )ńŅ '
Ņ
¶"
= ɸ¶" Ɗ z6.kpb O gb Msg#f
9
:h+ o ex * &
."r 8
ŁňŃ = ŅŃŁ = ɸ¶" Ɗ Ņņ = S Ů ŃŁ = C Ɗ lN DysO b
ŀ > | S| ` ņ =Sa ńŅ = C ' wb c7c7 gb Pg" l_gy ńŅ łňŁ = Ņ = S C- ŀ = '¶" ` ( ņ ) -ŀ
ŀ
ŀ=S
ľĄĿí C
S-ŀ
h+ o ex * & ŀ-S Ņ
'
» 2zR -.N Msg#f i ^ / 4 Ɗ tr 7y p6 6 i V ňŅ so ŀŁ arĔ o.& w b z6.kpb O gb -r.& lf q kf ł د ņ ﺟ ŀ ب ŀ أ Ń Ň Ł ł Ɗ tr 7y O gb m0o 5 6 i V y pjĐ f wb zb b -r.'b Msg#f tr 7y arĔ o.& z6.ko O f 5 ĿŬŅŅŅ د ĿŬŁń ﺟ ĿŬłłł ب ĿŬń أ
:CÉ£îdG ∞°ûàcG ŀ - H |S| is_ f.kN z pjĐ z6.ko c7c7 f Msg#f - #y l_gy 6 Ƌ o-r.& lf q kf 2zR -.N Msg#f lf 2 ^ ŀ > |S| pzV z6.ko O f -r.& lf wbrĔ .& i Msg#f 7 Ƌ arĔ o.& XOB lf 2 ^ (ƋƋƋƋƋ Ů Ń Ů Ň Ů ŀŅ) O gb -r.& lf q kf 2zR -.N Msg#f 8
39
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
:á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG Ɗ z Ē z6.kpb O gb lf d^ Msg#f ."r 9 ( -r.& Ņ wb ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŁŃ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ ) أ ( -r.& Ņ wb ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ń Ů Łń Ů ŀŁń) ب ( ņŅŇ Ů ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ - Ů ł ) ﺟ Ɗ l_f i Msg#gb ."r h ' wb pOg" l_gy z Ē z6.kpb O gb lf t 10 (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ - Ů ł ) ب ( ƋƋƋ Ů Ņ Ů ŀŁ Ů ŁŃ) أ ŀŮ ŀ) ﺟ (ƋƋƋ ŀŇ Ů ŀŅ łŁ
(i – ŀ ń × Ł) د
O gb -r.& lf q kf 2zR -.N Msg#f s?b r G* 8 ƋarĔ o.& XOB tr 7y (ƋƋƋ Ů Ń Ů Ň Ů ŀŅ) Ņ=K ŮŁ=S ŮŅ= C أ9 (KS - ŀ)C = ¶" Ņ S-ŀ Ņ łņŇ = ( ŁŁ -- ŀ)Ņ ŀ = K¶" łňĿŅ ` đF Pf ar & ب Łń ņŅŇ = a Ů Ł- = S Ů ł = C ﺟ C-Sa ŀ - S = K¶"
Ɗ z Ē z6.kpb O gb lf d^ -r.& lf q kf 2zR -.N Msg#f ."r 11 ( ƋƋƋƋƋ ň Ů Łņ Ů Ňŀ ) ب (ƋƋƋƋƋ Ů Ň Ů ŀŅ Ů łŁ) أ Ń
Ň
ŀŅ
( ƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀ Ů Ł Ů Ł) ﺟ
Łņ Łņ د ( ƋƋƋƋƋ Łņ ŅŃ Ů ŀŅ Ů Ń ) ŀ- i( Ł )= ( I) ﻫ ł i
( i - ł ł ) = ( i I) د
łŅŃ o-r.& Msg#f Ů ŀ = 2z*Ĕ o.& Ů ŁŃł = arĔ o.& w b z6.kpb O gb ."r 12 ł p6 6 r ņŁň 2z*Ĕ o.&r ŀĿňł pNsg#f w b z6.kpb O gb ."r 13 Ƌ2: Ob o.& wb P 2b o.& lf . (ŀ – ił) = (iI) z6.kpb O gb -r.& Msg#f ."r 14 arĔ .'b lf . o0* e4cy w b -r.'b lf -.N dZ ."r (ƋƋƋƋ Ů ň Ů ł Ů ŀ ) z6.kpb O gb wV 15 ŀĿĿĿ lf 2 ^ -r.'b m0o Msg#f is_zb ƋŀŁ tr 7y wj b ¶o.&Ů ŃŇ tr 7y o-r.& lf q kf 2zR -.N Msg#f w b z6.kpb O gb ."r 16 m0o Msg#f is_zb arĔ o.& lf . (ƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ Ů ł) z6.kpb O gb lf o0* e4cy .& h^ 17 ƋłŇŀ = -r.'b
* ņŅŇ ńŀł = ł - Łŀ- Ł- = K¶"
ŃŇ = ŀŁŃ = ɸ¶" Ł -ŀ
is_zb arĔ .'b lf . -r.'b -.N ."r r z6.ko O f wo (Ł – i Ł × ŀĿ) = (i I) O gb i 18 Ƌ Łńńń pNsg#f
( ń ) * Ł = K - ŀń * Ł = K% د ń ŁŃ = ¶" ' Ł= ŀ ń -ŀ
o.& lN .y4y 5- 7b o.& Ů Ńń = pkf wbrĔ O 1Ĕ -r.'b Msg#fr "sf o-r.& z6.ko O f 20 Ƌ O gb m0o ."r Ƌ ňĿ 1 .[g wj b
Łňńŀŀ = ŀ- Kł
ŀĿ Ń
= K¶"
i% :6. h*
ł = S Ů ŀ = C 15 KS - ŀ)C ( ŀĿĿĿ < S - ŀ ƅŀĿĿĿ < K¶" K Ł- wV 2Cb ŀĿĿĿ < ( łł -- ŀŀ)ŀ ` ŁĿĿŀ - > Kł -
ŁĿĿĿ- > Kł -ŀ ŁĿĿŀ sb < Kł sb ŁĿĿŀ < Kł ŁĿĿŀ sb < K ŁĿĿŀ sb < ł sb K ł sb ņ so -r.'b lf -.N dZ Ůŀŀ Ů ŀĿ Ů ň Ů Ň Ů ņ) = K ŀŁ = S C = Ł% Ů SŃŇ - ŃŇ = C `ƅŃŇ = ŀŁ * ŃŇ - CŃŇ = ŁC ŁŃ = C ŀ Ł =5 (KS - ŀ)C = łŇŀ = ¶" K S-ŀ
` đF Pf ar &Ƅ ﺟƄ ب
40
ŀ- Kł =
C
S-ŀ
= '¶" 16
ŀŁ * ŃŇ - ŃŇ = C C Ŀ = ńņŅ + CŃŇ - ŁC
Sa-C S-ŀ
د
` đF Pf ar &
ﻫ
11
ŀ = a Ů ŁŃł = C 12
= łŅŃ = K¶"
S - ŁŃł = SłŅŃ - łŅŃ
أ
ł - K( ŀ ) =
ł K% ŀ- K S * C = ŀ- K( ŀ ) * ň = ŀ - K( ŀ ) * Ł-( ŀ ) = % ł ł ł K ň= C`
` S *Sŀ--ŀŁŃł = łŅŃ = K¶" `
ŀ ł =S
ŀŁŀ = SłŅł (ƋƋƋ Ů Łņ Ů Ňŀ Ů ŁŃł) z6.kpb O gb ł = S Ů ņŁň = a 13 ł * ņŁň - C = ł-ŀ ŀ= C`
ŀŁ = S ŁŃ ( ƋƋƋ Ů Ņ Ů ŀŁ Ů ŁŃ) Ł = S Ů ł = C 17
K (KŁ - ŀ) ł = łŇŀ - ( ŁŁ -- ŀŀ)ł = łŇŀ ņŁ =KŁƅƅƅKŁ = ŀŁŇƅƅƅKŁ - ŀ = ŀŁņ
10
ŀ-K ŀ
wk Đ Msg#fr O gb m0o ."r Ƌ ň = ŀ I - ł I Ů Ņ = ŁI pzV "sf o-r.& z6.ko O f (iI) 19 Ƌ pkf wbrĔ ¹ .& 2;N
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
أ pOg" l_gyĐ ب ' wb pOg" l_gy Đ ﺟ ' wb pOg" l_gy
Sa- C S-ŀ
= ŀĿňł = K¶"
ł * ņŁň - C = ŀĿňł * Ł-
(ƋƋƋ Ů Łņ Ů ň Ů ł Ů ŀ) {o O gb ` ŀ - ŀĿ ł = !ƅŮƅŁņ = ŀ - Ń ł = % 14 ŀĿ Ń Sa-C S-ŀ
= K¶"
ŀňŅŇł = ňł = ƅ
- Łņ = ¶" Łňńŀŀ = ł * ŀňŅŇł K ł-ŀ
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
118
-
á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG ňĿ = S C - ńS C
Ł wcN ŀ g7[ ɹ S-ŀ
Ł
=
ŀS
`
? pNsg#f gV Ƌ ŀŅ ł = pkf P 2b .'b Ů ŀŇ = zp kf 2zR o-r.& -.N z6.ko O f lf arĔ .'b i ^ / 21
ňĿ = (ŀ - ŃS) S C (S - ŀ)Ńń ňĿ
(ŃS - ŀ)C (ŀ - ŃS) SC
=
á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG
Łń = o-r.& lf w pjĐ -.N Msg#f , ŀŅ = wj b r arĔ py.& Msg#f w b z6.kpb O gb ."r 22 arĔ py.& Msg#f Ů y pj Đ f wb qb zb b -r.'b Msg#f = arĔ o.& Ů zp kf 2zR z6.ko O f 23 Ƌ O gb m0o ."r Ů ň = wj b r
`
o.& i ^ / Ů y pj Đ f wb qb zb b -r.'b Msg#f XOB = pzV .& t r Ů zp kf 2zR z6.ko O f 24 Ƌ O gb m0o ."r Ƌ ł = P 2b
ŁS - S = Ł- `
ysk6 rđN wcN d?'y i wcN qzk" ņŁĿĿ m1.Z tsk6 2g Pk?f wV dgOb @+: . ǢųŻǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 25 sk7b wV qzcN d?'y f Msg#fr Ů O 7b k7b wV q 2f 7& Ƌ [ 7b k7b 2f lf ū ĿŬŅ o1.Z Ƌ wbrĔ P 7b
Ŀ = Ł- S - ŁS Ł=S qBsV2f ŀ- = 5 ł = CƅƅŃń = ŀń * CƅƅňĿ = (ŀ - ŃŁ) Ł * C (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ Ů ł) {o O gb `
ŀ a.Og k6 d^ 2gb 0o .y 4 yr qzk" łŅĿĿ tsk6 2 XJsf . ǢųŻǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 26 qzcN i ^ gN ŁĿ ? .gb m0o ađ* o B [ y w b Tb gb Msg#f fr Ů k6 ŀŀ .O q 2f ( ?y h_V Ů [ 7b k7b wV
zb k6 d^ wV i ^r Ů sk6 Ņ m2gN i ^ f.kN k7b wV p¹ zk" ŀńĿ 2Vsy i hy2^ M G 6 ƃģųźĪģś ƤśƄǤĝ 27 ńĿĿĿ Tc g wb 6 & 2: - 1 r Ů sk6 ŀĿ iĒ hy2^ 2gN i ^ / V [ 7b k7b wV m2Vsy f XOB 2Vsy Ƌ ` " 27V ? 6 'b 2;b wW_y .gb m0o ađ* hy2^ m2Vr f Msg#f dpV Ůqzk" Ł
ŀŅ ł
= łS C `
ŀŅ ł
= Ń%ƅŮƅŀŇ = C 21
Ł + Ł
C
Ł¶" + Ł
Ɗ i V z6.ko O f ¶" Ů Ů C js^ / ȈưĝŻśĝ ƄŐǔƽŝ 28
V 7gb łŃ PW 2 A1Ĕ e.G? 2f d^ wVr Ů 2 f ¹ łŅ M W 1 lf E Ggb lf 2^ G[6 ǶơģʞʵǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 29 Ɗ ."r Ƌ pkf G[6 w b Ƌ 6- 7b 2gcb A1Ĕ f.G> f.kN 2_b pkf G[6 w b V 7gb أ pzV f.G> w b K'cb w & pFs[6 K'b 0kf p OGZ .Z 2_b is_ w b V 7gb Msg#f ب Ƌ 6- 7b 2gcb A1Ĕ Ƌl_7 w & ů pFs[6 K'b 0kf p OGZ .Z 2_b is_ w b V 7gb Msg#f ﺟ
Ł = S `ƅ Ň = ŀŅ = łS`ƅ ŀŅ = łS ŀŇ ` ł ł Łņ ŀŇ * ł ńŃ = ŁŀŇ = S C- ŀ = ɸ¶" -ŀ ł ŀŅ = S C + C
C =
Ł
ŀŅ = Ł% + ŀ% 22
(ɸ)
ŀŅ = (S + ŀ) C
(ɹ)
(S - ŀ) Łń = C `
Łń =
C
S-ŀ
= '¶"
41
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
(ɹ) _ (ɸ) g7[
ŀŅ = ŁSŁń - Łń
ŀŅ (S + ŀ)C C (S - ŀ)Łń =
ł ! = Sƅƅƅ ň = ŁSƅƅƅň = ŁSŁń ń Łń ł =S (S - ŀ) Łń = C ń Ł ł ŀĿ = ń * Łń = ( ń - ŀ) Łń = C ` ŃĿ = Ňń * ńŁń = ( łń + ŀ) Łń = Cƅ łń - = S ` (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŇ ń Ů Ņ Ů ŀĿ) (ƋƋƋ Ů ņŁ ń Ů ŁŃ - Ů ŃĿ) S=S-ŀ
(
SC S-ŀ
ŀ =S Ł
ň = ( ŀŁ + ŀ ) C
ň = SC + C
Ņ= C
ł=
ŀ - Ł * ŀ - KŁ * ŀĿ = Ł - K Ł * ŀĿ =
Ł = Sƅƅƅń = ( Ł - ŀ)ń = Łńńń ` Ł-ŀ
ł Ł
(S - ŀ) Ńń = (ŃS - ŀ) C ɸ
119
Ł ň = Ņ = ŀ -S S
Sł = Ł - Ł SŁ Ŀ = Ł - Sł - ŁSŁ ŀAsV2f Ů Ł = S Ŀ = (Ł - S) (ŀ + SŁ) Ņ=Ł* C` Ł=5 ŀŁŁ - ŀ)ł KS - ŀ)C ( ( ŀŁŁŇń = Ł - ŀ = S - ŀ = ŀŁ¶"
ł *C Ł
(ƋƋƋ Ů łŁ Ů ł Ů Ņ)
% 18
K
C `ƅƅƅŀ - K * ń =
(KS - ŀ)C = Łńńń S-ŀ ň Ł = KŁƅƅƅKŁ- = ńŀŁƅƅƅKŁ - ŀ = ńŀŀ ň=K ` Ņ = SC ` Ņ = Ł% 19 ň = C - ŁS C ň = ŀ% - ł% ň = (ŀ - ŁS) C (ŀ _ Ł) g7[ Ņ = SC
K
) = C 23
ň = Ł % + ŀ%
K
ņ=
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
ŃS - ŀ)C Ńń = ( S - ŀ = Ѷ" 20 ňĿ = Ł% - Ņ%
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
(' ƋƋƋ + Ł1 C + 1 C)Ł = C 24 (' ƋƋƋ + Ł1 + 1)Ł = ŀ ŀ = 1 pkfr 1 ł 1-ŀ *Ł=ŀ ŀ * C `ƅƅƅł = ł1 C a Ňŀ = C `ƅƅł = Łņ
ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ ﻋـــﺎﻣـﺔ
:≈JCÉjÉe πªcCG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
= ŁI i V ŀ = ŀI i ^ / KIƄK = ŀ + K I z& (KI) O gb wV 1
1s?b Msg#gb 4f1 e .+ 6 _ ŀĿ × ń + ƋƋƋ + ł × ń + Ł × ń + ŀ × ń c7c7 gb 2
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
so (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŀ Ů ņ Ů ł) z 7'b O gcb wjskb .'b ^ 3
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
so ŀŇ Ů Ň ly-.Ocb w6.kpb H6sb 4
{ƋƋƋ Ůň ŮŁņ ŮŇŀ} wo O gb `
tr 7 i V ŀŃ so Łŀ Ů ly-.Ocb w 7'b H6sb i ^ / 5
tr 7 ń wcN g7[b pkf d^ d [y w b r ňň Ů ŀ lz 1s?'gb 'z'?b - .NĔ -.N 6
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ŀĿ
tr 7y (ł - S Ł)
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
tr 7y ŀ - S (Ł)
ŀ=S ń ŀ=S
c7c7 gb Msg#f 7
C arĔ o.& z6.ko O f P y 2gb 25
c7c7 gb Msg#f 8
ŀŬĿĿŅ = S ņŁĿĿ = C ņŃŅłŬŀŀňŁŃŃĿ =Ņ(ŀŬĿĿŅ) * ņŁĿĿ = Ņ5C = ņ%
IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ɗ O f pj ŀ + i Ń = KI Ɗ p .N Z w b O gb wg7 9 z?Z k Đr qy.y 4 7zb ﺟ z?Z k ب y.y 4 أ
د (Ń - S ł)
Ň ŀ=S
Ɗ w Ē ^ Msg#gb 4f1 e .+ 6 łń + ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋŀŀ + ņ + ł Ɗ z 7'b c7c7 gb _ 10 ň ň Ň ﺟ ب د أ (Ń - S ł) (ŀ - S Ń) (ŀ - S Ń) ŀ=S
ŀ=S
ņ - ŀ) ņŁĿĿ = % ńŀłŀŅŬłŁŅŅł = (ŀŬĿĿŅ ņ ŀŬĿĿŅ - ŀ
ŀ=S
Ɗ O gb .N f z 7& z Ē O gb Pzg" 11 (ƋƋƋ Ů łł - Ů ŁŇ - Ů Łł -) ب
(ƋƋƋ Ů ŀň Ů ŀń Ů ŀŀ) أ (ƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ ) ﺟ
ŁŅ łŁ د (ƋƋƋ Ů ŁĿ ń Ů ń Ů ń)
Ń
ł
` đF Pf ar & 26 z Ē z6.kpb O gb P y hy2^ m2Vsy f 27 (ƋƋƋ Ů ŅĿĿ Ů łĿĿ Ů ŀńĿ) ŁŃĿĿ = ŃŁ * ŀńĿ = ń% so sk6 ŀĿ l6 wV hy2^ m2Vsy f
Ł
Ɗ tr 7 C i V z 7& O f lf zb f -r.& đ C Cņ Ů Ł – CŅ Ů Ł + C Ł i ^ / 12 ł ﺟ Ł ب ŀ أ
Ń د
Ɗ tr 7y (ŀ + S Ł) ņŅ ﺟ
ŇĿ د
Ň
z 7'b c7c7 gb Msg#f 13 ł=S ņŁ ب ŅŃ أ
Ɗtr 7y pkf 8f +b .'b i V ŀ – Kł = K¶" ZđOb wGOy pkf wbrĔ .& i Msg#f z6.ko O f 14 ņŁň د Ňŀ ﺟ ŁŃł ب ŀŅŁ أ
- ŀńĿ = p¹ zk" ŃŅńĿ= Ł * ŁŃĿĿ Ł-ŀ
Ɗtr 7y p6 6 i V ņŁ so ŃŇ arĔ o.& w b z6.kpb O gb -r.& lf q kf 2zR -.N Msg#f i ^ / 15 ł د ŀ ﺟ ŀ ب ŀ أ Ń
Ł
ł
Ń
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
ŀ - SŃ
¶" 11 ŀ ł 15 ƅŀŅŁ 14
Sa-C = hy2^ m2Vr f Msg#f S-ŀ
44
5 .Ȗ g :
K
ŀ=S
10
y.y 4 9 Ł = C 12
13
g :Ț &
أ
16
Ņ%
ń%
Ń%
ł%
Ł%
ŀ%
ŃłŁ
ņŁ
ŀŇ
Ņ
ł
ł
(ŃłŁ Ů ņŁ Ů ŀŇ Ů Ņ Ů ł Ů ł)
p¹ zk" ńĿĿĿ Tc g wb 6 & hy2^ t2 ;zb qzV ^ 2zR m.gb ŁS C = ¶" Ů S C = ` z6.ko O fƅ¶" Ů Ů C 28 ŀ = Ł S
(ŁS + ŀ) ŁC = Ł ( S + ) + ŁS Ł C
ŁSŁC + ŁC ŃSŁC + ŁS ŁC
ŀ ŁS =
yr 7 f i V2Gb
rl Ț
=
Ł + ŁC Ł¶" + Ł
ŁC Ł SŁ C
6; Ț
= Ł C Ł
ŁŀŇņ = ń( ł ) * łŅ = % 29 Ņ ŁńŅ Ń ń ł ŁńŅňń = ( Ń ) - ŀ) Łņ * Ł + łŅ = % Ņ ł -ŀ ŀŁŇ Ń
ب
Ņ%
ń%
Ń%
ł%
Ł%
ŀ%
łŀ
ŀň
ŀŁ
ņ
ń
Ł
Łņ 2 f ¹ ŁńŁ = ł - ŀ * Ł + łŅ = '¶" Ń k Sf r 5 l f &
Ł=Eł+C+E+C`
Ł = Ń% + Ł% 17 Ńń- = Ň% + ņ% + Ņ% Ł=EŃ+CŁ ` ŃńĿ = Eņ + C + EŅ + C + Eń + C ` i $ ky O¹ f lz b- Ogb d' Ńń- = E ŀŇ + C ł Ń- = E ň=C` (ƋƋƋ Ů ł - Ů ŀ Ů ń Ů ň)
ŀ - iŃ = i% 3 ŀň 6
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
S
ŀĿ
e lbȜ g : 2
ŀ 1
ņ=C 5
ŀŁ ! 4
łŀ 8
ŇĿ 7
ŀ=S
120
-
á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG áeÉY øjQÉ“
K
(ŃŇ Ů Ńł ƋƋƋ Ů ŀł Ů Ň) wo E 6rĔ
(E (ŀ - K) + CŁ) Ł = K¶" ł=E,ň=C أ ŀń ŃńĿ = (ł * ŀŃ + ň * Ł) Ł = ŀń¶"
á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG Ɗ w Ē ^ lz V2Ogb lz O gb lf d_b wbrĔ -r.& 7b ^ 16
21
ŀ G i d_b
ly2*Ē lzG6sb Msg#f wb lzbrĔ lzG6sb Msg#f 7j j ^r ńł Ů ł lz z 7& E 6r .N d*- / 20 Ƌ E 6rĔ m0o ."r V ŀł Ɗ ł 7k^ Ɗ."r Ƌ(ƋƋƋ Ů ŀń Ů ŀŁ Ů ň ) z 7'b O gb wV 21 Ƌ pkf wbrĔ ¹ .& ŀń Msg#f أ 2;N 8f +b .'b wb 8f +b .'b lf . O gb -r.& Msg#f ب ƋarĔ .'b lf . ņńĿ = pNsg#f w b -r.'b -.N ﺟ
K
(ł - Kł + ŀŇ) K = ŀńĿĿƅ(ł (ŀ - K) + ň * Ł) Ł = ņńĿ AsV2f Łń- = K Ů ŁĿ = K Ŀ = ŀńĿĿ - Kŀń + ŁKł
arĔ .'b lf . o0* e4cy w b -r.'b lf -.N dZ ."r (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŇ Ů Ņ Ů Ł) z6.kpb O gb wV 22 ŅńĿĿ lf 2 ^ -r.'b m0o Msg#f is_zb ŁŇ = Ņ I + ł I Ů Ń I ŀň = Ņ I pzV "sf m-r.& z6.ko O f (KI) 23 Ƌ pkf wbrĔ -r.& 2;Ob Msg#f ."r h Ů O gb ."r
ł = S Ů Ł = C 22
ŅńĿŀ < Kł
ŀ
Ƌ- .NĔ m0o ."r ŃŇ = gp 2B d> &r Ů ŀŁ = tr 7y pNsg#f w 7& P wV - .N đ 18
ŀŀ
ŅńĿĿ < =
Ł
ly.'b 2B d> & lN .y4y wj b o.& P 2fr Ů Łņ tr 7y pNsg#f z 7& O f is_ - .N đ 19 Ƌ- .NĔ m0o ."r ŮŀŅ 1 .[g b b r arĔ
łňŅ = (łĿ + Łŀ * Ł) Ł = Ƅƅ
(Kł - ŀ) Ł ŅńĿĿ < ł - ŀ `
KI + ŀ + KI = Ł + KI
P 7b r 5- 7b -r.'b Msg#f i ^r Ł tr 7y z 7& O f lf P 2b r wj b ly.'b Msg#f i ^ / 17 Ƌ O gb ."r V Ńń – tr 7y lf b r
ŀŀ = ŀ + ń - ŀń = -r.'b -.N ب Łŀ = ŀŁ + ň = EŃ + C = ń% ŀŀ (ł * ŀĿ + ń% Ł) Ł = ŀŀ¶"
ŅńĿĿ < K ¶"
ł = ŀ I Ů KI K = ŀ + KI أ Ůń= I ŮŁ= I ب
ŀ G i d_b
= pb zb b -r.& O 1Ĕ Msg#f Ů ŅĿ = pkf wbrĔ -r.& O 1Ĕ Msg#f "sf o-r.& z6.ko O f 24 Ƌ b b o.& lf . o-r.& lf -r.& O 6 Msg#f ."r h Ů O gb m0o ."r ňŅĿ
(KS - ŀ) C S-ŀ
lf q kf 2zR -.N Msg#f ."r ŀŅ tr 7y 5- 7b o.& , Ňŀ tr 7y z6.ko O f lf arĔ .'b i ^ / 25 Ƌ b b o.& lf . o-r.&
ŅńĿĿ - > (Kł - ŀ)
^ Ƌ yÊ sk6 ū ŀĿ a.Og m2" - -4y h ŮarĔ e Ob wV qzk" ŀŁĿĿ 1.Z yÊ 2p: ¹ 1 df N wB [ y ƃǍŮĭģś ƤśƄǤĝ 26 ƋMsg#gb 0o ."r h Ů sk6 8g* ađ* 2" lf df Ob qzcN d?' y f Msg#f Pzg# b 4f1 e .+ 6
ŅńĿŀ sb < Kł sb sb (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀĿ Ů ň Ů Ň) = K ņŬň < K= ŅńĿŀ ł sb <
K
`
45
Ň = -r.'b lf -.N dZ ` đF Pf ar & 23 ŀ ŀŅ
ŅĿ
wbrĔ ¶"
= ňŅĿ = zj b Ѷ" Ń
24
= ņ SC +Ņ SC +ń SC +Ń C SC + SC + SC + SC ( "sf 2zR -r.'b ) Ł = 1ƅŁ ! = 1ƅƅƅŀŅ = Ń1 ŀŁ = C ŅĿ = (Ň- Ń + Ł - ŀ) C AsV2f Ł- =E (ƋƋƋ Ů ňŅ Ů ŃŇ - Ů ŁŃ Ů ŀŁ -) (KS - ŀ) Ń% (ņŁ - ŀ) Ł1C = S - ŀ = ł% lf . ņ ¶" Ł-ŀ ŀ ŀŅ
ł
Ł
ņ
Ł
ŁĿłŁ = ( Ł -Łŀ-)ŀŁ * Ń =
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
so hpNsg#f w 7& P wV - .N đ b = * A2V 18 E+C ŮC ŮE-C ɸƅƅƅŃ = CƅƅƅŀŁ = Cł ` E + Ń ŮŃ ŮE - Ń - .NĔ ŃŇ = (E + Ń) Ń * (E - Ń) Ł ŀŁ = ŁE - ŀŅ Ń= E Ł!=E Ņ ŮŃ ŮŁƅƅ- .NĔ Ł ŮŃ ŮŅ ƅƅƅƅ ` đF Pf ar & 19
` đF Pf ar & 25 z6.ko O f P y df Ob 1 26 ŀŬŀ = S ŮŀŁĿĿ = C ŀ-K(ŀŬŀ) * ŀŁĿĿ = ŀ - KS C = % K ń ņłŁŅŬŀŁ = ŀ - K ŀŬŀ * ŀŁĿĿ = K¶" ŀ=K
i = E 6rĔ -.N i A2Wj 20 ńł = a Ů ł = C Ł + i = -r.'b -.N ` ł EŁ + ł + E + ł EŁ + C Ů E + C lz arĔ lzG6sb ŀł = E Ł - ńł + E - ńł EŁ + Ů E + Eň - łŀŇ = Ełń + Ňņ `
ń=E
121
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
ł ŀł
lz 2*Ē
Ņ = E Ełł-+ŀĿŅ ŁŃĿ = EŃŇ
äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
lb 6 5 . &
اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﻲ
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z[z['b - .NĔ lf Nsg#f z 2 {o O gb 1 Ƌ O gb -r.& Msg#f {o c7c7 gb E (ŀ - i) + C = KI 1s?b wcN z 7'b O gcb {jskb .'b
: Iô«°üb äÉHÉLEG äGP á∏Ä°SCG
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Łńń = wbrĔ Ň ¶" Ů Ł = S Ɗ pzV w b z6.kpb c7c7 gb د
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.& Ê ŁŃ wb (ƋƋƋ ŮŀŁĿ ŮŀŀĿ ŮŀĿĿ) %űe is_ E 7ZĔ 11 ŁŃ ńŀŅĿ = [ŀĿ * Łł + ŀĿĿ * Ł] Ł = ŁŃ¶" ńňŅĿ = ńŀŅĿ + ŇĿĿ = Tc gb cg" `
(ƋƋƋ ŮŀŃ Ů ŀĿ Ů Ņ Ů Ł) z 7'b 5 (ƋƋƋ Ů ńŃ Ů ŀŇ Ů Ņ Ů Ł) z6.kpb (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀņ Ů ŀŀ Ů Ņ Ů Ł) z6.ko Đr z 7& 7zb y.y 4 (ƋƋƋ Ů ńŃ Ů łŅ Ů ŁŃ Ů ŀŅ) 6 łŁ = '¶" z?Z k (ƋƋƋ Ů Ł Ů Ń Ů Ň Ů ŀŅ) K-ņ
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ŀĿ wb (ƋƋƋ Ů ŅĿĿĿ Ů ńńĿĿ Ů ńĿĿĿ) %űe is_ E 7ZĔ 9 ƋŀĿ so A2[b gzZ is_zV -r.& ŀĿ ņńńĿĿ = [ńĿĿ * ň + ńĿĿĿ * Ł] Ł = ŀĿ ŃŇĿĿĿ p6 6 r ŇŃĿĿĿĿ arĔ o.& %űe is_y d*.b 10 ŀŃŅŃĿĿĿ = K% ŀŃŅŃĿĿĿ = E(ŀ - K) + C ` ŀŃŅŃĿĿĿ = ŃŇĿĿĿ * (ŀ - K) + ŇŃĿĿĿĿ ` ŀŃ = K pkfr
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Ƌly2;Ob .'b أ ņŁĿ Msg#gb is_zb ůarĔ .'b lf . O gb lf o0* e3đb -r.'b -.N ب ¹
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Permutations, combinations
ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;Ŀà ôĹ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x2021;ÎßĿĂ
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Permutations
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Combinations
Q 6
Elements
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Order
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Committee Subset
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Order Committee
ph├╜~@ pL┬Оe┬ЬY ├С
Subset
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Graphical Computer Programs
I' _ :M%&Y
Conditional Principle of Counting
┬Кx├Шn┬Ш> ├С
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Operation
├│─К─Г┼О─┐├н ─С┼Н─Н─Й
phedL p┬ШHnA pU├Л ├С
╦Е 2Sf 2 k :(╔╕ - ╔╣╦Ц 952f
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49
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125
┬ИhR├Р┬О> ├С
Permutations
╦Е`┬АZ y f :(╔║ - ╔╣╦Ц 952f
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Fundamental Counting Principle
─╛├л├о─У┼О─┐├н┼Н ├╡├н┼Н─Й┼Ч├н Scientific Calculator
тАл╪зя╗Яя╗оя║│я║Оя║Ля╗Ю ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗Мя╗ая╗┤я╗дя╗┤я║Ф ╪зя╗Яя╗дя║┤я║Шя║ия║кя╗гя║ФтАм ╞Лiscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b
B ┬Ж ┬д -8 "30 ,:_┬л-┬е :M^ 5 0 {> + 0 C 7┬А
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Elements
тАля╗гя╗мя║О╪▒╪з╪к ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗Фя╗Ья╗┤я║о ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗░ я║Чя╗ия╗дя╗┤я╗мя║О ╪зя╗Яя╗оя║гя║к╪йтАм 2z_W b - zB y2b wV wN . ─Ц 2z_W b - .Z kb 2z_W b ╞Л ─С_;gb d& - wczc' b
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Factorial
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Combinations
:тАл╪п╪▒┘И╪│ ╪зя╗Яя╗оя║гя║к╪йтАм ╞Л.Ob . f ╞К(┼А - ┼Б) 51.b ╞Л dy- b ╞К(┼Б - ┼Б) 51.b ╞Л\zV s b ╞К(┼В - ┼Б) 51.b
:тАля╗Гя║о┘В ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗Шя╗┤я╗┤я╗в ╪зя╗Яя╗дя╗Шя║Шя║оя║гя║ФтАм
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Tree Diagram
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Fundamental Principle of Counting @zgZ
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â&#x20AC;Ťďť§ďş&#x17D;ďť&#x2014;ďşśâ&#x20AC;Ź
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ÄžÄ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
Ĺ Ĺ&#x201A;
Ĺ&#x192; Ĺ&#x2C6; Ĺ
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:n X? ? R "XC 1 [y2F Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ =Ĺ *Ĺ&#x201A;* Ĺ = gb hZ1 1 z * Y2F -.N * 2;Ob hZ1 1 z * Y2F -.N * - &Ä&#x2019; hZ1 1 z * Y2F -.N Ć&#x160;w Ä&#x2019; Xy2O b (Bs [ 7b c fÄ&#x201D;
â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x2014;ďť&#x152;ďť ďť˘â&#x20AC;Ź â&#x2030;&#x2C6;°SĂ&#x2030;°SCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G óŠdG CGĂłĂ&#x2018;e -.N i ^r ĹŽ [y2F Ĺ e i dgN 2" Y2F -.N i ^r ĹŽ [y2F Ĺ&#x20AC;e tr 7y f dgN 2" Y2F -.N i ^ / ĆźĘ&#x17E;ʾƯĹ? e*Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;* Ĺ&#x201A;e*Ĺ e*Ĺ&#x20AC;e = Oš f a gNÄ&#x201D; m0o 2" Y2F -.N i V Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; 0_or [y2F e b dgN 2" Y2F i Fundamental Counting Principle
Ć&#x160;w Ä&#x2019; s'kb wcN - .NÄ&#x201D; (zBs `k_gyr Â&#x2DC; Ĺ&#x2020;Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ Ĺ&#x2020; Ĺ&#x2020;Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ Ĺ&#x201A; Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x2020;Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ Ĺ&#x2020;Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ Ĺ&#x192; Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ&#x2020;Ĺ Ĺ&#x201A; Ĺ Ĺ&#x2020;Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ&#x201A; Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x2020;Ĺ Ĺ&#x192; Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ Ĺ&#x2020; Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ = Ĺ&#x20AC; * Ĺ * Ĺ * Ĺ&#x201A; = # kb - .NÄ&#x201D; -.N Â&#x2DC;
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Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ Ĺ&#x201A; Ĺ&#x201E;Ĺ Ĺ&#x201A; Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ&#x201A; Ĺ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ&#x201A; Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x201A; Ĺ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x201A; Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ Ĺ&#x2020; Ĺ&#x201E;Ĺ Ĺ&#x2020; Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ&#x2020; Ĺ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ&#x2020; Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x2020; Ĺ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x2C6;Ĺ&#x2020;
Ĺ&#x201A;
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Y2F Ĺ&#x201A; = r2;gb 1 z * Y2F -.N ĹŽ Y2F Ĺ&#x201A; = "sb 1 z * Y2F -.N Ć&#x2039;Y2F Ĺ&#x2C6; = Ĺ&#x201A;* Ĺ&#x201A; = 1 z *Ä? Y2F -.N ÄžÄ&#x201E;á Ĺ&#x2026;ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄ&#x192;
w b "sb -.N h^ Ć&#x2039; r2;gb lf M sj Ĺ&#x201A; ĹŽ FÄ&#x2018;7b lf M sj Ĺ&#x192; ĹŽ 2 GWb lf M sj Ĺ&#x2026; e.[y hOGf 2 ? r2;gb r FÄ&#x2018;7b r 2 GWb lf d^ lf .& r Nš sj "sb dg; i wcN zĂ&#x160; fsy pf.[y i l_gy š Conditional Principle of Counting
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Ć&#x160;tr 7 {Ĺ&#x2021; ĹŽĹ&#x2026; ĹŽĹ&#x201A; ĹŽ Ĺ } e Z1Ä&#x201D; lf /s* f Wc +f e Z1 Ä&#x2018; lf js_gb y-2Wb - .NÄ&#x201D; -.N 3 Ĺ&#x20AC;*Ĺ&#x201A;*Ĺ â&#x20AC;ŤŘŻâ&#x20AC;Ź Ĺ *Ĺ&#x201A;*Ĺ&#x192; â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x;â&#x20AC;Ź Ĺ&#x201A;*Ĺ&#x201A;*Ĺ&#x192; â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź Ĺ&#x201A;*Ĺ&#x2026;*Ĺ&#x2021; â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź {Ĺ&#x201E; ĹŽĹ&#x201A; ĹŽĹ } 2> kOb lf /s* f e Z1 Ä&#x2018; lf js_gb - .NÄ&#x201D; -.N h^ 4 is_y
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ņ
ب
ņ ń
ŀń ŀŁ
أ
: : 16[k
: ! 1
I % L − + V0½(
ﻣﺜﺎل ń
K
łĿ = Ł-K -Ɗ b- Ogb d& Nsg#f ."r 2
: k2/ ;lf l gS f 1 ylf
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
53
2-2
dS;b i b F w[ y wj b r arĔ ly.O[gb a S;j .O Ƌ b b .O[gb ŁŃ = Ł * ł * Ń = đGb -.N اﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺪرس e g& V & wcN lz[ 7 f 7g* UsZr dz g l_gy Ɗw Ē ^ & 7b <k /f
T 6f
$f #f
}p #f
exȚ
ŀ
Ł
ł
Ń
ń
ŀŁĿ =ŀ * Ł * ł * Ń * ń = Y2Gb -.N ađ* lf r2Cgb espWgb ` đF i [ t.f wcN .^ Ƌ đGcb p GN l_gy Gz7 c f (5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f
wb hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė : & ŀń ŀŁ ŀł* ŀŃ* ŀń أ ŁņłĿ = = ŀŁ ŀŁ ň ņ ņ Ň*ň ń Ņ*ņ ب + = ņ + ń ņ ń
ŀŀŃ = Ň * ň + Ņ* ņ =ƆƄƅƅƅ
- w6 1 YsV A2N 3 p" - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ƌ zfs61 $f 2 -r4f wb 6 & - zgcN 6 & b - zV W: *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
- đ_;gb d& - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb -2: gb A2Ob Ƌwjr O b hcO b :< 52 f o ck
w6 1.b d?Wb :mgS f 51 Ck
zbr.b _ ;b (ńņ) = wb (ńł) = lf b Gb ^ fscOgcb اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﻪ @^ px 6cZ 2q }Z
Ɗ z Ē -sk b (zBs b zb b ar .#b dgN `k_gy X> wV .N [f đ wcN đF O 1 5sc" (ɺ) 2S_lf
(ɹ) 2S_lf
(ɸ)2S_lf
Ł ł Ń -.O qzV 5sc#b đGb PzG 7y arĔ .O[gb wV i z& ƋY2F (Ń) đF ł w[ y arĔ .O[gb wV đGb .& 5sc" .O Ƌwj b .O[gb wcN 8c#y i ho.& PzG 7y
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
128
-
πjOÉÑàdG - Oó©dG Ühô°†e ≥«aGƒàdGh πjOÉÑàdG ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
t.b dy- b espWf (zBs b ůw Ē a gb GN `k_gy Ƌ đGb
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ů zB y2b k#cb b F 1 z * - 2y đF O 1 lz lf :e #k
ń
ń
K gzZ ."r V
?1 z *Đ Y2F -.N h^ - zV [ b k#cb 2* b Fr
ÓmþdTÐ
ÓÐ|Y^TÐ
ł
N ǽ i Ů P ǽ 1 , K H1
ņ ń- ņ
= ŀŀ ** ŁŁ * ł * Ń * ń * Ņ* ņ = ńaņ ½
:n iR$ & p'7'(? K
5
Shift
×
2
Ɗlf d^ gzZ ."r 3 aŃ ﺟƅƅƅƅƅŃaŃ بƅƅƅƅƅŃaņ أ ľĄĿí
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
:2^ p 6 c[ 2q Z
i
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
ł
a Ņ + Ła ń أ
Ɗlf d^ gzZ 7& 3 ﻣﺜﺎل
Ƌ.& r X> wV .N [f ņ wcN đF ń 5sc#b Wc +gb Y2Gb -.N ."r 4 ľĄĿí
7
SHIFT
2f d^ wV pkf 7g* 1 z * - 2y .N [f ņ ky.b ŁńŁĿ = ł * Ń * ń * Ņ * ņ = ńaņ = Y2Gb -.N ` * (npr) 5 = : R$ 3 [ l #'$ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ƌ y.# Ĕ lf Wc +f Ur2& 7g* lf d_; i l_gy w b gc_b -.N Tc y h^ 4
()اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻓﻰ داﺋﺮة
ﻣﺜﺎل
2 - d_: wcN .N [f O 1 wV = +: Ń z 2 l_gy [y2F h_ 5 ľĄĿí
@+;b ł o-.N Y2G 8c#zV wj b @+;b f Ů .& r [y2G arĔ @+;b 8c#y b 'b m0o wV Ƌ .z&r [y2G 8c#y 2z*Ĕ r Ł o-.N Y2G 8c#y b b Ņ = ł = ŀ * Ł* ł = hp z 2 Y2F -.N ? 2 - wV = +:Đ lf K z 2 Y2F -.N ! k 6 `k_gy do ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ƌ 2 - d_: wcN .N [f O7 wV = +: ň z 2 l_gy [y2F h_ 5 ﻣﺜﺎل ņ Ņ ń Ń
ŀ=C Ů Ŀ=C d_: wcN 2f 2> kOb lf i Wc +gb dy- b -.N ŀ- i = i Ɗtr 7 P"2f G[j ir- 2 -
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
ań ب ań Ń
ń
2
= Y2Gb -.N 5
54
πjOÉÑàdG - Oó©dG Ühô°†e
ŀŀņňłŅĿĿ=ńaŁŇ 4
129
K
z& 1- K = SaK ﻣﺜﺎل
=
~ = X
ń = i z Ŀ = ńĿ - i ń + Łi ŀ ب ŀŃĿ أ3
ň
H 1 Ů +N ǽ K Ů P ǽ 1
R$ 3 I \ & E (3 V L & = 5 jI '' I Feq?
ńŅ = (Ł+ i) Ł + (ŀ+i) (Ł+ i)
ň
:BT&b = ŀŀ ** ŁŁ ** łł * Ń * ń * Ņ = łaŅ ½ Ņ = aŅ ł- Ņ ł
L ; f x
ŃĿłŁĿ = Ň =
Ņ ł- Ņ
áÑ°SÉëdG ΩGóîà°SG & ) R$ 3 I D+ R' u "+ 9 b l #'(? npr u " I Shift × V L &
:(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f i
IJœĎĬ÷
ŀ = ȇa K
Ƌ o2> kN 1 2_ (g7 Đ dy- b
(ŀ+ i)
z& (ŀ+ 1 - K ) ƋƋƋ ( Ł- K ) (ŀ- K)K =SaK
+
Ɗ{ Ē wcN đGb wb .^ Ƌ( b 7gb Er2: 7&) 2> kOb 1 2_ (g7y .Ob . f
i
ŀ
ŁŃ = ŀ * Ł * ł * Ń = ŃaŃ ب ŇŃĿ = Ń * ń * Ņ * ņ = Ńaņ أ ?¶" Ů lz 1 Ob lf L&đ / f ŁŃ = Ł * ł * Ń = łaŃ ﺟ
: S > K.
(ŀ+ i)(Ł+ i)
Øm@ùÐ
Ł
ł
- #y wV 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 zWz^ wcN ` đF 1- Ƌ cy. b gzZr -.Ob r2Cf gzZ
i
πjOÉÑàdG
Ɗ z& SaK 4f2b 2f d^ wV 1 /s* f 4y g gb 2> kOb lf i dy- -.Ob 4f2y
Ń 4f2b pzb 4f2y
ŀ
:n G UQ ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ
ƋlzOf z 2 wV pOBr wo z:Ĕ lf -.Ob qcy. b i V `b0b
qcy. ŀŁ = ł* Ń = dy- b -.N
+
Ƌi ^ / 2
Ƌe Z1ĕb qcy. - .NĔ m0o lf -.N d^ wg7y Łłń ŮłŁń Ů Łńł Ů ńŁł Ů łńŁ Ů ńłŁ :=0 5H Ƌ(ł eĐ ł ) " L Ƅłał m'<L Ƅŀ * Ł * ł = 0 5 :K U VW + = ' \ X
Ů (E Ů ) Ů(¶" Ů ) Ů(C Ů ) Ů (E ŮC) Ů (¶" ŮC) Ů ( ŮC) (¶" Ů E) Ů ( Ů E) Ů (C Ů E) Ů (E Ů ¶") Ů ( ٶ") Ů(C ٶ") C 1 z * .kN iĔ (C Ů ) !( ŮC) :o ȗKf }gR 2b 1 z * lN Xc +y zV [ b k#cb Ů zB y2b k#cb Ƌ zV [ b k#cb C Ů zB y2b k#cb
Ł
ŀ
K
Permutations
:} Ș b 16;f iyv[lf 4u , Fy dqcl lb
=
C
ń
? pkf /s* f Wc +f e Z1 đ lf pkys_ l_gy w b - .NĔ -.N h^ {ń Ůł ŮŁ} e Z1Ĕ Nsg#f lf ȇŻŐǭǨŝ ǡģŊǩ
Ɗis_y .Ob . gb [¹ Fr - Ů ¶" Ů Ů ho đGb i A2Wj ƋY2F Ń = zB y2b k#cb b F 1 z * Y2F -.N ƋY2F ł = zV [ b k#cb b F 1 z * Y2F -.N Ƌ [y2F ŀŁ = ł* Ń = 1 z *Đ Y2F -.N
ńŅ
Ł ńŅ = + Ł+K ŀ+K
?C & E &b Ŀ =
:h+f
Ła
ľĄĿí Ł-K (ŀ-K)K K = Ł-K a Ł-K ń
Ņ = K `ƅƅƅƅƅń * Ņ = (ŀ- K ) K `ƅƅƅƅƅ łĿ =
ŇŃĿ ŀŁĿ ŁĿ Ń ŀ
Ń - 1 gzZ ."r V ŇŃĿ = aņ i ^ / 6 S ľĄĿí
ń wcN g7[b $ j h7[j h Ņ wcN g7[b $ j g7[ h ņ wcN ŇŃĿ -.Ob g7[ . j ŀ -.Ob wb d?j w & 0_or aņ = Ń * ń * Ņ * ņ = ŇŃĿ -.Ob ` Ń ŀ= Ŀ = Ń-1 ` Ń=1 ` aņ = Saņ ` Ń
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
ŀ + 1 gzZ ."r V ńĿŃ = aň i ^ / 6 ŀ-S
? BL U ņ Ů ņaņ Ɗlf đ ¹ ^ gzZ ."r ( ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ
55
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
≥«aGƒàdGh πjOÉÑàdGh ó©dG CGóÑe ôŔŇîüĿí óĊăŎĿí ≥«aGƒàdGh πjOÉÑàdG ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
٢ - ٢ ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ : = Q 1 I !s 1 I 1 3 3A I !H "' k#cb m0pb 8z 1 jr 8z 1 1 z * l_gy [y2F h_ Ů sCN ŀŁ lf Wb f k#b 1 ¹ ŀłŁ د ŅŅ ﺟ Łł ب Ł أ ń د ł د ŁŃ د
Ł ﺟ
tr 7 1 i V ŅĿ = 1ań i ^ / 2 ł ب Ń أ
Ń ﺟ
Ɗi gzZ i V ŀŁĿ = łai j ^ / 3 ń ب Ņ أ
ŀĿ ﺟ
tr 7 Pk?f gc^ Ur2& z 2 Y2F -.N 4 ň ب Ń أ
tr 7 {Ņ Ůń ŮŃ Ůł } e Z1Ĕ Nsg#f lf lzWc +f lzgZ1 lf is_f -.N 1 z * Y2F -.N 5 Ń د ŀŁ ﺟ łĿ ب ŃŇ أ tr 7y 2 - wV a WF ņ z 2 Y2F -.N 6 ņ ب ŀ أ
ņŁĿ ﺟ
ńĿŃĿ د
ň ¶" ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ a3 kf Ň lf is_ y isWzc hZ1 7 e Z1 -.N h^ Ů.zZ ir- hZ1 t lf Xb a3 kgb wZ gkz Ň Ůń ŮŃ Ůł e Z1Ĕ .& is_ i #y ¶" Ƌ & gb Wc +gb jsWzc b ŀĿĿĿĿĿĿĿ د Ńňňňňňň ﺟ ŃĿĿĿĿĿĿ ب Ńňňňňň أ lz r2;fr ( . ^ - ) 2V - W^) "r đ lf ¹ r2;fr "r ar k y i e 7'b l_gy [y2F h_ 8 Ƌ( zj z b 2#;b HG+g `b/ dÍ f) ( y3 R m zf - 2z?N)
ł = ŀ - 1 Ɗis_ b łaň = ŀ-1aň 5 ŀŁĿ = ń = ŀ + Ń
Ń=1
:óbÉf ô«μØJ ņ Ů aņlz H 2b so qkf U.pb ņ ńĿŃĿ = ņ = aņ z& ņ
1 2_ ir- p z 2 - 2gb z:Ĕ lf i -.Ob :i R w&y x i = ai :oyc i :(ɹ - ɹ) r 5 l &
- 4 Ņ 8
3 7
?Ń Ů ł Ů Ł Ů ŀ e Z1Ĕ lf qkys_ l_gy lzgZ1 lf ¹js_f -¹ .N h^ 9 ?Ń Ů ł Ů Ł Ů ŀ e Z1Ĕ lf qkys_ l_gy lzWc +f lzgZ1 lf ¹js_f -¹ .N h^ 10 ?Ń Ůł Ů Ł Ů ŀ e Z1Ĕ lf qkys_ l_gy lzWc +f lzgZ1 lf is_f zÊ "r3 -¹ .N h^ 11
» ? .z6 Ńr a "1 ł lz lf .z6r d"1 lf k#b lys_ l_gy [y2F h_ 12
2 ¶" 6 ŀŁ = ŁaŃ 10
- 1 ¶" 5 ŀŅ 9
6?R
1 *
ł
Ł
11
Ņ = z"r4b - .NĔ -.N zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
56
πjOÉÑàdG - Oó©dG Ühô°†e
(2z ^ Ů H6s f Ů 2zS>) e #& đ hy2^ 8yĒ đ'f .& e.[y 13 Ƌ(q Đs_z: Ů zc& Ů isgzb Ů s#j f Ů br 2V) p_j 8g*r ?hy2^ 8yĒ lf .& r 2;b & gb 1 z *Đ -.N h^ ."r {r Ů ¶o Ů- Ů ¶" Ů Ů } Ur2'b Nsg#f lf 14 .& r U2& 1 z * Y2F -.N أ lzWc +f lzV2& 1 z * Y2F -.N ب
a Ň + ŀa Ň ﻫ
& E ! 15 :1 DG ń _ ņ أ aŁ * ał د
ŀ+K ŃŁ = ŀ - K ب K ńĿ = Ła + ŀa + ĿaK د
Ɗlf d^ \[' w b K gzZ ."r 16 ŁŃ = K أ ŁņłĿ = aŀń ﺟ
ب
Ɗi ^ / K gzZ ."r 17 ŁŀĿ = Kaņ أ
Ł * łań ﺟ
ņ
ł - Ł ł ب
a ņ + Ŀa ņ و
Ł
K
ŀŁ = ŀ - KŁ
K
Ł
ł
ŀŁ = Ń * ł = Y2Gb -.N 12 ŀń = 1 z *Đ Y2F -.N 13 łĿ = ŁaŅ ب Ņ = ŀaŅ أ14 ŀŁ د ŀŁĿ ﺟ 2W> ب ŃŁ أ15 ńĿŃŀ و ŅŃ ﻫƅ ņ د ł=i ﺟ Ņ ب Ń أ16 Ł = i Ů ŁŃ = iŁ ب ł = i Ů łaņ = iaņ أ17 Ň = i r ņ = i 18 łłŅ = łaŇ 20 ņŁĿ = łaŀĿ 19 Ł+i = (ŀ + i) (Ł + i) = lgyĔ 21 Ła
e ~I y + ¥D
K
ƋK gzZ ."r V ła Ł-K * ŀŃ = ŃaK i ^ / 18 Ƌ= +: 2;N lf js_f k#b lf 2z 2_6r 8z 1 jr 8z 1 1 z * Y2F -.N ."r 19
t.b dy- b Ů .Ob . f espWf ,z62 wcN E ;kb 0o .^ y Ƌ b Gb
] 2 :ĕb (2*Ĕ sc .& r) đF đ 1 z * zj. b z 2 b hcOgb l_gy [y2F h_ Ů đF zj g lz lf 20 Ƌ z 2 b wcN 2 Gb 2^r c7b 2^r e.[b 2^ Y2V wV Ł
aŁ + K =
Ł+K K
Ɗi 21
:I ?qf g : &
Łń = ń * ń ب
ﻧﺸﺎط {ň Ů ņ Ů ń Ů ł Ů Ł} = 5 j ^ / -
?e Z1Ĕ m0o lf qkys_ l_gy lzWc +f lzgZ1 lf ¹js_f -¹ .N h^ أ
?e Z1Ĕ m0o lf qkys_ l_gy lzgZ1 lf ¹js_f -¹ .N h^ ب
?e Z1Ĕ m0o lf qkys_ l_gy Wc +f e Z1 đ lf ¹js_f -¹ .N h^ ﺟ
?e Z1Ĕ m0o lf qkys_ l_gy ńĿĿ lf 2S> r Wc +f e Z1 đ lf ¹js_f -¹ .N h^ د
?e Z1Ĕ m0o lf qkys_ l_gy Ł m- & hZ1r Wc +f e Z1 O 1 lf ¹js_f -¹ .N h^ ﻫ
57
ŁĿ = Łań أ
ŅĿ = łań ﺟ
ŁŃ = ł * Ń * Ł = ŁaŃ * Ł = - .NĔ -.N د .y.' b `b/r Ů\ 6 g^ E ;kb hzz[ b hc6 dgN `k_gy Ƌ đGb - ts 7f
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
130
ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;Ŀà ôĹ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x2021;ÎßĿà ôĹ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x2021;ÎßĿà óÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
â&#x2030;ĽÂŤaGĆ&#x2019;Ă dG
Ä&#x2018;Ä?Ä&#x160;ÄżĂ
3-2
â&#x2030;ĽÂŤaGĆ&#x2019;Ă dG ĹťĹ?ÇǨĹ?
Combinations
js_f Nsg#f lz lf lzy- j 1 z * - 2y t.& wV {- ĹŽ Âś" ĹŽ } y.j O 1 lf Ä&#x2018;y. b d^ i V ĹŽ e.[b 2^ y1 f Ć&#x160;wo k_ggb ĹŽ ( ĹŽ Âś" ) ĹŽ (C ĹŽÂś") ĹŽ(E ĹŽ ) ĹŽ(Âś" ĹŽ ) ĹŽ (C ĹŽ ) ĹŽ (E ĹŽ C ) ĹŽ (Âś" ĹŽ C) ĹŽ ( ĹŽ C ) Ć&#x2039;(Âś" ĹŽ E ) ĹŽ ( ĹŽ E) ĹŽ (C ĹŽ E) ĹŽ (E ĹŽ Âś") Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; 0_or (C ĹŽ ) 1 z *Ä? lN Xc +y ( ĹŽ C ) 1 z *Ä? i \ 7b i z b lf L&Ä&#x2018;j Ć&#x160;wo k_ggb 1 z *Ä? Pzg" i V z 2 cb N 2f ir- \ 6 gf 1 z *Ä? j-1 / V Ć&#x2039;{E ĹŽ Âś" } ĹŽ {E ĹŽ } ĹŽ {Âś" ĹŽ } ĹŽ {E ĹŽ C } ĹŽ {Âś" ĹŽ C } ĹŽ { ĹŽ C } Čż [zVs Čż 1 z *Ä? m0o lf 1 z * d^ wg7yr
Ć&#x2039; w6 1.b d?Wb :mgS f 51 Ck
lf K lz lf 1 +gb r z:Ä&#x201D; lf 1 lf pkf d^ js_gb \zV s b -.N N Ç˝ K ĹŽ E Ç˝ S ĹŽ K H S ĹŽ
+
â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x201E;â&#x20AC;Ź lf d^ $ j ."r 1 (L&Ä&#x2018; / f ) Ĺ YĹ&#x2020; â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź
espWf wV .& r 2?kN d gy pkf t V {C ĹŽ } = { ĹŽ C } i r ĹŽ š š Ć&#x2039;\zV s b i 1a =1Yi z& \zV s b r dy- b lz ZÄ&#x2018;Ob wcN .^ Â&#x2DC; 1
â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعسâ&#x20AC;Ź lf 2> kN Ĺ&#x201A; lf js_gb Ä&#x2018;y. b -.N ."r :e #l 2 Â&#x2DC; Ä&#x2018;y. b m0o -26 h Ĺ&#x201A;aĹ&#x192; is_y s#b r {- ĹŽ ! ĹŽ ĹŽ C} Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;ĹŽ( ĹŽ Âś" ĹŽC) ĹŽ(Âś" ĹŽ ĹŽ C)
Ĺ Ĺ&#x20AC; = Ĺ&#x2026; * Ĺ&#x2020; = Ĺ YČ&#x17D; â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź Ĺ&#x20AC;*Ĺ
Ĺ
131
: @c? : )Â
Subset
YĹ&#x2020; â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź
Ă´Ĺ&#x192;Ä&#x160;Ä&#x2C6;øÄ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà þĂĹ?Ä&#x2030;Ĺ&#x2014;Ă ÂŞd X3 _ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; : )" :L3 _ = d
â&#x2C6;&#x201A;JĂ&#x2030;eĆ&#x2019;â&#x2C6;?Še â&#x2030;&#x2C6;dEG â&#x2C6;&#x17E;°VCG = 5 i b ' m'<L n 1<&+ b K l = S,K A S
ÄžÄ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
aĹ&#x2020; Ĺ Ĺ&#x20AC; = Ĺ&#x201A; * Ĺ&#x192; * Ĺ&#x201E; * Ĺ&#x2026; * Ĺ&#x2020; = Ĺ&#x201E; = Ĺ&#x201E;YĹ&#x2020; â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź Ĺ&#x20AC; * Ĺ *Ĺ&#x201A; *Ĺ&#x192; * Ĺ&#x201E; Ĺ&#x201E;
58
I U ^7 4 B3 G" ( l&+8%
Ć&#x2039; z 4" Nsg#f - k#b - z 2 - 2> kN - \zV s : k2/ ;lf Â&#x20AC;lÂ&#x20AC;gS f 1 ylf
b - zV W: - w6 1 YsV A2N 3 p" - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć&#x2039; zgcN 6 & *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
Ĺ&#x201E;
( Ĺ tr 7y ly2?kN lf js_gb
:7Âş
Committee
I A " :M 1 # - LM 0 Q 6 8 , A;( l&+8%
( z 2 b N 2f ir-) 2> kN Ĺ&#x201E; lf = Ĺ YĹ&#x201E; gpkz ZÄ&#x2018;Ob is_ r
X &
Order
:o }gR 5Ç&#x203A; 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z
Â&#x2DC;
ly/s* f ly2?kN lf js_gb 1 z *Ä? -.N d g Ĺ YĹ&#x201E; Â&#x2DC;
Ĺ
Ă 7
: Â&#x20AC;: : 16[k
Ć&#x2039;( z 2 b N 2f Pf) 2> kN Ĺ&#x201E;
z&)
Q 6
Elements
wVr ĹŽ z 2 Pf 1 z * pj U2Nr ĹŽdy- b b Gb 51- i \ 6 N 2f ir- 1 z *Ä? Y2F -.N - #y 51.y Us6 51.b 0o Ć&#x2039; z 2 b
lf ly/s* f ly2?kN lf js_gb z 2 b -.N d g Ĺ aĹ&#x201E; Â&#x2DC;
Ĺ a
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;ĂŽÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x2014;à þÎÄ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x20AC;ĤÄ&#x153;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà Combinations
Â&#x20AC;[g.
ÂĽÂ&#x17E;J3 Â? < ? gpkz ZÄ&#x2018;Ob fr Ĺ
Ĺ&#x201E;
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
Wc +gb 1 z *Ä? -.N wcN d?'kV Ĺ&#x201A; wcN Ä&#x2018;y. b Ć&#x2039;\zV s b 0o wg7yr ĹŽ2> kOb z 2 wcN .g O Ä? w b aĹ&#x201E; lz Y2Wb f
I4 B3 G" (
952f &6/k
8Wj lf js_gb Ä&#x2018;y. b d^ i V hpf 2zR z 2 b i ^ / Â&#x2DC; Pzg" -.N h7[j `b0b ĹŽ Ĺ&#x201A; o-.N is_y 2> kOb -.N
YĹ&#x201E; ĹŽ
Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ďøá ÄąĹ&#x17D;Ä&#x201C; # - LM 0 Q 6 8 , A;( I A " :M 1
z& SYK so Zsb 8Wj wV 2> kOb
:n X? iI ( 9&' =b (Ĺ U Z Ĺ&#x192;) 2[ r Ĺ YĹ&#x192; 4f2b 2f d^ wV Ĺ pkf /s* f 2> kN Ĺ&#x192; \zV s -.Ob 4f2y (Ĺ YsV Ĺ&#x192; ) 2[ r ( Ĺ&#x192;Ĺ ) 4f2b r Ć&#x2039; Y2F Ĺ&#x2026; = 1 z *Ä? Y2F -.N i .zpg b 0o wV L&Ä&#x2018;jr aĹ&#x192; Ĺ&#x2026; = Ĺ&#x201A; * Ĺ&#x192; = Ĺ = Ĺ YĹ&#x192; :n 2 Ĺ&#x20AC;*Ĺ Ĺ K a S K 1 = SY Ć&#x160; t
:â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x152;â&#x20AC;Ź !r4b espWfr Nsg#gb espWf lz Y2Wb ` Ä&#x2018;Gb (Br Ć&#x2039; 2gb Ć&#x160;i .zpg b aÄ&#x2018;* lf Ä&#x2018;Gb wb .^ dy- b espWgb PC+ 2gb ! r3Ä&#x201D; wb b r (C ĹŽ ) !( ĹŽC)
<Z jr 2_V .k wV a 7b lN "Ä&#x2013; ` Ä&#x2018;F wb cF Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x2039;Ĺ&#x2026;Ĺ&#x192; =
â&#x2030;ĽÂŤaGĆ&#x2019;Ă dG
Combinations
fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b - Ĺ&#x2026;Ĺ&#x201E; = wb Ĺ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x2021; = lf b Gb ^ ( j2 jÄ&#x2013; )
IJĹ&#x201C;Ä&#x17D;ďá
:< 52 f o ck
z 2 b -.N
3-2
Combinations
Ä&#x2018;_;gb d& - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob Ć&#x2039;wjr O b hcO b -
}p #f Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČ&#x17E; hÂ&#x20AC;f1
≥«aGƒàdGh πjOÉÑàdGh ó©dG CGóÑe ôŔŇîüĿí óĊăŎĿí
≥«aGƒàdG
: : +f fȘ i 2/ :
(ņ = Ł + ń Ɗi L&Đ ) ŁYņ= ńYņ :n B? K
S-K
Y = SY
K
K
1-K 1 = SY
: 0 pP '?
K
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ƌ 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. ŀŃYŀņ ƊňYŀŁ gzZ ."r 1
ﻧﺸﺎط
اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ
(ncr)\zV s b 4f1 _b lzgzcb 1 7zb lf SHIFT ÷ (z Wgb e .+ 6 l_gy Yņ + ŃYń gzZ ."r 6 'b e .+ 6 ( Ł ľĄĿí
I $
5
SHIFT
÷
4
+
7
SHIFT
÷
2
=
Ů đGb t.b 6 'b ĐĒ M sj lf .y.Ob ."sy qj L&Đ 2 ^Ĕ ĐĒ m0o M sj .& A2Oy d [gb E ;kb r (z Wgb z 2 pzV Xc +y ĐĒ DO ."s l_br Ů 1 ; j ¹ Ƌ`b/ N 2f 8y1. b .kN wN 2y `b0b Ů f.+ 7gb
P b (z Wgb wcN HSCb ŁŅ = $ kb
:(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f
ﻣﺜﺎل YŁŇ = 1YŁŇ Ɗi ^ / 2 Ńņ - 1 Ł ľĄĿí
Ńņ- 1Ł
Łń = 1 `
YŁŇ = 1YŁŇ a
Ńņ = 1 Ɗi t Ńņ - 1 Ł = 1 : DV2 wo `b0b Ů i gzZ lf 2 ^ wor ņń = 1 ł ` ŁŇ = Ńņ - 1 Ł + 1 :
Ƌ1 gzZ ."r V ń - 1ŁY
ŁŇ
=1
=
ŀņ ł
ŀŃ
Y j ^ / 2 ﻣﺜﺎل
Ƌ= +: ň p Nsg#f lf = +: Ń lf \y2V 1 z * l_gy [y2F h_ 3 ľĄĿí
Ƌ ¹[zVs wg7y 1 z * d^ i V z 2 b wcN .g OyĐ 1 z *Đ i z& aň ŀŁŅ = Ń Ń = ŃYň = 1 z *Đ -.N
z' Ů$j2G;cb [ 7f wV = +: ņ ]2 : 3 Ƌ [ 7gb
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
59
ﻣﺜﺎل
Ƌ .z6 ńr a "1 ņ lz lf .z6r lzc"1 lf js_f k#b + j l_gy [y2F h_ 4 ľĄĿí
Łŀ = ŁYņ = a "1 ņ lf lzc"1 1 z * Y2F -.N ń = ŀYń = .z6 ń lf .z6 1 z * Y2F -.N [y2F ŀĿń = ń*Łŀ = k#cb lys_ Y2F -.N i V .Ob . gb [ Fr ? .z6 ńr a "1Ņ lz lf .z6 ł r a "1 Ń lf js_f k#b + j l_gy [y2F h_ ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
đF đ lf Xb z6 g* G;j k#b dz_; l_gy [y2F h_ Ƌ b F Ň Ů đF ŀĿ q w6 1- d?V 4 ?X?b 0o lf lz b Fr
:(1662 - 1623) ∫Éμ°SÉH õ«∏H
ŀ
g¹ zKk hg>r Đ g &Đ y2Kj e.Z Ůw y4zVr wB y1r w7j2V Us7czV so a _6 M2 * r Ů Đ g &Đ 7& wV a _6 c f wg6 e Z1Ĕ lf zÊ đ Ƌ 2Cb r Pg#b zcgN t- 6 & b Cy ¹ : ' N$H 15 m! ;8 ,DI & 5H h T D L ? c gb 0o wV - .NĔ ^ zWz^ lN L&đ / f - X> d^ 2> kN -.N lz ZđN ."s do - ŀ ŀ ŀ ? 2: f qzcy t0b X?b r ŀ Ł ŀ { j " wcN -s"sgb - .NĔ lz d g ."sy do - ŀ ł ł ŀ ? c gb wOcB
Ń Ņ Ń ŀ ń ŀĿ ŀĿ ń ŀ ŀ Ņ ŀń ŁĿ ŀń Ņ ŀ ŀ ņ Łŀ łń łń Łŀ ņ ŀ ŀ
:= + w B 1<&+ U C7 6 "!Q )I /s* f 2> kOb lf (ŀ= K ) d gy :\ H @A ½ ŀ= 1 r Ŀ = 1 pkf ŀ = ŀYŀ Ů ŀ= ĿYŀ :n b = ' I
YŀŁ Y
ŀņ
1
: &Ȝ
Łń = ŀĿ + ŀń = łYń+ ŃYŅ = Y2Gb -.N
e ~I y + ¥D $ sj -.N - #y a _6 c f H 1 wb E ;kb 0o U.py Ƌ\zV s b :I ?qf g : &
2G7b d_;y sor Ů c gb gZ (ŀ) -.Ob c gb . y 1 2G7b r lz 2f (ŀ) -.Ob 12_zV arĔ 2G7b f t2W?b P 1 lf b b 2G7b r 2> kN đ lf is_ y wj b ƋƋƋƋ 0_or Msg#f tr 7y arĔ X?b k 6 X> t wV -.N d^ 2 Ƌ 2: f mscOy t0b X?b wV mđN ly-s"sgb ly-.Ob Ƌ c gb wZ 6 wcN s _gb - .NĔ d g b c gb PC+y 3
Ƌ 2f d^ wV Ł = 1 r ŀ= 1 r Ŀ = 1 pkf /s* f 2> kOb lf (Ł= K) d gy :=? T @A ½ 0_or ŀ= ŁYŁ Ů Ł = ŀYŁ Ůŀ = ĿYŀ :n < b
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
ň
ň
wcN i #cb dz_; wV .g O (Ń) d& i ar & .k r (Ń) a f Ů ly1 z *Đ $ j 2Cj `b0b (r) XGOb U2& e .+ 6 U2& e .+ 6 wcN H 2b wV .g Oy .Z j 2z_W .k wV gkz Ƌly1 z *Đ $ j Pg#j `b0b (r ) XGOb
ﻧﺸﺎط
ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎل
ł
=
(60 8 yEeI {¦ - y + ¥D
≥«aGƒàdGh πjOÉÑàdG ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻋﺪ
ŀŁ
ń = 1 pkfr 1 = ń - 1Ł f 2 ŀŀ = 1 pkfr ŁŇ = ń- 1 Ł + 1 Ɗr Łŀ = ŁYņ = y1 gb -.N 3 łłŅĿ = ŁYŇ * łYŀĿ = + jĐ Y2F -.N 4
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
y1 f -.N ."r Ƌ lz?+: d^ lz .& r 1 f t2#
_
ŀŃ
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă ŁŇ
ŀŀ łŃ
:I ?qf }gR ` K & ńŁ = ń(ŀ+ ŀ) Ɗ8f +b 2G7b
60
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
132
-
≥«aGƒàdG :(ɺ - ɹ) r 5 l &
3 ƅƅƅƅ 2 ƅƅƅƅ ŀ Ů ŀŁ Ů ň Ů ŁĿ ŀń 7 ƅƅƅƅň 6 ƅƅƅƅŀĿ ŀŅ = łYń + ŃYń + ńYń łłŅĿ = ŁYŇ * łYŀĿ 5 a = دƅƅŀ ﺟƅƅŀņŀ بƅƅńŅ أ = ŀ دƅŁŀĿ ﺟƄƅƅŇŃ بƅƅŁŇ أ
1 4
≥«aGƒàdG
:n B? &G ŀ = KYK iĔ .& sb wp kyr Ů ŀ = ĿYK iĔ .& sb . y X> d^ ½ mscOy t0b X?b wV mđN ly-s"sgb ly-.Ob Msg#f tr 7y arĔ X?b k 6 X> t wV -.N d^ ½ Ƌ 2: f ŀ Ůŀ + Ł Ů Ł + ŀ Ů ŀ : X? h T @A = b ½ Ƌ 0_or ŀ Ů ŀ + ł Ů ł + ł Ů ł + ŀ Ů ŀ : X? jI " @A =b ½
5
( z"r3 K j ^ / ) X?b H6s y t0b -.Ob as& d g ."sy ½
8
( y-2V K j ^ / ) X?b i G6s y ly0b ly-.Ob as& d g r ½ 1- K
9
ƣģƖŏǤĝ Ȉǣư džŐʗƥŝ ń
10 12
äGQÉ«àN’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ŁĿ ﺟ
łń د ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ŀĿ د ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋE ;kb ` đF Pf A2N
Ƌtr 7y = +: ń lf = +: ł 1 z * Y2F -.N 1 ŀĿ ب ŀń أ
Ƌtr 7y c 6 Ņ wcN ts 'y i ' f wV H[V c 6 Ń lN "Ė Y2F -.N 2 ŁŃ ﺟ ŀń ب łĿ أ
Ƌtr 7y Cz 2^ łr 2g& 2^ ń lz lf Cz t2* r 2g& 2^ 1 z * Y2F -.N 3 Ł د ŅĿ ﺟ Ň ب ŀń أ
:á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG
Ƌ c gb wcN jr.gb - .NĔ ` đF Pf df
Ŀ
ƋE ;kb > +b c 6Ĕ ` đF Pf <Z j
ƋK gzZ ."r V KłĿ ŀł = łYK i ^ / 7 ? z cRĔ 1 2Z ¹ 0+ i CN 7g* lf js_f k#cb l_gy [y2F h_ 8
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
61
≥«aGƒàdGh πjOÉÑàdG ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
lf Xb z6 g* G;j k#b dz_; l_gy [y2F h_ Ů b F Ň Ů đF ŀĿ UsW?b .& wV ."sy 9 ?X?b 0o lf lz b Fr đF đ Ɗlf d^ dy- b bĐ. ^ 10 Y5 د Yń ﺟ Yŀň ب YŇ أ =- 5 Ŀ Ł ł Ŀ
! 'yr E ;kb c 6 hKOf wcN z#y WzWF .N 7f wb
ǯ2& 2 &
aŇ Ŀ
د
Ń
aŀĿ ﺟ Ń
Ɗw y gf d^1Yi 1s?b f¹ .+ 7f ^ 11 aň ب aŇ أ ł Ł ł Ł
ﻧﺸﺎط
6 2_ f 7 lk
Ů ŀŀY Ů ŀYň Ů łYŅ gzZ 7& 4 K
ƋK gzZ ."r V łYK ńŁ = ŃYŀ+K i ^ / 6
:I ?qf m _ mg:
E ;kb c 6 Pzg" wcN z#y
ŀŁ
Y gzZ ."r ŀŁĿ = łYK i ^ / 5
:I ?qf g : &
f Kf 1
Y
ŀĿĿ
ň-K
ŅŅ¶> "Ė wb d>s łń Ů ŁĿ Ů ň 1 is_ V Ů O¹ cB (i) tr 7y d_;b MđB -.N i A2W 2 i ŁY wo d_;b wV c ggb gz[ 7gb PG[b Pzg" -.N (Xy2O b 7&) PG[b m0o -.N lf d_;b MđB -.N k 6 r i- ŁYi = w6.kpb d_;b 1 GZ -.N i .#j gz[ 7gb
Ł = ńYń+ ŃYń+ łYń+ ŁYń+ ŀYń + ĿYń :n tR8
٣ - ٢ ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ
(I ?qf 4 [q f ) (ɽɸ) A I ?p 2q }Z
-.O = +b w6.kpb espWgb H 1 wb E ;kb 0o U.py Ƌd_;b 0o MđB -.O w6.kpb d_;b 1 GZ
YK = 1YK [ 7b ZđOb \ Gy f 0or ½
Pf `b/
lz d? w b gz[ 7gb OG[b so w6.kpb d_;b 2GZ i 61- i \ 6 Ɗi gcNr lz zb f 2zR lz6 1 2W> = c gb 1 GZ -.N Ł = wN 2b d_;b 1 GZ -.N ń = w6 g+b d_;b 1 GZ -.N : L[ \ <_H ME 5 X+Q K7<&+ D9b ƋMđB 2;N r/ w6.ko d_: Ů wj g b d_;b Ů w6 .7b d_;b ( ' ? w6.ko d_: t 1 GZ -.N pbđ* lf ."s .N Z _b \zV s b e .+ 6 `k_gy do ( Ƌ fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b ađ* lfr `gcOf
IóMƒdG ¢üî∏e
wV G+yr E ;kb c 6 hKOf wcN z#y Ƌ .N 7f wb ! 'yr pCO
2 &
wb ! 'yr E ;kb c 6 DO wcN z#y 2z ^ .N 7f
ey _k
e tr 7y 2* dgN 2" Y2F -.Nr Ů [y2F i tr 7y f dgN 2" Y2F -.N i ^ / ˄}: :Ț 2Sf 2 k Ƌ [y2F i * e = wj b dgOb r arĔ dgOb 2" Y2F -.N i V [y2F Ƌđy. wg7y Nsg#gb m0o 2> kN d^ r DO b z 2 d^ i V K o2> kN -.N Nsg#f M j ^ / ˄h 1 f ¹ đ ¹ y. wg7y M Nsg#gb lf qkys_ l_gy S m2> kN -.N z 2 d^ i V Ůi o2> kN -.N Nsg#f M l_ b o2> kN -.N Nsg#f lf /s* gb 2?kN S lf js_gb z 4#b đy. b -.Ob 4f2yr Ů K H S HĿ z& Ů (S eĐ K 2[ r) SaK 4f2b K K H S HĿ z& (ŀ + S - K) ƋƋƋ(Ł - K) (ŀ - K)K = SaK 4f2yr ŀ * Ł * ł * ƋƋƋ(Ł - K) (ŀ - K) K tr 7y
K o2> kN -.N Nsg#f lf k_ggb đy. b -.N ˄ 6Op
(K r2Cf 2[yr)
E ;kb c 6 wcN "Ė PzG 7yĐ Ƌ z"s b r .N 7gb wb ! 'yr
\ SF
K
4f2b \ 7b 2Cb d> 'b
m0* l_gy (K HS HĿ) z& S m2> kN -.N 1 z * d^ i V Ů K o2> kN -.N Nsg#f M j ^ / ˄` Z y f Ƌ ¹[zVs wg7y z 2 cb N 2f ir- M Nsg#gb 2> kN lf (1 U Z i 2[yr) SYK 4f2b 2?kN K lf /s* gb 2?kN S lf js_gb [zVs b -.Ob 4f2yr ½
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
133
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
62
≥«aGƒàdGh πjOÉÑàdGh ó©dG CGóÑe ôŔŇîüĿí óĊăŎĿí áeÉY øjQÉ“
iHe G* M4e jG* le+e/(*
ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ :=L + D&G ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ŀŁ = ł * Ń = ŁaŃ
1
ņŁň = łň
2
Ł = ŃY Ń + łYŃ + ŁYŃ + ŀY Ń + ĿY Ń i Ń=i` Ł = ŃŁ
3
Ƌtr 7y Ń Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ e Z1Ĕ Nsg#f lf lzWc +f lzgZ1 lf is_f -.N lys_ Y2F -.N 1
Ƌtr 7y Y2Gb -.N i V Ů2W?b pkz 8zb e Z1 ł lf is_f i4+b t.&Ė t26 hZ1 dgN `kf cF / 2
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
K
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
Ƌ= K i V Ł = ŃYŃ + łYŃ + ŁYŃ + ŀYŃ + ĿYŃ i ^ / 3 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
Ƌ= K i V ŀ =
K
i ^ / 4
: 3 3A I !s "'
i
ŮwCV Ů 2g& ŮDz }Ɗi sbĔ lz lf pjsb 1 +y i - 1 r {¶" Ů Ů } đy-sgb lz lf 1 z6 2: d"1 - 1 5 Ƌ 1 z7b 1 z * l_gy [y2F h_ {-s6 ŀŃ ﺟ
ŁŃ د
ŀŁ ب
ņ أ
ņ ŮŅ Ůł Ůŀ e Z1Ĕ lf Wc +f e Z1 đ lf qkys_ l_gy -¹ .N h^ 6 ŁŃ ﺟ
ŅŃ د
ŀŁ ب
N 2> kN -.N h^ { ! C Ů M ǽ ȆC Ɗ( ŮC)} = N j ^r {ń H5 H ŀ Ů Eǽ 5Ű5} = M j ^ / 7
ŁĿ ﺟ
Łń د
ŀĿ ب
Ů ŀ = i a 4
ŀ = i r Ŀ = i `
ň أ ņ أ
ﺟ
6
ب
5
أ
8
ﺟ
7
ب
9
ihÉ°ùj łYŀŁ + ŃYŀŁ 8 ņŀŅ ﺟ
ņŁĿ د
ņŀĿ ب
ņŀń أ
go 1 Ů i i V ńŅ = 1YK Ů łłŅ =1aK i ^ / 9 (Ń Ůņ ) ﺟ
(ł Ůņ ) د
(ł Ů Ň) ب
(Ł Ůł) أ
tr 7y iYŁń i V ŀŃYK = ŀĿYK i ^ / 10 ŀ ﺟ
Ńň د
ŀ
Łń ب
aŁł ﺟ Ń
ŁŃ أ
aŃ و
ﻫ
ŀł ŀŃ
ب10
Ɗlf d^ gzZ 7& 11 Yń أ ń
Ņ ب
Ńň
YńĿ د
Łł ﺟƅƅƅņŁĿ بƅƅƅŀ أ
ń - K gzZ gV ŇŃ = Y ŀ-K Ł i ^ / 12 ł
Y1Ł gzZ gV łłŅ =ŀ+1a Ň i ^ / 13 Ń K Ů e lf d^ gzZ ."r V ņŀń = ŃYe+K Ů ŁŀĿ = łae-K i ^ / 14
ŁŃ
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
63
≥«aGƒàdGh πjOÉÑàdG ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
Ƌ z+y1 c&1 wb o0cb đF ŀĿ lz lf đF O 6 1 z * l_gy [y2F h_ 15 ŀĿ tr 7y 1 z *Đ Y2F -.N i ^ z' r.j 1sC'b đGb lf (i)-.N lz lf đF đ 1 z * h / 16 đGb -.N ."r ? .z6 ńr a "1 ņ lz lf lz .z6r d"1 lf js_f k#b + j l_gy [y2F h_ 17 - .NĖ 2* hcOf h Ů zB y2b - f wV - z gbrĔ cF y1. b hcOf 1 z * - 2y lzgcOf O 1 lz lf 18 ?1 z *Đ Y2F -.N ."r Ƌ1 *Đ wZ lf \y2V d^ Pf lz 1 f Ocy \y2V d^ i ^ / V Ů ¹[y2V ŀŁ e.[b 2_b 3 ggb t1r.b Y2V -.N Tc y 19 Ƌqcg^ t1r.b y1 f -.N ."r ƋY2Wb Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb d& Nsg#f ."r 20 ŀŁĿ = Ń - K ﺟ ŀŁ
ł +1 Ł
Y =1Y
ŀŁ
Ł+ K =
و
K
* ŀŁ ب
ŇŃ = ł Y
K
ŃŁ =
ﻫـ
ł+K ŀ+K
وƅƄƅ ŀ ﻫ ŀŃ
ƄƅƅńĿ د
ŀ = ŃY1Ł Ů Ł = 1 13
ŀ = ń-i Ů ń = i 12
ŀŁĿ = ņYŀĿ 15
ŀĿ= i Ů ł = e 14 ń = i 16 ņĿ = ŀĿ*ņ =ŁYń*ŀYņ 17
ŀłŁ =ŁaŀŁ 19
ŀŁ 18
ň = i ﺟƅƅŁ = i بƅƅƅŃ = i أ
أ
ŀ= ń-K د
11
ł =1 و
20
ň = i ﻫŅ = i r ń = i د
اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﻲ
}lb 6 f 5 .Ȗ & :äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG
Ƌso ń ŮŃ Ůł e Z1Ĕ Nsg#f lf Wc +f e Z1 ł lf is_f wbr -.N lys_ Y2F -.N 1 2W> د ŀ ﺟ ł ب Ņ أ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ŀ ﺟ
2W> د ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ŀ* Ł* ł د
د
1
ﺟ
2
so ņ ŮŅ Ůń ŮŃ - .NĔ lf ńŃņŅ -.Ob lys_ Y2F -.N 2 ŀŅ ب
ŁŃ أ
so 2W?b 2zR e Z1 ń lz lf e Z1 ł lf is_f -.N lys_ Y2F -.N 3 ń* ń* ń ﺟ ł+ Ń+ ń ب ł * Ń* ń أ
tr 7y # kb gc_b -.N i V Wc +f Ur2& đ lf gc^ ^ wV hc6 gc^ Ur2& f.+ 6 / 4 ŀ د Ņ
ń
د
Ņ ب
ň ﺟـ ň ﺟـ
Y ń - Ń Y ń + ł Y ń - Ł Y ń + ŀ Y ń - ĿY ń ب
Ń* ń * Ņ*ņ * Ň * ň ب
ń
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ł أ tr 7 Ņaň 5 ņ*Ň*ň أ
Ɗlf d^ gzZ ."r 6 Y ń+ ŃY ń + ł Y ń + Ł Y ń + ŀ Y ń + Ŀ Y ń أ
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
64
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
134
-
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ﺟ
4
ب
≈ªcGôJ QÉÑàNG
3
ŀ
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5
Ŵ{Ņ Ůń ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ} e Z1Ĕ Nsg#f lf qkys_ l_gy Wc +f e Z1 ł lf ¹js_f -¹ .N h^ 9
& E ! 10 :1 DG
Ŀ ب
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6
ŁĿ
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ł + Ł + ŀ + Ŀ
ب
Ń
ﻫـ
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ŀŁĿ 9
ŀĿ 8
ŀ ﺟ ŁĿ
ŀĿ ب
أ
10 i
ŁŃ ﻫƆ
ń Ł
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ŀ=i ﻫ
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أ د
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Ye ŁŃ=iae ﻫـ
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ŃĿĿ 7 ŀ ŀĿĿ
ňň ŀĿĿ
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ
ľŃîļøĿíō ľğîĴøĿí
Calculus
óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ôüĿîüĿí
ľŃîļøĿíō ľğîĴøĿí Calculus óĊăŎĿí ôŃĊĸŃ
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:ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة G[j .kN pb ? r b .b y pj espWf b Gb 51- i r \ 6 .&sb m0o wV 51.y Us6r Ů 2 V wcN h y pjđb .kN `b0^ Đ & {V b .cb wbrĔ [ ;gb - #y r Y [ :Đ espWf zcgO^ df _ b espWf 51.z6 g^ pzcN [z G r Wc +f .N ađ* lf df _ b .N sZ DO 51.yr ŮdB W cb z7_N Ɗ{ Ē ^ pj z 5r1Ƌ2zS b a.Of ƊarĔ 51.b ƋY [ :Đ Ɗ{j b 51.b ƋY [ :Đ .N sZ Ɗ b b 51.b Ƌdf _ b Ɗ b b 51.b
Gvqf }q v } f ʘ _ ^2f iygSf rk 6 #b Tk g. 2 lf ȗc?lf rk 6 #cf h* }Z 2R ; : 1 lf t4u ` ^1 mv[f q S: o Z Ǜ6 . x ˅ p2g f uy&6p } f 5 G+f x lgSf
óĊăŎĿí łŀĬ÷ õîÿĎĈŃ
:o f Kf rk T^y ʘ v Z K?pȚ 4 [q x . 2*yf t4u : 51 2S
pUØn_Y Øn xÎ Y phH{fw Ónbh ]> R Ónb ZeUÐ ê{ x
hdL p]bi {fL f feU ÜneeUÐ
}h` UÐ é{_Yí º}h` UÐ H Yí º}h` UÐ pUÐØ ê gaY æ}_ x
pUÐ{dU UíúÐ pb ZeUÐ s f x
ÜneeUÐ hY UíúÐ pb ZedU H{fgUÐ }h a UÐ æ}_ x
na UÐ çnb IøÐ {LÐ S _= Ø{ x
ph c_UÐ pb ZeUÐ Ync UÐ ê gaY æ}_ x ph>ùÐ Ync UÐ {LÐ S æ}_ x
p =n UÐ pUÐ{UÐ pb ZY Ü Ü Ø Ø pUÐ{UÐ pb ZY ëÜ C Ü Ø ØpUÐ{UÐ pb Y negfh= ç}aUÐ íÌ h UÐØ â e Y pb ZY
h UÐØ Ñ} ÉnA pb ZY
h UÐØ pe S ÕÚnB pb ZY
pd d UÐ Ò{LnS pUÐ{UÐ pUÐØ pb ZY
¼ ! ë º Ô + ¼ + ëÜ ŀ +ŀ i Ü E ëÜ q=n? C rhA ºÜ E Ü Ø C Ü E Ü Ø C
ëÜ Ü Ø ØpUÐ{UÐ pb ZY
Ü E Ü Ú ! Ü Ø Ü E Ü Ú ! Ü Ø ŀ
¼ ! ë ºÔ + ¼ + ë Ñ + Ü C (ŀ + i)C Ü E ë Ñ + Ü C
ë Ü Ø Þ pUÐ{UÐ pb ZY
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
:ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎت اﻟﻮﺣﺪة
66
oyc o T^y lf rk v Z K?pțf Ǜ4 [q x 2*yf t4u vp Z :o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf {°¥ : +( ¶ ( : 3 7 # - LM ¹ # -8^¥ , f81% I= " :M- 7 7/7¥ )+ 0 I: 1B+ :-8^¥ − ( B8 , A;( l&+8%
I³r8 4 +(0 ,³r8 F3 8(0 ,³r8 : , A;( l&+8% I: " ª05 :-8^¥ O8781% I {°¥ ( ª05 :-8^)" 3 7µ ³1;8 l&+8% Iw -8i] h+ ©
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Ô +
ŀ+i5
Ü E ëÜ
q=n? C rhA Ü E Ü Ø C Ü E Ü Ø C
ŀ+i
Ü E Ü S ! Ü E Ü Ø Ü E Ü S ! Ü Ø]
¼ - ! ë rhA Ô + ¼ + ë Ñ + Ü C (ŀ +ŀi) Ü E ë Ñ + Ü C C
p =n UÐ pUÐ{UÐ pb ZY
ëÜ Ü Ø Ø pUÐ{UÐ pb ZY
ëÜ C Ü Ø Ø pUÐ{UÐ pb Y
Ü Ü Ø Ø pUÐ{UÐ pb ZY
negfh= ç}aUÐ íÌ h UÐØ â e Y pb ZY
h UÐØ Ñ} ÉnA pb ZY
h UÐØ pe S ÕÚnB pb ZY
pd d UÐ Ò{LnS - pUÐ{UÐ pUÐØ pb ZY ë Ü Ø Þ pUÐ{UÐ pb ZY
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
136
UíúÐ pb ZeUÐ Ñ
First Derivative
Ñ}\UÐ ÉnA Ñ
Product
pe bUÐ ÕÚnB Ñ
Quotient
:زﻣﻦ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة
ph cL pb ZY Ñ
Antiderivative
Ync> Ñ
Integration
ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí
}h` UÐ Ñ
Variation
}h` UÐ H Y Ñ
Average Rate of Change
}h` UÐ é{_Y Ñ
Rate of Change
çnb IøÐ Ñ
Differentiation
çnb IĆU pd=nS pUÐØ Ñ
Differintiable Function
Ƌ ?& ŀŇ :اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ 1s 7b - zfs61 $f 2 - {b 6 & - zgcN 6 & b Ƌ zgzcO b :ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ [y2Gb - {jr O b hcO b - {ko0b X?Ob - 2B 'gb - ;Z kgb Ƌq"sgb U ; ^Đ hcO - zF k 6Đ [y2Gb - z 2[ 6Đ
ľëîēŎĿíō õíōĉŗí
óĊăŎĿí đōčĉ
phY HÚ sYÐ}= UË oHnA phedL p HnA pUË
˅6 W f e2Sk ˄ ˕ɸ ˝ ɺ˖ 952f ˅] _ >Ȗ ˄ ˕ɹ ˝ ɺ˖ 952f ˅] _ >Ȗ 2R y^ ˄˕ɺ ˝ ɺ˖ 952f hk c f ˄˕ɻ ˝ ɺ˖ 952f
óĊăŎŀĿ ŐńŔĨň÷ ĢĤĈŃ ľŃîļøĿí ľŃîļøĿí ĊīíŎķ
ľğîĴøĿí ôĸøĘńĿí ôŔĔļĬĿí
ĎŔŔİøĿí ŁŎŌĴŃ
ŁŎŌĴŃ
ľŃîļøĿí ĵîĸøėśí
:ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة d& - {N . Ė 2z_W b - {czc' b 2z_W b - .Z kb 2z_W b Ƌ{[Gkgb 2z_W b - đ_;gb
ņŔøĿíĉ ïĎğ ľěîă ņŔøĿíĉ ôńĔķ ýčîć ôĿíĊĿí ôĿíĉ
ôĿíĊŀĿ ŐĿōŗí ôĸøĘńĿí ôŔēĊňŋ õîĸŔòĤ÷
đîńńĿí ôĿĉîĬŃ
ôŀĔŀĔĿí óĊīîķ ôĿíĊĿí ôĸøĘŃ
Ņ đ ĉ ę
:ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ d Z zN g#b r y-2Wb y2y2' b r zpW;b c 6Ĕ {V d g d' i ar & .k {V kgC gb c 6Ĕ r Ů51.b k wVr {V 51- d^ wcN -1 sb c 6Ĕ `b0^r Ůa f d_b \z G ^ Ƌ .&sb اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪة t0b ts 'gb z& lf .&sb qbr k f HG+gb 0o (Bsy 6 1-r Ů z6.kpb q [z G r q ys 'f d_ dB W b hcN ar k y dB W cb z7_N q[ ;g^ espWgb z& lf df _ b lN G7 f zb c&2f wV wGO i wcN [z G ir- m.N sZ 6 1- h
137
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
ĎŔŔİøĿí ĽĊĬŃ
ņŔøĿíĉ ĵĎij ōã ĩŎńĀŃ ôĸøĘŃ
67
p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
ŒēĊňŌĿí ĎŔĔĴøĿí đîńńĿí ľŔŃ
ĢēŎøŃ ĎŔŔİøĿí
ĎŔŔİøĿí ôĿíĉ
ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
ôßĿÎßĿĂ
ôßĿÎßĿà óÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
ô¨à dG â&#x2C6;ŤĂłÂŠe
1-3
ô¨à dG â&#x2C6;ŤĂłÂŠe
Rate of Change â&#x20AC;Ť ďş&#x17D;ďť&#x2014;ďşśâ&#x20AC;ŹĹ? â&#x20AC;Ťďť&#x201C;ďť&#x153;ﺎâ&#x20AC;Ź ? zj.Ogb t1 _b d> sV r y.y.'b `_7b i CZ lz V 7f ]2 / gb
wV cĹ Ĺ wb cĹ&#x192;Ĺ&#x2021; lf CW+j r f 2 V wV cĹ&#x192;Ĺ wb cĹ&#x201A;Äż lf 1 2& "1- OW 1 / ?L&Ä&#x2018; / f Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039;Ć&#x2039; 2 V d_b 1 2'b "1- wV 2zS b 7& - t2* 2 V i as[j Ĺ 5 wb Ĺ&#x20AC;5 lf 5 q 1 2& "1- 2zS r 2 f š a i C[b .& asF i ^ / Ć&#x160; is_yr 1 2'b "1- wV .& 2zS š 2zS b y . .kN 5 gzZ - 2zS b y pj .kN 5 gzZ = 5 wV 2zS b ?q 1 2& "1- 2zS b Oš zC[b 0o asF 2zS y do Function of Variation
ô¨à dG ådGO
â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x2014;ďť&#x152;ďť ďť˘â&#x20AC;Ź
Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ďøá ÄąĹ&#x17D;Ä&#x201C; IÂłr8 : , A;( IÂłr8 F3 8( , A;( IÂłr8 4 +( , A;(
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;ĂŽÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x2014;à þÎÄ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x20AC;ĤÄ&#x153;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà ³r8 : Âłr8 F3 8( Average of Change
Âłr8 4 +( Rate of Change
ĹŽ Ĺ&#x20AC;5 - Ĺ 5 = ( 5 b- 2[yr ) 5 9 = 5 wV 2zS b 1 .[f (Ĺ&#x20AC;5)- - (Ĺ 5)- = =9 = = wV 2zS b 1 .[f Â
O0 + ,O0 + O0 ,
Â
C
O0
G[j ((Ĺ&#x20AC;5)- ĹŽ Ĺ&#x20AC;5 ) 1 N r d_b i V ĹŽ- b .b wk'kf wcN lf wkz7b pz .& wV 2zS z' Âśo + Ĺ&#x20AC;5 =Ĺ 5 wb Ĺ&#x20AC;5 Äż ! Âśo ĹŽ ] ĹŽ C [ ǽœo + Ĺ&#x20AC;5 pz .& wV 2J kf 2zS .'y Ć&#x160; ZÄ&#x2018;Ob lzO y t- ?b
Â&#x20AC;[g. : lu rÂ&#x20AC;Â&#x20AC;;Â&#x20AC; 5 r 2q 2*yf t4u ex q
Function of Variation
wb Ĺ&#x20AC;5 lf 5 gzZ wV 2zS t i V (5)- = = z& I # ] ĹŽC [Ć&#x160;- j ^ / Ć&#x160; i V qzcNr (Ĺ 5) - wb (Ĺ&#x20AC;5)- lf = gzZ wV 2zS qc [y - a #f wV Ĺ 5
Rate of Change
ts'y t0b b .b wV 2zS b espWf wcN .g Oy z& :hF [ f espWf qkf \ ky t0b 2zS b a.Of -2zS b H6s f -2zS b b h (5 ggb b- Of ĹŽ5 ggb dzf) w6.kpb m2z7W r Y [ :Ä? Ć&#x2039; z6.kpb q [z G : Â&#x20AC; Č&#x2DC; ] _ >Č&#x161; 2R y^ ] _ >Č&#x161; iyv[k ex q lb
Ă´Ĺ&#x192;Ä&#x160;Ä&#x2C6;øÄ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà þĂĹ?Ä&#x2030;Ĺ&#x2014;Ă : )" :L3 _ : d
(Ĺ&#x20AC;5)- - (Âśo + Ĺ&#x20AC;5)- = (Âśo)
.N Z - b .b b - - lz b - 2B d> & - lz b - Y2V r Msg#f Ć&#x2039;i((5)-) = = 1s?b wcN w b b .b [ ;f - c7c7b @ + r Y [ :Ä&#x2022;b z7_N zcgN qj z& lf U2Oyr :hk c f Ć&#x2039; [z G ir- H[V m.N sZr -.'gb 2zR df _ cb 6 1.b
Ĺ&#x20AC;5 = 5 .kN - wV 2zS b b . b .b wg7 r
:952f &6/k
ǜƪŊĹNJ
5 wV 2zS b iÄ&#x2018; gy Âśo r 59 ly4f2b Ä&#x2018;^ zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
1-3
68
oyc o T^y lf rk wÂ&#x20AC;Z K?pČ&#x161; 4Â&#x20AC;[q x 952f 4u vp  Z :o }gR 5Ç&#x203A; 1 ^ f Kf
IÂłr8 : , A;( l&+8%
:â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x152;ďş&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź
IÂłr8 F3 8( l&+8%
.@^ px 6cZ 2q  Z
r - y4b 1 2'b "1- wV 2zS b i Ä&#x2018;Gb wb lz Â&#x2DC; 7& l_gyr ĹŽ zC[b asF Pf yš -2F 6 k y i ?[kb c fÄ&#x201D; r hcO .k wV 2zS b b - 6 1- aÄ&#x2018;* lf 2zS b 0o Ć&#x2039; qzcN 'Bsgb :â&#x20AC;ŤŘĽďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعسâ&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x160; i Ä&#x2018;Gb wb 2: Ĺ 5 wb Ĺ&#x20AC;5 lf 5 2zS f.kN 5 wV 2zS b wb 4f2 Âśo r 5 9 b .b wV 2zS b t = wV 2zS b so = 9 ĹŽÂśo + Ĺ&#x20AC;5 = Ĺ 5 z& Ć&#x160; z& (Âśo + Ĺ&#x20AC;5)- wb (Ĺ&#x20AC;5)- lf (5 2zS b O ) 2zS f.kN Ć&#x2039;(Ĺ&#x20AC;5)- - (Âśo + Ĺ&#x20AC;5)- = (Âśo) = = 9
IÂłr8 4 +( , A;( l&+8% : Â&#x20AC;: : 16[k
Ć&#x2039;2zS b a.Of - 2zS b a.Of H6s f - 2zS b b : k2/ ;lf Â&#x20AC;lÂ&#x20AC;gS f 1 ylf
Ć&#x2039; zj z 6 & - zfs61 $f 2 - {b 6 & - zgzcO b 1s 7b : *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
d& - {ko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob - 2B 'gb Ć&#x2039;{jr O b hcO b - Ä&#x2018;_;gb :< 52 f o ck
Ć&#x2039;{6 1.b d?Wb
p7Wj wo 2zS b H6s f b - i Ä&#x2018;Gb wb (Br Ć&#x160; hcO .k wV Ć&#x2039; 5 wV 2zS b 1 .[f sor (Âśo) wcN qfs7[f 2zS b b -
:mgS f 51 Ck
Ć&#x2039;Ĺ&#x2020;Ĺ&#x201A; 'W> wb Ĺ&#x2026;Ĺ&#x2021; 'W> lf b Gb ^
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
138
-
Ò¨àdG ∫ó©e (5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f
-
ﻣﺜﺎل Ł - 5 + Ł5ł = (5)- j ^ / 1 f.kN - wV 2zS b 1 .[f 7& h , 2zS b b - ."r V ¶o + Ł wb Ł lf 5 2zS r Ƅ ĿŬł = ¶o أ ĿŬŀ - = ¶o ب
}f mvSk hBy x h+ o ex * 2q }Z 15x k d ȗJ Tk @^ p . + +Cf &Ȝ
ŀ + 5 - Ł5 = (5)- a
ľĄĿí
¶o + Ł wb Ł lf 2zS 5 Ů Ł - 5 + Ł5 ł = (5) - a Ɗ is_yr Ů ŀŁ = Ł - Ł + Ń * ł = (Ł) - Ů Ł = ŀ5 ` Ł - ¶o + Ł + Ł¶oł + ¶oŀŁ + ŀŁ = Ł - (¶o + Ł) + Ł(¶o + Ł) ł = (¶o + Ł) - Ƅ ƄƄŀŁ + ¶oŀł + Ł¶o ł =
1
ņ = ŀ + ł - ň = (ł)- ` ł = 5 .kN ŀ + (¶o + ł) - Ł(¶o + ł) = (¶o + ł)ŀ + ¶o - ł - ň + ¶o Ņ + Ł¶o = ƅ ņ + ¶o ń + Ł¶o = ƅ ¶o ń + Ł¶o = (ł)- - (¶o + ł)- = (¶o) ŀŬŃŀ - = (ĿŬł -) ب
Ò¨àdG ∫ó©e
(Ł)- - (¶o + Ł)- = (¶o) ¶o ŀł + Ł¶oł = ŀŁ - (ŀŁ + ¶o ŀł + Ł¶oł) =ƄƄ ĿŬŀ - = ¶o f.kN ب (ĿŬŀ - ) ŀł + Ł( ĿŬŀ - ) ł = (ĿŬŀ - ) ŀŬŁņ - =
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ 7& h ł = 5 f.kN 2zS b b - ."r V ŀ + 5 - Ł5 = (5)- j ^ / 1 (ĿŬł - ) ب (ĿŬŁ) أ
ŀŬĿŃ = (ĿŬŁ) أ ŀ - 5ł + Ł5 = (5)- a 2
Function of Average of Change
ł = Ł5 Ů ŃŬń = ŀ5 ب ŀŬń - = ŃŬń - ł = ŀ5 - Ł5 = 5 9 ŀńŬņń - = łŁŬņń - ŀņ = (ŃŬń)- - (ł)- = = 9 ŀńŬņń -
(ŀ5)- - (Ł5)- =9 = 59 ŀ5 - Ł5
=
(ĿŬł) e 7& h Ł = 5 .kN - wV 2zS b H6s f b - أ Ń wb ł lf 5 2zS f.kN - wV 2zS b H6s f ب ľĄĿí
(¶o + Ł) - = (¶o + ŀ5) -
ń + ¶o Ń + Ł¶o = ŀ + Ł(¶o + Ł) = (¶o + Ł)- ` (ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)- = (¶o) e a ¶o
ŃŬł = (ĿŬł) e
= ņ = ŀĿł -- ŀņ Ń
ﺟ
= 2zS b H6s f
2 Wb wV ¹ is_y 2zS b H6s f i t hz[ 7f ] 'ŮŅ[ Ů ]Ń ŮŁ[ Ů ]Ŀ ŮŁ - [
139
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
= 2zS b H6s f
Ɗ ."r V ŀ - 5ł + Ł5 = (5)- j ^ / 2 (ĿŬŁ) e ."r h Ł = 5 .kN 2zS b H6s f b - أ ł wb ŃŬń lf 5 2zS f.kN 2zS b H6s f ب ﻣﺜﺎل
n
:2^ p 6 c[ &
=
(ŀ5)- - (Ł5)ŀ5 - Ł5
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
ب
i G* wV b Gb MsZr e.N so 2z_W b 0o lf U.pb 2 Wb t ) H[V ] 'ŮŅ[ 2 Wb wV Ů ¹ is_y 2zS b H6s f Ƌ( pzV b .b is_ w b tĔ ¹ is_yr
Ł is_yr Ń + ¶o = ń - ń + ¶o¶oŃ + ¶o = (¶o) e `
Ń = Ł5 Ů ł = ŀ5 i V Ń wb ł lf 5 2zS f.kN ب ŀņ = ŀ + ŀŅ = (Ń)- Ů ŀĿ = ŀ + ň = (ł)- is_yr
أ
:óbÉf ô«μØJ óæH ≈a
(ŀ5)- - (Ł5)ŀ5 - Ł5
ń = ŀ + Ł(Ł) = (Ł)- = (ŀ5)- أ
πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
} , {
} , { ~
ŀ = - Ł= ŀ 5 - Ł5
Ů
p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
69
= 2zS b H6s f 3
ŀ - łŬŅ (Ń)- - (Ņ)ŀŬł = = Ł Ń-Ņ łŬŅ - Ł (Ņ)- - (ŀĿ)ĿŬŃ - = = Ń Ņ - ŀĿ ŀ-ŀ (Ń)- - (ŀŁ)= 2W> = Ň Ń - ŀŁ
(ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)- = (¶o) = (¶o) e ¶o ¶o
ﻣﺜﺎل
=9
19 i9
r
Ɗ ."r V ŀ + Ł5 = (5)- z& I #]'ŮĿ]Ɗ- j ^ / 2
ŀĿŬń = ŀŬń - = = 2zS b H6s f 59 (ŀi)- - (Łi)ŀi - Ł i
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
ô«¨àdG §°Sƒàe ádGO
ŀ5 = 5 .kN - wV 2zS b H6s f b - wg7 e .y." b - wcN d?'j Ŀ !¶o z& ¶o wcN 2zS b b - g7[ Ɗ z&
ň = ŀ - Ņ + Ń = (Ł)- ` Ł = 5 .kN أ ŀ - (¶o + Ł)ł + Ł(¶o + Ł) = (¶o + Ł)ŀ - ¶o ł + Ņ + Ń + ¶o Ń + Ł¶o = Ƅƅƅ ň + ¶o ņ + Ł¶o = Ƅƅƅ ņŬŁ = (ĿŬŁ)e Ů ņ + ¶o = (Ł)- - (¶o + Ł)- = (¶o)e ¶o
ĿŬł = ¶o f.kN أ ĿŬł * ŀł + Ł(ĿŬł )ł = (ĿŬł) ŃŬŀņ = ƄƄƄƄƄ
n
Oz f cg" 1 z& (i)- = 1 wk'kgb d [gb d_;b (Bsy 3 Ů pzk#b lzyđg 1.[f wbĒ 6 'b 4p" Pz 0V kf .& ¹ Ƌ1sp;b 1.[f lf4b i ¹ lf4b 2zS y f.kN Oz gb cg" wV 2zS b H6s f Ů h62b lf ."r Ɗlf ŀĿ = i wb Ň = i ب Ň = i wb Ń = i أ ľĄĿí
ŀ = (Ń)- Ů ŃŬŃ = (Ň)- Ɗ h62b lf أ = - wV 2zS b H6s f 2p: / qzk" iszcf ĿŬŇń = ŀ - ŃŃŬŃ = (Ń)-Ń -- (Ň)Ň Ƌ 2 Wb m0o ađ* y¹ 2p: qzk" iszcf ĿŬŇń 1 .[g .y 4 y Oz gb cg" H6s f i x ŃŬŃ = (Ň)- Ů Ł = (ŀĿ)- Ɗ h62b lf ب = - wV 2zS b H6s f 2p: / qzk" iszcf ŀŬŁ - = ŃŬŃŁ - Ł = (Ň)-Ň -- (ŀĿ)ŀĿ Ƌ 2 Wb m0o ađ* yÊ 2p: qzk" iszcf ŀŬŁ 1 .[g @Z k y Oz gb cg" H6s f i t ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ lf lf4b 2zS y f.kN Oz gb cg" wV 2zS b H6s f ."r (ł) a f wV (Bsgb d_;b f¹ .+ 7f 3 ŀŁ = i wb Ń = i ﺟ ŀĿ = i wb Ņ = i ب Ņ = i wb Ń = i أ
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
70
πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -
Ò¨àdG ∫ó©e
− − − −
(ņŀ) = hcO .k wV
ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ
-.& Ƌ(5)- = = z& - b .b wk'kf d [gb d_;b (Bsy Ƌ` " 27Vr Ů ¹ - wV 2zS b H6s f pzV is_y w b 2 Wb
{
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
E2; (¶o) e É```¡f wo 2zS b a.Of b - i đGb wb .^ Ŀ !¶o Ƌ -s"sf y pkb is_ i
ô«¨àdG ∫ó©e ádGO
Function of Rate of Change
Ɗi V ] Ů C [ ǽ¶o + ŀ5 Ů ŀ5 Ů (5)- = = z& I# ] Ů C [ Ɗ- j ^ /
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f
+ ŀ5)- É```¡f = 5 .kN - wV 2zS b a.Of b Ƌ -s"sf y pkb is_ i E2; (¶o) e É```¡f = (ŀ5)- - (¶o ŀ ¶o Ŀ !¶o
Ŀ !¶o
ﻣﺜﺎل GOgb 5 hzZ .kN a.Ogb 0o ."r h w y gf d_b ŀ5 = 5 f.kN - wV 2zS b a.Of b - ."r 4 ł = 5 Ů ŀ -Ł5 = (5)- ب
Ł = 5 Ů Ł + Ł5ł = (5)-
أ ľĄĿí
wb hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė : &
Ł + Ł5ł = (5)- a أ
ŮŁ + Łŀ5ł = (ŀ5)- i V ŀ5 = 5 f.kN `
Ł + Ł¶oł + ¶o ŀ5 Ņ + Ł 5ł = Ł + Ł(¶o + ŀ5) ł = Ł(¶o + ŀ5)ŀ
É```¡f = ŀ5Ņ = (¶oł + ŀ5Ņ) Ŀ !¶o
¶o + ŀ5 wb ŀ5 lf 2zS 5 Ů Ł -ł5 = (5)- a 4
(ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)- É```¡f = - wV 2zS b a.Of b ¶o Ŀ !¶o Ł ¶oł + ¶o 5 Ņ ŀ É```¡f = ¶o Ŀ !¶o
ŀŁ = Ł * Ņ = - wV 2zS b a.Of is_yr Ł = ŀ5 `
ł Ł - ŀ5
ł = ( 5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)- ` Ł - ¶o + ŀ5 ŀ Ņ + ¶o ł - ŀ5ł - Ņ - ŀ5ł = (¶o) (Ł - ŀ5) (Ł - ¶o + ŀ5) ł= (¶o) = (¶o)e ¶o (Ł - ŀ5) (Ł - ¶o + ŀ5) łÉ```¡f = 2zS b a.Of Ł(Ł - 5) = (¶o)e Ŀ !¶o ŀ
Ł = 5 .kN
Ł = (5)- a ب ŀ-5
Ɗ i V ŀ5 = 5 f.kN `
Ł Ł – = (ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)ŀ - ŀ5 ŀ - ¶o + ŀ5 ¶o Ł Ł + ¶oŁ 5Ł Ł ŀ ŀ5Ł = = (ŀ - ŀ5)(ŀ - ¶o + ŀ5) (¶o + ŀ5 ) (ŀ - ¶o + ŀ5) (ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)- É```¡f = - wV 2zS b a.Of b ¶o Ŀ !¶o Łŀ É```¡f ¶o Ł = * = Ł(ŀ - 5) ¶o Ŀ !¶o (ŀ - 5) (ŀ - ¶o + 5) ŀ
ŀ
ŀ
ŀ - = Ł - = - wV 2zS b a.Of is_yr Ł Ł(ŀ - ł)
ł = ŀ5 `
ł = 5 .kN
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
a.Of $ k 6 h ¶o + ŀ5 wb ŀ5 lf 5 2zS f.kN Ł -ł5 = (5)- z& - wV 2zS b H6s f b - ."r 4 ń = 5 .kN - wV 2zS b p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
71
ŀł
-
= Ł(łł --) = 2zS b a.Of `
ń = ŀ5 = 5 f.kN f ;lf &4lp 5
πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ﻣﺜﺎل pc_; KW 'f dK z' e K j P7 y2 - "sf js_ V l^ 6 f wV 2#& H[6 ǶŐˋģŐũ ńģLJŐʗƥŝ 5 X?j asF is_y f.kN o2GZ X?j asF wb 7kb p'G6 & 7f wV 2zS b a.Of ."r Ƌ t2 .b ( ŁŁ ņ = r) h6łŬń 2G[b ľĄĿí
: <C& !/&? h6 5 = q"sgb 2GZ X?j asF i A2W Łh6 Ł5 r = W 'zW?b & 7f ` Ł5 r = (5)- = W is_yr ¶o + ŀ5 wb ŀ5 lf 5 2zS f.kN
C
l
(ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)É```¡f = W wV 2zS b a.Of b - i V ¶o Ŀ !¶o
Ł Ł ŀ 5 r - (¶o + ŀ5) r
ŀ5 r Ł =
ŀ
¶o ŀ5)
Ł5 - Ł(¶o +
¶o
É```¡f =
Ŀ !¶o
+ ŀ5) ¶o + ŀ5 Ł = ŀ 5 - (¶o = (¶o)e ¶o ĿŬŃ = ¶o Ů ł = 5 ` łŬŃ wb ł lf 5 2zS f.kN ŅŬŃ = ĿŬŃ + ł * Ł = (ĿŬŃ)e É```¡f = (¶o)e É```¡f = 2zS b a.Of b ŀ5Ł = (¶o + ŀ5Ł) Ł
Ŀ !¶o
É```¡f r =
Ŀ !¶o
ŁŁ = łŬń * ŁŁ ņ * Ł = W wV 2zS b a.Of `
tr 7 p & 7fr h6 5 = 'zW?b PcB asF i A2Wj Ł5 = (5)- = W is_zVƅƅŁh6 W ¶o + ŀ5 wb ŀ5 lf 5 2zS f.kN (ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)= 2zS b H6s f b - ` ¶o
łŬń = ŀ5 = 5 f.kN ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
2zS y f.kN p'G6 & 7f wV 2zS b H6s f 7& Ů pc_; KW 'f e K j -.g y P 2f d_: wcN 'zW> 5 Ƌh6ń pOcB asF is_y f.kN p'G6 & 7f wV 2zS b a.Of 7& h Ůh6łŬŃ wb h6ł lf pOcB asF
: 6" r 5 l
Ɗ ."r 5ł - Ł5 = (5)- j ^ /
IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ tr 7y - wV 2zS b i V łŬŁ wb ł lf 5 2zS f.kN ŁŬŃ = - wV 2zS b H6s f i ^ / 1 łŬŅ ﺟ
ĿŬŃŇ ب
ĿŬłŁ أ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ tr 7 (Ń)- i V Ņ = (Ł)- Ů Ń wb Ł lf 5 2zS f.kN ń = - wV 2zS b H6s f i ^ / 2 ŀŅ د
Ň ﺟ
ņ ب
Ń- أ
Ŀ !¶o
ń = ŀ5 = 5 f.kN ŀĿ = ń * Ł = 'zW?b & 7f wV 2zS b a.Of `
(١-٣) ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ
ņŬŁ د
Ł
Ł = 5.kN 2zS b H6s f b - أ
ŁŬĿł wb Ł lf 5 2zS f.kN b .b 2zS H6s f ب
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ tr 7y h6ņ wb h6ń lf qV2& asF 2zS y f.kN O_f h#& wV 2zS b H6s f 3 ŀĿň د ŁŀŇ ﺟ łŃł ب ŀŁń أ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋtr 7y ł wb ŀ lf 5 2zS f.kN ń + 5ł + Ł5 = (5)- z& - b .b 2zS H6s f 4 ň د ņ ﺟ ł ب ŀ أ zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
72
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
140
-
Ò¨àdG ∫ó©e ŀ+5 ŀ-5 ŀ + ŀ5 ŀ - ŀ5
-
= (5)- a ب
:≈JCÉjÉe øY ÖLCG f.kN - wV 2zS b ."r ŀ - 5 Ł + Ł5 = (5)- j ^ / 5
- ŀ + ¶o + ŀ5 = (ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)-
ŀ - ¶o + ŀ5 ¶o Ł (ŀ - ŀ5) (ŀ - ¶o + ŀ5) (¶o) ¶o Ł= ¶o (ŀ - ŀ5) (ŀ - ¶o + ŀ5) ŁÉ```¡f Ł(ŀ - 5) = (¶o)e Ŀ !¶o ŀ
=
(¶o)
=
(¶o)e
=
2zS b a.Of b -
ŀ = ¶o Ů Ł - = 5 ب
Ɗ wcy gzV kz gb ŀ5 hzZ .kN - 2zS a.Of $ k 6 h ŀ5 = 5 f.kN - wV 2zS b a.Of b - ."r 6 5 = (5)- ب Ŀ = ŀ5 Ů ŀŀ +- 5
h#& wV 2zzS b a.Of ."r V xr2_b pc_; KW 'f lz+7 b -.g i.Ogb lf 2^ ǦǍŭŨǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 8 Ƌh6ņ o2GZ X?j asF is_y f.kN o2GZ X?j asF wb 7kb 2_b dK z' e K j lz+7 b -.g qB2N XOB qbsF dzG 7f d_: wcN 'zW> ĦƥŲǤĝ ƼƖņǕĝ 9 'zW?b & 7f wV 2zS b a.Of 7& Ů o- O lz 7kb 8Wk r pc_; qKW 'f hm TÐ TÐ
: f ;lf &4lp 7
éíúÐ TÐ
5 ŀŁ A2Ob Ů5 asGb A2Wj
5Ł asGb Ů5 A2Ob A2Wj
Ł = (5)- ` A2Ob * asGb = & 7gb (ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)- É```¡f = 2zS b a.Of Ŀ !¶o ¶o (¶o ŀŁ + ŀ5) ¶o É```¡f = ¶o Ŀ !¶o ŀ É```¡f ŀ5 = (¶o Ł + ŀ5) Ŀ !¶o =
Ł5Ł = (5)- `A2Ob * asGb = & 7gb
Ł5 ŀ
a = 'zW?b PcB asF DW Ła = (a)- = W p & 7f (a)--(¶o+a)- É```¡f = W wV 2zS b a.Of ¶o Ŀ !¶o
h6ŀĿ =
= h6Ň 'zW?b PcB asF is_y f.kN pOcB asF wb 7kb 'zW?b (G6 & 7f wV 2zS b a.Of asF .&r d_b & 7f .&rŀŅ = ŀŅ = 9 g_jĐ a.Of
É```¡f =
ŀ5Ń = (¶oŁ + ŀ5Ń) Ŀ !¶o
h6ŀĿ = ŀ5 f.kN
ŀ5 f.kN
ŃĿ = 2zS b a.Of ǶưĝʹʾǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ
Ŀ !¶o
: f ;lf
-.N wcN XZs y ! jĖ G6s f a [ 2 2#: p# k w b (e 2" scz_b 7z[f) = zg_b j ^ / 10 ŃŁ - ŀĿĿ = = ZđOcb ¹[ F 2#;b 92b e.+ 7gb t2;'b .z gb lf 5 f 2" scz_b ŀ+5
Ƌ Ł wb ŀ lf 5 2zS f.kN = wV 2zS b H6s f 7&
8
ﺟـ
ł
(H)- - (¶o +H)- É```¡f ¶o Ŀ !¶o
=
É```¡f rŃ ł
=
łH - ł(¶o +H)
¶o
Ŀ !¶o
łH rŃ = łH ł * rŃ
ł
(¶o)e
=
ņ =H is_y f.kN o2GZ X?j asF wb 7kb 2_b h#& 2zS a.Of ŁŁ
ŅŀŅ = ņ * ņ * ņ * Ń = 7kb & 7gb 2zS a.Of 7& iĔ (z'> arĔ d'b 9 A2N d gy 5 sor d[ 7gb 2zS gb i A2W h y pB2Ob Ƌ pbsF 8zbr 'zW?b (ŀ5)- - (Ł5)5 - 5 = 2zS b G6s f 10 ŀ
Ɗis_yr Ł = Ł5 Ů ŀ = ŀ5 `
Ł
Ł wb ŀ lf 2zS 5 a
(ŀ)- - (Ł)(ŀ)- - (Ł)- = ŀ - Ł = 2zS b H6s f
ņ = ŀŃ - Łŀ = (
ŃŁ Ł
- ŀĿĿ) - (
ŃŁ ł
- ŀĿĿ ) =
p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
73
(H)- =łH rŃ = 2_b h#&
4 ƅƅ د
:(ɸ - ɺ) r 5 l & 3 ƅƅ د2 ƅƅ ب1
ŀ- 5Ł + Ł5 = (5)¶o + ŀ5 wb ŀ5 lf 5 2zS f.kN a (ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)- = (¶o) ` ŀ+ ŀ5Ł - ŀŁ5 -ŀ- (¶o + ŀ5)Ł + Ł(¶o +ŀ5) =ƄƄƄ ¶o Ł + Ł¶o + ¶o ŀ 5 Ł =ƄƄƄ ĿŬŀ = ¶o ŮŁ=ŀ5 ` ŁŬŀ wb Ł lf 5 2zS f.kN ĿŬŅŀ = (ĿŬŀ)Ł + Ł(ĿŬŀ) + ĿŬŀ *Ł * Ł = (ĿŬŀ) Ł- = (5)- f.kN Ł- = ŀ- 5Ł + Ł5 a ŀ- = 5 ` Ŀ = Ł(ŀ+ 5) Ů Ŀ = ŀ+ 5Ł + Ł5 ` ŀ = ¶o Ů ŀ5 = ŀ- = 5 f.kN ŀ= (ŀ)Ł + Ł(ŀ) + (ŀ) (ŀ-) Ł = (ŀ) ` ł5Ł = (5)- a أ ł5Ł - ł(¶o + 5)Ł ŀ ŀ É```¡f = 2zS b a.Of b - ` ¶o Ŀ !¶o
ł ŀ5
Ņ = ŀł5ł * Ł =
ł ł ŀ 5 - (¶o + ŀ5)
ŁŃ = Ł(Ł)Ņ = 2zS b a.Of `
141
(ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)- É```¡f =2zS b a.Of Ŀ !¶o ¶o (¶o + ŀ5Ł) ¶oŁ É```¡f = Ŀ !¶o ¶o
ŀĿ = 2zS b a.Of
É```¡f
¶o
Ł = ŀ5 Ůł5Ł = (5)- أ
2zzS b a.Of 7& ŮP 2gb pc_; KW 'f .y2 b <g_k P 2f d_: wcN 'zW> ńģũģƑǨǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 7 Ƌh6Ň PcCb asF is_y f.kN pOcB asF wb 7kb 'zW?b & 7f wV
Ŀ = ŀ5 = 5 f.kN
Ła -Ł(¶o+a)
ŁŬŀ wb Ł lf 5 2zS أ
Ƌh6ŀĿ A2Ob is_y f.kN pB2Ob 7kb
Ł - = 2zS b a.Of `
aŁ =
Ò¨àdG ∫ó©e
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
¶o
É```¡f Ŀ !¶o
Ł=
Ł = ŀ5 = 5 f.kN
5
أ ب
6
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lf 2zS 5 1 N 2 Ć&#x2039; E Âś" PF [b dzfr ĹŽ - wV 2zS b H6s f b - lz i1 Z Âśo + Ĺ&#x20AC;5 wb ? 'z'> zb b ZÄ&#x2018;Ob do
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Differentiation
: " ÂŞ05 :-8^ÂĽ
2-3
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First Derivative
(
Slope
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+ Ĺ&#x20AC;5)- Ă&#x2030;```ÂĄf = a J = Âś" .kN 5 ggb dzf ."r i (Ĺ&#x20AC;5)- - (Âśo Âśo
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((Ĺ&#x20AC;5)- ĹŽĹ&#x20AC;5) G[kb .kN (5)- = = z& - b .b wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf Ĺ&#x20AC;5 = 5 .kN - wV 2zS b a.Of tr 7y
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
: Â&#x20AC;: : 16[k
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Ć&#x2039;5 gf - PF Z - dzf- Y [ :Ä? zc Z - wbrÄ&#x201D; [ ;gb : â&#x20AC;ŤŘĽďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعسâ&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x160;i ! k 6 l_gy h62b lf qj Ä&#x2018;Gb wb 2: 1s'gb wcN 2pKyr (Ĺ&#x20AC;5)- - (Âśo + Ĺ&#x20AC;5)- = b .b wV 2zS b Ć&#x2039;w6 2b b .b wV 2zS b Âśo
: k2/ ;lf Â&#x20AC;lÂ&#x20AC;gS f 1 ylf
6 & - zfs62b $f 2 b - {bÄ&#x2019; 6 'b - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć&#x2039; zj z
= PF [b dzf i Ä&#x2018;Gb 2^/ Â&#x2DC;
Ć&#x2039;2zS b H6s g U2Oy f sor
(Ĺ&#x20AC;5)- - (Âśo + Ĺ&#x20AC;5)Âśo
= t FĆ&#x2026;
wb b r Âś" G[j lf 2 [ E G[j i V Äż # Âśo f.kN Â&#x2DC;
: *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
hcO b - {ko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob - 2B 'gb Ć&#x2039;{jr O b :< 52 f o ck
Ć&#x160; z& a F - t F i V
(Ĺ&#x20AC;5)- - (Âśo + Ĺ&#x20AC;5)Âśo
Ă&#x2030;```ÂĄf
= a FĆ&#x2026;
Ć&#x2039;{6 1.b d?Wb
5 ggb dzf is_yr ĹŽ b .cb wbrÄ&#x201D; [ ;gb U2Oy f sorĆ&#x2026; Ĺ&#x20AC;5 = 5 .kN - wV 2zS b a.Of tr 7y b .b wk'kgb / qj lz r = +b hcO .k wV -1r f Ä&#x2018;Gb wb .^ Â&#x2DC;
:mgS f 51 Ck
Äż !Âśo
Ć&#x160; i V % #] ĹŽC[Ć&#x160;- Ć&#x160; j ^ (5)- - (Âśo + 5)- Ă&#x2030;``````ÂĄf Âśo Äż!Âśo
/
= (5) -
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142
¥É≤à°T’G : S > K.
b Gb ."sy Ů G[j .kN b .b [ ;f b Gb - #y .kN : K/f ƋXy2O b e .+ 6 2: f [ ;gb m0o Y [ :Đ ' y h Ů b .b a #f Đ ¹ r b Gb ."sy : yCf Ƌa #gb 0o ǽ G[j t .kN
-
¥É≤à``°T’G
ﻣﺜﺎل yr 4b 5 zZ ."r h (ņ ŮŁ)C G[kb .kN ń - Ł5ł = (5)- z& - b .b wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf ."r 1 Ƌ [zZ- 2ZĔ C G[kb .kN kz7b 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ Pf 5 ggb pOk?y w b "sgb ľĄĿí
- wk'kf wb wg k (ņ ŮŁ) C G[kb `
(Ł = 5) .kN - wV 2zS b a.Of = (Ł = 5) .kN 5 ggb dzf ƅ (Ł)- - (¶o + Ł)- É``````¡f = ¶o
Ł¶o ł + ¶o ŀŁ
¶o
:(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f
wb hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė ( gk b eyg*) &
Ń- ł5 = (5)-
1
Ŀ!¶o
Ł É``````¡f = ņ - ń - (¶o + Ł)ł É``````¡f = 5 ggb dzf ` ¶o Ŀ!¶o Ŀ!¶o
ŀŁ = (¶o ł + ŀŁ) É``````¡f = Ŀ!¶o
c Ňń
ŀŃ - (ŀŁ)ŀ - J = a
/
`
ŀŁ = a J is_yr ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
yr 4b 5 zZ ."r h (ł - Ůŀ) C G[kb .kN Ń - ł5 = (5)- z& - b .b wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf ."r 1 Ƌ [zZ- 2ZĔ C G[kb .kN kz7b 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ Pf 5 ggb 0o pOk?y w b "sgb
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ The Derivative Function á≤à°ûªdG ádGódG Cy ¹ b - so 2zS b a.Of i V 0o wcNr - wV 2zS b a.Ogb .z&r gzZ o2J ky - a #f wV 5 2zS gcb gzZ d_b ȿarĔ wcB W b df Ogb ȿ r ȿ b .cb wbrĔ [ ;gb Ɗ r ȿ [ ;gb b .b ȿ pzcN \cGy 5 2zS gb wV
ł - = Ń - ŀ = (ŀ)- a
Ɗ [ ;gb b .b i V ] Ů C [ǽ 5 Ů I # ] Ů C [ Ɗ - j ^ / /
+ 5)Ƌ -s"sf y pkb m0o is_ i E2; (5)- - (¶o ¶o
- wk'kf wb wg k (ł Ůŀ) C G[kb `
3sf2b .& - b .cb wbrĔ [ ;gcb 4f2zV (5)- = = j ^ / ȿ- [ ;f ȿ r ȿ= [ ;f ȿ 2[ r - r = /
=
/
ŀ-
/
=E 5E
ȿ5 wb 7kb = [ ;f ȿ r ȿ 5 a - = a - ȿ 2[ r /
(ŀ5) - so ((ŀ5)- Ůŀ5) G[kb .kN (5)- = = wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf i L&Đ
= =
p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
75
w b "sgb yr 4b 5 zZ a z& a F = 5 ggb dzf Ƌ kz7b 1s&sgb "sgb m # Đ Pf 5 ggb pOk?y
cņŀ łŃ - (ł) F = a
É``````¡f = (5)/Ŀ!¶o ǶLJņƖǨǤĝ ǶǤĝŻǤĝ ƆǍǩƃ
G[kb m0o .kN - wV 2zS b a.Of = (ł- Ůŀ) C .kN 5 ggb dzf (ŀ)- - (¶o + ŀ)- É``````¡f ¶o Ŀ!¶o (ł-) - Ń - ł(¶o + ŀ) É``````¡f ¶o Ŀ!¶o ł(ŀ) - ł(¶o + ŀ) Ł É``````¡f ł = (ŀ)ł = ¶o Ŀ!¶o
ņ = ń - Ł(Ł)ł = (Ł)- a
IJœĎĬ÷
-
`
πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ﻣﺜﺎل .kN 5 ggb dzf ."r h [ ;gb Xy2O f¹ .+ 7f ŀ + 5 - Ł5 = (5)- z& - b .cb [ ;gb b .b ."r 2 (ņ Ů Ł - ) G[kb
ņ + 5Ń + Ł5ł = (5)- 2 - wV 2zS b a.Of = (5)/- a Ɗ i V ¶o + 5 wb 5 lf 5 2zS f.kN ` ņ + (¶o + 5) Ń + Ł(¶o + 5) ł = (¶o + 5)¶o Ń + Ł¶o ł + ¶o 5 Ņ = (5)- - (¶o + 5)- Ů Ń + ¶o ł + 5Ņ = (¶o)e Ń+ 5Ņ = (5)/- = (¶o)e É``````¡f ` Ŀ!¶o
ľĄĿí
ŀ + 5 - Ł5 = (5)- a , ŀ + ¶o - 5 - Ł¶o + ¶o 5Ł + Ł5 =
ŀ + (¶o + 5) - Ł(¶o + 5) = (¶o + 5)- ` ¶o (ŀ - ¶o + 5Ł) = (5)- - (¶o + 5)-
¶o (ŀ - ¶o + 5Ł) É``````¡f = (5)/- ` ¶o Ŀ!¶o
ƅ (5)- - (¶o + 5)- É``````¡f = (5) - a /
¶o
Ŀ!¶o
(ŀ - ¶o + 5Ł) É``````¡f = (5) -
/
/
ŀ - 5Ł = (5) -
Ŀ!¶o
ņ = ŀ + (Ł - ) - Ł(Ł - ) = (Ł - )-a - wk'kf wcN P[ (ņ ŮŁ - ) G[kb ` ń - = ŀ - (Ł - )Ł = (Ł - ) - = (ņ Ů Ł - ) G[kb .kN 5 ggb dzf /
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
5 ggb dzf ."r h Ů [ ;gb Xy2O f¹ .+ 7f - b .b [ ;f ."r V ņ + 5Ń + Ł5 ł = (5)- j ^ / 2 (Ņ Ů ŀ - ) G[kb .kN - wk'kgb
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ¥É≤à°TÓd ádGódG á«∏HÉb z& -s"r pb (C) - j ^ / H[Vr / ( b .b a #f wb wg k C z&) C = 5 .kN Y [ :đb c Z - b .b i a [y (C)- - (¶o + C)- É``````¡f = (C) -
Differintiability of a Function /
/
¶o
/
Ŀ!¶o
(ŀ-) -= (Ņ Ůŀ -) G[kb .kN 5 ggb dzf Ł - = Ń + (ŀ -)Ņ =
ﻣﺜﺎل /
(ń) - ."r h ŀ - 5 = (5)- z& - b .b [ ;f Xy2O b e .+ 6 ."r 3 ľĄĿí
]' Ů ŀ ] =- a #f `
ŀ-5
= (5)- a
ŀ- ¶o + 5 = (¶o + 5)- ` ŀ-5
- ŀ- ¶o + 5 = (5)- -(¶o + 5)(5)- - (¶o + 5)- É``````¡f = (5)/¶o Ŀ!¶o
H7 b \V 2f wV 2Cb r
ŀ-5
- ŀ- ¶o + 5 É``````¡f =Ƅ
¶o
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
143
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
Ŀ!¶o
76
πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -
¥É≤à``°T’G
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f
(ŀ- 5) - (ŀ- ¶o + 5)
É``````¡f = (5)/+ ŀ- ¶o + 5 ) ¶o Ŀ!¶o
( ŀ-5 ŀ
ŀ< 5 Ů
ŀ-5
= Ł
¶o ( ŀ-5
d>s r (ņņ) = d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf
É``````¡f =
+ ŀ- ¶o + 5 ) ¶o Ŀ!¶o
y pkb -s"r e.Ob ŀ = 5 .kN Y [ :đb c Z 2zR - b .b i L&Đ ŀ ŀ= ŀ = = (ń) Ń Ł*Ł
ń+5
ń + ¶o + 5 = (¶o + 5)- `
/
ŀ-ń
Ł ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
(5)- - (¶o + 5)- É``````¡f ¶o Ŀ!¶o
= (5)- z& - b .b [ ;f Xy2O b e .+ 6 ."r 3
ń + 5 - ń+ ¶o + 5
(٢-٣) ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ Ł5ł = (5)- ب Ƌ5 Ł + Ł5 = (5)- د
¶o
Ɗ w y gf d^ wV - b .cb [ ;gb b .b ."r 1 Ł + 5ń = (5)- أ ŀ- ł5 = (5)- ﺟ
ŀ
ƊY [ :đb c Z 2zR b .b o.kN is_ w b 5 hzZ lzNr w y gf d^ wV - b .cb wbrĔ [ ;gb ."r 2 ŀ = (5)- ب ŀ = (5)- أ ł+5
ł = (5)- ﺟ ń - 5Ł
É``````¡f Ŀ!¶o
=
H7 b \V 2f * 2Cb r
=
+
É``````¡f Ŀ!¶o
ń+ ¶o + 5 ]
ń- < 5 .kN Y [ :đb c Z - is_ r
OZ sb (ł Ůŀ- ) G[kb .kN b .b wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf ."r h Ń + ł5 = (5)- z& - b .b [ ;f ."r 3 ƋqzcN
: S > K.
Ƌi z[z[& i -.N Ů C z& (= Ů5 ) G[j t .kN + 5 C = (5)- z& - b .b [ ;f ."r 4 yr 4b 5 zZ ."r h (Ń ŮŁ) C G[kb .kN Ň - Ł5ł = (5)- z& - b .b wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf ."r 5 Ƌ kz7b 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ Pf 5 ggb pOk?y w b "sgb
a r-r 1s7_b a r- a #f lzzO wV đGb DO G+y .Z ar O" 2f ađ* lf p hpy2^0 wS ky `b0b ů1r0#b Ƌ arĔ w6 1.b d?Wb wV(wbrĔ .&sb ) a r.b
Ɗ ."r i r C z& + Ł5 C = (5)- i ^ / 6 Ƌ(= Ů5 ) G[j t .kN - b .cb wbrĔ [ ;gb أ ƋŀŁ tr 7y qzcN OZ sb (ł- ŮŁ) G[kb .kN b .b wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf i ^ / Ů C w gzZ ب
: (ɹ - ɺ) r 5 l &
p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
77
= (5)/-
ń - 5 - ń + ¶o + 5
ń+5 Ł [ ń+5
5
د
Ń-5
ń + 5 = (5)- a
Ɗ.#j [ ;gb b .b Xy2O e .+ 6 1 5Ņ = (5) - ب ń = (5)/- أ Ł5ł = (5)/- ﺟ Ł + 5 Ł= (5)/- د /
b .b .N Z \[' (Ń ŮŁ)C G[kb Ň - Ł5ł = (5)- 5 Ɗis_yr pzk'kf wcN P[ (Ń ŮŁ)C ` (Ł)/- = o.kN 5 ggb dzf Ń- Ň - Ł(¶o + Ł)ł ¶o
É``````¡f Ŀ!¶o
= (Ł) - - (¶o + Ł)- É``````¡f = (Ł)/-
ł- = 5 f.kN Y [ :đb c Z 2zR -
¶o
a F = ŀŁ =
Ŀ!¶o Ł ¶o ł + ¶o ŀŁ É``````¡f ¶o Ŀ!¶o
Ŀ= 5 f.kN Y [ :đb c Z 2zR - b .b
=
ń Ł = 5 f.kN Y [ :đb c Z 2zR -
cŇń ŀŃ = (ŀŁ) ŀ- F = a ` /
[ ;gb b .b Xy2O e .+ 6 أ 5C Ł = (5)/- ` + Ł5 C = (5)- wk'kgb wcN P[ (ł- Ů Ł) G[kb a ب (ŀ) ł- = + C Ń` ŀŁ = (Ł)/ł = Cƅƅis_zVƅƅŀŁ = Ł * CŁ (ŀ) wV DysO b ŀń- = ƅis_zVƅł- = + (ł) Ń `
Ń H5 f.kN Y [ :đb c Z 2zR 6 ł5 - ł(¶o + 5)
¶o
ŀŁ5
ŀ-
= (5)/- أ = (5)/- ب
ł+5 Ņ= (5)/Ł(ń - 5Ł) ŀ /
Ń- 5 Ł
2
ﺟ
= (5) - د
Ń + ł5 = (5)- 3 Ń + ł(¶o + 5 ) = (¶o+ 5) -
É``````¡f Ŀ!¶o
= (5)- - (¶o + 5)- É``````¡f = (5)/¶o
Ŀ!¶o
Ł5ł = (5)/- `
ł = Ł(ŀ-)ł = (ŀ-)/- = (ł Ůŀ- ) G[kb .kN 5 ggb dzf + 5 C = (5)- 4 + (¶o + 5 ) C = (¶o + 5)-
C=
(5)- - (¶o + 5)- É``````¡f = (5)/¶o Ŀ!¶o ¶o C É``````¡f - 5 C - + ¶o C + 5 C É``````¡f = = ¶o Ŀ ¶o ¶o Ŀ ¶o ! !
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144
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ÂĽĂ&#x2030;â&#x2030;¤Ă °Tâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G ĂłYGĆ&#x2019;b
3-3
Rules of Differentiation â&#x2C6;&#x17E;°ÝΟà °SG Ć&#x160; lf d^ [ ;f b .cb wbrÄ&#x201D; [ ;gb Xy2O e .+ 6 ."r - Â&#x161; Ĺ&#x201E;5 = (5)Ĺ&#x201A;5 = (5)?Xy2O b e .+ 6 ir- Ĺ&#x2020;5 = (5)- [ ;f U ; ^ `k_gy do - Â&#x203A; ? i5 = (5)- z& - b .b [ ;gb .N Z ! k 6 `k_gy do - Â&#x153;
Rules of differentiation :"1"1 ' : : l&+8%
â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x2014;ďť&#x152;ďť ďť˘â&#x20AC;Ź
Â&#x2019; { Â&#x201C; = Â&#x2020; :-8^( l&+8%
Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ďøá ÄąĹ&#x17D;Ä&#x201C; :8 : :-8^( { = { :-8^( { = { :-8^( {C = { :-8^(
w&; 0 ²8 Â&#x201E; ) :-8^( °A7 ²8 VÂż J _ :-8^( ²8 :)1 \> Y :-8^(
ĂĄdGĂłdG ĂĄâ&#x2030;¤Ă °Ýe
Derivative of a Function
: Â&#x20AC;: : 16[k
Äż = = E Ć&#x201E;:nÂ&#x2021;b 5E
Ć&#x2039; c7c7b .N Z - wbrÄ&#x201D; [ ;gb
I Ç˝ Âś"Ć&#x201E;:h
ĂĄĂ HĂ&#x2030;ĂŁdG ĂĄdGĂłdG ĂĄâ&#x2030;¤Ă °Ýe - Â&#x161;
Ĺ&#x20AC; - i 5 i = = E Ć&#x201E;:nÂ&#x2021;b
I Ç˝ iĆ&#x201E;:h
i 5 = = j ^ /
I Ç˝ i ĹŽ CĆ&#x201E;:h
i 5 C = = j ^ /
5E
Ć&#x2039; zgcN 6 & b - i sb 2z: F - 1s 7b
Ĺ&#x20AC; = = E :nÂ&#x2021;b
: *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
5E
Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;ĂŽÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x2014;à þÎÄ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x20AC;ĤÄ&#x153;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà First Derivative
ÂŞ05 :-8^ÂĽ VÂż J _
Product
:)1 \> Y
Quotient Chain Rule
:"1"1 '
5 = = j ^ /
5E
Ĺ&#x20AC; - i 5 i C = = E Ć&#x201E;:nÂ&#x2021;b
I { = Â&#x2020; :-8^(
Âś" = = j ^ / Ć&#x160; i L&Ä? Âś" = (Âśo + 5)- ĹŽ Âś" = (5)- = =
(5)- - (Âśo + 5)- Ă&#x2030;``````ÂĄf = (5)/- = = E a 5E Âśo Äż!Âśo Âś" - Âś" Ă&#x2030;``````ÂĄf = (5)/- = = E ` (Äż !Âśo ) 2W> = š 5E Âśo Äż!Âśo ¿¢S = (¢S)O ĂĄdGĂłdG ĂĄâ&#x2030;¤Ă °Ýe - Â&#x203A;
: k2/ ;lf Â&#x20AC;lÂ&#x20AC;gS f 1 ylf
:"1"1 ' : : :-8^(
â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x201E;â&#x20AC;Ź
Ć&#x2039; ;Z kgb - {jr O b hcO b - {ko0b X?Ob - 2: gb A2Ob
Ă´Ĺ&#x192;Ä&#x160;Ä&#x2C6;øÄ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà þĂĹ?Ä&#x2030;Ĺ&#x2014;Ă I: )" :L3 _ : d IX3 /" : ( 3> O( &
Ć&#x160;w y gf d^ wV = E ."r 1 5E
5Ĺ&#x201E; = = â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x;â&#x20AC;Ź
:< 52 f o ck
Ĺ&#x192;5 = = Ĺ&#x201A;5
Ć&#x2039;{6 1.b d?Wb
Ĺ&#x201A;5 Ĺ&#x192; = = E
5E
:mgS f 1 Ck
â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź
= = â&#x20AC;ŤďťŤŮ&#x20AC;â&#x20AC;Ź
` Ĺ&#x192;5 = = a â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź
Ĺ&#x201A;-== â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź Ĺ&#x201A; Ĺ 5
== â&#x20AC;ŤŘŻâ&#x20AC;Ź ÄžÄ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
Äż = = E ` Ć&#x2026;Ĺ&#x201A; - = =a â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź 5E
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
78
Ć&#x2039; fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b ĹŽ Ĺ&#x2021;Ĺ&#x2020; wb Ĺ&#x2020;Ĺ&#x2021; lf b Gb ^
Â&#x20AC;[g.
:â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x152;ďş&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź Ć&#x160; z Ä&#x2019; a r.b [ ;f - #y ` Ä&#x2018;F Pf <Z j Â&#x2DC;
(5)- = = z& - b .b gzZ {V 2zS b b Gb 51- i \ 6 `b0^ Ĺ&#x20AC;5 < Ĺ 5 z& Ĺ 5 wb Ĺ&#x20AC;5 lf 5 2zS f.kN 5 2zS gcb kzOf gzZ .kN 2zS b a.Ofr 2zS b 0o H6s f Ć&#x2039; 2zS b a.Ogb {6.kpb espWgb 51- `b0^r b .cb Y [ :Ä? .N sZ b Gb 51.y Us6 51.b 0o {Vr .N Zr lz b - g7Zr lz b - 2B d> &r -r.'b 2z ^
Y2Wb r lz b - Msg#f [ ;f ĹŽi5 C = = ĹŽ 5 = = ĹŽ Âś" = = Ć&#x2039;lz b - g7Z !1 * [ ;f ĹŽ lz b - 2B d> & [ ;f ĹŽ gpkz :â&#x20AC;ŤŘĽďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعسâ&#x20AC;Ź wV Xy2O b e .+ 6 ` Ä&#x2018;F Pf <Z j X;_ 6 .k wV wV GOgb a r.cb wbrÄ&#x201D; [ ;gb - #yÄ&#x2013; ĹŻ\ 7b 51.b z& - b .cb [ ;gb `c - #y wV hpO h ĹŽ y-.Ob 1s?b Ć&#x2039; hp " '> lf \[' r i 5 = (5)aÄ&#x2018;* lf Y [ :Ä? .N s[b ` Ä&#x2018;F hpV lf .^ hcO .k wV Â&#x2DC; Ć&#x160;a gb dz 6 wcN pkfr Gz7 y-.N ly1 g
Ć&#x2039;Y [ :Ä? .N sZ e .+ 6 `b/r b .b b .b Y [ :Ä? :952f &6/k oyc o T^y lf rk K?pČ&#x161; 4Â&#x20AC;[q x 952f 4u vp  Z
: Â&#x20AC; Č&#x2DC; e x2f rk hcf }fxČ&#x161; _ ?lf 2&x
5Ĺ = = (Ĺ ) Ĺ&#x201A; Ĺ
5 = = (Ĺ&#x192;) 5 = = (Ĺ&#x2026;)
Ĺ&#x201A;
= =(Ĺ&#x20AC;)
Ĺ&#x2020;5 = = (Ĺ&#x201A;)
Ĺ&#x2020;Ĺ&#x201E;5
= = (Ĺ&#x201E;)
:o }gR 5Ç&#x203A; 1 ^ f Kf :8 : :-8^( l&+8% I { = { : :-8^( l&+8% I { = { : :-8^( l&+8% I { C = { : :-8^( l&+8% I°A7 w&; 0 ²8 Â&#x201E; ) l&+8% I²8 VÂż J _ :-8^( l&+8% I²8 :)1 \> Y :-8^( l&+8%
145
}p #f Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČ&#x17E; hÂ&#x20AC;f1
πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -
¥É≤à°T’G óYGƒb 5E ł-5 Ņ - = =E ` 5E ł = ŀŁ 5 ł = = E ` Ł Ł 5E
Ŀ G 5 z& 5
(ŇĿ) = Ů(ņň) = zb b -sk b ` đF Pf <Z j
5 ń = =a ﺟ
ń= =E `
I°A7 w&; 0 ²8 ) :-8^(
Ł - 5 ł = ł = =a د Ł5 ł Ł
5 = ł5 = = a ﻫـ
I²8 V¿ J _ :-8^(
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă Ɗw y gf d^ wV = E ."r 1 5E Ń-5 = = ņ5 ł
د
ł Ł
== ح
5== ﺟ
ň5
5 ł Ń- = = ل
ŀĿ5
== ز
Ń-5r= =
== و
ń ł
ń-5Ł -
== ى
Ņ5 ł= =
-5
I²8 :)1 \> Y :-8^(
أ
ņ5 = =
ŀ
ń5
ك
== ب
Ƌ Gz7 y-.N c f ađ* lf .N s[b m0o wcN .^ r
= = ﻫـ ط
ɪ¡æ«H ¥ôØdG hCG ø«àdGO ´ƒªée á≤à°ûe 5 wb 7kb Y [ :đb c Z Cy ¹ is_ Y !M i V Ů 5 2zS gcb 7kb Y [ :đb lz c Z lz b - Y ŮM j ^ / Ɗ i V Ů f N W? r Y E ! M E = (Y ! M ) E is_yr 5E
5E
5E
:n b " e'& R(7 I , '_B I E \ i- ŮƋƋƋƋŮ Ł- Ů ŀ- j ^ / (5)i - ! ƋƋƋ! (5)ł - ! (5)Ł - ! (5) ŀ-Ƅ = Ƅ(5)(i- ! ƋƋƋ ! ł- ! Ł- ! ŀ- ) E /
/
/
/
5E
ﻣﺜﺎل
: 6l ;lf m _ f
hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb
Ɗw y gf d^ wV = E ."r 2
&
5E
== ب
5Ł- 5
5 5Ł- 5 ŀ Ł ŀ Ł
5
ň - 5 + Ņ5 Ł = Ƅ = ŀĿ - 5 ň - ń5 ŀŁ = = E
-5 - = ŀ-
5E
a أ `
5 ŀŁ * Ł - Ŀ = = E ` Ƅ 5E
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗi ^ / = E ."r 2 5E
5 Ņ + Ń-5 ł = = ﺟ
ņ + 5 Ń - ł5 Ł = = ب
ń + Ł5ł= = أ
ń == و Ń-+ 5 5+ 5
Ň + ń-5 Ł - Ň5 ł = = ﻫ
ŀ Ń - 5ņ== د 5Ń
Ł ł
Ń5 ł
ņ ł
ŃŁ5
ł
ł
=
:ø«àdGO Üô°V π°UÉM á≤à°ûe 7kb Y [ :đb c Z Cy ¹ is_ (X Ƌ M) b .b i V 5 2zS gcb 7kb Y [ :đb lz c Z lz b - X Ů M j ^ / ME XE ĿX + 5 M = (X Ƌ M) 5EE ƅƊis_yr 5 2zS gcb E 5E
ﻣﺜﺎل ŀ - = 5 f.kN = E ."r h (ł + ł5 ) (ŀ + Ł5 ) = = i ^ / = E ."r 3 5E 5E ľĄĿí
5 Ł * (ł + ł5) + Ł5ł * (ŀ + Ł5) = = E `ƅƅƅ (ł + ł5 ) (ŀ + Ł5) = = a 5E 5Ņ + Ń5Ł + Ł5ł + Ń5ł = Ƅƅƅƅƅƅ ƅ Ł Ń 5Ņ + 5ł + 5ń = Ƅƅƅƅƅƅ ƅ Ł = (ŀ - ) Ņ + Ł(ŀ - )ł + Ń(ŀ - ) ń = = E ` ŀ - = 5 .kN 5E
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ i ^ / = E ."r 3 5E
ب
(ŀ- 5 ł ) (ł+ 5Ł ) = = أ
(ŀ+ 5 ) (ŀ- 5 ) = = د
(Ń + 5 ) 5 = = ﺟ
ŀ = 5 f.kN = E ."r h (5 + ł5 ņ ) ( ŀ - Ł5Ń ) = = ﻫـ 5E
XE
5E
MŁY
ME X 5E
:ø«àdGO ᪰ùb êQÉN á≤à°ûe Ŀ ! (5) X j ^r 5 2zS gcb 7kb Y [ :đb lz c Z lz b - X Ů M j ^ / M
=( X)
E
5E
و
Ň ł -5
Ń ņ =ł5 ł ح
Łł 5
ń łņ5
ى
ﻫ ň Ł =
Ņ5 ņ
أ
ń-5Ń-
د
ņ Ł5
ŀ Ł5 Ń
5
د
+ ł5 ŁŇ
و
ł ńŁ + Ł5
ŁĿ + 5 Ň ب ŀ د
ň Ł
ń5 ŀŇ
ل
Ńł
ب
ń-5r
Ń - Ł5 Ņ ب
πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
Ł (ń + 5 Ł ) = =
ň5 ŀĿ
Ņ-5ŀĿ
p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
79
ﺟ
ł Ł ńŅ5
ŀ Ł5
ľĄĿí
== a ب
5 Ł - ŀ = 5 Ł - ŀ = ƄƄƄƄ ŀ Ł
أ
ň - 5 + Ņ5 Ł = =
1
ز ط
Ń- ك
5Ņ أ
2
5 Ń + ń-5 ŀŁ- ﺟ
ŀ ł-
Ņ-5 ŀĿ + ņ5 ŁŃ
ﻫ
ņ + 5 ŀŁ أ Ł
+ŀ
5
(5Ň) (5+ ł5ņ ) + (ŀ + Ł5 Łŀ) (ŀ - Ł5Ń) =
=E 5E
ﺟ
3
ﻫـ
ŀ= 5 f.kN =E ŀłĿ = Ň * Ň + ŁŁ * ł = ` 5E
M
is_yr 5 2zS gcb 7kb Y [ :đb c Z Cy ¹ is_ ( X ) b .b i V /
XM- MX /
ŁX
/
ﻣﺜﺎل ŀ - Ł5 = = i ^ / = E ."r 4 5E ŀ + ł5 ľĄĿí Ł5ł * (ŀ - Ł5) - 5Ł * (ŀ + ł5) =E ŀ - Ł5 = ` == a Ł(ŀ + ł5) 5E ŀ + ł5 Ł5 ł + Ń5 ł - 5Ł + Ń5 Ł = =E ` Ł(ŀ + ł5 ) 5E 5Ł + Ł5ł + Ń5 - = Ł(ŀ + ł5) zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
: á«FGôKEG øjQɪJ
M
= ( X ) 2
80
Ɗ z Ē a r.b lf d_b wbrĔ [ ;gb ."r 5Ł + Ł 5ł - ł 5Ł = = - [Ł + 5Ņ - Ł 5Ņ] (ŀ + Ł 5ł - ł 5)5 = = - [ŀ + Ł 5ň - Ł 5Ń] [Ł + 5Ł] (ń + 5) (ł - 5) = = - ŀ + 5Ł ń [Ł ] = = - (ł+5)
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
ł+5
146
-
¥É≤à°T’G óYGƒb -
¥É≤à°T’G óYGƒb ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
wor (2zS b H6s f) = 9 ly2z O b lz b Gb Hc+y .Z
5E
59
=E 5E
2z O b r (59) e [gb r (=9) H7 b lf js_f `b0br lzc[ 7f e [fr H7 lf is_ Đ wor 2zS b a.Of) b .b [ ;f
Ɗi ^ / = E ."r 4
E
ŀ - Ł5Ł == ﺟ ń+5
ń+ 5 Ł 5Ń - ŀ
(Chain rule
7kb Y [ :đb c Z (5)1 = M j ^r Ů M 2zS gcb 7kb Y [ :đb c Z (M)- = = j ^ / 5 2zS gcb 7kb Y [ :đb c Z is_ ((5)1)- = = i V 5 2zS gcb
ƋƋƋ r (=) ¹ 5E i 1 +y i [(5)-] b .b [ ;f - #yĖ qj ` đF wb 2: Ɗd'b wV lz z Ē lz [y2Gb t.&
ME =E =E * = 5E ME 5E
( ( 5 I +"w7 ./0 F")L ﻣﺜﺎل =E Ƅ ! bƄ ń(ŀ + 5ł - Ł5) = = j ^ / 5 5E
X M" Ä 0 A3 0 '® L( : :-8^(
ľĄĿí ŃM ń = = E Ƅis_yrƅƅ(M wV -r.& 2z ^) M wb 7kb Y [ :đb c Z =
ME ME is_yr ƄƄƄ(5 wV -r.& 2z ^ ) 5 wb 7kb Y [ :đb c Z M 5E ME =E =E * = ` c7c7b .N Z \z G Ů (ł - 5Ł) * ŁMń = 5E ME 5E M lN DysO b (ł - 5 Ł ) * Ń(ŀ + 5 ł - Ł5) ń = = E ` 5E
Ůł-5Ł=
lzO 2f lz Y2Wb e .+ 6 wV b Gb zj _f t.f wb U.py Ƌ zb f -r.& .Ob = E łŀ 5 łŁ = Ů ŀ- łŁ5 = =Ɗ "Ė
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă =E Ƅ ! bƄ ń (ł+ 5 Ł)= = j ^ / 5 5E
5E
n ádGódG á≤à°ûe
Ů w[z[& -.N i Ů 5 wb 7kb Y [ :đb c Z - z& i[(5)-] = M j ^ /
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f
Ł(ŀ+ 5)
ŁŁ Ł(5Ń - ŀ)
=
=
=E 5E
= Ń- * (ń + Ł5 Ł ) - Ł * (5Ń-ŀ) =
=E 5E
ŀ * (ŀ - Ł5 Ł ) - 5Ń * (ń+ 5)
=E 5E
( 5Ń - ŀ)
Ł( ń + 5)
ŀ + 5ŁĿ + Ł5Ł Ł(ń + 5)
=
(5) - * ŀ - i[(5)-] i = /
81
أ
πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
4
ﻣﺜﺎل
ب
i ^ / = E ."r 6 ń( ŀ - 5
ŀ+5
5E
)== ب
أ
ŀĿ(ŀ + 5ł + ł5Ņ ) = =
ľĄĿí
ﺟ
ŀĿ(ŀ + 5ł + ł5Ņ ) = = ň(ŀ + 5ł + ł5Ņ) (ł + Ł5 ŀŇ) ŀĿ = (ŀ + 5ł + ł5Ņ) E
أ
=E ` 5E
* ň(ŀ + 5ł + ł5Ņ ) ŀĿ =
ň (ŀ + 5ł + ł5Ņ ) (ŀ + Ł5 Ņ ) łĿ =
=E 5E
5
=E 5E
أ
6
=E = Ń(Ł + Ł5ł) 5 E
ب
ń5 ŀńĿĿ
:n b
p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
5E
Ň(ŀ+ 5Ń - ł5Ł ) (Ł - Ł5ł ) ŀŇ =
ME 5E
: &
= ƅƅ
Ń(ł+ 5Ł ) ŀĿ = Ł * Ń(ł + 5 Ł) ń=
ŀ + 5 ł - Ł5 = M A2W
ńM = = `
(ɿɹ) A 2^ p 6 c[ 2q }Z
ŀ * (ŀ - 5Ł) - Ł * (ŀ + 5) Ł(ŀ + 5)
Ɗ is_ r
5 b .b b - = n %
:"1"1 ' : : :-8^(
ł
ŀ- 5 Ł = = أ ŀ+ 5
( á∏°ù∏°ùdG IóYÉb) ádGódG ádGO á≤à°ûe
r /= 3sf2b j z& pb 4f2y
hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb
== ب
ôœĎĨŇ
: S > K.
ŀ * (ŀ - 5) - ŀ * (ŀ + 5 ) Ń ŀ - 5 * ( )ń= =E ` Ł(ŀ + 5) 5E ŀ+5 ŀ+5-ŀ+5 Ń ŀ-5 * ( ) ń = ƄƄƄƅ Ł(ŀ + 5) ŀ+5 Ń(ŀ - 5)ŀĿ = Ń( ŀ - 5 ) * Ł ŀĿ =ƄƄƄƄƅ Ņ(ŀ + 5) ŀ+5 (ŀ + 5) ł(
Ł5ń
Ł + Ł5ł
)== ب
)== ب
ń( ŀ - 5
ŀ+5
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
أj ^ / = E ."r 6
ň(ŀ+ 5Ń - ł5Ł) = =
5E
ﻣﺜﺎل /
Ł = (5) - dO# { b 5 hzZ ."r
Ń - 5ń + Ł5Ł - ł5 ŀ
ł = (5)- i ^ / 7 ľĄĿí
ŀ * ń + 5 Ł * Ł - Ł5ł * ŀł = (5) ń + 5 Ń - Ł5 = Ł = ń + 5Ń - Ł5 ` Ł = (5) - f.kN ł=5 r ŀ = 5 ` Ŀ = (ł - 5) (ŀ - 5) a /
/
/
ņ = (5) - Ö
ń - Ł5ł = (5) Ł
! = 5 Ů ņ = ń - Ł5ł `
ņ= (5) - a
Ņ (ń- 5) ņ= (5)/-
/
ŀ= Ņ(ń - 5 )
أ
7
Ŀ = ł + 5 Ń - Ł5 is_yr
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
ب
ņ = Ņ (ń- 5 ) ņ ` Ņ = 5 r Ń = 5 `
/
/
Ɗw y gf d^ wV ņ = (5) - dO# w b 5 hzZ ."r 7 ņ(ń - 5 ) = (5)-
ب
Ł + 5 ń - ł5 = (5)- أ Ɗ j ^ /
(ŀ + ŀŅ5) (ŀ + Ň5) (ŀ + Ń5) (ŀ + Ł5) (ŀ + 5 ) (ŀ - 5) = = zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
147
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
=E ."r ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ 5E
82
πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -
¥É≤à°T’G óYGƒb
á≤à°ûªdG ≈∏Y á«°Sóæg äÉ≤«Ñ£J j."r (5)- = = z& - b .cb wbrĔ [ ;gcb w6.kpb 2z7W b wV b .cb wbrĔ [ ;gb tr 7y (ŀ= Ůŀ5) G[kb .kN e 5 ggb dzf i Ƌ G[kb m0o .kN
Geometric Applications on the Derivative
= ,
1s?b wcN q ^ l_gyr (ŀ= Ůŀ5) G[kb .kN = E = eƅn 2
\
5E
=E ( = Ů 5) [ 5 E ]=e ŀ ŀ
:n b kz7b 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ Pf 5 ggb pOk?y w b "sgb yr 4b 5 zZ a i ^ƅ UQ =E ( = Ů 5)[ 5 E ] = a J = e ƅƅ ŀ ŀ
:n % Ɗ i V Ła Ůŀa lzfscOf lzgz[ 7f wczf Łe Ůŀe i ^ / (t3 s b E2:)ƅƅŁe =ŀeƅƅi ^ / H[Vr / ƅƅŁa//ŀa (.f O b E2:)ƅŀ- = Łe ŀeƄƅƅi ^ / H[Vr / ƅŁa = ŀa Ů
5 ggb wcN t-sgOb wg7y g^ G[kb m0o .kN wk'kgb dzg wk'kf wcN G[j t .kN 5 ggb dzf wg7y Ƌ G[kb m0o .kN wk'kgcb t-sgOb 5 g b G[j .kN wk'kgb ŀ-
=E ( = Ů 5) 5 E ŀ ŀ
[ ]
(ŀ= Ůŀ5) G[kb .kN 5 ggb dzf i đGb wb .^ a F = e i r G[kb m0o .kN b .cb wbrĔ [ ;gb tr 7y Pf 5 ggb pOk?y w b "sgb yr 4b 5 zZ wo a z& ƋM 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ wcN P[ G[kb t-sgOb r 5 ggb w b- Og ` đF 2^/ Ƌ o- #y zWz^r b .b wk'kf lzy3 s gb lzgz[ 7gb wczf lz ZđOb ho2^/ `b0^ bĐ. go.& dzf - #y zWz^r Ůly.f O gb lzgz[ 7gb r Ƌ Gz7 y-.N c f ađ* lf 2*Ē dzf (5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f
= (ŀ= Ůŀ5) G[kb .kN t-sgOb dzf ` ﻣﺜﺎل
ŀ- = 5ƅ f.kNƅŀ=
ƋqzcN OZ sb (ł- ŮŁ-) G[kb .kN ń + 5Ń - ł5Ł = = wk'kgcb t-sgOb r 5 ggb dzf lf d^ ."r 8 ľĄĿí
ń + 5 Ń - ł5Ł = = a Ń - Ł5Ņ = = E = G[j t .kN 5 ggb dzf `
− , − M 7 75 ŁĿ - = Ń- (ŁŁ-) Ņ = (ł- Ů Ł-)[ = E ] = 5 ggb dzf
Ń = 5ƅ f.kNƅ
5E ŀŀŁĿ = 5 ggb dzf = t-sgOb dzf
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ kz gb H[kb .kN z Ē zk'kgcb t-sgOb r 5 ggb lf d^ dzf ."r 8 Ń = 5ƅ f.kNƅ ŀ + 5 = = ب ŀ- = 5ƅ f.kNƅņ - 5 = = أ 5
Ł = 5ƅ f.kNƅ ń
ł-5
== ﺟ
ŀŅ ŀń
πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ľĄĿí
ń + 5Ņ - Ł5 = = a Ņ- 5 Ł = = E = G[j t .kN 5 ggb dzf ` 5E
ł- = ń + (Ń) Ņ - Ł(Ń) = = is_yr (ł- ŮŃ) G[kb .kN Ł = 5 ggb dzf kz7b 1s'f // 5 ggb a ب Ŀ=Ņ-5Ł= =E 5E
(Ń- Ůł) G[kb .kN kz7b 1s'f t3 sy 5 ggb ŀ- qczf t0b Ŀ =ŀ- 5+ = Ń hz[ 7gb wcN t-sgN 5 ggb ﺟ Ń Ń = ŀ-Ń _ ŀ- = 5 ggb dzf
; '(& D ~ = O! + + C C- 2 (+
Ń=Ņ-5Ł 2W> = = Ůń = 5 ` (Ŀ Ůń) G[kb .kN Ŀ = ŀ- 5 + = Ń hz[ 7gb wcN y¹ -sgN is_y 5 ggb `
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ wk'kgcb 5 ggb o.kN is_yr Ł5ł - ł5 = = wk'kgb wcN P[ w b H[kb ."r 9 Ŀ = ł + = ň + 5 hz[ 7gb wcN t-sgN ب kz7b 1s'f y¹ 3 sf أ Equation of the Tangent to a Curve
Ů(5)- = =
=
C 75 & ) , C \
&& 75 C
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
≈æëæªd ¢SɪªdG ádOÉ©e z& - b .b wk'kf wcN P[ G[j (ŀ= Ůŀ5) j ^ / Ɗi V G[kb m0o .kN 5 ggb dzf e wo (ŀ= Ůŀ5) G[kb .kN wk'kgcb 5 ggb b- Of
(ŀ5 - 5)e = ŀ= - = Ɗ wo (ŀ= Ůŀ5) G[kb .kN wk'kgcb t-sgOb b- Of : w B (ŀ5 - 5) ŀ-e = ŀ= - =
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
=E 5E
ب
ńŁ(ł-5)
=
=E 5E
Ł5 ł *(ŀ+ 5 ) + ŀ *(Ł - ł5) =
=E 5E
ﺟ د
ŀ = 5ƅ f.kN 5Ņ - Ł5ł=
ŀń = t-sgOb dzf Ů ń = 5 ggb dzf ` =E Ł5ł - ł5 = = Ö 9 ` 5E
=E
5E
Ń= 5ƅi t ƅŇ = 5Ł ` Ņ - 5 Ł = Ł = = E a أ
¿CG ôcòJ
Ł5
-ŀ=
= t-sgOb dzf Ů ń- = 5 ggb dzf
ﻣﺜﺎل Ɗ o.kN w b r ń + 5Ņ - Ł5 = = wk'kgb wcN OZ sb H[kb ."r 9 kz7b 1s'f t3 sy 5 ggb ب Ł = 5 ggb dzf أ 2W> = ŀ- 5 + = Ń hz[ 7gb wcN t-sgN 5 ggb ﺟ
ŀ ŀń
ŀ ń
2W> = kz7b 1s'f dzf = 5 ggb dzf ` Ń- = ń + ŀŇ - ň = = Ů ł = 5 `
8
- = t-sgOb dzf Ů ŀŅ = 5 ggb dzf
Ł = 5ƅ f.kNƅ
p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
83
أ
ŀ- = t-sgOb dzf Ů ŀ= 5 ggb dzf
5E
ŀ = 5ƅ f.kNƅ(ŀ+ 5 ) (Ł - ł5) = = د
=E 5E
84
is_yr Ŀ = ` kz7b 1s'f // 5 ggb أ 5E Ł = 5 r Ŀ = 5 ` Ŀ = (Ł- 5 ) 5ł Ŀ==` Ŀ = 5 f.kN Ń- = = ` Ł = 5 f.kN Ů (Ń- ŮŁ) Ů (Ŀ ŮĿ) H[kb .kN kz7b 1s'f t3 sy 5 ggb ` Ŀ = ł + = ň + 5 hz[ 7gb = 5 ggb a ب ŀ- = hz[ 7gb dzf * 5 ggb dzf ŀ-
is_yr ŀ- = ň *(5Ņ - Ł5ł) ł wcN g7[b Ŀ = ň - 5Ņ - Ł5ł ŀ -= 5 r ł = 5 Ů Ŀ = ł- 5Ł - Ł5 ` Ŀ = =` ł = 5 .kN Ń- = = ` ŀ- = 5 .kN wcN y¹ -sgN wk'kgb 5 gf is_y (Ń- Ůŀ-) Ů (Ŀ Ůł) H[kb .kN ` Ŀ = ł + = ň + 5 hz[ 7gb
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
148
-
¥É≤à°T’G óYGƒb (5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f
hpOf d>s r Ůd' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf P Ɗ 'z'?b "Ė wb
-
¥É≤à°T’G óYGƒb
ﻣﺜﺎل Ł = wkz7b pz .& r qzcN OZ sb G[kb .kN ŀ+ 5ń - Ł5Ł = = wk'kgb t-sgOb r 5 ggb b- Of ."r 10 ľĄĿí
q b- Of \[' wpV ` wk'kgb wcN P[ G[kb a (ŀ- ŮŁ) wo G[kb ` ŀ- = ŀ + (Ł)ń - Ł(Ł) Ł = = i V Ł = 5 .kN =E ł= ń- Ł * Ń = Ł = 5 ( )` ń - 5Ń = = E a 5E 5E ŀ- = t-sgOb dzf is_yr ł = 5 ggb dzf (ŀ- ŮŁ) G[kb .kN i t ł
( gk b eyg*) & =E 5Ł + Ł5ł = 5E
`
Ł- = 5 Ů ŀ- Ł5+ ł5 = =
أ
wo t-sgOb b- Of (Ł- 5 ) ŀ-ł = (ŀ-) - = Ł+5-=ł+=ł 2W> = ŀ + 5 + = ł
10
wk'kgb wcN P[ 5 g b G[j Ö q b- Of \[' wpV ` ń- = ŀ- Ń + Ň- = = ` Ł- = 5 .kN =E 5 ggb dzf = Ň = Ń - ŀŁ = [ ]is_yr 5E Ł- = 5 [ (Ł-) - 5 ] Ň = (ń-) - =ƅƊwo 5 ggb b- Of 2W> = ŀŀ + = - 5 Ňƅt ŀ[Ł + 5] Ň = ń + = wo t-sgOb b- Of Ŀ = ŃŁ + =Ň + 5ƅt
wo 5 ggb b- Of ` (Ł-5 )ł = (ŀ-) - = Ņ - 5ł = ŀ + = Ŀ=ņ+5ł-=
Ů
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ pzcN OZ sb H[kb .kN zb b zk'kgcb t-sgOb r 5 ggb b- Of ."r 10 Ł= 5 Ů ņ(ń- 5ł ) = = ب Ł- = 5 Ů ŀ- Ł5+ ł5 = = أ ﻣﺜﺎل Ƌ Ů Cw gzZ ."r V (ł- Ůŀ- ) G[kb .kN ń + 5Ň = = hz[ 7gb 8gy Ł5 + ł5C = = wk'kgb i ^ /
11
ľĄĿí Ł5 + ł5 C = = wk'kgb wcN P[ (ł- Ů ŀ- ) G[kb
ł = -C t
(ŀ)
Ł(ŀ-) + ł(ŀ-)C = ł-
a `
5 Ł + Ł5 C ł = =E = qzcN G[j t .kN wk'kgcb 5 ggb dzf 5E
(ł- Ůŀ- ) G[kb .kN wk'kgcb 5 gf ń + 5Ň = = hz[ 7gb a Ň = hz[ 7gb dzf = (ł- Ů ŀ-) [ =E ] ` 5E
Ň = Ł - C ł t Ň = (ŀ-) Ł + Ł(ŀ- ) C ł `
(Ł)
:n X? (Ł) Ů (ŀ) lz b- Ogb d' ŀ- = Ů Ł = C ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
ب Ņ(ń- 5ł ) Łŀ = b .b wk'kf wb wg k 5 g b G[j o.kN is_yr ŀ = = i V Ł = 5 .kN Łŀ = Ņ(ń- Ł * ł ) Łŀ = 5 ggb dzf ŀ= t-sgOb dzf Łŀ (Ł- 5 ) Łŀ = ŀ - = Ɗ 5 ggb b- Of 2W> = Ńŀ - = - 5 Łŀ ŀ(Ł- 5 ) Łŀ = ŀ - = Ɗ t-sgOb dzf Ŀ = Łł- = Łŀ + 5
(ł Ůŀ) G[kb .kN + 5 C + Ł5 = = wk'kgcb 5 ggb dzf i ^ / Ů C lz b lf d^ gzZ ."r 11 ń tr 7 qzcN OZ sb
=E `ƅņ(ń- 5ł ) = = 5E
=E C + 5Ł = ` 5E
p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
85
πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
(٣-٣) ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ
:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG ŀŁ د
tr 7y Ł = 5 f.kN 5 wb 7kb Ń + ł5 2zS a.Of 1 ŀ ﺟ Ň ب Ń أ Ń
Ņ د
tr 7y 2W> = 5 .kN ł5 - 5ł = = wk'kgcb 5 ggb dzf 2 ł- ﺟ 2W> ب ł أ
2W> د
Ɗ = 5 .kN kz7b 1s'f t3 sy Ł + 5Ň - Ł5 = = wk'kgcb 5 ggb 3 Ń ﺟ Ł ب Ň- أ
ŀ- د
= 5 .kN ŀ+ 5ń + Ł5ł = = wk'kgb 8gy ń = = + 5 hz[ 7gb 4 ł ﺟ ń ب ŀ أ
+ 5 C + Ł5 = =
Ö 11 ń = (ł Ůŀ) G[kb .kN 5 ggb dzf ł = Cƅƅis_yrƅƅń = C + ŀ * Ł wk'kgb wcN P[ (ł Ůŀ) G[kb q b- Of \[' wpV ŀ- = ƅƅis_yrƅƅ + ŀ * ł + ŀ = ł
:(3 - 3) øjQɪJ äÉHÉLEG
:≈JCÉjɪe Ók c πªcCG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
= (ŀ + Ł5ł)
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
( 5 + 5)
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
=(
= (r ń) ŀ
)
5ł
ń = ( r + ń5 - ņ5 Ł )
5 Ń== د
ł Ł5Ł
5 5== ح
Ł5
5
E
5E E
5E E
5E E
5E E
5E
6
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
8
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ŀ
12
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
14
== ز
(ŀ+Ł5Ł - Ń5)
E
5E E
5E
ŀ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = ( ) E ł5 5E
10
== ﺟ
= (5Ł)
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
Ň- 5 ł
Ń ==
Ł
5
= (Ł5 )
= (Ł + 5 ł + Ł5ń)
E
5E E
5E
5 7 9 11 13
Ɗ lf d_b = E ."r 15 5E
ب
ń5ł = =
== و
ń5 ł
أ
== ﻫ
.≈JCÉjɪe πμd ¢S ≈dEG áÑ°ùædÉH ≈dhC’G á≤à°ûªdG óLhCG
- 4 Ƅƅƅ¶" 3 ƅƅ 2 Ƅƅƅ- 1
ň - 5 ņ + ł5 Łł - Ń5 ŀŁ = = 17
ń- Ł5ł + ł5 = = 16
Ł + 5ł - Ł5Ń
= = 19
5 ł + Ņ5Ł = = 18
= = 21
( 5 - Ł5ł) 5 = = 20
(ł + 5Ł ) (ņ - Ł5) = = 23
(ń + 5Ł) (ŀ + Ł5) = = 22
5
5
ŀ
5 Ł
+ ŀ 8 5Ń - ł5Ń 7 ƅ5Ņ 6 ƄƅƅŁ 5
2W>
149
ł10 ƄƄƄƅƅƅƅ Ń5
9
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
ł + 5 - Ł5Ń
5
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
86
πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -
¥É≤à°T’G óYGƒb
( 5 Ł + Ł5) ( 5 - Ł5) = = 25
ŀ- ŀ ł + 5 ŀĿ 13 ƅ Ń ŀ-ł 12 Ƅƅ Ł 5 Ł 11
(ŀ + 5ł - ł5) (ł + Ł5) = = 24
Ł-5 = = 27 ń+5
5 ł
Ł - 5ń = = 26 ŀ+5ń
Ń 5 - Ņ5
Ɗw y gf d^ wV kz gb H[kb .kN = E gzZ ."r 28 5E ŀ= 5 .kN Ń-(ŀ + 5 - Ł5 ) = = بƅƅ
Ɗi ^ / = E ."r 29 5E بƅƅ
ņ(ł+ 5 ) = =
ŀ + Ł5ł = ł= دƅƅ
ń(ŀ - 5 + ł5 ) = =
Ń(ł - Ł5Ł ) = =
Ł + Ł5ł = MƅŮƅŁM = = وƅƅ
Ł(ņ + 5Ń - ł5Ł)
ł
łł5
5
ﺟ
ŀو 5 5 ł 5 Ł ح
== ﻫ
ŀ + Ł5 = = wk'kgcb 5 ggb pOk?y w b "sgb yr 4b 5 zZ ."r 30 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ Pf ŀ - 5 Ƌŀ = 5 .kN kz7b
1s'gb y¹ 3 sf 5 ggb o.kN is_y { b r ŁĿ + 5ŀń - Ł5Ņ - ł5 = = wk'kgb wcN OZ sb H[kb ."r 31 Ƌ kz7b 32
د
Ƅƅƅƅƅƅ
5Ņ + Ł5ł 16 ł + ń5ŀŁ 18
5 5
5 Ł ł 5 Ł - Ł5ň 20 ł
Ł = 5ƅŮƅ ņ + 5 = = ﺟ
(ŀ- Ůŀ) G[kb .kN 5 + ł5 C = = wk'kgb 8gy Ŀ = Ņ - = - 5 ń hz[ 7gb i hcN / Ů C w gzZ ."r
35
ł5
ŀŃ - 5 Ņ + Ł5Ņ 23 ł
Ł
-
ŀ - 5 Ņ 21 5 Ł Ł+ 5 ŀĿ + Ł5Ņ 22
ń
Ł - Ł 5 Ł + ł5Ń 25
ň - 5Ł + Ń5ń 24 ŀ ń
87
ł ز Ł
5
d^ e f wkz7b pz .& lz gb r pzcN OZ sb H[kb .kN zb b zk'kgb lf d_b 5 ggb b- Of ."r 34 Ɗ pkf ł Ń = 5ƅŮƅ Ł- 5 = = بƄƅƅƅƅ ŀ- = 5ƅŮƅł(ł + 5) = = أ ł- = 5ƅŮƅ(ń + 5) (ń - 5 )= =
15
ﻫ
ń ł
Ł5 ł
ņ + Ł5Ł - ł5Ł 17 ŀ - Ń 19
ƋqzcN OZ sb (Ŀ ŮŁ) H[kb .kN Ł + 5ņ - Ł5ł = = wk'kgcb t-sgOb r 5 ggb b- Of ."r 33
أ ﺟ
Ń 5 ŀń
د
Ł
أ
ń tr 7y o.kN wk'kgb dzf is_y w b r ŀ + 5ŀŅ - Ł5ň - ł5 = = wk'kgb wcN OZ sb H[kb ."r
ب
ň- 5 Ņ-
Ŀ =5 .kN ņ(Ł - Ł5 ) = = أ
ņ 14
Ł
- ! 5 z&
ŀń
Ł(ŀ+ 5ń)
26
p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
=E
ŀ= ŀ- Ł = ` 5E ŀ°Ńń = (ŀ) F = a`
ņ
Ł(ń + 5)
ŀ = 5 f.kN ŀ = a F ` =E
ŀń - 5 ŀŁ - Ł5ł = 31 5E =E Ŀ= kz7b 1s'f // 5 ggb 5E Ŀ = (ŀ+ 5 ) (ń- 5 ) ł = (ń - 5Ń - Ł5)ł
Ŀ = Łŀ - 5ŀŇ - Ł5ł `
=E 5E
=
2W> =
=E 5E
أ 5Ł * Ņ(Ł- Ł5) ņ = 5E ` Ŀ = 5 .kN
(ŀ- 5 Ł) ń- (ŀ+ 5 - Ł5) Ń- = Ń- =
=E ` 5E
=E 5E
32
Ŀ = Ł - 5 + =ń Ů Ŀ = ŀĿ + 5ń - = 33
ŀł
ب
أ
ł(ł- Ł5Ł ) 5 ŀŅ= = E 5E
ب
Ń(ŀ- 5 + ł5) (ŀ+ Ł5ł) ń= = E 5E
ﺟ
=E 5E
د
=E 5E =E ME =E 5E
ﻫ
Łł
=E a 5E
28
ŀ = 5 .kN Ņ(ł+ 5 ) ņ= = E 5E
ń= is_yr ņ = 5 r ŀ- = 5 ` Ŀ = ņ - 5Ņ - Ł5 ŁĿň = =ƅƅƅ ņ = = b .b wk'kgb 5 ggb (ŁĿň Ůņ) Ů (ņ Ůŀ-) H[kb .kN ` Ƌ kz7b 1s'f t3 sy
5E
=E
ŀ- = 5 r ń = 5 ` ŁŇ = = Ů ŇĿ- = = kz7b 1s'f // 5 ggb (ŁŇ Ůŀ-) Ů (ŇĿ- Ůń) H[kb .kN ŀŅ - 5 ŀŇ - Ł5ł =
{ń- ŮĿ} - I = b .b a #f 27 =E =
ŀ * (Ł- 5) - ŀ * (ń+ 5) Ł(ń+ 5 )
(ŀ+ Ł5ł ) 5 Ł= Ł
( ņ+5Ń - ł5Ł) (Ń- Ł5Ņ) ł = 5Ņ =
ME 5E
ŮMŁ=
(Ł+ Ł5ł ) 5ŀŁ = 5Ņ * M Ł =
Ń- = ƅŮƅł = C 35 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
ŀ Ł5
- 5Ł =
29
و
=E 5E
30
150
óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ôüĿîüĿí
ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
4-3
4-3
πeÉμàdG
πeÉμàdG
Integration
Integration
اﺳﺘﻜﺸﻒ
c? f X X
XE
?
اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ Ƌ zgcN 6 & b - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b
5E
(5) X /
???
ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ
?
_ − 7 !+ − :^ 7¥ − ® L¥ ~&+ '¿ /¥
Ń5ń
I#WB^¥
łŀĬø÷ ıŎē : " : 1B+ :-8^¥
Ɗi hcO Y [ :đb ` 6 1- lf {[z[& -.N Ů + ł5 = (5)Y z& Y b .b [ ;f E / (5)Y = (5) Yƅn 2 ƋŁ5ł = (5)/Y wo 5E ¼Y b .cb zc>Ĕ b .b Y b .b wg7 b 'b m0o wV wkOg Y [ :Đ zcgOb z7_N zcgN 51.b 0o wV ar k j Us6 ? fH = 5 DA3? @ <b Y [ ;gb g¼ ¾cN½ / i
± ³r ( B8 :%¬º 40 h+ ( B
/
Ń5ń
wo 5 wb 7kb p [ ;f zc> b - - #yĖ Ń5ń = (5)- A2Wj , '_% &) (<5 +"MI R7 Ń5ń = ŀ-i 5 i ń = iƄŮƄŃ = ŀ- i ` Ł- ń5 r ł+ ń5ƅr ƅń5 = (5) is_zV - b .cb zc>Đ b .b r z7_Ob [ ;gb b - b .b wg7
ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí : 1B+ :-8^¥ Antiderivative Integraation
( B
:t? G UQ (<) 'C& F C'G j M'(L D0 Ņ5ņ = (5)- ب 5 Ł = (5)- أ
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ Ƌw6 1.b d?Wb
á«°ùμ©dG á≤à°ûªdG Ł5 = = j ^ / =E 5Ł= =0 = H 'C& n b 5E [ ;gb r df _ b zcgN wg7 V = E [ ;gb b .b lf z '7'$ 5E Ƌ z7_Ob Antiderivative
ôŃĊĈøĔńĿí õíōĉŗí I: )" :L3 _ : d IV 3 /" : ( 3> O( &
[ ;gb lf .y.Ob pb 5Ł i L&Đ 5Ł b .cb z7_N [ ;f wo Ł5 BT&b Đ Xc + Đr 5 Ł p [ ;f pOzg" ƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ł - Ł5 Ů Ł + Ł5 Ů ŀ + Ł5 pkf z7_Ob Ƌ b wV Ƌ 1 .[f ( ) z& 5 Ł = ( + Ł5 ) E `
ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ : 0 :BL^ :/;J ª :/;J .( 3> ¥ V 8B
5E
I y « E # ( "+)"
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
88
952f 6&
[g.
V2Of b - - j ^ / qj đGb wb (Br :mgS 2q }Z a #f wV G[j d^ .kN Y [ :đb c Z (5) b - ."rr
wVr Ů/- wo - b .cb wbrĔ [ ;gb i b Gb 51- i \ 6 ky.b is_y i ^ Ů8_Ob .'y .Z zcgOb lf 2z ^ wcOV Ů(5)- zc>Ĕ b .b wcN as?'b wb ! 'jr (5) /! 'jr wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf kb f¹ scOf is_y .Z a gb dz 6 ' j `b0b XZ sgb m0o d fr Ůwk'kgb b- Of V2Of wb f 0or c [gb zc>Ĕ b .b r z7_Ob [ ;gb - #y lN Ƌdf _ b U2Oy DO r b .cb z7_Ob [ ;gb .&sb m0o wV 51.j Us6r Ƌdf _ b = s*r .N sZ
wo (5) i V (5) - = (5)' i ^ z' Ů b .b m0o a [yr - b .cb c [gb zc>Ĕ b .b r z7_Ob [ ;gb wb 7kb (5)- b .cb -.'f 2zR df _ pj (5) b .cb (5) - = (5)' i ^ / 5 =E (5) E = ((5) ) 5 E Ƅ:o b 3 z 5 E (5)- = (5) Π:oyc df3 rkx ƙ5Eƚ Ů df _ b zcgN wcN 4f2b a.yr (5) - = (5)' z Ƌƙ5 wb 7kb ƚ o kOf z^2 b 0o wV Ł t 5ł = (5)-¼ i V ł5 = (5)- j ^ / đGb wb (Br ƊŁ5ł b .cb z7_N [ ;f wo ł5
952f &6/k oyc o T^y lf rk w Z K?pȖ 4 [q x 952f 4u vp }Z
: \?c : 2q }Z : &
+ Ł5 = (5) (ŀ) + ņ5 = (5) (Ł)
:o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf I: " : 1B+ :-8^¥ ? % I /¥ ³r ( B8 , A;( l&+8% I:%¬º 4 0 h+ ( B ? % : : 16[k I ( B8 y − ( B − : 1B :-8^(
151
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí πeÉμàdG
^ wV -1r g^ w y gf d^ wcN đGb wb .^ espWgb .z^ b pzcN Gz7 y-.N c f GN Pf b Gb Ƌ .N [b r
IJœĎĬ÷
-
/
Ƌ- a #f wV 5 d_b (5)- = (5) j ^ / - b .cb z7_N [ ;f b .b i a [y ﻣﺜﺎل z& - b .cb z7_N [ ;f wo Ń5 ŀ
Ƌł5Ł = (5)-
z& b .b i 1
Ł = (5)
ł5 Ł = ł5Ń * ŀ
/ Ł = (5) is_zV
ľĄĿí
- b .cb z7_Ob [ ;gb
b .b [ ;f ."sj (5)- = (5) `
- b .cb z7_N [ ;f ( ) b .b n 2
/
-.'gb df _ b
ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ
Ƌ-.'gb 2zR df _ b .N sZ
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
z& - b .cb z7_N [ ;f wo Ņ5 ŀŁ = (5)
ń5ł = (5)-
z& b .b i lz 1
?- b .cb z7_N [ ;f gpkf d^ j ^ / Ł Ůŀ lz ZđOb f Indefinite Integral OóëªdG ô«Z πeÉμàdG 4f2b pb 4f2yr b .b m0pb -.'gb 2zR df _ b wg7 - b .cb z7_Ob [ ;gb Nsg#f [ = Q R(7 I D <L " + ]
+ (5) = 5 E (5)- i V (5)- = (5) i ^ / Ƌ(df _ b ) t1 z * z& /
+ ł5 = 5 E Ł 5 ł `
Ł5ł = ( + ł5)
+ ņ5Ł = 5E Ņ5 ŀŃ `
Ņ5ŀŃ = (ņ5Ł)
E
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f
IJœĎĬ÷
5E (5)-
wb hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ɗ 'z'?b "Ė
Řğ ƩũĪ
5E
: (á∏eÉc ∫ƒ∏M ) äÉHÉLEG
E
5E
ń5ł = ń5Ņ * ŀ
Ƌ` 6 1- Y Gj !1 * 0or 5 d[ 7gb 2zS gcb kzOf gzZ .kN df _ b gzZ V2Of e4cy b gzZ lzzO br
Ł
ﻣﺜﺎل
:=L + DG 3f 1 i 3L 2 ب
+ Ł Ł - ņ5 = 5E ( ł Ń + Ņ5ņ) 5
5
- b .cb z7_N [ ;f b .b ` (5)- = (5)/ = a
أ
+ Ň5 ŀŇ = 5 E ņ5
ŀ
=(5)/ ` Ņ 5 Ł = (5) a 1
E - = [ + ł - 5 ł - ] 5 E a أ ŀ + ł - 5 ł - = 5 E Ń-5 `
Ń - 5 = Ń - 5ł - * ŀ p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
89
ŀ
ł
2
ŀ E [ + Ł (Ł5 + ŀ) ł ] 5 E a ب ł
Ł5 + ŀ
πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ľĄĿí
+ Ň5 ŀŇ = 5E ņ5
ņ5 = ( + Ň5 ŀ
`
Ň)
E
5E
ł
E Ł ņ = ( + Ł5 - 5 ) E Ƅa ب 5E 5E Ń + Ņ5ņ = ł-5 (Ł-) Ł - Ņ5ņ =ƅ ł5
5
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
:=L + & DG 3f 1 i 3L 2 ł
5
ب
أ
+ ł - 5 ŀ- = 5E Ń - 5 ł
ﻣﺜﺎل Ɗ Ń-5 ł- = (5)-
ﺟـ
ŀ
ŀ
ʀɷ A h+ o ex *
+ Ł Ł - ņ5 = 5E ( Ł Ń + Ņ5ņ ) Ƅ`
+ Ł (Ł5 + ŀ ) ŀł = 5E Ł5 + ŀ
ł
+ Ł (Ł5 - ŀ) ł = 5 E Ł5 + ŀ 5 `
Ƅa أ
( + Ł-5Ł - ņ5 )
5
ŀ
5 =¢S2 * Ł (Ł5 + ŀ) Ł * ł =
z& - b .cb z7_Ob [ ;gb ."r df _ cb 2: gb Xy2O b e .+ 6 3 Ń5ń = (5)- أ c5 ŀŇ = (5)- ب
5 E (Ń5ń) Ń = 5 E Ń5ŁĿ أ + ń5Ń =
3
+ (Ń - 5ł -) ńł- = 5 E Ń - 5ń - ب ń +ł-5 ł =
ľĄĿí
= (5) أ + Ņ5 ł = 5 E (ń5 Ņ)ł = 5 E c5 ŀŇ = (5) ب + ł-5 = 5 E Ń-5 ł- = (5) ﺟـ
:2^ p 6 c[ 2q }Z
+ ń5 = 5 E Ń5ń
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă Ń-5ń- ŮŃ5ŁĿ Ɗ lf d_b z7_Ob [ ;gb ."r df _ b Xy2O e .+ 6
3
DO e.+ 7 `b0b ů.p#b r Zsb lf 2z ^ \ 7b Xy2O b e .+ 6 a r.cb z7_Ob [ ;gb - #y cG y ¹ Ƌ z7_Ob [ ;gb - #y zcgN 27z w b r (df _ b .N sZ) df _ cb Gz7 b z6 z[b 1s?b
- b .cb z7_N [ ;f Ł Ůŀ lf d^ i ^ / ŀ + (5)- = (5)ŀ i V
: (ɏ ǵŻưģLj
ŀ- ! n Ů =R(? 5 n Ů tI 8 vƅh ƅ
5E
ŀ ł5 ń
د
Ł 5 E ń 5 ﺟـ
+ŀ+i 5
5E ł-5
ŀ ŀ+ i
ب
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
Ł + (5)- = (5)Ł
1 .[f = Ł - ŀ
= 5 E i5
: !
ﻣﺜﺎل 5E ń5
أ
4
90
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
152
-
πeÉμàdG
[z G ađ* lf df _ b .N sZ wZ ` đF Pf <Z j Ɗ p# jr .N s[b m0o 2^0 wV đGb .N 7 Gz7 y-.N
-
πeÉμàdG ľĄĿí ŀ+ ł-5
+ Ł-5 ŀŁ - = + ł-
Ȧ E
(ʀɹ) A 2^ p 6 c[ 2q }Z
ń
Ł-
ب
= 5E ł-5
5 = 5E
Ł
د
ŀ
+ ŀ+
ł5 ń
ŀ
+ ń 5 ńŁ = + ŀ+ ń 5 Ł = ł
أ
ŀ+ ń
+ Ņ5 ŀŅ = + 5 = 5E ń5 ŀ+ ń Ł ń
ŀ ņ ń
5
Ł ń
ﺟـ
=5E 5
ņ ń
+ 5 ńņ = Ƅƅƅƅ
ń
Ƌ b .cb z7_Ob [ ;gb espWf wcN 2z_W b 0o .^ y
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
5 Eń5
: &Ȝ
ņ
د
5 E ň 5 ﺟـ ņ
Ł
5E ł 5
ب
5 E Ň5
Ɗ."r 4 أ
: (ɐ ǵŻưģLj
ŀ E ] (ŀ+ i) C 5 E Ŀ + C * ŀ- + ŀ+ i ( + 5 C) ŀ+ i = (ŀ+ i) C pZ [ : h w b b .cb z7_Ob [ ;gb wor i( + 5 C) =
[ + ŀ+ i ( + 5 C)
tI 8 {[z[& -.N C h ƅ5E (5)- C= 5E (5)- ƋC ﻣﺜﺎل + Ń5 łŃ = + Ń5 ŀŃ *ł = 5E Ń5 ł =5E Ń5ł
أ
+ Ń-5 Ł- = + Ń5 Ń-ŀ * Ň = 5E ń-5 Ň =5E ń-5Ň
ب
5
ǶŭŐņʂ
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f
+ 5 C =5E C +iň-=iEň +M ņ =ME ņ
hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
: & ŀ
+ ŀ+Ň5 ň = 5 E Ň5 أ ń
ł
+ ł 5 ń = + ŀŅ
ň
ŀŁ
ņ
+ ň 5 ŀŅ = + + ņ 5 ŀŁ = +
ŀ+ Łł
ŀ+ ņň
ŀ+ ńņ
91
+ 5 - Ł5 + ł5 = 5 E(ŀ- 5Ł + Ł5ł)
πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí : (ɑ ǵŻưģLj
= 5 E(ł+
ŀ Ł
5 + Ł-5)
أ
ﻣﺜﺎل 5E
+ ł(5ł - Ń ) - = +
153
ł- * ł
= 5 E Ņ-(ń- 5ł ) ŀń
Ň- 5Ł - Ł5 Ł+ 5
أƊ."r 6
5E (Ł5ł + 5 Ń)
ľĄĿí Ň- 5Ł - Ł5 Ł+ 5 (Ł+5)(Ń-5) 5E = Ł+ 5
ب
أ
5E (Ł5ł+ 5Ń) 5 E Ł5ł + 5 E 5Ń =
5 E (Ń - 5) =
5 E Ł5 ł + 5 E 5 Ń =
+ 5 Ń - Ł5 ŀŁ =
+ ł5 ŀł * ł + Ł5 ŃŁ = + ł5 + Ł5 Ł =
6
ب
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
5E ( ł + 5 5E
أ
ب
5E
+
ŀ Ł5
ň - Ł5Ń ł - 5Ł
)
ب
5 E (ŀ- 5Ł + Ł5ł)
د
5 E (ł+5 )5 Ł
ŀ- ! i Ů + ŀ+i( + 5 C )
+ 5ł + Ł5 = 5 E (ł+ 5Łł-)5(ł-Ł 5Ł) د ł(5ł- Ń) ň
5 E (5) S ! 5E (5)- = 5 E [(5) S ! (5)-]
5
Ł + Ł5ł + ł5 ł = 5 E (5Ņ + Ł5Ł) ﺟ
ł* ńŀ + ń(ń- 5 ł)
ب
p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
ņ 5 ŀŁ = 5 E ń5 ņ د
ŀ 5E + 5 ń - = ń - د
+
ME M Ł -
ņ
ŀ + Ł5 Ł - = 5 E 5- ﺟ
ń-(ń- 5ł)ŀń
ﺟـ
5E 5 -
ň 5 ŀŅ = 5 E ň 5 ﺟ
Ł + ŁM- = +ŁM* Ł - =M E M Ł - ب
+ 5 ł+
د
Ł
ł
Ł ŀł+ 5
5E ń
Ɗ lf đ ¹ ^ ."r 5 5 E Ń5 ł أ
4
ł 5 ń = 5 E ł5 ب
+ ń5 * ń = 5 E Ń5 ł = 5 E Ń5 ł أ
ł5
:n b K / Ů +5 ń =5E ń Ů +5 =5E
Ɗ."r 6 أ ﺟـ
: (ɒ ǵŻưģLj
ŀ (ŀ + i)C
=5 E i( + 5C )] ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ
Ƌ`b/ (Br ? z7_Ob [ ;gb Xy2O \y2F lN [ 7b ZđOb '> lf \[' b `k_gy do -
7
ب
= Ƅƅƅƅƅƅƅ
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
ﻣﺜﺎل 5 E ł-(ņ - 5Ł) ب
5 E ń(5Ł - ł ) Ń <5Ů5E ņ ł Ń-5ł
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
Ɗ."r 7 أ ﺟـ
92
πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -
πeÉμàdG
(ɻ - ɺ) r 5 l &
ľĄĿí ŀ = +ŀ+ń (Ł - 5ł ) ŀ + Ņ(Ł - 5 ł ) ŀŇ = 5E ń(Ł- 5ł ) (ŀ + ń)ł
أ
+ Ł-(ņ- 5 Ł ) ŀŃ -= +ŀ + ł-(ņ -5Ł) (ŀ +ŀł-)Ł = 5E ł-(ņ- 5Ł )
ب
1+ ŀŁ -
+
ņ
ŀ-
ŀń 5E Ņ(ń - 5ł)
بƅƅ 5 E Ł(5ł – Ń)ň
3
5 E ņ5
5 E Ń-5 ŀŁ
6
5E Ň5ň
5 E ņ5 ł-
9
5E 5 ł ń)
U E ńU ŀŁ
12
i E Ņi ņł
i E (Ńi Ņ - łi) 15
5 E Ł5
2
5Eł
5
1
5 Ń-
4
8
5E ń
7
11
5 E ł-5 Ňń - 10
i E (iŁ - ń) 14
5 E (ŀ+ 5) 13
5 E (ņ + Ł5ł)Ł 17
5 E (5 + Ł5 + ł5 ) 16
21
5 E (ŀ - Ń5) Ł5ņ 20
5 E (ł + 5)5 19
24
5 E (ŀ- 5 )(ł + 5 Ł) 23
5 E (5 - Ł) (Ł- 5) 22
27
5E
30
i E Ń(ił - Ň ) 33 5 E ń(Ł-5 ł ) ŀń 36
+ ň5 5
+ ł 5 Ń = 5 E ł 5ń
8
+ 5ń 7
+ Ł-5 Ńń
10
+ ŅU Łń
12
+ Łi - iń
14
+ ł5 Ń
5 E (ŀ+5 )(ŀ- 5) + 5Ł)Ł5 5 ŀ - Ł5 5E ŀ-5 Ņ+ 5ń - Ł5 5E ł-5
6
Ń
18
ŀ
+ Ł5 Ń 3
أƊ."r 7
5 E ( ¶" + 5 - Ł5C)
5E (
4
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
:óLhCG
ń
+ Ń5-
ņ ﺟـ Ń-5ł ņ ŀŃ = ŀŁ (Ń- 5ł) = ł (ŀ+ ŀŁ -) ł
(٤-٣) ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ
Ƌ
2
+ Ň5
(Ń - 5ł) (ŀ+ ŀŁ -) ł = 5E Ł (Ń- 5ł)ņ = 5E + Ń- 5 ł
5E 5Ň
ŀ Ň
ł5 - Ņ5ń + ņ5 ł5
Ň + ł5
5 E Ń + 5Ł - Ł5
5E
26
5Ń - Ł5ł
5E
29
5 E Ņ(ņ- 5Ł)ņ 32
5 Łņ - ł5 ł-5
ŀń
ŀ
5 E ( ł- 5Ł) 35
+ Ň5 łŇ -
1
9
ŀ
+ ņi ł 11
+ 5 + Ł5 ŀŁ Ņ
13
ŀ
+ ńi ń - Ńi Ń 15
+ Ł5 ŀŁ + ł5 ŀł + Ń5 ŀŃ
25 28
5 E ł(Ń + 5) 31
ņ ł
ŀ
+ ł5 ł
16
+ 5ŀŃ + ł5Ł 17
5 E Ń-(ł- 5 )Ņ 34
+ 5 ¶" + Ł5 Ł -ł5 łC 18
93
+ Ł5 łŁ + ł5 ŀł
p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
+ ł- (ł- 5 ) Ł- 34 ŀĿ
+ ł (ł- 5Ł) ņ Ł
+ (Ł- 5ł ) + ņ(Ł-5ł) ŀĿņ =
+ 5 - ł5 ŀł
21
19
ņ
+ ł5 ł - ņ5 20 ŀ
+ 5Ń - Ł5Ł + ł5 ł - 22
ł ŁĿ
35
23
Ł*ŀń ł*ņ
+ 5ł - Ł5 ŀŁ + ł5 Łł
36
+ Ł5 ŀŁ + Ń5 ŀŁ
24
ł
+ 5Ń - Ł5 Ł 25
+ 5 - Ń5 ŀŁ + ń5 ŀń
26
+ 5 + Ł5 ŀŁ
27
+ 5ň+ Ł5 ŀŁ + ł5 ŀł
28
+5Ł+Ł5 ŀŁ
29
+ 5Ł - Ł5 ŀŁ
30
ŀ
+ Ń(Ń+ 5) Ń 31
+ ņ(ņ-5Ł) ŀŁ
32
ŀŀń
33
+ ń(ił - Ň) zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
154
-
πeÉμàdG -
ŁŬĿł wb Ł lf 5 2zS y f.kN ب ŀŬĿł = (ĿŬĿł)e is_yr ĿŬĿł = ¶o Ů Ł = ŀ5 ` ŀ-(¶o+
ŀ 5 (ŀ5)- - (¶o+ ŀ5)¶o
ŀ5) = (¶o+ ŀ5)- Ů
ŀ- Ł= ( ł ł
)-=
˄ f 2gf ;cSf _ ?lf
Ƌ- a #f wV 5 d_b (5)- = (5) j ^ / - b .cb z7_N [ ;f b .b i a [y ½ /
(df _ b ) t1 z * z& + (5) = 5 E (5)- i V (5)- = (5) i ^ / ½ /
hk c f 2R y^
= (5)- 3
ŀ- ! n Ů =R(? 5 n Ů tI 8 vƅh ƅ
- ) ŀ-(¶o+
ł
¶o
Ɗ ."r 5ł - Ł5 =(5)- j ^ / 2 Ł = 5 .kN (¶o)e 2zS b H6s f b - أ ŁŬĿł wb Ł lf 5 2zS f.kN b .b 2zS H6s f ب
ł+ (¶o+ ŀ5)Ł + Ł(¶o+ ŀ5) = (¶o+ ŀ5)-
ł = 5 .kN b .b m0pb 2zS b a.Of 7& h ŀ = (5)5
z& - b .cb 2zS b H6s f b - ."r 4 ŀŬň- wb Ł- lf 5 2zS f.kN 2zS b H6s f أ ł = 5 f.kN b .b m0pb 2zS b a.Of ب
ŀ
[¶o Ł - Ł¶o + ¶o ŀ5 Ł ] ¶o = (¶o) e Ł- ¶o+ ŀ5Ł = (¶o) e ŀŬň- wb Ł- lf 5 2zS f.kN أ is_yr ĿŬŀ = ¶o Ů Ł- = ŀ5 ńŬň- = ĿŬŀ + Ņ- = (ĿŬŀ)e
- ¶o+ 5 ŀ ¶o
ŀ5
ŀ ŀ5 Ł
= (¶o)e
+ ŀ5)= (ŀ5)- - (¶o = (¶o) e ¶o É``````¡f Ŀ!¶o ŀ Ń
=
Ń = 5 f.kN b .b m0pb 2zS b a.Of 7& h Ů 5 = (5)- z& - b .cb 2zS b H6s f b - ."r 5 7kb 'zW?b (G6 & 7f 2zS a.Of 7& Ů pc_; KW 'f dK z' d_;b O 2f 'zW> -.g 6 Ƌh6 Łń = pOcB asF is_y f.kN pOcB asGb 7kb 'zW?b & 7f wV 2zS b a.Of ."r Ů pc_; LW ' z' e K j -.g d_;b y2 - 'zW> 7 ( ŁŁ ņ = r) Ů h6 ŀŃ 2G[b X?j asF is_y f.kN o2GZ X?j asF wb
95
= - 2zS a.Of : f ;lf &4lp 6
Łh6W = p & 7fr h6 a = 'zW?b PcB asF i A2W
(a)- = Ła = W ` pOcB asF wb 7kb 'zW?b (G6 & 7f 2zS a.Of WE aŁ= = aE h6Łń = a f.kN ńĿ = Łń* Ł = 'zW?b & 7f wV 2zS b a.Of
155
1
أ
ŁŬĿŀ wb Ł lf 2zS 5 f.kN ب is_yr ĿŬĿŀ = ¶o Ů Ł = ŀ5 ` ĿŬĿĿňň = ĿŬĿĿĿŀ - ĿŬĿŃ - ĿŬĿń = (ĿŬĿŀ)
Ń = ŀ5 = 5 f.kN Ł*Ł
ŀ5Ł - ¶oń = (¶o) ƅi Vƅŀ5 = 5 f.kN ŀ5 = ŀ= 5 f.kN Ł¶o - ¶o ł = (¶o) `
= 2zS b a.Of qb ŀ
p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
:IóMƒdG ≈∏Y áeÉY øjQɪJ äÉHÉLEG Ł¶o- ¶o
= (5)- a 5 = (¶o+ ŀ5)-
z& - b .cb 2zS b H6s f b - ."r 3
Ɗ."r `b/ lfr ł+ 5Ł- Ł5 = (5)-
ł+ ¶o Ł - ŀ5Ł - Ł¶o + ¶oŀ5Ł + Łŀ5 =
¶o+ ŀ5
=5 E i( + 5C )] -
ŀ
ł+ŀ5Ł + Łŀ5 = (ŀ5)-
5
ŀ (ŀ + i)C
Ɗ."r h ŀ5 = 5 .kN 2zS b b - ."r V Ł5 -5ń = (5)- j ^ / 1 ŀ = ŀ5 .kN (¶o) 2zS b b - أ ƋŁŬĿŀ wb Ł lf ŀ5 2zS f.kN b .b wV 2zS b 1 .[f ب ĿŬňŇ wb ŀ lf 5 2zS f.kN b .b wV 2zS b 1 .[f ﺟ
ŀ5 = 5 f.kN
= (ŀ5)-
-
ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ
Ŀ!¶o
ł+ 5Ł - Ł5 = (5)- 4
ŀ5
ŀ = 5E i5 ŀ+i
5 E (5) S ! 5E (5)- = 5 E [(5) S ! (5)-] - ŀ- ! i Ů + ŀ+i( + 5 C)
ł ) É``````¡f
Ł- ŀ5Ł = (¶o)e É``````¡f = 2zS b a.Of ب Ŀ!¶o Ń =- wV 2zS b a.Of (ł = 5) f.kN
+ŀ+i 5
tI 8 {[z[& -.N C h ƅ5E (5)- C= 5E (5)- ƋC -
=(¶o) e = 5) f.kN 2zS b a.Of
( ł ŀ- (
ŀ-5 =
πeÉμàdG
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
ĿŬňŇ wb ŀ lf 2zS 5 f.kN ﺟ Ɗis_yr ĿŬĿŁ- = ¶o Ůŀ=ŀ5 ` ĿŬĿŁĿŃ- = ĿŬĿĿĿŃ - (ĿŬĿŁ-)ł =(ĿŬĿŁ-) 5ł - Ł5=(5)- 2 Ł- = (Ł)- Ł = ŀ5 = 5 f.kN أ [ł-¶o+ Ł] (¶o +Ł ) = (¶o + Ł)(ŀ- ¶o )(Ł+ ¶o) =ƅƅƅ Ł- ¶o + Ł¶o =ƅƅƅ (Ł)- - (¶o+ Ł)=ƅ(¶o) e ¶o ¶o + ŀ=ƅ(¶o)e
πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
: f ;lf &4lp 7
asGb 7kb O_gb h#& wV 2zS b a.Of 7& Ů qc_; ¹KW 'f dKy z' e K j -.g y O_f 8 Ƌh6ń = qV2& asF is_y f.kN qV2&
H = 'zW?b 2GZ X?j asF i A2W
zc_b O_gb q"r & 7f wV 2zS b H6s f 7& Ů qc_; ¹KW 'f dKy z' e K j -.g y O_f 9 O_gb h#& wV 2zS b a.Of 7& h Ů h6 ŅŬł wb Ņ lf qV2& asF 2zS y f.kN qV2& asGb 7kb Ƌh6Ň qV2& asF is_y f.kN ņ + 5Ń - Ł5ł + ł5ń = = ب
5ł - Ł5 = = أ
ń + Ł ŀ - ł - ł5Ł = = د
ń - 5ņ + ł5 ńł - Ń5Ł = = ﺟ
5 5
(Ł Ů ŀ-) G[kb .kN ŀ + 5Ł - ł5 = = ب
ŁH r= W 'zW?b & 7f
= E ."r 10 5E
X?j asF wb 7kb 'zW?b (G6 & 7f 2zS a.Of
Ɗ z Ē zk'kgb lf d_b kz7b 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ Pf 5 ggb pOk?y w b yr 4b 5 zZ ."r 12 (Ń- Ů ŀ) .kNƅŃ- Ł5 - ł5 = = ب (Ŀ Ů Ł) .kNƅŁ + 5ł - Ł5 = = أ
h6 a = O_gb U2& asF i A2W 8 (a)- = ła = % O_gb h#& ƊqV2& asF wb 7kb O_gb h#& 2zS a.Of Łał = % E = aE ņń = O_gb h#& 2zS a.Of ` ń = a .kN
(ŀ- ŮĿ) G[kb .kN (ŀ + 5Ł ) (ŀ -5) = = ﺟ
(Ŀ Ů Ŀ) G[kb .kN (ň + 5) (ŀ - 5)5 = = د
w y gf d_b wbrĔ [ ;gb ."r 13
ń - Ł5 Ł- 5 ł == ب == أ ŀ + Ł5 ł+ 5 Ł ƋqzcN OZ sb (ŀ- Ůŀ- ) G[kb .kN 5 = = wk'kgcb 5 ggb dzf ."r 14 Ł+5 Ł ŀ = 5 .kN ŀ+5 Ł+ 5 = = wk'kgcb 5 ggb dzf ."r 15 ŀ+ 5 Ɗ = E ."r 16 5E ŀ + ł5 = MƅŮƄńM = = ب ŀ + 5Ł = MƅŮƄłM = = أ
ń + ł5Ł = MƅŮƄŃM = = د
Ł + 5 - Ł5ł = MƅŮƄŃM = = ﺟ
h6 a = O_gb U2& asF i A2W 9 (a)-= ŁaŅ = e O_gb q"r & 7f H6s f i V ŅŬł wb Ņ lf O_gb PcB asF 2zS y f.kN & 7gb wV 2zS b
:á«JB’G äÓeÉμàdG óLhCG 5E
19
Łņ - ł5 ł-5
22
5 E ( Ł + 5Ł ) 5 5E
ŀ - Ł5 ŀ-5
5 E Ń- (ł+5)ł
18
5 E (ŀ - 5ł - Ł5)
17
21
5E (ŀ+5 )(ń- 5)
20
24
5 E ń (Ł - 5)Ņ
23
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
96
Ł(ŀ+ 5 Ł ) Ņ = = E 5E
=E Ń(ŀ+ ł5) Ł5ŀń = 5E ł(Ł + 5 - Ł5ł) (ŀ - 5Ņ) Ń = ł (ń+ ł5Ł ) Ł5 ŁŃ =
أ
16
ŀ ł ŀ + 5Ń - ł5 ł ŀ + 5ń - Ł5Ł - ł5 ł + 5 + Ł5 ŀŁ + 5ň + Ł5 łŁ + ł5 ŀł
(Ņ)- – (ŅŬł)Ņ – ŅŬł
=
=
qV2& asF is_y f.kN O_gb h#& wV 2zS b a.Of h6Ň
=E ﺟ 5E =E د 5E
+ 5 Ń + ł5
[Ł(Ņ)- – Ł(ŅŬł)]Ņ Ņ – ŅŬł
ņłŬŇ =
ب
+ 5 - Ł5 łŁ - ł5 ŀł
+ ł- (ł+ 5)- 24
WE HE
= o2GZ ŀŃ = is_y f.kN ŁŁ ŇŇ = ŀŃ * ņ * Ł = 'zW?b & 7f 2zS a.Of
Ɗ z Ē a r.b lf d^ wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf ."r 11 (Ł Ůŀ) G[kb .kN ł + 5Ł - Ł5 = = أ (Ł Ů ŀ) G[kb .kN ŀ + 5 - Ł5 + ł5 = = ﺟ
ŀ = 5 .kN 5ŀ - 5 = = د
5 E (Ł+ 5)(Ł - 5)
WE ` HE
H rŁ =
ņŁ = Ł(Ň)ł =
ł(Ň) + ł(¶o + Ň)
¶o
ł-5Ł= 17
Ń- 5Ņ + Ł5 ŀń =
18
ņ+ Ł5ń- ł5Ň = Ł
19 20
ňŅ /ŁĿ
%
+ Ņ (Ł- 5) 23
ł Ł5
+ Ł5Ņ =
=E 5E =E 5E =E 5E =E 5E
= أ
10
ب ﺟ د
Ł دƅƅŃ ﺟƅƅŀ بƅƅ 2W> أ
21 22
+
ł5
É```¡f Ŀ !¶o
د
Ƅ%ŀłń
5ŀŁ Ł(ŀ+ Ł5)
2W>
ﺟƆ ƆƄ%Ńń بƄƅƅ%Ńń
ب 15
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
ŀł Ł(ł+ 5Ł)
11
أ
12
أ
13
Ł
14
156
πeÉμàdG -
(Ŀ ŮŁ) G[kb .kN Ɗ wo 5 ggb b- Of (Ł-5)ł = = Ŀ = Ņ - = - 5ł (Ŀ Ůŀ-) G[kb .kN Ɗwo 5 ggb b- Of (ŀ+ 5 ) ł- = Ŀ- =
πeÉμàdG
اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﻲ
:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG ƋƋƋ = - wV 2zS b i V ņŬŁ wb ņ lf 5 2zS f.kN łŬŁ = - wV 2zS b a.Of H6s f i ^ / 1
ł - (5ł - Ł) Ł -
د
ﺟ
ŀ - (5ł - Ł) ŀ
ł
ب
5E
Ń - 5 Łņ - Ł - 5 ŀŁ
2
أ
ŀŁ
= 5 E (ł - Ł5) + 5ł - ł5 ŀ ł
ﺟ
5ł - ł5
ب
4
5Ł أ
:≈JCÉjÉe øY ÖLCG (ń + 5ł - Ł5 ) 5 = = ب
Ɗ z Ē a r.b lf d_b wbrĔ [ ;gb ."r 5 Ł + 5 ń - Ł5ł = = أ (Ł+ 5 ) (Ł- 5)= = ﺟ
ŀ- 5 == د ŀ+ 5
Ɗ w y gf d^ wV =E ."r 6 5E
5 + ŀ = M Ů łMņ = = ب 5-ŀ
5E (ł+ Ł5) 5Ł 5E
Ň - ł5 Ł- 5
Ņ- Ń5 = M Ů ŁM = = أ Ɗ ."r 7 5E (ł+ Ł5ł - Ń5ń) أ
ب د
5E ń (ł+ 5 Ł)
ﺟ
Ƌ kz7b 1s'f Pf qOF [ w G[j .kN (ŀ + 5 ) ( Ł - 5) = = b .b wk'kgb 5 ggb b- Of ."r 8
ń = 5 f.kN
1s'gb y¹ 3 sf 5 ggb o.kN is_y w b r ŁĿ+ 5ŀń - Ł5Ņ - ł5 = = wk'kgb wcN OZ sb H[kb ."r 9 Ƌ kz7b
ŇĿ- = ŁĿ + ņń - ŀńĿ - ŀŁń = = `
ŀ 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ Pf ŀ- 5 + Ł5 = = wk'kgcb 5 ggb pOk?y w b "sgb yr 4b 5 zZ ."r 10 ŀ= 5 .kN kz7b
ŀ- = 5 f.kN ŁŇ = ŁĿ+ ŀń+ Ņ-ŀ- = = `
= G[j t .kN 5 ggb dzf 10 ŀ =E e = Ł5 - 5Ł = 5E ŀ = 5 f.kN =E ŀ= ŀ- Ł = ` 5E a F = e a °Ńń = (ŀ) ŀ- F = a `
ŅŬŃ- أ
tr 7y Ł = 5 .kN ń(ł - 5Ł) = = b .b wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf 3 ŀ ب ń ﺟ ŀ أ
+ ł - 5Ł د
Ŀ = (ŀ+ 5) (ń-5 )
z&
ł - (5ł - Ł) Ņ
ŀĿ د
(ń- 5Ń - Ł5)ł = 2W> = 5 ggb dzf `
=E 5E
ŅŬŃ ب
5E Ł - (5ł - Ł) E
Ŀ= ł + = + 5 ł ŁĿ + 5 ŀń - Ł5Ņ - ł5 = = 9 =E ŀń - 5 ŀŁ - Ł5ł = 5E kz7b 1s'f // 5 ggb a
t3 sy wk'kgcb 5 ggb (ŇĿ- Ůń) Ů(ŁŇ Ůŀ-) H[kb .kN ` kz7b 1s'f
ŀŬŅ ﺟ
ŀŬŅ- د
p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
97
≈ªcGôJ QÉÑàNG ¶" 4 ƅƅƅń + 5Ņ - Ł5ł
3 ƅƅƅ¶" 2 ƅƅƅ 1
ب
ń- 5Ņ
Ł(ŀ+ 5)
أ
5
5Ł ﺟ
د
Ł
ł5Ń * (Ņ - Ń5) Ł =
=E 5E
أ
6
[Ņ-Ń5] ł5Ň = ƅƅ Ł Ł(5- ŀ)
=E 5 * Ł[ 5+- ŀŀ ] Łŀ = 5E 5 + ŀ Ł
7
[ Ł(5- ŀ) ] ŃŁ =
+ 5ł + ł5 - ń5 أ
+ Ł5ł + Ń5 ŀŁ
ب
ŀ + Ņ (ł+ 5Ł) ŀŁ ﺟ
د + 5Ń + Ł5 + ł5 ł = 5 E (Ń + 5 Ł + Ł5) (ŀ+ 5 ) (Ł- 5) = = 8 ŀ
(Ŀ Ůŀ-) Ů (Ŀ ŮŁ) wo kz7b 1s'f Pf PF [ b H[j =E ŀ- 5Ł = 5 E
157
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
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pfh_UĂ? Ă&#x160;n\R ĂŞÂ&#x17D;gaY ĂŚ}_Â&#x161;x Â&#x2022;
phĂ˝Ă?Â&#x17D;Z_UĂ? Ă&#x2018;Ă&#x161;nÂ&#x153;Â&#x161;UĂ? Â&#x201A;_Â&#x2DC;U pfh_UĂ? Ă&#x160;n\R oÂ&#x161;cx Â&#x2022;
{TkeUĂ? Ă&#x201D;{Â?UĂ? Â&#x192;hÂ&#x2014;Â&#x2DC;UĂ? Ă&#x201D;{Â?UĂ? Ă&#x201D;{Â?UĂ? ĂŞÂ&#x17D;gaY ĂŚ}_Â&#x161;x Â&#x2022;
Â&#x160;hÂ?Â&#x161;Â&#x2014;eUĂ? Ă&#x201D;{Â?UĂ?
phRnfÂ&#x161;eUĂ? Ă&#x201D;Ă?{AĂşĂ? ĂŞÂ&#x17D;gaY ĂŚ}_Â&#x161;x Â&#x2022;
ç}aUĂ? Â&#x2026;JnbÂ&#x161;UĂ? Ă&#x2DC;nÂ?>øĂ? Â&#x160;Â&#x203A;Y Ă&#x201D;Ă?{AĂşĂ? Â?dL Ă&#x201C;nhde_UĂ? ĂŚ}_Â&#x161;x Â&#x2022;
ÊneTß�
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
158
├┤┼Ф─У├о─У┼Ч├н ├╡├о─Д┼А─д─Ь┼Д─┐├н ┬ПU├н├М ┬Гh┬Ч= ├Ф{A ├С
Simple Event
oT}Y ├Ф{A ├С
Compound Event
{TkY ├Ф{A ├С
Certain Event
тАл╪зя╗Яя║░я╗гя╗ж ╪зя╗Яя╗дя╗ия║Оя║│я║Р я╗Яя║Шя║к╪▒я╗│я║▓ ╪зя╗Яя╗оя║гя║к╪йтАм ╞Л@?& ┼Д тАля╗гя╗мя║О╪▒╪з╪к ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗Фя╗Ья╗┤я║о ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗░ я║Чя╗ия╗дя╗┤я╗мя║О ╪зя╗Яя╗оя║гя║к╪йтАм d& - wczc' b 2z_W b - wN . ─Ц 2z_W b - .Z kb 2z_W b ╞Л ─С_;gb
Operation on the Events
тАля╗Гя║о┘В ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗Шя╗┤я╗┤я╗в ╪зя╗Яя╗дя╗Шя║Шя║оя║гя║ФтАм 51.b .O r k r d Z zN g"r y-2V y2y2' r zpW: c 6 y pj wV wg^ 2 1 * r f N ly1 g - &2 [gb G;j─Ф r ╞Л .&sb :тАл╪зя╗Яя╗дя║ия╗Дя╗В ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗ия╗Ия╗┤я╗дя╗░ я╗Яя╗ая╗оя║гя║к╪йтАм > +b hzo Wgb .&sb m0pb wgzKk b HG+gb ar k y CV dg; w b r ┼о z s;Ob 1 # b > + r ┼оa g &─Р gc7gb A2O jr ┼о .&─Ф wcN zcgOb r .'b r kzOb ╞Л pkzj sZr a g &─Р
159
}p #f ╟╛ 52f hC[f ╦Э mgS╚Ю h┬Аf1
├Ф├Р{A├║├Р ┬ПdL ├Уnhde_U├Р ├С phRnf┬ЪY ├Ф├Р{A├М ├С
Mutually Exclusive Events
├йne┬ЪA├Р ├С
Probability
ph├╜├Р┬ОZL p=}┬Ь> ├С
Random Experiment
s>├Р┬ОfU├Р ├Кn\R pfh_U├Р ├Кn\R ├С
Sample space
├Ш┬Оbi p_]S ├С
Coin
├Ш}i }┬ЬA ├С
Die
├Ф{A ├С
Event
─╛├л├о─У┼О─┐├н┼Н ├╡├н┼Н─Й┼Ч├н
├│─К─Г┼О─┐├н ─С┼Н─Н─Й
phedL p┬ШHnA pU├Л ├С
Scientific calculator
╦Еe l *╚Ц ;* ╦Д ╦Х╔╕ - ╔╗╦Ц 952f
phY┬ОH├Ъ p┬ШHnA pU├Л ├С
Graphical calculator
├С┬ОHn┬ЭdU phY┬ОH├Ъ sY├Р}= ├С
Graphical programs
тАл╪зя╗Яя╗оя║│я║Оя║Ля╗Ю ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗Мя╗ая╗┤я╗дя╗┤я║Ф ╪зя╗Яя╗дя║┤я║Шя║ия║кя╗гя║ФтАм 3 p" - wb 6 & ( jscf e─СZ ) iscf 2z: F - zgzcO 1s 6 ╞Л 6 & b - zfs61 $f 2 - j z A2N тАля╗Гя║о┘В ╪зя╗Яя║Шя║к╪▒я╗│я║▓ ╪зя╗Яя╗дя╗Шя║Шя║оя║гя║ФтАм - zF k 6─Р [y2Gb - q"sgb U ; ^─Р - wjr O b hzcO b ╞Л ─С_;gb d& - ;Z kgb - wko0b X?Ob
┬Кh┬Э┬Ъ┬ЧY ├Ф{A ├С
Impossible Event
├Кn[A├О ├С
Statistics
├│─К─Г┼О┼А─┐ ┼Р┼Д┼Ф─и┼И├╖ ─в─д─И┼Г
─╜├о┼Д├╕─Г┼Ы├н ─╜├о┼Д├╕─Г┼Ы├н ├╡├о┼Д┼А─Ф┼Г
├┤┼Ф├л├н┼О─Ш─л ├п─Н├о─А├╖
─╜├о┼Д├╕─Г┼Ы├н ┼Ж┼Ф┼З├н┼О─╖
├┤┼И┼Ф─м─┐├н ├а├о─а─│ ├╣├н─К─Г┼Ч├н ┼Р┼А─л ├╡├о┼Ф┼А┼Д─м─┐├н ┼Е├о├┐─Н┼О┼Г ┼С─Н ├о┼З┼О┼З├о─╖
─╡─О─│
─╜├о┼Д─╗├н
├╡┼Ь─╝─Ш┼Г ─╛─Г┼Н ├┤┼Ф├╖├о┼Ф─Г ├╡├о─╕┼Ф├▓─д├╖
─Й├о─Д├╖├н
─к─г├о─╕├╖
├╣─К─Д─┐├н ├┤┼Ф─│├о┼И├╕┼Г ├╣├н─К─Г├г
─╛┼Д├╕─Д┼Г ─╛┼Ф─Д├╕─Ф┼Г ─К─╗├ж┼Г
ĂłÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
Ă´ÄŹĂąĂÄ&#x17D;Ŀà ôďùĂÄ&#x17D;Ŀà óÄ&#x160;Â&#x2020;Ä&#x192;Ĺ&#x17D;Â&#x2020;ÄżĂ
1-4
â&#x2C6;ŤĂ&#x2030;ÂŞĂ Mâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G Ă&#x153;Ă&#x2030;°ÚM
1-4
â&#x2C6;ŤĂ&#x2030;ÂŞĂ Mâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;G Ă&#x153;Ă&#x2030;°ÚM
Calculating Probability : ĂĄeĂłâ&#x2030;¤e Us6 51.b 0o wVr ĹŽ G7 f 1s? a g &Ä&#x2018;b z6 6Ä&#x201D; hzo Wgb 61- i \ 6 MsZr a g & 7& wV .&Ä&#x201D; wcN zcgOb r hzo Wgb m0o 6 1- dg_ 7 Ć&#x2039; Nsk f z z& [z G r c f aÄ&#x2018;* lf f .& Basic terms and concepts
印SĂ&#x2030;°SCG ºgĂ&#x2030;Ă&#x2DC;eh äĂ&#x2030;ĂŤâ&#x2C6;?£°ße
â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x2014;ďť&#x152;ďť ďť˘â&#x20AC;Ź
Ĺ&#x201A;Ĺ&#x20AC;ďøá ÄąĹ&#x17D;Ä&#x201C; C P60 : @ ^+ : &N8 , A;( I:7 +
:Â&#x2021; _5 § # ")+ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; w&; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; MI -8 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ÂŚ] I4° E I : 6 78ÂĽ Â&#x2021; _5
xperimentE Random ÇśĹ?ĹŁÄ?Ç?Ć&#x2013;ƯǤÄ? ÇśĹ&#x203A;Ć&#x201E;ĹĹ&#x2020;ǤÄ? PzG 7jÄ? l_br ĹŽ p 2" d Z pb k_ggb $ skb Pzg" V2Of l_gy 2# d^ wo Ć&#x2039; p 2" .kN \[' y Us6 $ skb m0o lf yĂ&#x160; -.'j i â&#x20AC;ŤďťŁďş&#x153;ďş&#x17D;Ů&#x201E;â&#x20AC;Ź
I ?> ( Â&#x201D; 4°8_] , A;( 4°8_] V 1_ # - LM 0 4°8_] #°"1( 4°8_] § : _ Ă´Ĺ&#x201D;Ä&#x201C;ĂŽÄ&#x201C;Ĺ&#x2014;à þÎÄ&#x201E;Ĺ&#x20AC;ĤÄ&#x153;Ĺ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
? z s;N 2# zb b 1 # b lf yĂ&#x160; lzĂ? 1
Ć&#x2039;tscOb q"sb wcN 2o Kb -.Ob K&Ä&#x2018;fr hK kf -2j 2#& [b U2Oj i ir- ) jscgb 2_b lf Nsg#f q 8z^ lf jscf 2^ '6 Ć&#x2039; s'7gb 2_b isb K&Ä&#x2018;fr ( pj sb Ć&#x2039;tscOb q"sb wcN 2pKy f K&Ä&#x2018;fr zj.Of -s[j OGZ [b wbrÄ&#x201D; ĹŽi3sb r h#'b wV c g f 2^ P 1 q 8z^ lf 2^ '6 2_b isb K&Ä&#x2018;fr ĹŽ 2C* O 2b ĹŽ 2g& b b ĹŽ -s6 zj b ĹŽ Cz Ć&#x2039; s'7gb
â&#x20AC;ŤŘŁâ&#x20AC;Ź â&#x20AC;ŤŘ¨â&#x20AC;Ź
: @ ^ : &Ă&#x2026; random experiment
:7 + C P6
sample space
Â&#x2021; _
event
â&#x20AC;Ťďş&#x;â&#x20AC;Ź â&#x20AC;ŤŘŻâ&#x20AC;Ź
Calculating Probability Â&#x20AC;[g.
F 1L Â&#x2021; ÂŁ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; Â&#x2021; ÂŁ , A;( Â&#x2021; ÂŁ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ÂĽ Â&#x2021; ÂŁ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; I /81ÂĽ
simple event
F 1 Â&#x2021; _
certain event
( Â&#x2021; _
wV z6 6Ä&#x201D; hzo Wgb r 'cG?gb DO b Gb 51- i \ 6 hzo Wgb m0o \zgO dg_ 7y Us6r [ 6 d& 2f wV a g &Ä&#x201D; U2O b r a g &Ä&#x201D; lzj sZ e .+ 6 cG z z& Ä&#x2018;_;f d^ - Y2Wb - PF [ b - - ' Ä&#x201D; ) d f .&Ä&#x201D; wcN zcgOb wcN 7& wV a g &Ä&#x201D; gc7f e.+ 7y Us6r ĹŽ(a g^Ä&#x2013; Ć&#x2039; f .& MsZr a g &
/81( Â&#x2021; _
952f &6/k
impossible event
: 6 78( Â&#x2021; _ mutually exclusive events
ÄžÄ&#x201E;ÄżĂ
$ sj Pzg" V2Of l_gy qjÄ&#x201D; ĹŻ z s;N 1 # wo (-) ĹŽ(Âś") ĹŽ ( ) 1 # b .kN P[y Us6 $ skb m0o lf yĂ&#x160; -.'j i PzG 7jÄ? l_br p 2" d Z pkf d^ Ć&#x2039; 2# b 2" 2# b $ j .y.' l_gyÄ? qjÄ&#x201D; ĹŻ z s;N 2zR 2# wo ( ) 2# gkz Ć&#x2039; p 2" d Z
4°8_]
probability
4°8_] #°"1(
:o f Kf rk T^y wÂ&#x20AC;Z K?pČ&#x161; 4Â&#x20AC;[q x Ę&#x2DC;952f 4u : 51 2S I:7 + C P60 : @ ^+ : &N8 , A;( l&+8%
probability axioms
Ă´Ĺ&#x192;Ä&#x160;Ä&#x2C6;øÄ&#x201D;Ĺ&#x201E;Ŀà þĂĹ?Ä&#x2030;Ĺ&#x2014;Ă
. â&#x20AC;ŤŘ˘ďť&#x;ďş&#x201D; ﺣďş&#x17D;ďşłďş&#x2019;ďş&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź
:+M C - 'ÂłA^ : @ ^+ V> N8 h+L :7 + C P6 X8B% I & &N_ C - â&#x2C6;&#x2019; -
ÄžÄ&#x201E;á Ĺ&#x2026;ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄ&#x192;
Ć&#x160; z s;N 2# wo z Ä&#x2019; 1 # b lf yĂ&#x160; lzĂ? 1 zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
Â&#x2021; ÂŁ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ÂĽ Â&#x2021; ÂŁ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; F 1L Â&#x2021; ÂŁ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; Â&#x2021; ÂŁ , A;( l&+% 100
:â&#x20AC;ŤŘ§ďť&#x;ďş&#x2DC;ďş&#x152;ďş&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź zcgOb k z& lf 2# 2" lgC XZ sf %2G hcOgb . y ? f 1 f wV 3sWb =2V f Ć&#x160;d f lz[zb e.O h7 { b r wcN pOzk? h y w b .y.#b 6 'b bÄ&#x2019; is_ i a g & f ? zN p ! jÄ? H* 1 # 2" lgC zcgOb z'b lf c f ` Ä&#x2018;F Pf H k 6 ? zkz[zb e.O h7 Ć&#x2039; z s;Ob 2# b espWf (Ĺ&#x20AC;) E ;j hpOf . h Ä&#x2018; b 1 # b aÄ&#x2018;* lf &r2Ggb c 6Ä&#x201D; wV ` Ä&#x2018;F <Z j [š 7f .z^ b l_gyÄ? w b r ĹŽ k_ggb $ skb lf -.N pb w b r Ć&#x2039; 2# b #z k 1 # b lN Ĺ&#x20AC;ĿĿ = Br2Ogb c fÄ&#x201D; ` Ä&#x2018;F Pf df Ć&#x2039; pbs& Ä&#x2018;Gb <Z jr ĹŽ z s;Ob :(ɸɡɡ) A mgS 2q  Z
aÄ&#x2018;* lf `b/r z s;Ob 2# b espWf wcN ` Ä&#x2018;F wb .^ Â&#x2DC; py r z s;N 1 # b lf t lz w b t2*Ä&#x201D; c fÄ&#x201D; DO Ć&#x2039; Ä&#x2018;Gb t.b wko0b X?Ob e .+ 6 `b/r z s;N 2zR
I: 6 78ÂĽ Â&#x2021; _5 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; /81ÂĽ :952f < 52 rk7 IÂ&#x2026;!_ ¡ Â&#x20AC;: : 16[k
Hz7 .& - ($ skb CV) kzOb CV - z s;N 2# .& - dz' 7f .& - .^ f .& - ^2f .& - (wbr ) gc7f - .& a g & - a g^ - Y2V - - ' - PF [ - zV k f Ć&#x2039;a g &Ä&#x201D; k2/ ;lf Â&#x20AC;lÂ&#x20AC;gS f 1 ylf U A? â&#x2C6;&#x2019; & &N_ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; - MM â&#x2C6;&#x2019; "( Âłi LI â&#x2C6;&#x2019; : ) "+ '> L3 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; : ( 3> O( & â&#x2C6;&#x2019; y ÂŤ ] 0c( ÂŞd X3 _ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; # ~& I:L3 _ : d : *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J
Ć&#x2039; Ä&#x2018;_;f d& - zpW;b ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob :mgS f 51 Ck
Ĺ&#x20AC;Ĺ Ĺ&#x201A; 'W> wb Ĺ&#x20AC;ĿĿ 'W> lf b Gb ^ Ć&#x2039;( j2 jÄ&#x2013; ) fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b
zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Č&#x161; m;_f Ë? k Sf Â&#x20AC;F 6f b
160
∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM
:á«FGƒ°ûY ÜQÉéàd iôNCG á∏ãeCG ŮŁ Ůŀ e Z1Ĕ dg' Z G ŀĿ lz lf z¹ s;N Z G '6 Ƌ Z G b wcN s _gb -.Ob K&đfr ŀĿ ŮƋƋƋƋ Ůł 5 zZr h6Ń o2GZ X?j asF 2 - d* - G[j 1 z * Ƌ 2 .b 4^2f lN o.O đ> sf d 6r đ lz a [ jđb đ> sf cz6r 1 z * Ƌ & f
:á«FGƒ°ûY ô«Z ÜQÉéJ ≈∏Y á∏ãeCG iscf pOzg" 2^ wcN ts 'y 8z^ lf 2^ '6 ƋY13Ĕ iscb ƋPg#b $ j dz#7 r Ņ -.Ob Pf ł -.Ob Pg" Ƌ 2Cb $ j dz#7 r ŀŁ -.Ob Ń -.Ob 2B :( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f
(ŀĿĿ) 'W> (ŀ) d' i ar & .k d& ` đF wb cF Ƌhp " 34Nr P r &
-
∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM
Ƌ _b r 1s?b P K&đfr lz zb f lz 2f -s[j OGZ [b أ ( pf Z1 U2Oj i ir-) gZ2gb Z G b lf Nsg#f wcN ts ' z[& lf gZ2f Z G '6 ب Ƌ s'7gb Z G b hZ1 K&đfr Ƌ s'7gb Z G b wcN 2pKy t0b -.Ob K&đfr ŁĿ wb ŀ lf gZ2f c g f Z G ŁĿ p z[& lf .& r Z G '6 ﺟ
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ : (èJGƒædG AÉ°†a) áæ«©dG AÉ°†a (U) 4f2b qb 4f2yr Ů 2# b m0pb k_ggb $ skb d^ Nsg#f so z s;N 2# b kzOb CV ½
Sample space (outcomes space)
Ƌ (U) i 4f2b U kzOb CV 2> kN -.Ob 4f2y ½ » 2zR r Ů -r.'f m2> kN -.N i ^ / zp kf kzOb CV is_y ½ -.N i ^ / q kf ¹ ¹ Ƌ{p kgb $ skb CV H[V 51.k6r Ů -r.'f 2zR m2> kN
: Iô«¡°ûdG á«FGƒ°û©dG ÜQÉéàdG ¢†©Ñd áæ«©dG AÉ°†a k hCG Tossing a coin : Oƒ≤f á©£b AÉ≤dEG :’ .& r 2f -s[j OGZ [b 2# b kzOb CV - {] Ů= } = U Ɗso 2o Kb q"sb K&đfr = H " pL ? _cb 4f2 ] Ů 1s?cb 4f2 = z& a Ł = (U)i Ɗ n <+ a lz zb f lz 2f -s[j OGZ [b 2# b kzOb CV - a Ɗso _b r 1s?b P K&đfr {(] Ů]) Ů(= Ů]) Ů(] Ů=) Ů(= Ů=) } = U ? T " pL ? = H " pL ? ŁŁ = Ń = Ł * Ł = (U) i : n <+ a a 2f đ -s[j OGZ [b 2# b kzOb CV - l_gy) _b r 1s?b P K&đfr zb f a a Ɗso c [gb zj z b 2#;b lf qzcN as?'b a a a Ů ( ] Ů ] Ů ] ) ƄƄŮƄ(= Ů = Ů =) } = U Ů ( = Ů ] Ů ] ) Ƅ Ů Ƅ( ] Ů = Ů =) pL ? pL ? pL ? Ů ( ] Ů = Ů ]) ƄŮ Ƅ( = Ů ] Ů =)Ƅ " " " {(= Ů = Ů ]) ƄŮ Ƅ( = Ů ] Ů =) Ƅ ? T T T = H łŁ = Ň = Ł * Ł * Ł = (U)i : n <+ I ( T H 1 % e ? / gb (= Ů] ) ! (] Ů= ) - Ł = (U) i is_y zb gb 2gb lf e -s[j OGZ wf1 .kN - p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
101
∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
(h#'b r d_;b wV lz Wc +f) lz 4y g f -s[j w OGZ [b 2# b kzOb CV - d^ is_yr Ůlz zb f lz 2f .& r -s[j OGZ [b .kN kzOb CV 8Wj so O¹ f Ɗ 2gb !r4b d_;b wcN 2# b $ sj lf $ j Ƌ( zj b OG[b q"r Ů wbrĔ OG[b q"r ) Tossing a die
5 1 3
(ɸɷɷ) A :mgS 2q Z
z s;N 2# b ($ skb CV) kzOb CV espWf ` đF <Z j pb 4f2yr 2# b m0pb k_ggb $ skb d^ Nsg#f qj wcN (U)i 4f2b kzOb CV 2> kN -.Ob 4f2y g^ U 4f2b Ƌ zp kf Nsg#f U z&
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? T "
161
: Oôf ôéM AÉ≤dEG : Ék«fÉK wcN 2pKy t0b -.Ob K&đfr .& r 2f -2j 2#& [b 2# b kzOb CV - Ɗ so tscOb q"sb Ņ = (U) i Ɗ is_yrƄƄ { Ņ Ůń ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ } = U
2pKy t0b -.Ob K&đfr lz zb f lz 2f -2j 2#& [b 2# b kzOb CV - arĔ pG[7f w b 2gb ! r3Ĕ Nsg#f so tscOb q"sb wcN 2f d^ wV Ɗi t zj b zf2b $ j so wj b pG[7fr ŮwbrĔ zf2b $ j so Ƌ `b/ (Bs zb b a _:Ĕ rƄ{{Ņ Ůń ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ } ǽ= ,{Ņ Ůń ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ } ǽ5 Ɗ (= Ů5) } = U
1 # b DO b ($ skb CV) kzOb CV espWf wcN .^ ŀĿŀ = 2zp;b z s;Ob
$ skb CV 2> kN (Bs Y2Gb m0o Pzg" i hpzb 'Bsf ¹ [y2Gb 1 z * b Gb wcNr lz zb f lz 2f -2j 2#& [bĖ Ƌ`b/ V2Of wV q 6 k
:á¶MÓe
a
Pzg" V2Of l_gy qjĔ i z s;N (¶") Ů ( ) i 2# b 1 .y.' PzG 7jĐ l_br gp 2" d Z gpkf d^ $ sj gkz Ů 2# b 2" .kN P[y Us6 $ skb m0o lf ¹ y $ j .y.' l_gy Đ qjĔ z s;N 2zR Ů ( ) 2# b Ƌ p 2" d Z 2# b
z6.kpb 1s?b r zj z b 2#;b h61 zWz^ ` đGb (Br wV kzOb CV 2> kN .y.' b g [b r zbr.#b 1s?b r Ƌ (ŀĿŀ) 'W>
IJœĎĬ÷
-
ŁŅ = łŅ = Ņ * Ņ = (U) i -
{ ŮŅ Ůń ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ } * {Ņ Ůń ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ } = U - -2j t2#& [b 2# b kzOb CV - 8Wj so ,( O¹ f) .& r i wV ly4y g f .& r -2j 2#& [b 2# b kzOb CV Ƌlz zb f lz 2f
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
102
∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -
∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM
: mgS 2q }Z
ﻣﺜﺎل '6 / kzOb CV ^ Ƌ 2W> b b r Ů Cz zj b r Ů 2g& wbrĔ c g f 2^ đ q 8z^ 2 P K&đfr ( ađ&Ė Pf ) zj b 2_b '6 d Z s'7gb 2_b - N Pf t2*Ē .O .& sb i 2^ Ƌi sbĔ F
,
ľĄĿí
? T R3( = H R3(
, , , , ,
,
zj b '7b d Z 8z_b wb s'7gb 2_b - O f.kN :^% wV 1spKb >2V pb đ b 2_b lf 2^ d^ ( ? 2_b 8Wj '7 i l_ggb lf ( ?yr Ů zj b '7b CWb zj z b 2#;b d [gb d_;b (Bsyr Ů zj 2f ň = Łł = (U) i z& kzOb Ů (= Ů ) Ů ( Ů ) Ů (% Ů ) Ů (= Ů%) Ů ( Ů% ) Ů (% Ů%) } = U { (= Ů=) Ů ( Ů =) Ů (% Ů =)
,
2_b r ( ) 4f2b Cz b 2_b r (%) 4f2b 2g'b 2_b wb 4f2j Ɗ(=) 4f2b 2W?b
, ∂JÉeƒ∏©e ≈dEG ∞°VCG
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
,\B Q n "< tR3$ UQ = Q "< 5Q l 5 =7)+ /9b 1 K /I , 9R3$ )I * < =b 0 9w "b a 70 n <+ d ? T R3(
.O .& sb i 2^ ¼ '¾ 6½ ł wb ŀ lf gZ2fr c g f 2^ đ q Yr.k> 2 Ƌm2> kN -.N lz r kzOb CV ^ Ƌ 2_b hZ1 K&đfr ađ&Ė Pf t2*Ĕ
çóëdG Ƌ kzOb CV lf z 4" Nsg#f t so .'b ½
The simple event
( ≈dhC’G çóëdG) §«°ùÑdG çóëdG ƋH[V .& r 2?kN ts ' kzOb CV lf z 4" Nsg#f so ½ ¹ ¹
IJœĎĬ÷
The certain event
: ócDƒªdG çóëdG U kzOb CV 2> kN wo m2> kN t0b .'b so 2# b pzV t2# 2f d^ {V MsZsb .^ f .& sor
IJœĎĬ÷
The event
U.py t0b r (ŀĿŃ) 'W> (ł) a f d& ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ Nsg#gb Sc .&Ĕ lN 2z O b đGb i [ wb a gb 0o 2[V wV g^ .'b MsZr espWf wcN .^ yr
IJœĎĬ÷
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
CV lf z 4" Nsg#g^ .'b espWf ` đGb (Br U C Ɗi V U kzOb CV lf ¹ .& C i ^ / V ŮU kzOb i ^ / PZr .Z C .'b i as[jr Ůl d_; qcz g l_gyr wb (Br `b0^ ƋC 2> kN lf 2?kN z s;Ob 2# b $ j ¹ dz' 7gb Ů.^ gb ŮHz7 b .'b lf d^ espWf đGb Ƌ p? ?*r Nsg#gb espWf wcN .z^ b Pf
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) :6l ;lf m _ f
'W> (ł) d' i ar & .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF Ƌhp " P r b Gb ^ ŀĿŃ
π«ëà°ùªdG çóëdG
The impossible event
z 4f2b qb 4f2yr 2?kN t lf wb +b .'b so
2# b pzV t2# 2f t {V P[y t dz' 7f .& sor
p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
103
∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ﻣﺜﺎل Ƌ ^ ł r 1s> 1spJ .kN 2# b XZs 2f .N -s[j OGZ [b .kN 3 Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ lzN h ŮU $ skb CV ^ ȿdZĔ wcN lz ^ 1spJ .&ȿ ! ȿ2 ^Ĕ wcN 1s> 1spJ .&" C ȿdZĔ wcN lz 1s> 1spJ .&ȿ ȿdZĔ wcN 1s> 1spJ .&ȿ
a
a
a
ľĄĿí
i .#j h62b lf {(] Ů ] Ů ])Ů(= Ů ] Ů ])Ů(= Ů ]) Ů =} = U U = {(] Ů ] Ů ])Ů(= Ů ] Ů ])Ů(= Ů ])Ů=} = C {(= Ů ] Ů ])Ů(= Ů ])Ů=} = {(] Ů ] Ů ]) Ů (= Ů ] Ů ])} = ! dz' 7gb .'b z = {Ƅ Ƅ} = ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ƌlz ^ r lz 1s> 1spJ .kN 2# b XZs 2f .N -s[j OGZ [b .kN 3 Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ lzN h $ skb CV ^ ȿ2 ^Ĕ wcN ^ 1spJ .&ȿ ! ȿdZĔ wcN 1s> 1spJ .&" C ȿ2 ^Ĕ wcN lz ^ 1spJ .&ȿ çGóMC’G ≈∏Y äÉ«∏ª©dG
Operation of the events
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
F Intersection
C
™WÉ≤àdG :k’hCG
w b kzOb CV 2> kN d^ ts'y t0b E C .'b so Ů C lz .'b PF [ )^ 1 8 3 J E C J E wkOyr O¹ f ŮC wb wg k
E C
F
Union
C
:OÉëJ’G : Ék«fÉK
CV 2> kN d^ ts'y t0b F C .'b so ŮC lz .'b - ' C J E wkOyr O¹ f gpzc^ r r C wb wg k w b kzOb DEH = 5 &0 J E
F C
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
104
&
Ů(= Ů] Ů = ) Ů(= Ů= ) } = U ` Ů= Ů]) Ů( ] Ů] Ů= ) a {(] Ů]) Ů(] Ů= Ů]) Ů(= a (= Ů] Ů= ) Ů (= Ů = ) } = C a a Ů= Ů] ) Ů (] Ů] Ů=) Ů U = { (] Ů]) Ů(] Ů= Ů]) Ů (= {(= Ů= Ů]) Ů(= Ů] Ů=) Ů (= Ů=)} = ! jscf 2 - (G7 .'b d f 2 "sz" $f j2 e .+ 6 (G6 U d f gkz 2W>Ĕ iscb .'b `b0^ Ů Y13Ĕ d* - Ů Ů C lz .'b `y2' `k_gy wb b r U W: dzG 7f ŀĿń = Ů ŀĿŃ = hcO .k wV 1s^0gb zcgOb 2" r U zcgOb 7& .&ĕb c ggb (G6Ĕ isb 2zzS `k_gy g^ d^ lN Nsg#gb Sc 2z O b hpzb cF r ` đF Pf <Z k r Ɗ zb b .&Ĕ lf Ƌ O¹ f gpzc^ r r C MsZr ƋC MsZr e.N ƋH[V C MsZr a
ƋH[V MsZr ƋH[V MsZr r H[V C MsZr l a _: [ 7b Nsg#gb dz g hpzb cF `b0^ Pz#; b hpWZsf 34Nr "Đ hpkf !2+ 6 r hpOf <Z k r
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
162
∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM ƋhpzcN k b r
lz .'b lf t MsZr e.N) Ɗ .'b dz g ` đF wb cF e.N) .'b dz g `b0^ Nsg#gb Sc q ^ ( r cF r Nsg#gb Sb wb q ^r ( MsZr e.Nr MsZr ?is# k 7y / fr ?lzc_;b lf hp K&đf lyr. hpzb i "2f t.b zj b .N [b {V ;b 8Wj hpzb cF `b0^ Sb wb wKWcb 2z O b lf .'b ^ '> wcN .^ r wcN hpO#:r a 7b d& wV ` đF Pf <Z k r Nsg#gb Ƌhp " P r "Đ :(ɸɷɼ)A mgS 2q Z
i ^ / i zV k f i js_y Ů lz .'b i đGb wb 2: c fĔ DO hpb HN h 2*Ĕ MsZr wWky go.& MsZr X?O^ t2* c f 2^/ hpzb cF r `b/ (Bs w b Ƌ đGb t.b wko/
-
∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM
F
Completion /
C
/
/
C
/
C
/
¿ÉLQƒe iO ÉfƒfÉb :É k°ùeÉN F
Ɗ i V U lf lz .& Ů C i ^ /
^ ( F C) = E C % ( MsZr e.Nr C MsZr e.N) r (lz .'b lf t MsZr e.N) .& wkO r /
C
/
/
( E C) = F C ^ ? 8 ȿƋ2 ^Ĕ wcN lz .'b .& MsZrȿ .& r ȿ O¹ f lz .'b MsZr e.Nȿ .& {kO r /
F
/
/
C
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ á«aÉæàªdG çGóMC’G Ƌ2*Ē MsZr (Pkgy) wWky go.& MsZr i ^ / i zV k f gpj Ů C lz .'b a [y go.& MsZr i V ȿi ' fĐ 8Wj wV s62b .& ȿ Ů ȿ f i ' f wV % #kb .& ȿC i ^ / - ƄƊ¹đ gV Ƌ2*Ē MsZr wWky i V tscOb q"sb wcN 2o Kb -.Ob K&đfr .& r 2f -2j 2#& [b 2# wV - {Ņ Ůń ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ } = U {ń Ůł Ůŀ } = C Ɗ t t-2V -.N 1spJ .& C i ^ / {Ņ ŮŃ Ůł } = Ɗ t w"r3 -.N 1spJ .& Ƌ 2*Ē MsZr wWky go.& MsZr t z = E C i V
Mutually exclusive events
z= E C i ^ / i zV k f , C lz .'b i Ɗa [y ½
Ƌwk f wk f zV k f j ^ / H[Vr ¹/ zV k f pj .& .Ob a [y ½ p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
105
∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) :6l ;lf m _ f
: % Ƌi zV k f i .& Ů C i V z = E C i ^ / - z = C E ! Ů z = ! E Ů z = E C Ɗ i ^r U lf .& đ ! Ů Ů C j ^ / r Ƌ(z'> 8_Ob r zV k f .& ! Ů Ů C Ɗi V
d>s r (ŀĿŅ) = d' i ar & .k " ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf
Ƌ zV k f is_ z s;N 2# t wV ( zbrĔ ) Gz7 b .&Ĕ - Ƌi zV k f i .& go C qcg_fr C .& t - /
(ɻ) h+ o ex * &
ﻣﺜﺎل Ƌ pb lzyscOb lzp"sb wcN ly2o Kb ly-.Ob K&đfr ly4y g f -2j t2#& [b 2# wV 4 Ƌlzz Ē lz .'b lf đ^ Ê ^ r zÊ 6.ko kzOb CV d f :^%
{(ŀŮ Ń) Ů(Ł Ůł) Ů(ł ŮŁ) Ů(Ń Ůŀ)} = ! {(Ń ŮŁ) Ů(łŮ Ņ) Ů(ŁŮ Ń) Ů(ŅŮ ł) Ů(ŀŮ Ł) Ů(ŁŮ ŀ)} = i zV k f - Ů! Ɗ8_Ob r i zV k f Ů Ci V z = E C i ^ / qj wcN .^ z = E C i V lzzV k f lz .& Ů C i ^ /
¥ôØdG :Ék©HGQ
Cy ¹ wor wb wg k Đr ŮC wb wg k w b CWb 2> kN d^ ts'y - C .'b E C 2> kN 8Wj F b C J E J E l 5 C J E wkOyr ( EC)-C= EC= -C
cF r i zV k f i .& Ů i V w6.kpb d_;b lf (C y g^ Ƌhp " P r (Ń) d' i ar & .k {V -1r f d& hpzb
z= - E !
/
Difference
F
p61- i \ 6 w b Nsg#gb lf c fĔ DO e.+ 6 ƋespWgb 0o (zBs b đGb z = E Ci ^ / i wcN .^ r (Ń) a f d& ` đF Pf <Z j
∫ɪcE’G : ÉkãdÉK
CV 2> kN d^ ts'y C `b0b Ů C .'cb dg_gb .'b wg7y C .'b Ƌ C v 3 J E l 5 wkOyr Ů C .'b wb wg k Đ w b kzOb z = C E C Ů U = C F C : %
IJœĎĬ÷
-
"lzp"sb wcN -.Ob 8Wj 1spJ " C .'b Ƌ ` " 27V ? i zV k f Ů C i .'b do : ^ ? 8
Ƌȿņ gpNsg#f ly-.N 1spJ " .'b
ľĄĿí
C
łŅ = ŁŅ = o-.N 2f ! r3 wo 2# b m0pb kzOb CV 2> kN : ^% 2?kN d^ z& ů kzOb CWb w6.kpb dz g b so d [gb d_;b Ƌ d_;b wV g^ G[k d gy kzOb CV 2> kN lf { (Ņ ŮŅ) Ů (ń Ůń) Ů (Ń ŮŃ) Ů(ł Ůł) Ů(Ł ŮŁ) Ů(ŀ Ůŀ)} =ƄƄC { (Ņ Ůŀ) Ů (ń ŮŁ) Ů (Ń Ůł) Ů (ł ŮŃ) Ů(Ł Ůń) Ů (ŀ ŮŅ ) } =Ƅ i zV k f i .& Ů C `
z= E C a: ^ ? 8 ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
"2*Ē XOB go.& ly-.N 1spJ " .& -
Ɗ lzz Ē lz .'b lf đ^ Ê ^ \ 7b a gb wV 4 "ń tr 7y gpNsg#f ly-.N 1spJ " .& ! Ƌ` " 27V ? i zV k f - Ů! i .'b do Propability
∫ɪàM’G
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ : ∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM MsZr a g & i V Ů j _fĖ yr 7 f ( zbrĔ .&Ĕ ) p# sj Pzg" Ů f z s;N 2# b $ skb CV U i ^ / Ɗ z& (C) a 4f2b qb 4f2y U C .& t C .'b MsZr wb t- w b $ skb -.N
k_ggb $ skb Pzg" -.N zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
163
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
= ( C) i = (C) a (U ) i
106
∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -
∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM
:(ɸɷɾ)A 6cZ 2q Z
ﻣﺜﺎل iscb wZ b Ů 2g& gpjsb i 2^ Ů Cz 2^ ń pkf c g f 2^ ŀĿ q Yr.k> lf zÊ s;N 2^ '6 5 Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ a g & 7& Ů 2C*Ĕ Ƌ 2g& s'7gb 2_b is_ i .&Ƅ Ƌ 2C* r 2g& s'7gb 2_b is_ i .&Ƅ Ƌ 2C* 7zb 2_b is_ i .&Ƅ! Ł = ĿŬŁ = ŀĿ
is_ i .& a g & - #y l_gy i đGb wb (Br Ɗw Ē ^ dg_gb .'b espWg 2C* 7zb 2_b
ľĄĿí 2g'b 2_b -.N = (C) a = 2g& s'7gb 2_b is_ i a g & 2_b Pzg" -.N
2C+b 2_b -.N + 2g'b 2_b -.N k_ggb $ skb Pzg" -.N
( 2C* 2_b ) a - ŀ = ( 2C* 7zb) a ƅ ņ
= 2C* r 2g& s'7gb 2_b is_ i a g &
ł
ĿŬņ = ŀĿ = ŀĿ - ŀ =
ń = ł+Ł = ĿŬń = ŀĿ ŀĿ
(!)a = 2C* 7zb 2_b is_ i a g & + Ł = Cz r 2g& 2_b is_ i a g & = ĿŬņ = ńŀĿ Ƌ`b/ (Br ?t2* [y2G (!) a wcN as?'b l_gy do Ƅǔƾ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ z Ē Đ g &Đ 7& \ 7b a gb wV 5 Ƌ Cz r 2g& s'7gb 2_b is_ i .& Ƌ 2C* r Cz r 2g& s'7gb 2_b is_ i .& ¶o
ƅ
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f
wb hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė : gk b eyg*
ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
+Ł ŀ = (U)a = (¶o)a Ů ĿŬņ = ńŀĿ
∫ɪàM’G äɪ∏°ùe
Axioms of probability
(C)a 4f2b qb 4f2y C .'b a g & wg7y w[z[& -.N ."sy U C .& d_b - ŀ H (C) a HƄĿ Ɗ z& ŀ = (U) a -
F
U ŮU C i ^ / - ( ) a + (C)a = ( F C) aƅƅƊ i V lzzV k f lz .& Ů C i ^r
C
: B? I ( & (& 1 [ŀ ŮĿ] 2 Wcb wg ky w[z[& -.N so .& t MsZr a g & wkO = H & (&
(zBs wV (2* a f t r )\ 7b a gb e.+ 6 `k_gy i V `b0b ŀ = (U)a Ů 2W> = (z)a i r a g &Đ gc7f ŀ H (C) a H Ŀ Ɗis_y U C .& i a g & i V lzzV k f lz .& Ů C z& U Ů U C i ^ / r pgzgO wb gc7gb m0o lfr ( )a + (C)a = ( F C)a ŀĿŇ = K&đgb wcN .^ f ¹
p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
107
∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ŀ = .^ gb .'b MsZr a g & i wkO ? T & (& zV k gb .&Ĕ lf -r.'f -.N t wb T T & (& hzgO l_gy (iC)a +ƋƋƋ + (łC)a+(ŁC)a + (ŀC)a = (iC F ƋƋƋ F łC F ŁC F ŀC)a zV k f .& iCŮ ƋƋƋ Ů łC ŮŁC ŮŀC z& áeÉg èFÉàf Ŀ = ( z) a ( ) (C)a - ŀ = ( C) a ( ) ( E C ) a - (C)a = ( - C ) a ( ) ( E C) a - ( ) a + (C)a = ( F C)a ( )
∂JÉeƒ∏©e ≈dEG ∞°VCG
/
C n G UQ \ H C \ n b
ŀĿņ= 5 = (-)a
Ɗis_y U lf Ů C lz .& tĔ qj (Br Ů ( E C)a - ( )a + (C)a= ( F C) a i zV k f ŮC 1r2Cb 8zbr ( E C ) a - (C)a = ( - C)a z 7'b zcgOb wcN .^ r (Ł) a f d& wV ` đF <Z j [ŀ Ů Ŀ] ǽ (C)a is_y C .& tĔ a g &Đ i r a g &Đ 7'b
ﻣﺜﺎل Ɗ z& z s;N 2# b kzN CV lf lz .& Ů C i ^ / 6 Ɗ 7& ŀŃ = ( E C ) a Ů łŃ = ( )a Ů łŇ = (C)a ( - C) a ﺟ ( C )a ب ( F C) a أ
( E C) a د /
/
/
ľĄĿí ņ = ŀ - ł + Ň Ń Ń ń = ł Ň Ň ŀ = ŀ Ň Ń ŀ = ņ Ň Ň
( E C ) a - ( ) a + (C)a = ( F C ) a أ (C) a - ŀ = ( C) a ب
ł = Ň
/
ŀ= ł = Ň
ŀ=
( E C ) a - (C) a = ( - C ) a ﺟ ( F C ) a - ŀ = ( F C ) a = ( E C ) a د /
/
/
ŀ Ł
ŀ
ł
ŀ Ń
ŀĿŇ= 6 = - ŀ = ( ) a - ŀ = ( )a ł Ń
/
= Ń - Ń = ( E C) a = ( )a = ( C - )a ł ŀ Ń = Ń - ŀ = ( E C ) a - ŀ = ( E C) a = ( F C ) a /
/
/
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ z Ē Đ g &Đ 7& \ 7b a gb wV 6 (C - )a ب ( ) a أ
( F C ) a ﺟ /
/
/
ﻣﺜﺎل Ɗ ."r V łŇ = ( - C ) a Ů ŀŁ = ( ) a Ů ńŇ = (C)a i ^r U z s;N 2# CV lf lz .& Ů C i ^ / 7 ( F C ) a د ( E C ) a ﺟ ( F C )a ب ( E C ) a أ /
/
/
ľĄĿí ŀ = Ł = ł - ń = ( - C ) a - ( C) a = ( E C ) a أ Ń Ň Ň Ň ņ = ŀ - ŀ + ń = ( E C) a - ( )a + (C) a = ( F C )a ب Ň Ń Ł Ň ŀ = ņ - ŀ = ( F C)a - ŀ = ( F C ) a = ( E C ) a ﺟ Ň Ň /
/
/
( - C ) a - ŀ = ( E C) a - ŀ= ( E C) a = ( F C ) a د ń = ł -ŀ= Ň Ň /
/
/
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
/
108
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
164
-
∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM :6cZ 2q Z
-
∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM
`b/ (Br ? t2* [y2G ( F C ) a - #y `k_gy do : "<b /
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗi .#j d [gb l d_: lf (ɸ) (C - )a - ŀ = ( F C) a
( C E ) a ﺟ
/
( F C ) a ب
/
/
/
Ɗ ."r \ 7b a gb wV 7 ( C) a أ /
ﻣﺜﺎل ŀ = ( )a Ů (C )a ŀ = ( C )a i ^r ŮU z s;N 2# b kzN CV lf lz .& Ů C i ^ / 8 Ł ł Ɗ ."r V ńŇ = ( F C ) a Ů /
C
/
/
t2* [y2G H[V lz .'b .& MsZr a g & (ɹ) (C - )a + ( - C)a = Ƌ`b/ (Bsy d [gb l d_:r C
Ƌ2 ^Ĕ wcN lz .'b .& MsZr a g & ب ƋH[V lz .'b .& MsZr a g & د
ľĄĿí ł = ( E C ) a ` ń = ( E C) a - ŀ= ( E C ) a ` ń = ( F C ) a a Ň Ň Ň ł = (C )a ` ŀ = ( C )a Ńł ` (C )a ŀł = (C ) a - ŀ ` (C )a ŀł = ( C ) a a Ń ņ = ł - ŀ + ł = ( E C ) a - ( )a + (C) a = ( F C ) a = dZĔ wcN lz .'b .& MsZr a g & أ Ň Ň Ł Ń ń = ( F C ) a = ( E C ) a=2 ^Ĕ wcN lz .'b .& MsZr a g & ب Ň ŀ = ł - ŀ = ( E C ) a - ( )a = (C - ) a =H[V .'b MsZr a g & ﺟ Ň Ň Ł ŀ = ł - ņ = ( E C ) a - ( F C ) a = H[V lz .'b .& MsZr a g & د Ł Ň Ň /
hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb : &
/
/
/
Ƌ`b/ (Br ?t2* [y2G H[V lz .'b .& MsZr a g & - #y `k_gy do Ƅǔƾ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
ĿŬŀ = ( F C) a Ů ĿŬŅ = ( )a Ů ĿŬŇ = (C) a i ^r z s;N 2# b kzOb CV lf lz .& Ů C i ^ / 8 Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ a g & 7& V "H[V C MsZr " .& ب "dZĔ wcN lz .'b .& MsZr" .& أ "2 ^Ĕ wcN lz .'b .& MsZr " .& د "H[V lz .'b .& MsZr " .& ﺟ /
7 ł Ň
ń Ň
= -ŀ = ( C)a أ i "1sf t- isj Z ( E C)a = ( F C)a ب ł ŀ Ń = Ń - ŀ = ( E C) a - ŀ = /
ﻣﺜﺎل Ɗ z& Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV lf i .& Ů C 9 ( ) a Ů (C) a ."r ĿŬņŁ =( F C) a Ů (C) a ł = ( ) a ^ Ƌ lzzV k f lz .& Ů C i ^ / :%
/
/
/
/
/
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f
ƋdZĔ wcN lz .'b .& MsZr a g & أ ƋH[V .'b MsZr a g & ﺟ
/
C i ^ / : ^ ? 8 p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
109
( E C)a - ( )a = (C E )a ﺟـ ŀ ŀ ŀ Ń=Ń-Ł= /
∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí F
( F C)a - ŀ = ( F C)a 8 ( F C)a - ŀ = ĿŬŀ ` ĿŬň = ( F C)a ` ĿŬň = ( F C)a أ ĿŬł = ( - C)a ب ĿŬń = ĿŬń - ŀ = ( E C)a - ( F C)a ﺟـ
ľĄĿí
/
9 Ł ń
= (C)a i zV k f Ů C f.kN أ C f.kN ب ŀ ł = (C)a
:óbÉædG ô«μØàdG i wcN .^ r .Z kb 2z_W b wV -1r gzV ` đF <Z j [ŀ ŮĿ] ǽ (C)a
5 ł = ( ) a `ƅƅƅ 5 = (C) a i A2W ^ Ƌi zV k f i .& Ů C aƄ:% 5 + 5 ł = ĿŬņŁ Ɗ is_zVƅ( ) a + (C) a = ( F C ) a ` ĿŬńŃ = ( ) aƄŮƄĿŬŀŇ = (C) a ŮĿŬŀŇ = 5 `Ƅ
C
F
C a : ^ ? 8 = F C `ƅƅƅ ĿŬņŁ = 5ł = ( ) a = ( F C ) aƄ ĿŬņŁ = ( ) aƄŮƄĿŬŁŃ = (C) a `
C
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ z& Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV lf i .& Ů C 9 (C) a ."r ŀł = ( F C ) a Ů ŀń = ( )a C i ^ / ب
ƋlzzV k f lz .& Ů C i ^ / أ
ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ ł = ( C) a Ɗi ^ / Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV U Ů U Ci ^ / (C) a 7& l_gy Xz^ lz Í ņ (C) a ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă ( ) a Ł ( C ) a , ńŁ = Ů ł= i ^r Ů {! Ů Ů C } = U z& z s;N 2# b kzN CV U i ^ / 10 ( ) a (C) a /
/
/
(!)a ."r ﻣﺜﺎل wV q& #j a g & r ŮĿŬŇń tr 7y y4zWb i ' f wV b F % #j a g & i ^ / ǶŐƒƃŻǨǤĝ ǶŒŐʗǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 10 Ɗ a g & ."r ĿŬŇ O¹ f lzj ' fĐ wV q& #j a g & r ĿŬň zB y2b i ' f ƋH[V zB y2b i ' f wV b Gb % #j ب ƋdZĔ wcN lzj ' fĐ .& wV b Gb % #j أ Ƌ O¹ f lzj ' fĐ wV b Gb % #j e.N ﺟ ľĄĿí
zB y2b wV b Gb % #j .& Ů y4zWb i ' f wV b Gb % #j .& C l_zb ĿŬŇ = ( E C) aƄƄŮƄƄĿŬň = ( ) aƄƄŮƄƄĿŬŇń = (C) a Ɗ is_zV ( F C) a = dZĔ wcN lzj ' fĐ .& wV b Gb % #j a g & أ ĿŬňń = ĿŬŇ - ĿŬň + ĿŬŇń = ( E C ) a - ( ) a + (C ) a =( F C) a ` e.Nr zB y2b i ' f wV q& #j a g & wkOy H[V zB y2b i ' f wV b Gb % #j a g & ب ( C - ) a t y4zWb i ' f wV q& #j zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
165
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
110
∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -
∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM
(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f
ĿŬŀ = ĿŬŇ - ĿŬň = (C E ) a - ( ) a = ( C - ) a ` ( E C) .'cb dg_f .& sor ( E C) = O¹ f lzj ' fĐ wV b Gb % #j e.N .& ﺟ ĿŬŁ = ĿŬŇ - ŀ = ( E C) a - ŀ= ( E C)a ` /
/
ǶŐˋģŐũ ńģLJŐʗƥŝ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
/ ŮwcgN 2*Ē r Ůt2Kj go.& Ů ly1 *Đ @+;b e.[ y ^2;b t.& wV WzJr wcN as?'cb 11 wV % #kb a g & r ĿŬŅ wcgOb 1 *Đ wV q& #j a g & r ĿŬņń t2Kkb 1 *Đ wV % #kb a g & i ^ Ɗ a g & ."r 2f arĔ WzJsb m0o wcN as?'cb f @+: e.[ / V ĿŬń O¹ f ly1 *Đ Ƌ dZĔ wcN ly1 *Đ .& wV q& #j ب ƋH[V t2Kkb 1 *Đ wV q& #j أ ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ
o0b 1 f wV q[y2V 3sV a g & i qOf wW'> [b k zB y2b Y2Wb .& 1.f %2> ǶơģʞʵǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ q %2> f \W y do ĿŬń O¹ f lz 1 gb wV m3sV a g & i r Ů ĿŬň yĖ 1 f wV q[y2V 3sV a g & r Ů ĿŬņ Ƌ` " 27V ? a g &Đ espWf Pf \y2Wb 1.f
d>s r .Z j 2z_W r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf :ɸɸɸA h+ o ex * 11
ĿŬŁń = ĿŬń - ĿŬņń = ( E C)a - (C)a = ( - C)a أ ĿŬŇń = ĿŬń - ĿŬŅ + ĿŬņń = ( F C)a ب :2^ p 6 c[
Ɗi V q 'y2? 7& iĔ : K. [ŀ ŮĿ] ǽ ŀŬŀ = ĿŬń - ĿŬň + ĿŬņ = ( F C)a ŀ ň ŀ Ń = łŅ = ( )a Ů Ņ = (C)a 12
ﻣﺜﺎل Ɗa g & 7& Ů 2f d^ wV tscOb q"sb wcN 2o Kb -.Ob L&sbr Ůlz zb f lz 2f hK kf -2j 2#& w[b 11 "Ń tr 7y r lf dZ ly2o Kb ly-.Ob Msg#f" is_y i .& :^% "2*Ē XOB ly-.Ob .& " is_y i .& : ^ ? 8 "Ł tr 7y ly-.Ocb \cGgb Y2Wb " is_y i .& ! : ^T 8 " ŀŁ lf 2 ^ ly-.Ob Msg#f " is_y i .& - : )^ I
&
ľĄĿí
łŅ = (U)i ŀ = Ņ = (C ) a` Ņ łŅ ŀ = Ņ = ( ) a` Ņ łŅ Ł = Ň = (!)a ` ň łŅ
ņ ŀ ŀ ŀ 2W> (Ǚu)ƅ Ň ( 1 )ƅ Ł (Ǚ&)ƅ Ł ( )ƅ Ń ( ) 13 Ł ņ ń 2W> ( ) ń (1) ŃĿ (Ǚ&) Ň ( ) 14
ŮŅ = (C) i ` { (ŀ Ůł) Ů(Ł ŮŁ) Ů(ŀ ŮŁ) Ů(ł Ůŀ) Ů (Ł Ů ŀ) Ů(ŀ Ůŀ)} = C :^% Ņ = ( ) i `
{(ł ŮŅ) Ů (Ņ Ůł) Ů(Ł ŮŃ) Ů(Ń ŮŁ) Ů(ŀ ŮŁ) Ů(Ł Ůŀ) } = : ^ ? 8
{(Ń ŮŅ) Ů (Ņ ŮŃ) Ů (ł Ůń) Ů(ń Ůł) Ů(Ł ŮŃ) Ů(Ń ŮŁ) Ů(ŀ Ůł) Ů(ł Ůŀ)} = ! : ^T 8
2W> = (-) a Ů z= - `
ŮŀŁ lf 2 ^ gpNsg#f i -.N 2pKy i l_gyĐ qj z& : )^ I
: 6" r 5 l
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ a g & 7& \ 7b a gb wV 12 " i yr 7 f i 2o Kb i -.Ob " .& :^% "{"r3 zj b zf2b wVr x-2V wbrĔ zf2b wV -.Ob " .& : ^ ? 8 p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
111
∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
ﻣﺜﺎل Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ Đ g & 7& _b r 1s?b P L&sbr Ů zb f 2f đ gK kf -s[j OGZ z[b 12 ƋH[V .& r 1s> 1spJ .& C :^% ƋdZĔ wcN lz 1s> 1spJ .& : ^ ? 8 a ƋH Cb lz 1s> 1spJ .& ! : ^T 8 a a a
ľĄĿí
Ů (] Ů] Ů=) Ů(= Ů] Ů=) Ů(] Ů= Ů=) Ů(= Ů= Ů= ) } = U Ů{(] Ů] Ů]) Ů(= Ů] Ů]) Ů (] Ů= Ů]) Ů(= Ů= Ů]) Ň = (U) i Ƌ H[V .& r 1s> 1spJ .& C aƄ:^% Ů {(= Ů] Ů]) Ů(] Ů= Ů]) Ů (] Ů] Ů=) } = C `Ƅ ł = (C) a `ƅƅł = (C)i a Ƅ Ň
a a
a
1s> đ r i 1s> f t ŮdZĔ wcN lz 1s> 1spJ .& a : ^ ? 8 {(= Ů= Ů=) Ů(= Ů= Ů]) Ů(= Ů] Ů=) Ů (] Ů= Ů= ) } = `ƄƄ ŀ = Ń = ( ) a ` Ń = ( ) i aƄƄ Ł Ň
ŀ -.Ob iđg'y iđ [ f i p"r is_y z' -2j 2#& hg> iđg'y iđ [ f i p"rr Ł -.Ob iđg'y iđ [ f i p"rr 2o Kb -.Ob L&sbr lz zb f lz 2f 2#'b 0o w[b Ůł -.Ob Ɗa g & 7& lz 2gb wV tscOb q"sb wcN ń ň ŀ ň Ł ł
z¹ br -¹ .N ly-.Ob Msg#f is_y i - ł lf dZ ly-.Ob Msg#f is_y i - ƋŃ 2 ^Ĕ wcN Msg#gb is_y i - ¶"
á°SGQó∏d äGOÉ°TQEG 0o w[b / b & {V \ 7b ly2g b d& ` đF wb cF q"sb wcN ly-.Ob Msg#f L&sbr lz zb f lz 2f 2#'b Ů C wV a g &Đ ."r h $ skb CV ^ lz 2gb wV tscOb $ skb CV Uđ * wcN .z^ b r hp " O f Pf ¶" Ů Ƌa g &Đ hzZr o-.N wV `b0^ lz b 'b wV
H Cb lz 1s> 1spJ .& ! a : ^T 8 ł = (!) a ` Ň
:á©FÉ°T AÉ£NCG
ł = (!) i a {(= Ů= Ů]) Ů(= Ů] Ů= ) Ů(] Ů= Ů=) } = ! ` ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
Ɗ z Ē Đ g &Đ 7& \ 7b a gb wV 13 Ƌ2 ^Ĕ wcN 1s> 1spJ .& : ^ ? 8 đ b zf2b {V q"sb 8Wj1spJ .& C : ^% ƋdZĔ wcN ^ 1spJ .& - : )^ I 1s?b lf t-2V -.N 1spJ .& ! : ^T 8 Ƌ _b lf -.Ob 8Wj tr 7y 1s?b lf -.N 1spJ .& ¶o : ( ^ ﻣﺜﺎل Ɗ wb b ar.#b 'Bsf hp j z r Ů Wc +f z7k" lf @+: ŁĿĿ 2C& 2g gb .& wV ƮǨņŭǨǤģś ƣģľŝƃĪĝ 13 Msg#gb
z7j2Wb .' y
y4zc#jĖ .' y
z 2Ob .' y
ŀŁĿ
Łń
Ńń
ńĿ
d"1
ŇĿ
ń
łĿ
Ńń
2f
ŁĿĿ
łĿ
ņń
ňń
Msg#gb
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
112
i3sb c g f 2^ ŀĿ q 8z^ lf 2^ '6 2# {V - ŀ Ɗi 1 N G+b lf -s6Ł Ů Cz ł Ů 2g& ń pkf h#'b r ł = (U) i Ů {5 Ů Ů%} = U Ɗ(z'?b l_br -s6 5 Ů Dz Ů 2g& wkO % z& ŀĿ = (U) i Ů{ 5 5 Ů Ů % % % % % } = U 1s?b lf p ^ .kN .&Ĕ hzo Wf DO wV Hc+b - Ł zcgOb 3sf1 e .+ 6 Ŀ y2 #b 1s?b wb zKWcb cz6s^ l a _: e .+ 6 dCWy kor ( .&Ĕ wcN
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
166
-
∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM (ɸ - ɻ) r 5 l &
Ů(ń Ů=) Ů (Ń Ů=) Ů łň Ů=) Ů (Ł Ů=) Ů (ŀ Ů=) } = U 2 Ů]) Ů (Ń Ů]) Ů (ł Ů]) Ů (Ł Ů]) Ů (ŀ Ů]) Ů(Ņ Ů=) { (Ņ Ů]) Ů(ń {(ń Ů=) Ů (ł Ů=) Ů (ŀ Ů=) } = { (Ņ Ů]) Ů ( Ń Ů]) Ů (Ł Ů]) } = { (ń Ů]) Ů(ł Ů]) Ů (ń Ů=) Ů (ł Ů=) } = ! { (Ņ Ů]) Ů (Ņ Ů=) Ů (ł Ů]) Ů (ł Ů=)} = { (ŅŮŅ) Ů (ńŮń) Ů (Ń ŮŃ) Ů (ł Ůł) Ů (Ł ŮŁ) Ů (ŀ Ůŀ ) } = 3 { (ł ŮŅ) Ů(ńŮŃ) Ů(ŃŮń) Ů (Ņ Ůł) } = z=! Ů(ŀŮł) Ů (łŮŅ) Ů(ł Ůń) Ů(łŮŃ) Ů(łŮł) Ů(ł ŮŁ) Ů(łŮŀ)} = { (ŅŮł) Ů(ńŮł) Ů(ŃŮł)Ů (ŁŮł) { Ńł ŮŁł Ůŀł ŮŃŀ Ůłŀ ŮŁŀ } = 4 {łŃ ŮŀŃ Ůŀł ŮłŁ ŮŀŁ Ů łŀ } = { ŀł Ů łŀ } =Ɔ ! {łŃ ŮŀŃ ŮŃł ŮŁł Ůŀł ŮłŁ ŮŀŁ ŮŃŀ Ůłŀ ŮŁŀ } =Ɔ {ŀŁ Ů Ņ ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ } = Ů {ŁĿ ŮŀŇ ŮŀŅ ŮŀŃ ŮŀŁ } = 5 {Ń Ůł ŮŁ Ů ŀ } = r Ů {ŁĿŮ ŀĿ } = - Ů {ŀń Ůň Ůł } = ! { (Ņ ŮŁ) Ů (ł Ůŀ) } = Ů ŅŃ = (U)i 6 { (Ň Ů Ň) Ů (ņ ŮŇ) Ů (Ņ ŮŇ) Ů (Ň Ůņ) Ů (ņ Ůņ) Ů (Ň ŮŅ) } = i zV k f i .& Ů C EC Ů= Ů]) Ů (= Ů] Ů=) Ů (] Ů= Ů=) Ů (= Ů= Ů=)} = U 7 { (] Ů ] Ů]) Ů ( ] Ů ] Ů=) Ů (] Ů= Ů]) Ů (= Ů] Ů]) Ů (= {(] Ů] Ů ]) Ů(] Ů] Ů=) Ů(] Ů= Ů]) Ů(= Ů] Ů])} = Ů= Ů=) Ů (] Ů] Ů=) Ů (] Ů= Ů ]) Ů(= Ů] Ů] ) } = {(= Ů= Ů=) Ů(= Ů= Ů]) Ů(= Ů ] Ů=) Ů (] Ů=) Ů (= Ů] Ů=) Ů (] Ů= Ů=) Ů (= Ů= Ů=) } = ! { (] Ů ] { (] Ů] Ů]) } = {(Ņ Ů]) Ů (Ń Ů]) Ů (Ł Ů] ) } = أ8 {(ń Ů=) Ů (Ł Ů=) Ů (ŀ Ů=) } = ب
" MsZr e.N r MsZr " .& ﺟ ( EC)= F C = a z = E C iĔ U = /
/
/
-
∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM
Ɗ1 +gb @+;b 0o is_y i a g & ."r V zÊ s;N ly2B 'b .& 2z * / Ƌ y4zc#jĖ .' y d"1 ب Ƌ z 2Ob .' 2f أ Ƌ y4zc#jĖ r z 2Ob .' y د Ƌ z7j2Wb r z 2Ob .' y ﺟ Ƌ z 2Ob .' y Đ r y4zc#jĖ .' Đ 2f ﻫ ľĄĿí Ńń = " z 2Ob .' 2f " 1 +gb is_y i a g & ĿŬŁŁń = ŁĿĿ Ńń = " y4zc#jĖ .' y d"1" 1 +gb is_y i a g & ĿŬŁŁń = ŁĿĿ + ňń = " z7j2Wb r z 2Ob .' y" 1 +gb is_y i a g & ĿŬŅŁń = łĿŁĿĿ 2W> = (z) a = " y4zc#jĖ r z 2Ob .' y" 1 +gb is_y i a g & ń = " z 2Ob .' Đ r y4zc#jĖ .' Đ 2f " 1 +gb is_y i a g & ĿŬĿŁń = ŁĿĿ
ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă
(١ - ٤) ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ -s6 z['b isb is_y .Zr Ůlzg#& .& M sj đ lf o1 z * qk_gyr z[& 2: wV b F R2y 1 Ƌ zj z b 2#;b XZsgb 0o wV kzOb CV dÍ f Ů zÊ k ½ r ƋlzyscOb gpzp"r wcN 2pKy f K&đfr -2j 2#& h -s[j OGZ [b 2# wV 2 Ƌ z Ē .&Ĕ lf đ^ Ê lzN h 2# b m0p G 2gb kzOb CV ^ أ Ƌƙw"r3 -.Nr ^ 1spJƚ .'b ½ Ƌƙł wcN g7[b d [y -.N 1spJƚ - .'b ½
Ƌƙt-2V -.Nr 1s> 1spJƚ C .'b ½ ƋƙŁ lf 2 ^ wbr -.N 1spJƚ ! .'b ½
ƋtscOb q"sb wcN 2o Kb -.Ob K&đfr lz zb f lz 2f -2j 2#& [b 2# wV 3 Ɗ zb b .&Ĕ lf đ^ Ê lzN Ƌƙň gpNsg#f ly-.N 1spJƚ .'b ½ ƋƙdZĔ wcN .& r 2f ł -.Ob 1spJƚ - .'b ½
Ƌƙlzyr 7 f ly-.N 1spJƚ C .'b ½ Ƌƙŀł gpNsg#f ly-.N 1spJƚ ! .'b ½
^ h Ů 2#: d_; U $ skb CV d f ƋlzWc +f lzgZ1 lf -¹ .N is^ {Ń Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ} e Z1Ĕ Nsg#f lf 4 Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ pkf lzÍ Nr U Ƌ yÊ -2V 2;Ob hZ1 is_y i .& ½ Ƌ yÊ -2V - &Ē hZ1 is_y i .& ½ Ƌ yÊ -2V 2;Ob hZ1 r - &Ē hZ1 is_y i .& - ½
Ƌ yÊ -2V lzgZ2b đ^ is_y i .& ! ½
p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
113
∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
wcN d#7gb -.Ob L&sbr zÊ s;N .& r Z G '6 ŁĿ wb ŀ lf gZ2fr c g f Z G Ł p z[& 5 Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ ^ s'7gb Z G b "ŀŁ df sN lf df N d#7gb -.Ob " .& "ŀĿ lf 2 ^ r w"r3 d#7gb -.Ob " .& " ń ŮŁ ly-.Ocb XN Cf d#7gb -.Ob " .& - "ł wcN g7[b d [yr t-2V d#7gb -.Ob " .& ! "wbr d#7gb -.Ob " .& ¶o " ŀņ H ł - 5ńƅƅ ky gb \['y d#7gb -.Ob " .& r s'7gb Z G b - N Pf Ň wb ŀ lf gZ2fr c g f Z G Ň lz lf t2*Ĕ .O .& sb i Z G '6 6 Ɗ i ^ / r ? kzOb CV 2> kN -.N f Ů zj b Z G b '6 d Z Đ ¹ r "wbrĔ '7b wV -.Ob a f đ zj b '7b wV -.Ob " .& "ŀł lf 2 ^ ly-.Ob Msg#f " .& Ƌ`b/ 27V ? i zV k f i .& Ů C do Ů C lf đ^ Ê ^ d_; $ skb CV dÍ f _b r 1s?b P K&đfr zb f 2f đ -s[j OGZ [b 2# wV 7 Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ lzÍ N h Ůt2#: "2 ^Ĕ wcN lz ^ 1spJ " .& "dZĔ wcN lz ^ 1spJ " .& " đ b zf2b wV 1s> 1spJ e.N " .& "wbrĔ zf2b wV 1s> 1spJ " .& ! 2#'b tscOb q"sb wcN 2o Kb -.Ob r -s[kb OG[b tscOb q"sb K&đfr -2j 2#& h -s[j OGZ z[b 8 Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ ."r h t2#: d_; kzOb CV dÍ f Ů-2kb "t-2V -.Nr 1s> 1spJ " .& "w"r3 -.Nr ^ 1spJ " .& " H[V .'b MsZr " .& " MsZr e.N r MsZr e.N " .& ! " .'b MsZrr .'b MsZr " .& ¶o Ɗ GOgb "Ė lf 'z'?b "Ė 2 * Ɗso ń lf dZ t-2V -.N wcN as?'b a g & i V Ů .& r 2f hK kf -2j 2#& w[b / 9 ŀ د ŀ ﺟ ŀ ب Ł أ Ņ
ł
Ł
ń
-.Nr wbrĔ zf2b wV w"r3 -.N wcN as?'b a g & i V Ůlz zb f lz 2f hK kf -2j 2#& [b 2# wV 10 Ɗ so zj b zf2b wV wbr ŀ د ŀ ﺟ ŀ ب ŀ أ Ń
ň
Ņ
ł
Ɗi V 2C* 2^ ņ Ů 2g& 2^ ń Ů Cz 2^ ł q Yr.k> lf zÊ s;N 2^ '6 / 11 Ɗ so 2C* r Cz s'7gb 2_b is_ i a g & ŀ د ņ ﺟ Ł ب ŀ أ ŀń
ł
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
د ﻫ
Ɗ1 +gb @+;b is_y i a g & 7& \ 7b a gb wV 14 Ƌ zj gbĔ .' y ب Ƌ y4zc#jĖ .' y Đ أ Ƌ y4zc#jĖ .' 2f r z 2Ob .' y d"1 د Ƌ y4zc#jĖ r z7j2Wb .' 2f ﺟ
Ł
167
أ ب ﺟ
ń
114
∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -
∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM
i a g & i V Ů zÊ s;N Z G 2z * ň wb ŀ lf e Z1Ĕ dg' c g f Z G P7 wcN Yr.k> ts 'y 12 Ɗ so yÊ -2V gZ1 ¹ r ň -.Ob h7[y hZ1 s'7gb Z G b dg' ń د ŀ ﺟ ņ ب ŀ أ ň
Ł
ň
ł
( - C) a i V ĿŬŅ = ( )aŁ = (C) a Ů C i ^r Ů z s;N 2# b $ skb CV U lf lz .& Ů C i ^ / 13 Ɗtr 7y ĿŬŁ د ĿŬŃ ﺟ ĿŬł ب ĿŬŅ أ
ŀł
ŀŁ
ŀŀ
ŀĿ
ň
a 7b hZ1
-
-
-
¶"
"Đ
ŀ ł
ŀ
= ( )a Ů Ł = ( C) a أ ŀ ŀ Ņ = (-)a Ů Ł ŀ Ł ł = (r)a Ů ł
ƊxscOb q"sb wcN -.Ob L&sbr ŀł ŮŀŁ Ůŀŀ ŮŀĿ Ůň ŮŇ - .NĔ qp"r wcN ^ hK kf -2j 2#& w[b 14 Ɗ zb b .&Ĕ lf d^ a g & 7& أ "Ƌwbr -.N 1spJ .&" ½
"Ƌt-2V -.N 1spJ .&" C ½
"ƋŀŁ lf 2 ^ -.N 1spJ .&" - ½
"Ƌw"r3 -.N 1spJ .&"! ½
"Ƌ.& r hZ1 lf is_f -.N 1spJ .&" r ½
"ƋlzgZ1 lf is_f -.N 1spJ .&" ¶o ½
ŀ Ņ
Ƌ(- E )a Ů Ů (r F ¶o)a Ů (! F C)a Ɗ 7& ب
ŀ ŀŇ = ( ) a
Ɗi ^r Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV lf lzzV k f lz .& ŮC i ^ / 16 Ƌ( )a Ů(C)a 7& ĿŬŁń = ( - C) a ŮĿŬŅ = ( F C) a
ŀŀ ب ŁŃ = ( FC ) a / ŀł / د ŁŃ = ( E C) a
/
Ɗ z& Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV lf lz .& ŮC i ^ / 18 Ɗa g & 7& ƅĿŬŁ = ( E C)a Ůƅ( )ał = ( )a ŮƅĿŬŃ = (C)a Ƌ MsZr e.Nr C MsZr ﺟ Ƌ r C MsZr ب ƋH[V C MsZr أ /
7& Ƌ zÊ s;N .& r 2^ qkf '6 Ů 2W> ń Ů Z13 Ņ Ů 2g& Ń pkf qjscfr c g f 2^ q Yr.k> 19 Ɗ s'7gb 2_b is_ i a g & Ƌ 2W> Đr 2g& 7zb دƋ Z13 7zb ﺟ Ƌ 2W> r Z13 ب Ƌ 2g& أ Ƌ pzcN ir.gb -.Ob L&sbr zÊ s;N .& r Z G pkf '6 łĿ wb ŀ lf gZ2fr c g f Z G Nsg#f 20 Ɗdg' s'7gb Z G b is_ i a g & 7& ń wcN g7[b d [y -¹ .N ب ł wcN g7[b d [y -¹ .N أ ń r ł wcN g7[b d [y -¹ .N د ń r ł wcN g7[b d [y -¹ .N ﺟ
115
p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
= (¶o)a ŀ
, Ņ = (C)a 15
ĿŬłń = ( ) a Ů ĿŬŁń = (C) a 16
Ɗ."r ŀŃ = ( E C)a Ů łŇ = ( )a Ů ŀł = (C)a i ^r Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV lf lz .& ŮC i ^ / 17 ( E C)a د ( - C)a ﺟ ( F C)a ب ( C)a أ /
= (!) a
= (- E ) a ƅŀ= (r F ¶o) a ƅ ŀ= ( !F C ) a
Ɗ."r Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV {- Ů! Ů Ů C} = U i ^ / 15 ņ ŀŇ = (-)a = (!)a Ů( )a ł = (C) a i ^ / Ů ( )a Ů (C)a
/
14
ĿŬňń ﺟ ŀł ŀ łĿ Ů ŀń ł Ň
Ł ł
ĿŬŃń بƅƅĿŬŁ أ
ŀ ŀ
Ł ń
17
ﺟ
ŀ ŀŁ = ( - C ) a
Ů Ņ Ů ł 20 ŀ
= (/C) a أ
ł ŀŀ
18
Ń
Ů ń Ů ŀń Ů ŀń 19
ņ
ł
= (-)aƄƅ Ł = (!)aƄƅ Ň = ( )aƅƅ Ń = (C)a 21 ń ń ŀ ŀŇ ƅƅ łŅ ƅƅ Ņ 22 Ń
∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
Ɗ zb b .&Ĕ lf d^ a g & 7& Ƌ .& r 2f 4y g f -s[j PGZ đ z[b 21 ƋdZĔ wcN .& r 1s> 1spJ .& ½
Ƌlz 1s> r .& r 1s> 1spJ .& C ½
ƋdZĔ wcN lz zb f lz ^ 1spJ .& - ½
Ƌ2 ^Ĕ wcN 1s> 1spJ .& ! ½
a g & 7& Ů 2f d^ wV tscOb q"sb wcN 2pKy t0b -.Ob K&đfr lz 2f -2j 2#& [b 2# wV 22 Ɗ zb b .&Ĕ lf d^ Ň tr 7y lz zf2b wV ly-.Ob Msg#f .& ½
ƋwbrĔ zf2b wV Ń -.Ob 1spJ .& ½
ń xr 7y r lf dZ lz zf2b wV ly-.Ob Msg#f .& ½ P#;y hpkf Ů ?+: ŃĿ i ."r Ůt 2cb MđG 6 hpcg: ?+: ŅĿ lf is_ z s;N kzN Ƕơģš ƄǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 23 ¹ ¹ Ƌlzy- kb lf yÊ isO#;yĐ = +: Ň i r Ů g#kb t- j P#;y ?+: ŁŇr Ůađpb t- j ¹ ƊwO#;f lf 1 +gb @+;b is_y i a g & gV Ů kzOb - 2V lf zÊ s;N @+: 2z * / Ƌ O¹ f lzy- kb ب ƋdZĔ wcN lzy- kb .& أ ƋH[V lzy- kb .& د ƋH[V ađpb t- j ﺟ wcN 2o Kb -.Ob r -s[kb OG[b 2o Kb q"sb K&đfr hK kf -2j 2#& h -s[j OGZ [b 2# wV 24 7& Ƌ w"r3 -.N 1spJ .& Ů wbr -.Nr 1s> 1spJ .& so C i ^ / Ů-2kb 2#'b tscOb q"sb Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ lf đ^ Ê a g & 7& h Ů C lz .'b lf d^ É MsZr a g & O¹ f lz .'b MsZr ب dZĔ wcN lz .'b .& MsZr أ H[V lz .'b lf .& MsZr د H[V MsZr ﺟ wcN -.Ob is_y i a g & 7& ŮńĿ wb ŀ lf gZ2fr Ů c g f Z G ńĿ lf zÊ s;N .& r Z G '6 25 Ɗ s'7gb Z G b đf ^ O¹ 2f ب ņ -.Ocb ¹WN Cf أ ņ -.Ocb ¹WN Cf 8zbr Ůđf ^ O¹ 2f 8zb د đ ¹ ¹ f ^ O¹ 2fr ņ -.Ocb XN Cf ﺟ ĿŬŁŃ = ( - C) a Ů (C) a Ńń = ( )a ŮU z s;N 2# b $ sj CV lf lz .& ŮC i ^ / 26 ( F C) a Ů( F C) a Ů( ) a Ů( C ) a Ɗ ."r ĿŬŀń = ( C E ) a /
/
/
."sV Ůt2* ¹ G* Łń - y3 ^r Ů G* đ pkf ūŅĿ i ."sV Ů _b bĒ wcN ¹ G* ņń Y1 F ^ 27 i a g & ."r V Ů- y3r Y1 F G6 s q ^ h gf zÊ s;N G* 2z * / V Ů G* đ pkf ūŇĿ i Ɗ G+b 0o is_y Ƌ G+b ^ t0b so - y3 ب Ƌ G* đ أ Ƌ q ^ wV G* .Z Y1 F د Ƌq ^ wV G+y hb - y3 ﺟ
ŀł
ĿŬŅ Ů ĿŬŃ Ů ŀń Ů ŀń 23 ņ د ŀŁ
ń ŀ Ł ƅƅ ŀŁ ﺟƅƅ ŀŁ بƅƅ ł أ
ņ ب ńĿ = ( )a łņ د ńĿ = (-)a
ņ ńĿ = ( ) a أ ŀ ﺟ ńĿ = (!)a
24 25
( E C) a - ( )a + (C)a = ( F C) a a 26 ( ) a + [ ( E C ) a - (C) a ] = Ƅƅƅ (ɸ) ƅƅƅ ( ) a + ( - C )a = Ƅƅƅ (ɹ) ƅƅ(C ) a + (C - ) a = ( F C) a ` Cy ¹ i $ ky (ɹ) Ů (ɸ) lf (ɺ) (C )a + (C - ) a = ( )a + ( - C ) a Ɗi $ ky (ł) wV DysO b
ĿŬŅ = ( FC )a Ů ĿŬłŅ = ( )a Ů ĿŬŃń (C) a ĿŬņň = ( F C ) a /
/
( E¼ C)a 7& V ĿŬń = (¼ F¼ C) a ŮĿŬŇ = ( )a Ů ĿŬŅ = ( C )a ŮU kzN CV lf lz .& ŮC i ^ / 28 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
116
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
168
-
∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM (á©HGôdG IóMƒdG) áeÉY øjQÉ“
â d dTÐ
Êm\Aúm<
Êm\AÐ °<
ņń Łń ŀĿĿ
łĿ ń łń
Ńń ŁĿ Ņń
27
(ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ )اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ
:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ɗ i V lz zb f lz 2f hK kf -2j 2#& [b 2# wV
Y1 F - y3 Msg#gb
ĿŬŅń = = G* đ G+b is_y i a g & ĿŬŁń = G+b ^ x0b so - y3 is_y i a g & ŁĿ ĿŬŁ = ŀĿĿ = q ^ {V G+y hb - y3 is_y i a g & ĿŬł =
Ɗso t2*Ĕ zf2b wV Ņ -.Ob r lz zf2b t.& wV ń -.Ob wcN as?'b a g & 2 ń ﺟ ŀ ب ŀ أ
ŀ د ŀŇ
Ņń ŀĿĿ
łĿ ŀĿĿ
Ɗso zj b zf2b wV Ņ -.Ob r wbrĔ zf2b wV ń -.Ob wcN as?'b a g & 1 ŀ ﺟ ŀ ب ŀ أ łŅ łĿ ŁŃ
ŀ د Ņ
łŅ
Ņ
ŀŁ
Ɗso lz zf2b wV lzyr 7 f ly-.N wcN as?'b a g & 3 ŀ ﺟ ŀ ب ŀ أ
ŀ د ŀŇ
Ņ
łŅ
ń
Ɗd [gb l d_; dcKgb 4#b lN 2 Oy t0b .'b 2 * Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV U lf i .& Ů C F F CƄ ب ( F C ) - UƄ أ4 C ( E C)Ƅ د ( F C) - UƄ ﺟ /
/
/
/
= q ^ G* .Z Y1 F is_y i a g &
/
C
F
/
: 6" r 5 l
/
/
a ŮU z s;N 2# b kzN CV lf lz .& ŮC i ^ / - ŀ Ł ŀ ł = ( E C)a Ů Ń = (C)
Ɗ lz z Ē lz b 'b wV ( )a ."r ƋlzzV k f lz .& ŮC Ɗ z¹ j C i ^ / ƊĐr a ŮU z s;N 2# b kzN CV lf lz .& Ů C i ^ / - Ł ń ŀ Ů ŀŁ = ( E C ) a Ů ŀŁ =( E C)
C
/
/
( E C)- UƄ ب
F
F CƄ ب
F CƄ د
E CƄ أ5 ( F C)Ƅ ﺟ
( E C)- ( F C)Ƅ أ6 ( F C) - UƄ ﺟ
( E C) - UƄ د
C
/
/
F
/
E CƄ ب
( E C) - UƄ أ7 ( C - )F ( - C)Ƅ ﺟ
/
( F C) - UƄ د
Ů zj z 2#: d_; $ skb CV d f Ƌ lzWc +f lzgZ1 lf is_ y pkf d^ Ů- .N ŃłŁŀ -.Ob e Z1 lf is^ 8 Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ r $ skb CV ^ h Ƌ" zbrĔ - .NĔ Nsg#f " .& Ƌ"ł wcN g7[b d [ w b - .NĔ Nsg#f " .& Ƌ"ń r ł wcN g7[b d [ w b - .NĔ Nsg#f " .& ! Ƌ" 2;Ob XOB - &Ē p w b - .NĔ Nsg#f " .& is_y i a g & 7& ŮtscOb q"sb wcN 2o Kb -.Ob K&đfr Ů .& r 2f -2j 2#& [b 2# wV 9 Ɗ 2o Kb -.Ob ł wcN g7[b d [y yÊ -2V ﺟ Ņ df sN lf ب zÊ br أ p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b
119
ŀ
( E C)a Ů ( )a Ů(C)a Ɗlf đ^ ."r Ń = ( F C)a : S 6f 2*yf }gR k Sf r 5 l f &
ņ
Ņ
ń
Ń
ł
Ł
ŀ
a 7b hZ1
¶"
-
¶"
-
¶"
"Đ
{Ńł ŮŁł Ůŀł ŮŃŀ Ůłŀ} = 8 {ŁŃ ŮŃŁ ŮŀŁ ŮŁŀ} = z=! {ŁŃ ŮŀŁ} = Ł ب ŀ ƅ ł ƅƅ Ł أ9
ŀ ﺟ Ņ
C= -C
z=C-
= FC
ĿŬł = ( E C) a
z = E C
C
= EC
ĿŬŃ = (C - )a ĿŬņ = ( F C) a ¶"
ĿŬł ( - C) a 2W> = ( E C) a ĿŬň = ( F C) a
-
/
Ł ł
169
= 5 z¹ j
ĿŬł = ( ) a 11 ŀ Ņ = 5 Đr أ12 ŀ ŀŁ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
=C- ½
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
=C- ½
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
= -C ½
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
= EC ½
Ɗi V C i ^ / ب = FC ½
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
= ( E C) ½
Ɗi V ĿŬŀ = ( E C) a Ů ĿŬń = ( )a Ů ĿŬł = (C)a i ^ / ﺟ = ( E C)a ½ /
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
/
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
= (C - )a ½
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
= ( F C)a ½
Ɗi V ĿŬŃ = ( )a ŮĿŬņ = ( C)a Ů z = E C i ^ / د /
/
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
= ( - C)a ½
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
= ( E C)a ½
ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ
= ( F C)a ½
H[V MsZr a g & Ů ŀŁ = (C)a Ů C i ^r Ů z s;N 2# b U kzOb CV lf lz .& ŮC i ^ / 11 Ƌ MsZr e.N a g & 7& ƋĿŬŁ xr 7y i ^r ŮU wcN V2Of a g & b - a Ů z s;N 2# b U kzOb CV lf lz .& ŮC i ^ / 12 ŀ = /( F C)a Ů5 = ( )a Ů Ů ŀ = (C)a ł Ł
10
= C-
∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí
Ƌ z s;N 2# b U kzOb CV lf lz .& ŮC i ^ / 10 :=L + & b 3 3f R) n <' D&G ƊlzzV k f lz .& ŮC i ^ / أ
ب
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1
Ƌ C ½
Ƌi zV k f i .& ŮC ½
Ɗi ^ / 5 gzZ ."r أ
Ƌ( E C)a ."r V ŀŃ = 5 j ^ / ب pc fr Ů z Ē .&Ĕ lf d_b yÊ 4f1 2z O HN Ů z s;N 2# b U kzOb CV lf lz .& ŮC i ^ / 13 ¹ Ɗl d_; Ƌ r C lz .'b t MsZr ب Ƌ MsZr e.N r C MsZr د ƋH[V go.& MsZr و
ƋC .'b MsZr e.N أ ƋH[V .'b MsZr ﺟ Ƌ O¹ f lz .'b MsZr e.N ﻫ
kzOb CV dÍ f Ů _b r 1s?b P K&đfr Ů zb f 2f đ gK kf -s[j OGZ [b 2# wV 14 Ɗ zb b .&Ĕ lf d^ a g & 7& h Ů zj z b 2#;b 2# b m0pb Ƌƙ2 ^Ĕ wcN lz 1s> 1spJƚ .'b ب zf2b wV q"sb 8Wj 1spJƚ - .'b د
ƋƙH[V lz 1s> 1spJƚ C .'b أ Ƌƙ2 ^Ĕ wcN .& r ^ 1spJƚ ! .'b ﺟ Ƌƙ đ b
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
120
∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí F
(á©HGôdG IóMƒdG) áeÉY øjQÉ“
F
ب
ƋtscOb q"sb wcN 2pKy t0b -.Ob K&đfr lz zb f lz 2f -2j 2#& [b 2# wV 15
أ
13
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um Ɓ 8h ³Ŧ Ŧ j ŦƁ Ŧ j Ŧ uj s P Daire, S. and other, Geometry U.S.A, prentice Hall P Edward D. Gaughan and others, (1982) Algebra, Second course 1982, Scott Foresman. P Eleanor Beoher and other, Advanced Algebra, U.S.A Prentice Hall P Ernest, H. Richard, P., (2005) and others, Introductory mathematical Analysis, Eleventh Edition, pearson, prentice Hall. P G.N YAkovlEv, (1982) Problem Book in High school mathematics, Mir Publishers, moscow. P George, B., Maurice, D., Joet, R(2011). thomas’ colulus, twelfth Edition. P J.F Talgert and H.H.Heng, (1992) Additional Mathematics, FiFth Edition, Longman ingapore publishers (Ptc) limited. P John J . Bradiy and other, Algebra, U.S.A, prentice Hall, Zolo P Larson, R.(2013). Precalculus, q the Edition, Brooks cole. P McGraw-Hill, (2005). Advanced Mathematical calconcepts: Precalculus with Applications, 1st Edition. P Randall I . Charles and others, (2010) Math Corse 3 . U.S.A, prentice Hall P Rayner, General D.(1984) Mathemematics, Revision and Practice, Second edition, oxford university press. P Stewart, J (2012) calculus: Early transcendentals P Sullivan, M.(1996). Mathematics: An Applied Apprach, 8th Edition, John wileyand sone, inc. P Sullivan, M., (2015) Trigonometry: A unit circle Approach, pearson education, Canda. P Vernon, C, Richard, A (2012) college Algebra and trigonometry .
ﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔR اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ا:ﺛﺎﻧ ًﻴﺎ (http://geogebra.org/com) (http://www.pedowan.dk) (http:// www. phschool.com) www.NCTM.org http://www.keycurriculum.com/products/ sketchpad
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Arithmetic mean Geometric mean
175
3 7 F30
mgSČ&#x17E; b
Â&#x201E;
Differintiable Function
w -8iW :" : Â&#x201E;
Summation
M )N8 c(> Â&#x201E;
Tree Diagram
: '&Ni Â&#x201E;
ŽƁ}Ŧ ŦŰ Ŧ `fi xlkj Ŧ ub: õîīŎğŎÎí
łŀĬøĿí õîÿĎĈŃ
I: - -£ : , A;( l&+8%
Ƌ z[z['b a r.b ˄exȚ 952f
a r.b r z"r4b a r.b Ƌ y-2Wb
˄$f #f 952f
Ƌa r.cb wj z b dz g b ˄T 6f 952f
I µ ¥ 0 -¥ 4 N¥ 0 ,: - -£ 4 0 4 © 4 0 X & : - -£ 4 0 § # ")+ . :M1L( '&B6 l&+8% I: - -£ 4 0 Y h+ l&+8% I°A7 w&;%0 :% &; 4 0 0 : ?0c 4 0 l&+8% I one − to − one :% _5 : l&+8% # L − 4 0 7 − 4 0 % c : - -£ 4 0 &I O8781% I 4 0 I 0 £ # ³ 4 0 l&+8% : L +B8 : − { -¥ : − : + « : 4 0 # 7/7( 3&% I A7( Y O8781%0 :%´B : − :#W% /8 .( ³ [ O8781%
pb=n UÐ éÐí{UÐ dL å@
! Ñ!Ü Ø C ºÑ ! C ! Ü Ø
õîŔňĄňÎí łēčō ôŔĸŔĸĄĿí ĽíōĊĿí
Ƌa r.b - 2F ˄}p #f 952f
óĊăŎĿí
I: - -£ 4 0 # 7/7( 3> § :- 1 #W% /8 QLM% :'> ! § #] +( ©
º| @ + Ü E| |Ñ + Ü C| º å@ |Ñ + Ü C| E + Ü @ |Ñ + Ü C|
wj z b pcz g r z6Ĕ b .b ˄}p #f 952f z6Ĕ Đ- Ogb d& ˄$f #f 952f p [z G r pcz g r zg y1 Rscb b .b ˄T 6f 952f zÊ j z = s* DO ˄<k /f 952f g y1 Rscb
{
I { } − +I ǽ C G _ C # { : : 35 : l&+8% I AJ Y O8781%0 : 35 : " L )8 l&+8% {
{
I:%´B 235 ² l&+8%
V = C '> ! § : 3 #] +( ©
V = C '> ! § : 3 : +( ª 40 # - LM ©
ǽ C G _ 5 sb = { 0 5 sb = : )8%> z " : l&+8% C C { } − +I I2B+ 0 : )8%> z " '> ! ª : 35 '> ! .( %s ¬? 4 © § { B+ : " '> ! : 1B+ : " L )8 l&+8% : )8%> z " : " L )8 ` a 4 (0 { = -81¥ I AJ Y O8781%0 : 35 : " : 1B : ' 0 ± # «6 I s : )8%> z " : 0 : 35 : ² : W+ O8781%
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
îŌŔŀī õîĸŔòĤ÷ō õîńøœčîįŎŀĿíō Ēēŗí
y27_b 86Ĕ ƊexȚ 952f
176
ŽƁ}Ŧ ŦŰ Ŧ `fi xlkj Ŧ ub: łœŎĸøĿí ðŔĿîēã
ĒœčĊøĿí õîŔĀŔ÷íÃēí
łŔŋîĴÎí
:%&%&/8 0 : A;^ :"o35 6 )8 !+ − :^ 7) − &i L) ~&+ {> C 7 6 : )N 0 :% &; "+8 − : I L783] :-%&M − 7 "30 :_&8-) :M^ 5 0 {> + 0 I#WB^) _ − 0 +8 B8 0 , A7( B f -8 " :( # L%> 0 :% &; 0 : )N :% A 6 ) &8 > L8Y] 0 ' _ I' _
− -( 4 N( − 4 N( − : - -_ : ' +8( : − 3 > FY − ( − :% &6 : − : ?0U : − %&+8 −: ! 7 : − :% % c : − : &I : − 0 / '& : − :8 : FY − :%&1 : :-"M( :) { -( − 4 -8 :_ U − % / − V> -
_ − ) − { B+
:%&%&/8 0 : A;^ :"o35 6 )8 !+ − :^ 7) − &i L) ~&+ + 0 C 7 60 L : )N 0 :% &; "+8 − : I L783] :-%&M − 7 "30 :_&8-) :M^ 5 0 {> I#WB^) _ − 0 +8 > L8Y] 0 , A7( B f -8 I' _0 :% A 6 ) &8
> ? −{5 − { 35 − : 7 ' - ) −: 3 : − &1 { − −4 N( −I 3 4j P − 3 : +( − 8%> z − { B+ − ( : )8%> z : −: )8%> z
177
mgSȞ b
ŽƁ}Ŧ ŦŰ Ŧ `fi xlkj Ŧ ub: õîīŎğŎÎí
łŀĬøĿí õîÿĎĈŃ
óĊăŎĿí
vqf }Z k2_k ˄exȚ 952f
I # % A7 :( -( l&+8%
Ǜ 6 & f 1 vp 1 ' ˄ }p #f 952f
' * ȇ , ' < ' , ' : ( :7 +¥ ³z # )B h+ l&+8% '
,:)1- , "/8 ,® L¥ h% +8 :: :% ¼ ¶ :-%&I ©
˅ vpȗf 2qR f 2f vp ˄$f #f 952f ŀ- i
Ci=
C − { É```¡f - ( f81( : :% ¼ ? % F C − { C !{ e-i C − { É```¡f 0 C* = , , C − , { C !{ F 0 %F ¬? :% ¼W 7 : :% ¼ ¶
õîœîŌňĿí
IQ6 &¥ V½
:) &% - 0 : :% ¼ :/J .( Q-/8" : L # L3 £ , f81% I:% A7 G" ( " § 7 8 0 G" ( 5 X º ' l&+8% I" µ :" -¥ % 0c V ? M( G" ¥ W$ 4 I X3 78
˅i l f & ˕ 2R ^˖ oyp ^ ˄}p #f 952f W_ ? % X º ' , f83 G" ( % 0U # 3 ? % I : A :%0 c &M ! 4 I0 G" ( 5 X º ' ² : W+ O8781% I G" ¥ µ :?> ¤ '&@ IG" ( 5 ,°8 X ? ' l&+8% 4 A M"$ 4 I ¶ G" ( 5 ,°8 X ? ' , f81% IG" ¥ ,°8 X ? ' , f83 G" ( 4 A M"$ 4 I ? % :%0 U { ¶ G" ( 5 ,°8 X ? ' , f81% IG" ¥ : A I,°8 X ? ' , f83 G" ( : A :%0 U { ? % _ G" ( 5 ,°8 X ?0 X º , f81% :: T #] £ G" ¥ I= W$ _ 4 I0 ,²8%0 U 3 G" ¥ " a * I°A7 '> !/¥ :%0 c { 0 ,²+"$ ] I G" ¥ " a * I: W = W$ 4 I G" ¥ " a *
õîüŀüÎí ïîĔă
˅ 'f ˕ 2R ^˖ oyp ^ ˄exȚ 952f
X ?0 X º § .%> ¨ _ :L3 £ : T , f81% IG" ( 5 ,°8
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
178
ŽƁ}Ŧ ŦŰ Ŧ `fi xlkj Ŧ ub: łœŎĸøĿí ðŔĿîēã
ĒœčĊøĿí õîŔĀŔ÷íÃēí
:%&%&/8 0 : A;^ :"o35 6 )8
+ 0 C 7 60 L : )N 0 :% &; "30 :_&8-) :M^ 5 0 {> B8 0 , A7( B f -8 " :( # L%> 0 :% &; 0 : )N :% A 6 ) &8 > L8Y] 0 ' _ I ' _
!+ − :^ 7) − &i L) ~&+ :% A − l&+( & z − :7 +( & z : ) #WB^) _ − U L783] − 7 : −Q6 &( − &i L( h% + − : / :^ 7( − 0 +8 "+8 − :% A W 7 : :% A − 0 / '& I: )" 6 A+ )? , f81 ] w&M 0 6 , f81% AP+ .B 0 , _ 0 {> I:!/ .(U .( X3 7) =8 0
:%&%&/8 0 : A;^ :"o35 6 )8 !+ − :^ 7) − &i L) ~&+ + 0 C 7 0 L : )N 0 :% &; _ − : I L783] :-%&M − 7 I#WB^) # ; "B8 0 :_&8-) :M^ 5 0 , {> " :( # L%> 0 :% &; 0 : )N :% A 6 ) &8 > L8Y] 0 ' _ I' _
179
łŔŋîĴÎí
mgSȞ b
' −X N ' − # " ( V 1_ :%0 U − ' _ :%0 U −, )8 X ? − M"$ &! − :)@ :%0 U − :?&;7( −4 AN( M"$ 4 I − M"$ 4 I &L −:%0 U &rJ − : AN( :%0 U W$ 4 I −G" ) :_ 1( −:%0 U :" -( :%0 U −G" )
s9 Ŧ ŦŰ Ŧ `fi xlkj Ŧ ub: łŀĬøĿí õîÿĎĈŃ
˅ ȗ;g; lf x S lf
˄ exȚ 952f
˅ ;+f S lf
˄ }p #f 952f
˅ : +f ȗ;g; lf
˄ $f #f 952f
˅ :2qvf S lf
˄ T 6f 952f
˅ :2qvf ȗ;g; lf ˄ <k /f 952f
óĊăŎĿí
I#W1"18¥ ² 0 A7 c )%0 # + 88¥ , A;( l&+8% I:;"8¡ > ! µ , + £ O8781%0 ,: 1£ :+ 88¥ l&+8% U 305 .( F 0 ± F Y %0 ,: 1_ :+ 88¥ 1£ F3 ? % I.% ² : 1£ I:;"8¡ > ! : 1_ :+ 88( 0 _ .( 0 ± ) ? % I:;"8¡ > ! µ , + £ O8781%0 ,: 3 7µ :+ 88¥ l&+8% I: 3 7 :+ 88¥ 3 7µ F3 ? % I.% ² : 3 7µ U 305 .( F 0 ± F Y % ²L? ( .% + 3 7µ F3 0 , 1£ F3 ² : W+ O8781% I²;"8¡ I:;"8¡ > ! : 3 7 :+ 88( 0 _ .( 0 ± ) ? % I: 3 7 :+ 88( 0 _ .( =87( ³z ) ? %
õŜĔŀĔøÎíō õîĬñîøøÎí
õîīŎğŎÎí
: £ #WB^¥ h+ ³1; : 3 7µ 0 : 1£ # + 88¥ < % I: B1 :"B^¥ ( : $ %> #WB^( _ :L"M8( # ") C &? # L3 £ , f81% I#W1"18¥ 0 # + 88¥ § : _0
h 1 f
˄ }p #f 952f
` Z y f
˄ $f #f 952f
I U0À¥ − 3 3] + L( l&+8% IQ 6 8 0 % L8 .( l&+8% IQ 6 8 , A;( l&+8% IQ 6 8 0 4 L8 ² : W+ O8781% I + V0½( l&+8% I4 B3 G" ( O8781% I: 1£ # ")+ h+L Q 6 8 0 % L8 V 1_ :L3 £ = T , f81% I4 B3 c " ( 4 N¥ ² $ %& C°" h+ § l&+8%
ņœĊĄĿí õíċ ôœĎĨŇō
˄ exȚ 952f
ĶŔijíŎøĿíō ľœĉîòøĿí
2Sf 2 k
IQ 6 8 0 % L8 , f83 : $ %& #WB^¥ h+ © I4 B3 G" ( , f83 #WB^¥ h+ © IQ 6 8 0 % L8 .( V 1_ V 3 £ , f81%
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
180
s9 Ŧ ŦŰ Ŧ `fi xlkj Ŧ ub: łœŎĸøĿí ðŔĿîēã
ĒœčĊøĿí õîŔĀŔ÷íÃēí
:%&%&/8 0 : A;^ :"o3] 6 )8 ,:^ 7) 0 > / , &i L) ~&+ C 7 0 + 0 L : )N 0 :% &; : I L783] w&M , 7 !+ "30 :_&8-) :M^ ] 0 {> ,#WB^) _ , 0 +8 "+8 , # > L8Y] 0 A7( B f -8 Il ^8 ] V "3 , '&$ /) ' _ > L8Y 0 :% &; 0 : )N I' _ :% A 6 ) &8 > L8Y] 0
łŔŋîĴÎí
:+ 88( − : A87( :+ 88( − _ − : :+ 88( − :% % c :+ 88( −: A87( & z −M )N8 c(> −:"1"18( −: ! 7
:+ 88) { 3 −: 1_ :+ 88( :"1"18( − 1_ F30 −: 1/ { 3 −: 3 7 :+ 88( −: 1_ − 3 7 F30 − : 3 7A :+ 88) & z : 3 7 :"1"18( −: 3 7 :"1"18( :% A ] ( −: A87(
:%&%&/8 0 : A;^ :"o35 6 )8 !+ − :^ 7) − &i L) ~&+ −: '&Ni − : ") − + L( + 0 C 7 60 L : )N 0 :% &; "+8 − : I L783] :-%&M − 7 −&J 7 − Q 6 − % L −V0&P( : @c? : )N( − :7N −X &
I#WB^) _ − 0 +8 "30 :_&8-) :M^ 5 0 {> > L8Y 0 , A7( B f -8 I' _ :% A 6 ) &
181
mgSȞ b
s9 Ŧ ŦŰ Ŧ `fi xlkj Ŧ ub: łŀĬøĿí õîÿĎĈŃ
óĊăŎĿí
˅6 W f e2Sk ˄exȚ 952f
I³r8 4 +(0 ,³r8 F3 8(0 ,³r8 : , A;( l&+8%
˅] _ >Ȗ ˄ p #f 952f
I: " ª05 :-8^¥ O8781%
˅] _ >Ȗ 2R y^ ˄$f #f 952f ˅hk c f ˄$f #f 952f
I {°¥ ( ª05 :-8^)" 3 7µ ³1;8 l&+8% Iw -8i] h+ ©
p =n UÐ pUÐ{UÐ pb ZY
ëÜ Ü Ø Ø pUÐ{UÐ pb ZY
ëÜ C Ü Ø Ø pUÐ{UÐ pb Y
Ü Ü Ø Ø pUÐ{UÐ pb ZY
negfh= ç}aUÐ íÌ h UÐØ â e Y pb ZY
ľŃîļøĿíō ľğîĴøĿí
õîīŎğŎÎí
h UÐØ Ñ} ÉnA pb ZY
h UÐØ pe S ÕÚnB pb ZY
pd d UÐ Ò{LnS pUÐ{UÐ pUÐØ pb ZY ë Ü Ø Þ pUÐ{UÐ pb ZY
I: @ ^+ : &N8 , A;( l&+8%
m u [lf x +gKClf HS ˄exȚ 952f : :Ț
I4°8_] #°"1( , f83 : - LM @ 1( ©
! 2*Ț }gR glSf ˄}p #f 952f
4°8_] ² , f83 : _ #WB^( ©
˅e l *Ȗ ˄$f #f 952f
:7 + C P6 , A;( l&+8% : @ ^+ V> N8 h+L :7 + C P6 X8B% £ − ¥ £ − F 1L £ − £ , A;( l&+8%
/81¥ : 6 78¥ _5 , A;( l&+8% 4° ] 4°8_] , A;( l&+8% 4°8_] #°"1( , f81%
Ľîńøăśí
− w&; − MI -8 − ¦] ( _5 § # ")+ l&+8%
I _ 0 4°8_ V 1_ ¹ 4°8_] #°"1( , f81%
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
182
s9 Ŧ ŦŰ Ŧ `fi xlkj Ŧ ub: łœŎĸøĿí ðŔĿîēã
ĒœčĊøĿí õîŔĀŔ÷íÃēí
łŔŋîĴÎí
:%&%&/8 0 : A;^ :"o35 6 )8 !+ − '&$ /) − :^ 7) −& r8 4 +( −& r8 F3 8( −& r8 {> C 7 60 L : )N 0 :% &; :-%&M − 0 +8 "+8 − 7 −w -8iW :" : −w -8i] 40 _ 7 6 :7)P8) :"o35 0 − : I L783] :-%&M − : @ &-83] − V&P J _ − 05 :-8^) :"o35 ` 0 ,4 ( B Q LM8 /
I=? ) l ^8 ] "+ ( B −: 1B :-8^( −:)1- \> Y ' _ 6 {> " ' >
: )?0 :% &6 :%&%&/ 0 : A;i :"o3 − =? ) l ^8 ] − 0 +8 "+8 :M^ 5 0 {> + 0 C 7 0 L 7 !+ − : I L783] :-%&M I#WB^) _ − :^ 7) − > L8Y 0 :( .%> ) − :_&8-) I' _ :% A 6 ) &
183
mgSȞ b
−# L ) − 4 )8_ − C !_ J0 − w >05 0 w 1 FMf( − y8^ − :%c &( : c − # L " M > − M > − # + > : @ ^ : &N − + & ) − :+M − O 7 C P6 − :7 + C P6 − F 1 _ − _ − & &N_ − - ( _ − X &( _ − 0 " # ")+ − /81( _ − : 6 78( _ − _5
: g8 Ŧ tm s Ţ ūůsj
()اﻟﺠﺒﺮ
(ول )ﻓﺼﻞ دراﺳﻰ أولAاﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ا :IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNCG :∫hC’G ∫GDƒ°ùdG : : T 4 Bi5 . .( : )% B^ 1
ﺟ
د
− − − −
أ
− −
−
ب
− − − −
− − − −
: · > |{| :7% L8) _ : )N( 2
د
· , · − − e
· , · − − e
ﺟ
·>{>·− ب
{·} أ
0 1 { q6 = Ł5
د
ﺟ
ب
ł
ł
a 3 ¯ أ
Ɗtr 7 1s> H7 wV Łņ łsb 4
د
ﺟ
ب
¯ أ :»fÉãdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG
I A 3 . XL =b = h =737 V+ :DI & D<C =b 1
I B^ :( 3&) : ' X8 أ
&I G/ 0 : ( ?0 ب
− − − − −
I` a & z 0 :% &6 0 : ?0U A G _ .( : . ﺟ :ådÉãdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG
= { + − { Q-/ 8 { :) ?0[6 { = { y a أ · = |¯− {| :: +) _ : )N( ?0 ب :™HGôdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG ¯ = ¯ sb − ń ·
¯ sb : yL أ sb + ·
·
·
I &I G/ 0 : ( 3& .( O8783 0 − { = { G _ : 7/7( 3>
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
ب
184
: g8 Ŧ tm s Ţ ūůsj
()ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ وﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎت
(اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ )ﻓﺼﻞ دراﺳﻰ أول :á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG :IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNCG :∫hC’G ∫GDƒ°ùdG
C − {
= C i V Ń = ﺟ
د
−{
·
É```¡f
!{
ب
ﺟ
¯· /
¯ − ¯{ É```¡f {· − { ' !{
ب /
V _ + C _ د
/
/
/
Ł+
¶"
V _ − C _ ﺟ
V _ + C _ ب
łŁ ﺟ
c gb wV 3
V _ + C _ أ : 0 1
ŇĿ د
2
Ł أ
Ł ¶" C = ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ɗi V = = C i V ¶" C ? _ ? _ V _ C _ /
i ^ / 1 أ
=
:% A : " 2 د
=
· − ·{
− {
ń ب
= É```¡f !{
4
− أ
Ɗtr 7 h6ŀĿ Ů h6Ň Ů h6Ņ qNđB a sF t0b c gb 5r 2 2g w b 2 .b (G6 :_ 1( 5 Łh6 r ŀĿĿ
د
Łh6 r Łń
ﺟ
Łh6 r ŀŅ
ب
Łh6 r ň
أ
:»fÉãdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG : ! 1 {¯ − · + {
− { + { = É```¡f −{ !{
= É```¡f ب ' !{
أ
3 = ? , 3 · = V , 3 = C = 6 ? V C G" ) 6 :%0 U &L { ?0 2 :ådÉãdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG : ! 1 { _ + {
=
É```¡f
r
ب
{
!
cŅŃ = ( c) X ŮcńŇ = ( Cc) X Ůh6Ň = '¶" qzV t0b ¶" C
185
mgSȞ b
− −{ −{
=
É```¡f
!{
أ
c gb wV yr 3 2 ^ 5 zZ ."r 2
: g8 Ŧ tm s Ţ ūůsj :™HGôdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG : ! 1 ¯−{ + −{
¯−{ + −{¯
=
É```¡f
− ¯{ − {¯
ب
' !{
=
Ƌq'G6 & 7f ."r h lzZ 7b tr 7 f c gb i ¯ = ¶" & Ůh6ņ = ' Ů h6Ņ = ' C qzV
أ
c f ¶" C 2
()اﻟﺠﺒﺮ
É```¡f
!{
(اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ )ﻓﺼﻞ دراﺳﻰ ﺛﺎﻧﻰ :á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG :á«JB’G äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG :∫hC’G ∫GDƒ°ùdG
: 0 1% &^ 2( f 0 2( f .% / . − K = e G _ e :+ 88)" 1/ F3 1 K
ŀň د
ŀĿ ﺟ
ŀń ب
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
ŁĿ د
ŀń ﺟ
K
= K q6 =
ń أ K
ŅĿ ﺟ
: a 2
ŀĿ ب IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
ņĿ د
Ł
− K
ń أ = ¯
ńĿ ب
' ¯={
ŃĿ أ
S
Ł
د
ﺟ
ب
3
Ņ
¯ =S
4
أ
:≈fÉãdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG V − :) ?0[6 : 1_ :+ 88( .( 0 _ V , , C , ¯ y a 1 III , , ,
I: 3 7A :+ 88) .( 05 0 _ :+L1 )N( ?0 2
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
186
: g8 Ŧ tm s Ţ ūůsj :™HGôdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG IIIIIIII + + + : 1/ :"1"18) 6 M3 8 / .( CF 8 05 F _ )N( ?0 1 I# "M7 ¯0 !) . .( "M7 0 ) C > .B)% :-%&I B 2
()اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ واﺣﺘﻤﺎل
(اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ )ﻓﺼﻞ دراﺳﻰ ﺛﺎﻧﻰ :á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG :∫hC’G ∫GDƒ°ùdG
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
Ł
د
¯
ﺟ
ŀ
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
0 1% = { 7 + { = { G _ : & r 4 +( 1
Ł- ب
ŀ- أ
= C 4 q6 · = V F C 4 , = V 4 0 6 78( _ V , C a 2
د
ﺟ
¯
ب
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
{
{
د
{
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5 ŐŇŎŇîķ ıĎĬ÷ 6 ðŔĀĿí Ő÷Ċīîķ
ŏŗ ŁîńøĿí ðŔÿō pU g Y pxíÐÛ ÜnhS Øn xÎ R rd Y îú êne UÐ oh@ Ò{LnS ë inS ê{ x 7 õîĸŔòĤ÷ō i úŀüŃ ɸɹɾ - ɸɹɽ
rd eUÐ Ð|w R îńŌŔŀī _ 6 G" ( 5 , )8 X ?0 , X N , f81% : : T #] / 6 G" ) ɸɸɽ
LĆ Ì {AÌ é Jí º h xíÐÛ nHnhS rd eUÐ R dL ÐÙÎ
ɸɹɿ
negfh= ÒÚ [ eUÐ pxíÐ~UÐ ÜnhSí º h_d ø J rd eUÐ R dL ÐÙÎ
ɸɹʀ
p?Ć UÐ LĆ Ì éÐ JÌ rd eUÐ R dL ÐÙÎ
ɸɹɺ ʘ ɸɹɸ
i inS dL pL f Y p]ZiÌí xÚne> A R p Hn UÐ pUùÐ ê{ x : U C?
rd Y îú êne UÐ oh@í oh UÐ >{LnS
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
8
9
202
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f - } 1Ț m;_f
zyp #f }p #f \Cf - Ȃ Ȟ x ɩ Slgf f Kf b _ Kk
≈fÉãdG ≈°SGQódG π°üØdG +[Cf
6>ylf
p_=n eUÐ ê gaY Ón_=n eUÐ R pY{bY æ}_ x
ɼ-ɻ ɾ-ɽ
5 Slf .pd d eUÐí p_=n eUÐ h= ~hex
ɸɺ - ɸɷ
pad Y Ú [= ngU ên_UÐ { UÐ s f xí º ph=n UÐ p_=n eUÐ æ}_ x
ɸɼ - ɸɻ
ànHíúÐ Y Øí{ Y Ø{L B{xí º ph=n A p_=n eU =n UÐ H UÐ {@ x . xØ{L h= ph=n UÐ
ɹɹ - ɸɿ
pad Y ÒÚ [= ph=n A p_=n Y Øí{A Y Øí{ Y Ø{L â e Y {@ x
ɹɾ - ɹɻ
pad Y Ú [= ngU ên_UÐ { UÐ s f xí º phH{fgUÐ p_=n eUÐ æ}_ x
ɺɷ - ɹɿ ɺɼ - ɺɺ
ɸɺ ʘɾ
xØ{L h= phH{fgUÐ ànHíúÐ Y Øí{ Y Ø{L B{xí º H{fgUÐ H UÐí
pad Y Ú [= phH{fw p_=n Y Øí{A Y Øí{ Y Ø{L â e Y {@ x
iõŜĔŀĔøńĿíō îńŌŔŀī õîĸŔòĤ÷ō
8
ÓĆcZeUÐ _= }h a> R phH{fgUÐí ph=n UÐ Ón_=n eUÐ K x ànZi
phinc UÐ pdcZeUÐ Yp]h UÐ ph>nh UÐ
9 10
ph nxÚ ÓĆcZY A R p d] Y ÓnhdeL ÊÐ}@Î R Ón Hn UÐ ê{ x ànZi .ÓĆ d eUÐí Ón_=n eUÐ dL p]h = ph>nhAí
11
nghdL p]h = Ónbh ]>í º{_UÐ Ì{ Y æ}_ x
12 13
negfY T x}_> negfh= pSĆ_UÐí º hRÐ UÐí xØn UÐ Y T L pY{bY æ}_ x
hwÐ}= íÌ phRn Î ÞÐ B ëí{=
hRÐ UÐí xØn UÐ Ñn A R Ñ Hn UÐ ê{ x ànZi
ɾɸ ʘɽɿ
}h` UÐ é{_Yí º }h` UÐ é{_Y H Yí º}h` UÐ pUÐØ ê gaY æ}_ x
1
ɾɼ
pUÐ{dU UíúÐ pb ZeUÐ s f x
2
ɾɻ
ÜneeUÐ hY UíúÐ pb ZedU H{fgUÐ }h a UÐ æ}_ x
ɾɿ
çnb IøÐ {LÐ S _= Ø{ x
ɾɿ
o <m TÐ oTÐzTÐ oa YX KÜ Ü Ø
ɾɿ
î aTÐ ÒzKmR
Ü Ü Ø oTÐzTÐ oa YX
ɾɿ
KÜ C Ü Ø oTÐzTÐ oa YX
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iĊĬĿí ãĊòŃ ıĎĬ÷ iĶŔijíŎøĿíō ľœĉîòøĿíō ņœĊĄĿí õíċ ôœĎĨŇō
ɽɹ ʘɽɷ ʘɼɾ
203
õîĬñîøøńĿí ıĎĬ÷
phH{fw p_=n Y Øí{A Y fY }hQ Ø{L â e Y {@ x
ɼɹ - ɼɷ ʘɼɼ - ɼɺ ɽɷ - ɼɿ
5
6 =n UÐ H UÐ h= pSĆ_UÐ s f xí º phH{fw p_=n eU H{fgUÐ H UÐ {@ x 7
ɺɾ - ɺɽ ɺɿ ʘɺɹ ʘɹɺ ʘɸɾ
1 2 3 4
14
i ðÿŎŃ ĂŔĄě đäñ îŌŔŀī õîĸŔòĤ÷ō
3 iĵîĸøėří ıĎĬ÷ 4 Őij Ŋ÷îĸŔòĤ÷ō
ôŔēĊňŋ IJķíŎŃ ôĴŀøĈŃ ôŔ÷îŔăō
}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f - } 1Ț m;_f
zyp #f }p #f \Cf - Ȃ Ȟ x ɩ Slgf f Kf b _ Kk
+[Cf
6>ylf
5 Slf
ɿɷ
mdfeg< ç|`TÐí g TÐØ â d X oa YX
ɿɷ
g TÐØ Ñ| Ém@ oa YX
ɿɸ
g TÐØ od R ÕÚmA oa YX
ɿɸ
.oc c TÐ ÒzKmR oTÐzTÐ oTÐØ oa YX
ɿɺ
K Ü Ø Þ oTÐzTÐ oa YX
ɿɺ
ÜneeUÐ pUØn_Y Øn xÎ Y p]h = phH{fw Ónbh ]> R Ónb ZeUÐ ê{ x hdL b> p]bi {fL f feU
5
ɿɿ
ph c_UÐ pb ZeUÐí Ync UÐ ê gaY æ}_x
6 7
ʀɷ
ph>ùÐ Ync UÐ {LÐ S æ}_ x
− ! , + + {
+
= { E {
ʀɸ
y CG _ { E { C= { E { C
ʀɹ
{ E { !{ E { = { E { > ! {
ʀɹ ɾɺ ʘɾɹ
ɸɷɹ - ɸɷɷ ɸɷɾ - ɸɷɹ ɸɸ - ɸɸɷ
− ! , + + V + {
={E +
V + {C
ng HÐÚØ > UÐ hwnaeUÐ dL p]h = ph>nhAí ph nxÚ Ónbh ]> ànZi
na Un=
8
Y Ò}hgZUÐ phýË Z_UÐ ÑÚn UÐ _= s f xí º phýÐ Z_UÐ p=} UÐ æ}_ x } A YÚ ºÓÐ}Y ÔĆ? íÌ h>}Y íÌ Ò{AÐí Ò}Y phi{_eUÐ pde_UÐ YÚ
h>}Y íÌ Ò{AÐí Ò}Y Ø}fUÐ ÔÐ{Aún= æ}_xnY íÌ ÔÐ{ååAúÐ dL ph>úÐ Ónhde_UÐ æ}_ x éncIj= ngd exí nxð ~YÚí nh^aU ngfL } _xí ën@}Y îØ hiÐ S º p T}eUÐ ð
æ R h?{A Ñ º C º phýÐ ZL p=} > s>Ð i Ên\R æ phY d_e= ċ
ɸɸɸ
Ñ â Sí ê{Lí C â Sí ê{L h?{ UÐ Y îÌ â Sí ê{L
ɸɸɸ
Ñ â Sí ê{L íÌ C â Sí ê{L n_Y h?{ UÐ â Sí ê{L ð
ɸɹɼ - ɸɹɹ
ıĎĬ÷ Īñî÷ iĵîĸøėří Őij Ŋ÷îĸŔòĤ÷ō ôŔēĊňŋ IJķíŎŃ ôĴŀøĈŃ ôŔ÷îŔăō
ng HÐÚØ > UÐ hwnaeUÐ dL p]h = ph>nhAí ph nxÚ Ónbh ]> æ}_ x
éne Aøn=
zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b
1 2
ĞĬñ ıĎĬ÷ łŔŋîĴńĿí i ôŔëîĜăśí Ľîńļøēíō iĽîńøăśí ôēíčĉ îńŌŔŀī õîĸŔòĤ÷ō
3
204