دليل المعلم بحته أدبى الصف الثانى الثانوى

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‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت‬ 2%> 8 w&I0 8/) 0 l 5 G _ .( = B( " # & ) _[ ' ) :+ LI ' &( OA7) C 7 c@ > _ .( V + 83] I: 3 > ' ) 0 "+ # $ %& :+ LI . w&; t $ >0&P .( , % -8 X 3 0 : ) "+8 :M^ 5 0 # $ %& :+ LI 6 / 8 # & r8 A60 :;"8f) > !+ &L # $ %& > M _ &( > .( ] # $ %& :+ LI : 0 # $ %& > M %> ) : 7(U # &86 : W 6 # $ %& :+ LI " l&+8 .B)%0 ,&Yd &! .( A B '&8; 6 # $ %& :+ LI y)1 0 ,: -%&z] '> P/ > A< L 8_0 # $ %& '[^ 7( = H "' I F-6 :J f #] / " )8+ y 0 -M7) &L " )8+ .B : ") :+ LI # a QM7) " @ - A% L , H7 :% L '&8; #c ) ,&^ M3 8 &- 8_ : -%&z] '> P/ '[^ 7( : ? T "' X"z0 , # %&H7 Q8^ A7(0 # )"1) 0 # A% L 0 # 6&+( W 0 # 6&+) .( :M 1 : )N( .( , H7 B8% G _ IU (& , f83 0 %&N8 M M '&8; 6 # $ %& :+ LI " tLJ :- 1 '&8; " yL"z 8 Q"M) w ! '&B6 h6> G _ T 8_ &^ M3 8 ,&- .( : T T "' :)H ] # + 0 %&N & y/LJ 0 # $ %& 0&6 M )N ' _ ( :r , f83 '&8; 6 0 , L1 w ! I# $ %& #] N( M )? 6 , V "3 $ %& U L783] V "3 tLJ 0 : $ %& A ! "1( # ( -( 4WY .( : J O@ 8 4 J : ] 83 :+ LI # a : 3 > ' ) 0 "+ # $ %& I# %&H7 0 O@ 87 w -8i .B)% 4] 83] 4WY .(0 ,QM7) . A)B/ # Mf -F 60 K U V W L 1<&+ 4") $ X )& +"I FB' I $ &G W +" 15 ; )G W +" @ '#L := + &G I AM 1L + .B 0 # $ %& "+ : 3 3] ;) " 8/ : 3 > ' ) # $ %& w -8i l A ] : 3 > ' ) # $ %& )7 # %&H7 4 J l A% ] 83 C 7 "+ # $ %& IC )"+ +;% )" ( ' % ? : $ %> # ( "+) X M :/$ 0 '> ! : 3 > ' ) 6 X M" , - # )"1) )7 :% %&N :r J 6 # )"1) .)P8 "+ # $ %& II:M1L(0 =( A;(0 Ly1&±* ¢ G*K jc¤ 9cMyG* ? 7B8 0 > P/ > M8 c &( y/LJ # $ %& [ 4 - :?> =8 ) c ,> M8 @ _ " # $ %&

)+ w 3 6 V 5 0 7; 6 II :M^ 5 Mr y/LJ AI ) 0 A - LM 5 ` a0 , "L-81) 0 &J +) y U (0 y # $ %& I# ( f 0 \ 8 E 60 . 3 1 # > & 0 :%&B1+ # N &83E 6 III t%0&8 #] N(0 .( ( %&N 0 =? ) 4WY .( ^8B 0 , A?> Y .( #WB^( /8 A"Y .( M3 8 : 1 :6 - . &L+% IF ^ 8)% , A( A > !( .% B^ 0 + " &J # $ %& U ^ +% , A"Y .( A%& # W A?> Y F ,{ 7 .( :" A)A;% U (>0 , > &N( # $ %& + 0 ,# ( -( M( O@ 8 w -8i 0 U ) 5 0 # W+ :3 > AI ^

J 8 0 # ( "+) 4 L-83 0 G 0 # L3 / ) & 1 " A-M7( )+%0 ,&^L : L z A+( ( +8%0 A J 8% :r C P60 Field -/ 0 Group '&(c ( ' &N( 7 6 # $ %& 0&60 #] N( # + ,: @ P l 5 4WY .( A I:;"8f) 0&; 6 A W ) A Vector space =N8)

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( +8 :% $ 60 II : B ( 7% &Y 0 : B 83 & H( M( ,# 7 -%W 0 #] )8_] M(0 # ) M( ( +8 # $ %& 0 #WB^) .( & _ 6 # $ %& A1 0 ,:%> 1 &Y 0 :/ /J + M( ,' -+( &Y 0 :)H87( : ( 4 Bi M( A8)?& ' € A"_ 8% , U (>0 # $ %& :r" # W A8? ) 0 A" ) 4WY .( ,: / 0 : ")+ # % /8 0 F ( − # $ %& , :% ) A J 8 0 : +i ( .( ‰8 # & <0 : / # 7@ B 6 )7 & < 7 &1; 0 e&^ − W # ") 7 H7 0 ,: 7! 0 :%> )+) # ) )!8" ' % \a ) 7 , - # $ %& ) , &LN 6 : 3 A" )

A )r 0 - 3 ) V 17 7 ! # $ %& ,' % ? # 0&^) , - 0 N 7 [L78 0 ,: ? 8 E 0 : ( f :M^ 5 :" )? : 76 # > !(0 : 6&YU 4 Bi5 .% B8 # _0 ) .B)% : 3 7 4 Bi[ ) # $ %& ,:" )N

:(‍ﺗďťˆ ﺤďş˜ى اďť&#x;ﺎﺎﺿﺎت ďť“ďť° اďť&#x;ďşźďť’ اďť&#x;ďşœďşŽ اďť&#x;ďşœďşŽى )ŘŁŘŻďş‘‏ :"_&) l ;J . s 6 ;!( : U ( : 3 > # _0 Bi 6 ! 6 # $ %& 2%> &N% .(0 I# " ) V 1_0 ,:3 7A ,4 0 0 # W+ 0 &LN , A " # ")+ 0 5 ::60&+) #] N) . 0 ,:% # _0 .)P8% G / J 6 s -6 „U 8%0 ,„&6 6 s 0c"_0 l ;! &L s 3 > )7% 8/) q6 &Y : _ # _ # L"M8) $ %& z 78 #] / M )? 6 &%0 I $ %& &B; ' _0 − ( _ −2B+ :;"8f( „0&6 .( I:"! # a &Y5 , "+ :( f 0 : &; A C )8 lW8Y "

:‍ﺗﺟďť’ أﺪا٠ďş—ﺪعﺲ اďť&#x;ﺎﺎﺿﺎت‏ X M %0c l A% # $ %& 2%> , A7( l A ( 0 |? W +" Z ; Z )? U & } =L[ \ ]( I &P ^ ; )& M! + 4WY .( # > A) 0 l> +) `" , f83 0 < 8 0 l> +) `"8 :ML &) # > A) V 18 0 : $ %& l> +) : Q"+8 l # $ %& 2%> l Â… f" .B)% 8 0 , A83 > / : N% # N .% B

I# $ %& ' ( # 3 3 A60 :6&+) ‰ I A8 )7 0 :) "3 & B; X 3 " X%> 8 ‰ : &_ 2;7 0 : "-+ : $ %& # > A) V 18 ‰ I j )" 0 # $ %& / &% -8 =?0 0 4 ( : )7 0 :L? ( # N V 18 ‰ := Q F 0H @ 7AL 0"9_ , W +" ; )L F 0 @ 7A'I @+")' +"I 1 "TG a 70 h+L :%&H7 235 0 AL & 0 A8 7 A60 ' ) # 3 3 :6&+( 6 : 6&+) l 5 )8 Cognitive b") F 0 6 0 : 3 > ' ) 6 # %&H7 0 - Q LM " '> - X M V 1 " ` a 1% G _ : - LM8 _ 7 I &Y : 3 > ( # 3 3 A6 6 # 3 35 `" :6&+( A1 ) : _ ( . $ %& &% - 0 , &^ & B; V "3 0 4 N(0 "+ # $ %& appreciation &% -8 Q"* +8 Affective c ? ! F 0 & B;8 6 AL 3 / 0 , Z -8 6 >0 / 0 ,# $ %& :3 > / : N% # N 0 4 ( .% B 0 , A ( A3 0 I L B^ 0 c(& C 3 4 ! ] 6 A8r : 0 # 0 , f83 0 ,: 3 7A # C ^ E ( ,: "-+ 0 : ")+ # > A) : )7 A !-% Psychomotor G"3( ? F 0 A1 0 : @ ] : _ 7 A " X"r% # $ %& 6 : ")+ # > A) , L3 _ 0 1_ 0 3 7 $ %> M I # a

_ 6 l> +) 0 ;) , f83 6 :" )8) : "-+ # > A) )7 ,:%0 : _ 7 .( > - : 6&+) : _ 7 I /" # (U > Y0 # MY :%0 '> A) ?&8 8 : 6&+) : _ 7 A " X"r 6 #WB^)

â€ŤŘĽďşłďş˜ﺎاďş—ďť´ďş ďť´ďşŽŘŞ ﺎďş” ďť&#x;ďť ďş˜ﺪعﺲ اďť&#x;ﺎďş&#x;ﺢ‏ "+8 0 2%> 8" 3 35 l A :H_W( M( ,{> l Q -/ 6 "+) # &/ :MY :*+ ' X L "'$Q ' 1( ~&r , )"+8% A &% ( VWM " +8% 6 A C ; ) : N &83] e N { -%0 IX M "+8% ~yp #f  p #f \Cf Ë?  1 Ë? k Sf €F 6f

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ĂĄeó≤ªdG : N &83 .)P8 0 Constructivism : @ 7L :%&H7 C $ 6 A )"+8% 8 l> +) ;^8B%0 A1; [ 7L% 6 VWM : T "+) , -% :/? 7 2%> 8 I : f%> :! B% 0 VWM L8 & % 4 3 0 :"B^) , Z -8 ‰ I:^ 7)" VWM" :J&6 C M ‰ 4 ) 0 ,=1;7 X I A 6 &B;% :% &6 4 ) 0 , s 0 + )+ '& rJ # )N( 6 : 0 + 4 ) . )+ M%U ‰ I A1; VWM . 0 VWM 0 "+) . #W ; A 6 ‡ /% : )? ="_ 0 =8^ 7( ) t$ 0 Â… f"8 "+) , -% VWM h+ X ? .( ~0& 0 0 + ) 0 :^ 7( :% A 6 ‰ Iˆ ,. & A # %&H w M7( ,# W ,# ;%&+ :# 3 35 F7)P8( I A1; [ # W+ 0 † f h+ l ^8 ] # L? 0 4c7) 0 !; Y J&6 F VWM C M ‰ I:"% . & 0 4 "_ C M " VWM M N^ ‰ I ' % N : W+ 0 , A;) " 4 ( ]0 4 ( "+) M+% ;( ' .)$ : W 0 , A;( 2%> 7 ‰ IVWM .( : +6 : > ^( 0 'c N # ?] ~& 0 Q@ -/ &3 0 . -"8 . +L ‰ I' _ :!/ 6 2%> 8 w&I # "1 M% 7 ‰ 0 .( 0 "+8 o M VWM" : 0 +8 # )N) 6 0 &; )+ '&86 6 :J Y :% > C M " †&/ ‰ I. ;8) VWM :L17 4 / ` 0 , "+8 " A > 6 81) M )? VWM /% '>0&P .( 2 −:% &; w0&; ' &( M( 4c7) 6 0 !; Y C 3 # L? M% 7 ‰ "!% 8_ A( - u_W%m 0 , 5 / A , - m 6 ,|l +P } VWM :L17 :J Y V 8B 6 .%> )8 I# L? 6 . ?> 8( P6 # % 81( I:L8B) 6 0 "+) X8B( 6 !; \> Y ' 1)" # 1 h+ % / ‰ I>&-) 6 w ;8 0 e N7 =7B)% = [ &+^% " X M ' 1( ‰

â€ŤŮˆďşłďşŽďş‹ďť‚ ďş—ďťŒďť ďť´ďť¤ďť´ďş” ﺎﺔ‏ † & 0 F@ &i 0 w >0 " :"N1 0 :8 € '> J 0 ,:( 3&( 0 : 8B( : ) "+ ' ( ) "+8 F 3 (m : &/8( I& L) " : cf( 0 CDs :N( ( B% 0 I# N(&L 0 : ) "+8 ) , f83 0 ~& 6 :( f81) 'cA?5 0 # 0 5 : ) "+8 F@ 3 )^ 0 ‚ )7 3 U A? 0 :)8+( > J 0 # 6 ;i ~&+ 'cA? 0 : B 83W 0 : L^Y +F M 0 : & # M 0 -F !"( ) "+8 F 3 Z I: ")+( V> N 0 : 3 7 4 Bi5 ' /( \a ) 0 :+7!( 0 :+ LM .( ( B 0 , F 3 _ 0 F = WY .( {> )%0 =1;7 X M =( f81% ) "+8 F 3 6 J5 0 = ^) ;8B% ] , MF ^ s ) "+ W) F ( A) 6 , s d )+% 0 =" r^8 "+) , C 3 0 : $ %> : W l ^8 ] hands on V 3 / " X M )+% W : 3 7A 4 Bi5 h+ 3> 0 excelsheet : 0 N :_ " O( & (F f81( 40 N _5 ) 0 A8/J Q -/

Igeogebra ( …!f8) : $ %& O( &L 0 LOGO ? " O( & ' ;/"3 , f83 :"% y1 0 :; "_} ,:( :;! ' +8) : ) "+8 F@ 3 0 ,:J Y :;! ? 7B8 7 = o & L) 0 I="/( / ] "+8 : ") & 1 6 "+) &) 81% ' ? 7B8 7+) −| "+)"

(‍ اďť&#x;ﺎﺎﺿﺎت اďť&#x;ďťŒďşŽﺔ‏- ‍دﺑ‏Fâ€ŤďťŁďťŒďşŽﺎ Ůˆﺆﺡﺎات اďť&#x;ďşźďť’ اďť&#x;ďşœďşŽ اďť&#x;ďşœďşŽى ) اďť&#x;ďť˜ﺴ ا‏ âˆŤGhĂłdGh äÉbĂ“ŠdGh Ă´Ă‘ĂŠdG :âˆŤhC’G âˆŤĂ‰ĂŠÂŞdG d ^ ? I 9 T&L 9G $ , = 3 " e'& U \ 1 '# f F")L :\ H )& ^ : A 6 :M^ 5 ;7 : ; 0 ' _ :3 > + M 8% : "_]& I - -/ & r8) # a : , A;( l&+8%

3

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|{| = Ĺ 5 : '> iE M( , |{| = { : { -) : ٣‍ ŘŻ)Řł( = س‏: ‍ اďť&#x;ﺪاďť&#x;ďş” اďť&#x;ďş˜ďťœďťŒďť´ďş’ďť´ďş”â€Ź Â? = (‍ ŘŻ)س‏: ‍ اďť&#x;ﺪاďť&#x;ďş” اďť&#x;ďťœď´Şďťłďş”â€Ź {

I:- 1 4 0 " C ! { , C ! { : #W% /8 .( & €[ O8781% I - -/ & r8) # a 4 0 # 7/7( 3> " :- 1 #W% /8 QLM% |ÂŽ?+ {E| = |V+ {C | ,ÂŽ? = |V + {C |: '> ! " #] +( /% ÂŽ? G |V+ {C | ,ÂŽ? < |V + {C | ÂŽ? H |V+ {C | ,ÂŽ? > |V + {C |: '> ! " :7% L8( /% :M^ '> J 6 :;"8f( #] N( 6 : _0 : $ %> #WB^( _ 6 - -/ & r8) # a 4 0 , f81% d &9 5 RML , &'+ g *$H F")L :=? T )& : A 6 :M^ 5 ;7 : ; 0 ' _ :3 > + M 8% : "_]& Â? ! C , +IÇ˝ C G _ { C # { : 0 , { C = { 0 { C = † : : 35 : l&+8% I AJ Y O8781%0 , : 35 : " L )8 l&+8% I :%&1B 235 . l&+8% V = { C: '> ! " : 3 #] +( /% I +IÇ˝ { ,{Â?} − +IÇ˝ C G _ { C = { 0 { C = † : : )8%> z " : l&+8% I2B+ 0 : )8%> z " '> ! : 35 '> ! .( %F &L? 4 /% I AJ Y O8781%0 ,' /( # &86 6 : )8%> z " : " L )8 l&+8% I F : )8%> z " : 0 : 35 : . : W+ O8781% : : T # )8%> z " . l&+8%

&;J < † , &;J <{ , † sb + { sb = † { sb ½ C

C

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รกeรณโ คยชdG Iย ย { 3ย ' 8+) # )8%> z " l&+8% I:L3 / : T , f83 # )8%> z " :) ? % I: 35 #] +) h+ _ 6 :L3 / : T , f81% d &9 5 RML , B( ('& )I ''& F")L :h T )& : A 6 :M^ 5 ;7 : ; 0 ' _ :3 > + M 8% : "_]& I:+ 88) , A;( โ # + 88) 6 :( -( l&+8% I:"1"18) 0 :+ 88) . c )% I:;"8f( > ! A , + / O8781%0 , : 1/ :+ 88) l&+8% I.% . : 1/ U 305 .( 0 /( Y %0 , : 1_ :+ 88) 1/ F3 ? % I:;"8f( '> ! : 1_ :+ 88( 0 _ .( 0 /( ย )N( ? % :;"8f( > ! A , + / O8781%0 , : 3 7A :+ 88) l&+8% 0 /( Y %0 , 3 7A F3 0 1/ F3 . : W+ O8781%0 , : 3 7 :+ 88) 3 7A F3 ? % I.% . : 3 7A U 305 .( I:;"8f( > ! : 3 7 :+ 88( 0 _ .( 0 /( ย )N( ? % I: 3 7 :+ 88( 0 _ .( =87( & z ย )N( ? % I : B1 :"B^) : (:M 1L : / #WB^) h+ & 1; 6 : 3 7A 0 : 1/ # + 88) < % I#W1"18) 0 # + 88) " :M 1 : _0 : $ %> #WB^( _ 6 :L"M8( # ") C &? 6 # L3 / , f81% I4W/)$] : 0 )7 : ( : _ # - LM 6 : )8%> z " : 0 : 35 : .( B , f81% d: 9 5 RML ,i b ' D+ R' , ) R F")L :jI " )& : A 6 :M^ 5 ;7 : ; 0 ' _ :3 > + M 8% : "_]& I A " :M 1 # - LM 0 , + L( l&+8% 0 : 6 $ ย Y 0 )A7( %&+ )A7 : W+ 0 ,Q 6 8 0 % L8 .( . :( -( l&+8% I . & I.% / # a :%&H ย B;( 6 , + / O8781%0 , X? ( t /J {[ .% / # a :%&H ย B;( ? % 4 B3 G" ( 6 U ) O8781%0 ,.% / # a :%&H ย B;( #W( +(0 4 B3 G" ( . : W+ O8781% I :M^ '> J 6 I Q 6 8 0 % L8 V 1_ 6 V 3 / , f81% ย Hcย hG*K ย 9cย hG* ย cd {qG* ยฃIckG* ย cnย G* d 9 5 RML ,\ + 97 $ $H ; 0 & F")L :\ H )& : A 6 :M^ 5 ;7 : ; 0 ' _ :3 > + M 8% : "_]& I 4 0 # % A 6 :( -( l&+8% 'โ ',

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ย = { E K V + { C เปจ ร ย + K C

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_ V "3 0 :;"8f) & B;8 U ) 6 )8% ( 0 , A " 4 !/ w&I )3] l A y1 A a _ 6 I# $ %& "+ 0 "+ 4WY .( A8 )7 .B)% 8 0 #WB^) ,` a " 1 :+ LI .( A ) . )"+8) E : )7 6 , >0 # $ %&" :J Is &7L D! 1 W +" ; )L E & ?0 ,# E .( & z0 # %&H7 0 O@ 87 4 J " # W+ > " )8+ A )P) # $ %& 5 l E : )7 % &8 &L8 A I:_0&M) : $ %& :"B^)" 4 "/ .( 7 ' % ? # W > I# $ %& "+ l .( 3 3 = > 0 = +83 = t)1 ( > - =) "+ '>0&$0 , "+8) # ? / , )8 ] : f # N W +" ; )L = +83 # o; .( B G _ . +) − ;8) − "+8 M :J f # o;" # $ %& "+ / N > A< ( > - :o6 "+8 .B)% 8_ # o; .( :o6 B # $ %&" O 7( )! >0&P .( tLJ 0 ,= B( 0 = > 0 I @ !Y .( A%

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F 6 &rN +L" +% ,4 ! ] ? 7B 6 @ A , -8" :N 8 : & ) l 9 6 W =b W +" ; )L ,: ) + :;J A ] N( "8f) #WB^)" tLJ 0 ,l &I5 :B ^8( '& rJ :%&- + tLJ 0 ,h+L AP+ . 40 Q LM8" / J C ;8 ] L( +% 8 0 ,#WB^) :A? ( " '> A B(q ' _ 0 : 0 + G _ F ,W3 6 D +7 ,h+L AP+ " + 40 e 8; % 4 L8) )8 ] L( ="/( /6 l0&H < 6 % ( 0 I: ) + : "/) .( 1 E :o ┬Д 1 % ( 0 , 1 E & Y ? .( ┬Б&8^( 0 + 0 ) I` 6 1 "+8) A3> % 8 # $ %& O 7( B A) .( "+8" X 3 ' #&A<0 "+8 :? / > A< 6&+) > N; ] : ^ L U W +" ; )L I T X3 / , f83 0 : ) "+8 #] % ) 0 :"3 &) "+8 "+ 0 "+ 4 N( 6 . _ L 0 . % &8 L .( & L F (F )8 4 T X3 / , f83 # $ %& "+ ] I T X3 / , f83 # $ %& "+8 :%c "N E 0 : &+ O( &L .( % + #&A<0 # $ %& y &8 E 0 ' _ 0 :BL^ : T # L3 / .( : )N( F & : ) :( H7( y &8 E :t?"'?s l #'$ I W +" ; )L : 0 =( f83 '>0&P 7) . % &8 y+6 # c )( ' = : ) "+8 M ) ,# 3 ) ,# L ,# %>0 ,: 0&8B ] X8B : A7(0 # ( "+) > !( 6 :"@ A '&6 I ! %&L 0 , 0&8B ] %&L 4WY .( ` a0 &i L) & z 4 ! ] I'> ! 0 # ! XI f8 0 ! XI f8 0 ,&i L) 8B XI f8 4WY .( ` a0 &i L) 4 ! ] : 3 35 - "+ " VWM ' 1( .( V 3 /" ) "+8 , f83] ┬Д 78% : $ 3 I u& W +" ; )L ,w ;8) X M" 0 w +) X M 0 ,'> - F3 8) X M" : +6 ' V 3 / 0 , -+) & B;8 # N &83] A)"+ ┬З /L y8L┬А 0 ,:;"8f) # > - 0a VWM" : 78) # ? 8_] :A? ) ) "+8 B8 " = > .( ` a [%0 6 : +6 :" 30 V 3 / ) ,#WB^) _ 60 & B;8 6 y 0 AN &6 % CAI V 3 / 0c) "+8 IVWM : $ %& C MY5 \W 0 ┬Е f^

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áeó≤ªdG IV o8 ] 0 \ c) & r # 0 &AH ,]d0 , ! : ( =- &) 7 :L_ !) :) 1N +) :=&(X &7 SP A# + I"' RM' + [ )1N )7 X ? : )7 " )+ 8 : ")+ A - LM 0 , "+ 0 # $ %& ' ( .( ' ;83] I :;"8f) . Y 8 :3> )) #WB^) h+L & !L 0 VWM %&+8 :;"8f) ) 6 : 6&+) l 5 , )8 ] IC J] > 8Y 0 ≈côëdG ƒªædG :% 6 - &) 0 , : &/ 0 U ^7 " B%0 4 )f 0 1B X M ( M%&1 )1N )7 . O87% .( F-1 0 =$&8+ 8 , 1?5 , M!% ( & 0 c ] , + = &_ 18 0 Q & z &/ :-6 B% :"_&) F .( % + =" )/ 0 A - "+ 0 > LB -7 =$&+ &/ > &-83 , " 1% )(0 , A `1)% 8 C i5 :% % . I c ] -60 L >] = XL1% )( ,: )8?] # o1) :oG"3 &7 SP A# + I "' RM' I :;"8f) :M^ ] Q%&I . &/ )7 :% >0 M N^ I : $ %& : &8 "+( M( 0 +8 : &/ :M^ 5 # $ %& # $ ( h+ . )P ≈∏≤©dG ƒªædG ) 6 H : - 3 ) '> - 0 : B B ) '> - 0 : B) '> - 0 :% + '> - 0 :% r" '> - ( : "-+ # > - 6 #WN) 0 !- 'C & 0 : ?> f #W_& 0 WI] 0 'C &- Q &) )% G _ , :- &) '&86 4WY &MP) :J f # & ) = 8 0 ,= & ( Q%&I . - 0 = a . & L+8 Q &) 40 /%0 ,: 3 > O 7) . +L" : 0 /( I 1;7 Q P 0 Q"- .( V0&A 0 #] +; ] %&;8 :" 30 B 0 , )8?] )7 0 "-+ )7 # (W .( :(W : o ) &7 SP A# + I"' RM' I & B;8 6 )"+ V "3] , f83 " VWM X%> I A > C $ 6 # ; "B8 0 , A) h+ 6 A &i 0 VWM . :% &; w0&; ' &( á«aô©ªdG äÉ«∏ª©dGh äGQó≤dG ) : 6&+) : ")+ Q"+8 )7 = , - 0 =") &; M M81% ( '> - 6 ,: 6&+) # ")+ . # > - "8f

" )^ '> - q 4 - .B)% = q6 = " 0 :;"8f) # & r8)" X N81% 0 -+ 6 >0 % ) 0 = a -+ 6 /%

( =8/L : "-+ : _ 7 " '> - q6 ` 0 ; A N83] :;"8f) 4 Bi5 0 A & ( 0 : 6&+) # ")+ = ( 4 I0 81(0 = i 6 )7% L8 E : "-+ # > - " )8+ 8 : 6&+) # ")+ 0 ,: @ &-83] # > - +; ] 0 "-+ 0 )1N &; )7 & [8% > E 0 ,&1%0 : A3 6 ' -+( :"% I #WB^( V + 83 Q &) M M81% & 8 : ") )7 0 ,Q &) 7 &N) 7+) 81) ;M 7 &i L) 1/ 81) .( )7 6 , )8?E 0 &J 7+ . # W+ \ 8783 0 A; " )8+% Q &) 7 & 8 0 ,l&+8 0 ?&83] 0 u;/ " '> - A+( )7 0 P% 0 :;"8f) = &LY0 = ] +; 0 A = 8)83 0 / =" ( :?> :;"8f) # $ )" &; & & [8%0 & 8% 8 I L8 ] " '> - )7 4] 83] .( :;"8f( c;/ # & r8( .( =7)P8 ) 0 :M /) :o L Q &) 7 & [8 A q6 & B;8 : ") ( Q &) : B) '> - &AH ) ,: H;" '> ! " 7L) &N) f8 " Q &) '> c ,#WB^) _0 ( ,# )1N) 0 4 Bi5 # &_ > ! : A3 6 : B) # W+ > 0 :;"8f) : 3 7A 4 Bi5 A6 " = > 6 :- &) '&86 4WY ) 6 ' &M( # > - H 0 ,: &30 : A1 # ")+ C &? " '> - 6 t$ 86 :% + '> - I :- &) :"_&( &Y 0 6 +P A q6 : > ] : &1 '> ( , i& '&860

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: "Y & H) .B 0 ,# & )" # N83] > M 0 & r 6 & )7" 0 , A & r8( : ) A6 ,#] +; ] `" 6 &; :o @ Q &) N G _ ,#] +; E ' _ 6 :; 7 A :- &) :"_&( 18 0 ,& r8 A7( > &-83] 0 # L " V& B

2/ ]0 ,=; ( > - ] M)8N) 0 :3> ) 0 '&35 [ Q &) &+^%0 , -7 & ,> LB " F &)8( $05 " '> I 7 0 &) 0 = > =1; % T ! 0 +1% A6 , % N =3 1_q := ) ?% &7 SP A# + I"' RM' A WB^) A8 > ^(0 > B6 ~& 6 VWM" "+) : > ^( 4WY .( VWM : W-83] 0 :- : )7 I : !f^ III C cA83] 0 :%&f1 0 L V -+ :% &8 & z V -+ X 3] "+) V 78? ≈YɪàLE’G ƒªædG , & z0 w 6& 0 ' - 0 . )"+) !f^ 4 ! ] 78%0 , )8?] U ^7 #] N( c :- &) :"_&( :% M( : ;M :"_&( 6 = "3 MLM 8 : 5 X ? h+ .( Q &) "f8% )8?] ;8 0 # W+ '&@ 1 0 [ 0 2;7 :- & H( =% [8 .%&YT M( ="( + 0 Q &) ; C 7 0 .%&YT M( 0 +8%0 M+%0 Y[% 40 / 6 : % _ :-%&I0 =1 W(0 &AH) :% 7+" Q &) ( % ( , -81( = &; =8 ) [ .%&YT > +i =8 0 /(0 ,# I:$ %& #] N( 6 0 !/8 #] N( 60 = ; 0 = > . 0 =1; . & F /8% N76 :o5 &'!% &7 SP A# + I"' RM' I=8 !fi : )7 6 X M 4 ( > ) 83 I. )"+) 0 VWM . )8?] ;8 : )7

‫إدراة وﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬ F ( : ) "+8 : ")+" ;78 0 F Mf8 6 VWM : > ^( " )8+ 8 0 "+8 :o L "+)" ' N '> E )8

)A( s W I' ^7) : ) "+8 l 5 Q -/ 6 )A( , "+8 ) (5 4Wr83] 0 AN & 6 " s &!7 0 F >0 F = B% 0 : ) "+8 : ")+ > /( X M B% '>0&$ " 8 : % / :% &8 X 35 > A< M(0 6 ( 0 F^7 "+8 >0 " [8 M(0 ,: ")+ '> 6 = &8i P;) .( 8 0 : ) "+8 : ")+ 6 s N% "+8 :o '> "8f G _ ,:% :"_&) VWI @ !Y ' &( M(0 ,:% &8 # & r8 `"8 "+8 :o '> =8")? t7( ` a X"M8%0 , 3 > !; Y :%> E 4 ) 5 h+L , - = t)1% )( 0 , "+8) 4 _ "+8 A 6 c &)8% 8 :( + - .( : )N( M$0 X"M8% &(5 , "+) l &i 0 : ? y/ s a "+8 :o '> 6 :%&/ h+ VWM :: 8 U0&^ A &6 8% "+8 :o Y ( +8" A =) 0 :3> ) # 3 30 M( :-6 8( B IIIIICW(c , &8_ − : 3> ) '> E , &8_ − "+) , &8_ − B) :6 H7 , )8 5 : (

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áeó≤ªdG : "% ) 6 )8 "+8 :o # B( q6 .(0 ,:% &8 :M^ 5 .( F +F ( 0 ;7%0 MMf% A)"+( : ) "+8 : ")+ ;7 :-%&I0 # MY % /8 N F Mf8 : ) "+8 : ")+ # ? 8_ :A N) !;" ) H78 IVWM 0 "+) . ;8 w&I 0 X 3 % / ' ^7) l 5 Q -/8 VWM # ? 8_ :A N) !; 7( :o A IVWM "3 FL$ I N "+8 "+8 : ") _E 4Wr83 P6 :M /) :o L 4Wr83 I "+8" .B)( y 0 &L Q -/8 y " (5 4Wr83] 6 e N7 = .)P% ) ="!6 '> E > !

=+$0 7 "+) A " c &% XN% 8 X N # B) / 0 F I=8)A( | G* hG* g`¤+ ,4*2(± gH5ÊG* j*4c G*K jc {G* :(U] A" 0 : 3 35 # > A) 0 # )1 .( : )N( &6 "+8 :o L :% &8 = 6 "+) e N X"M8% : A7(0 = 0 ;8( # ?> "+) e N7 6 : &1 0 ,c/ ,2;7 FL$ ,: o1) )/ 0 ,> B8 E " '> - 0 ,2;7 :- , d L) )^ 0 : A#C &(

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: 0 :( A U -7 .( &% "+) " XN% ` 0 ,F^7 "+8 l Q -/8 "+) ) e N7 # ? 8_ X3 7 Q LM8 7 ="% + 8% l 16 ="!6 "+) H )A( = 5 ; !; H7 6 :%0 c &N_ + 0 : ? "& I:( f81) 2%> 8 # N &83 0 VWM X & 0 !; Bi /% VWM = , -% l 3 U ^7 > L8 6 "+) MP% XN% : MC?% J ? I B 0 & 5 "+ − 0 +8 "+8 − &; "+8 : ( A &_0 VWM -( 0 &;) )+ VWM" .B)% 8_ B) H7 7+% F^7 "+8" !; H7 : H & v 8% ; w7L I=L & ' .B)% 8_ : &/ A3 F , f81% .B( 0 ,'& L # )N( 6 81) G _ .( VWM" :L3 7( B 0 : ) "+8 > !) " '&N/ .( Cc? 8/% XN% : & )' A& I A > / 0 &)+ d BM 1 I + " , " 5 " g¤ <c + hG* iEK ,4*2(* ^ 5 DT&I tE s F M#' n : ' M# I "&+ F M#' 70 DA D ; )' =b &9 y B I:M^ 5 0 2%> 8 :J f :;"8f) #WN1 :3 > A 6 Y %0 y 4Wr83 : ; " l " : WM83 :3 > I: :6 A81) l 5 % / I ;7 ,UW , A) 0 # % 05 % /

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I # % 05 0 l 5 C $ 6 , A) .( :)A( B ,UW y A 6 /% )+" :MY M$0 I /( .(U 40 ? Q60 :Mf ;7 IC 5 % - 0 :Mf ;7 :+ 8( Iy #WB^( :A? ) 4 "_0 X 3 7L +F L =8MY cN7% "+) " 0 ,2%> 8 _ &( .( :"_&( .(U =-6 &% ] ( {> F Mf8 7 & ^ 0 : T , -% = " rL7% ! Y =8 0 '> .( "+) .1/% B 0 , /) .(c" I A8% A y 0 A8% y G _ .( :!/ y , c8 E I A?W : ; 0 A L3 0 A8 0 ;781 0 :!/ C 7 =A? .B)% 8 #WB^) "/ I:!/ y 0 > ) 83 0 : " ; !; '> " ` a 1% G _ =3> N F Mf8 £ ¤ }qhG* 4cdh1±* jc 8*¢H Kw/ $c + X M !/ 81( = > -) t)1% &(5 , "+8) =)"+ 0 =L18 ( > -( % / " !/8 > L8Y] l A% :# MY ' " !/8 > L8Y] C 7L 0 > L8Y] 2; A " QLI .% VWM .( & z !/ 81) I A- -/ >&-) l A% 8 O 7 l 5 % / .(0 , A- -/ > L8Y] +1% 8 l 5 C $ 6 > L8Y] A Mr% 8 # $ ) > L8Y] 8/( % / XN% 8 # $ ) .)P8% @ 7 40 ? 0 ,# ;J ) 40 ? = " Q"M% @ 7 40 ? ) ` a Q -/ @ 30 # $ )" L17 U : L17 : ) 5 0 , "+8 O 3 > >&-)" : ) "+8 l 5 0 ,> L8Y] A Mr% A" ) X1 0 , 3 > >&-)" :( A X N" > L8Y] ) : )8_ .( %c% # ;J ) 40 ? , f83 0 I l 5 0 > 8Y 6 "+)" :? ) )+% 40 N , f83 ) ,> L8Y] w J .( M6&% &(5 ,' ^7) l I> L8Y] A7)P8% XN% 8 > B65 f & \ ! 5Q M ,2%> 8 : ") 6 = H/ , )8 ] 2B+ 8 0 A7( B : L17 U05 0 3 > >&-)" "+8 O % / I# ;J ) 40 ? ' ) " X8B 0 0 : L17 U05 % / > L8Y] +( 0 "+)" 718% B 0 , A7( ) :L1 0 , 3 > >&-) # $ ( % / :: 8 # A? ) : +83] =7B)% 3 > >&-) # $ ( ) :L1 I 3 > >&-) # $ ( .( $ ( 2%> 8 !f) .(c " F -6 # $ ) X8B A7( B : L17 U05 0 , 3 > >&-) A7)P8% 8 # $ ) % / + 0 %WY .( . +( # $ ) ) 8 l ;! 0 , "+8 O ) 8 ' ) 5 MI - . [^7%0 ,40 N l ;J :"o35 0 :"o35 :L1 >0 / 8 8/) # $ ( .( $ ( ) :?> 2B+ 0 / 8 # f .( $ ( B /) L17 U 0 , 8/) # $ ( .( $ ( B :L17 > L8Y] A7)P8% XN% 8 :: 8 # Mf L 8% # ;J ) 40 ? %WY .( : "Y B : L17 : ) 5 % /8 0 , 8/) # $ ( I: "f M$0 % / 8% I: "f M( MI -8% $ ) % / 8% I !" : "B :% o) :L17 % / 8% I: "f M( MI -8% l A )+" : "B :% o) :L17 % / 8% I )+" : "B :% o) :L17 % / 8%

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óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

Ő Ŀōŗí

äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG

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Real Functions and Drawing Curves

Real Functions and Drawing Curves óĊăŎĿí ôŃĊĸŃ

Kf x dg[f mgR }Z ʘ +f Ȗ 'k \g /k }Z k u _ K x [g /k Q yp e x2gf 6 W k ; * }Z e x2f i2/ ;qZ ʘ Z 6Vyl 2f x &yfy 'f x e7Ȗ8f mgRx ʘ1 C ^Ȗ x p f iy:6f i 2/ : g_f hlR }Z hg. TFyk 2 2+ x ʘ g _k 6 [f T^y lf <_Kf q f x <_Kf lb ˅ o c;f 1 2S }gR 6lSf Z 6 " x ʘ\ f c f x , 6f } f 1 : 52 , 5 hGZ ` _+ x ʘ} 6vcf g_f i :5 vg'; } f Ǜ vk 2/ : 6#c x ʘ m;'f }Z oyu2f ;p 9 ^ x ˙ɸɷɷ ˝ ˕m:˖ eyKf Ζ o7yf ˚ h#kȚ o7yf 2 2+ f }F 6f Kf }Z G i2/ ; ˅% pȖ 1y& }gR [g /lf 6 W lf 6 " : 52f R qCf }Z

ʘ 8 [f x F 6f }Z 6?R rk #f o6_f lgR 76 rk hBȚ z6; y;f ˕iɸɾɿɺ ˝ iɸɾɷɾ˖ Leonhard Euler 6g x x15 py f 2S x ;+ ,l; ^ȗS r Ryl'k 6B qR r I 5 f 2f o 6 Sk f 2f }gR fȖ2gf ˕9˖1 Ζ A x ̺Ζ̧˕̹˖ 8k6f i 2/ : wf ;q x e x1 }f 6Sf v Z Q6 x oy g f x k2_f oy 6Clf v typ } f #g#lf ;qf T l& ey* lb ʘ 9 h_ ;k 6.Ș A T 6 W k l ^ ky:6f (k 6 f x :2qvf ȗ y+ f Ǜk2/ ;k ǯ p vg #l x vbyg:x _ _+f e x2f rk [g /k Ǜ5yB Y6S : 2*yf t4u }Z ˅ #g#k ˅ [g /k Ȗ 'k }Z *x F 5 ȗc?k h* }Z _ _+f e x2f i 2/ : x

óĊăŎĿí łŀĬ÷ õîÿĎĈŃ ˄o f Kf rk T^y ʘ v Z K?pȚ 4 [q x ʘ 2*yf t4u : 51 2S ÓĆcZY A R phbhb UÐ éÐí{UÐ ê{ x

pad Y Óøn Y R ph>nhAí ph nxÚ

ÓĆx UÐ }h?j> Y HÚØ nY h= =}x

ànZi ÒÚ É R ph d eUÐ éÐí{UÐ dL pb=n UÐ phbhb UÐ éÐí{dU inh UÐ h e UÐ L r x pb=n UÐ ÓĆx UÐ }h?j>í ºng HÐÚØ =n UÐ "geogebra" Ð} h@ h UÐ sYni}= êÐ{ Hn=

Lne@ eLí ànZfT

ÓĆx UÐ Y T }h?j> s f x

dL å@ ! Ñ!Ü Ø C ºÑ !(C ! Ü Ø

pb=n UÐ éÐí{UÐ

Ónhf fY HÚ dL pb=n UÐ ÓĆx UÐ ]x

phbhb UÐ éÐí{UÐ

ÒÚ [UÐ dL ÓøØn_Y x

| @ + Ü E| = |Ñ + Ü C| º å@ | Ñ + Ü C |

ÒÚ [UÐ dL Ónfxn Y x º @ H |Ñ + Ü C| º @ > | Ñ + Ü C |" @ G |Ñ + Ü C| , @ < | Ñ + Ü C |

phbhb UÐ pUÐ{UÐ ê gaY æ}_ x

=nbeUÐ én eUÐí ºphbhb UÐ éÐí{UÐ én Y Ø{ x

ngU î{eUÐí

éÐí{UÐ {xÐ~> phbhb UÐ éÐí{UÐ ØÐ}JÎ s f x

éÐí{UÐ Ó ? éÐí{UÐ Snf> ph@íÛ ngi T rhA Y phbhb UÐ éÐí{UÐ â i Ø{ x pxØ}R íÌ

Øí{ UÐ ÓÐ}h T éÐí{UÐ æ}_ x

pUÐØ ph_h=} UÐ pUÐ{UÐ éÐí{UÐ Ónhf fY H}x px} cUÐ pUÐ{UÐ ph h_c UÐ pUÐ{UÐ ÜnhbeUÐ

ngfY T ÞÐ B s f xí

2

‫ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 2*yf t4u vp Z ˄o

phbhb UÐ pUÐ{UÐ ê gaY æ}_ x

ngU î{eUÐí =nbeUÐ én eUÐí ºphbhb UÐ éÐí{UÐ én Y Ø{ x

ohT}> phbhb UÐ éÐí{UÐ dL Ónhde_UÐ L p] Y Ò}cR æ}_ x éÐí{UÐ

phbhb UÐ éÐí{UÐ ÞÐ B _= æ}_ x

negfh= ç}axí pxØ}aUÐ éÐí{UÐí ph@í~UÐ éÐí{UÐ æ}_ x .(one - to - one pxØnAúÐ pUÐ{UÐ æ}_ x

Ó ? éÐí{UÐ Snf> éÐí{UÐ {xÐ~> phbhb UÐ éÐí{UÐ ØÐ}JÎ s f x

éÐí{UÐ

Øí{ UÐ ÓÐ}h T éÐí{UÐ æ}_ x

pUÐ{UÐ ÜnhbeUÐ pUÐØ ph_h=} UÐ pUÐ{UÐ éÐí{UÐ Ónhf fY H}x

ngfY T ÞÐ B s f xí px} cUÐ pUÐ{UÐ ph h_c UÐ

ÓĆx UÐ Y T }h?j> s f x

pb=n UÐ éÐí{UÐ dL å@ ! Ñ!Ü Ø C ºÑ !(C ! Ü Ø

phbhb UÐ éÐí{UÐ Ónhf fY HÚ dL pb=n UÐ ÓĆx UÐ ]x ÒÚ [UÐ dL ÓøØn_Y x

º| @ + Ü E| = |Ñ + Ü C| º å@ |Ñ + Ü C| E + Ü @ |Ñ + Ü C|

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ zB y2b hcN 6 1- wV z6 6Ĕ NsBsgb lf a r.b .O `cWb r zgz_b r y4zWb ^ t2*Ĕ zOz Gb escOb lf o2zRr Us6 .&sb m0o wVr Ů p 6 1- b Gcb \ 6 .Zr Ů o2zRr 2z ^ a r.b as& 6 1.b lf .y4gb wcN b Gb U2O y 5 z[gb a r-r ( z z_O b Ů zOz 2 b Ů zG+b Ů b Ɯ-r.'b lf `b/r Ů Xy2O b -.O f a r.b `b0^ Ů y27_b ar .b r z6.kpb đys' b `b/ wV f¹ .+ 7f p zk'kf h61 ađ* Wc +gb d 6sb e .+ 6 Pf (-.g b Ů a [ jĐ Ů 5 _OjĐ Ɯ zfs62b 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 s6 pg61 wV z"sbsk_ cb wbĒ 6 'cb (GeoGebraƜ d f zfs62b $f 2 b e .+ 6 r a r.b m0o = s* DO wcN U2O y Us6 g^ Ů c b r a r.b Ů z?Z k b a r.b Ů y.y 4 b a r.b Ɯ o- 2F z& lf z"r3 a r- a r.b m0o DO is_ w f ' y h ( b d' b Gb es[y Us6 .&sb y pj wVr y-2V a r- pCO r g^ Ů 5 z[b 4f1 wcN dg ; w b ky gb r Đ- Ogb DO wV z z&r zB y1 đ_;f d& wV a r.b 6 1- e.+ 7y Ɗ Wc +f Đ #f Ɗwo 5r1- 7g* lf .&sb m0o is_ r Ƌ z[z['b a r.b ƊarĔ 51.b Ƌa r.b - 2F Ɗwj b 51.b Ƌ y-2Wb a r.b r z"r4b a r.b Ɗ b b 51.b Ƌa r.cb wj z b dz g b ƊP 2b 51.b Ƌ [cGgb gz[b ky fr Đ- Of d& Ɗ8f +b 51.b 2Z ` đF lf cF .&sb 5r1- A2N wV . b d Z lf 2z _b (Bs w b r b Gb ^ wV 'Bsgb f.[gb a r.b pzV e.+ 7 w b escOb r Đ #gb lN fscOgb hb N lN fscOf f.[gb (Bs g^ Ů Wc +gb pN sj Ƌ b .b 3sf1 qzb 7ky t0b r t27ys7b zB y2b fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b wb Ms"2b ` đF wb cF gcNr a r.b lN fscOgb lf .y4f wcN as?'cb ( j2 jĐ Ɯ l_gy w & a r.b a #f wV f p6 hpb t0b zB y2b lf qkgC fr 5r1.b 0zWk k fscOgb m0o lf - W 6Đ Ƌ G;j

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

2


ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí px} T pUÐØ Ñ

Rational Function

ÑÚnb> B Ñ

Asymptote

x > Ñ

Transformation

HG+gb (Bsyr (wk'kgb -.g r O¹ f z[VĔ z6 2b - z[VĔ Ƌ ky gb r a r.b d& ađ* lf z z'b [z G b

énb iÐ pAÐÛÎ Ñ

Translation

Ünc_iÐ Ñ

Reflection

Ø{e> Ñ

Stretching Graphical Solution

pxØ}R pUÐØ Ñ

Odd Function Monotony of a Function Increasing Function

Constant Function polynomial Function

Co domain

p =n? pUÐØ Ñ

Vertical Line

Øí{ UÐ Ò}h T pUÐØ Ñ

pbd]Y pehS ÜnhbY pUÐØ Ñ Absolute Value Function

phbhbA pUÐØ Ñ

én Y Ñ

Domain

px{xÐ~> pUÐØ Ñ

ph[Snf> pUÐØ Ñ

Decreasing Function

inh= A Ñ

pUÐØ ØÐ}JÎ Ñ

Real Function

=nbY én Y Ñ î{Y Ñ

Range

HÌÚ B Ñ

x}_ UÐ ÒØ{_ Y pUÐØ Ñ

Piecewise Defind Function Even Function

‫زﻣﻦ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ I:!_

óĊăŎŀĿ ŐńŔĨň÷ ĢĤĈŃ õîŔňĄňńĿí łēčō ôŔĸŔĸĄĿí ĽíōĊĿí

:‫ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ - wczc' b 2z_W b - wN . Ė 2z_W b - .Z kb 2z_W b Ƌ đ_;gb d&

óĊăŎĿí đōčĉ ˅ _ _+f e x2f :(ɸ - ɸ˖ 952f ˅e x2f 1 6J :(ɹ - ɸ˖ 952f ˅ 16[f e x2f x &x8f e x2f :(ɺ - ɸ˖ 952f ˅ :2qvf ȗ y+ f x e x2gf p f h #l f :(ɻ - ɸ˖ 952f

ôĿíĊĿí ĽîĀŃ ôŔĸŔĸĄĿí ĽíōĊĿí

˅ _gKlf l _f q kx Ȗ1 Sk h* :(ɼ - ɸ˖ 952f

ôĿíĊĿí ŏĊŃ

:‫اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ 6 & b - iscf 2z: F - O 2f 1s 6 - zgzcO b 1s 7b - zV W: - w6 1 YsV A2N 3 p" - zj z 6 & b - zgcN (GeoGebraƜ s6 'cb zfs61 $f 2

ôœĊœíĐ÷ ôĿíĉ ôŔĠķîň÷ ôĿíĉ

ôĿíĊĿí ĉíĎģí

ľëîēŎĿíō õíōĉŗí phY HÚ sYÐ} = Øí~Y UË oHnA phY HÚ p HnA pUË (Graph, GeoGebra

ôøñîû ôĿíĉ ôŔÿōď ôĿíĉ ôĿíĊĿí ľûîń÷ ôœĉĎij ôĿíĉ

‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ‬ [y2Gb - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob Ƌ đ_;gb d& - wjr O b hcO b - zF k 6Đ :‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ‬ wV zN g#b r y-2Wb y2y2' b r zpW;b c 6Ĕ wV d g hzz[ b hc6r &2 [gb G;jĔ r 51.b .O r 51.b k f N y1. r y-2Wb r zN g#b Xzb _ b r Ů pkf d_ = +b Ƌ .&sb y pj wV wg^ 2 b 1 *Đ r .&sb wcN

ôŔēĊňŌĿí õŜœŎĄøĿíō ĽíōĊŀĿ ŒŇîŔòĿí ľŔüńøĿí

õśĉîĬńĿí ľă ôŔ÷îŔă õîĸŔòĤ÷ õîňœîòøńĿí ľă

3 ÒÚ [UÐ dL Ónfxn Y x º @ H |Ñ + Ü C| º å@ > |Ñ + Ü C|" @ G |Ñ + Ü C| , å@ < |Ñ + Ü C|

R ph>nhAí ph nxÚ ÓĆcZY A R phbhb UÐ éÐí{UÐ ê{ x

pad Y Óøn Y

R ph d eUÐ éÐí{UÐ dL pb=n UÐ ÓĆx UÐ }h?j> Y HÚØ nY h= =}x

p]ZiÌ ÒÚ É

}h?j>í ºng HÐÚØ =n UÐ phbhb UÐ éÐí{dU inh UÐ h e UÐ L r x ànZfT "geogebra" Ð} h@ h@ sYni}= êÐ{ Hn= pb=n UÐ ÓĆx UÐ

Lne@ eLí

éÐí{UÐ _ U inh UÐ h e UÐ R ànZfT phinh UÐ p Hn UÐ pUùÐ ê{ x

éÐí{UÐ ì|w ÞÐ B pHÐÚØ ? pxØn_UÐ ç}]Un= ngdh e> o_[x UÐ

‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ا(ﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ đys' b 'cG?f đGb p61- \ 6 w b 'cG?gb lf 7kb .y.#b 'cG?gb lfr (5 _Oj 4^2f a [ jĔ Ɯ Ƌ đys' b .& ^ -.g b r 1 [ b H* đGcb ‫ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪة‬ h z6 w b Wc +gb hzo Wgb lz ZđOb HG+gb 0o (Bsy a r.b M sj (Bsy `b0^r .&sb 5r1- ađ* lf p 6 1- z6 2b & 3Ė Ɯ Wc +gb z6.kpb đys' b r p> s*r

3

ph@íÛ pUÐØ Ñ

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

Ĺ?†ĿĹ?Ĺ—Ă­

Ĺ?†ĿĹ?Ĺ—Ă­ ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

å≤≤ÍdG âˆŤGhĂłdG

1-1

Real Functions â€ŤŘ§ďşłďş˜ďťœﺸ‏

Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē I: - -ÂŁ : , A;(

Real Function

€_€_+f f 2f

Nsg#f d [gb pb #fr pb #f lf d^ i ^ / z[z[& b - - b .b wg7 Ć‹ pkf z 4" Nsg#f r I z[z['b - .NÄ” N

M

{ €

IJĹ“ÄŽďá

lz zb * 2zR lz Nsg#f lz ZÄ‘N pj gcNr ĹŽ b .b espWf 61- i \ 6 N 2> kN lf š .z&r 2?kN M 2> kN lf 2?kN d_b -.' z' N ĹŽ M š dddd S X - ĆŠ3sf2b .& b .cb 4f2yr : y W + m'<L pj V - 4f2b N Nsg#gb wb M Nsg#gb lf f b .b j4f1 / : B+ Ć…N = Q M 1 " L Ć„N # M : .z&r 2?kN lzO y M Ç˝ 5 2?kN d_b -š :m'<L - b .b .N [ N Ç˝= M N (5Ćœ- = = wg7 r ĹŽ b .b a #f M Nsg#gb wg7 -› Ć‹ b .cb d [gb a #gb N Nsg#gb 2 & {M Ç˝ 5 ĆŠ(5Ćœ- = =Ćž Nsg#gb wg7 -Âœ 2> kN 1s> Nsg#g U2O r b .b t.f DI & \ X& \ X& Ć‹ b .b a #f

š

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź

1-1

Function of a real variable

I 3 & F¤ > L8Y :6&+¼ %&+8 ' +8( : I ' .( & [

€[g.

I: - -£ : (0 4  % Œ I4 0 § # ")+

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí Function

:

Domain

4 Â

Co−domain

-( 4 Â (

Range Arrow Diagram

)A3 FMÂĄ

Cartesian Diagram

¢ FM¥

Vertical line

3 > FY

%&+8 ' +8( : Piecewise Function

: '

a #gb r a #gb wcN U2O r b .b espWf b Gb 51- i \ 6 ĹŽwj z b HG+gb r wgp7b HG+gb b .b d fr t.gb r d [gb ĹŽXy2O b -.O f b .b b Gb 51.y Us6 51.b 0o wVr DO r b .b t.fr a #f lzzO r b .cb w6 2b H+b 1 * Ć‹a r.b wcN t2*Ä” zcgOb 952f &6/k

Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí I: )" :L3 _ : d IX3 /" : ( 3> O( &

oyc o T^y lf rk w€Z K?pțf Ǜ4€[q x 952f 4u vp }Z ˄o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf

wV c ggb N Nsg#gb wb M Nsg#gb lf ZÄ‘Ob 1 ĆŠ z& ĹŽ b - d g 1r #gb wgp7b HG+gb {Ĺƒ ĹŽ Ĺ‚ ĹŽ Ĺ ĹŽ ŀƞ = b .b a #f wo M Nsg#gb {Ĺˆ ĹŽ Ň ĹŽ ņ ĹŽ Ĺ… ĹŽ Ĺ„Ćž = b .cb d [gb a #gb N Nsg#gb r Ć‹ b .b t.g U2O V {Ĺˆ ĹŽ Ň ĹŽ Ĺ…Ćž 2> kOb Nsg#f f

I: - -£ : , A;( l&+8% I: ¨ 8 # W+ % /8 3 & F¤ > L8Y :-%&I , f81%

ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ

: - -£ : (0 4  Š

ĹŽ b - d g Ä? py r b - d g z Ä’ zgp7b GG+gb kz gb ZÄ‘Ob lf t 1 Ć‹ b - pjs^ a & wV t.gb r a #gb ^ h zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

ô¨à ªdG äGP ĂĄdGĂłdG ≤≤ÍdG

4

:‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďşŒďş”â€Ź M Nsg#gb lf ZÄ‘N pj b .b espWf wcN ` Ä‘F wb .^ .& r 2?kO M lf 2?kN d^ pzV i2 [y N Nsg#gb wb M lf b - - 2[ r N ! M ĆŠ- 1s?b _ r N lf H[V N Nsg#gb r b .b a #g M Nsg#gb wg7 r N wb b .b t.f { M Ç˝5 ĆŠ(5Ćœ- = = Ćž Nsg#gb r d [gb a #gb Ć‹ b .b a #f 2> kN 1s> Nsg#g U2O r ‍اďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعس‏ hcOgb . y d [gb pb #fr pb #fr b .b espWf A 2O 6 .O a 7 . yr Ĺƒ = a gb aÄ‘* lf z[z['b b .b espWf A2O ĆŠ lN Ä‘Gb b .b a #f - t.gb - b .b i z - Âś" b - is_ i l_gy w b ZÄ‘Ob DO hpOf A2O 7y h Ć‹ zš j z c ggb a r.cb w6 2b H+b espWf `b/ wV fš .+ 7f

' .( & [ :6&+ÂĽ %&+8 ' +8( : l&+8% 4 0 § # ")+ h+ l&+8% I: § : ÂŁ # - LM8 h+ Š €: : 16[k − )A3 FMÂĄ − : ' − ( − -( 4  âˆ’ 4  âˆ’ : I %&+8 ' +8( − 3 > FY − : − FMÂĄ k2/ ;lf €l€gS f 1 ylf

- w6 1 YsV A2N 3 p" - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b zfs61 $f 2 - zj z 6 & b - zgcN 6 & b - zV W: Ć‹(GeoGebraĆœ s6 'cb *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

Ć‹ Ä‘_;gb d& - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob < 52 f o ck

( -.O gb H 6sb ĆœwbÄ’ 6 'b V2R - w6 1.b d?Wb mgS f 51 Ck : 0 :BL^ − Â?‹ :/;J ÂŞ ž :/;J .( X M V 8

˕ ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ˖ 6l ;lf m€€_ f

I y ÂŤ E # ( "+)"

Ĺƒ= Ć™d' i ar &Ćš .k wV -1r f d& ` Ä‘F wb cF b - - b - 7zb - b - 7zb (Ĺ€Ćœ zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

4


š-š

≤≤◊G Ă’¨à ŸG äGP ĂĄdGĂłdG (ɟ˖A mgS 2q }Z

š-š

N

lf o .fr b .b a #f - #y zWz^ wcN ` Ä‘F wcN .^ ˜ Ć‹(h62b lfĆœ `b/ (Bsy t0b Ĺ…= (Ĺ‚Ćœ a f aÄ‘*

N

{

€

{

M

€

M

{

€

âˆŤGhĂłâˆ?d ÂťfɍÑdG πãªà dG ĆŠi t b .b i z wg7 b .b .N Z \[' w b 2gb ! r3Ä” Nsg#f i V N # M : j ^ / { (5Ćœ- = = ĹŽ N Ç˝= ĹŽ M Ç˝ 5 ĆŠ(= ĹŽ5Ćœ Ćž = - i z b .b wk'kf r b .cb {j z b d_;b h62j { 1 _y.b ts 7gb wV 2gb ! r3Ä” m0o dz g r Ć‹{ (Ĺ… ĹŽĹƒĆœ ĹŽ(Ĺˆ ĹŽĹ‚Ćœ ĹŽ(Ň ĹŽĹ Ćœ ĹŽ(Ĺ… ĹŽĹ€Ćœ Ćž = - i z ĆŠ \ T =b :n % Ć‹ c?Wkgb H[kb lf Nsg#f so b .cb {j z b d_;b -š {j z b pcz g PG[y b .b a #f 2> kN lf 2?kN d^ .kN 1 gb {6 2b H+b -› Ć‹ .z&r G[j wV

=

{

5

â€Ťďş—ďťŒďť ďť˘â€Ź Â

Â

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ˖ 6l ;lf m€€_ f

b - d gy (ĹƒĆœ d_: ĹŽ (Ĺ€Ćœ d_: 2 wV wj z b d_;b PG[y w6 2b H+b iÄ” b - d gyÄ? (Ĺ Ćœ d_: Ć‹ G[j lf 2 ^ (Äż ĹŽĹ Ćœ G[kb 1 gb w6 2b H+b iÄ” b - d gyÄ? (Ĺ‚Ćœ d_: Ć‹E [kb lf q kf 2zR -.N wV wj z b d_;b PG[y

N

− −

'W> (d' i ar & Ćœ .k {V -1r f d& ` Ä‘F wb cF ˜ & (Ĺ…Ćœ

M

1s'gb t3 sgb Ćœ w6 2b H+b espWf i Ä‘Gb wb .^ ˜ / r H[V .& r G[j wV b .b wk'kf PG[y ( - ?b 0o e.+ 7yr ĹŽ b - ( ? Ä? `b/ lf 2 ^ wV pOGZ Ć‹(Ĺ„Ćœ= (Ĺ Ćœ a f d& wV espWgb wcN o .f r b .b a #f ^ l_gy qj ` Ä‘F wb .^ ˜ 1s> wcN r &s Wf X?j r [cSf r &s Wf 2 V 1s> Ć‹w .&Ä– ts 7gb wV 2> kOb lf Nsg#f

å≤≤◊G âˆŤGhĂłdG

−

≈°SCGĂ´dG §ÎdG QÉÑà NG a #gb 2> kN lf 2?kN d^ .kN w6 2b H+b i ."r / j ^ ĹŻ ZÄ‘Ob d g w b H[kb lf H[V .& r G[k 2gy N # M lf b - ZÄ‘Ob

− −

−

t(

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź

f 1 h#l } f ^Č—Sf 2 2+

Identify the relations representing the function

Ć‹Ä? e 5 wV b - d g = j ^ / f lzĂ? z Ä’ a _:Ä” lf d_: d^ wV 2

Â

Â

Â

− −

D<_

Â

− − −

D<_

− −

D<_

D<_ ĞĄĿí

b - d gy D<_ exČš Çž 52f hC[f Ë? f Kf b

5

€ 6" r 5 l

d^ t.fr a #f h62b lf $ k 6 ĹŽ z Ä’ a _:Ä” lf d^ wV ĆŠ b =

5 − − −

Ć‹H[kb lf q kf 2zR -.N wV wj z b d_;b PG[y (Äż ĹŽĹ€Ćœ G[kb 1 gb w6 2b H+b iÄ” ĹŻ b - d gy Ä? D<_ Ć‹ b - d gy D<_ Ć‹ G[j lf 2 ^ wV wk'kgb PG[y {6 1 H* ."sy iÄ” ĹŻ b - d gy Ä? D<_ ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ

=

−

5

−

5

− − −

−

5

Â

−

− − − −

Â

Â

Â

− − −

=

Â

Ć‹ 7b 2^/ Pf N # M lf b - d g z Ä’ a _:Ä” t lz 2

−

=

− − − −

äɍÌÍÌŸG º°SQh å≤≤◊G âˆŤGhĂłdG Ĺ?†ĿĹ?Ĺ—Ă­ ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

− − −

− − −

− Â

− Â

− Â

D<_

D<_

D<_

 âˆ’ − − −

− − − Â

f 2f z2k 2 2+

D<_

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź

Ĺ€ + 5 = (5Ćœ- z& I# Ć&#x;Ĺ„ ĹŽĹ€Ć ĆŠ- j ^ / ‍ أ‏3 Ć‹ b .b t.f h62b lf $ k 6 r ĹŽ - b .cb =? R D<C ;$ Ĺ€ + 5 = (5ĆœS z& I# Ć Ĺ„ ĹŽĹ€Ć ĆŠS j ^ / ‍ب‏

−

2 ƒ , „

Äż G5Ć…Ć… f.kNĆ…Ć…5 Äż > 5Ć…Ć… f.kN Ć…5 -

= ĆĄ5ĆĄ ĆŠ z& 5 z[gb b -

5

exČš Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČž b

− − − Â

: 52gf 1 >5

a r.b lf UsW> d_: wcN Xy2O b -.O f b .b _ wo a r.b m0o 2p: lfr p = +b pb #f pkf d_b z 4#b

ĞĄĿí

:∞jôŠà dG IOóŠà e ĂĄdGĂłdG

Ć‹ b .b t.f h62b lf $ k 6 r ĹŽ S b .cb =? R D<C ;$

Â

ƒ , „ \ X

 2 „ , „

− − − Â

o V2F gz[ 7f OG[ zĂŠ j z d g Ć&#x;Ĺ„ ĹŽĹ€Ć pb #f zG* b - - b .b ‍أ‏ Ć‹(Ĺ… ĹŽĹ„Ćœ ĹŽ(Ĺ ĹŽĹ€Ćœ lz G[kb t ((Ĺ„Ćœ- ĹŽĹ„Ćœ ĹŽ ((Ĺ€Ćœ- ĹŽĹ€Ćœ lz G[kb Ć&#x;Ĺ… ĹŽĹ Ć = 2 wb wg k w b H[kb Pzg#b y- ?b z .&Ä– Nsg#f sor Ć‹ b .b wk'kf (5Ćœ- = (5ĆœS i (B rr Ć Ĺ„ ĹŽĹ€Ć pb #f zG* b - S b .b ‍ب‏ G[kb pzV2F t.& gz[ 7f OG[ zĂŠ j z d g V Ć Ĺ„ ĹŽĹ€Ć Ç˝ 5 d_b PBs wj z b d_;b lf (Ĺ… ĹŽĹ„Ćœ t2*Ä” G[kb - O 6 Pf (Ĺ ĹŽĹ€Ćœ Ć‹ G[kb m0o .kN R2Wf 2 ]Ĺ… ĹŽĹ ] =S 2

„ , „ \ X

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

6


äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -

á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

5 - ŀ= (5Ɯ- z& Ů I#]' Ů ŀ] Ɗ- j ^ / ‫ أ‬3 Ƌ b .b t.f h62b lf $ k 6 r Ů - b .cb =? R D<C ;$ 5 - ŀ = (5ƜS z& ŮI# ]ŀ- Ů' -Ɵ ƊS j ^ / ‫ب‬ Ƌ b .b t.f h62b lf $ k 6 r Ů S b .cb =? R D<C ;$ Piecewise-Defined Functions

9r2[b 2O7b

:∞jô©àdG IOó©àe ádGódG

‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﺎوﻧﻰ‬

t2p;b ]đp 6Đ ( O_f 2 fƜ Łń w &

gzZ 7& h y 3 Sb r m zgb r 2p_b ]đp 6 .z:2 b ŃĿ zg^ H 2 > * ( 2;b O¹ pkf t2p;b ]đp 6Đ ŀĿĿ ńĿ w & Łń 2 ^ Ƌq gz[ ]đp 6Đ ŀńĿ ńĿ lf 2 ^ 3 Sb lf t2p;b ]đp 6Đ ( 2: 1 O6 d [gb ar.#b lz y Ɗ zb b zg_cb 9r2[b wOz Gb 3 Sb lf a4kf ]đp 6 gzZ dzf3 Pf 7& Ƌ9r2[b a3 kgb wV wOz Gb Ƌ y¹ 2p: O_f 2 f ŅĿ - Ƌ y¹ 2p: O_f 2 f łĿ - 2"9C aB9'$% & E ( )I # D eCL l $ 3'(& mP "q & E F qL Ɗwb b s'kb wcN I ǽ5 z& y¹ 2p: 3 Sb lf ¹ O_f 2 f ¹ 5 ]đp 6 gzZ 7'b - b - ^ l_gy ƩũĪ Łń H 5 H Ŀ f.kNƄƅƄƄƅ 5 ŃĿ ńĿ H 5 > Łń f.kNƄƄŀńĿĿ - 5 ŀĿĿ ńĿ < 5 f.kNƄƄŃĿĿĿ - 5 ŀńĿ

= (5Ɯ-

5 E 1 "TG I b") @+")' )' =0

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬ Ƌ Wc +f Xy2O .N Z pb #f lf z 4" Nsg#f d_b is_y z[z[& b - {o ŮXy2O b -.O f b .b ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

lf t2p;b ]đp 6Đ gzZ 7& h Ůwjr O dgN wV ` " '> lf [ 7b b .b e .+ 6 \[' 4 Ɗ zb b zg_cb 3 Sb ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ب‬ ¹ O_f 2 f ¹ O_f 2 f ¹ O_f 2 f ¹ ńŃ ¹ ŃĿ ¹ ŀń ‫أ‬ :∞jô©àdG IOó©àe ádGódG º°SQ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ł > 5 H Ł-

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

Ɗlz .N Z G6 s (5Ɯ- lzO r lz 2 V wcN V2Of - b .b

]Ł ŮŁ- ] 2 Wb wcN t Ł > 5 HŁ- f.kN 5- ł = (5Ɯŀ- := H 5 lz G[kb o V2F gz[ 7f OG[ d g zG* b .b wor ƅ (ŀ ŮŁƜ G[kb .kN R2Wf 2 - PBr Pf (ŀ ŮŁƜ Ů(ń ŮŁ-Ɯ ƅ dDI & D<C =b &G ]Ł ŮŁ-] ǾŁ iĔ ƅ

− −

Ɵń ŮŁ] 2 Wb wcN 2 ń H5 HŁ f.kN 5 = (5ƜŁ- : ? T 5 (ńŮńƜ Ů(Ł ŮŁƜ lz G[kb o V2F gz[ 7f OG[ d g zG* b .b wor ƅ Ɵń ŮŁ-]=Ɵń ŮŁ]F ]Ł ŮŁ-] = - \ X n <+ ƅ

¿CG ßM’

:n p'7'(? ;$" 1 Ɵń ŮŁ-] = - b .b a #f Ɵń ŮŀƟ = - b .b t.f

E

( :

O!

C

: 4 N(

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

DT&& o? R D<C =b

, C = \ X E , O! = 2

Ŀ > 5 H Ł-

f.kNƅŀ - 5

= (5Ɯ- j ^ / 5 Ŀ G 5ƄƄ f.kNƆƆƅŀ + 5 Ƌ o .fr b .b a #f h62b lf $ k 6 r Ů b .cb wj z b d_;b h61 Ƌ b .b t.fr a #f $ k 6 zb b zj z b a _:Ĕ lf d^ wV 6 ‫ب‬

− − − −

‫د‬

(7) áëØ°U ( πëJ ¿CG ∫hÉM) óæH »a OQhÉe πM ∂HÓW ≈dEG Ö∏WG : ≥jôW øY áë«ë°üdG äÉHÉLE’G ≈dEG º¡©e π°UƒJh Ƌ 2[Wb lf 2[V d' es[y !r3 d^ z' z k ` đF h7Z Ƌ 'z'?b asc'b wb as>scb Wc +gb asc'b ` đF Pf <Z j &

ŅĿĿ = ŀń * ŃĿ = (ŀńƜ- ‫أ‬ Ů ŁńĿĿ = ŀńĿĿ - ŃĿ * ŀĿĿ = (ŃĿƜ- ‫ب‬ ŃŀĿĿ = ŃĿĿĿ - ńŃ * ŀńĿ = (ńŃƜ- ‫ﺟـ‬

4

(ɿ˖ A h+ o ex * &

]ŀ Ů ŀ- ] - I = t.gb ] 'Ů ł- ] = a #gb 5 6 {Ł ƞ = t.gb I = a #gb ‫أ‬ {ł ŮŁ- ƞ = t.gb Ů I = a #gb ‫ب‬ ]Ł ŮĿ] - I = t.gb Ů I = a #gb ‫ﺟ‬ ] 'Ů Ł-Ɵ = t.gb Ů {ŀƞ - I = a #gb ‫د‬

‫أ‬

‫ﺟ‬

− − − −

− −

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f

.kNr ]ńĿ ŮĿ] pb #f wcN V2Of - b .b i đGcb lz lN ' j b .b a #f wb {g k w b hz[b t.& - #y Ɗđ ¹ gV b .b a #f lf z 4#b 2 Wb ŮŀńĿĿ = ŀńĿĿ - łĿ * ŀĿĿ = (łĿƜƋƋ 0_or ńĿĿĿ = ŃĿĿĿ - ŅĿ * ŀńĿ = (ŅĿƜ-

(ɾ˖ A }px S hlR 2q }Z

ľĄĿí

26 ]đp 6 i ^ / 2z ^ ]đp 6Đ gzZ 2 O do (ŀƜ Ƌ yÊ 2p: ¹ O_f 2 f ¹ łĿ 3 Scb d^ ]đp 6 'y2: 7& đGb lf cG l_gf (ŁƜ ? y¹ 2p: 3 Sb 7'b 26 Y2Fr 3 Sb wcN KV 'gb zgo as& đGb <Z j (łƜ Ƌ]đp 6Đ .z:2

f.kNƅ5 - ł

= (5Ɯ- j ^ / 4 ń H 5 H Ł f.kNƆƄƄƅ5 Ƌ o .fr b .b a #f h62b lf $ k 6 r b .cb wj z b d_;b h61

7

¬«LƒJ øμªj) ¢SQódG ≈a á檰†àªdG ÉjÉ°†≤dG áédÉ©e :ÜÓ£dG ≈dEG á«dÉàdG á∏Ä°SC’G

− − − −

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

8

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

6


-

»≤«≤◊G Ò¨àŸG äGP ádGódG

:É¡«∏Y äÉ«∏ª©dGh á«≤«≤ëdG ∫GhódG ∫Éée ójóëJ ˄}g l ȗKf 6b3

I so d [gb a #gb r a #gb is_y -r.'b 2z ^ b .b wV Ƌ pkf z 4" Nsg#f wcN V2Of l_ hb f Ƌt2 " 1 .[f r .& wo (5 1s>Ɯ b .b .N Z ƋwOz F -.N so -r.'b lf .& x wV 5 2zS gb 5 t2 " 27^ 1s> wcN p .N Z b - wo t2 #b 27_b b - -r.& 2z ^ b - .N Z lN 1 N qf [fr qG7 lf d^ Ƌe [gb 1 W> Nsg#f - I = t2 #b 27_b b - a #fr Nsg#f wo (]Ɯ = Ů -r.& { 2z ^ lz b - ] ŮY j ^ / V Ɗ z& i b .b i V ] b .b 1 W> (5ƜY (5Ɯ ]

á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG

É¡«∏Y äÉ«∏ª©dGh á«≤«≤ëdG ∫GhódG ∫Éée ójóëJ Determining the Domain of the Real Functions and Operations on it

Ƌ pb {j z b d_;b r pWy2O .N Z lf b .b a #f -.' y ¿CG ôcòJ

Ł5

'

Ɗ z Ē .N s[b V2Ogb z[z['b a r.b lf d^ a #f -.& 5 ł+5 = (5Ɯ - ‫أ‬ ł - 5 = (5Ɯ - ‫ب‬ Ł

ŀ 5-ł

ľĄĿí

_ −

10#b d* . f gzZ dO# w b 5 hzZ Pzg" so Ł- b .b a #f ‫ب‬ Ŀ G ł - 5 dO# w b 5 hzZ t Ů 2W> ¹ r ¹ "sf wOz 2 b ] ' Ů ł] =Ł- a #f `ƅƅƅł G 5 `ƅƅƅĿ G ł - 5 a

+

_ −

Ŀ < 5 - ł is_y f.kN V2Of Ń- is_ ‫د‬ ]ł Ů'-Ɵ so Ń- a #f i V qzcNr

+

'−

t-2V -.N 10#b dzb- Ů Ņ - 5 ł = (5Ɯł- ‫ﺟ‬

ƩũĪ

-r.& 2z ^ (5Ɯ 1 Ů ŀ < i Ů+N ǽ i z& (5Ɯ1 i = (5Ɯ- j ^ / I = - b .b a #f i V t-2V -.N i f.kN:% Ŀ G (5ƜȤ E2; 5 hzZ Nsg#f so - b .b a #f Ɗi V w"r3 -.N i f.kN : ^ ? 8 ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ł-5 ń

Ń+5

Ɗ z Ē .N s[b V2Ogb z[z['b a r.b lf d^ a #f -.& 7 ł + 5Ł = (5Ɯ - ‫أ‬ = (5Ɯ - ‫ب‬ Ł + 5ł - Ł5

Ł

ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ

Ƌ] gzZ ."r {łƞ- I so

Ł = (5Ɯ] + 5Ņ - Ł5

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

9

äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

4

= (5ƜŃ+ 5Ń+ Ł5 = (5Ɯ-

1 3

dO# w b hz[b k 6 Ł- Ůŀ- wb #f PF [ tr 7y .y.#b b .b a #f Ů [ 7b Đ 'b Pzg" wV M? B? Ƌ g7[b zcgN wV Ŀ = (5ƜŁŀ - 5ł = (5Ɯ ŀ- z& I # I Ɗ ŀ- n G UQ ł - 5 = (5Ɯ Ł- & I # Ɵł ŮŁ-] Ɗ Ł(Ł- Ƌ ŀ-Ɯ ‫ﺟ‬

( ŀ-- Ɯ ‫د‬

(ʀ˖ A h+ o ex *

{Ł Ůŀ ƞ - I ‫أ‬

Ł

(ņƜ

(ŀ-Ɯ ( ŀ-- Ɯ ‫و‬

(ŃƜ ( ŀ-- Ɯ ‫ﻫـ‬

١ - ١ ‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ‬

:(ʀ˖ A 2^ p 6 c[

7

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

(ŁƜ (Ł- Ƌ ŀ-Ɯ ‫د‬

Ł

I ‫ﺟ‬

¹ Đsp#f ] ko iĔ b 7gb m0o d& wV sO> b Gb .#y .Z Ƌ e [gb wV ] sor {łƞ - I so - a #f i wb m.:2jr b Gb .N 7j i l_gzV Ɗ wcy g^ ] gzZ - #y l_gzV ň = ] pkfr Ŀ = ] + ŀŇ - ň t Ŀ = ] + 5Ņ - Ł5 i V Ŀ = ] + ŀŇ - ň Ɗt ƅƅƅ Ŀ = ] + 5Ņ - Ł5 i V ň = ] pkfr

Ɗ z Ē a r.b lf d^ a #fr .N Z ."r :^% (Ł- - ŀ-Ɯ ‫ب‬ (Ł- + ŀ-Ɯ ‫أ‬

Ɗlf d_b - `b/ l_f i - y-.Ob gz[b 7& : ^ ? 8 (ł- Ɯ (Ł- - ŀ-Ɯ ‫ب‬ (łƜ (Ł- + ŀ-Ɯ ‫أ‬

(Ł-Ɯ (Ł- Ƌ ŀ-Ɯ ‫ﺟ‬ Ł

]ł Ůł- Ɵ ‫د‬

(5ƜŀĿ ! (5Ɯ Ł-Ƅ z&Ƅ (5Ɯ = ƄƄ(5Ɯ ( ŀ-- Ɯ ŁŁ Ł- 1 W> Nsg#f (Ł-Ɯ U z&

Ł

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f

Ɵ Ń ŮŃ - ] ‫ب‬

ŮƄƄƄƄƄ(5ƜŁ- Ƌ(5Ɯ ŀ- = (5Ɯ (Ł- Ƌ ŀ-Ɯ

Łe EŀeƄƄso Ƅ(Ł- Ƌŀ-Ɯ a #f

(Ł-Ɯ U - (Łe EŀeƜƄƄsoƄƄƄ( ŀ-- Ɯ a #f

:á«JB’G ∫GhódG øe πc ∫Éée óLhCG ň - Ł5

‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬

e x2f ȠR glSf :n b , m L"' = 5 Łl Ůŀl &0% X 1 ' , t? G UQ ŮƄƄƄƄƄ(5ƜŁ- ! (5Ɯ ŀ- = (5Ɯ (Ł- ! ŀ-Ɯ Łe EŀeƄƄsoƄ(Ł- ! ŀ-Ɯ a #f

Operations on Functions

Ɵł Ůŀ-] - I ǽ5 f.kN Ŀ ɨ (5Ɯ- is_ r {ł Ůŀ- ƞ Ƌ đGcb w Ē y1. b GN `k_gyr 2

z& - b .b a #f i ^ /

5

= (5Ɯ- Ɗ b .b a #f - #yĖ ˄Ǜȗ#lZ go b- Ogb 10" is_zV Ŀ = ł - 5 Ł - Ł5 ƊPCj

= (5ƜŅ- 5 - Ł5 = (5Ɯ-

ŀ

ń - 5 ł = (5Ɯ ł- ‫ﺟ‬

= (5Ɯ Ń- ‫د‬

ł-5Ł - Ł5

Ł5 - ŀ

ŀ

ň - Ł5

ń - 5 ł = (5Ɯł- ‫ﺟ‬

= (5ƜŃ- ‫د‬

ł! = 5ƅt ƅĿ = ň - Ł5 PCj `b0b Ŀ = e [gb is_y f.kN V2Of 2zR is_ ŀ- b .b ‫أ‬ {ł Ůł-ƞ - I soƄŀ- b .b a #f is_y qzcNr

= (5Ɯ i Ů (]Ɯ = - I = i a #f

ŀ5

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

f 2f e 'k ɪ S

Determining Domains

0 3 " TG \ X 3 5H 5 &X 5 &X = 5 b") 1<L ; d 97 Pu!

I = ł- a #f

ȿ z¹ [z[& y¹ 2 " ¹ 27^ b - i ȿ wg7 Ů ¶" + 5 + Ł5C = (5Ɯ- z& Ů - b .b 1 : lzzO b -.' - b .b 1 : i V Ŀ ɨ ¶" C Ń - Ł 4zggb i ^r Ŀ! C Ɗw Ē d_;b {V g^ Ł5 1 : d f Ŀ Ł5 1 :Ė Wb +f Ŀ Ł5 1 : d f (5Ɯ- 1 : '-

-

:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ɗwo b - d g w b r Ů zb b zgp7b GG+gb kz gb ZđOb 1 N

M

{

‫د‬

N

M

{

‫ﺟ‬

N

M

N

M

{

‫ب‬

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

{

‫أ‬

10


äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -

á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG

e ~ G* z¦ - le¦G%* :I ?p

Ɗwo b - d g Đ w b r zb b zj z b a _:Ĕ wV kz gb ZđOb 2

− − − −

− −

− − − −

O!

i \ 6 w b Y2Wb r - ' Đ r PF [ b zcgO ` đF 2^/ Ƌ - .NĔ H* wcN pcz g r [ 6 c&2f wV đGb p61-

− − − −

Ɗ{o b - d g Đ { b r 2gb ! r3Ĕ Nsg#g kz gb ZđOb 3 {(ń ŮłƜ Ů(ŀ ŮŁƜ Ů(Ń ŮłƜ Ů(ł ŮŁƜƞ ‫ب‬ {(ň ŮņƜ Ů(ņ ŮńƜ Ů(ń ŮłƜ Ů(ł ŮŀƜƞ ‫أ‬ {(ń ŮŁƜ Ů(ń ŮĿƜ Ů(ń Ůŀ-Ɯ Ů(ń Ůł-Ɯƞ ‫د‬ {(ł ŮłƜ Ů(ł ŮŁƜ Ů(ł ŮŀƜ Ů(ł ŮĿƜƞ ‫ﺟ‬

:≈JCÉjÉe øY ÖLCG {ł- ŮŁ- ŮŁ Ůŀƞ = M i ^r I # M Ɗ- j ^ / 4 ł - 5ń = (5Ɯ- i ^ / b .b t.f ."r ł - 5Ń = (5ƜS z& +N# {ń ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀƞ Ɗ S j ^ / 5 ] gzZ ."r V ŀņ = (]ƜS j ^ / ‫ب‬ b .b t.f ^ ‫أ‬ ‫د‬

~ {

Ɗw y gf d^ wV o .fr b .b a #f wj z b d_;b lf $ k 6 6 ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أ‬

− − −

− −

− − −

− −

Ń H 5 > Ł ƅ f.kNƅŀ - 5 Ł H 5 H Ł- ƅ f.kNƅƅŀ-

Ɗ z& - b .cb {j z b d_;b h61 8

= (5Ɯ- j ^ / 9

b .b t.f $ k 6 h62b lfr Ů- b .cb wj z b d_;b h61

11

ŀ - 5ł ]ł ŮŁ-] Ů ł - 5 ‫د‬

Ɵł ŮŁ-] Ů Ń - 5 Ń ‫ أ‬:Ǜ Ȗx Ɵł ŮŁ- ] Ů(ł- 5Ɯ (ŀ- 5łƜ ‫ﺟ‬

łń ‫ﺟ‬ ŀ- ‫و‬

Ń- ‫ب‬ ŀŀ ‫ﻫ‬

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

nTm\TÐ ÊÐØÌ

Ŀ > 5 H ł-ƅ f.kN ŀ + 5

= (5Ɯ- j ^ / 10

ł H 5 H Ŀƅ f.kN Ł + 5

Pzg" d'yr Z. E ;kb sG* 0Wky

Ƌ Gz7 .N 7gb ! 'yr ! 'yr E ;kb c 6 DO {V G+y

Ƌ 2z ^ wb ! 'yr c 6Ĕ wcN "Ė PzG 7yĐ Ƌqz"s b r .N 7gb

b .b t.f $ k 6 h62b lfr Ů- b .cb wj z b d_;b h61 ł > 5Ƅ f.kNƅ ł + 5ŃŇ H 5 H łƄ f.kN ƅƅł5 Ň < 5Ƅ f.kN ƅ ŀ + Ł5ł

= (5Ɯ- Ɗi ^ / 11

: ! (łƜ- ‫ب‬

(ŁƜ- ‫أ‬

Ɗ z& Ů - b .b d g ǵƃģŭņǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 12 ńĿĿĿ H 5 H ĿƄ f.kNƄƄƄƄƄ5 ńŁ ŀńĿĿĿ H 5 > ńĿĿĿƄ f.kNƄŁńĿĿ + 5Ł ŅĿĿĿĿ H 5 > ŀńĿĿĿƄ f.kN ŀĿĿĿĿ + 5 łŁ

= (5Ɯ-

Ɗ."r , N3sgb 4p"Ĕ -.N d g 5 z& Ů z 2p_b 4p"Ĕ .& Py3s b ^2: m B [ t0b qzk#b Tc gb (ńĿĿĿĿƜ- ‫ﺟ‬

|wza TÐ

Ƌ .N 7gb .N 7gb ! 'yr c 6Ĕ DO wV G+y äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

(ŀĿƜ- ‫ﺟ‬

Ň ‫ أ‬: Ǜ p " ŀĿ- ‫د‬

Ƌ c 6Ĕ E ;kb c 6 DO wV Gz7 G* G+y

Ł G 5Ƅ f.kN ł + 5 = (5Ɯ- Ƅƅ Ł > 5Ƅ f.kN ŀ - 5Ł

Ń H 5 H Ŀƅ f.kNƄƄ 5 - ŀ

Ɵł ŮŁ-] ŮŁ + 5 Ł ‫ب‬

: I ?qf m _ mg:

= (5Ɯ- z&ƅ- b .b a #f -.& 7

Ŀ > 5 H Ł-ƅ f.kN ł + 5Ł

e ~ G* i b 6&* i+e/(*

Ƌ b .b t.f $ k 6 h62b lfr Ů b .cb wj z b d_;b h61 h

Ƌ b .b t.f $ k 6 h62b lfr

Ƌt2 #b 27_b a #g `b0^ đGb 2^/

(ŀĿĿĿĿƜ- ‫ب‬

(ńĿĿĿƜ- ‫أ‬

(aƜ % qOcB asF wV b .^ P 2gb Hz'f ^ Ƌa qOcB asF P 2f Hz'f % i ^ / ǶƒŻŏǭǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 13 Ɗ."r h Ƅƅƅƅ ( ŀń Ɯ% ‫ب‬ (łƜ % ‫أ‬ Ń

2G[b X?j asF wV b .^ & 7gb ^ Ƌ\j o2GZ X?j asF 2 - & 7f e j ^ / ǶƒŻŏǭǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 14 Ƌ(ńƜe Ů ( ŀŁ Ɯe ."r h (\jƜ e Ɗ z Ē .N s[b V2Ogb z[z['b a r.b lf d^ a #f lzN 15 ŀ + 5 Ƅ= Ƅ(5Ɯ- ‫ب‬ ŀ + ł5

ł + 5 Ƅ=Ƅ(5Ɯ- ‫أ‬ Ņ + 5ń - Ł5

5 - Ń Ƅ=Ƅ(5Ɯ - ‫د‬

Ł - 5 Ƅ=Ƅ(5Ɯ- ‫ﺟ‬

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

3 gf ." ¹ .z" .z" as [f XzOB

:(ɸ-ɸ˖ r 5 l &

(-Ɯ wo b - d g w b ZđOb 3 {ŀŇ- Ůŀł- Ůņ ŮŁƞ= t.gb ń = 5 Ů{ŀņ Ůŀł Ůň Ůń Ůŀ ƞ = t.gb ]' ŮŁ- Ɵ Ů I ‫ب‬ ]Ň- Ů '-Ɵ {Łƞ -]Ň- Ů '-Ɵ ‫د‬

ƟŃ Ů '- Ɵ Ů I ‫أ‬ {Ŀƞ - % Ů {Ŀƞ - I ‫ﺟ‬

Ń

4 5

7 8 10 12 13 14

{ł ŮŁƞ - I ‫ أ‬15 ] 'ŮŁ] ‫ﺟ‬

12

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

2

6

{ŀ-ƞ FƟł Ůŀ Ɵ = b .b t.f ]ł Ůł- ] 9 ]ń Ůł] - I łĿŀ ŮŁņ- Ůń- 11 ]Ł Ů ŀ ] - I ŇńĿĿĿ ‫ﺟ‬ ŁŁńĿĿ ‫ ب‬ŀŁńĿĿ ‫أ‬ ŁŁń ‫ب‬ Ła = (aƜň ‫أ‬ ŀŅ rŁń Ů r Ů ŁHr = e

I ‫ب‬ ƟŁ ŮŁ-] ‫د‬

1

8


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

Ĺ?†ĿĹ?Ĺ—Ă­

2-1

Ĺ?†ĿĹ?Ĺ—Ă­ ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

âˆŤGhĂłdG OGĂ´WG

âˆŤGhĂłdG OGĂ´WG

2-1

Monotonicity of Functions Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē

Properties of functions (continve) s6 'cb zfs61 $f 2 - = >1 eÄ‘Z - O 2f Y1r - zfs61 Ć‹(GeoGebraĆœ

I4 0 &I

( : ( 3& O(  , f83 : 7/7( 3> ­ Geogebra

*6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

CČŠ "3 !

‍ﺎﺜ‏

~ { ~ { { ~ { ~ 1 u

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí

I#WB^ÂĽ _ − 7 !+ − :^ 7ÂĽ − ÂŽ LÂĽ ~&+

I &I

Monotony

Increasing Function I:% % c :

I: ! 7 :

Ć‹ 1 2'b "1- 2 V ‍ďş&#x;‏ r .y 4 2 V .y.' r - b .b ]sc6 V2Of wV a r.b zk'kf W> j.N 7 Ć‹ b .b - 2F U2Oy f sor 5 - 3 gc^ (5Ćœ- s r @Z k

â€Ťďş—ďťŒďť ďť˘â€Ź

Decreasing Function

< 52 f o ck

Constant Function

I:8 € : Â

:ĂĄdGĂłdG ĂłjGĂľJ

( -.O gb H 6sb ĆœwbÄ’ 6 'b V2R - w6 1.b d?Wb C

mgS f 51 Ck

] ĹŽ CĆ&#x; 2 Wb wV + + uL pj - b .cb \ + Ĺ€5 < Ĺ 5 :h Ć„] ĹŽ CĆ&#x; Ç˝ Ĺ 5 ĹŽ Ĺ€5 D< n G UQ (Ĺ€5Ćœ- < (Ĺ 5Ćœ-Ć„:n‡b

Â

:ĂĄdGĂłdG ¢ßbÉÌJ

Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí

: 0 :BL^ − Â?˜ :/;J ÂŞ Â?ÂŻ :/;J .( X M V 8

I: )" :L3 _ : d IV 3 /" : ( 3> O( &

I y ÂŤ E # ( "+)"

O!

E

]E ĹŽ Âś"Ć&#x; 2 Wb wV AE 7L pj - b .cb \ + Ĺ€5 < Ĺ 5 :h Ć„]E ĹŽ Âś" Ć&#x;Ç˝ Ĺ 5 ĹŽ Ĺ€5 D< n G UQ (Ĺ€5Ćœ- > (Ĺ 5Ćœ-Ć„:n‡b

Â

‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďşŒďş”â€Ź .y.' so b .b - 2F gc_ -s?[gb i ` Ä‘Gb (Br is_ w b 2 Wb r qy.y 4 b .b pzV is_ w b 2 Wb `b/r ĹŽq b .b pzV is_ w b 2 Wb r qz?Z k b .b pzV Ć‹ y2 #b Y2Gcb A2O b ir- H[V b .b wk'kf h61 aÄ‘* lf ‍اďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعس‏ b .b - 2F ' b <Z jr 2_V a gb d' hcOgb es[y Ć‹= b .b ]sc7b Wc +gb Ä? 'b Ä‘Gb {cN A2N

zÂşâˆ?ŠJ{ óÌH ≈a

\

13

Ĺ? â€Ťďť“ďťœﺎ‏

"1- d [gb {j z b d_;b (Bsy .& wV 2o [b ky.g c#7gb 1 2'b 1 2'b "1- wV 2zS b L&Ä? ĹŽ e yÄ” ĆŠh62b lf -.& h ĹŽlf4cb 7kb Ć‹ 1 2'b "1- @Z k 2 V ‍أ‏ 1 2'b "1- .y 4 2 V ‍ب‏

:ĂĄdGĂłdG äĆ’Ă‘K

l

]e ĹŽ aĆ&#x; 2 Wb wV 'I 8 pj - b .cb \ + Ĺ€5 < Ĺ 5 :h Ć„]e ĹŽ a Ć&#x;Ç˝ Ĺ 5 ĹŽĹ€5 D< n G UQ (Ĺ€5Ćœ- = (Ĺ 5Ćœ-Ć„:n‡b

exČš Çž 52f hC[f Ë? f Kf b

€[g.

b - ZÄ‘Ob is_ w f -.&r ĹŽ ZÄ‘Ob b Gb 51- i \ 6 ZÄ‘Ob .y.' b w6 2b H+b [y2F e .+ 6 r y2 #b Y2Gb yĂŠ 2 " b .b a #f - #y wcN U2O g^ ĹŽ zš j z a r- d g w b 51.y Us6 51.b 0o wVr ĹŽh62b lf o .f $ k 6 r ĹŽ zĂŠ j z r Ć‹ b .cb b 2 Vr @Z k b 2 Vr .y 4 b 2 V b Gb 952f &6/k

Ä‘ b a _:Ä” 'Bsgb b .b - 2F Ä? & ` Ä‘F wb (Br Ć‹wj z b d_;b lf - 2FÄ? 2 V .y.' zWz^ hpb (Brr

:o }gR 5Ç› 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ˖ 6l ;lf m€€_ f

B 8 # ; 0 =% % c : A 6 B 8 # ; Š

wb hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` Ä‘F Pf <Z j 'z'?b "Ä– Ĺ€Ĺƒ= 1 Ć&#x;Ĺ - ĹŽ '- Ć&#x; 2 Wb wV b .b Ć&#x;Äż ĹŽ Ĺ - Ć&#x; 2 Wb wV y.y 4 b .b Ć&#x;' ĹŽ Äż Ć&#x; 2 Wb wV ?Z k f b .b

I:8 € A 6 B 8 # ÂŤ; 0 : ! 7 A 6 I: 7/7( 3> ­ Geo Gebra ( : ( 3& O( ÂŹ , f81%

ĆŠwo z6 6 0V sj Ä‘ {cN $f j2 b ts 'yr dz7^Ä” 0V j - ɸ zfs62b 0V kb - Éš y2 #b 0V kb - Éş €: : 16[k I:8 € : − : ! 7 : − :% % c : − &I k2/ ;lf €l€gS f 1 ylf

6 & b - zgcN 6 & b - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b

9

exČš Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČž b


äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

:ɸɼA 2

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

Ƌd [gb wj z b d_;b wV c ggb b .b - 2F ' 1

− −

ľĄĿí

]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ 2 Wb wV z?Z k b .b ½ ]Ł ŮĿƟ 2 Wb wV y.y 4 b .b ½ ] 'ŮŁƟ 2 Wb wV b .b ½

− − − − − −

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗd [gb d_;b wV 1 is_ w b 2 Wb r Ů y.y 4 b .b pzV is_ w b 2 Wb ' Ƌ pzV is_ w b 2 Wb r Ů z?Z k pzV

− − −

Ƌ pb #f {cN y.y 4 b .b r ]ŃŮŀ] = b .b t.f Ɗ ( Ɯ d_: (ŁƜ Ɵł ŮŁ] = b .b t.f Ɗ ( Ɯ d_: ]Ń ŮŁƟ wV y.y 4 Ů ]Ł ŮŁ-Ɵ wV z?Z k b .b Ɵń ŮŀƟ - b .b t.f Ɗ (¶"Ɯ d_: Ƌ]ł ŮŀƟ wV y.y 4 b .b ]ŀ Ů Ł-Ɵ wV z?Z k b .b I ?qf 4 [q f :I ?p

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ t.fr a #f h62b lf $ k 6 Ů N # M Ɗ- b .b wk'kf zb b zj z b a _:Ĕ lf d_: d^ (Bsy 2 Ƌ o- 2F ' r Ů b .b ‫ﺟ‬

‫ب‬

− − −

− −

− − −

− − − −

‫أ‬

ľĄĿí

]' Ů '-Ɵ wV y.y 4 b .b ] 'Ů '- Ɵ = - t.f Ů ] 'Ů '- Ɵ = I = - a #f ‫أ‬ ] 'Ů '- Ɵ = ] 'ŮŁ ƟF ƟŁ Ů '- Ɵ = - a #f ‫ب‬ ] 'Ů Ł Ɵ wV Cy ¹ y.y 4 Ů ]Ł Ů'-Ɵ wV y.y 4 b .b

]Ń Ů' - Ɵ = - t.f Ů ] 'ŮŁ Ɵ F]ŀ Ů '- Ɵ =- a #f ‫ﺟ‬ ] 'Ů Ł Ɵ wV z?Z k r Ů ]ŀ Ů '- Ɵ wV b .b

ŮE ;kb 0zWk b ŀń= 'Bsgb sG+b 2[ ` đF q"r 6 1.b ??+gb @?'b .& dO#y i hcOgcb l_gy z& wb đGb hz7[ r -.O gb H 6sb V2R d* - a r.b h61 zWz^ wcN hp y1. r {b 6 & 3 p" d^ e f Nsg#f l_gy g^ Ůa r.b m0o = s* DO ! k 6 r a r.b zk'kf DZttpƊƢƢ PZsgb lf (GeogbraƜ $f j2 b lf zj #f +7j dy4k e.+yr z 2Ob Scb hN.y $f j2 b 0or www,ǰǮǸǰǮǫǻǪƋǸǻǰ dzb- dy4k l_gy g^ hcO b r hcO gcb z_zf ky.b zB y2b wcz?W %2: q r z 2Ob Scb PZsgb 8Wj lf qb .N 7gb Ƌqf .+ 6 [y2Fr $f j2 cb : I ?qf m _ mg:

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

-

14

∫GhódG OGôWG ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ o- 2F ' h b .b t.fr a #f $ k 6 zb b a _:Ĕ lf d^ wV 2 ‫ﺟ‬

‫ب‬

− − −

− − −

‫أ‬

− −

− −

∫GhódG ¢UGƒN á°SGQO ≈a á«eƒ°SôdG èeGôÑdG ΩGóîà°SG Ƌ s6 'b r c cb wj #gb

GeoGebra $f j2 o2p: lfr Ů zÊ j z a r.b dz g b zfs62b $f 2 b -.O

‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬ Ƌ Ł + 5ł - ł5 = (5Ɯ-ƄƊ z& - b .b zÊ j z d f GeoGebra $f j2 e .+ 6 Ƌ o- 2F ' r b .b t.fr a #f ."r h62b lfr

: ' M# jRL U C7 / 7' (GeoGebraƜ$f j2 lf wj z b h62b r Ů2 #b .V j ( V - /b 7 +"RX

$" /b 7

wb d? b

2 * r

Graphics

HSB h

d D<_ =b kz gb 0V kb

D<_

Ɗ b .b .N Z ^ y2 #b 0V kb wV - (inputƜ a *-Đ P 2g Ł + 5ł - ł5 = (5ƜƊwb b s'kb wcN IQ

D<_

15

r

^

3

_

3

r

+

Ů b .b wk'kf zj z b 0V kb wV 2pKzV HSB h D<_ =b g^ b .b .N Z y2 #b 0V kb wVr

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

2

Π

nTm\TÐ ÊÐØÌ

."syr Z. $f j2 b b Gb e.+ 7y i Z. h62b lf t.gb r a #gb G* G+yr a r.b wk'kf b Gb h62y i Ƌt.gb r a #gb - #y wV Gz7 h61 wV Gz7 .N 7f wb b Gb ! 'y Ƌt.gb r a #gb - #y r a r.b - #y r ar.b h61 2" wV b Gb G+y i 2z ^ .N 7f wb ! 'yr t.gb r a #gb wb b r b .b wk'kf h61 b Gb PzG 7yĐ wb ! 'yr t.gb r a #gb - #y qk_gyĐ qz"s b r .N 7gb

|wza TÐ

3 gf ." ¹ .z" .z" as [f XzOB

S ?f K.Ȗ 1s> {cN (ŀŅƜ = (ŀƜ d_: wV b .b t.f - #y : K/f

&s Wf 2 V Ɗi r 2 Wb wV Y2Wb espWg đGb 2^/ : yCf ƟŁ ŮŁ-] - I = ] 'ŮŁƟ F ]Ł- Ů'- Ɵ b .b t.f b Gb _y i (ŀŅƜ= (!Ɯ d_;b wV : K/f Ƌ b .b t.f wb Ǿ Ł i qkf ¹ kJ ]Ł Ů'-Ɵ ƟŁ Ů'-Ɵ so (z'?b t.gb i r b .b t.f ǽ Ł i .^ : yCf 2[Wb wV a r.b zk'kf h61 {cN b Gb 1.Z e.N : K/f ly1 g b lf (ŃƜ $f j2 b e .+ 6 zWz^ wcN .z" b Gb 1- : yCf Ƌ(ŀńƜ = wV (Bsgb

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

10


-

∫GhódG OGôWG äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

S ?f K.Ȗ lf b .b t.fr b .b a #f - #y lz b Gb Hc+y i : K/f

Ƌes62gb d_;b lf z 4" Nsg#f so b .b a #f i ` đGb .^ : %ȗSf 1s'f lf z 4" Nsg#f so t.gb i r kz7b 1s'f _b 0o lf (ŅƜ = O" 2f `k_gyr Ů - ?b Ƌ `b/ wcN .z^ cb - 2FĐ ' .kN b .b a #f lf z 4#b 2 Wb ^ : K/f 2 V wcN b .b - 2F ' .kN qj ` đF wcN .^ : %ȗSf ` đF Pf P" 1 &s Wf 2 Wb m0o Pzg" is_ i ƋhcO .k wV (ŀłƜ =

D<_

: X? =? R D<C 1 ]' Ů' - Ɵ =- t.f Ů ] 'Ů' - Ɵ = - a #f ‫أ‬ ]' Ů ŀƟ wV y.y 4 Ů ]ŀ Ů ŀ-Ɵ wV z?Z k Ů ]ŀ- Ů ' -Ɵ wV y.y 4 b .b ‫ب‬

džŐʗƥŝ

h62b lfr ł5 - 5ł = (5Ɯ- Ɗ- b .b wk'kf h61

− − − − + uL "'b

SE 7L "'b

b .b - 2F '

٢ - ١ ‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ‬

y¹ 2 " ń + 5 Ł = (5Ɯ- Ɗ b .b - 2F '

Ɗ- 2FĐ ' r t.gb h62b lf $ k 6 Ůa r.b DO b wj z b d_;b d g z Ē a _:Ĕ 1

h+f

ŀ5 < Ł5 i r b .b a #f ǽ Ł5 Ů ŀ5 i A2W ŀ5Ł < Ł5Ł is_ Ł * ky gb wV2F 2C r ń+ ŀ5Ł <ń+ Ł5Ł ky gb U2F wb (ńƜ V B r y.y 4 b .b i V `b0b Xy2O b \[' (ŀ5Ɯ- < (Ł5ƜwcN 12[f 2zR 0or y¹ 2 " a r.b DZ k l_gy d gb ƋH[V h62b lf a r.b - 2F ! k 6 h y z& Ů b Gb

− − − −

ɸ

]' ŮĿƟ Ů ]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ wV y.y 4 ƟŁ ŮĿƟ - I

ɻ

∫ÉéªdG

Ů z?Z k ]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ ƟŁ Ů' -Ɵ I ] 'ŮĿƟ Ů z?Z k ]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ ] 'ŮŃ-] I y.y 4 ] 'ŮĿƟ Ů y.y 4 ]Ń- Ů'-Ɵ ƟŁ Ů'-Ɵ ƟŅ Ů'-Ɵ z?Z k , ]Ń ŮŃ-Ɵ ]' ŮŃƟ Ů z?Z k ]ŀ Ů' -Ɵ {Ł-ƞ - % {ŀƞ - I z?Z k ]' ŮŀƟ Ů z?Z k ]ŀ- Ů'-Ɵ ]' ŮŁ-] {ŀ -ƞ - I ] 'Ůŀ-Ɵ Ů y.y 4 ]Ł Ů '-Ɵ ]' ŮĿƟ {ĿŮŁƞ - I z?Z k ] 'ŮŁƟ

11

D<_

− − − −

− − − − −

− −

D<_

D<_

D<_ zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

-

16

∫GhódG OGôWG

Ƌ o- 2F ' r b .b t.f ^ h Ů z Ē a _:Ĕ c ggb a r.b lf d^ a #f -.& 2

ɹ

‫ﺟ‬

~G*

− −

− − − −

− − − −

− − −

‫د‬

‫أ‬

‫ﻫ‬

‫و‬

− − − −

− − − −

‫أ‬

ɺ

‫ب‬

2

…óªdG

~G*

] 'ŮĿƟ Ů ]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ {V y.y 4 ƟŁ ŮŁ-] - I {V z?Z k Ů]Ŀ ŮŁ-Ɵ wV y.y 4 ]' ŮĿ] ] 'ŮŁƟ Ů] ĿŮŁƟ wV z?Z k Ů ]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ wV y.y 4 ]Ŀ Ů'- Ɵ ] 'ŮĿƟ

OGôWE’G

− − − −

: (ɹ-ɸ˖ r 5 l &

ióªdG

Geogebra $f j2 e .+ 6

+ uL "'b

: : 52gf 1 >5

OGôWE’G

2 * b .b wk'kf wcN H[j .y.' b -

A

g [b lf .y." G[j h r-Ĕ Hy2: lf G[kb PBsf wb d? w & 2: gb ]2& Ů b.7kgb a *- HSB r ,wk'kgb wcN o.y.' - 2gb g^ zfs62b 0V kb wV wk'kgb wcN G[kb 2pK b wV g^ y2 #b 0V kb wV G[kb wz .& 2pKy Ƌ(łƜ d_:

I# ƟŅ Ů Ł-] Ɗ - j ^ / 3 ŀ > 5Ƅƅ f.kNƅ5 - Ń = (5Ɯ- Ƅƅ

‫ب‬

Ņ H 5 H ŀƄƅ f.kNƅƅ5

‫ﺟ‬

Ƌ o- 2F ' r b .b t.f h62b lf $ k 6 r Ů - b .cb {j z b d_;b h61 b .b t.f $ k 6 h62b lfr Ů w y f lf d^ wV - b .b wk'kf h61 ů zfs62b $f 2 b .& e .+ 6 4 Ƌ o- 2F ' r Ł5 - Ń = (5Ɯ - ‫ب‬ ŀ + Ł(ŀ- 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ- ‫ﺟ‬ ń - Ł5 = (5Ɯ- ‫أ‬

‫د‬

ŀŁ-5

(5Ɯ- ‫و‬

5ł - ł5 = (5Ɯ- ‫ﻫ‬

‫ﻫ‬ ‫و‬

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

17

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

ł5

(5Ɯ - ‫د‬


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

Ĺ?†ĿĹ?Ĺ—Ă­

Ĺ?†ĿĹ?Ĺ—Ă­ ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

ĂĄjOĂ´Ă˜dG âˆŤGhĂłdG h ĂĄÂŤLhĂľdG âˆŤGhĂłdG

ĂĄÂŤLhĂľdG âˆŤGhĂłdG ĂĄjOĂ´Ă˜dG âˆŤGhĂłdGh

3-1

Even and Odd Functions lf L&Ä‘ z6.ko W? (5Ćœ- = = z& - b .cb wj z b d_;b 4zg y .Z W?b m0o 2p: r ĹŽ p [z G r a r.b 6 1- wV pf .+ 6 l_gyr ĹŽ bsp7 h62b Ć‹d>Ä” G[j as& d g b r - ?b 1s'f as& Symmetry d g b

Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē

Even and odd functions

I4 0 # 7/7( ­ €°8 I: ?0c 4 0 I:% &; 4 0

ĹťĹ?ǭǨĹ?

€[g.

\ Gkzb ĹŻhz[ 7gb wcN d_;b wF l_gy z& ĹŽhz[ 7f as& d g b 61- i \ 6 ĆŠd>Ä” G[j as& d g b `b0^ 61-r ĹŽ fš g wk'kgb W?j  âˆ’ − − −

 ,

 , −

−  − , −

6 1- qb \ 6 g^ ĹŽ z6.kpb a _:Ä” d g b Gb 51- i \ 6 d g b r - ?b 1s'f as&r kz7b 1s'f as& d g b zk'kgb d g 51.y Us6 51.b 0o wVr ĹŽhz[ 7f as& d>Ä” G[j as&r - ?b 1s'f as&r kz7b 1s'f as& Ć‹ y-2Wb b .b r z"r4b b .b 6 1.b .zpg š

Â

 ,

− − − −

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí

€ ¨

Symmetry

−

Even Function

: ?0U :

Odd Function

:% &6 :

−

dDfH M ? 3 \ D8 &'

D<_

A 3 \ D8 &'

D<_

: D<_ =b G[kb 1s> wo b .b wk'kgb wj z b d_;b wcN OZ sb (= ĹŽ 5 -Ćœ G[kb is_ Ć‹ - ?b 1s'f as& 5 _OjÄ? Cy š qzcN OZ sb (= ĹŽ 5Ćœ : D<_ =b z& ĹŽd>Ä” G[j as& wk'kgb d g = ĹŽ 5 lz ZÄ‘Ocb wj z b d_;b (Bsy Ć‹wk'kgb 8Wj wcN OZ sb (= ĹŽ5Ćœ G[kb 1s> {o (=- ĹŽ5-Ćœ G[kb i

3-1

952f &6/k :o }gR 5Ç› 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z

Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí O( & − : )" :L3 _ = d V 3 /" : ( 3>

I J5 :M- 4 _0 # ! > Âą 4 _ 4 0 # 7/7( )% I:% &; 4 0 0 : ?0c 4 0 l&+8%

ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ

I %s ?0 s :% &; 4 0 0 : ?0c 4 0 ² w&;%

- ?b 1s'f as& c g gb zk'kgb lzĂ? z Ä’ a _:Ä” lf d_: d^ wV 1 Ć‹d>Ä” G[j as& c g gb zk'kgb r

€: : 16[k zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

18

I :% &6 : − : ?0U : − € ¨

‍ؼďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعس‏ w .&Ä– ts 7gb wV G[j t 1s> i ` Ä‘F Pf d>s G[j 4^2f j 1r- V _ d>Ä” G[kb 7kb 5 _OjÄ? Ć‹cŀŇĿ! o1.Z yr 4 r d>Ä” as& d g b pzV is_y t2* a r- h61 Ä‘Gb wb cF Ć‹d>Ä” G[j as& d g b pzV is_y a r-r ĹŽ - ?b 1s'f

k2/ ;lf €l€gS f 1 ylf

6 & b - zgcN 6 & b - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć‹(GeoGebraĆœ s6 'cb zfs61 $f 2 - zj z *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

Ć‹ Ä‘_;gb d& - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob

: €&yfyqc f i 2/ :

< 52 f o ck

$f 2 b e .+ 6 -.O gb H 6sb V2R wV Ä‘Gb 1 zk'kgb 5 _Oj dgN {V(GeogebraĆœ$f j2 b pkfr zfs62b Ć‹d>Ä” G[j as&r - ?b 1s'f as& a r.b ĆŠPZsgb lf wj #gb $f j2 b 0o lf +7j dy4k `k_gyr .N 7gb dzb- dzg' `k_gy g^ http://www.geogebra.org PZsgb 8Wj lf z 2Ob Scb

Ć‹(-.O gb H 6sb Ćœ wbÄ? 6 'b V2R - w6 1.b d?Wb

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ˖ 6l ;lf m€€_ f

wb hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k {V " f ` đF Pf <Z j 'z'?b "Ĕ Ƌ z"r3 b - ‍ب‏

(ɸɿË–Ç™B Ć‹ y-2V b - ‍ ďş&#x;‏Ŏ ‍أ‏

1

mgS f 51 Ck

zbr.b _ ;b - (Ĺ ĹƒĆœ 'W> wb (Ĺ€Ĺ‡Ćœ 'W> lf b Gb ^ Ć‹( j2 jÄ– Ćœ fscOgcb ‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďşŒďş”â€Ź wV 2gb ! r3Ä” E [j DO 1s> - #y ` Ä‘F wb cF 1s'f as& 5 _OjÄ? o1s>r .f O gb w .&Ä– ts 7gb h ĹŽd>Ä” G[kb 7kb r - ?b 1s'f as&r kz7b cŀŇĿ- r cŀŇĿ i 1r. E [kb t.& 1s> - #y hpzb cF Ć‹ G[kb 8Wkb 5 _OjÄ? q j1 [fr d>Ä” G[j m4^2f

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

12


-

ájOôØdG ∫GhódGh á«LhõdG ∫GhódG

(19)¢U :óbÉf ô«μØJ óæH »a as& r kz7b 1s'f as& d g b is_y .[V ƊĐ "Ė wF l_gy hz[ 7f as& d g b V Ůd f r w[V r w6 1 hz[ 7f Ƌ f¹ g wk'kgb W?j \ Gkzb hz[ 7gb wcN d_;b

-

ájOôØdG ∫GhódG h á«LhõdG ∫GhódG

− − − −

] C Ů C - Ɵ 5 d_b z"r3 b - b b .b E2;b \z[' lf . Đ y-2V r z"r3 b .b i Ė Ƌ b .b a #f ǽ5 Ů (5-Ɯ d_b wV wk'kgb h61 .kN so z"r4b a r.b 6 1- lf U.pb as& d g b đ ¹ f ^ wk'kgb h61 kk_f H[V arĔ P 2b Ƌ= 1s'f wk'kgb h61 .kN qj so y-2Wb b .b 6 1- lf U.pb as& 5 _OjĔ đf ^ wk'kgb h61 kk_f arĔ P 2b wV ¹ Ƌ(cŀŇĿ ! q yr 3 i 1r. r Ɯ d>Ĕ G[j

− − − −

O!

:ájOôØdG ∫GhódGh á«LhõdG ∫GhódG

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬ M ǽ 5- Ů 5 d_b Ů(5Ɯ - = (5 -Ɯ - i ^ / z"r3 b - pj N # M : b .cb a [y : ! u

Ƌ - ?b 1s'f as& đ g f z"r4b b .b wk'kf is_yr ¹ M ǽ 5- Ů 5 d_b Ů(5Ɯ - - = (5 -Ɯ - i ^ / y-2V b - pj N # M : b .cb a [y : + "

Ƌd>Ĕ G[j as& đ g f y-2Wb b .b wk'kf is_yr ¹ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb a r.b lf 2z ^ ƩũĪ a #f wb 5- Ů 5 ly2?kOb g j E2: \[' #y y-2V r z"r3 pjs^ z& lf b .b Msj ' .kN (5-Ɯ- - #y ir- y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb b .b j ^ \[' y hb / r Ů b .b ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ƌ y-2V r z"r3 b - pjs^ z& lf w y gf d^ wV - b .b Msj ' 1 ł5 = (5Ɯ- ‫ب‬ Ł5 = (5Ɯ - ‫أ‬ ł + 5 = (5Ɯ- ‫ﺟ‬

5 " = (5Ɯ- ‫د‬

ľĄĿí

I = - a #f Ů Ł5 = (5Ɯ - ‫أ‬ Ł5 = Ł(5-Ɯ =(5-Ɯ- Ɗis_y Ů I ǽ 5- Ů 5 d_b `

(5Ɯ- = (5-Ɯ- :n 2

z"r3 b - - `

I = - a #f Ů ł5 = (5Ɯ- ‫ب‬

ł5 - = ł(5-Ɯ = (5-Ɯ- Ɗis_y Ů I ǽ 5- Ů 5 d_b `

(5Ɯ-- =(5-Ɯ- :n 2

y-2V b - - `

ǶǩģǮ Ƕƪũıǩ

Ů ts[b b - +N ǽ i Ů Ŀ ! C z& i5 C = (5Ɯ- Ů I# I Ɗ- b .b wg7 Ƌt-2V -.N- i f.kN y-2V Ů w"r3 -.N i f.kN z"r3 b .b is_ r exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

19

äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

3 Ů- Ů z"r4b a r.b

13

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

] 'Ů ł-] = - a #f Ů ł + 5 = (5Ɯ- ‫ﺟ‬ ]' Ů ł-] ǾŃ- gkz ] 'Ů ł-] ǽŃ Řğ ƩũĪ Ƌ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb - b .b `

¿CG ôcòJ ! − = − ! '! = − '! − = −

I = - a #f Ů 5 " = (5Ɯ- ‫د‬ Ɗis_y I ǽ 5- Ů 5 d_b ` 5 " = (5-Ɯ " = (5-Ɯ z"r3 b - - ` (5Ɯ-= (5-Ɯ- :n 2 ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ƌ`b/ 2zR r y-2V r z"r3 b - pjs^ z& lf w y gf d^ wV - b .b Msj ' 2 5 " - ł5 = (5Ɯ- ‫ﺟ‬ 5 " + Ł5 = (5Ɯ - ‫ب‬ 5 " = (5Ɯ - ‫أ‬ 5 " ł5 = (5Ɯ- ‫و‬ 5 " ł5 = (5Ɯ- ‫ﻫ‬ 5 " Ł5 = (5Ɯ- ‫د‬ Ł5 + ł5 = (5Ɯ- ‫ز‬ 5 " 5 " = (5Ɯ- ‫ط‬ 5 & + 5 " = (5Ɯ- ‫ح‬ ?p'7'(L U ǶǩģǮ ƙĝǍų

z"r3 b .b j ^ f / Ė qj ŁĿ= (ŁƜ a f lz y Ɗlz [y2Gb t.& e.+ 7j `b/ 2zR r y-2V r

(ɹɸ˖ A h+ o ex * & 3

Even and Odd Functions

y-2Wb r z"r4b s6 a r.b = s* ` đGb lz Ƌ z[z G c f ŁĿ= 'Bsgb

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ :6l ;lf m _ f

ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ

k u A y.

( z¹ 6.koƜ b .b wk'kgb {j z b dz g b d_b (5Ɯ- Ů(5-Ɯ- j1 [g `b/r t2 #b E2;b \z[' ( y¹ 2 "Ɯ b .b a #f wb wg k 5 Ů(5-Ɯ sG+b 8Wj P j y-2V r z"r3 7zb b .b i Ė (¶"Ɯ 2[Wb d& {V -1r g^ p ;gb d 7gb Pzg#b

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ˖ :6l ;lf m _ f

ŁĿ= ƙd' i ar &ƚ .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF ¶o Ů - Ů Ɗwo z"r4b a r.b 2 E Ů r Ů ¶" Ů Ɗwo y-2Wb a r.b I Ů 3 Ɗ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb a r-

− − − −

dK'I !Q "(b ?H[V d>Ĕ G[j as& r - ?b 1s'f as& a r.b Pzg" zk'kf d g do

:zº∏©J óæH ≈a{ á°SGQó∏d äGOÉ°TQG a r- PF [b b -r e g b z" b - Ɗ z c gb a r.b wV Ƌ y-2V a r.b wZ r z"r3 b .b ts6 .& r i wV y-2Vr z"r3 b - ."s Đ c g fr = 1s'f as& c g f pjĔ (Ŀ=(5Ɯ-Ɯ y2W?b Ƌd>Ĕ G[j as&

Ɗi V Ů y-2V b - Ł1 Ůŀ1 Ɗlf d^ i ^r Ů z"r3 b - Ł- Ů ŀ- Ɗlf d^ i ^ / Ƌ y-2V b - Ł1 +ŀ1Ƅ( z"r3 b - Ł- + ŀ-Ƅ( Ƌ z"r3 b - Ł1 *ŀ1Ƅ( z"r3 b - Ł- * ŀ-Ƅ( Ƌ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb Ł1 +ŀ-Ƅ( y-2V b - Ł1 * ŀ-Ƅ( (ŁƜ d' i ar & .k wV ` " '> lf \[' Ů [ 7b = s+b e .+ 6 Ƅƅ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ r z"r3 - b .b j ^ / f h62b lf -.& Ů- b .b wk'kf zb b zj z b a _:Ĕ lf d_: d^ (Bsy 2 Ƌ y¹ 2 " ` " \[&r `b/ 2zR r y-2V ‫ﺟ‬

− = −

‫ب‬

‫أ‬

− =

− − −

+ =

− − −

− −

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

20


äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -

ájOôØdG ∫GhódG h á«LhõdG ∫GhódG

% Ů ¶o Ů ¶" Ɗ y-2Wb ar.b

ľĄĿí

r Ů Ɗ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb a r-

Ɗi L&đj - b .cb wj z b d_;b lf Ů5 + ł5 = (5Ɯ - ‫أ‬ y-2V b .b i t ů d>Ĕ G[j as& d g f b .b wk'kf ŮI = - a #f (5 -Ɯ + ł(5 -Ɯ = (5-Ɯ - ` Iǽ 5- Ů 5 d^ Ö 5 - ł5 - = (5-Ɯ :F (R' I ł ^ − / ? (5 + 5Ɯ - = (5-Ɯ ^G"'C B 5 (5Ɯ - - = (5-Ɯ Ƌ y-2V b .b n 2 i L&đj - b .cb wj z b d_;b lf Ů Ł5 - Ł = (5Ɯ - ‫ب‬

(ɹɹ˖ǙB h+ o ex * 4

]' ŮĿ] so b .b t.fr h62b g^ b .b wk'kf =

z"r3 b .b i t ů - ?b 1s'gb 7kb d g f b .b wk'kfr Ů ƟŁ ŮŁ-] = - a #f Ł(5-Ɯ - Ł = (5-Ɯ - ` ƟŁ ŮŁ-] ǽ5- Ů 5 d^ a Ł5 - Ł = (5-Ɯ F (R' I z"r3 b .b n 2 (5Ɯ - = (5-Ɯ -

− − − −

Ɗi L&đj - b .cb wj z b d_;b lf Ů 5Ń - Ł5 = (5Ɯ - ‫ﺟ‬ ůd>Ĕ G[kb 7kb đ g f 8zbr Ů - ?b 1s'f as& đ g f 8zb b .b wk'kfr Ů I =- a #f ¹ ¹ Ɗ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb b .b n 2

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ƌ`b/ 2zR r y-2V r z"r3 pjs^ z& lf z Ē zj z b a _:Ĕ c ggb a r.b lf d^ Msj 2^/ 3 ‫ﺟ‬

‫ب‬

− − − −

− − − −

‫أ‬

− − −

− − −

Ł- G (5-Ɯƅ f.kN

Ł + (5-Ɯ

Ł- > (5-Ɯƅ f.kN

Ł - (5-Ɯ-

Ł H 5ƅ f.kN

Ł + 5-

Ł < 5ƅ f.kN

Ł-5

Ł < 5ƅ f.kN

Ł-5

Ł H 5ƅ f.kN

Ł + 5-

‫ز‬

‫و‬

− − − −

− − − −

‫ﻫ‬

− − −

r−

Ɗ z& - b .b wk'kf d [gb d_;b d gy 3 Ŀ > 5ƅ f.kNƅ ŀ 5 = (5Ɯ Ŀ < 5ƅ f.kNƅ ŀ

5

− − −

Ƌ z"r3 b .b m0o i lz

ľĄĿí

Ƌ z"r3 b .b i t ů - ?b 1s'f as& d g f b .b wk'kf i (C y 1r #gb wj z b d_;b lf

Ƌ zÊ j z ƅƅ

Ł- G 5ƅ z& ƅŁ + 5 Ł- ɫ 5ƅ z&ƅŁ- 5 -

: S ?f K.Ȗ

r

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

= (5-Ɯ-

. 16Z ; fx &x7 ; f f 2f `

= (5-Ɯ-

(9˖1 ! (9-˖1 o Z df4f

äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

‫ح‬

= (5-Ɯ-

:r 2R _f b h 2 x

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

21

b .b V ů - ?b 1s'f as& đ g f 8zb b .b wk'kf ¹ b .b V ůd>Ĕ G[j as& đ g f 8zbr Ů z"r3 7zb ¹ Ɗw Ē ^ yÊ 2 " `b/ lf \[' b l_gyr Ů y-2V 7zb (5-Ɯ 2zS gb (5Ɯ 6 W lf e 2 :

I ǽ 5- Ů 5 d^ Ö (5-Ɯ Ń - Ł(5-Ɯ = (5-Ɯ - ` z"r3 7zb - ` (5Ɯ- ! 5Ń + Ł5 = (5-Ɯ F (R' I 5 Ń + Ł5 - = (5Ɯ - 1< y-2V 7zb - ` (5Ɯ - - ! (5-Ɯ n b K / Ƌ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb - b .b n 2

‫د‬

5

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

= (5Ɯ - z& - b .b dÍ f 4

wWV H[V a r.cb zk'kgb wV d g b i đGb DO .[ Oy qb l_br b - 8zb (ŁƜ Ů (ŀƜ wj z b d_;b i L&đy (ŀƜ a 6 Ƌ d g r z"r3 pjs^ z& lf b .b b Gb ' y i G+b lf Ɗ b .b đ ¹ gV m-s"r b & wV pb #f lf .^ y i ir- y-2V 2zR is_ r ŮI pb #f i ^ / y-2V ł5Ń - 5ł = (5ƜƋE pb #f i ^ / y-2V 2zRr z"r3

?`b/ 2zR r y-2V r z"r3 b .b do :1 Z I ;8

:$f #f 952f r 5 l &

٣ - ١ ‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ‬ Ƌ` " 27V Í h d>Ĕ G[j r - ?b 1s'f r kz7b 1s'f as& wk'kgb d g i ^ / f 2^/ 1

− − −

D<_

− − −

− − − − −

D<_

D<_

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

G[j as& Ů N 1s'f as& ŮM as& d g b (ŀƜ d_: 1 d>Ĕ (ŁƜ d_: ŭ M 1s'f as& d g b (ŅƜ d_: Ɗ N 1s'f as& d g b (ńƜ Ů (ŃƜ Ů (łƜ d_: Ɗ d>Ĕ G[j s& d g b

22

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

14


-

ájOôØdG ∫GhódGh á«LhõdG ∫GhódG -

{Ł ŮŁ- ƞ = t.gb Ů y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb Ɗ (ŀƜ d_: 2 ƟŁŮŁ-] - % = t.gb r y-2V Ɗ (ŁƜ d_: Ɵł Ů'- ] = t.gb r z"r3 Ɗ (łƜ d_: ƟŃ ŮĿ] = t.gb r z"r3 Ɗ (ŃƜ d_: {Ŀƞ - % = t.gb r y-2V Ɗ (ńƜ d_: % = t.gb r y-2V Ɗ (ŅƜ d_:

ájOôØdG ∫GhódG h á«LhõdG ∫GhódG

− − −

− − −

D<_

D<_

− − − −

O! D<_

ɹ

] 'ŮŁƟ Ů ]Ł- Ů '-Ɵ Ů]Ŀ ŮŁ-Ɵ z?Z k Ů ]' ŮĿƟ y.y 4

ɺ

− − − −

D<_

− − − − −

O0 D<_

D<_

Ƌ`b/ 2zR r y-2V r z"r3 pjs^ z& lf - b .b Msj ' 3 ń = (5Ɯ - ‫ﺟ‬

‫ب‬

ŀ - Ł5 + Ń5 = (5Ɯ- ‫أ‬

Ł + ł5 = (5Ɯ - ‫ﻫ‬ ł-5

5ł - Ł5 = (5Ɯ- ‫د‬

ł5 Ń - 5 ł = (5Ɯ -

5 & 5 = (5Ɯ- ‫و‬

ł- Ů5 & = (5ƜŁ

- Ůń5 = (5Ɯ

ŀ-

z& z[z[& a r- ł- ŮŁ- Ůŀ- j ^ / 4

Ƌ`b/ 2zR py r y-2V py r z"r3 z Ē a r.b t lz V ‫د‬

Ł- *ł-

Ł- *ŀ-

‫ﺟ‬

ł- +ŀ-

‫ب‬

Ł- +ŀ-

‫أ‬

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

h Ů`b/ 2zR py r y-2V pkf y r Ů z"r3 pkf y lz h Ůwcy g^ V2Ogb a r.b lf d^ zk'kf h61 5 Ƌ o- 2F ' Ŀ G 5Ƅƅ f.kNƅƅ5 -

= (5Ɯ - ‫ب‬

ɻ

Ŀ < 5Ƅ Ƅ f.kN ƅƅŁ

= (5Ɯ- ‫أ‬

Ŀ > 5 Ƅ Ƅ f.kN ƅƅŁ-

Ŀ G 5Ƅƅ f.kNƅŀ + 5

= (5Ɯ- ‫د‬

Ŀ > 5Ƅƅ f.kN ƅ5 - ŀ

Ŀ G 5Ƅƅ f.kNƅŀ - 5

= (5Ɯ- ‫ﺟ‬

Ŀ > 5Ƅƅ f.kNƄƅ5ņ Ɗ z Ē a _:Ĕ ađ* lf {cy f lN " 6

: (ɹɻ˖ A }R 2 6 c[ 2q }Z 7

z& lf b .b ' lgC [ 7b c 6Ĕ Pzg" i L&đj sor z7_N 1s> a 7b 0o {Vr Ů y-2V r z"r3 pjs^ p z .& DO GN r Ů y-2V r z"r3 b .b Msj i .z^ z' o k'kf h61 a g_ 6 l_gy d g b espWf e .+ 6 r Ƌ y-2V r z"r3 ( ?

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

− − − − −

D<_

D<_

− − − − − −

D<_

D<_

^ Ƌ pb #f wcN z"r3 b .b ( ? z' Ů` 6 2^ wV (łƜ d_:r (ŀƜ d_: h61 dg^ :% Ƌ pb #f wcN y-2V b .b ( ? z' Ů` 6 2^ wV (ŃƜ d_:r (ŁƜ d_: h61 dg^ : ^ ? 8 Ƌ o- 2F ' h b & d^ wV b .b t.fr a #f -.& : ^T 8

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

15

D<_

Ŀ > 5Ƅƅ f.kNƄƅƅ5

] 'ŮĿƟ {Łƞ - %

− − − −

ɸ

Ů ]' ŮŁƟ Ů]Ł- Ů '-Ɵ {Ŀƞ -Ł ŮŁ-Ɵ {Ŀƞ - % {Ŀƞ - ]Ł ŮŁ-Ɵ wV y.y 4

Ů ]Ł Ů'-Ɵ y.y 4 ] 'ŮŁƟ z?Z k

− − − −

∫ÉéªdG ~G*

%

D<_

23

ƟŅ Ůł-]

− − − −

6

]' ŮŁ-] ƟńŮń-]

D<_

ŮŁ5ń = (5Ɯ

]Ŀ ŮŁƟ Ů]Ŀ ŮŁ-Ɵ y.y 4 Ů]Ł- Ůń-Ɵ z?Z k ]Ł- ŮĿƟ

Ƌ`b/ 2zR r y-2V r z"r3 pjs^ z& lf pNsj lz r b - d^ t.f ."r 2

y-2V a r- Ů z"r3 a r- 5 ¶" Ɗ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb a r-

…óªdG

− − −

r Ů ! Ů Ɗ y-2V a r Ɗ z"r3 a r- 3 ¶o Ů - Ɗ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb a r-

OGôWE’G

- Ů Ɗ y-2V a r¶" Ɗ z"r3 a r- 4 Ɗ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb a r-

24


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

Ĺ?†ĿĹ?Ĺ—Ă­

Ĺ?†ĿĹ?Ĺ—Ă­ ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

4-1

äĂ“jĆ’ĂŤĂ dGh âˆŤGhĂłâˆ?d ≈fɍÑdG πãªà dG 印SóÌ¥dG Graphical Representation of functions, Geometrical Transformations Polynomial Functions OhóÍdG IĂ´ÂŤĂŁc ĂĄdGĂłdG ĆŠ 1s?b wcN p .N Z w b -r.'b 2z ^ b .b 61- i \ 6 K 5 C + Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹+ Ĺ‚5 C + Ĺ 5 C + 5 C + C = (5ĆœK Ĺ‚ Šŀ Äż

Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē : 0 ÂŁ 'Âł 4 0 − : + ÂŤ : − : M¤ : L +B8 : :-"MÂĽ :) - { -ÂĽ : :%´B : : 3 7Âľ #W% /8 , f83 # 7/7ÂĽ 3> ­ : "

C + { = † C + { = † V + C + { = † { − = † { C = † ÂŽ? + V+ { C = † h+L : 3 7Âľ #W% /8 I: " ÂĽ 4 0

E Ç˝ K ĹŽ Äż ! KC ĹŽ I Ç˝ KC ĹŽ Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ĹŽ Ĺ‚C ĹŽ Ĺ C ĹŽ Ĺ€C ĹŽ ÄżCĆ„:h Nsg#f r Ćœ I z[z['b - .NÄ” Nsg#f so d [gb a #gb r a #gb i gcNr "1-r ĹŽ i "1.b lf -r.'b 2z ^ a r. a r.b m0o wg7 `b0br ĹŽ ( pkf z 4" Ć‹5 d[ 7gb 2zS gb o0* y sZ wcN wo -r.'b 2z ^ ĆŠĹŠÄŞ

Ć‹ b -r.'b 2z ^ b - wg7 - i V Äż! ÄżCĹŽ ÄżC= (5Ćœ- i ^ / -š zj b "1.b lfr ĹŽ zG* Ä? š r- wg7 wbrÄ” "1.b lf -r.'b 2z ^ a r- -› Ć‹ z zO_ Ä? š r- wg7 b b "1.b lfr ĹŽ zOz 2 Ä? š r- wg7 Ć‹-r.'b 2z ^ b - wcN d?'j ĹŽ s r Wc +f tsZ a r- %2F r Pg" .kN -Âœ Pf pzk'kf PF [ H[kb zkz7b z .&Ä– wo -r.'b 2z ^ b .b 1 W> -Â? Ć‹ kz7b 1s'f

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí Transformation Translation

I % ÂŚ I4 -8

Graphs of Functions

âˆŤGhĂłdG äɍÌÍÌe º°SQ

Polynomial Functions

OhóÍdG IĂ´ÂŤĂŁc âˆŤGhO :’k hCG

I{ B+

Reflection

â€Ťďş—ďťŒďť ďť˘â€Ź

3 >

Vertical

-6

Horizontal Asymptotes

V> - FY

: ≈g É¥d IQĆ’°U §°ÚHCG ĂĄÂŤÂŁN ĂĄdGO O (š

Â

=

I: )" :L3 _ : d

− − − −

− −

25

Â

H* pc gyr ĹŽq7Wk -.Ob \V2 - b - wor Ĺ€ = qczfr ĹŽ(Äż ĹŽÄżĆœ G[kb 2gy hz[ 7f y.y 4 - ĹŽ y-2V - ĹŽ I =- t.f :1 i 3LĆœ ( I wV

4-1

Graphs of functions €[g.

{o 2> kN đ -.' pj hcNr Ŏ b .b b Gb 51- i \ 6 b .b `b0^ 51- g^ Ƌ b .b .N Zr d [gb a #gb r a #gb 0o wVr Ŏ b .b - 2F ' `b0^Ŏ y-2Wb b .b r z"r4b wV z6.kpb đys' b e .+ 6 zWz^ 51.y Us6 51.b Ƌa r.b m0o zk'kf h61 952f &6/k o T^y lf rk w€Z K?pțf Ǜ4€[q x 952f 4u vp }Z :o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf oyc

ĆŠĆŠ-r.'b 2z ^ a r- DO b wj z b dz g b wcy gzV

Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí IV 3 /" : ( 3> O( &

≈fɍÑdG πãªà dG âˆŤGhĂłâˆ?d

: L +B8 − : + ÂŤ − : M¤ 0 ÂŁ 'Âł 4 0 l&+8% :-"MÂĽ :) - { -ÂĽ : l&+8% I:%´B : l&+8% I:;"8fÂĽ 4 0 3> ­ : " : 3 7Âľ #W% /8 , f81% U ^7 : " ÂĽ 4 0 h+L : 3 7Âľ #W% /8 &Âś

exČš Çž 52f hC[f Ë? f Kf b

‍ؼďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعس‏ is_ w & o2V s e3Ä‘b Er2;b wcN Ä‘Gb wb .^ ˜ zOz 2 b r zG+b a r.b O" 2f Pf -r.& 2z ^ - b .b Ć‹ [ 6 c&2f wV b Gb p61- w b

€: : 16[k IV> - FY − -6 − 3 > − 4 -8 −{ B+ − % ÂŚ k2/ ;lf €l€gS f 1 ylf

b - 7zb Äż = (5Ćœ- b .b i Ä‘Gb wb (Br ˜ Ć‹ y2W?b b .b wg7 pk_br

b - zV W: - A2N 3 p" - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć‹ O 2f Y1r - s6 'b zj z es61 $f j2 - zj z 6 &

2z ^ a r- tr 7 b f3Ä‘b Er2;b Ä‘Gb wb .^ ˜ Ć‹`b/ (Bs c f hpb HN r -r.'b

*6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

.kN dzo #gb - #y {V Ä‘f Ogb j1 [f [y2F e.+ 6 ˜ Ć‹ "1.b 8Wj gpb lz b - j1 [f

I 0 +8 "+8 − 7 !+ − :^ 7ÂĽ − ÂŽ LÂĽ ~&+ < 52 f o ck

(26) ¢U , (25) ¢U Âşâˆ?ŠJ óÌH ≈a

Ć‹H 6sb 2#& - w6 1.b d?Wb

ĹŽĹ 5 = (5Ćœ- ĹŽ5 = (5Ćœ- ĆŠ a r.b h61 wV ` Ä‘F Pf . ˜ Ć‹ a r.b m0o 6 1- Ä‘Gcb \ 6 .Zr ĹŽ Ĺ‚5 = (5Ćœ-

:mgS f 51 Ck

a r.cb 1s> H7 wo a r.b m0o d f i Ä‘Gb wb lz ˜ Ć‹eÄ” a r.b wg7 r ĹŽ z zO_ b r zOz 2 b r zG+b ĹŽd g b

z& lf a r.b m0o 6 1- Ä‘Gb wb cF ˜ Ć‹ pkf d^ - 2F ĹŽ y-2Wb r z"r4b Ć‹ 1s 7b {cN pjr-r Ä‘Gb " d [ 6 ˜

Ć‹ G* so fr (z'> so f 2z7W Pf Ä‘Gb Pf " d^ <Z j ˜

# ( "+)" : 0 :BL^ − ¯› ÂŽJ ÂŞ ‹¡ÂŽJ .( X M V 8 I:3> ÂĽ :L8B( −

‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďşŒďş”â€Ź h ĹŽ-r.& 2z ^ b - hpkf d^ _y i ` Ä‘F wb cF ˜ cF h ĹŽa r.b m0o lf b - d^ "1- ^ hpzb cF ĹŽ z zO_ b ĹŽ zOz 2 b ĹŽ zG+b ĆŠa r.b Xy2O `b0^ hpzb Ć‹ y27_b r 5 z[gb

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

16


-

∫Ghó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG

Er2: A2N Pf 'z'?b "Ė as& ` đF Pf d>s Ƌ [ 7b a r.b b .cb {j z b d_;b Uđ * K&đf wcN ` đF .N 6 z"r3 pjs^ lf pNsk Uđ * wb b r p "1- Uđ * Ƌ`b/ 2zR r y-2V r

äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

: ≈g É¡d IQƒ°U §°ùHCG , á«©«HôJ ádGO O (

Ł =

d g fr wcNĔ %s Wf wk'kf pc gyr ŮqO 2g -.Ob \V2 b - wor (Ŀ ŮĿƜ wo wk'kgb 5 1 G[jr Ů - ?b 1s'f as& Ů ]Ŀ Ů '-Ɵ wV z?Z k - Ů z"r3 - Ů I = - t.f :1 i 3LƜ (] 'ŮĿƟ wV y.y 4

− − − −

: ≈g É¡d IQƒ°U §°ùHCG , á«Ñ«©μJ ádGO O (

(27) ¢U º∏©J óæH ≈a ( [cGgb gz[b b - 5 z[gb b - espWf ` đF wcN .^ wV (Bsf gpkf d^ i 'Bsf y27_b b .b `b0^r ¹ Ƌ 1s> H7 ŀ = (5Ɯ- Ů ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- a r.b h61 đGb wb cF 5 a r.b m0o h61 wV ho.N 6r z¹ j z G[jr wbrĔ b .cb d g b 1s'f .y.' đGb wb cF Ƌ zj b b .cb d g b t.gb - #y z& lf a r- m0o = s* wV đGb <Z j Ƌ y-2Wb r z"r4b r pkf d^ - 2F ' r

− − − −

=

5

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

Ɗ z& - b .cb wj z b d_;b h61 4 Ł > 5ƅƅ f.kNƅŁ5

Ł < 5ƅƅ f.kNƆƄƅŃ

: f 2f 1 6J 5

ľĄĿí

− − −

Ŀ < 5ƅ f.kN ƄƅŁ5 Ŀ H 5ƅ f.kN ƅƅ5 ĿG 5ƅ f.kNƄƅơ5ơ Ŀ > 5ƅ f.kN Ƅƅł5 ŀ ĿG 5ƅ f.kNƄƅ 5 ŀĿ > 5ƅ f.kN Ƅƅ 5

Ń = (5Ɯ- ů Ł < 5 f.kN ( ] 'ŮŁƟ 5 d_b Ń = (5Ɯ- 'I T ;$"L D<_ wV g^ wj z b d_;b 8Wj wcN ]' Ů Ŀ] = - t.fr Ů {Łƞ - I = - b .b a #f n %

− − −

D<_ zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

-

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ z& - b .cb {j z b d_;b h61 1 Ƌ o- 2F ' r b .b t.f $ k 6 h

Ŀ > 5Ƅ f.kNƅŁ5 Ŀ G 5Ƅ f.kN ƅ5

=(5Ɯ -

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬

:( _gKȞ l _f f 1˖ 9 _Ȟ f 1

The Absolute Value Function

wo 5 z[gb b .b 1s> H7 I ǽ , | | =

Ɗ{cy g^ U2O r

Ŀ G 5 f.kN Ŀ > 5 f.kN

Rational Function

ǽcf f 2f = {~} − I ǽ ,

− −

= (5Ɯ- 3

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬

Ɗwo y27_b b .cb 1s> H7

5-

= (5Ɯ-

− − − − − −

5

Ρ = Ł Ł = Ł(Ł-Ɯ ,~ = |~| , = | | = | − | :n % Ł5 , | | = | −| , ~ G | | :n 2 | | = ŀ- = 2*Ē dzfr Ů ŀ = go.& dzf (Ŀ ŮĿƜ G[kb lf i . y i N O: pc gy - b .b ( ] 'ŮĿƟ wV y.y 4 r ]Ŀ Ů '-Ɵ wV z?Z k - Ů z"r3 - Ů ] ' Ů Ƌ] = - t.f :1 i 3LƜ

− − − − −

= (5Ɯ- 1 = (5Ɯ- 2

26

á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓjƒëàdGh ∫Ghó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG

:á«FGôKEG øjQɪJ

ŀ > 5ƅ f.kN ƄƅƅŃ

D<_

ŀ H 5ƅ f.kNƅł + 5

Ů Ł > 5 f.kN ( ]Ł Ů ' -Ɵ 5 d_b Ł5 = (5Ɯ- h62j D<_ wV g^ , G[kb .kN g" "P PBr Pf Ł5 = (5Ɯ-

]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ wV z?Z k b .b ]' ŮĿƟ wV z?Z k b .b

."r h62b lfr z Ē a r.b lf b - d_b wj z b d_;b h61 o- 2F ' r b .b t.f

= (5Ɯ-

]' ŮĿ] so b .b t.f 2

=

17

: &

] 'ŮĿ] so b .b t.f 1 ]Ŀ Ů '-Ɵ wV z?Z k b .b ] 'ŮĿƟ wV y.y 4 b .b

(Ŀ ŮĿƜ wo qc g G[j wk'kf pc gyr Ůq O_g -.Ob \V2 b - wor ( I wV y.y 4 - Ů y-2V - Ů I =- t.f :1 i 3LƜ

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f

(ŁņƜ = d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d>s r

ł =

G[j wk'kf pc gyr Ů w 2Cb q6s_Og -.Ob \V2 b - wor arĔ P 2b wV P[y go.& lz 4" lf is_ yr (Ŀ ŮĿƜ qc g ly1s'gb lf 2 [y 4" d^r b b P 2b wV P[y2*Ē r (wk'kgcb 1 [ G* Ŀ = = ŮĿ = 5 Ɯ gpOG[yĐr Ů ]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ wV AE 7L - Ů y-2V - Ů{Ŀƞ - I = - t.f :1 i 3LƜ (] 'ŮĿƟ wV Cy ¹ AE 7L ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ŀ H 5Ƅ f.kNƅơ5ơ

= (5Ɯ- z& - b .cb wj z b d_;b h61 2

ŀ Ŀ <5Ƅ f.kN ƅ 5

Ƌ o- 2F ' r b .b t.f -.& h62b lfr

= (5Ɯ- 4

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

27

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b


äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí Transformations of Graphs

∫GhódG äÉ«æëæªd á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓjƒëàdG

Vertical Translation

ádGódG ≈æëæªd á«°SCGôdG áMGRE’G :’k hCG ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﺎوﻧﻰ‬

D j D&5 ( Geogebra $f j2 e .+ 6 wcNĔ z¹ 6 1 q '6 r b .b wk'kf 5 1 wcN 2: gb PB ( b - lN 2 O b b .b .N Z 2zS L&Đr Ů .& r .&r d D<_ wV g^ ŀ + Ł5 = (5Ɯ- p .N Z .y." Ł5 = (5Ɯ- Ɗ- b .b wk'kf h61

D<_

:á«fÉ«ÑdG Ωƒ°SôdG ≈a á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓjƒëàdG Ωƒ¡Øe z6.kpb a _:Ĕ ( & 3Ė Ɯ '7j i l_gy qj đGb wb 2: 2J kf t2* a _: wcN as?'cb o1r.j r ( p c[jƜ p7_Oj r :yu }:2qvf h y+ f i V `b0b đys' b m0o e .+ 6 pb 1s?b wg7y .y." 2* d_: wb wc>Ĕ d_;b dys' zcgN :yu ȗ y+ f t4u Q yp mu x

(ł ŮĿƜ Ů(Ł ŮĿƜ H[kb wb b .b wk'kf 5 1 '6 ( Ƌ 2f d^ wV ` K&đf d#6r dW6 wb z¹ 6 1 lz .&r Ł5 = (5Ɯ- wk'kf '6 ( p .N Z .y." b - lN 2 O b b .b .N Z 2zS L&Đr D<_ wV g^ Ł - Ł5 = (5Ɯ-

D<_

wk'kf e .+ 6 ń - Ł5 = (5Ɯ- h61 l_gy Xz^ lz Ƅǔƾ ?Ł5 = (5Ɯ:n G UQ :n B? iR$ & Ɗi V Ł - Ł5 = (5Ɯ Y Ů ŀ + Ł5 = (5Ɯ1 Ů Ł5 = (5Ɯ o1.Z & 3 (5Ɯ- wk'kf 8Wj so (5Ɯ1 wk'kf ( Ƌ - ?b 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ wV .& r .&r o1.Z & 3 (5Ɯ- wk'kf 8Wj so (5ƜY wk'kf ( Ƌ - ?b 1s'gb b 7b m # Đ wV .&r Ł

D<_

l_gy Xz^ lz ł5 = (5Ɯ- wk'kf e .+ 6 ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ Ɗlf d^ zk'kf h61 ń - ł5 = (5ƜY ‫ب‬ Ń + ł5 = (5Ɯ1 ‫أ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬

C Α (9˖1 Ζ A }q+qȞ m:5

m # wV .&sb lf C o1.Z & 3 (5Ɯ- = = wk'kf 8Wj so C + (5Ɯ- = = wk'kgb is_y ů - b - tĔ Ŀ > C f.kN = r m # wV r Ů Ŀ < C f.kN , = r zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

-

(a [ jĐ Ɯ & 3Ė

28

5 _OjĔ i 1r.b wcN LV ' z6.kpb đys' b m0o i đGb wb .^ [ 7b đys' b i t d>Ĕ Pf # kb 1s?b \ G Ƌ5 z[b yr 7 f ts 7gb wV a [ jĐ r 5 _OjĐ espWf lz y wb b ar.#b r Ɗw .&Ė =1s'f wb 7kb

5 1s'f wb 7kb w6.kpb dys' b

( Ů -Ɯ ̷ ( Ů Ɯ

( - Ů Ɯ ̷ ( Ů Ɯ

5 _OjĐ

(- + Ů Ɯ ̷ ( Ů Ɯ ( ٶ" + Ɯ ̷ ( Ů Ɯ

a [ jĐ

.e jG* e I 4KesH á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓjƒëàdGh ∫Ghó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG

IIIIIII

ơ5ơ = {

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Y Ů 1 lf d^ z& ŮY Ů 1 Ů- a r.b zk'kf d [gb d_;b lz y 5 Y Ů 1 lf d^ .N Z ^ z6 1 & 3 - b .cb 1s> ľĄĿí

− − − − −

− −

y27_b

= { w

IIIIIII = { >

.&r ł o1.Z & 3 - b .b wk'kf 8Wj so 1 b .b wk'kf a = r m # wV ł - (5Ɯ- = (5Ɯ1 ` ł - ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ1 ` ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- a

= r m # wV .&r Ł o1.Z & 3 - b .b wk'kf 8Wj so Y b .b wk'kf a Ů

Ł + ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ Y `

ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- a

Ł + (5Ɯ- = (5ƜY ` ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

z zO_ b 5 z[gb zOz 2 b b .b ŀ ł Ł = (5Ɯ- 5 = (5Ɯ- ơ5ơ = = 5 = = p .N Z 5 N 1s'f N 1s'f 1s'f 5 t Ŀ = 5 t d g b Ŀ= d>Ĕ G[j d>Ĕ G[j G[j (Ŀ ŮĿƜ (Ŀ ŮĿƜ d g b

i )e ~G* $e 1&³*

.N Z ^ Ƌ z6 1 & 3 - b .cb 1s> Y Ů1 lf d^ z& Y Ů 1 Ů - a r.b zk'kf zb b a _:Ĕ lz 3 Ƌd_: d^ wV Y Ů 1 lf d^ ‫ﺟـ‬

‫ب‬

IIIII = { >

ŀ { = {

IIIIIII =

− −

>

IIIII = {

− − − − −

‫أ‬

{ w

>

IIIII = {

− −

− − − −

= {

¯{

ŀ { Ł = {

− − − −

w

IIIIIII = {

− −

w

IIIIIII = {

2f !r4^ d g b G[j lz Y2Wb đGb wb (Br H* b- Og^ d g b 1s'f Ů( y27_b Ů z zO_ b a r.cbƜ Ƌ5 z[gb a r- ( zOz 2 b a r.cbƜ hz[ 7f Ƌd g b 1s'fr 5 _OjĐ 1s'f lz Y2Wb `b0^ (Br

:≈fhÉ©J πªY Horizontal Translation

ádGódG ≈æëæªd á«≤aC’G áMGRE’G :Ék«fÉK ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﺎوﻧﻰ‬

D<_

29

:h k7 Tk hlR f¹ .+ 7f ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- Ɗ- b .b wk'kf h61 ( P 2f wV b .b .N Z _ Geogebra $f j2 a *- HSB h ǪǫǼ(ȁƜ Ɗwb b s'kb wcN a *-Đ p .N Zr zj z b 0V kb wV b .b wk'kf 2pKzV D<_ wV g^ y2 #b 0V kb wV ǯ(ȁƜ=ơȁơ

Ů 2Vs gb wbĒ 6 'b 4p"Ė [¹ Vr Nsg#f wb đGb h7Z wk'kf h62b ŁŇ= 'Bsgb sG+b 0zWk wcN ` đF .N 6r z6 2b & 3Ė #z j - 'b 2zS b 6 1-r zOz 2 b b .b Ƌ b .b wk'kgb

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

18


-

∫Ghó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

:óbÉf ô«μØJ

"sgb m # Đ wV zÊ [V b .b wk'kf '6 ( L&Đr .&sb lf -.O kz7b 1s'gb y2 #b 0V kb wV b .b .N Z 2zS D<_ wV g^

z6 2b & 3Ė espWf wcN .z^ b wb 2z_W b 0o U.py 8Wj 1 2_ ađ* lfr \cGgb .'b 1 : 8Wk a r.cb z O_ b b .b wcN Ł5- (5Ɯ- b .cb 'Br w b sG+b 2zS b ! k 6 wcN ` đF .N 6 geoyebra $f j2 e .+ 6 r Ƌ z6 2b & 3Ė #z j ŁŇ= 'Bsgb a r.b wcN - 'b

D<_

b 7b m # Đ wV Cy ¹ b .b wk'kf '6 ( wV g^ .&sb lf -.O kz7b 1s'gb ?L&đ / f Ů D<_

:º∏©J .k wV 'Bsgb .N [b wcN .^ [ 7b G;jĔ 0zWk .O ƋŁň= (Bsgb a gb %2; hpWb 0o .^ r hcO (5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f (ɹʀ˖ A :h+ o ex * Ǚɺ ŀ Ł

Ł - 5 = (5ƜYƅŮƅł + 5

ŀ Ł

Y Ů 1 lz b .b zk'kf h62 Xz^ lz Ƅǔƾ Ůơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- Ɗ z& - b .b wk'kf e .+ 6 ƋơŃ + 5ơ = (5ƜY Ů ơń - 5ơ= (5Ɯ1

D<_

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬ C + = =737& ;$ m # wV .&sb lf C o1.Z & 3 (5Ɯ- = = wk'kf 8Wj so (C + 5Ɯ- = = Ůwk'kgb is_y ů - b - tĔ Ŀ < C is_y f.kN 5 r m # wVr ŮĿ > C is_y f.kN 5 r ,

ơ5ơ= (5Ɯ- Ɗd [gb d_;b wV ƩũĪ & 3 - b .b wk'kf 8Wj so 1 b .b wk'kf ( 5 r m # wV .&r ł o1.Z (Ŀ ŮłƜ lzN O;b . G[jr ơł - 5ơ = (5Ɯ1 ` { wk'kf 8Wj so Y b .b wk'kf ( 5 r m # wV .&r Ł o1.Z & 3 - b .b (Ŀ Ů Ł- Ɯ lzN O;b -. G[j Ů ơŁ + 5ơ = (5ƜY `

− − − − − −

ŀ - ł5 = (5ƜYƅŮ ƅŀ + ł5 = (5Ɯ1 ‫ب‬

/

ŀ - 5ŀ = (5ƜYƅŮƅŁ + 5ŀ = (5Ɯ1 ‫ﺟ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ɗ z& M Ů 1 lz b .b lf d^ dz g b Ł5 = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 6

(ɺɷ˖ A mgS 2q }Z

cF r ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- 5 z[gb b - 1s 7b wcN h61 a r.b wk'kf h61 - b .b wk'kf e .+ 6 đGb wb ƋơŁ + 5ơ = (5ƜY Ů ơł - 5ơ = (5Ɯ1 z& Y Ů1 b .b wk'kf q7Wj so b .b wk'kf i đGb wb (Br 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ wV .&r ł o1.Z & 3 Ƌ (Ŀ ŮłƜ wo wk'kgb 5 1 G[j is_ z& kz7b PBs `b/r wk'kgb 5 1 G[j ! k 6 l_gy qj lz (Ŀ ŮłƜ G[kb wo t ł = 5 is_ V Ŀ = (5Ɯ1 & 3 - b .b 1s> Y b .b wk'kf h61 đGb wb cF qjĔ kz7b 1s'gb b 7b m # Đ wV .&r Ń o1.Z 5 1 G[j is_ wb b r Ń- = 5 i V Ŀ = (5ƜY PBs (Ŀ Ů Ń- Ɯ wo wk'kgb Pf 2_Wb 8Wj wcN .^ y t0b (ŅƜ a f ` đF Pf <Z j zOz 2 b b .b z zO_ b b .cb z[VĔ & 3Ė espWf wcN t2* c f HN Ƌ đGb " P r y27_b b .b r wV geogbra $f j2 e.+ 6 -.O gb H 6sb V2R wV Ƌ z6 2b & 3Ė r z[VĔ & 3Ė espWf (zBs

Ł(ł + 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ M

.^ r łŀ= d' i ar & 2[V wV " f ` đF Pf <Z j & 3 hg ( kz7b 1s'f wcNƜ z[VĔ & 3Ė i hpzb Ƌq .&r -.N 8Wk \cGgb .'b 1 : 8_O b .b wk'kf 4

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

‫ب‬

‫أ‬

Ł(Ł - 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ1

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

-

30

á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓjƒëàdGh ∫Ghó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG ľĄĿí

‫ب‬

− − − − − −

‫ أ‬ƅ

wk'kf - 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ 1 wk'kf ½ m # Đ wV lz .&r & 3 Ł5 = (5Ɯ G[j is_ r kz7b 1s'gb "sgb Ƌ(ĿŮŁƜ wo wk'kgb 5 1

½

wk'kf so Ł(ł + 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ M wk'kf

so Ł(Ł

m # Đ wV .&r ł & 3 Ł5 = (5Ɯ5 1 G[j is_ r Ů kz7b 1s'gb b 7b Ƌ(Ŀ Ů ł-Ɯ wo wk'kgb

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ z& M Ů 1 lz b .b lf d^ dz g b Ł5 = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 4 Ł(ł Ƥ 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ M ‫ب‬ Ł(Ń + 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ1 ‫أ‬ Ɗ zb b a _:Ĕ zÊ j z c ggb - b .b .N Z ^ 5 ‫ﺟـ‬

‫ب‬

− − −

‫أ‬

C

− − − − − −

− −

− −

− {−

Ł + Ł(ł - 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ1 z& 1 b .b wk'kf h61 l_gy Xz^ lz Ů Ł5 = (5Ɯ- i ^ / ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ

:(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f

19

= (5Ɯ1 ‫أ‬

(Ŀ ŮŃ- Ɯ wo wk'kgb 5 1 G[j ‫أ‬

Ü + ( C + ¢S)O = ¢U ≈æëæªdG º°SQ .&sb lf C o1.Z z[V & 3 (5Ɯ- = = wk'kf 8Wj so + (C + 5Ɯ- = = wk'kgb :n p'7'(? iR$ & .&sb lf o1.Z z6 1 & 3 h Ů (Ŀ <C f.kN 5 r m # wVr Ů Ŀ > C f.kN 5 r m # wV Ɯ (Ŀ > f.kN = r m # {Vr Ů Ŀ < f.kN = r m # wV Ɯ

31

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b


äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ů 1 lz b .b lf d^ dz g b Ł5 = (5Ɯ-

z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 6 Ń Ƥ Ł(Ł + 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ1 ‫أ‬

Ɗ z& M ŀ Ƥ Ł(5 - łƜ = (5Ɯ M ‫ب‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ e x2f q+qk m:5 ȠR :2qvf ȗ y+ f ` K Ɗ o- 2F ' r b .b t.f -.& h62b lfr ł + ŀ -ŀ5 = (5Ɯ1 z& 1 b .b wk'kf h61 7

ł(Ł - 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ- ‫ﺟ‬

d g G[j is_ r = r m # wV .&r ł o1.Z & 3

{ł ƞ - I = 1 t.f Ů (ł ŮŀƜ G[kb wo 1 b .b wk'kf : "I ] ' Ů ŀ Ɵ wV Cy ¹ qz?Z k r Ů ]ŀ Ů' - Ɵ wV z?Z k 1

Ƌ` " 27V ? pb #f wcN z?Z k ł + Ł -ŀ5 = (5Ɯ- i as[b l_gy do ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗlf d^ dz g b Ŀ!5 Ů 5ŀ = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 7 ł- 5 Ł = (5Ɯ Y ‫ب‬ ŀ + ŀ = (5Ɯ1 ‫أ‬ Ł-5 Ł+5

wk'kgb lz zb f lz & 3 dgN t.f 2z_W b lf Mskb 0o lz y Ů(Ł ŮłƜ G[kb wo wk'kgb 5 1 G[j i ! k 6 r b .b Ƌ đGcb 2J kgb ly1 g b DO GN hcOgcb l_gyr wk'kf q7Wj so ¶" + ( + 5 CƜ- = = wk'kgb V e N q"s r & 3 r kz7b 1s'f wcN z[V & 3 (5Ɯ- = = b .b Ƌ N 1s'f wcN z6 1

i )e ~G* $e 1&³*

‫ﺟـ‬

‫ب‬

− − −

− −

‫أ‬

− − − −

wk'kgcb z6 2b & 3Ė r z[VĔ & 3Ė e .+ 6 ŀ + 5Ń + Ł5 = (5Ɯ- wk'kf h61 l_gy : w B Ƌwcy g^ Ł5 = (5Ɯ1 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

32

5

ŀ

− − − − − −

− −

P 2gb a g^ ŀ + 5Ń + Ł5 = (5Ɯł - (Ń + 5Ń + Ł5Ɯ = Ƅƅ 5 ł - Ł(Ł + 5Ɯ = Ƅƅ 5 z& 1 b .b wk'kf 8Wj so ( GOgb Ɯ - b .b wk'kf n 2 h Ů 5 r m # wV .&r Ł o1.Z & 3 Ł5 = (5Ɯ1 z& Ƌd [gb h62b qc gyr = r m # wV .&r ł & 3Ė e .+ 6 ņ + 5Ņ + Ł5 = (5Ɯ- wk'kf h61 džŐʗƥŝ Ƌ- b .b - 2F ' h Ł5 = (5Ɯ1 wk'kgb z6 2b & 3Ė r z[VĔ

Ƌ kz7b 1s'f wV z6 6Ĕ a r.b DO zk'kf 5 _Oj zb b a _:Ĕ lz

¯{ =

ơ5ơ− =

ŀ { −=

ơ5ơ =

ŀ { =

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f

: &

Ł5

äÉæ«°ùdG Qƒëe ≈a ádGódG ≈æëæe ¢SÉμ©fG :Éãk dÉK

.& wcN a #gb lf 2 V d^ .y.' #y t1r2Cb lf `b0b Ƌ 2: f pb \ 7b a gb wV -1r g^ o.kN b .b - 2F ' b

d>s r (łŁƜ = d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf

á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓjƒëàdGh ∫Ghó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG

5

-

b Gb ' y i P ;b G+b lf (ɺɹ˖ A 2^ p 6 c[ 2q }Z {ŀƞ - I so a #gb _y i r pb #f wcN (ņƜ a f wV b .b - 2F -Ł ! 5 f.kN '!(5Ɯ- Ů +Ł! 5 f.kN' - ! (5Ɯ- Ɗ iĔ

− −

{ =

¯{− =

(ɺɹ˖ A h+ o ex * m # Đ wV lz .&r 1 .[g - b .b wk'kf & 3 h y ‫ أ‬6

b 7b m # Đ wV .&r Ń Ů 5 1s'gb b 7b Ƌ - ?b 1s'gb Ł(ł - 5Ɯ = Ł(5 - ł Ɯ i L&Đ ‫ب‬ wV .&r ł 1 .[g - b .b wk'kf & 3 h y wV .& r .&rr Ů5 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ Ƌ= 1s'gb b 7b m # Đ

{− =

?p'7'(L U ? BL U

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬

ł - ơŁ - 5ơ = = ‫ب‬

(5Ɯ- - = = wk'kgb h61 kz7b 1s'f wV 5 _Oj (5Ɯ- = = wk'kf 8Wj so (5Ɯ- - = = wk'kgb is_y Ů- b - tĔ

33

ł- 5

− −

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ q+qȞ m:5 ȠR :2qvf ȗ y+ f ` K Ɗ z& M ŮY Ů 1 a r.b zk'kf h61 z6 6Ĕ a r.b zk'kf e .+ 6 8 Ł(ł - 5Ɯ- = (5Ɯ1 ‫أ‬ ơł+5ơ - Ń = (5Ɯ Y ‫ب‬ ŀ - Ł = (5Ɯ M ‫ﺟ‬

− −

= (5Ɯ- ‫ب‬

: (31) ¢U óbÉf ô«ØμJ óæH ≈a

Ɗ zb b a _:Ĕ zÊ j z c ggb - b .b .N Z ^ 8

Ɗ wo b .b .N Z 5 ŀ ł-5

z& - b .b wk'kf 8Wj so 1 b .b wk'kf

h Ů (Ŀ > ŀ- = C Ɯ 5 r m # wV .& r .&r o1.Z & 3

− − − − − −

ơł + 5ơ = (5Ɯ- ‫أ‬

ľĄĿí ŀ = (5Ɯ5

(Ŀ Ůł Ɯ wo wk'kgb 5 1 G[j ‫ب‬

:(ɺɹ˖ A h+ o ex *

ł- Ł(Ł+ 5 Ɯ = = ‫أ‬ ł - ł(ŀ + 5 Ɯ = = ‫ﺟ‬

8

(ɺɺ˖ A ` K

{Ńƞ - % = t.gb Ů {Łƞ - % = b .b a #f ] 'Ů Ł Ɵ Ů ]Ł Ů' - Ɵ wV z?Z k b .b

ľĄĿí

‫أ‬ Ů kz7b 1s'f wV 5 1 G[j is_ r Ů 5 r m # wV .&r ł o1.Z z[V & 3 h ƋdW6 wb %s Wf wk'kgb r (Ŀ ŮłƜ wo wk'kgb

: (33) ¢U º∏©J óæH ≈a

Ł5 = (5Ɯ- wk'kgb 5 _Oj so (5Ɯ1 wk'kf

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

lz h 1s'f as& wj z b d_;b 5 _Oj espWg ` đF 2^/ (5Ɯ- = = b .b wk'kf 8Wj so (5Ɯ- - = = wk'kgb i Ƌ kz7b 1s'f as& 5 _OjĐ

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

20


�-š

âˆŤGhĂłâˆ?d ≈fɍÑdG πãªà dG äɍÌÍÌŸG º°SQh å≤≤◊G âˆŤGhĂłdG Ĺ?†ĿĹ?Ĺ—Ă­ ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

(ɺɝË– A Ę˜ (ɺɺË– A (ɿ˖ e #k }Z

Â

1s'f as& 5 _OjÄ” # kb zk'kgb i ` Ä‘F wb 2: z& lf pb zc>Ä” a r.b zk'kf lN Xc + kz7b Ć‹ y-2Wb r z"r4b z& lf pOf \W l_br - 2FÄ? r x.gb

,

− − − − − − −

€&yfyqc f i 2/ : Casio Fx-98606 SD

ĹŽ kz7b 1s'f wV ĆĄ5ĆĄ = (5Ćœ- wk'kgb 5 _Oj so (5ĆœY wk'kf ‍ب‏ z6 1 & 3 r ĹŽ 5 r m # wV .&r Ĺ‚ o1.Z z[V & 3 h lzN O;b . G[j is_ r ĹŽ = r m # wV .&r Ĺƒ o1.Z Ć‹dW6Ä” %s Wf wk'kgb r (Ĺƒ ĹŽĹ‚-Ćœ G[kb wo

Â

ĹŽ 5 r m # wV .&r Ĺ‚ o1.Z z[V & 3 h ĹŽ kz7b

ĂĄÂŤeĆ’°SĂ´dG ĂĄĂ‘°SÉÍdG ĂĄdB’G

ĹŽ = r m # wV .&r Ĺ o1.Z z6 1 & 3 r

− −

Pzg" hC w b zfs62b 6 'b bÄ’ m0o zgo ` Ä‘Gb (Br V _ zj z b GG+gb h61r z ?&Ä– r zgcOb X Jsb ly.'b / y2Kjr y2 #b Ä?- Ogb d& pkgB lfr pN sj l_gyr #f2 cb c Z pj g^Polynomial -r.'b -.O gb (SDĆœ c[ kgb 2^ 0b e .+ 6 pzcN d?' gb $ kb LW& wcN bÄ’ m0o dzg' b H r1 ."sy g^ ĹŽ bÄ’ m0p -s"sgb 6 'b bÄ’ -s"r ir- pf .+ 6 l_gy z s _kOb _ ;b (esy ĹˆÄż .gb { y2# 1 .> ^Ćœ

Â

(Ĺ ĹŽĹ‚Ćœ wo wk'kgb d g G[j is_ r

ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ

ĆŠ z& 1 b .b wk'kf h61 w y gf d^ wV 9 Ĺ‚ (Ĺ‚ - 5Ćœ - = (5Ćœ1 ‍ب‏ Ĺ (Ĺ€+ 5 Ćœ - Ĺ‚ = (5Ćœ1 ‍أ‏ ĆĄĹ„ - 5ĆĄ -Ĺ‚ = (5Ćœ1 ‍ďş&#x;ـ‏ Ć‹ zj z b 6 'b r zfs62b $f 2 b .& e .+ 6 h62b '> lf \[' h

‍ďťž ďş—ďťŒďşŽŮˆ‏ C = =737 ;$ dD ‰ j D&5 Geogebra $f j2 e .+ 6 Ĺ 5 = (5Ćœ- ĆŠ- b .b wk'kf h61 (š ĆŠ{b b s'kb wcN 1 b .b .N Z ^ a *-Ä? P 2f wVr IQ

D<_

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ˖ 6l ;lf m€€_ f

e .+ 6 (z'> d_; a r.b h61 wcN ` Ä‘F 1.Z lf .^ d' i ar & wV zj z b 6 'b r zfs62b $f 2 b

21

exČš Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČž b

r

^

2

a>Ĺ€ z& pb t2* hzZ 1 z *Ä? a hzZ 2: f e.+ 6 (› - b .b wk'kgb 7kb 1 b .b wk'kf ^2& L&Ä?r a < Ĺ€ f.kNr D<_ wV g^ I Ç˝ 5 d_b ?$ k 7 / fr ? L&Ä‘ / f D<_ wV g^

D<_

&Čœ 9 b .b wk'kgb 5 _Oj so 1 b .b wk'kf ‍أ‏

ĹŽ5 _OjÄ” Ćœ [ 7b z6.kpb Ä‘ys' b i Ä‘Gb wb 2: ĹŽd>Ä•b fš g [ Gf 1s?b pzV is_ (i 1r.b ĹŽa [ jÄ? d_: wV 2zS .'y z& Ä‘ys' b lf 2* Msj -.g b r Ć‹2zS? b r 2z _ b z& lf b .b wk'kf

a

D<_ .y." 0V j `b 2pK b Create slidersĆ… pkf 2 *

(Ĺ‚ĹƒĆœ = d' i ar & 2[V wV -1 sb ly1 g b ` Ä‘F Pf <Z j (Ĺ‡Ćœ a f wcN \z G ^ 'z'?b "Ä– wb hpOf d>s r

ĂĄdGĂłdG â‰ˆĂŚĂŤĂŚe OóªJ :≈fhÉŠJ πªY

:ĂĄdGĂłdG â‰ˆĂŚĂŤĂŚe OóªJ :ÉkŠHGQ

Expanding of graph

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ˖ 6l ;lf m€€_ f

o1.Z z[V & 3 h ĹŽ5 1s'f wV Ĺ 5 = (5Ćœ kz7b 1s'gb b 7b m # Ä? wV .& r .&r "sgb m # Ä? wV .&r Ĺ‚ o1.Z z6 1 & 3 r Äż = Ĺ€+ 5 ĆŠso d g b 1s'fr - ?b 1s'gb b .b wk'kgb 5 _Oj so 1 b .b wk'kf ‍ب‏ o1.Z z[V & 3 h ĹŽ M 1s'f wV Ĺ‚5 = (5Ćœ G[jr kz7b 1s'gb "sgb m # Ä? wV .&r Ĺ‚ Ć‹(Äż ĹŽĹ‚Ćœ G[kb wo d g b b .b wk'kgb 5 _Oj so 1 b .b wk'kf ‍ďş&#x;‏ z[V & 3 h ĹŽ kz7b 1s'f wV ĆĄ5ĆĄ = (5Ćœ kz7b 1s'gb "sgb m # Ä? wV .&r Ĺ„ o1.Z "sgb m # Ä? {V .&r Ĺ‚ o1.Z z6 1 & 3 r Ć‹ - ?b 1s'gb

= (5Ćœ- wk'kgb 5 _Oj so (5ĆœM wk'kf ‍ďş&#x;‏

1s'f wV 5Ĺ€

Â

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

�-š

34

印SóÌ¥dG äĂ“jĆ’ĂŤĂ dGh âˆŤGhĂłâˆ?d ≈fɍÑdG πãªà dG

â€Ťďş—ďťŒďť ďť˘â€Ź (5Ćœ - C = = wk'kgb h61 wk'kgb w6 1 -.g so (5Ćœ- C = = wk'kgb is_y ĹŻ - b - tÄ” wk'kgb w6 1 9 g_j r ĹŽĹ€ < C i ^ / (5Ćœ- = = Ć‹Ĺ€ > C > Äż i ^ / (5Ćœ- = =

D<_

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź ĆŠM ĹŽ 1 lz b .b lf d^ dz g b ĆĄ5ĆĄ = (5Ćœ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 9 Ĺ + ƥņ - 5ĆĄĹ = (5ĆœM ‍ب‏ ĆĄ5 ĆĄĹ = (5Ćœ1 ‍أ‏ ĞĄĿí

 ƥ5ĆĄ ‹ = {

− − − −

Ĺ É&#x; ƥņ - 5ĆĄ ‹ = { „

ĆĄ5ĆĄ = {

Â

{

€

- b .b wk'kgb w6 1 -.g so (5Ćœ1 wk'kf ‍أ‏ ĆŠi V `b/ {cNr Äż < Ĺ = C cf Of - i z Ç˝ (= ĹŽ 5Ćœ d_b 1 i z Ç˝ (= Ĺ ĹŽ5Ćœ is_y & 3 (5Ćœ1 wk'kf 8Wj so (5ĆœM wk'kf ‍ب‏ ĹŽ 5 r m # wV .&r ņ o1.Z z[V = r m # wV .&r Ĺ o1.Z z6 1 & 3 r ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ

ĆŠ M ĹŽ 1 lz b .b dz g b Ĺ 5 = (5Ćœ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 10 Ĺ (Ĺ„ - 5 Ćœ Ĺ€ - Ĺ = (5ĆœM ‍ب‏ Ĺ 5 Ĺ€ - = (5Ćœ1 ‍أ‏ Ĺ Ĺ Ć‹ o- 2F ' r M b .b t.f -.& h zj z b 6 'b r zfs62b $f 2 b .& e .+ 6 h62b '> lf \['

‍ﺸﺎء‏ ?e g b z"r z#b a r- wcN [ 7b y2 #b a r.b wV p 61- w b z6.kpb Ä‘ys' b \z G ½ Trigonometric functions First: Translation on X axis

(Ă–ÂŤĂŠdG ĂĄdGO â‰ˆĂŚĂŤĂŚe) ĂĄÂŤĂŁâˆ?ĂŁÂŞdG âˆŤGhĂłdG

äÉ̍°ÚdG QĆ’ĂŤe âˆšĂ‰ĂŠJG ≈a ĂĄMGRE’G :’hCG

ĹŽi y- 2b kz7b 1s'f wcN $y1. b is_y z' $f j2 b .N r (Geo GebraĆœ 2 "sz" $f j2 e.+ 6 (š qkf 2 + h ĹŽx ( kz7b Ćœ Ä‘> Wb 1s'f 2G6 2* wV pkf 1 + r ĹŽ(lzgy `zc^Ćœ 1 Wb HSC i `b/r Ć‹(rĆœ $y1. b e Kj wk'kgb d_: `b wGO V (enterĆœ HSB h sin x ĆŠ2fÄ” ^ (2f rÄ” ^Ćœ $f j2 b dW6 wV (›

35

exČš Çž 52f hC[f Ë? f Kf b


äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

łń= 10 Ɗw Ē ^ ^ / Ů (5Ɯ- = = z& - b .b wk'kf {WV Ɗi V (5Ɯ - C = = ŀ<C i ^ / 2z _ -.g b ŀ>C i ^ / 2zS? -.g b ŀ = C i ^ / \ Gf -.g b

Ů(a g: HSCb Ɯ 1 Wb wk'kgb wcN HSCb `b/r Ů wk'kgb `g6r iscb wV h_' b PzG 7 Ů 2g&Ĕ Ƌ(ƋƋƋŮ d? f Ů wF2: Ů H[kf Ŀ H+b d_:r H+b `g6r Ůiscb 0V kb wcN wV 2pKzV

isbr (enterƜ HSB h ( r + 5Ɯ " = = Ɗt sin x + r/3ƜƜ Ɗ2fĔ ^ [ 7b [y2Gb 8Wk ( ł Ƌ2* isc wk'kgb 0o

? BL U d1 737& 1 I n E ( :n p'7'(? ;$" 1 wcN 1 7zb p" zÊ [V z#b b - wk'kf & 3 h r+ ! = ł a r.b wV g^Ɯ r tr 7y 1 .[g kz7b 1s'f ł b .b i L&đj g^ Ů ! b .b t.f 8Wj sor Ɵŀ Ů ŀ - ] so zj b b .b t.f i L&đjr Ů( z[z['b Ƌd>Ĕ G[j r - ?b 1s'f as& o k'kgb d g ."syĐ qjĔ ů y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb ( rł + 5Ɯ "

Ƅǔƾ

Ƌ( r - 5Ɯ " Ɗwo b .b .N Z j ^ / zkz7b & 3Ė m # is_y i PZs / f ½

:á°SGQó∏d äGOÉ°TQEG

ł

Second: Translation on Y axis

‫ب‬

ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ

‫أ‬

: I & \ <_H 1 DG =b wk'kgb z6.kpb đys' b X> Ů1 b .b wk'kf h62 w b r - b .b o .f -.&r 1 b .b .N Z ^ h Ƌ o- 2F ' r

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

-

36

:h _lf hc?f Z

/

äGOÉ°üdG Qƒëe √ÉéJG ≈a áMGRE’G :É«fÉK

Ƌ\ 6 g^ 5 " = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf h61 ( Ł + 5 " = (5Ɯ1 z& 1 b .b wk'kf h61 ( ? BL U d1 737& D<_ 1 I n E 2* isc + ! = n p'7'(? ;$" 1 , ! b .b wk'kf q7Wj so zj b b .b wk'kf ƋwcNĔ lz .&r 1 .[g q & 3 .O ! = h qjĔ ; , so zj b b .b t.f i L&đjr + !Ƅ b .b i r ŮwbrĔ b .b lN - ?b 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ wV lz .&r 1 .[g q & 3 Ƌ y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb

C

/

C

l

qcf Ofr e m4^2f t0b -.g b i ^ / /

0 "I h3I 0 ;$" 1 , =737 ;$ 1 Ł- > 5ƅ f.kN ƅƅŃ Ł- G 5ƅ f.kNƄƅŁ5

Ŀ H 5ƅ f.kNƅơ5ơ

= (5Ɯ- ‫ب‬

ŀ Ŀ > 5ƅ f.kN ƅ 5

Ŀ < 5ƅ f.kN ƅŁ5 ŀ > 5ƅ f.kN

= (5Ɯ- ‫د‬

Ŀ < 5ƅ f.kN ƅơ5ơ

ƅ ł5

ŀ < 5ƅ f.kN Ƅƅŀ

= (5Ɯ- ‫أ‬ = (5Ɯ- ‫ﺟ‬

:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ɗm # wV .&r Ń o1 .[f & 3 Ł5 = (5Ɯ- wk'kf 8Wj so Ń + Ł5 = (5Ɯ1 wk'kf 2 =r ‫ﺟ‬

=r ‫د‬

I ?qf 4 [q f

{bĒ 6 'b $f 2 e .+ 6 wb łŅ Ůłń= (Bsgb E ;kb U.py (e g b z"r z#b Ɯ z c gb a r.b zk'kf (zBs {V ( c b Ɯ b .b wk'kf {cN U2O cb z6 2b r z[VĔ & 3Ė espWf e .+ 6 r z& lf fs62gb b .b = s* 2^/r Wc +f M Br wV z c gb Ƌ b .b - 2F r y-2Wb r z"r4b r t.gb r a #gb

5r ‫ب‬

5r

‫أ‬

nTm\TÐ ÊÐØÌ a _:Ĕ h62b f Z. geogebra $f j2 e.+ 7y

=r ‫ﺟ‬

=r ‫د‬

5r ‫ب‬

5r

‫أ‬

Ɗ{o ł + Ł(5 - ŁƜ = (5Ɯ- wk'kgb 5 1 G[j 4 (ł ŮŁ-Ɯ ‫ﺟ‬

(ł- ŮŁ-Ɯ ‫د‬

(ł- ŮŁƜ ‫ب‬

(ł ŮŁƜ ‫أ‬

Ɗ wo ł(ŀ+ 5Ɯ - Ł =(5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf d g G[j 5 (ŀ ŮŁƜ ‫ﺟ‬

(ŀ- ŮŁƜ ‫د‬

(Ł Ůŀ-Ɯ ‫ب‬

ŀ Ɗwo Ń + ł - 5 = (5Ɯ-

(Ń ŮłƜ ‫ﺟ‬

(Ń Ůł-Ɯ ‫د‬

:≈JCÉjÉe øY ÖLCG Ł5 = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf h61 7 = Ů 5 z .&Ė t1s'f m # wV (y3 h Ƌd [gb d_;b wV g^

(Ń- ŮłƜ ‫أ‬

− − − − − − −

z& - b .b wk'kf d g G[j 6

(Ń- Ůł-Ɯ ‫ب‬

(Ł ŮŀƜ ‫أ‬

,

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

: L[ \ 1 DG 5 E m'G M ŮY Ů1 ½

|wza TÐ 3 gf

= Ů5 lz & 3Ĕ -.'yr z#b b - wk'kgb zj z b Ƌ Z- d_ z#b b - Z. h62yr $f j2 b 8Wj e.+ 7y

." ¹ .z"

= Ů 5 lz & 3Đ .y.' {V ¹Gz7 G* G+yr qk_b Ƌ z#b b - wk'kf h62yr $f j2 b 8Wj e.+ 7y

.z"

! 'yr Ů y- ?b r zkz7b lz & 3Đ .y.' wV G+y

Ɗm # wV .&r ł o1 .[f & 3 ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- wk'kf 8Wj so ơł + 5ơ = (5Ɯ1 wk'kf 3

37

/

/

: I ?qf m _ mg: á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓjƒëàdGh ∫Ghó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG

٤ - ١ ‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ‬

J

/

C ơ1ơ = C Ɗi V wb Ů C wb C d[ky 1 -.g b df Of z& h62b 5 z[g -.g b espWf H 1 l_gyr [z['b {V 1s?b so 2zS? b r 2z _ b Ůh62b 5 z[f so Ƌh62b wV 1s?b

Gz7 .N 7f wb h61 PzG 7yĐ qk_br H[V z#b b - wk'kf h62y

as [f

wb ! 'yr y- ?b r zkz7b & 3Ė zk'kf Ƌ .N 7f zk'kgb h61 wV $f j2 b e .+ 6 qk_gyĐ

XzOB

qz"s b r .N 7gb wb ! 'yr

.N Z ! k 6 wcN b Gb y1. wb E ;kb U.py :2^ p 6 c[ Ƌ o- 2F ' r o .f .y.' r pb {j z b d_;b ađ* lf b .b ƟĿ ŮŁ- ] = t.gb Ů ŀ - 5 & = (5Ɯ- ‫أ‬ Ɵ Ů ] rŁ ŮĿƟ {V y.y 4 b .b Ů]rŁ Ů rł Ł ] rł Ů rŁ Ɵ {V z?Z k Ł

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

22


-

∫Ghó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

]Ł Ů Ł- Ɵ = t.gb Ů 5 & Ł = (5Ɯ- ‫ب‬ Ɵ Ů ] rŁ ŮĿƟ wV y.y 4 b .b ]r Ł Ů rł Ł ]

rł Ů r Ł Ł

] 'ŮĿƟ y.y 4 ] 'ŮŀƟ wV Ů ]ŀ Ů'-Ɵ wV y.y 4 ]ŀ Ů'-Ɵ % ] 'ŮĿƟ wV y.y 4 Ů ]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ wV z?Z k {Ŀƞ - % 1 ¶" 6 ƅ 5 ƅ 4 ƅ 3 ƅƅ¶" ł - Ł(Ń + 5 Ɯ Ɗ M ŮŁ - Ł5 Ɗ Y Ů Ł(Ń - 5Ɯ Ɗ 1 ŀ - Ł(Ń + 5 Ɯ ƊM Ů Ń - ł5 Ɗ Y Ů ł(ł - 5Ɯ Ɗ 1 Ł + ơł + 5ơ Ɗ M Ů Ł - ơ5ơ ƊY Ů ơł - 5ơ Ɗ 1 5

: L[ \ 1 DG 5 E m'G M ŮY Ů1 ½

1

‫أ‬

ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf h61 d [gb d_;b wV 9 = Ů 5 z .&Ė t1s'f m # wV (y3 h

J

]' Ů ĿƟ wV y.y 4 Ů ]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ wV z?Z k ] ɸŮĿ] Ů ]Ŀ ŮŁ-Ɵ z?Z k Ů ]Ł- Ů'-Ɵ wV ] 'ŮĿ]

Ł+5

J

‫ ب‬Ł+ ŀ

…óªdG Ω

ŀ

z& Ů- b .b wk'kf h61 Ɗd [gb d_;b wV 8 = Ů 5 z .&Ė t1s'f m # wV (y3 h

− − − − − − −

,

‫ﺟ‬

: (4-1) øjQɪJ äÉHÉLEG

ł + Ł -ŀ5

Ɵ wV z?Z k b .b

OGôWE’G

ł5 = (5Ɯ-

,

: L[ \ 1 DG 5 E m'G M ŮY Ů1 ½

− − − − − − −

ŀ d^ .N Z ^ Ƌ= Ů 5 z .&Ė t1s'f m # wV (y3 h Ů 5 = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf h61½ 10 Ɗ z Ē zk'kgb pc g { b b -

‫ﺟـ‬

‫ب‬

7

− −

8 Ł - Ł(ŀ Ƥ 5Ɯ = (5Ɯł- ‫ﺟ‬

9

Ł - ơł Ƥ 5ơ = (5Ɯł- ‫ﺟ‬

10

− − − − − −

2

‫أ‬

− − − −

Ƌ zÊ j z { y f dz g b Ł5 = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 11 Ł(ł Ƥ 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ - ‫ب‬ Ń Ƥ Ł5 = (5Ɯŀ- ‫أ‬ Ł Ɗ zÊ j z w y f dz g b ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 12 ơŁ + 5ơ = (5ƜŁ- ‫ب‬

ŀ + ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ ŀ- ‫أ‬

d1+ 3& j 737& jI L F ? 8 Q ! ;8 ½

(ɸɾ˖ m^5 }f (ɸɸ˖ m^5 rk r 5 l f Z

`b/r a r.b m0o zk'kf h61 wV 1 pgb b Gb lf cG lz & 3Đ r y- ?b & 3Ė r zkz7b & 3Ė espWf e .+ 6 r zOz 2 b r 5 z[gb w b .b wk'kgb 5 1 G[j .y.' `b/r O¹ f qzcN dp7y wb b r y27_b b .b r z zO_ b b .cb d g b G[j pjs^ z& lf b .b Msj lzOyr - 2FĖ ' yr t.gb - #y Ƌ`b/ 2zR r y-2V r z"r3 $f 2 b .& e .+ 6 a r.b m0o h61 lf \[' b l_gyr e.+ 7y Xy2O b -.O gb a r.b wV f (GeoGebreaƜ zfs62b Ƌ pb 2J kgb b .b .N Z h61 wV b .b a #f lf z 4" 2 V d^

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

-

Ɗ zÊ j z { y f dz g b Ƌł5 = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 13

ŃĿĿ

eŀŅ = Łń = = ¶"

ŃĿĿ == ‫ب‬ 5

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

ł Ƥ (5Ɯ- = (5Ɯŀ- ‫أ‬

ŀ Ɗ b .b wk'kgb d g b G[j -.&r Y b .cb wj z b d_;b h61 V 5 = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b j ^ / 14

Ł + (Ł - 5Ɯ- = (5ƜY ‫ﺟ‬ Ł(ł+ 5Ɯ -Ł = (5Ɯ

ł-

‫ﺟ‬

Ł + (5Ɯ- = (5ƜY ‫ب‬ (ł Ƥ 5Ɯ- = (5ƜY ‫أ‬ Ɗ zÊ j z { y f dz g b Ł5 = (5Ɯ - z& - z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 15 Ł(ł Ƥ 5Ɯ Ƥ

= (5ƜŁ- ‫ب‬

Ł5 - Ń = (5Ɯ

ŀ-

‫أ‬

Ƌ zÊ j z w y f dz g b ơ5ơ= (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 16 ơŁ- 5ơ - Ń = (5Ɯł- ‫ﺟ‬ ơŁ+ 5ơ Ł - ń = (5ƜŅ- ‫و‬

ơń+ 5ơ- = (5ƜŁ- ‫ب‬ ơŀ- 5ơ Ł- = (5Ɯń- ‫ﻫ‬

ơ5ơ - Ł = (5Ɯŀ- ‫أ‬ ơ5ơŁ = (5ƜŃ- ‫د‬

o- 2F ' h 6 kgb đys' b e .+ 6 w y gf d^ wV - b .b wk'kf h61 17 Ł Ŀ > 5 H Ń - f.kN ŀ + 5 Ł Ń H 5 H Ŀ f.kN ŀ - 5 -

"'

= (5ƜŁ- ‫ب‬

Ł Ŀ G 5 f.kN Ł + 5 Ŀ > 5 f.kN Ł - Ł5-

= (5Ɯŀ- ‫أ‬

p6sZr 1 f ł pz j " M W 1 y.y.& s gg> ǶưģŏƛǤĝ Ʈǩ ƤśƄǤĝ 18 d_;b wV g^ Ń + Ł(Ł- 5 Ɯ C = (5Ɯ- Ɗ- b .b wk'kf lf 4" ¹ d_: wcN Ɗ."r Ƌd [gb s cb M W 1 w?Z ‫ب‬ C gzZ ‫أ‬ s b A2N ‫ﺟ‬

r dzg' 2" ^ qN-s 7f lf !2+y r d*.y lF d^ lN p¹ zk" ńĿ ađR 2" PV.y ǵƃģŭņǤĝ Ʈǩ ƤśƄǤĝ 19 Ƌ zÊ j z pc fr dy4k b r dzg' b Xzb _ d g w b b .b ^ Ůdy4k zj 2gOb Og #gb t.& ;b i _6Ė d_;b czG 7f {B 1 PGZ ??* ǶŐŠĝʽǨƯǤĝ ńģƯǨņŭǨǤĝ 20 ƋP 2f 2 f ŃĿĿ p & 7fr Ů¹ 2 f 5 pkf d^ asF i ^ / V Ů .y.#b Ƌ zÊ j z pc fr pbsF bĐ. A1Ĕ OGZ A2N lz w b - b .b .N Z ^ ‫أ‬ Ƌ y2 " `b/ lf \[' r ¹ 2 f Łń pbsF w b A1Ĕ OGZ A2N h62b lf ."r ‫ب‬

39

23

(Ł Ƥ 5Ɯ - = (5ƜŁ- ‫ب‬

d DG =737& D8 &' M ? ;8 ½

l_gyr ly1 g b m0o d& wV đGb lf zb N 1 pf cG Ƌ4zg gb ts 7gb r/ đGb Pf p ;Z kfr pGz7 hcOgcb Ń + Ł(Ł - Ŀ Ɯ C = ł wk'kgb \[' (ł ŮĿƜ G[kb ‫ أ‬18 ŀ Ń - = C pkfr 2 f Ń = s b A2N ‫ ﺟ‬2 f Ń s cb M W 1 w?Z ‫ب‬ 5 ńĿ = (5Ɯ- 19 ŀ ŃĿĿ |5 ` = 5 ‫ أ‬20 = =

á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓjƒëàdGh ∫Ghó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG

Ł + (ł + 5Ɯ- = (5Ɯł- ‫ﺟ‬

(ɹɷ˖ m^5 }f (ɸɿ˖ m^5 rk r 5 l f Z

: äÉHÉLEG

38

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

Ĺ?†ĿĹ?Ĺ—Ă­

Ĺ?†ĿĹ?Ĺ—Ă­ ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

å≤âˆ?ÂŁÂŞdG 媍≤dG äÉÌjÉÑà eh ä’OÉŠe Ď€M Solving Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities

5-1

k G ä’OÉŠªdG Ď€M :’hC

‍ﺎﺜ‏ Ƌ b - 1 Ŏ5 z[f b - -

z& 1 ĹŽ- lz b .b wzk'kf .& r d_: wV zĂŠ j z d f ĆŠ " h h62b L&Ä? ? Oš f lz b .b wzk'kgb dg 'gb PF [ b H[j -.N f ‍أ‏ .N Z pb 2gb ! r3Ä” \[' do ĹŽ Oš f lzzk'kgcb PF [ H[j ."r / ‍ب‏ ? lz b .b lf d^ Ĺ˜Ä&#x; ĆŠĹŠÄŞ

d_b (z'> 8_Ob r ĹŽ (5Ćœ1 = (5Ćœ- ĆŠis_y ( ."r i Ćœ PF [ b H[j .kN (š Ć‹lz b .cb ]2 ;gb a #gb wb wg k 5 Nsg#f wo (5Ćœ1 = (5Ćœ- b- Ogb d& Nsg#f is_ 1 ĹŽ- lz b - tÄ” (› ĆŠ zb b a _:Ä” q'Bs g^ gpzk'kf PF [ H[kb zkz7b z .&Ä– Â

Â

−

C

{C} = D3 5 &X

−

C

Â

{ ,C} = D3 5 &X

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí I: +(

Equation

I:7% L8(

Inequality Graphical Solution

I¢ _

z = D3 5 &X

€[g.

wV y2 #b ky gb r Ä?- Ogb d& 51- i b Gcb \ 6 yš 2 " zj b "1.b lfr wbrÄ” "1.b lf ly2zS f wVr 2zS f t2* šF gj b Gb 51.y Us6 51.b 0o wVr zĂŠ j z r U2O z6 g^ zĂŠ j z r yĂŠ 2 " 5 z[gb ky fr Ä?- Of lf Ä‘_;f !0gky g^ ĹŽ 5 z[gcb t2*Ä” = s+b DO wcN 5 z[gb ky fr Ä?- Of e .+ 6 pc&r z z& [z G r Ć‹ y2 #b [y2Gb

`L = |Ăœ + ¢S CG | :ĂĄdOÉŠªdG Ď€M â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź

Ć‹ y2 "r zĂŠ j z Ĺƒ = ĆĄĹ‚ - 5ĆĄĆ„ĆŠ b- Ogb d& 1

Â

952f &6/k

Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí ¢ 3> w>0 IV 3 /" : ( 3> O( &

:o }gR 5Ç› 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z I s { -ÂĽ #] +( Š

ĞĄĿí

Ĺƒ = (5Ćœ1 ĹŽ ĆĄĹ‚ - 5ĆĄ = (5Ćœ- PBs ĆĄĹ‚- 5ĆĄ = (5Ćœ-Ĺ°- b .b wk'kf h62j (š Ä‘ ĆĄ5ĆĄ = (5Ćœ- wk'kf & 3 − { 5 r m # wV .&r t3 sy hz[ 7f pc gy b - 1 z& ĹŽ Ĺƒ = (5Ćœ1 h62j d_;b 8Wj wcN (› (Ĺƒ ĹŽÄżĆœ G[kb 2gyr kz7b 1s'f

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

5-1

Solving Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities

I s { -ÂĽ # 7% L8( _ %s ÂŹ? { -ÂĽ # 7% L8( _ # - LM 0 #WB^( :? ) , f83 A"_0 : _ { -ÂĽ # 7% L8(0 #] +(

−

Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē s { -ÂĽ #] +( _ %s ÂŹ? { -ÂĽ #] +( _

Ĺ? â€Ťďť“ďťœﺎ‏

äÉÌjÉÑà eh ä’OÉŠe Ď€M å≤âˆ?ÂŁÂŞdG 媍≤dG

I %s ? { -¼ #] +( Š I F { -¼ # 7% L8( Š 40

is_ lz [ 7b lz b .b tr 7 .kN qj Ä‘Gb wb lz ˜ E [kb zkz7b z .&Ä? Nsg#f wo gpc& Nsg#f (ĹƒÄżĆœ = [V2gb a _:Ä” (Bsf so g^ gpzk'kf PF [ ĆŠ z Ä’ Ä? 'b ar k w b r b Gb ^ lf H[V .z&r d& ."sy ˜ YÄ‘FÄ” wcN d& ."syÄ? ˜ iÄ‘& ."sy ˜ 2 V 1s> wcN asc'b lf z pjÄ? Nsg#f ."s ˜

I %s ÂŹ? { -ÂĽ # 7% L8( Š #] +( , f83 A"Š0 : _ # - LM 0 #WB^( \ )7% { -ÂĽ # 7% L8(0 €: : 16[k I ÂŹ? _ − _ − :7% L8( − : +( k2/ ;lf €l€gS f 1 ylf

6 & b - zgcN 6 & b - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ƌ s6 'cb zfs61 $f 2 - = >1 eđZ - zj z *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

‍ؼďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعس‏ m0o 34O w b Ä?- Ogb lf z'zBs b c fÄ” DO HN ˜ ĆŠw Ä’ ^ hzo Wgb

I#WB^ÂĽ _ − 7 !+ − :^ 7ÂĽ − ÂŽ LÂĽ ~&+

."r h62b lfr 1 ĹŽ- lz b .b wk'kf .& r d_: wV zš j z d f ( ."r i Ćœ ]2 ;gb d'b Nsg#f z &Čœ Ć…Ć…Ć…5 - Ĺ€ = (5Ćœ1 ĹŽ ĆĄĹ - 5ĆĄ = (5Ćœ- - ɸ {Ŀƞ &Čœ Ć…Ć…Ć…5 - Ĺ = (5Ćœ1 ĹŽ ĆĄĹ + 5ĆĄ = (5Ćœ- - Éš {Ĺ‚ ĹŽĹ‚-Ćž &Čœ Ć…Ć…Ć…Ĺ 5- ŀń = (5Ćœ1 ĹŽ ĆĄ5ĆĄĹ = (5Ćœ- - Éş Ć&#x;Ĺ ĹŽĹ€-] &Čœ Ć…ĆĄĹ€+ 5ĆĄ - Ĺ‚ = (5Ćœ1 ĹŽ ĆĄĹ - 5ĆĄ = (5Ćœ- - Éť {Ĺ Ćž &Čœ Ć…Ć…5 Ĺƒ - Ň = (5Ćœ1 ĹŽ ƥŇ-5ĹƒĆĄ = (5Ćœ- - Éź

mgS f 51 Ck

:(ɝɸË– Ę˜ (ɝɡË– A (ɸË– e #k }Z

`b/r wj z b d'b espWf (Bsy a gb 0o i Ä‘Gb wb lz

< 52 f o ck

-.O gb H 6sb U2R - w6 1.b d?Wb : 0 :BL^ − ž™ :/;J ÂŞ žÂ? :/;J .( X M V 8 I y ÂŤ E # ( "+)"

‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďşŒďş”â€Ź }px S hlR 2q }Z

e .+ 6 r zj z b 6 'b e .+ 6 Ä‘Gb wb cF ˜ lz b - h61 ( c b Ćœ s6 'cb zfs62b $f 2 b .& hpzb cF h ĹŽ5 z[f b - t2*Ä” r b - o .& Ć‹ gpkf d_b cg 'gb PF [ b E [j Nsg#f - #y

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

24


-

á≤∏£ŸG ᪫≤dG äÉæjÉÑàeh ä’OÉ©e πM

E [j HZ 7f is_ z& z¹ j z 1 Ů- lz b .b wk'kf dz g Ů GOgb b- Ogcb d'b Nsg#f so wkz7b 1s'gb {cN gpOF [ - N d'b so o2p: t2 #b d'cb Wc +f Y2F ."sy g^ g^ Ů w j #b d'b wV (Bsf so g^ 5 z[gb b - Xy2O Ɗw Ē ^ (ŀƜ hZ1 (L&Đ .k Ɯ wV (Bsgb d'b e .+ 6 l_gy Ń = ơł- 5ơ a {ņ Ůŀ-ƞ p7Wj d'b Nsg#f is_ r Ń! = ł - 5 `

-

á≤∏£ŸG ᪫≤dG äÉæjÉÑàeh ä’OÉ©e πM

(Ń ŮņƜ Ů (Ń Ůŀ- Ɯ lz G[kb wV i OF [ y lzzk'kgb Ö {ņ Ů ŀ-ƞ Ɗwo b- Ogb d& Nsg#f `

:iôÑédG πëdG łG5 ł >5

f.kN f.kN

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ƌ yÊ 2 "r zÊ j z z Ē Đ- Ogb lf đ^ Ê d& 1 Ŀ = ŀ + ơ5ơ ‫ب‬ Ŀ = Ń - ơ5ơ ‫أ‬

ń=ơņƤ5ơ ‫ﺟ‬

Properties of the Absolute Value

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬

Ł

Ƌ ł = 5 pkfr ŀ- 5 Ł - = ł - 5

ƩũĪ

: Ü Iô≤ØdG (42) ¢U (3) ∫Éãe ≈a

+I ǽ C d_b C- = 5ƅƅ ƄƅC= 5 Ɗi VƅƅC = ơ5ơ Ɗi ^ /

(

Ł5 = ơŁ5ơ=Łơ5ơ

(

I ǽ Ů Cd_b − = Cƅƅ Ƅƅ = C Ɗi Vƅơ ơ = ơ C ơ Ɗi ^ / (

5 ! = ơ5ơ = Ł5 Ɗ z Ē hzo Wgb {cN ` đF wb .^ ơň- 5 Łơ = ơ 5 Ł- ňơ 5 z[gb d* - (ŀ-Ɯ wV 2B / q gzZ 2zS Đ 5 z[gb i t

|E + ¢S `L| = |Ü + ¢S C| :ádOÉ©ªdG πM ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ƌ zÊ j z ơŀ + 5Łơ = ơł - 5ơ b- Ogb d& 2 ľĄĿí

ơŀ+ 5 Łơ = (5Ɯ1 Ů ơł- 5ơ = (5Ɯ- PBs 5 r m # wV .&r ł o1.Z & 3 ơ5ơ wk'kf 8Wj so Ɗ- wk'kf

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f

‫أ‬ ‫ب‬

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

41

1

äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí {

ơ ( ŀŁ + 5Ɯ Łơ = ơŀ+ 5Ł ơ = (5Ɯ1 Ö ơ ŀŁ + 5ơ Ł= (5Ɯ1 ` ŀ o1.Z z[V & 3 ơ5ơŁ wk'kf 8Wj so 1 wk'kf Ł zk'kf PF [ H[j is_yr , 5 r m # wV .&r ( ńŁ Ů Łł Ɯ Ů (ņ ŮŃ- Ɯ Ɗwoƅ1 Ů - lz b .b

‫ﺟ‬

2

_ i G+b lf 5 z[gb wV2F Pz 2 [y2F e .+ 6 .kN \z[' #y l_br d'cb Nsg#g^ pzcN c?& w b 5 hzZ m0o 2 O r zc>Ĕ b- Ogb wV DysO b `b/r d'b '> Ƌd'b sG* lf z 2" sG*

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

{ Łł Ů Ń-ƞ =0 )& D 5 &X

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

2W> = ơŀ - 5 ơ + ơŁ Ƥ 5 ơ ‫ب‬

Ƌ zÊ j z z Ē Đ- Ogb lf đ^ Ê d& 2 ơł + 5Łơ = ơņ + 5ơ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

ơ5Ł Ƥ ň ơ= ň + 5Ņ + Ł5 ‫ب‬

Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d_b d'b Nsg#f yÊ 2 " ."r 3 ơń Ƥ 5ơ = ơņ + 5ơ ‫أ‬ ľĄĿí

¿CG ôcòJ I ǽ , C n G UQ | | = |C| n G ! = C :n b

: 6" r 5 l

Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d_b d'b Nsg#f zÊ j z r yÊ 2 " ."r ł = ơ5ơ 1 {ł Ůł- ƞ : &Ȝ {ń ŮŁ-ƞ : &Ȝ ņ = ơ 5Ł - łơ 2 {ŀ Ůŀ-ƞ : &Ȝ Ł=ơ5ơ + Ł5 3 {Ł ŮĿ ŮŁ- ƞ : &Ȝ 5Ň = ơ5ơ ł5 4 ł { Ł ƞ : &Ȝ Ń- 5ł = ơŁ-5ơ 5 {Ņ ŮĿ ƞ : &Ȝ ł + 5 = ơł- 5Łơ 6 {ŀ ŮĿƞ : &Ȝ Ł + Ł5 = ơŁ+ 5ơ 7

− − − − − − −

i )e ~G* $e 1³*

25

‫أ‬

Oó©dG ¢SÉ«≤e ¢UGƒN ¢†©H

Ɗđ gVƄơ ơ ɢ ơCơ = ơ Cơ ( Ņ = ł ɢ Ł = ơł - ơ ɢ ơŁơƅƅŮƅŅ = ơŅ - ơ = ơł - ɢ Łơ Ƅơ ơ + ơCơ H ơ + Cơ ( Ɗđ gV ¹ m1 :Ė 8Wj gpb , C i -.Ob i ^ / H[V tr 7 b .'yr ň = ơń - ơ + ơŃ - ơ = ơń - Ń - ơ Ůƅň = ơńơ + ơŃơ = ơń + Ńơ ơC - 5ơ = ơ5 - Cơ (

Ɗw Ē ^ y2 #b [y2Gb (ŁƜ 2[V (L&ĐƜ .k e .+ 6 l_gy Ů Ń- = 5 pkfr ŀ+ 5 Ł = ł - 5

Ń!=5 Pf Pg#y "sf -.N."syĐ qjĔ z d'b Nsg#f 2W?cb y¹ r 7f Msg#gb is_zb (ŀƜ -.Ob {ŀŁ Ů Łƞ ŀĿ z ‫ب‬ { ł - Ů Ńƞ

= (5Ɯ- Ɗ5 z[gb b - Xy2O lf

]' Ů łƟ ǽ ņ = 5ƅƊi t ƄƅŃ = ł Ƥ 5ƅƊ ł < 5Ƅ f.kN Ɵł Ů ' - Ɵ ǽ ŀ- = 5ƅƊi t ƄƅŃ = ł + 5 ƤƅƊ ł H 5 f.kN Ƌ{j z b d'b \ Gy 0or { , − }ƄƊwo b- Ogb d& Nsg#f

(41) ¢U (2) ∫Éãe ≈a

(ŃŁƜ = Ů (ŃŀƜ = d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d>s r

ł-5 ł+5-

(ń Ƥ 5Ɯ ! = ņ + 5 `ƅƅ ơń Ƥ 5ơ = ơņ + 5ơ a ‫أ‬ d 1<& " g ƅń - = ņ ` ƅń Ƥ 5 = ņ + 5 ` Ł - = 5Łƅ:n 2 ƅƅ ń + 5 - = ņ + 5 {ŀ- ƞ wo b- Ogb d& Nsg#f n 2 ƅƅ ŀ-=5` :i 3' Ɗi .#j b- Ogb wV2F wVƄŀ - = 5ƄlN DysO b {ŀ - ƞ wo d'b Nsg#f n 2 ƅƅƅŅ = 27yĔ U2Gb = lgyĔ U2Gb

¿CG ôcòJ :n <+ C o 5 H |C| = Ł C

b- Ogcb d& Ń = 5 ` b- Ogcb d& Ņ = 5 `

ơ5Ł Ƥ ňơ = ň + 5Ņ - Ł5 a ‫ب‬ ơ5Ł Ƥ ň ơ= ơł - 5ơ `Ƅ:n 2 Ƅƅơ5Ł Ƥ ňơ = Ł(ł - 5Ɯ ` (5Ł - ňƜ ! = ł - 5 Ɗ is_yr Ń = 5 i t ŀŁ = 5 ł Ů 5Ł - ň = ł - 5 ` Ņ=5 Ů 5 Ł + ň- = ł - 5 r b- Ogb wV2F wV 5 hzZ lN DysO b ŀ = 27yĔ U2Gb = lgyĔ U2Gb Ń = 5 .kN ł = 27yĔ U2Gb = lgyĔ U2Gb Ņ = 5 .kN { , } Ɗ wo b- Ogb d& Nsg#f i t

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

42


äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -

á≤∏£ŸG ᪫≤dG äÉæjÉÑàeh ä’OÉ©e πM ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d_b d'b Nsg#f yÊ 2 " ."r 3 Ŀ = ơ5 - Łơ Ł - ơŀ - 5ơ ‫أ‬

‫ب‬

Ń = Ń + 5Ń - Ł5

äÉæjÉÑàªdG πM :É«fÉK

Solving the Inequalities

(G Ů C H Ů C < Ů C >Ɯ Ɗ3sf2b .& xs ' zB y1 1 N wo ky gb i gcNr Ů ky gb 61- i \ 6 Ƌ 'z'> ky gb dO# w b 2zS gcb hz[b Nsg#f r gz[b - #y so ky gb d' -s?[gb r

Ɗ z& 1 Ů- lz b .b lf d^ wk'kf d [gb d_;b lz y b- Ogb d& Nsg#f is_ r (5Ɯ1 = Ł= Ů (5Ɯ- = ŀ= { Ů C ƞ wo (5Ɯ1 = (5Ɯ = 5 r C= 5 f.kN Ł= = ŀ= :n 2 { > < { ] Ů C Ɵ ǽ5 f.kN (5Ɯ1 > (5Ɯ- t Ł= > ŀ= : B+ ]' Ů ƟF ]C Ů ' - Ɵ ǽ5 f.kN (5Ɯ1 < (5Ɯ- t Ł= < ŀ=

{ > =

É«v fÉ«H äÉæjÉÑàªdG πM

{ =

C

{ > < {

{ > > {

:äÉæjÉÑàªdG πM {cN .^ r ky gb d& .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ɗ z Ē hzo Wgb lz 1 N lz zx ; fđN lgC zB y1 cg" wo f1 Slf Ƌlz zB y1 lz 1 N lz r f fđN lgC zB y1 cg" wo q lf Ƌlz B y1 ( H r G r >r <Ɯ wo ly b qfđNr

i )e 7 $e 1&*

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺟـ‬

‫ب‬

ơŁ-5ơ = {

ł = { >

= { >

‫أ‬

= { ơŁɟ5ơ

− − − − − −

> C d_b

− − − − −

7+ R'& D 5 &X Ń G ơŅ + 5 Łơ ] 'Ů ŀ- ] F Ɵń- Ů' -Ɵ Ɗwo ]ń Ůŀ -Ɵ Ƥ I :n 2

7+ R'& D 5 &X ł H ơŁ - 5ơ Ɵń Ůŀ-] Ɗwo

Ƌ G*ĕb ¹ k# ky gb d& .kN w y f N 2f ` đF wb 2:

= { >

ơŅɟ5Łơ = {

4

Ɵ Ů C] - I = ]' Ů Ɵ F] CŮ '- Ɵ

7+ R'& D 5 &X Ł > ơŁ+5ơ ]Ŀ Ů Ń- Ɵ Ɗwo ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ(ņƜ a f wV zj z b a _:Ĕ kz¹ O 7f zb b ky gb lf d^ d& Nsg#f ."r 4 ł < ơŁ - 5ơ ‫ﺟ‬ Ń H ơŅ + 5 Łơ ‫ب‬ Ł H ơŁ + 5ơ ‫أ‬

] Ů C Ɵ - I = ] 'Ů ]F ƟC Ů'-Ɵ Ɗ `b0^ ]ł Ůł-Ɵ wo ł > ơ5ơ Ɗ ky gb d& Nsg#f i ^ / ł < ơ5ơ ky gb d& Nsg#f i V Ɵł Ůł-] -% is_ 2: f

äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

(ŃŃƜ = Ů (ŃłƜ = d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d>s r

ÉkjôÑL äÉæjÉÑàªdG πM

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬ C H 5 H C- :n b Ŀ < C Ů C H ơ5ơ i ^ / :^% C - H 5 C G 5 :n b Ŀ < C Ů C G ơ5ơ i ^ / : ^ ? 8

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ɗ z Ē ky gb lf d^ d& Nsg#f 2 V 1s> wcN ."r 5 Ń G ŀ + 5Ł - Ł5 ‫ب‬ Ń > ơł - 5ơ ‫أ‬ ľĄĿí

¿CG ôcòJ

7+ R'& = Q b W I ņ > 5 > ŀ - :n 2

O! , , C 1 D< O! > , > C :n G UQ O! > C n b

Ń > ł Ƥ 5 > Ń -ƅ2 ƅŃ > ơł - 5ơ a ‫أ‬ ł+Ń>ł+łƤ5>ł+Ń-` ]ņ Ů ŀ - Ɵ = D3 5 &X ` ơŀ - 5ơ = Ł(ŀ - 5Ɯ a ‫ب‬ ń G 5ƅt ƅŃ G ŀ Ƥ 5 ` ]ń Ů ł - Ɵ - I ǽ 5Ƅ ]' Ů ń] F Ɵł - Ů ' - Ɵ =0 7+ R'& D 5 &X `

n b > C :n G UQ

Ń G ơŀ Ƥ 5ơ :n 2 ł - H 5ƅ2 ƅŃ - H ŀ Ƥ 5ƅŮ

O! + > O! + C ~ < O! 75 O! > O! C ~ > O! 75 O! < O! C

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ z Ē ky gb lf d^ d& Nsg#f 2 V 1s> wcN ."r 5 Ň G ň + 5Ņ - Ł5

‫ﺟ‬

Ň H ơņ + 5łơ ‫ب‬

ŀŀ > ơņ - 5ơ ‫أ‬

: äÉHÉLEG ń {Ņ ŮŁ- ƞ ‫ب‬ {ł Ů ł ƞ ‫أ‬ Ɵń Ůŀ- ] - % ‫ﺟ‬ Ɵń Ůŀ] ‫ ب‬ƟĿ ŮŃ-] ‫أ‬ ŀ Ɵń Ůł- ] - % ‫ﺟ‬ Ɵ ł Ůń-] ‫] ب‬ŀŇ ŮŃ-Ɵ ‫أ‬

Ł G5 Ů Ł- H5 ‫ب‬

~

ŃH5HŃ- ‫أ‬ á«JÉ«M äÉ≤«Ñ£J

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ y'f 1 B5Ț cņ Uđ * cłŁ j _V f esy wV 2o [b ky.f wcN 1 2'b "1- dz#7 ys#b - >1Ĕ G'f f Z 6 ? eszb `b/ wV 2o [b ky.gb cg 'gb 1 2'b "1- is_ h^ Ƌ eszb `b/ wV wOz Gb pb.Of lN

4 5

]Ł Ů Ł- Ɵ - % ǽ 5 ` Ł G ơ5ơ wo ky gb i V `b0b ł >ơ ł - 5ơ wo ky gb ‫ﺟ‬

ľĄĿí

c5 = eszb 0o wV 2o [b ky.f wcN pcz#7 dg 'gb 1 2'b "1- i A2W zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

3

2" wV zcOb b Gb 1 pf X;_y :2^ p 6 c[ 2q }Z w f ky gb _y i wor ky gb d& wV z7_Ob zcgOb wV b Gb .N 7f hcOgb lf cG yr Ů d'b Nsg#f hcN Ƌ2z_W b lf Mskb 0o d f 2" Ń Hơ5ơ Ɗwo ky gb ‫أ‬ − Ł G 5 r Ł- H 5 a ‫ب‬

Ɗw y gf d^ [cGgb gz[b ky f 1s> wcN ^ ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ Ņ>5>Ŀ ‫ﺟ‬

(

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

43

(

44

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

26


-

á≤∏£ŸG ᪫≤dG äÉæjÉÑàeh ä’OÉ©e πM ( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f

hpOf d>s r Ńń= d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf P Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb : &

] Ņń Ů ńń Ɵ ǽ5 `

ń > ơŅĿ - 5 ơ

a

6

-

á≤∏£ŸG ᪫≤dG äÉæjÉÑàeh ä’OÉ©e πM

ņ ! = łŁ - 5 i t ņ = ơłŁ - 5ơ ` Łń = ņ - łŁ = 5 r łň = ņ + łŁ = 5 is_yr cŁń r cłň wo pcz#7 dg 'gb 1 2'b "1- i t ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

qb dg 'gb i3sb f Ů f 2" scz^ ń 1 .[g qbsGb wOz Gb i3sb lN h6 i3r Xc +y ȈơģʞʵǤĝ ĽƥǤĝ 6 ? f¹ 2" scz^ ŅĿ wOz Gb qj3r i ^ / ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ f . \ Nx 2 N Ƌ h6 ŀňŁ Ů h6ŀņŇ lz %r 2 y qbsF i ^ / - .Ob 1 Z XzJs wOz Gb 3 Sb ^2: t.& (g7 7 Ƌ [cGgb gz[b ky g WzJsb m0o dS;b e.[ y lgb k_ggb a sFĔ lN ľĄĿí

ŀĿĿ > 5 > ŅĿ a 7 ŁĿ > ơ ŇĿ - 5 ơ `

ŁĿ > ŇĿ - 5 > ŁĿ - `

h6 5 = WzJsb dS;b e.[ gb asF i A2W ŀňŁ H 5 H ŀņŇ ` { ky gb 4" wb ŀŇń- V B { = { + ŀŇń - ŀňŁ H ŀŇń - 5 H ŀŇń - ŀņŇ ņ H ơ ŀŇń - 5ơ i t ƅƅƅƅƅ ņ H ŀŇń - 5 H ņ-

(ɻɼ˖ A 6cZ 2q }Z

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

"1- ŀĿĿ Ů ŅĿ lz %r 2 y f 1 * wV b F "1- lN 2 O w b [cGgb gz[b ky f ^ 7

*x F 5 ȗc?k h* Ȕ e x2f i 2/ :

**

+ + U ( <)?%

b .b PC+y m1 7f i V 8^ N (G6 wcN sCb M O: H[6 / :n % Ů5 _OjĐ yr 3 5 z[b y¹ r 7f Es[7b yr 3 5 zZ is_zV 5 z[gb Ƌ br Gb V & Pf pf- ? .O r d Z r-1 zc b 2^ 1 7f `b0^ r-1 zc b NĐ ys? Ɗd [gb d_;b (Bsy = r Ů 5 r 1 N Ů -s7b 2_b wcN 2_b 1 7f i r Ů .f O gb z .&Ė x1s'f ơń-5ơ Ńł = (5Ɯ- Ɗ z& - b .b {k'kf P y

. "

*

O!

{

? z#b wV -s7b 2_b H[7 do

C

PC+ w b r 2f .N lz gb d_;cb PC+ r-1 zc b 2^ 1 7f Ń ơń- 5 ơ ł = (5Ɯ- 5 z[gb b .b 1 7gb wV dz' 7y 2_b i .#j (Bsgb h62b 7& 2_b 1 7f lfr G[kb .kN -s"sgb z#b wV pFs[6

27

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬

{

45

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

Ƌ z¹ B y1 ` " 27V


äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

: (ɼ-ɸ˖ r 5 l &

‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬

:≈JCÉjÉe πªcCG woƅƅ ŀŁ = ơ5ơ b- Ogb d& Nsg#f 1 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ wo ƅĿ = ł + ơ5ơ b- Ogb d& Nsg#f 2 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ wo ƅĿ H ơŁ Ƥ 5ơ ky gb d& Nsg#f 3

ŀ ŀ

{Łƞ 3

z 2

{Ł ŮŁ - ƞ 1

6

5

¶" 4

¶o 9

- 8

r 7

{ń ŮŁ- ƞ 12

{Ņ Ůŀƞ 11

{ł Ůň-ƞ 10

{ń Ůł- ƞ 15

{ŀ ŮŃ- ƞ 14

{ŀƞ 13

{Ń Ůŀ ƞ 18

{ŀ- ƞ 17

{ņ- Ůŀ- ƞ 16

Ɵņ Ůł- ] 20

]Ń ŮŁ- Ɵ 19

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

:≈JCÉjɪe áæjÉÑàe hCG ádOÉ©e πμd áÑ°SÉæªdG πëdG áYƒªée á«dÉàdG áªFÉ≤dG øe ôàNG ]ń Ů ŀ- Ɵ ‫أ‬ I ‫ب‬

ł=ơŁƤ5ơ 4

{ń Ů ŀ- ƞ ‫ﺟ‬ Ɵń Ůŀ-] - I ‫د‬

ł- < ơ Ł Ƥ 5 ơ 6

z ‫ﻫ‬

ł < ơ Ł- 5 ơ 8

Ɵń Ů ŀ- ] ‫و‬

ł-=ơŁ-5ơ 9

ł > ơ Ł -5 ơ 5 łHơŁ-5ơ 7

:á«JB’G ä’OÉ©ªdG øe πμd πëdG áYƒªée ÉjôÑL óLhCG ń = ơ ņ - 5Ł ơ 11

Ņ = ơ ł + 5 ơ 10

ơł - 5 ơ = ơ ŀ + 5Łơ 14

ơŀ+ 5 ơ = ơ ł - 5 ơ 13

ƟŁ Ůŀ- ] - % 22

Ɵŀ- Ůń- ] - % 21

:á«JB’G ä’OÉ©ªdG øe πμd πëdG áYƒªée Év«fÉ«H óLhCG

ń ]ł Ů ł Ɵ % 24

ƟŁ Ůń- ] 23

ņ =ơ 5Ł Ƥ ł ơ 12 Ń = ŀ + 5Ł - Ł5

15

ł =ơ ń - 5 Ł ơ 18

ơł+ 5 ơ =ơ ŀ - 5 ơ 17

Ł < ơł + 5 ơ 21

ń H ơŁ - 5 ơ 20

ł =ơ Ń + 5 ơ 16

ł > ơ ŀ - 5 ơ 19

łŇŬń > ơłŬń + 5 ơ 26

:á«JB’G äÉæjÉÑàªdG øe πμd πëdG áYƒªée ÉkjôÑL óLhCG ņ H ơł + 5 Ł ơ 23

Ł G ơņ - 5 ł ơ 24

ł > ơŃ- 5 ơ 25

]ņ Ů ŀ Ɵ = 5 i t

:á«JB’G äÉæjÉÑàªdG øe πμd πëdG áYƒªée Év«fÉ«H óLhCG

ł < ơŀ - 5Łơ 22

1 b .b wk'kf qc gy wj b r Ů ơŃ- 5ơ = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf qc gy arĔ i [y2F Dž˅ƥǤĝ ńģǔľƗ 25 d g a sFĔ .&r i g¹ cN Ů lz V 7gb ."r Ů w G[j wV i [y2Gb PF [ / Ů ł = (5Ɯ1 z& Ƌ .& r 2 f ¹ ¹ scz^

k Sf r 5 l f &

Ƌc ŃŁ Ůc łń lz %r 2 r w Gb 2 fsf2 b q6 [f 1 2& "1- lN 2 O w b [cGgb gz[b ky f ^ 26 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

1

46

á«LhõdG ióªdG ájOôØdGh

Ω

]Ń ŮĿƟ wV z?Z k 7zb Ɵł Ůŀ-]

OGôWE’G áeÉY ø``jQÉ````“

‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ r y-2V r z"r3 pjs^ z& lf pNsj lz h o- 2F ' r , b .b t.f lzN z Ē zj z b a _:Ĕ wV 1 Ɗ`b/ 2zR ‫ﺟ‬

‫ب‬

− − −

− − −

‫و‬

− − −

‫ﻫ‬

‫د‬

y.y 4 ]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ wV z?Z k z"r3 ] 'ŮĿ] Ǚ&

− − −

] 'ŮŁƟ wV

‫أ‬

− − −

z?Z k ]Ł Ů'-Ɵ wV y.y 4 7zb Ɵŀ Ů'-Ɵ

− − − −

] 'ŮĿƟ wV wV Ů]Ł- ŮŃ-Ɵ wV y.y 4 z"r3 ] 'ŮĿ] ]Ń ŮŁƟ wV z?Z k ]Ł ŮŁ-Ɵ

% wV y.y 4 y-2V

%

Ǚu

{Ŀƞ-%

x

Ɗ z Ē .N s[b V2Ogb a r.b lf d^ a #f ."r 2 ŀ - Ł5 = (5Ɯł- ‫ﺟ‬ ŀ + Ł5

5Ł = (5ƜŁ- ‫ب‬ ł - 5Ł - Ł5

ł + 5 + ł5Ł = (5Ɯŀ- ‫أ‬

Ɗ o- 2F ' h zÊ j z 1 b .b dz g b ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 3 ł - ơŁ + 5ơ = (5Ɯ1 ‫ﺟ‬ ơ5ơ - Ł = (5Ɯ1 ‫ب‬ ơŀ - 5ơ = (5Ɯ1 ‫أ‬ ŀ + Ł(Ł Ƥ 5Ɯ = (5Ɯł1 ‫ﺟ‬

Ɗ zÊ j z w y f dz g b Ł5 = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 4 Ł5 ƤŁ = (5Ɯ 1 ‫ب‬ ł Ƥ Ł5 = (5Ɯŀ1 ‫أ‬ Ł Ƌ pkf d_b d g b 1s'f b- Of ."r h

Ł - ł(ŀ Ƥ 5Ɯ = (5Ɯł1 ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ Ł - 5 = (5Ɯłŀ - 5Ł ‫و‬ = (5Ɯ Ņ 5

49

Ɗ zÊ j z {cy f dz g b ł5 = (5Ɯ- z& Ů- b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 5 ł(ŀ Ƥ 5Ɯ - = (5Ɯ 1 ‫ب‬ ł(ł + 5Ɯ = (5Ɯ 1 ‫أ‬ Ł ŀ Ƌ b .b wk'kf d g G[j lzN h ŀ = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 6 Ɗ zÊ j z {cy f dz g b Ŀ ! 5 Ů 5 ŀ = (5Ɯ - ‫ب‬ ŀ = (5Ɯ - ‫أ‬ Ł- 5 ŀ+ 5 Ł ŀ ŀ ŀ+ Ł- 5 = (5Ɯń- ‫ﻫ‬

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

1

ŀ = (5ƜŃ- ‫د‬ ł+5

] 'ŮĿƟ Ů]Ŀ Ů'-Ɵ wV z?Z k y-2V

% % ‫]{ ﺟ‬ł Ů ŀ- ƞ - % ‫ب‬ ,Ɵ' ,ŀƟ wV y.y 4 ,]ŀ Ů' - Ɵ wV z?Z k ] ' ,ĿƟ wV z?Z k ,]Ŀ Ů' - Ɵ wV y.y 4 ] ' ,Ł-Ɵ wV y.y 4 ,]Ł- Ů' - Ɵ wV z?Z k

Ł=5 ‫ﺟ‬

(Ł- ŮŀƜ ‫ﺟ‬

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

Ŀ=5 ‫ب‬

(Ŀ Ů ŀƜ ‫ب‬

‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺟـ‬

2 3

Ŀ=5 ‫أ‬

4

(ĿŮ ł- Ɯ ‫أ‬

5

28


-

á≤∏£ŸG ᪫≤dG äÉæjÉÑàeh ä’OÉ©e πM

]ŀ- Ůń-Ɵ - % ‫ﺟ‬ ƟŁ ŮŃ- ] - % ‫و‬

]Ň Ů ŁƟ ‫ب‬ ƟŁ- ŮŅ-] ‫ﻫ‬

ƟŅ Ů ŀ- ] ‫ﺟ‬

{Ń Ůŀ- ƞ ‫ب‬

Ɵń Ůŀ- ] % ‫ { و‬Łł - ŮŃ- ƞ ‫ﻫ‬

{Ň Ů Ł ƞ ‫أ‬

äÉ«æëæŸG º°SQh á«≤«≤◊G ∫GhódG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

6

Ł G ơł + 5ơ ‫ﺟ‬

ł { Ł -ƞ ‫د‬

{ņ Ů ŀ- ƞ ‫أ‬

‫و‬

ł < ŀ + 5Ł + Ł5

7

Ł H ơŃ + 5 ơ ‫ﻫ‬

ņ H ơń - 5Łơ ‫ﺟ‬ Ŀ < ł- ơŁ- 5 ơ ‫و‬

ƟŇ Ů Ł] - % ‫د‬ ŀŅŀń Ů ŀńŇń 8

Ƌ zÊ j z z Ē k gb r Đ- Ogb d& Nsg#f ."r 7 ł > ơń - 5 ơ ‫ب‬ ł = ơń - 5 ơ ‫أ‬

Ɗ y¹ 2 " z Ē ky gb r Đ- Ogb d& Nsg#f ."r 8 ń = ơł - 5Ł ơ ‫ب‬ Ń = ơł - 5 ơ ‫أ‬ ơł + 5Ł ơ = ơ ŀ - 5 ơ ‫ﻫ‬

ł < ơ5 - ńơ ‫د‬

x0b i3sb Z 2f 2z6 wcN s Ob 2g ! jĐ -s" Z 2gbr h" 5 pkf d^ i3r s N i b Pk?f $ ky 9 wV p&2F l_gy { b s Ocb i3r 2S> r i3r 2 ^ -.& ŀń H ơŀŅĿĿ - 5ơ i ^ / o1r2g (g7y ƋPk?gb 0o ! j lfr Y s6Ĕ

Ɗ z& - b .b wk'kf d [gb d_;b (Bsy 10

ŀŁ - ơŀŅ - 5ơ ŀ = Ł

w[Vĕb .&r Ň Ů 5 2cb .&r Ņ 9 {ńŁ ŮŁĿ- ƞ d'b Nsg#f

ơŃ + 5 ơ = ơŀ - 5ơ ‫د‬

ŀŁ - ơŀŅ - 5ơ ŀŁ = (5Ɯ-

= r Ů 5 r ly1s'gcb 6 kgb .&sb 2 *

zÊ j z Ņ = (5Ɯ- b- Ogb d& Nsg#f ."r h ȈưĝŻśĝ ƄŐǔƽŝ

:≈YGóHG ô«μØJ óæH ≈a H 2b r 5 z[gb ky f espWf wb 2z_W b 0o U.py 10 5 z[gb i q đF wb (Bsy i hcOgb lf cG r Ů gpkz Ɗ i V `b0b ¹ "sf g¹ - is_y Ŀ > C i E2; z pc& Nsg#f C Hơ5ơ % so pc& Nsg#f C < ơ5ơ i r

ky gb d& Nsg#f wo fr ? C -.Ocb k_ggb hz[b wo f z wo C H ơ 5 ơ ky gb d& Nsg#f i ^ / 11 Ƌ0 .kN C < ơ5ơ ky g 2 N Ƌ Es pb r MđZĐ w c&2f ir. t i 2zGcb t- Ob 4#b k 2 Gb i 2zGb N26 5 [ 12 Ƌ N 6/h^ ňĿĿ Ů N 6/h^ņĿĿ lz %r 2 2 F i 2zF N26 lN [cGgb gz[b

ŀĿĿ > ơ ŇĿĿ - 5ơ 11 Łh6ň

‫ﺟـ‬

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

¥ F*{jG* 4efj1³* i+e/(*

(ł ŮŁƜ ‫ب‬

ń ,ŀ - ‫أ‬

1 ≈ªcGôJ QÉÑàNG

ŀ = 5 Ů ] ' ,Ł-] = t.gb 2

‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﻰ‬

,]Ŀ ,Ł- Ɵ wV z?Z k ,ƟŃ , Ŀ] = t.gb 3

Ɗ."r h62b lfr 5 - ń = (5ƜS Ů ŀ + 5 = (5Ɯ- z& S Ů- lz b .b wk'kf h61 1 ¾ Ƌ kz7b 1s'f Pf gpkf d^ PF [ H[j {z .& ‫أ‬

]Ł , Ŀ Ɵ wV y.y 4

Ń + ơŀ + 5 ơ ‫ب‬

(Ń ŮŀƜ ‫أ‬

ŀ = 5 ‫] د‬Ń Ů' - Ɵ ‫ﺟـ‬

Ƌlzzk'kgb PF [ G[j {z .& ‫ب‬ Ƌ kz7b 1s'fr lzOF [ gb lzgz[ 7gb -.'gb c gb & 7f ‫ﺟ‬

4

ƋS b .b t.f ."r h Ł - ơŀ-5ơ = (5ƜS z& S b .b dz g b ơ5ơ = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 2 Ł > 5 H Ł-Ƅd_bƄŁ5 5 H Ł d_b Ņ

y-2V 7zbr z"r3 7zb Ů y.y 4 Ů% = t.gb 5 (Ŀ Ůŀ-Ɯ d g b G[j Ů{ŀ-ƞ - % a #gb 7 -ƞ = d'b

]ņ ,ŀ Ɵ - % ‫({ ب‬ņ ŮŀƜƞ ‫أ‬ K

8

(ĿŬňƜ ŁŃĿĿĿ = (KƜ - 9

= (5Ɯ- Ɗ ½ z& - b .b wk'kf h61 3

Ƌ o- 2F ' r b .b t.f lzN h62b lfr ½

Ɵ' ,Ŀ Ɵ ,]Ŀ Ů' - Ɵ wV z?Z k Ů (Ł ŮĿƜ 6

{ Ńł

50

Ɗd [gb d_;b wV 4

− −

Ƌ b .b .N Z ^

‫ب‬

Ƌwk'kgb 5 1 G[j { .& ^ ‫أ‬

Ƌd g b 1s'f b- Of ^

‫د‬

Ƌ o- 2F ' r b .b t.f ."r ‫ﺟ‬

z& lf pN¼ sj lz r o- 2F r b .b t.f h62b lf $ k 6 r ł(ŀ-5Ɯ = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf h61 5 Ƌ`b/ 2zR r ¹ y-2V r ¹ z"r3 pjs^ ŀ ¾ ¾ d g h Ł + (5Ɯ- = (5ƜS z& S b .b dz g b = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b wk'kf e.+ 6 6 ¼ G[j ^ À 5 Ƌ o- 2F ' r # kb b .b ŀ

Ƌ b .b m0o wk'kgb d g b G[jr - b .b a #f ."r Ƌ ŀ+5 = (5Ɯ- z& - b .b j ^ / 7 ŀ Ń=( 5 Ɯ- b- Ogb d& ł G ơ Ń - 5ơ ‫ب‬

lf d^ d& ¹ Nsg#f zÊ j z ."r 8 ł = ơ Ń - 5ơ ‫أ‬

¾ Ɗ z Ē ky gb r Đ- Ogb lf d^ d& ¹ Nsg#f yÊ 2 " ."r 9 ‫ب‬ ň = ơ ń + 5ơ ‫أ‬

ơŀ + 5ơ = ň + 5ŀŁ - Ł5Ń

ņ < ơŀ + 5łơ ‫د‬

51

29

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

ņ H ơń - 5Łơ ‫ﺟ‬


‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G É¡«∏Y äÉ≤«Ñ£Jh

óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

ôŔŇîüĿí

äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G É¡«∏Y äÉ≤«Ñ£Jh

Exponents, Logarithms and their Applications

Exponents, Logarithms and their applications óĊăŎĿí ôŃĊĸŃ óĊă ăŎĿí ŎĿí ôŃ ŎĿ ôŃ ôŃĊĸ ĊĸŃ ĸ ʙ ;+f L ; f g :yb ʘ6 p oy& mf Sf 2 }gR ʘ6?R T ;f o6_f h x }Z F 6f }f l 5 Vygf iyv[k h.1Ǡ ʘ : +f 6K;lf r k2/ ;k ʘ 6 b fyv; mv ;* 7 'pȜ mu6 Vx oy:2qvlf x lgSf x oy*ȗlf df3 2S v gR 2l S f r 12R 6F hB * m 5 Vyf 1 ' Ȝ 6Gf glR e 2 : l 5 Vygf A y. rk x1 [ : lb ʘ l 5 Vygf ex 2'f x 6?R rk #f o6_f }Z 6g x 5 vpy f mf Sgf df3 }Z hG[f T&6 x ʘACyf + 9 Cyf Ζ ˕A 9˖ Cyf B /f `Zx Tl'f B / ˅e x2f L 6 x l 5 Vygf iyv[k }Z T:y f :Ț f 2f iyv[l m 5 Vygf iyv[k L 6 i ^ z4f ʘ yCf 2> 9 _f l 5 Vyf 2*x yu h ; 2f e #lf h : }gSZ ʘ S: x Ȗ 'k }Z }l 5 Vygf 9 _lf rk 1 [ ; x ˅ k Ǟeyg+k Gl* 2 2+ f l cf }Z ˕ }l 5 Vyf 9 _k yux˖ }q &x52 vf 9Ț i2/ ; lb ʘ fyĥf ;px

óĊăŎĿí łŀĬ÷ õîÿĎĈŃ :n = 5 E ^ m M n <+ n jE '& 1 ./0 + 9? ob

nhă inh= phe xÚnQ dUÐ pUÐ{UÐí phHúÐ pUÐ{UÐ h= pSĆ_UÐ s f x

phHúÐ pUÐ{UÐ æ}_ x

Óne xÚnQ dUÐ hiÐ S æ}_ x

ngÉÐ B s f xí ºphHúÐ pUÐ{dU inh UÐ h e UÐ æ}_ x

Óne xÚnQ dUÐ hiÐ S h ]> dL e Z> ýn Y x

Ñ C ÒÚ [UÐ dL phHÌ pUØn_Y x

phe xÚnQ U ÓøØn_Y x

.¼» ÜnH±U ÒØn _eUÐ Óne xÚnQ dUÐ æ}_ x

Ü

px} cUÐ HúÐ hiÐ S æ}_ x

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ , b 7b r "sgb 'z'?b 86Ĕ b Gb 51- i \ 6 dg_ 7y Us6r , z[z['b - .NĔ Nsg#f wV p> s* U2Nr , p> s*r y27_b 86Ĕ 6 1- .&sb m0o wV b Gb z6Ĕ b .b 51.y h ,w[z[& -.Ob wjskb 10#b `b0^ espWg^ zg y1 Rscb b .b `b/ .O 51.y h ,wj z b pcz g r = s* 51.y Us6 `b0^r , z6Ĕ b .cb z7_Ob b .cb Ƌ pzcN z z& [z G r p> s*r g y1 Rscb

phe xÚnQ dUÐ pUÐ{UÐ æ}_ x

p Hn UÐ pUùÐ êÐ{ Hn= Óne xÚnQ dUÐ pehS {@ x phe xÚnQ dUÐ ÒÚ [UÐ UÎ phHúÐ ÒÚ [UÐ Y nxă } @ é x

c_UÐí

phHúÐ ÓøØn_eUÐ _= A R p Hn UÐ pUùÐ ê{ x ÓÐ} R R phe xÚnQ dUÐ pUÐ{dU inh UÐ h e UÐ æ}_ x

ngÉÐ B s f xí ºÒØí{ Y

‫دروس اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ Ɗ zb b 5r1.b lf .&sb is_ yr :%´B 235 : − {>

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

: 35 : : − {>

52

¸ - LM 0 : 35 #] +¥ _ : ¯ − {> I#°8%> z " ² Q LM § )8^ @ 1( ©

L A" ¨0 : )8%> z " : : − {>

I { 3 ' 8+¥ #°8%> z " l&+8%

#°8%> z " Y h+ : · − {>

I:L3 £ : T , f83 #°8%> z " :) ? % I : 35 #] +¥ h+ _ ¹ :L3 £ : T , f81%

‫ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ :o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 2*yf t4u vp Z I: 35 : l&+8% I AJ Y O8781%0 ,: 35 : " L )8 l&+8% I:%´B 235 ² l&+8% IV =

{

C : '> ! § : 3 : +( ©

I: )8%> z " : l&+8% I2B+ 0 : )8%> z " '> ! ª : 35 '> ! .( %s ¬? 4 © ,' 0 ± # «6 ­ : )8%> z " : " L )8 l&+8% I AJ Y O8781%0 I s : )8%> z " : 0 : 35 : ² : W+ O8781% I#°8%> z " ² l&+8% I: )8%> z #] +( ©

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

30


Ünc_iÐ Ñ

Reflection

xÚnQ U Ñ

Logarithm Logarithmic Equation Logarithmic Function

‫زﻣﻦ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬

phe xÚnQ U pUØn_Y Ñ

phe xÚnQ U pUÐØ Ñ

ÜúÐ Ñ

Exponent

én Y Ñ

Domain

ÜnHúÐ Ñ

Base

HÌ éÍn\> Ñ

Exponential Decay

phi fUÐ Ò bUÐ Ñ

The nth Power

HÎ ei Ñ

Exponential Growth

i i Ú|@ Ñ

nth Root

î{Y Ñ

Range

I:!_

ôŔēîēŗ ôŔē ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí îē í õîĄŀ ĄŀŀĤĜń Ĥ Ŀí ĤĜ

phHÌ pUÐØ Ñ

Expontential Function

Rational - Exponent

î} T ÜÌ Ñ

óĊăŎĿí đōčĉ

ľëîēŎĿíō õíōĉŗí

6;cf <:Ț Π˄ɸ - ɹ

geogebra-graph ky:5 (k 6 ˝ lgR : * f

v _ K x }p f vg #l x :Ș f 2f Π˄ɹ - ɹ

‫ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ 2z_W b - zB y2b wV wN . Đ 2z_W b - .Z kb 2z_W b đ_;gb d& - wczc' b

:Ț Ȗ1 Slf h*Π˄ɺ - ɹ }p f vg #l x l 5 Vygf f 2f Π˄ɻ - ɹ l 5 Vygf A y. HS Π˄ɼ - ɹ

óĊăŎŀĿ ŐńŔĨň÷ ĢĤĈŃ

‫اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ 6 & b - zgcN 6 & b - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b $f 2 - wb 6 & - zV W: - w6 1 YsV A2N 3 p" - zj z Ƌ zfs61

õîńøœčîįŎŀĿíō Ēēŗí

ŏĎćŗ óčŎě ņŃ ľœŎĄøĿí

õîńøœčîįŎŀĿí

Ēēŗí

ôŔēŗí ôĿíĊĿí õîńøœčîįŎŀĿí ņŔŇíŎķ

ôœĎĔļĿí Ēēŗí ņŔŇíŎķ

ŒŇîŔòĿí ľŔüńøĿí

ôŔńøœčîįŎŀĿí óĉîĬńĿí ľă

‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ‬ [y2Gb - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob Ƌ đ_;gb d& - wjr O b hcO b - zF k 6Đ

ôŔēŗí õśĉîĬńĿí ľă

óĉîøĬńĿí õîńøœčîįŎŀĿí

ŒŇîŔòĿí ľŔüńøĿí

ôŔńøœčîįŎŀĿí ôĿíĊĿí ęíŎć ôòēîĄĿí ôĿŕí ŁíĊĈøēí

ĽåîĠøĿí - ŎńňĿí ôŔēŗí ôĿĊĿí Őŀī õîĸŔòĤ÷

ôŔ÷îŔă õîĸŔòĤ÷

:‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ‬ d Z zN g#b r y-2Wb y2y2' b r zpW;b c 6Ĕ wV d g = +b hzz[ b hc6r &2 [gb G;jĔ r 51.b .O r k wVr Ƌ .&r d^ y pj wV wg^ 2 b 1 *Đ r Ů pkf d_

53

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

‫اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪة‬ : l 5 Vygf x <:Ț 2*yf l Oq f LK/lf ex q

{j z b dz g b pkfr Ů z6Ĕ b .b r pkzj sZr 86Ĕ hzo Wf b .b 51.j t2* z& j lfr Ů pzcN Đ- Of d&r pb lzj sZ ar k j `b0^r z6Ĕ b .cb z7_N 1s?^ zg y1 Rscb = s* 51. r Ů zg y1 Rscb Đ- Ogb d&r Ů g y1 Rscb e .+ 6 z z& [z G wb Y2G jr zg y1 Rscb b .b Ƌ zg y1 Rscb a r.b

31

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b


óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

ôŔŇîüĿí

ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

ájô°ùμdG ¢ù°SC’G

1-2

ájô°ùμdG ¢ù°SC’G

Rational Exponents łŀĬø÷ ıŎē

‫ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪ‬

I235 ² )+

DO wcN V2O r , b 6 2zR w[z[& -.Ob zOz 2 b 1r0#b 61- i \ 6 DO wcN V2O r 'z'?b 86Ĕ 61-r Ů z zO_ b r zOz 2 b 1r0#b = s* Ƌ y27_b 86Ĕ wcN 51.b 0o {V U2O Us6r Ů p> s*

I 7 > º

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬

{Ŀ} - I ǽ C d_b

ŀ=

C (

2W>

C

(

ŀ K-C , ŀ = ŀ-C K =

Ŀ!C

IJœĎĬ÷

Ɗi V +N ǽ K d_br I ǽ C d_b ( K "& 1 n "< C D ) h C * ƋƋƋƋƋ * C * C * C = C K Ů $H I C -.Ob wg7y z& ŮC -.Ocb ? 7 I ( CƜ wg7yr ƋK 5ĕb J b" C as[jr H I K -.Ob r

C

ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí : 7 ' -

The nth Power

{ 35

Base

{5

Exponent

K

K

K

K

K-e

C C = ( ) ½

Ke

K e

C

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ł (ŀŇ) * ł- (Ň) ł- (ŀŅ) * Ňŀ

= { Ē 1 .[gb 1s> H7 {V ."r 1

Ń ł * Ł Ł * ň- Ł Ň- Ł * Ń ł

952f &6/k :o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z

e

C = KC ½

C = ( C) ½

r "sgb s6 'z'?b 86Ĕ b Gb 51- i \ 6 y27_b 86Ĕ b Gb 51.y Us6 51.b 0o wVr Ů b 7b w[z['b -.Ocb zjskb 1r0#b `b/ .O 51.y h Ů pkzj sZ hzgO r Ƌ y27_b 86Đ 1r0#b ZđNr

´ {

:áë«ë°üdG ¢ù°SC’G ¢UGƒN Ɗi V Ŀ ! Ů I ǽ ,Cƅ,ƅN ǽ K Ůe d_b e K+e C = ( C) ½ C = KC * C ½ K

[g.

> ?

nth Root Rational Exponent

K

Rational exponents

I:%´B 235 ²

:áë«ë°üdG ¢ù°SC’G

235 ² )+%

ôŃĊĈøĔńĿí õíōĉŗí : )" :L3 _ : d

I - -_ + 7 > º ? %

: ( 3> O( &

ľĄĿí

=

Ł (Ł ł * Ł) * ł- (łŁ) Ł-(ŃŁ) * Ń ł

:%´B 235 ² l&+8%

= 1 .[gb

I235 § : _ # - LM ©

Ń - Ń ł * Ň + Ł + ň- Ł =

Ł = ŀ * Ł = Ŀł * ŀ Ł = zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

1-2

54

: : : 16[k ´ { − > ? − {5 − { 35 − : 7 ' -

‫إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺪرس‬ mgS 2q }Z

p61- i \ 6 w b 86ĕb z6 6Ĕ Wy2O b DO P" 1 Ƌ Gz7 y-.N c f ađ* lf y- .NĖ c&2gb wV b Gb wV Wy2O b m0o \[' w_b f3đb Er2;b wcN .^ Ƌ y2Kkb 1s?b

:‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ b - w6 1 YsV A2N 3 p" - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b zgcN 6 & : *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J − #WB^¥ _ − 7 !+ − :^ 7¥ − ® L¥ ~&+ 0 +8 "+8

Er2;b wcN .^ r 'z'?b 86Ĕ = s+ ` đF .^ Ƌ= s+b m0o \[' w^ f3đb

:‫ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ‬ w6 1.b d?Wb

:(ɸ˖ e #k }Z

Ɗ w y f N 2f z6Ĕ 2y- [gb Hz7 .kN qj đGb wb .^ Ƌ zbrĔ pcf sN wb - .NĔ dzc' 2Cb Đ & wV 5 6Ĕ wcN 5Ĕ Py3s = s* \z G Ƌ g7[b r H7 wb o1 ? * r .& sb 6 6ĕb 86Ĕ Pzg# Ƌ 1s> Ƌ 1s> H7 wV $ kb PBr

:‫ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ : 0 :BL^ − J ª · J .( 3> ¥ V 8B y « E # ( "+)"

:‫اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ , A;(0 :/ /! 235 0 235 , A;( ` WI M( M?«3 : 7 ' - %&+ ª -8 =7(0 , { 35

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

32


-

ájô°ùμdG ¢ù°SC’G

ájô°ùμdG ¢ù°SC’G

Ł

zcgOb so f -.Ob wjskb 10#b i đGb wb .^ Ƌ(i) s[cb -.Ob 0o PV2b z7_Ob t2* y-.N c f GNĖ wko/ X?N dgN đGb wb cF Ƌwjskb 10#b 1s> wb z6Ĕ 1s?b lf dys' b cG ' C w[z['b -.Ocb wjskb 10#b Xy2O ` đF Pf <Z j ađ* lf qb đGb hpV .^ r Xy2O b -.'gb Er2;b Ƌ Gz7 y-.N c f 10#cb Wc +gb Đ 'b (ńŅ) = wV (Bsgb ar.#b lz y

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬ The nth Root

≈fƒædG QòédG zcgOb so -.Ob wjskb 10#b i V d gb r Ů-.Ob `b/ Pz 2 b z7_N zcgN so f -.Ob wOz 2 b 10#b i gcN Ƌ(K) s[cb -.Ob 0o PV2b z7_Ob ł

i t

Ň -.Ocb w zO_ b 10#b so Ł i V

Ł = łŁ ń

i t

łŁ -.Ocb 8f +b 10#b so Ł i V

i t

C -.Ocb wjskb 10#b so 5 i V

Ł= Ň

5=

C

K

D ) /X

C

D /X

K

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ɗ z Ē Đ 'b lf d½É ^ wV ( ."r i ) I wV 5 hzZ ."r VƄC = K 5Ƅ j ^ / 2 Ňŀ = C Ů Ń = K ‫ب‬ 2W> = C Ů ń = K ‫أ‬

(ɼɽ˖ A \ 6S 2q }Z

`b/r Gz7 y-.N c f .N ađ* lf Xy2O b 0o hN- Ƌt2* wb 1s> lf dys' cb

Ń- = C Ů Ł = K ‫ﺟ‬

Ň- = C Ů ł = K ‫د‬

ľĄĿí

1s> wb z6Ĕ 1s?b lf dys' b Xy2O b 0o (Bsy d 7gb lf 2z _b d& wV .zW wor 8_Ob r wjskb 10#b Ƌ y27_b 86Ĕ wV

=5

n <L

Ŀ = ń5 i V

2W> = C Ůń = K

ł! = Ňŀ Ń ! = 5

n <L

Ňŀ = Ń5 i V

Ňŀ = C Ů Ń = K

I Ǿ Ń- != 5

n <L

Ń- = Ł5 i V

Ń- = C Ů Ł = K

Ł- = Ň- ł = 5

n <L

Ň- = ł5 i V

Ň- = C Ů ł = K

Ŀ= Ŀ

ń

Ň- ł * ŃŁ

=

Ł-( Ń ł) * ŃŁ

1 .[gb 1

äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

Ɗwb b ar.#b lf (C b- Ogb \[' w b 5 hzZ i VƄC = K 5Ƅ j ^ / C

K

C

2W> = C

C

K

K

ł = ŀ - 5 Ł - Ł + 5Ł ł =

5Ł* 5Ł ł * ł

Ŀ>C

"sf w"r3 (z'> -.N ŀ ! K Ů "sf t-2V (z'> -.N ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

C

Ņ

Ńň- = Ł5 ‫ﻫ‬ Ņ

e

K

( C ) = eC = CƄƊi Vƅ Iǽ K

ŀŁňŅ = Ń5 ‫د‬

lz r C -.Ocb 5- 7b 10#b lz Y2Wb t-.N a g (Br ƊŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ 4 K

K

Ů +N ǽ e Ů {ŀ} - +N ǽ Kƅi ^ / :\ T ł Ł ł( ŀŅ ) = ŅŃ = ł(Ń) = (ŀŅ) C

Łń = Ł(ń-) = Ł( (ŀŁń-) ł ) = Ł(ŀŁń-) ł

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

3 Ņ(ł + Ł ) ŅŃ

C

Ɗlf đ½Ê ^ 1s> H7 wV ."r 3

! ‫ب‬

ň Ņ

ł

Ɔ- ‫أ‬ ľĄĿí

ł ŁC Ł- = ł(ł Ł Ł[ł(ł + Ł )Ň]

C

C Ł)

ł

!=

Ɔ- = ň ŅC Ň łƆ- ‫أ‬ Ņ(ł + Ł ) ŅŃ

C

! ‫ب‬

ł(ł+ ŁC) Ň! =

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

lz r C -.Ocb 5- 7b C) ŀŁŇ

ņ

‫ﺟ‬

ń ŁŃł- ń

‫ب‬

» Ɗlf đ½Ê ^ 1s> H7 wV ."r 5 ŀŁ

C ŅŁń

Ń

Ɔ ‫أ‬

!= C-.Ocb (w"r3 10#b dzb-) 5- 7b 10#b

P 1 r Ł- Ů Ł so -.Ob 0pb 5- 7b 10#b is_zV ŅŃ = C PBs Ƌ .z&r gzZ wor Ł = ŅŃ Ņ gkz ^2f t2* 1r0"

33

Ɗ ( ."r i ) { y gf d^ {V 5 hzZ ."r 3 łŁ- = ń5 ‫ب‬ łŅ = Ł5 ‫أ‬

= lgyĔ 2

ņ( +

Ɗđ gV

"sf w"r3 (z'> -.N

IǽC

10#b lz Y2Wy i b Gb PzG 7yĐ .Z .Z j 2z_W .k wV Ņ

{ŀ} - +N ǽ K

Ŀ<C

Ƌ z[z[& 1r0" ."s Đ

: S ?f K.Ț

C

K

Ŀ=C

so H[V .& r {[z[& 10" ."sy

e

Ł- ‫ و‬Ƅz ‫ ﻫ‬ƄŅ! ‫ د‬Ƅń ‫ ﺟ‬ƄŁ ‫ ب‬ƄŅ! ‫أ‬

Ƌ

K

! go i z[z[& i 10" ."sy

C

Ł +5Ł ł * 5Ł

C

ŀŁń = ł5 ‫ﺟ‬ ŀŁŇ- = ņ5 ‫و‬

ł = Ń - Ń Ł * Ň + Ł + ň - ł = ƅƅƅƅƅƅ

75 ‫ﺟ‬ 75 ‫د‬

:n iI ( \ T& 1 p'7'(?

ńŅŮńń= d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d>s r Ł (Ł Ł*ł)*ł(łł)

75 ‫أ‬ 75 ‫ب‬

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

55

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f

Ł Ń *Ł ł *ň-ł

K

) C -.Ocb wjskb Ƌ đGb p e Z w b wko0b X?Ob c f ađ* lf P 1Ĕ C

C = K5 j ^ /

ŀ

K

K

łŁ = ń5 j ^ /

= C n <+ {ŀ} - +N ǽ K ŮĿG C {[z[& -.N tĔ C ŀ lf 2 ^ t-2V (z'> -.N K Ů Ŀ > C f.kN Cy ¹ 'z'> ZđOb m0o :\ T ŀ ŀ I Ǿ ň- Ƅ=ƄƄ Ł (ň-) Ł = ŀŅ Ń Ɔ =Ƅ Ń (ŀŅ)Ɔ ŀ ŀ ł- = ŁŃł- ń Ƅ= ń (ŁŃł-) ł- = Łņ ł - =Ƅ ł (Łņ) -

¿CG ßM’

/X u

:\ T Ň = ł5 j ^ /

IJœĎĬ÷

Đ 'b m0o wcN .^ C Ů i hzZ 2zS b O¹ (

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă (ŀŁ) * ł- (Łņ) Ɗ1 .[gb gzZ 1s> H7 wV ."r 1 Ł(Ňŀ) * ŀŅ ŀ+ 5 5 ł = 5 ň * Ł Ɗ i 2 ŀŇ * ł

IJœĎĬ÷

(ɼɼ˖ A }pyqf 54'f 2q }Z

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

56


É¡«∏Y äÉ≤«Ñ£Jh äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

ájô°ùμdG ¢ù°SC’G

yÊ -2V -¹ .N 10#b dzb- i ^ / f ,|C| =

K

C

K

Using The Modulus ¢SÉ«≤ªdG ΩGóîà°SG is_zV zÊ "r3 -¹ .N (K) 10#b dzb- i ^ / -.Ob 5 z[f¾ e.+ 7y Ƌ5 z[gb e .+ 6Đ wN - đV Ƌ zÊ "r3 K i ^ / |5| = K5 Ƌ yÊ -2V K i ^ / 5 K

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ » Ɗ 1s> H7 wV { y gf d^ $ j ."r 4 ł5Ň- ł

¿CG ßM’ (ņ

1+ ) 1 2 jI"

-ŀ)

Ņ

‫ب‬

‫أ‬ ‫ﺟ‬

Ł5ň

‫د‬

Ń( ł

-Ł)

Ń

|5ł| =

ł

‫أ‬ ‫ب‬

= Ł5ň

Ł(5ł)

5Ł- = ł(5Ł-) ł = ł5Ňł <Ł

z& ł - Ł = | ł - Ł| = Ń( ł -Ł)

Ń

‫ﺟ‬

ŀ< ņ

z& ŀ - ņ = | ņ - ŀ | = ( ņ -ŀ)

Ņ

‫د‬

:(ɻ˖ \ 6S 2q }Z

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

C

e

Ń

‫د‬

ł( ń

-

= K CƅƊi Vƅ I ǽ

C

K

ŀŁ ŀŅ

C

-Ł)

ł

‫أ‬ ‫ﺟ‬

, +N ǽ e Ů {ŀ} - + N ǽ Kƅi ^ / Ł ł

łń

Ń = Łŀ- ƅŮƅ łŀ = ņƄ:\ T Ń

ł

K

Ɗi V lzz[z[& ly-.N Ů

C

K

K

ńņ

Ů{ŀ} - +N ǽ K i ^ / = C ½

* C

K

C

K

K

= C

2W> ! z&

K

K

½

Gz7 y-.N c f ađ* lf b 7b 5Ĕ espWf wcN .^ ƋespWgb 0o ] 1- b Gb pbđ* lf PzG 7y

IJœĎĬ÷

ŀ e

K

-Ł)

Ń

:(ɼ˖ \ 6S 2q }Z

IJœĎĬ÷

ŀŇ(Ł - 5) Ń( ń

‫ب‬

: S ?f K.Ț

Ƌw"r3 -.N 10#b dzb- iĔ |5ń| = Ł5 Łń Ɗ so s?b r

» Ɗ 1s> H7 wV { y gf d^ $ j ."r 6 Ņ

10#b dzb- i ^ / -.Ob 5 z[f e.+ 7j / gb ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ z¹ "r3 -¹ .N (i) 5 ń tr 7 pj Ł5 Łń - #y .kN đGb DO G+y

ľĄĿí

C 0 C− C

:9 _lf i 2/ :

2Cb zcgN wV Ů ly-.Ob Py3s i đGb wb 2: Ƌ 'z'?b 86Ĕ wV Py3s b 8Wj f¹ g q ;y g7[b r

Ƌ Gz7 y-.N c f ađ* lf đGb t.b espWgb 0o hN- :(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f

57

= Ů(ńņ) = d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d>s r (ńŇ)

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

: & äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

| łCń| = ŀŁCŅŁń

Ń

ł - = ń( ł -) ń = ń ŁŃł -

ń

‫أ‬ ‫ب‬

( + C ) Ł = ņ( + C ) ŀŁŇ

ņ

‫ﺟ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ɗlf đ½Ê ^ 1s> H7 wV ."r 5 Ł ł

łŁ Ł * ŀ- Ń *

‫ب‬

ł

Ň * ń -łŁ * Ń

ńŀŅ Ň

Ń

Łł * Ł- Ņ

łŀ Ł Ł * ŀ- Ń* Ł

d +"(G *$ = Q /X D+ 3L

Łł * Ł- Ņ

d H M 5 = Q $ DG D 3L

Ň

‫أ‬ ľĄĿí

= 1 .[gb ‫أ‬

Ň

łŀ Ł Ł * ŀ- (ŁŁ)* Ł (łŁ)

Łł * Ł- (Ł * ł)

=

łŁ Ł * Ł-Ł

ł * Ł (Ł) = Łł * Ł-Ł*Ł-ł

F (R' I

Ł - Ł ł * Ł + ŁŁ - Ł - łŁ

| łCŁ| =

Ł=

ŀ = 2W> ł * 2W> Ł =

d +"(G *$ = Q /X D+ 3L

Ł ł ń Ň

Ł * Ń Ń ŀĿ * Ł

Ń

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

ň

ł

Ł- ń

Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d½É ^ d& Nsg#f I wV ."r 6 ľĄĿí

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

Ņ ł

‫ﺟ‬

= | ń - Ł |= Ń( ń

-Ł)

Ń

‫د‬

ł Ń

=

Ł ň = ł5 ‫أ‬

1 b"M =) I"' /X / I łł = ơ5ơ ` Łņ ! = 5 `

ŀŇ(Ł - 5)

‫أ‬ ‫ب‬

6

* Ł

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

1 b"M jb"I

C

-Ł)

:ä’OÉ©ªdG πM

ł Ň = Ń (ŀ + 5 ) ‫ب‬

ŀŁ ŀŅ Ń

- Ł = ł( ń

ń

¾ Ɗ lf đ½Ê ^ 1s> H7 wV ."r 7 ŀ - Ň * ŁŃł ł ‫أ‬

‫ب‬

|ł(Ł-5)| =

1 .[gb ‫ب‬

ł

Ň * ń łŁ = ŀ ŀŅ * Ń Ń Ł ł ł d H M 5 = Q $ DG D 3L ł ( Ł) * ń ( ńŁ) = ń Ń ŀ Ł Ň ( Ł) * Ń ( Ł) ń ŀ ŁŁ*łŁ Ń = ŁŁ = Ł - Ł - Ł +ł Ł = = ń ŀ ŁŁ* ŁŁ

ń

5

Ł ň = ł5 a ‫أ‬ łň = ł( Łł 5) ` łň = Ł5 ` łň = Ł5

ŀ=

ł Ł -Ł * Ł ł ł* ŀ ń -Ł * ŀ ń -Ł *

ń łł ŀ ŁŁ ŀ ŁŁ ŀ ŁŁ

= 1 .[gb ‫أ‬

7

= 1 .[gb ‫ب‬

58

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

34


-

ájô°ùμdG ¢ù°SC’G : S ?f K.Ț

Ń=

ájô°ùμdG ¢ù°SC’G

ł* Ł ŁŁ=

Ň = łŁ = 5 `

ŃŇ = ł(ŀ +5) ` Ń(

Ł*Ł ł ł5 =

{ŀń } = d'b Nsg#f `

ŀ łŁ =

ł s[cb lzV2Gb PV2 Ń = Ň!=5` ŅŃ = łŃ = Ł5

Ů(ńň)= d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d>s r (ŅĿ)=

ŀ ŀń -5

‫ﺟ‬

‫ب‬

‫و‬

ŀ Ņ=

‫أ‬

ł ŀ Ń ŁC

‫د‬

‫ﻫ‬

‫ ﺟ‬ƅƅ Ł

ł

ņń Ņ

‫ و‬ƅ Ł-( 5ł)

ł

‫ ب‬ƅƅ C ‫أ‬ ‫ ﻫ‬ƅ Ńń ň Ň ‫د‬

‫ ﺟ‬ƅƅƅŇ- ‫ ب‬ƅƅƅƅŇ ‫أ‬ ł Ń ‫ و‬ƅƅƅƅŀ ‫ ﻫ‬Ƅƅƅƅ Ń ‫د‬

ŀ Ňŀ

ƅƅ= - 5 ‫ﻫ‬

Ƅƅ= - 5 ‫د‬

Ņ ‫ز‬

ń łŁ = Ł 5 ‫أ‬

e = a ZđOb wGOy e q & 7f t0b P 2gb PcB asF a i ^ / ǶƒŻŏǭǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 7

ŀ łI

» = a ZđOb wGOy I qg#& O_f PcB asF a i ^ / 9 ½

١ - ٢ ‫ﺗﻤـــــــﺎرﻳـــﻦ‬

8 K

ł

Ł ‫ﺟ‬

5

ł

‫و‬

Ł5 ń

ł Ń

Ńł

Ň*

ŀ Ł

Ń

C

: $ f = 5 =L + & B y G m'G 1 ‫ب‬ 5 ł ‫أ‬ ‫ﻫ‬

ń5 Ņ

Ł ł

ń ‫و‬

Łł

ł Ł

C

‫د‬

Ń

Ɗ y10" 1s> wcN w y gf đ½Ê ^ ^ 2 ŀ ŁC ‫أ‬ ‫ب‬

(5 ł ) ‫ﻫ‬

Ń ň

Ň ‫د‬

& E ! 3 : f F(I =b =L + & DG ł ł ń (łŁ-) ‫ب‬ Ń (ŀŅ) ‫أ‬

Łņ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬

ŀ Ł- ( Łł

ł

=Ņ ‫ﺟ‬ ŀ Ł

1

‫ﻫ‬

Ń

Ń Ł

Ń * Ł- Ł)

ŀ Ł

Ł ( ŀŃ ) + ł ( ŀŇ ) ‫د‬

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

2

äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

3 ŀ Ł

Ɗ z Ē zcgOb $ j ¼ 1s> H7 wV ."r 4 ŀ Ł ł-( Łł - C) ‫أ‬ 5* 5 ł ‫ب‬

(ŁŃ + Łł) ‫ﺟ‬

( ł = + ł = ł 5 + ł 5) ( ł = - ł 5) ‫ﻫ‬ ŀ Ł ł ( ł + łŁ + łŀ) ‫ز‬ Ł

ŀ

ŀ

Ł

ŀ

( Ł = - Ł 5) ( Ł = + Ł 5) ‫د‬ ŀ ŀ Ł( Ł -5 + Ł 5) ‫و‬

ŀ

ŀ

ŀ

ŀ

ŀ

Ɗ 1s> H7 Ĕ w y gf đ½Ê ^ 2? * 5

4

Ł ł

ł (Ň) _ Ł (ŀŅ) ‫ﺟ‬ łŀŅ

ł

Ńń* Ň Ň ŃŁ

‫و‬

ŀ ł

ŀ Ł ŀŅ ‫ب‬ ( ņŁň Ň ) * ( Ňŀ )

ŁŬń * ĿŬŁŀŅ

ł

* ĿŬŀ

ŀ +5 ŀ Ł ň * Ń -5 ŀŅ

Ł+ 5 ŀŇ * ŀ- 5 Ň

ńŀŁ ň + ŁŃł ń ‫أ‬

‫ﻫ‬

ń Ņ

‫ح‬

(ŅŃ) - ł (Łņ) ‫د‬ Ł

ŀ-(ŀń) * ŀŃ Ňŀ * Łł (ŀŁń)

ǽ 5 i V ň = Ł5 ł i ^ / 6 z ‫د‬

{ŀ} ‫ﺟ‬

{Łņ- ŮŁņ} ‫ب‬

{Łņ } ‫أ‬ ŀ

= Ņ - ŅŃ 7

12

ŀ- ‫د‬ Ł

ŀ Ł

‫ﺟ‬

Ł- ‫ب‬

Ł ‫أ‬ =

¹ y2[ ūŇ 13 |5| s?b ‫ ب‬ƅŇ ! s?b ‫أ‬

‫ز‬

: M)& I !s 1 I 1 3 3A I !s "'

6

‫ و‬ŀŅ ‫ ﻫ‬ƅň ‫ د‬ƅň ‫ ﺟ‬ƅ ŀ ‫ ب‬ƅŁń ‫أ‬ Ń

ŀ h6ń = Łń = Ł Łń = a ‫أ‬ 2"C5 ;E" m+" ' I

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Łņ qg#& t0b O_gb PcB asF ."r

ŀ Ł + 5+ 5 ‫و‬

11 ƅ 10 ƅ 9 ƅ 8 ƅ¶" 7 ł Ł

‫ب‬

ľĄĿí

59 ł= Ń Ņ

ń(ŀ-5) ł

Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ É d& Nsg#f I {V ."r 8

ŀ ŃŬŀŁłŀĿ - ŀņ = Ł ŀņ = a ‫ب‬ h6 ŃŬŀ - a `

(ɸ-ɹ˖ r 5 l & ŀ ƅƅ ł 5

ŀ+5`

Łh6Łń q & 7f t0b P 2gb PcB asF 7& ‫أ‬ Ƌ.& r t2;N h» Z2b $ kb ¹ 2[f Łh6ŀņ q & 7f t0b P 2gb PcB asF 7& ‫ب‬

ł 9

ł ƅƅƅ Ń C

ŃŁ =

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ŀ Ł

:(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f

ƅƅƅ ňŇ ‫ ب‬ƅƅƅŃ ‫أ‬

Ň ł ) = (ŀ+ 5) `

ŀń =5 `

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ł ł 5 : yCf

ŀ łi Ł

ł Ň = Ń (ŀ + 5) ‫ب‬

1 b"M jb"I

{Łņ- ŮŁņ } = d'b Nsg#f `

Ł ł 5 Ɗ b- Ogb d& .kN : K/f

|5|- ‫د‬

|ŀ-5| ‫ﺟ‬

5- ‫ب‬

ł-5 ł

ŀ-5

Ń

= Ň=Ń5

14

|Ł=|5 ‫د‬

Ɗ ŀ z& 'z'> ZđOb 15

ŀ - ‫د‬ Ń

Ł=|5|

‫ﺟ‬

Ł= 5

! ‫ب‬

Ł= 5

8

‫أ‬ 9

‫أ‬

ł

= 5 i V Ň = Ł -5 i ^ / 10

ŀ

ŀ

C = ( C) = lgyĔ ŀ ŀ ȳK C = K ( ȳ C)= 27yĔ ȳ ȴ

ȳ

ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ Ń

Ń- ‫ب‬

K

ŀ

Ņ

‫د‬

ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ Ņ

Ņ ‫ب‬

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

35

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

Ń ‫أ‬ =

ł ń

ŀ

Ņ * ń -Ņ

łŅ

ń

11

ŀ ‫أ‬

60


É¡«∏Y äÉ≤«Ñ£Jh äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

ájô°ùμdG ¢ù°SC’G

: L[ % )& 1 DG D 5 &X =b ! 12 ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ ņŁ ‫ب‬ ŀŁŇ = 5

ŀ ń= Ł 5 ‫أ‬

ŀŅ = ŀ - 5ł Ł ‫و‬ Ł

ł = łŃ -5 ł ‫ﻫـ‬ Ň

łŁ = (ń -5 ) ‫د‬

Łņ = ł5

ń Ł

Tc f wcN ]sk b .&Ĕ (1) . Wb i hcN / źģƛņLjĪģś ƤśƄǤĝ 13 ZđOb wGO k6 (i) .O (C) m1.Zr ½ ŀ ( > sk6 ł .O r qzk" ŀĿĿĿĿ Tc f a g" M-r / V Ƌ k6 i .O Tc gb cg" ¶" z& ŀ- i ( ¶" ) = 1 C Ƌ . Wcb ysk7b ys gb 7kb ."r ŮŀŁńňņ Tc gb cg"

Ń

‫ب‬

ł

C

ƣģƖŠ 16

ł- Ń

ń

I

ł

‫و‬

ŀŅ ‫ﻫـ‬

‫ب‬

¹ y2[ ū Ň

ŀň Ł

Ł

ŀ

(ŀŬŁŀ) ņń ‫أ‬

Ł ! = ł5 `

|5| = Ł5

Ł

i N 2f e.N so G+b

:≈YGóHEG ô«μØJ

Ƌ

ł

H[V 5 7zbr |5| = Ń5

= H ZđOb wGOy I pg#& H 2^ 2GZ asF X?j i ^ / ǦǍŭŨǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 19 » 2GZ X?j asF ."r ‫أ‬ Ƌłh6ŁņĿĿĿ pg½ #& 2^

ƋXOCb wb 2G[b X?j asF - y3 .kN 2_b h#& wV 2zS b 7& ‫ب‬

61

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

14

ŀ

Ň!=5`

= a ZđOb -.' y a O_gb PcB asF i ^ / ǦǍŭŨǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 18 łh6ŀłłŀ qg½ #& O_f PcB asF ."r Ƌ O_gb .&sb

13

Ł

Ń = ł5 ‫أ‬

Ń = ( ł 5) `

i ^r ¹ j1 ņń so Mr2;gb y . wV j 1Ĕ -.N i ^ / V Ů j 1Ĕ z 2 Mr2;f .g'f . ǵƃģŭņǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 17 i j 1ĕb PZs gb -.Ob ."r Ƌ2p:Ĕ -.N i z& Ņ (ŃŬŁŁ) ņń = M ZđOb P y o2 _ wV j 1Ĕ -.N Ƌ2p: ń 1r2f .O

O_gb h#& I z&

ň ‫ﺟ‬

: & "A' 15

Ɗ(lzy2;N lzgZ2b $ kb ¹ 2[f) z Ē zcgOb 2" Hz7 wV ¼ 6 'b bĒ e.+ 6 Ł

Ń ‫د‬

Ł Ň = 5 i V , Ń = ł 5 i ^ / ‫أ‬

C C

Ł- ņ ł * ŀ-

Łń ‫أ‬

ł Ł

ĦƥŲǤĝ ƼƖņǕĝ 14

5 = Ń5

12

‫ب‬

ŀ Ń

ŀ i eC

=

ŀ i eC

=

ŀ e iC ŀ eC

‫ب‬

Ń

i e

= C

e

15

e

= C i "sf z"r3 - .N i Ůe Ŀ < i E2; 'z'> ZđOb "sf y-2V - .N i Ůe f.kN qzV Pg#y 'z'> ZđOb ń

ŁŃň = Ņ (ŃŬŁŁ )ņń =M 17 h6ŀŀ = ŀłłŀ Ł = %

h6 ŀň = Ń

%ł rŃ ŁņĿĿĿ rŃ

ł

= a 18

ł

= H 19

ł=

Ń

ł( HŁ) E ł = Ł% Ů ł H E ł = ŀ% ł\j E = łH E Ń

ł

łŁ

- ł H E ł = ŀ% - Ł% = h#'b wV 2zS b ŁŇ

ńŃŅ - ł H E ł =

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

36


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

ôŔŇÎßĿí

印SC’G ĂĄdGĂłdG

2-2

Exponential Function and its Application ‍ﺗﺪ‏

Exponential function ‍اďť&#x;اد اďť&#x;ďş˜ďťŒďť ďť´ďť¤ďť´ďş” اďť&#x;ﺴďş˜ﺨﺪﺔ‏ $f 2 - wb 6 & - 5 1 YsV A2N 3 p" - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć‹wj z Y1r - zfs61

I: 35 : † Y

C = (5)- ĹŽ +I # I ĆŠ-

z& -

C p6 6 $ wg7

š

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí Expontential Function

I: 3 :

Exponential Growth

I 3 )

Exponential Decay

I 3 4j P

z6 b - I Ç˝5 z& 5(Ĺ‚-) = (5)- b .b d g Ä? / gb (Br ČˆÇ­Ć˝Ć— Ć„Ĺ?Ę—ĆŻĹ? 印SC’G ĂĄdGĂłâˆ?d ≈fɍÑdG πãªà dG

Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź

: )" :L3 _ : d : ( 3> O( &

ĆŠlz b .b lf d^ wk'kf lf 4" š .& r d_: wV h61 [Ĺ‚ ĹŽĹ‚- ] Ç˝ 5 hz[ j O 6Ä? 1 5 Ĺ€ ( Ĺ ) = (5)1 ĹŽ 5Ĺ = (5)ĞĄĿí

â€ŤďťŁďťœďşŽŮ† اďť&#x;ďş˜ﺪعﺲ‏ w6 1.b d?Wb

‍ﺟﺎدع اďť&#x;ďş˜ďťŒďť ďť˘â€Ź zbr.b _ ;b - Ĺ…Ĺ„œœ> wb Ĺ…Šœœ> w61.gb _b ( j2 jÄ– ) fscOgcb

5 ŀ

5

Graphical Representation of the Exponential Function

0 +8 "+8

Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ 0_or ( Ĺ ) = (5)- ĹŽ 5Ĺ = (5)-

I s : 35 4 0 ¨

印SC’G ĂĄdGĂłdG

Exponential Function

ĆŠ b .b i V Ĺ€ ! š "sf zĂŠ [z[& -š .N Ci ^ /

" e'& n <+ : $H H 0 D '(& = 5 9b $H d 2 (+% m!

− #WB^ÂĽ _ − 7 !+ − :^ 7ÂĽ − ÂŽ LÂĽ ~&+

5Ä” so (5) d[ 7gb 2zS gb is_zV ĆŠ z6Ä” b .b f ˜ d f .& sb tr 7yÄ? "sf w[z[& -.N spV 5 6Ä” f

I: 35 :

â€Ťďş—ďťŒďť ďť˘â€Ź

" e'& n <+ : +"RX $H 0 D '(& d= 5 9b H

*6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďşŒďş”â€Ź w b z6Ä” b .b r y2 #b b .b lz Y2Wb ` Ä‘Gb (Br ˜ 5Ä” f 5 6Ä” so (5) d[ 7gb 2zS gb pzV is_y b .b r Ĺ 5 = (5)- zOz 2 b b .b d f w[z[& -.N spV Ć‹ 0_or Ĺ‚5 = (5)- z zO_ b

Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē

- y4b r z_k b . sWb d f [zZ- 7& cG 1sf lN k z& wV df O j f 2z ^ š O;gb 10cb X?kb 2gN 2 Vr k _b DO wV yÄ‘+b 2 _ r zj _7b 0o wV pbr k j Us6 w b z6Ä” b .b espWf cG 1sfÄ” m0o `c r ĹŽ o2zRr Ć‹ p> s* DO A2Ojr 51.b ÂżCG Ă&#x;M’

IJĹ“ÄŽďá

2-2

ôŔŇÎßĿí ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

É¥JÉ≤Ñ£Jh 印SB’G ĂĄdGĂłdG

Ĺ‚

Ĺ

Ĺ€

Ň

Ĺƒ

Ĺ

Ĺ€

ŀ Ň

Ĺ€ Ĺƒ

Ĺ€ Ĺ

Ĺ€ Ĺ

Ĺ€ Ĺƒ

ŀ Ň

Ĺ€

Ĺ

Ĺƒ

Ň

Â

− − −

Äż

Ĺ€-

Ĺ -

Ĺ‚-

Ăœ

Ăœ Ă˜

Ăœ Ăš

z6Ä” b .cb z Ä’ = s+b ! k 6 l_gy h62b lf (Ĺ€ < C) iÄ” pb #f wcN .y 4 f 5Ĺ = (5)- ĆŠ- b .b š (Ĺ€ >C >Äż) iÄ” pb #f wcN ?Z k f 5( ŀŠ) = (5)1 ĆŠ 1 b .b +I so lz b .b lf d^ t.f › b .b wk'kf 1s> so 5Ĺ = (5)- ĆŠ- b .b wk'kf Âœ Ć‹ - ?b 1s'f wV 5 _OjÄ? 5( ŀŠ) = (5)1 ĆŠ1 zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

∂JÉeĆ’âˆ?Še ≈dEG ∞°VCG

C = $H =&(L 6 &7 I < C =b

FRL"L growth function L 3 RM' 1 " T<I P =? <( + u' DT da 7R RG"& $H =&(L I ~ < C < =b C= FRL"L decay \6 q' "'b DT RM' 1 " T<I d )C& / @A7 "&5

62

€[g.

Ƌ 1s?b wcN -r.'b 2z ^ a r.b gcO i \ 6 % pb #f i z& K5 KC ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + Š5 ŠC + 5 ŀ C + ĿC = (5) 2z ^ a r.b DO b wj z b dz g b gcO r I d [gb pb #fr Ƌ z zO_ b b .b r zOz 2 b b .b r zG+b b .b d f -r.'b z6Ĕ b .b wg7 .y." b - 51. Us6 51.b 0o wVr dz g b 51. 6 g^ 5Ĕ so (5) d[ 7gb 2zS gb is_y pzVr Ƌ z6Ĕ b .cb wj z b 952f &6/k

‍ؼďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعس‏ ĆŠ wpW: 2z O .k wV

:o }gR 5Ç› 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z

Ć‹Ĺ€! š "sf zš [z[& -.N is_y C i V z6Ä” b .b Xy2O 7&

I: 35 : † Y h+ § l&+8%

5(Ĺ‚-)

= (5)- ĆŠ i V `b0b E2;b 0p {WyÄ? (Ĺ‚-) ĆŠ i V `b0b Ć‹ z6 b - 8zb lz UÄ‘ *Ä? r q ; b t.f wcN (Ĺ€) a f aÄ‘* lf .^

I: 35 : " L B^ 3&% I4j P : B 8(0 C° : : 35 : B 8( l&+%

5 ŀ

u2 #b a r.cb b Gb 6 1- ađ* lf ( Š) Ŏ 5ŠƊ lz b .b Ƌ [ 7b .&sb wV

37

exČš Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČž b

I: 35 : § : _ # - LM Š €: : 16[k 3 4j P − 3 ) − : 3 :


É¥âˆ?Y äÉ≤Ñ£Jh äɪà jQÉZĆ’âˆ?dGh ¢Ú°SC’G ôŔŇÎßĿí ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí › ›

É¥JÉ≤Ñ£Jh 印SB’G ĂĄdGĂłdG

: €:Ț f 2f }gR _€ K 2q }Z

ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ

ĆŠ z Ä’ hzo Wgb ` Ä‘F Pf <Z j ˜

Âť Âť ĹŽ 5Ĺ‚ = (5)Ĺ - ĹŽ5Ĺ = (5)Ĺ€- a r.b lf d½Ă‰ ^ wk'kf .& r d_: wV h61 [Ĺ ĹŽ Ĺ -]Ç˝ 5 hz[ j O 6Ä? 1 5 Ĺƒ = (5) Ĺ‚â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź 5

Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹

= (5-)- * (5)- ‍ďş&#x;‏

ĆŠ w y f dg^ V Ĺ‚ = (5)- j ^ / 2 5 Ĺ‚ * Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ = (Ĺ + 5) - ‍ب‏ Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ = (Ĺ )- ‍أ‏ ĞĄĿí

5

5

Ĺ‚ * Ĺˆ = Ĺ Ĺ‚* Ĺ‚ =

Ĺ +5

ł = (Š+ 5)- ‍ب‏

Ĺˆ = Ĺ Ĺ‚ = (Ĺ )- ‍أ‏ 5 5- 5 52W> Ĺ€= Ĺ‚= Ĺ‚ = Ĺ‚ * Ĺ‚ = (5 -)- * (5)- ‍ďş&#x;‏ :印SC’G ĂĄdGĂłdG ≈âˆ?Y äÉ≤Ñ£J

≈°SC’G Ć’ÂŞĂŚdG :’k hCG

Exponential Growth

zkf3 2 V wV 1 ys f 7k C zg_b w6Ä” sgkb dz g b i(1 + Ĺ€ ) C= (i)- z& - b .b e .+ 6 l_gy ĆŠ( ZÄ‘Ob m0o ! k 6 wV `gcOf <Z j) Ć‹ i o-.N yr 7 f ĽǕƄǨǤÄ? ŧśƄǤÄ?

lf i -.Ob ( ys f 7j) 1 ^2f tsk6 ( 1 wGO w b ]sk b .& wV 2g 7f C Tc f cg" œ" 7& .kN Ɗ ZđOb wGO Tc gb cg" i V 2 V 5 wb tsk7b . Ob hz7[ 2 W sk7b 5i ( 1 + ŀ) C = œ" 5

.O Tc gb cg" ."r ŎōŇ o1.Z ½ š ^2f š ysk6 . V wGO½ w b ]sk b .& wV qzk" Ĺ„ĿĿĿ Tc f d"1 M-r 3 ĆŠ z Ä’ Ä? 'b lf d½Ă‰ ^ wV e sN 2;N 1r2f Ć‹t2p: . Ob ‍ďş&#x;‏ Ć‹tsk6 P 1 . Ob ‍ب‏ Ć‹tsk6 . Ob ‍أ‏

Ć‹aÄ‘'gBÄ? df N - w6Ä” aÄ‘'gBÄ? -sgkb df N - w6Ä” sgkb a r-r w6Ä” sgkb a r- dz g 1 pf hp 7^Ä– ` Ä‘F Pf d> s Ć‹ zš j z w6Ä” aÄ‘'gBÄ? Ć‹ Ä‘Gb wcN o.z^ l_gy w b b sG+b DO `zb r Ć‹ b .b a #f -r.& wV (5) 2zS gcb hzZ A2Wj ˜ 2J kgb (=) hzZ - #yÄ– GOgb b- Ogb wV AsOj ˜ Ć‹ pzcN kc?& w b E [kb w .&Ä– ts 7gb wcN -.'j ˜ wk'kf wcN d?'kV E [kb `c b d? f H* dz>s es[j ˜ Ć‹ scGgb b .b

ĞĄĿí

: 2R ;k €l€gS h :x

1 :2 7( ; ( ' h 5 i 5 + C = O! EB) l #'$ I

s b hzZ 1 z * b Gb es[y z& zcN W b Z G b ˜ ĆŠPZsgb j O 6Ä? `k_gy z6Ä” b .b h61 h y h lfr

tsk6 . Ob ‍أ‏

Ĺ€= 5 `

qzk" Ĺ€ÄżĹ†ĹˆĹƒĹŹĹ…Ĺ = ŀĿ( ĿŏĿŇ + Ĺ€ ) Ĺ„ĿĿĿ = Âś" Ĺƒ=5 `

tsk6 P 1 . Ob ‍ب‏

qzk" Ĺ€Ĺ€ÄżĹƒĿŏŠ= Ĺƒ * ŀĿ( ĿŏĿŇ

Ĺƒ + Ĺ€) Ĺ„ĿĿĿ = Âś"

63

.http://hotmath.com/learning-activities/interactivitivities/explog.swf

wV qf .+ 6 [y2F %2: h z& 2 "sz#b $f j2 ˜ ĆŠ PZsgb lf wj #gb qczg' l_gyr [ 6 5r1-

exČš Çž 52f hC[f Ë? f Kf b

äɪà jQÉZĆ’âˆ?dGh ¢Ú°SC’G ôŔŇÎßĿí ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

ŀŠ= 5 `

http:// www.geogebra.org/cms/en/download

t2p: . Ob ‍ďş&#x;‏

zj z b 6 'b bĒ ˜

qzk" Ĺ€Ĺ€ÄżĹˆĹ‡ĹŹĹ = ŀŠ*ŀĿ( ĿŏĿŇ ŀŠ+ Ĺ€) Ĺ„ĿĿĿ = Âś" ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ

.O Tc gb cg" ."r ĹŽĹŤĹ„ o1.Z ^2f ysk6 . V wGO w b ]sk b .& wV qzk" Ĺ€ĿĿĿ Tc f d"1 M-r 2 ĆŠ z Ä’ Ä? 'b lf d^ wV sk6 Ň 1r2f Ć‹t2p: . Ob ‍ďş&#x;‏

Ƌtsk6 X?j . Ob ‍ب‏

Ƌtsk6 . Ob ‍أ‏

Exponential Decay

zj z b 6 'b bÄ’ e .+ 6Ä? %2: wb b H 2b wV ."sy Mhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=finlgwČŒotT

≈°SC’G âˆŤDhɰ†à dG:ÉkÂŤfÉK

w6Ä” a C b dz g b 2W?b lf 2 ^ r .& sb lf dZ p6 6 { b r K(1 - Ĺ€) C = (K)- ĆŠ - b .b e .+ 6 l_gy Âť Âť Ć‹K o-.N ĹŽ yr 7 f zkf3 2 V wV 1 o1.Z ½ ys f 7k â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź Ć‹ ĹŤĹˆ 7k yĂŠ sk6 @Z k b wV ! jÄ– 0o 0* r ĹŽh#^ ŀŇńĿ so k7b wV o0b lf h#kgb ! j w?Z Tc / 4 Ć‹ k6 i .O h#kgb 0o lf o0b ! j d g z6 b - ^ ‍أ‏ Ć‹ sk6 Ň 1r2f .O h#kgb ! j h#^ 2ZÄ” 1.Z ‍ب‏

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ : 6l ;lf m€€_ f

(Ĺ…Ĺƒ) = ĹŽd' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` Ä‘F Pf <Z j ˜ ĆŠ 'z'?b "Ä– wb hpOf d>s r : &

ĞĄĿí

ĿŏĿĹˆ = 1ƅƅŎƅƅŀŇńĿ = C K(S -

(Ĺ…Ĺƒ) = 2

C )= (K)- w6Ä” a C b b - ‍أ‏ K(ĿŏĿĹˆ -Ĺ€ ) ŀŇńĿ =

(K)-

(Ň = K lN DysO b ) sk6 Ň 1r2f .O ‍ب‏ h#^ ŇņĿ - Ň(ĿŏĿĹˆ -Ĺ€ ) ŀŇńĿ = (Ň)- `

Ĺ€ĹƒĹˆĿŏĹ… ‍ďş&#x;‏

Ĺ€ĹƒĹ‡ĹƒĹŹĹ„ ‍ب‏

Ĺ€ĹƒĹ†Ĺ†ĹŹĹ„ ‍أ‏

ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ

i qzk#b 1 z7b 2O6 5 z& i (ĿŏĹˆĹƒ) ŀńĿĿĿĿ = 5 ZÄ‘Ocb š[ F @Z k y 1 z7b wZs7b 2O7b i ^ / 3 ĆŠ ."r Ć‹ p 2: K'b lf sk7b lf4b Ć‹ p 2: lf sk6 Ĺ‚ 1r2f .O 1 z7b 2O6 ‍ب‏ Ć‹ .y." p 2: .kN 1 z7b 2O6 ‍أ‏

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

Ć…Ć…Ĺ€Ĺ ĹƒĹ„Ĺ‡Ĺ†ĹŹĹ… ‍ ب‏ƅƅŀńĿĿĿĿ ‍أ‏

3

64

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

38


-

á«°SC’G ádGódG

ŀ+ 5- Ł = (5)-

z& - b .b i b Gb 7'y i : K/f 2 Ƌ pb #f wcN y.y 4

É¡JÉ≤«Ñ£Jh á«°SB’G ádGódG

٢ - ٢ ‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳـــﻦ‬ .y 4 f is_ pkf t Ɗlz r pkf d_b t.gb r a #gb ."r h Ů z Ē a r.b lf d_b wj z b d_;b h61 1 ? ?Z k f pkf t r ŀ+5 - Ł = (5)- ‫د‬ 5 ( ŀ ) = (5)- ‫ﺟ‬ 5ł = (5)- ‫ب‬ 5Ł = (5)- ‫أ‬

: yCf

Ł

:=L + D&G 2

Ɗ w Ē ^ 1s> H7 wV b .b m0o PBr đGb Pf P

G[kb wV - ?b 1s'f PG[ 5 Ł = (5)- Ɗ - b .b ‫أ‬ 5 -ŀ Ł=(5)- Ɗ - b .b ‫ب‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ G[kb wV - ?b 1s'f PG[ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

5 ( ŀ ) Ł = 5-Ł * Ł = ŀ+5- Ł = (5)-

Ł

]ŀ ŮĿ[ǽ C o z ŀ > ŀŁ > Ŀ Ɗi

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

z&r

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

a.Of i ^r Ů g7j ŃłŁŅńłŃŀ so ŁĿĿĿ e N y pj wV ar.b t.& i _6 -.N i ^ / ŘģǔƑǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 3 Ɗ ūŀŬń tr 7y½ k7b wV zj _7b - y4b

:(ɹ-ɹ˖ r 5 l &

ƋŁĿĿĿ e N lf k6 i 1r2f .O br.b m0pb i _7b -.N d g ¹ Sz> ."r ‫أ‬ ¾ - #yĖ Sz?b m0o e.+ 6 ‫ب‬ 8Wk - y4b 2g 6 / `b/r ŮŁĿŁĿ e N br.b m0pb PZs gb i _7b -.N Ƌa.Ogb

Ƌ% so pb #f a #gb -.'f 2zR z6Ĕ a r.b Pzg" 1 ] 'ŮĿ[ so a 7b -.'gb a r.b t.f

» z6 b .b O¹ Tc gb 0o sgky

.y 4 f ( ) Ů (C) Ɗ a r.b

Ƌ sk6 ņ .gb ūń o1.Z ½ ^2f ¹ ysk6 . V wGOy½ `k wV MsBsf qzk" ŇĿĿĿ Tc f cg" ."r 5 w6Ĕ sgkb b .b O¹ .y 4 y 2z' b t.& wV isgc7b ] g6 -.N i ^ / ǶŐǔǨƑǤĝ ǵnjʽŊǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 6 Ň 1r2f .O 2z' b m0o wV isgc7b ] g6 -.N ."r Pz 6Ĕ -.N i z& K(ŀŬĿł) ŁĿĿ = (K)- Ɗ ƋPz 6

2

ŀ < C ‫ و‬ƅƅƅ]ŀ ŮĿ[ ‫ ﻫ‬Ƅ - ?b 1s'f ‫د‬

‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ g7j ńŇŁņŁŀŃŀ = ¶"

‫أ‬ ŀĿ(ĿŬĿŅ + ŀ) ŅŀĿ = ¶" ‫ب‬ i(ĿŬĿŅ + ŀ) ŅŀĿ = ¶"

ŀ=

4

Łńł - Ň(ŀŬĿł)ŁĿĿ = (i)- 6

ŀ - 5 ń = ŀ+ Ł- 5 ń = (Ł - 5)-

39

ŀ +5 Ł ń

ŀ+ 5Ł ń

=

5 ń * ŀ +5 ń

Ł+ 5 ń * ŀ- 5 ń

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

7

( ) Tc gb cg" 7& wV đGb DO G+y : K/f 1 Ƌ (5) -.'f zkf3 2 V .O / Tc gb cg" 7'b i đGb wcN .^ : yCf Ɗwb b ^ -.'f zkf4b 2 Wb j ^ ŀ= 5 PB Ɗtsk7b . Ob Ņ = 5 PB Ɗ tsk6 X?j . Ob Ń = 5 PB Ɗ tsk6 P 1 . Ob ŀŁ = 5 PB Ɗ t2p: . Ob ƋƋ 0_or

Ł + 5 ń = ŀ+ ŀ+ 5 ń = (ŀ + 5)-

ŀ=

(ŀ - 5)- * (5)i ŀ+5ń =(5)- j ^ / 7 (ŀ+5)- * (Ł-5)-

: S ?f K.Ț

p¹ zk" ŀŀŁńņ - ņ(ĿŬĿń + ŀ ) ŇĿĿĿ = ¶" 5

5ń = ŀ+ ŀ- 5ń = (ŀ- 5)- `

65

3

p¹ zk" ŀņňĿŇŃŇ - ¶"

ŀ+ 5 ń = (5)- Ö

z' Ů »Mr2;f {V qzk" iszcf Tc f d"1 2g 6 / ƃģǨŊʛƒĪģś ƤśƄǤĝ 4 Ɗ ."r ŮūŅ o1.Z ½ ysk6 - y4 Ƌ k6 i .O Tc gb 0o gj (Bs ¹ Sz> ‫أ‬ ½ Ƌ sk6 ŀĿ 1r2f .O Tc gb 0o 1.Z ‫ب‬

?Z k f (-) Ů(¶") Ɗ a r.b

i (ĿŬĿŀń+ŀ ) ŃłŁŅńłŃŀ = ¶"

ǽ C i ^ / z?Z k is_ 5C = (5)- z& - b .b ‫ﻫ‬ 5 ǽ C f.kN .y 4 f is_ (CŁ) = (5)- z& - b .b ‫و‬

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

Ƌ z?Z k b .b o z

ł = C ‫ ﺟ‬ƅƅƅ(Ł ŮĿ) ‫ ب‬ƅƅƅ(ŀ ŮĿ) ‫أ‬

5 = C i V (ł Ůŀ) G[kb C = (5)- Ɗ - b .b wk'kf 2f / ‫ﺟ‬

wV 5 _OjĐ 5 ( ŀł ) = (5)1 Ɗ 1 b .b wk'kf 1s> so 5ł = (5)- Ɗ - b .b wk'kf ‫د‬

= lgyĔ

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b


óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

ôŔŇîüĿí

ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

á«°SC’G ä’OÉ©ªdG πM

3-2

Solving Power Equations

‫ﻧﺎﻗﺶ‬

ō ‫ﻓﻜﺮ‬

łŀĬø÷ ıŎē I: 35 :

{ k b e 7[jĐ [y2G zfĔ 2 _ lz zc* wb .& sb zc+b h7[k z' zc* d^ h7[k h Ů zkf3 2 V .O Ů zkf4b 2 Wb 8Wj .O lz zc* wb .y." ƋƋƋƋƋ 0_or Er2;b 8Wj {Vr Ƌ zkf3 2 V ň .O .& r zc* lf # kb yđ+b -.N ."r Ƌ zc+b m0o lf zc* ŇŀňŁ ! jĖ f3đb zkf4b 2 Wb -.N ."r

Solving power equations and their application

I: 35 : Y

ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí I: 3 : +(

Graphical Solution

I _

á«°SC’G ádOÉ©ªdG (Ň = ŀ+5Ł) d f z6 b- Of wg7 pj V 5Ĕ {V 2zS f b- Ogb kgC / ¹

Power Equation

ǶŐƒĭĝ ńĪźģƯǨǤĝ Ǣũ K

^ ƋK = eƄƄn bƄƄ{ŀ- Ůŀ ŮĿ} Ǿ C z& C = CƄƄn G UQ :% e

[g.

Đ- Ogb r 86Ĕ y- .NĖ c&2gb wV b Gb 51- i \ 6 y¹ r 7 f gp6 6 i ^r i z6 i V2F tr 7 / qj hcO r Ů z6Ĕ b Gb dg_ 7y 51.b 0o wVr Ů y¹ r 7 f is_y 5Ĕ i V y10" 6 6 r z 7j 86 l_b z6Ĕ Đ- Ogb 6 1Ƌ .z[O 2 ^ ¹ 952f &6/k

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f I {V ."r 1 5 ŀ ( ) = Ł-5ł ‫ب‬ Ň = ł+5Ł ‫أ‬ Łņ

ľĄĿí

Ň = ł+5Ł a ‫أ‬ ł=ł+5 ` {2W>} = d'b Nsg#f `

ł Ł = ł+ 5 Ł

`

5ł-ł= Ł-5ł

`

2W> = 5 pkfr

Ł = 5ł + 5 ` ŀ = 5 pkfr Ł

5(

ôŃĊĈøĔńĿí õíōĉŗí : )" :L3 _ :

:o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z I %s ¬? : 35 : +¥ ©

: ( 3> O( &

I s : 35 : +¥ © I: 35 : +¥ § : _ # - LM ©

ŀ Ł-5 ‫ب‬ Łņ ) = ł a

5ł- = Ł - 5 ` Ł = 5Ń ` ŀ { Ł } = d'b Nsg#f `

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

3-2

I s : 35 4 0 ¨

Power Equation

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬

ä’OÉ©ªdG πM É¡JÉ≤«Ñ£Jh á«°SC’G

: : : 16[k }p h* - : f1 Sk

66

:‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ :mgS 2q }Z 6 & - zgcN 6 & b - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ɗ w Ē wcN .^ r hcO .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌwj z h61 Y1r - wb ‫إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺪرس‬

5Ĕ {V (asp#gb ) 2zS gb i ^ / z6 b- Ogb wg7 K

e

ǽ C i E2; K = J dO# C = C i ` đF wb (Br e K J i wb 1r2Cb x- y Đ Ƌ = Ƌ z& {ŀ- Ů ŀ Ů Ŀ} - I e e K K Ƌ (ŀ-) = (ŀ-) Ů ŀ = ŀ { b & {V `b0^r K = e

: *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J − #WB^¥ _ − 7 !+ − :^ 7¥ − ® L¥ ~&+ 0 +8 "+8

:‫ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ‬ w6 1.b d?Wb

e

t = C Ɗ i ^ / sor (Ņņ) = z¹ j .k b wV ` đF <Z j wcN .z^ b #y kor 6 6Ė Xc + r 5Ĕ tr 7 y (w"r3 -.N r t-2V-.N r 2W>) e hzZ zb g & Gz7 y-.N c f ađ* lf hzo Wgb m0o wcN .^ Ɗwor _b -s"sgb zj b .N [b wV ` đF <Z j h e e = C r 2W> = e i V {ŀ- Ů ŀ Ů Ŀ} Ǿ Ů C z& = C Ƌw"r3 -.N e f.kN | | = C r t-2V -.N e f.kN

‫ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ņĿ¶¶> wb ŅŅ¶¶> _b ‫اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ? zfĔ 2 _ Xz^ Ů{b b a 7b ` đF wcN %2F 2_V .k {V zfĔ 2 _ b (Bsgb h62b ` đF Pf df Ƌ<Z jr

pkf Y2G r jr.gb c 6Ĕ wcN "Ė {V ` đF .N 6 d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ;Z kf ` đF wb cF dzb- lf (ŃŇ) = "Ė r Ů z6Ē b- Ogb espWf wb ƋhcOgb Ɗ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d>s r (ŅŇ) = Ů (Ņņ)= (5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

40


-

É¡JÉ≤«Ñ£Jh á«°SC’G ä’OÉ©ŸG πM : &Ȝ

ŀ= 5 pkfr Łń = ŀ+ 5ń ‫أ‬ Ł != 5 t Ń = Ł5 pkfr ł- Ł = Ł5 - ŀ Ł

á«°SC’G ä’OÉ©ŸG πM ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

¾ ¾ Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f % {V ."r 1

1

ŀ = Ł5 -ŀ Ł ‫ب‬ Ň

‫ب‬

ŀ = 5 t Ŀ = ŀ- 5 ‫أ‬ ł- 5 ņ = ł-5 Ńƅt ƅł- 5 ņ = (ł- 5)Ł Ł

Łń = ŀ+5ń ‫أ‬ e

2

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

‫ب‬

¾ ¾ Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f I {V ."r 2 Ń-5Łł = Ł-5Ń

‫ب‬

Ł+5ņ = Ł+5ł

ŀ+5

Ł = (5)ŀ-

Ł- = 5 pkfr

(Ł-5)Łł = Ł-5Ń

4

Ł-5ň = Ł-5Ń

a ‫ب‬ `

2W> = Ł - 5 ` {Ł} = d'b Nsg#f ` ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ b- Ogb d& Nsg#f I {V ."r 2

Ń-5Łł = Ł-5Ń

`

ł = (5)Ł-

− − −

Ł+5ņ = Ł+5ł a ‫أ‬ 2W> = Ł + 5 ` {Ł-} = d'b Nsg#f `

Ł = 5 pkfr

‫أ‬ ľĄĿí

ł = 5 pkfr ŀ= 5 pkfr Łņ = ŀ+ 5 ņ 3

e

Ƅ ,{ŀ- Ůŀ ŮĿ} Ǿ ŮCƄ z&Ƅ = CƄn G UQƄ : ^ ? 8 2W> = e Ƅƅ: Q Ƌx-2V -.N l f.kN = CƄƅ: Ƅ Ƌ{"r3 -.N l f.kN ! = CƄi

ł-5ņ = Ņ-5ŁŁ

‫ب‬

ŀ-5Ń = ŀ-5ń

‫أ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

łŁ = (5)- \[' { b 5 gzZ ."r ŀ+5Ł = (5)- j ^ / 3 ľĄĿí

łŁ = ŀ+5Ł ` ń=ŀ+5 ` {Ń} = d'b Nsg#f `

Ƌ ¹ y2[ ĿŬŅ so PF [ b G[kb wkz7b w .&Ė h62b lf (ŅŅ) = <Z jr 2_V .k wV 5 Er2: ' r z¹ k h7[k y2 _ b i wGOgb z& 5Ł = (5)- Ɗ is_ kzOf ň zc* ńŀŁ = Ł = zkf3 2 V ň .O yđ+b -.N :Ǜ Ȗx Ɗ(i) zkf4b 2 Wb -.N : Ǜ p " ŀłŁ = iŁƅi t ƅiŁ = ŇŀňŁ 2 V ŀł = i pkfr

łŁ = (5)- a ńŁ = ŀ+5Ł ` Ń=5 ` ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ńň = (ŀ+5)- \[' { b 5 gzZ ."r Ů5ņ = (5)- j ^ / 3 exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

67

äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

:Év«fÉ«H á«°SC’G ä’OÉ©ªdG πM

Solving the Exponential Equations Grophically

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ lfr 5 - Ņ = (5)Ł- z& Ł- , 5Ł = (5)ŀ- z& ŀ- lz b .b lf d_b {j z b wk'kgb .& r d_: {V h61 4 5-Ņ = 5Ł b- Ogb d& Nsg#f ."r h62b {

ł

− − −

Ł

ŀ

Ŀ

ŀ

Ł

ł

ŀ Ń

ŀ Ň

Ň

ň

Ň

Ń

Ł

ŀ

ŀ Ł

ł

Ń

ń

Ņ

ņ

ľĄĿí Ü

ܽ

Ü-Á

Ł xr 7y PF [ b G[kb {kz7b { .&Ė Ɗh62b lf {Ł} = b- Ogb d& Nsg#f ` ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

» » Ů ŀ+5Ł = (5)ŀ- lz b .b lf đ½Ê ^ .& r d_: {V h61 (geogebra) zfs62b $f 2 b .& e .+ 6 4 Ƌł = ŀ+5Ł b- Ogb d& Nsg#f ."r h62b lfr ł = (5)Ł‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ k _b m0o -.N XN C z' { k b e 7[jĐ [y2G [zZ.b k _b .& 2 _ y ĖģŐũĭģś ƤśƄǤĝ 5 Ɗ."r zc* Xb ŁĿ 5 z[b y . .kN yđ+b -.N i ^ / V Ůlz zc* wb zc* d^ e 7[j #z j N 6 d^ Ƌ N 6 ń 1r2f .O yđ+b -.N ‫أ‬ Ƌ zc* Xb ńŅĿ r iszcf Ł yđ+b -.N ( ?y N 6 h^ .O ‫ب‬ ľĄĿí

» 1s> wcN yđ+b -.N ^ l_gy Ƌ z6 b K( C ) = (K)K(Ł) ŁĿĿĿĿ = N 7b -.N K z& (ń = K PBs ) N 6 ń 1r2f .O yđ+b -.N ‫أ‬ zc* ŅŃĿĿĿĿ = ńŁ * ŁĿĿĿĿ = ŁńŅĿĿĿĿ = (5)- PCj zc* Xb ńŅĿ r iszcf Ł yđ+b -.N o.O is_y { b N 7b -.N - #yĖ ‫ب‬ ~~~~ = 5 &( I ŁńŅĿĿĿĿ = K(Ł) ŁĿĿĿĿ ` ŀŁŇ = KŁ ` ņŁ = KŁ Ƌ N 6 ņ = K pkfr ` ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

(ŅŅ) = <Z jr 2_V .k c 6 lN " 5 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

41

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

68


É¡«∏Y äÉ≤«Ñ£Jh äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

á«°SC’G ä’OÉ©ŸG πM

: S ?f K.Ț

٣ - ٢ ‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳـــﻦ‬

:(ɸɺ˖ m^5 f ;k }Z

:=L + D&G 1

(ł Ů ]) G[j {V 5-Ń = (5)Ł-

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

=

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

=

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

=

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

=

ŀ = Ł-5ń i ^ / ‫أ‬

5 i V

łŁ = |5|Ł i ^ / ‫د‬

b .b espWgb ` đF l_g t.f (Bs b b 7gb m0o OBr Ƌ pzcN Đ- Ogb d&r z6Ĕ

= (5)ŀ- z& ŀ- b .b wk'kf PGZ / ‫ﻫ‬ xr 7 5-Ń = 5ł b- Ogb d& Nsg#f i V

? / gb đGcb (Bsy i #yr G* .g'f q e Z x0b d'b V

Ł-5ņ

= Ł-5ł i ^ / ‫ب‬

ŀ+5ł i V ŀ+5ń

= ŀ+5Ł i ^ / ‫ﺟ‬

5 i V

5 i V

z& Ł- b .b wk'kf ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

EH 1 I 1 3 3A I !s "' ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ņ- ‫د‬

ł- ‫ﺟ‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

Ł=5 `

= 5 i V ň = ń-5ł i ^ / 2

ņ ‫ب‬

Ł ‫أ‬

ł=5 `

= K i V (z'> -.N K Ů ŀ + K > 5 > K z& ŁĿ = 5Ł i ^ / 3

Ń ‫د‬

ł ‫ﺟ‬

Ł ‫ب‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

Ńń ‫د‬

Łņ ‫ﺟ‬

ń ‫د‬

Ń ‫ﺟ‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

Ł ‫د‬

ŀ ‫ ﻫ‬Ƅń! ‫ د‬Ƅŀ ‫ ﺟ‬ƄŁ ‫ ب‬Ƅł ‫أ‬

ņ ‫أ‬

Ň = Ł-5( Ł ) i ^ / 6 = 5 i V ŁŇ ł

ł ‫ب‬

Ŀ ‫ب‬

ŀ! ‫د‬

ŀ- ‫أ‬

: L[ % )& 1 DG D 5 &X I =b ! 8 ŀ ń-5 ‫ب‬ łŁ = Ł

69

Ł- ‫ ﺟ‬ƅ2W> ‫ ب‬ƅŁ- ‫أ‬

ŀ = Ł+ 5 ń ‫ﺟ‬

ł ‫ ل‬ƄƄŁ ‫ ك‬ƄƄƄƄł ‫ ي‬ƅŁ ‫ط‬

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

ŀŬł ‫ ب‬ƅƅŀ ‫أ‬

9

Ņ- ‫ ب‬ƅƅł ‫أ‬

10

Ł- ‫ ب‬ƅƅŁ ‫أ‬

11

2W> ‫ ب‬ƅ ŀ- ‫أ‬

12

ŀ ( Ł ) ŇŀňŁ = = ‫أ‬

14

äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ń-5ł = ń-5ņ

‫و‬

ńŃ = Ł-5ł * Ł ‫ﻫ‬

Ň Ł-5 ł ‫ح‬ Łņ = ( Ł )

Ł-5ń = Ņ-5łŁ

ŅŃ = 5Ń ‫ى‬

‫ز‬

Ń 5- 5 ‫ط‬ Łń = ń * Ł ŀ = 5-ŀŃ ‫ك‬ Ń

ŀ = ń-5(ł) ‫ل‬ ň

ŀ- Ń

: % )& 1 DG D 5 &X y ? I ! 9 » ł = 5ł ‫أ‬ .& r x2;N h» Z2b $ kb ¹ 2[fƅƅń = ŀ+5Ł ‫ب‬ 5- = ŀ+5ł ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ + 5 ŀŁ = 5Ł ‫د‬

Ɗ Đ- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f ."r 5Ł = (5)- j ^ / ŀ ‫ب‬ łŁ = (ŀ+5)-

10

ł ŀ

ŀĿŁŃ = ( Ł ) ŇŀňŁ = ƅ

Ň = (5)- ‫أ‬

ŀ-i ( ŀ ) ŇŀňŁ = ŁńŅ

¾ Ɗ Đ- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f ."r ŀ+5ł = (5)- j ^ / 11 ŀ = (ŀ-5)- ‫ب‬ Łņ = (5)- ‫أ‬

Ł

ň

ŀ

¾ Ɗ Đ- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f ."r Ł-5ņ = (5)- j ^ / 12 ŀ = (5Ł)- ‫ب‬ łŃł = (5)- ‫أ‬

ń ŀ

ŀŅ = 5Ł * Ł b- Ogb d' Í hy2^r .g'f lf d^ e Z ĦƥŲǤĝ ƼƖņǕĝ 13 zd X @ ŀŅ = 5Ł * Ł

ŀŅ =Ɔ 5Ł * Ł

5 Ň = ŀŅ Ł = Ł`

ŀŅ =Ƅ5Ń `

ł Ł = 5Ł `

ŁŃ =Ƅ5Ń `

ł= 5`

‫ب‬

ŁńŅ

ŀ- i ( Ł ) = ŇŀňŁ

Ńň

w|S @

8

ŀ- ‫ ح‬ƅŁ ‫ ز‬ƅƅń ‫ و‬ƄƄń ‫ﻫ‬

ň = Ń+5 ł ‫أ‬

ł = |5|ł ‫د‬

1

7 ƅ- 6 ƅ 5 ƅ¶" 4 ƅ- 3 ƅ 2

Ł ‫أ‬

= 5 .kN i OF [ y 5ł = (5)1 Ů 5Ł = (5)- i b .b zk'kf 7 ŀ ‫ﺟ‬

ŀŅ = 5Ł * Ł Ɗ s?b r : (ɺ-ɹ˖ r 5 l &

ń ‫أ‬

Ņ ‫ب‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ŀŅ = 5Ł * Ł iĔ

ŀ ‫أ‬

ŀń ‫ب‬

ŀł ‫ﺟ‬

ł Ł = 5 Ł x

= ŀ + 5 ł i V ň = 5ł i ^ / 4

Ƌ zOz Gb 5 hzZ Pzg#b ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ wcN g7[b d [y 5ń + ŀ + 5 ń -.Ob 5 ŀņ ‫د‬

Ł Ń = 5Ń x

( Ł )=

Pz 6 Ņ = i `

ŀ-i ŀ

(Ł) ` ń = ŀ- i

Ł=5`

? U & ? A 0 1 3 ŀ-K ŀ . ¹ Pz 6Đ -.N K z& ( Ł ) ŇŀňŁ = = w6Ĕ a C b b .b O¹ y2' b k _b - .N @Z k 14 Ɗ."r ƋiĒ lf

ƋiĒ lf Pz 6 Ń 1r2f .O k _b m0o -.N ‫أ‬ ƋŁńŅ k _b m0o -.N ( ?y iĒ lf Ms 6 h^ .O ‫ب‬ zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

70

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

42


óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

ôŔŇîüĿí

ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

᫪àjQÉZƒ∏dG ádGódG ≈fÉ«ÑdG É¡∏«ãªJh

4-2

4-2

≈fÉ«ÑdG É¡∏«ãªJh ᫪àjQÉZƒ∏dG ádGódG Logarithmic Function and its Graphical Representation

łŀĬø÷ ıŎē

Logorithmic function and its graph

‫ﻧﺎﻗﺶ‬

I: )8%> z " : %&+ : " ¢ L )8 I: )8%> z " ª : 35 '> ! .( % /8 I2B+ 0 : )8%> z " '> !

‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ - zgcN 6 & b - 5 1 YsV A2N 3 p" - zgzcO b 1s 7b zfs61 $f 2 - wb 6 &

#] +¥ h+ _ I:M 1L : )8%> z "

ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí

4

Domain

8+¥ 8%> z " Common Logarithm

− #WB^¥ _ − 7 !+ − :^ 7¥ − ® L¥ ~&+

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬

: 1B :

Inverse Function

*6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

¼ M Ů 5 d f 2: f p 7& l_gy Đ = gzZ n % b - espWf wb ! 'j `b0b Ƌ= gzZ 7'b .y."

8%> z

Logarithm

᫪àjQÉZƒ∏dG ádGódG {o 5 sb = = zg y1 Rscb b .b Ëi V ŀ ! C z& lz "sf ly-.N C Ů5 i ^ / C 5 C = = z6Ĕ b .cb z7_Ob b .b Ƌ(z'> 8_Ob rƄƄłŁ = ńŁƄƄn bƄƄń = łŁ sbƄƄn G UQ :\ T Logarithmic Function

Ł

ôŃĊĈøĔńĿí õíōĉŗí

0 +8 "+8

ȋǭƽƗ ƄŐʗƯŝ

5

Ɗi V C = = z6Ĕ b .cb ǽ (E ٶ") G[kb j ^ / Ƌ5 sb = = b .cb ǽ (ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ŮƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ) G[kb -

I:L3 _ : d I»d X3 _

C

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

‫ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ‬ w6 1.b d?Wb

ō ‫ﻓﻜﺮ‬

Ɗ pzcN "Ė ar &r z Ē z6Ĕ Đ- Ogb df M = 5 Ɗi V Ń = ŁƅƅŮƄƅł = ŁƅƅŮƄƅŁ = Ł i ^ / ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = = Ů ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = 5 - ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ go lzzb f lz'z'> ly-.N lz 1s?'f M gzZ -

zg y1 Rscb 1s?b V _ {ŀ} - + I ǽ C z& E = C z6Ĕ 1s?b - ¶&

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

á°SGQó∏d äGOÉ°TQEG A I = sb =&(L C &'+ g

᫪àjQÉZƒ∏dG IQƒ°üdG ≈dEG πjƒëàdG 1 Ɗ zg y1 Rscb 1s?b wb { y gf đ^ Ê as& Í

A I = C =&(L d 9 Nb <& $H m! $ C n %

ĿŬĿŀ = Ł-ŀĿ ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ = ŀŁ -Łń ‫ب‬ ń

Ł- = ĿŬĿŀ sb ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ - = ŀ sb ‫ب‬ Ł ń Łń

Ňŀ = Ńł ‫أ‬ ľĄĿí

{ = − t? G U b

&'+ g f ! L % M? b d 9 Nb <

‫ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬

ŀĿ

Ń = Ňŀ sb ‫أ‬ ł

ƋK U "(b ? zg y1 Rscb 1s?b wb ŀŅ = Ń(Ł-) dys' l_gy do ȈǭƽƗ ƄŐʗƯŝ

· J ª J .( X M V 8

71

y « E # ( "+)" : 0 :BL^

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

[g.

‫اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ Ƌ<Z jr 2_V .k {V z6Ĕ Đ- Ogb ` đF Pf df Ƌ = Ů 5 lf d^ - #y đGb PzG 7y i z& M gzZ - #y wb d>s b wV b Gb .N 6 [zZ.b M gzZ - #yĖr Ł>M > ŀ Ɗi V wb b r Ń >ł > Ł Ƌ zg y1 Rscb b .b espWf wcN U2O j ‫إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺪرس‬

0o wVr z6Ĕ b .b wcN U2O r 86Ĕ b Gb 51- i \ 6 h y1 Rsb U2Oyr Ů h y1 Rscb wcN b Gb U2O y Us6 51.b t0b r 5 6Ĕ wcN MsV2gb 5Ĕ qj f 5 6Ĕ 7kb f -.N ł ŀĿ = ŀĿĿĿ j ^ / đ gV -.Ob `b/ $ kz6 h Ů [ 7b zcgOcb z7_Ob 1s?b wor ł = ŀĿĿĿ sb i V ŀĿ ŀĿ 5 6ĕb 7kb - Ogb g y1 Rscb wcN `b/ .O U2O y U2O y h ł = ŀĿĿĿ sb 1s?b q ^ l_gy \ 7b a gb V Ƌ Wc +gb p [z G r g y1 Rscb lzj sZ wcN `b/ .O

:}v[> 6 S 2q }Z

¶" = - sb : Ǜ p " C

(¶" Ů -) :Ȗx 1

{ŀ} - Ŀ < Ů Ŀ < - Ɗ i K&đf Pf

952f &6/k :o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z

1s> wb ŀŅ = Ń(Ł-) 1s?b dys' l_gyĐ 2 ¹ "sf 'z'> -.N 8zb Ł- 5 6Ĕ iĔ zg y1 Rsb ¹ Ƌ(ŀ -.Ob k 6 ) :mgS 2q }Z

z7_Ob b .b {o zg y1 Rscb b .b i ` đF wcN .^ Ƌ(ņŀ) = a gb ađ* lf `b/r z6Ĕ b .cb

43

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

I2B+ 0 : )8%> z " '> ! ª : 35 '> ! .( 4 © I s : )8%> z " : )% I:M 1L : )8%> z " #] +¥ h+ © : : 16[k 8+( 8%> z − 4 − : 1B : − 8%> z


É¡«∏Y äÉ≤«Ñ£Jh äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

: &yfyqc f i 2/ :

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ zg y1 Rsb 1s? { y gf d^ É lN 2 Ë N¼ 1 {Ȉ}- +Iǽ z& = = 5 ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ Ł = łŇ ‫ب‬

ŀĿĿĿ = łŀĿ ‫أ‬

Common Logarithm OÉ੪dG äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dG e .+ 6 l_gyr ŀŁņ sb = ŀŁņ sb Ů ņsb = ņ sb x Ů5 6Ĕ ^ ir. _yr ŀĿ q6 6 x0b h y1 Rscb so ŀĿ ŀĿ Ƌ-.N xĔ - Ogb h y1 Rscb - #yĖ 6 'b -s"sgb log % Wf

- #yĖ 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 l_gy qj đGb wb 2: Ɗ w y g^ 5 sb 1s?b wcN t0b h y1 Rscb C

Ɗ zb b sG+b P j đ f łŁ sb - #yĖ

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ 2 Ɗ z6Ĕ 1s?b wb { y gf đ^ Ê as& Í ł = ŀĿĿĿsb ‫ب‬ ń = łŁ sb ‫أ‬

2W> = ŀ sb ‫ﺟ‬ Ł

Ł

ŀ = 2W>Ł ‫ﺟ‬

Ł

log

3

2

2

ľĄĿí

ŀĿĿĿ = łŀĿ ‫ب‬

łŁ = ńŁ ‫أ‬

Ɗw Ē P j ŀĿĿĿ sb - #yĖ f

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

2 Ɗ z6Ĕ 1s?b wb { y gf đ^ Ê as& Í

ŀ = ń sb ‫ﺟ‬

Ł = ŀĿĿsb ‫ب‬

ń

Ł = Łń sb ‫أ‬ ł ŀŁń

‫إﻳﺠﺎد ﻗﻴﻢ ﻋﺒﺎرات ﻟﻮﻏﺎرﻳﺘﻤﻴﺔ‬

log

ń

ľĄĿí

z6Ĕ 1s?b wb dys' b r 5 = ŀŁń sb A2Wj ‫أ‬ ń

łń = 5ń

ł = 5 pkfr

`

:ä’OÉ©ªdG πM óæH »a ` đF Oz 6 lf .^ (Ń) a f d& {V . b d Z Ƌ y2 #b 2y- [gb dzc' NsBsgb

ĿŬĿŀ = =ŀĿ

`

`

Ł- = = pkfƅ

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

b- Ogb Xy2O a #f ' zg y1 Rscb Đ- Ogb d& .kN asp#gcb [z['b hz[b V2Ogb `b/r d'b zcgN 2" d Z Đr Ƌ pWy2O a #f wV b- Ogb `c \['y t0b

ł = ŀŁń sb ` ń

Ł- = ĿŬĿŀsb `

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ :6l ;lf m _ f

72

(ņł)= Ů(ņŁ)= d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf P Ɗ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d> s r Ň = Ł sb ‫ب‬

≈fÉ«ÑdG É¡∏«ã“h ᫪àjQÉZƒ∏dG ádGódG ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ňŀ sb ‫أ‬

ŀ Ł

ł

‫ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ É d& Nsg#f I {V ."r 4 Ł = (Ņ+5) sb ‫ﺟ‬ 5

ŀ ł

Ɗlf d^ gzZ ."r 3

łŁ sb ‫ب‬

ŀ - 5 = ŅŁń sb ‫ب‬ ń

ł = (ń+5) sb ‫أ‬

ŀń = ń

Ƌ z6Ĕ 1s?b wb b- Ogb dys' r z[z['b 5 hzZ Pzg#b V2Of b- Ogb ‫ب‬ Ńń = ŀ-5ń `ƅƅƅƅƅƅƅƅŅŁń = ŀ-5ń ` ń = 5 pkfr ƅƅƅƅƅƅƅƅŃ = ŀ - 5 ` { } = d'b Nsg#f ` 2W> < Ņ + 5 Ê \Í['½ { b 5 hzZ Pzg#b V2Of b- Ogb ‫ﺟ‬ 2W> < 5 lf đ^ ŀ!5 {ŀ} - ] ' Ů 2W>[ so b- Ogb Xy2O a #f n Ɗ z6Ĕ 1s?b wb b- Ogb dys' r Ŀ = Ņ - 5 - Ł5ƅƅƅ Ņ + 5 = Ł5 Ŀ = (Ł + 5) (ł - 5) Ł- = 5 Ƅƅƅƅr Ƅƅƅƅł = 5 f b- Ogb Xy2O a #f Ǿ Ł- = 5 i z&r { } = d'b Nsg#f ` ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ É d& Nsg#f I {V ."r 4 sb ‫ﺟ‬

(ŀ-5)

Ł + 5 = Łņ sb ‫ب‬

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

ł

1

{ŀ} -+Iǽ z& 5 = = sb ‫ﺟ‬

‫ ﺟ‬ƅƅŁŀĿ = ŀĿĿ ‫ب‬

ľĄĿí

2W> < ń + 5 hzZ d_b V2Of b- Ogb ‫أ‬ z6Ĕ 1s?b wb b- Ogb dys' r Ň = ń + 5 `ƅƅƅƅƅƅƅƅłŁ = ń + 5 ` ł = 5 pkfr {ł} = d'b Nsg#f ` ƅƅƅ b- Ogb Xy2O a #f ǽ ł `

Ł=ň

ł = ŀĿĿĿ sb ‫أ‬ Ł ł

(ŀŁń) = Łń ‫أ‬

2

‫أ‬

3

Ł

5ł = Ňŀ is_zV 5 = Ňŀ

( b- Ogb Xy2O a #f) ń- < 5 x

73

0

ŀŁń = 5ń `

z6Ĕ 1s?cb dys' b r (ŀĿ q6 6 - Of h y1 Rsb) = = ĿŬĿŀsb A2Wj ‫ب‬ Ł-ŀĿ = =ŀĿ

0

0

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

Ɗlf d½É ^ gzZ ."r 3 ŀŁń sb ‫أ‬

ĿŬĿŀ sb ‫ب‬

1

ŀ = (ŀ-5ł) sb ‫أ‬ ń

Ńł = 5ł Ɗ i t

Ń=5` = ( ŀ )=

Ł

sb PBs

ł

łŁ Ɗ is_zV = = łŁ sb PBs ‫ب‬ ŀ Ł

ń- = = Ɗ i V `b0b =- Ł = ńŁ ŀ

Ņ = 5 łƅƅi t ƅƅŀń = ŀ- 5ł Ů ł < 5 ‫أ‬ b- Ogb d& \[' ł = 5 ŀ = 5ƅƅł = Ł + 5ƅƅi t ƅƅŁ+ 5ł = Łņ ‫ب‬ Ł (ŀ- 5 ) = ň Ů ŀ< 5

‫ﺟ‬

Ŀ= (Ł+ 5 ) ( Ń- 5) i t Ŀ = Ň - 5 Ł- Ł5 Ń=5

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

44

4


-

≈fÉ«ÑdG É¡∏«ã“h ᫪àjQÉZƒ∏dG ádGódG äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

:2^ p 6 c[ 2q }Z

l 5 Vygf

f 2f

+%

%

e 'lf

%

(ŀ ŮĿ)

TJ _ f 2_p

5 = = hz[ 7gb as& d g f gođ^

h" l f

gpkf d^ a #f wcN y.y 4 a r- gođ^

1 6JȜ

(Ŀ Ůŀ)

5

5

b .b wg7 - b .cb z7_Ob b .b i V {ŀ}- +I ǽ C z& C = (5)- j ^ / 5 sb= = t zg y1 Rscb

C==

C

− − − −

᫪àjQÉZƒ∏dG ádGódGh á«°SC’G ádGódG ø«H ábÓ©dG

5

5 sb = = zg y1 Rscb b .b r C = = z6Ĕ b .b d gy d [gb d_;b C as& d g b r - 2FĐ r t.gb r a #gb z& lf lz b .b lf d^ = s* 51- Ƌ 5 = = hz[ 7gb

5 sb = =

C

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ 5 sb= = Ů5 sb = =Ƅlz b .b lf d^ É wk'kf .& r d_: wV h61 5 ŀ Ł

Ń

Ł

ľĄĿí

5 sb = =

− − −

Ł

{ŁŁ ŮŀŁ ŮĿŁ Ůŀ-Ł Ů Ł-Ł } (5 6Ĕ ) Ł -.Ob tsZ 5 hzZ 1 +j

z2lf

+%

᪫àjQÉZƒ∏dG ádGó∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG

Graphical Representation of the Logarithmic Function

zg y1 Rscb b .b r z6Ĕ b .b lz Y2Wb ` đF Pf <Z j hz[ 7gb as& d g b r - 2FĖ r t.gb r a #gb z& lf Ɗw Ē ^ ar." wV hp " d#6r 5 = =

5 sb= =

Ł

ŀ

ŀ Ł

ŀ Ń

5

Ł

ŀ

2W>

ŀ-

Ł-

5 sb

Ł-

ŀ-

2W>

ŀ

Ł

5 sb

Ł

ŀ Ł

ŀ Ł

zg y1 Rscb b .b wk'kgb z Ē = s+b ! k 6 `k_gy h62b lf I = t.gb ƄƄƄƄŮƄƄƄƄ+I = a #gb

ŀ > C > Ŀ d_b ?Z k fr ŀ < C d_b .y 4 f

5 sb = = b .b C

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m _ f

Ƌ o- 2F ' r t.gb ."r h62b lfr 5 sb = = b .b wk'kf zÊ j z d f 5

wb hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė

b .cb ¹[Vr yÊ sk6 [' 7gb y2Cb asggb PV.y z' zÊ y2B f¹ Kj ar.b t.& \ G ǶŐˋģŐũ ńģLJŐʗƥŝ 6

ł

ńĿĿĿH 5 f.kN

: ! Ƌ tsk7b ( 2b wV > wo 5 z&

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

(ɻ-ɹ˖ r 5 l & ł

łł = Łņ

‫أ‬

74

≈fÉ«ÑdG É¡∏«ã“h ᫪àjQÉZƒ∏dG ádGódG ľĄĿí

qzk" łŅĿ = łŅĿĿ * ĿŬŀ = łŅĿĿ * ūŀĿ = (łŅĿĿ)- ‫أ‬ qzk" ŀŀŃņŬņ = (Ńňňň - ŇĿĿĿ) sb ŀĿĿ+ŇĿĿĿ * ūŀĿ = (ŇĿĿĿ)- ‫ب‬ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

d?' t0b Tc gb lN 2 Í Oy½ = i ^ k7b wV ^2;b .&Ĕ y N.b wcN Ur2?gb Tc gb lN 2 O C j ^ / 6 Ë C ) sb Ł + ŀ ] ŃŀĿ = = z& k7b m0o Oz f .O ^2;b qzcN Ƌqzk" ŀŀĿĿ = C f.kN = 7& [(ŀ + ŀĿĿ

1

٤ - ٢ ‫ﺗﻤـﺎرﻳــﻦ‬ :=L + D&G 1

Ņ ‫ و‬ƅƅƅŁ ‫ ﻫ‬ƅƄƄ2W> ‫ د‬ƅƅł - ‫ﺟ‬

wo ł = Łņ sb 1s?cb V _gb z6Ĕ 1s?b ‫أ‬ ł 2W> ł 1s?cb V _gb zg y1 Rscb 1s?b ‫ب‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ woŀ = ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = ŀ sb ‫د‬ Ł = 5 i V ŀ + 5 = ŀŁŇ sb i ^ / ‫و‬ Ł ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ǽ C d_b ?Z k f 5 sb = (5)z& - b .b ‫ح‬

(ł ŮŇ ) ‫ ط‬ƅƅ]ŀ ŮĿ[ ‫ ح‬ƅĿ < 5 ‫ز‬

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

C

=+5 ‫ى‬ {Łņ} ‫ ﺟ‬ƅƅ{ŀŁł} ‫ ب‬ƅƅ{ŀĿ} ‫أ‬ ŀ ‫ د‬ƅƅŁ ‫ ﺟ‬ƅƅƅŀ ‫ ب‬ƅƅ2W> ‫أ‬ ŁŬŀŇň - ‫ ﺟ‬ƄƅŃŬņńń ‫ ب‬ƄƅŀŬŀņŅ ‫أ‬

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

= ĿŬĿĿŀsb ‫ﺟ‬

= 5 i V Ł = Ń sb i ^ / ‫ﻫ‬ 5 ‫ز‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋso 5 sb = (5)- Ɗ - b .b a #f ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

Ł

(ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ŮŇ) G[kb 2gy 5 sb = (5)- z& - b .b wk'kf ‫ط‬ Ł (=Ů5 bĐ. ) ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = ŀń sb i V == ńsb Ů 5 = łsb i ^ / ‫ى‬ -Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ É d& Nsg#f I wV ."r 2 ł = (Ł + 5) sb ‫ب‬ Ł = (ŀ - 5) sb ‫أ‬

Ł = ň sb ‫ﺟ‬ ł 5

2

ń

Ł = ň sb ‫و‬

{ł} ‫ و‬ƄƄƅƅ{Ł} ‫ ﻫ‬ƅƅ{ŀń} ‫د‬

ł

Ł = (Ł + 5) sb ‫ﻫ‬

5

ł = Ň sb ‫د‬ Ń ŀ+5

5

gzZ ."r 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. 3 ň sb ‫ﺟ‬

Ł sb + ł sb ‫د‬ Ņ

3

(ŀ + 5) sb = (5)- ‫د‬

5

ł

ŀ sb ‫أ‬

ņ

ń

5 sb = (5)- ‫ﺟ‬ ŀ Ł

ŀłsbń - ņ sbŃ ‫ﺟ‬

5 sb = (5)- ‫ب‬ ł

5 sb = (5)- ‫أ‬ Ł

-Ɗlf d^ É gzZ - #y wV 6 'b e.+ 6 5 Łņ sb ‫ب‬ ŀń sb ‫أ‬ Ł

ZđOb P zN g "Đ t- skb .& wV 26Ĕ qzk#b tsk7b ] 2 :Đ Xy1 ?f j ^ / 6 js_f 26 ] 2 : gzZ ."r Ƌ- 2VĔ -.N 5 ] 2 :Đ sk6 -.N i z& (5 i) sbŀĿĿ + ńĿĿ = (5)Ƌt- kb 0o wV O 2b k7cb - 2V ń lf

75

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

Ņ

ņ sb ‫ب‬

Ɗ o- 2F ' r o .f ."r h62b lfr z Ē w y gf d^ wV - b .b zÊ j z d f 4 ŀ ł

qzk" ŅłĿ 6

45

= (5)-

Ƌqzk" łŅĿĿ tsk7b hp' 1 wV > Tc y ly0b lzbsggb .& wcN Ë[' 7gb y2Cb ‫أ‬ ¼ Ƌqzk" ŇĿĿĿ tsk7b hp' 1 wV > Tc y ly0b lzbsggb .& wcN Ë[' 7gb y2Cb ‫ب‬ ¼

( f K 6lf G_f HS ˖ * _ K 2q Z

2W> = ŀ sb ‫ب‬

ƄƄƄƄƄƄ5 ūŀĿ

ńĿĿĿ < 5 f.kNƄ(Ńňňň - 5 ) sb ŀĿĿ + 5ūŀĿ

(ņń) = 6 qzk" łŀńŇŬŅŁ Ɗ "Ė dzp7 {V zg y1 Rscb a r.b e .+ 6 zgo a gb (Bsy G 2gb đ_;gb DO d& {Vr z 7'b zcgOb DO Ƌ z b

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b


óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

ôŔŇîüĿí

ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dG ¢UGƒ````N ¢†©H

5-2

Some Properties of Logarithms zÊ j z zg y1 Rscb b .b dz g zWz^r h y1 Rscb espWf \ 7b 51.b wV gËcO¼ 2y- [gb Hz7 wV .N 7½ w b g y1 Rscb = s* DO !1.j wcy gzVr Ƌh y1 Rsb wcN ts '¼ w b Đ- Ogb d& r zg y1 Rscb

äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dG ¢UGƒN ¢†©H i V +I ǽ= Ů 5 Ů {ŀ} - +I ǽ C i ^ /

= C sb - C

ŀ = ŀĿ sb Ů ŀ = ł sb đ gV ¹ ł

" f = sb -

I: )8%> z " #] +¥ _

§ : _ # - LM I#°8%> z "

ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí I: )8%> z : +( Logarithmic Equation

C

2W> = ŀ sb Ů 2W> = ŀ sb đ gV ń

h y1 Rscb Xy2O lf Ů lf d^ ar &

[g.

dys' b zWz^ U2Nr Ů g y1 Rscb b Gb 51- i \ 6 Us6r Ů8_Ob r z6Ĕ 1s?b wb zg y1 Rscb 1s?b lf p ZđNr g y1 Rscb = s* DO 51.b 0o wV 51.y Ƌ p 6 1- pb \ 6 w b 86Ĕ lzj s[

: &'+ g ob "q f - I ǽ = Ů5 z& = sb + 5 sb = = 5 sb

952f &6/k

+

C

C

C

: f # ./0 3f R8s = sb = ¶" Ů 5 sb = PB C

C

:n b &'+ g @+")L 1 ¶" C = =ƄŮƄ C = 5ƆƆ Ƅ ¶" + ¶" C = = 5 n C * C = = 5ƆƆ Ɔn <'b ¶" + = = 5 sb :n <L &'+ g A = Q A ./0 D+ 3'I

ôŃĊĈøĔńĿí õíōĉŗí : )" :L3 _ : d : ( 3> O( ¬ 0c( ªd X3 _

C

C

C

:o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z I: )8%> z " # > L+ F 1L ­ #°8%> z " Y , f81% I: )8%> z " #] +¥ © I#°8%> z " , f83 : 35 : +¥ ©

= sb + 5 sb = = 5 sb n <L O! , o'& E 15 k+ )' I C

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

I#°8%> z " § # - LM ©

ŀņ sb + Ł sb gzZ ."r 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. 1 łŃ

5-2

Some properties of logarithms

_ ¹ :L3 £ , f83 I: 35 #] +¥

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬ Some Properties of Logarithms

łŀĬø÷ ıŎē Y h+ , f83 I#°8%> z "

¢UGƒ```N ¢†©H äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dG

łŃ

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

: : 16[k

76

: )8%> z : +(

‫اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ :‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ Đr df O j g y1 Rscb = s* 6 1- .kN qj đGb wb 2: - zgcN 6 & b - w6 1 YsV A2N 3 p" - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ɗđ gV zg y1 Rscb 1s?b wb pbs'j h z6Ĕ 1s?b Pf Ƌwb 6 & ŀ = C sb qzg y1 Rscb p 1s> C = ŀC C

ŀ = 2W>C

*6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

Ƌ lzj s[b m0o \[' w & (C) 4f2cb f3đb Er2;b wcN .^ f

- đ_;gb d& - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob Ƌwjr O b hcO b

:‫إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺪرس‬ ` đF .N 6r ŮņŅ= (Ł) Ů(ŀ) lz z> +b ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌh y1 Rscb Xy2O e .+ 6 lz z> +b lz o {V

‫ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ‬ Ƌw6 1.b d?Wb

2W> = ŀ sb qzg y1 Rscb p 1s> C

{V ` đF .N 6r (ł) 2Cb z> * ` đF Pf df Ƌh y1 Rscb Xy2O e .+ 6 z> +b m0o

‫ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ŇŁ¶¶> wb ņŅ ¶¶> lf b Gb ^ ( j2 jĖ ) fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

46


ž-›

äɪà jQÉZĆ’âˆ?dG ¢UGĆ’```N ¢â€ ŠH : S ?f K.Čš

ž ›

wcN g y1 Rscb lzj sZ \z G wV Ä‘Gb DO G+y .Z ĆŠlz gb s'kb (= + 5 ) sb = = sb+ 5 sb : K/f 1 C

C

äɪà jQÉZĆ’âˆ?dG ¢UGĆ’````N ¢â€ ŠH ĞĄĿí

f l #'$

Ĺ‚Ĺƒ

Ĺ‚Ĺƒ sb = ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ Ĺ

Ĺ

C

(=- 5 ) sb = = sb - 5 sb : K/f 2 5

C

= 5 =

C

C

C

C

Ĺ‚ĹŹĹ„ sb - ņ sb gzZ ."r 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. 2 Ĺ

sb = = sb - 5 sb : yCf C

Ĺ„

C

C

f l #'$ f l #'$

C

C

C

ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ

Šņ sb 1s> H7 wV ."r 3 ł

` " 27V ? 5 sbĹ = (5)S b .b a #f q7Wj so Ĺ 5 sb = (5)- b .b a #f do ĹťÇˆÄŁĹ Ć„Ĺ?ǔƽĹ? 4

C

C

C

77

C

exČš Çž 52f hC[f Ë? f Kf b

) sb = Ĺ = sb-Ĺ 5 sb : yCf C

C

C

sb- 5 sb ) = = sb Ĺ -5 sb Ĺ : K/f 5

5 =

1 .[gb

ń sb ł = ń ł = ŀ* ł =

Ĺ€ I Ç˝ 5 z& 5 sb - = ( 5 ) sb :n %

(= sb - 5 sb) (= sb + 5 sb)

C

C

) sb Ĺ = = sb Ĺ - 5 sb Ĺ : yCf C

äɪà jQÉZĆ’âˆ?dGh ¢Ú°SC’G ôŔŇÎßĿí ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

C

C

C

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m€€_ f

d>s r ņņ= d' i ar & .k wV-1r f ` Ä‘F Pf <Z j ˜ ĆŠ 'z'?b "Ä– wb hpOf Ĺ…ĹŹĹ„ = ŀł sb + ņ sb = ĹˆĹ€ sb 1 Ĺ

Ĺ€= Ĺ sb = Ĺ

ņ łŏń

Ĺ

C

5 sb = M :jW I =

$H A = Q D+ 3' I C $” 1 b"M ;'+ g / …+ 5 sb C

= sb

=

C

Ĺ

Ĺ…=Ĺ€*Ĺ…= Ĺ‚

5 =Ć„Ć„Ć„M= 5 sb = = sb M C

:n Â? Ć„Ć„Ć„

=Ć„Ć„5 sb

Ĺ

w"r3 -.N i z& |5|sb i = i5 sb C

({ / hcO ) hp7Wj = s+b DO {V ` Ä‘F .N 6 ˜ sG+ sG* hp - esZr Âż

exČš Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČž b

= sb

=Ć„Ć„MĆ„Ć„ n <'b â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź

ņ

ĞĄĿí ĹƒĹˆ sb ŀŅ sb * = 1 .[gb Ĺ sb ņ sb Šņ sb ĹƒĹ sb * = Ĺ sb ņ sb ņ sb Ĺ Ĺ sb Ĺƒ * = Ĺ sb ņ sb

f l #'$

f l #'$

Ň=Ĺ *Ĺƒ= ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ

ŀĿ 2zR 2* -.Ob 5 6Ĕ 2zzS \ 7b a gb d& ."r 5

=I"q <)& f - Â

Ĺ‚

+% zj b a #f gkz *%so wbrÄ” a #f 4

C

ĹƒĹˆ sb * ŀŅ sb f F(IH "A' 4

Ĺ

sb Ĺ… 3

C

5 sb C

Ĺ

sb = łŏń sb - ņ sb 2

$H " eL f - Â&#x; 5 sb C = 5 sb = sb =

f # ./0 3f R8Q

: &

47

Ĺ„

+

C

(

ĞĄĿí Ĺ‚Ĺ„ sb =

C

C

C

ŀŠń sb gzZ ."r 6 'b ež .+ 6 ir. 3

=Ĺ = sb - Ĺ 5 sb : K/f 4

C

C

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź

5 sb i = i 5 sb : yCf

Ĺ (=

: ;'+ g f -ž Ŀ < 5 z& 5 sb K = K 5 sb

C

C

C

Ĺ

(`7Wk ZÄ‘Ob '> ar & )

5 sb i = i(5 sb ) : K/f 3

5 Ĺ ( =

Ĺ€ = ŀĿ sb = ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ

r

C

C

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź

ĞĄĿí Ĺ„Äż sb = 1 .[gb Ĺ„

&( f l #'$ f l #'$

= = sb - 5 sb

C

Ĺ„ sb - Ĺ„Äż sb gzZ ."r 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. 2

C

sb sb

Ĺ

: &'+ g ob &( f -Â? 5 sb ( ZÄ‘Ob '> `7Wk ar &) = sb - 5 sb = =

C

C

Ĺ€=

ĹˆĹ€ sb gzZ 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. ."r Ƅłŏņ - ŀł sb ĹŽ ŠŏŇ -ņ sb i ^ / 1

C

C

Ĺ‚Ĺƒ

f l #'$

(= 5 ) sb = = sb + 5 sb : yCf C

(ŀņ * Š) sb = 1 .[gb

( ZđOb '> ar &) 2*ēb w 2B 5s_Of Ŏ sb Ŏ C sb lf đ^ƅ Ê •n 2 – ƅ C

Ĺ€ = C sb sb C

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź Ĺ€ Ĺ€ + gzZ 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. ."r 5 ŀń sb ŀń sb Ĺ„

ĞĄĿí

Ĺ‚

f l #'$ f l #'$

ń sb + ł sb = 1 .[gb ŀń

ŀń

(ń * ł ) sb = ŀń

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

78


É¥âˆ?Y äÉ≤Ñ£Jh äɪà jQÉZĆ’âˆ?dGh ¢Ú°SC’G ôŔŇÎßĿí ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí ž ›

äɪà jQÉZĆ’âˆ?dG ¢UGĆ’````N ¢â€ ŠH

f l #'$

: S ?f K.Čš

ŀ = ŀń sb = ŀń

ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ

Ĺƒ = Ĺ 5

ŀ ŀ ŀ + + ƄƄ gzZ ."r 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. 6 łĿ sb łĿ sb łĿ sb ń

Ĺ‚

Ĺ

ĂĄÂŤÂŞĂ jQÉZĆ’âˆ?dG Ă´jOÉ≤ªdG §°ÚĂ‘J

Simplifying the Logaritmic Experssions

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź

f , f

Ĺ€ Ĺ„ Šņ ŀŠsb - Ĺ sb Ĺ‚ + ŀŅ sb - ĿŏĿĿĹˆ sb 1s> H7 Ä” 2? * 6 ĞĄĿí Ĺ€ Šņ Ĺˆ Ĺ‚ Ĺ„ ŀŠsb - ( Ĺ ) sb + ŀŅ sb - Ĺ€ĿĿĿ sb = 1 .[gb ŀŠń ŀŅ Ĺˆ ( ŀŠŀ * Ň * Šņ * Ĺ€ĿĿĿ ) sb =

f

2W> = Ĺ€ sb = ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ Ĺ€ sb - Ĺˆ sb - Ĺ€ Ĺ sb - Ĺ‚ sb Ĺƒ 1s> H7 Ä” 2? * 7 Šņ Ĺ„

ĂĄÂŤÂŞĂ jQÉZĆ’âˆ?dG ä’OÉŠªdG Ď€M

Solving Logarithmic Equations

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź

ĆŠ w Ä’ ^ b- Ogcb lgyÄ” U2Gb wcN isj [b \z G G+b lf 5 hzZ Pzg" so b- Ogcb lgyÄ” U2Gb a #f iÄ” Ĺƒ = 5 sb Ĺ Ĺ‚ Ć‹lz [y2Gb t.& e .+ 6 d'b l_gy `b0b ĹŽ2W?b .N f z[z['b : yCf

Ĺˆ != 5 i t ĹƒĹ‚ = Ĺ 5 ĆŠwbrÄ” [y2Gb Ĺ = | 5| sb ` Ĺƒ= |5| sb Ĺ ĆŠ zj b [y2Gb Ĺ‚ Ĺ‚ Ĺˆ != 5 ĆŠ i t Ĺˆ = Ĺ Ĺ‚= |5| `

Ä?- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f I wV ."r 7 Ĺ‚ = 5 sb + 5 sb ‍ب‏ Ĺƒ

:(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ˖ 6l ;lf m€€_ f

ŀ= ( ŀ + 5 ) sb + 5 sb ‍أ‏

Ĺ

Ĺ

sb ĆŠ b- Ogb d& .kN : K/f

Ĺ‚

Ĺ

ĞĄĿí

2W> < Ĺ€ + 5Ć…Ć…ĹŽĆ…Ć…2W> <5 d_b V2Of b .b )& @+")L \ X 2W> < 5Ć…Ć…n 2 f l #'$ Ĺ€ = (Ĺ€ + 5 ) 5 sb ŠŀŠ= (Ĺ€+ 5) 5 $H A = Q &'+ g A 1 D+ 3L 2W> = (Ĺ€ - 5 ) ( Ĺ + 5) ` 2W> = Ĺ - 5 + Ĺ 5 b- Ogb Xy2O a #f ǞŠ- = 5 i z&r Ĺ€= 5 r Ĺ - = 5 f {Ĺ€} = d'b Nsg#f

d>s r ŇĿ ĹŽĹ†Ĺˆ= d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` Ä‘F Pf <Z j Ć‹ 'z'?b "Ä– wb hpOf

‍أ‏ ` ` `

&

`

Ĺ„ sb + Ĺ‚ sb + Ĺ sb = 1 .[gb 6

)& @+")L \ X 2W> < 5 d_b V2Of b .b ‍ب‏ 5 sb Ĺ f Ĺ‚= + 5 sb ` Ĺƒ sb Ĺ

Ĺ‚Äż

exČš Çž 52f hC[f Ë? f Kf b

79

Ĺ‚Äż

=b "q I Ĺ = 5 sb `

Ĺ… = 5 sb Ĺ‚ `

Ĺ

Ĺ

5 sb

Šņ ń

Ĺ

$H = Q &'+ g A 1 D+ 3' Ĺƒ = 5 ` {Ĺƒ } = d'b Nsg#f ` b- Ogb Xy2O a #f Ç˝ Ĺƒ = 5 i z&r

Ĺ€

ĆŠ z Ä’ Ä?- Ogb lf d^ É d& Nsg#f I wV ."r 8

Solving the Power Equations by Using Logarithms

ĂĄÂŤÂŞĂ jQÉZĆ’âˆ?dG ä’OÉŠªdG Ď€M

ŀ= (ŀ- 5 ł ) sb - (ŀ + 5 Š) sb ‍أ‏

Ĺ

äɪà jQÉZĆ’âˆ?dG ΊGóÎà °SÉH 印SC’G ä’OÉŠªdG Ď€M â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź

ĆŠlzy2;N lzgZ1 2ZÄ” $ kb š 2[f z Ä’ Ä?- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f I wV ."r 9 Ĺ - 5Ĺ„ = Ĺ€+ 5 Ĺ‚ ‍ب‏ ņ =5 Š‍أ‏

ŀŀ

{ ŠŇ } - 8

{ Ĺ ĹŽĹ } -

ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ

5

) sb = 1 .[gb 7

Ĺ€= ŀĿ sb = ( Ĺ€ * Ĺˆ * ņ * Ĺˆ ) sb = Ć„

Ĺ + 5 sb Ĺ Ĺ Ĺ… = 5 sb + 5 sbĹ `

Ĺ‚=

Ĺ

Ĺ‚Äż

Ĺ‚Äż

Ĺ€ Ĺˆ ņ Ĺƒ Ĺ sb - ņ sb - Ĺ„ sb - ( Ĺ‚

äɪà jQÉZĆ’âˆ?dGh ¢Ú°SC’G ôŔŇÎßĿí ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

Šsb = 5 sb ‍ب‏

Ĺ‚Äż

Ĺ€= Ĺ‚Äż sb = Ĺ„ *Ĺ‚ * Ĺ sb = Ć„

Ĺ

Xy2O a #f .y.' #y zg y1 Rscb b- Ogb d& d Z Ć‹ d'b '> 1 *Ä? $ kb DysO b lN kzkSy 0or ĹŽ b- Ogb : € 6" r 5 l

ĞĄĿí

ņ = 5Š‍أ‏ ņ sb = 5Šsb `

1 b"M ;'+ g / …I ņ sb =5 ` ņ sb = Šsb 5 ` Šsb

ĆŠ z Ä’ Ä?- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f % wV ."r

:=L[ jI '' I R$ 3 l #'$ I log

7

)

log

)

2

ans

2

ŠŏŇŀ - 5 `

lzV2Gcb sb 0* Š-5ń = ŀ+5ł ‍ب‏ ńsb Š- ń sb 5 = łsb + łsb 5 `

Ĺ„ sb ( Ĺ - 5 ) = Ĺ‚ sb(Ĺ€+ 5) `

Ĺ„sb Ĺ - Ĺ‚sb - = ( Ĺ„ sb - Ĺ‚sb) 5 `

Ĺ„ sb Ĺ - Ĺ‚sb - = Ĺ„sb 5 - Ĺ‚sb 5 ` Ĺ„sb Ĺ - Ĺ‚sb =5` Ĺ„sb - Ĺ‚ sb

– log

3

log

)

3 –

)

–

2

log

5

)

log

=

Ĺ€ = (Ĺ€+ 5) sb - 5 sb 1 Ĺ‚

R$ 3 l #'$ I I !s 3f 1 i 3'

7

=

Ĺ‚-

({ Ĺ } ĆŠ s#b )

2.807354922

=

{ŠŏŇŀ} = d'b Nsg#f `

5

)

:=L[ jI '' I R$ 3 l #'$ I

2.807354922

{Ĺ‡ĹŹĹƒĹ„} = d'b Nsg#f ` zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

Ĺ‡ĹŹĹƒĹ„ - 5 `

80

({Ĺƒ ĹŽ Ĺ

}) ĆŠ s#b )

(ŠŏŇŅ ĆŠ s#b ) (ĿŏĹ„Ĺ„ ĆŠ s#b ) (Ĺ ĹŹĹ‚ ĆŠ s#b )

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

Ĺ„ Ĺ

Ĺ‚

= Ĺ sb+ 5 sb 2 5

Ĺ Ĺƒ = Ĺ -5Ĺ„

3

ŀ +5 Š= 5 ņ

4

Ĺ€Ĺ‚ĹŹĹƒ = 5Ĺ -ņ Ĺ‚ 5

48


äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dG ¢UGƒ```N ¢†©H đčĊĿí

-

Ɗ ZđOcb [¹ F yÊ sk6 .y 4 y f Oc6 2O6 i hcN / 6 Oc7b 2O6 ( ?y k6 h^ .O K(ŀŬĿŁ) łŁń = = ( sk6 ň s#b ) qzk" łŇŇŬŃ

R$ 3 l #'$ I I !s 3f 1 i 3' ans

3

1

4

¶" 3

6

Ł5

+

÷

1

ans

5

=

2

1 ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ Đ- Ogb lf d^ É d& Nsg#f lzy2;N lzgZ1 2ZĔ ."r 8 5ł = ŀ- 5 Ń ‫ب‬ Ł=5ņ ‫أ‬

(ɼ-ɹ˖ r 5 l &

2

äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dG ¢UGƒ````N ¢†©H

‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ وﺣﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬ K

z& (ĿŬň) ٠ = ZđOcb ¹[ F yÊ sk6 @Z k ĐĒ .& dgN W^ j ^ / ǶưģŏƛǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 10 lN XZs bĒ Ëi h¼ ¾cN½ / V Ƌ bĒ dgN sk6 -.N K Ů bēb z . Đ W_b ٠ Ů bĒ W^ ƋdgOb lN XZs Ài d Z bĒ m0o pcgO w b sk7b -.N gV ūŃĿ p W^ Sc / dgOb ľĄĿí

z . Đ W_b lf ūŃĿ t ūŃĿ W_b Qsc -s?[gb K ٠ (ĿŬň) = ٠ ĿŬŃ ` ٠ = 5 &( I K 1 b"M / I (ĿŬň ) = ĿŬŃ ` ŇŬŅňŅņŀŇ = ĿŬŃ sb = K ` ĿŬň sb K = ĿŬŃ sb ` ĿŬň sb

n 2

Ƌ k7b X?jr sk6 Ň lf 2 ^ dgO Đ bĒ

ġîĘňĿí Őŀī ĶŔòĤ÷

pczS; lf sk6 Ń 1r2f .O bĒ W^ ."r \ 7b a gb wV 9

7 (ŀ+ 5) sb + 5 sb ‫أ‬

٥ - ٢ ‫ﺗﻤـﺎرﻳــﻦ‬

8

: M)& I !s 1 I 1 3 3A I !s "'

(ŀ+ 5) sb - 5 sb ‫ب‬ ŀ

(ŀ+ 5) sb Ł + 5 sb Ł

ŀŅ ‫ﺟ‬

ł ‫ب‬

ŀĿ ‫د‬

ŁŬńsb ‫ﺟ‬

ņ sb ‫ب‬

ŀ ‫أ‬

ŀ- ‫د‬

ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ Ł

ń ‫ب‬

Ł ‫أ‬

= sb + 5sb ‫د‬

=-5 ‫ﺟ‬

‫ﺟ‬

ŀ‫ب‬

ŀ ‫أ‬

ł ‫د‬

ł ‫ﺟ‬

ń ‫و‬

ŀ ‫ﻫ‬ ł

ŀ- ‫ح‬

ņ ‫ز‬ Ł

ń‫ب‬

Ł ‫أ‬

ł ‫د‬ Ł

ńĿ ‫ﺟ‬

= Ň sb 1

ŀĿ ‫د‬

Ł

Ń ‫أ‬

= ńsb + Łsb 2

= ń sb 3

9

ń

= ŀŁ sbƄ Ëi VƄ= = Ń sbƅŮƄ5 = łsb i ^ / 4 =5 ‫ب‬

=+5 ‫أ‬

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

81

äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

= ł sb Ł + Ł sb Ł 5 ŀŁ ‫د‬

Ł ‫ﺟ‬

łŅ ‫ب‬

2W> ‫د‬

ń ‫ﺟ‬ Ł

ŀĿ ‫ب‬

łĿ sb ‫د‬

2W> ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ ‫ب‬

10

Ņ

Ņ

Ņ ‫أ‬ = Ł sb * ń sb 6

ŀĿĿĿ ‫و‬ ŀ=

Ņ

Ł

ł

ń

łĿ ‫أ‬

(ŀ + 5) sb Ů 5sb bĐ. w y gf d^ É lN 2 Í N¼ 8 Ł(ŀ+ 5 )

E sb

¶" sb sb C sb * * * ƅ= lgyĔ 11 E sb ¶" sb sb sb C ŀŅ sb ŀŅ sb ń sb ł sb Ń= Ł sb = ń sb * ł sb * Ł sb Ůƅ

12

5 sb ‫ﺟ‬

5 sb ‫ب‬ ŀ+ 5

Ł¶"ł

Ł sb + ŀŁ sb ‫ﺟ‬ łŁ Ł

ł sb + Ł sb ‫ب‬

ň sb - ńŃ sb ‫أ‬

ņ sb ł + Ńňsb ‫و‬ ņ sb

Łsb - ŀ ŀŁńsb

‫ﻫ‬

Ņ sb - ŀŁńsb + ŃŇ sb ‫د‬

sbƄ-Ƅ C sbƄ-Ƅ¶" sb ŁƄ+Ƅ sb ŀŁ Ƅ+ƄC sb ŀŁ ‫ح‬

ĿŬŀ sb + ł sb + ŀŅ sb ‫ز‬

ł

Ņ

ł

ń

ł

ł

ł

ń

Ł=

ŀ ŀ ‫ﻫ‬ + 5 sb 5 sb

ŀŅ sbƄ*Ƅń sbƄ*Ƅł sb gzZ 7& h ń

Ņ

Ņ

ł

Ł

Ł

‫و‬

ł

i ŀ

Ņ

Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ É d& Ë Nsg#f I wV ."r 10 ŀ= (ł- 5) sb + 5 sb ‫ب‬ ł = (Ł+ 5) sb + 5 sb ‫أ‬

‫ﺟ‬

Ł = Ł sb - 5 sb ł Ł = 5sb - 5 sb

14

(ŀ+ 5) 5 sb ‫أ‬ ¾ 9 Ɗ 1s> H7 Ĕ 2? * À

ŀŬŅŃŃ = i pkfr ĿŬłŁ = ( Ł ) 13 ŅŀĿ * ńŬŁń - Ń(ŀŬŀń) * Ņ ŀĿ * ł = %

Ł

= ł sb * ń sb * Ł sb 7

‫ﻫ‬

ŀŬŁŇŇ ‫ ﺟ‬ŀŬŃł ‫ ب‬ŀŬņņ ‫أ‬

ń

ŀ ‫أ‬

ł

Ł

Ł

5 sb = ł sb - (ł+ 5) sb ‫د‬

Ł

ŀ = E sbƄ*Ƅ¶" sbƄ*Ƅ sbƄ*ƄC sb Ëi 11 C

E

¶"

Ƌ.& r t2;N hZ2b $ kb ¹ 2[f w y gf d^ É wV 5 gzZ ."r 12 ŀ+ 5

ł = ł- 5 Ł ‫د‬

ŀ=

Ł-5

ņ*Ń ‫ﺟ‬

Ł = ŀ- 5ń ‫ب‬

ņ = 5ł ‫أ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬ z6 b .b O¹ - -4y kzOb h#& i ^r ŅŀĿ* ł so kzOf K'b wV y2z _ b lf kzN h#& i ^ / ĖģŐũĪģś ƤśƄǤĝ Ƌ N 6 Ń .O y2z _ b h#& ."r V K(ŀŬŀń) ŅŀĿ* ł = %

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

49

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

82


É¡«∏Y äÉ≤«Ñ£Jh äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí k Sf r 5 l f HS &

áeÉY øjQÉ“

‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

1 Ɗw y f dg^ 1

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

= 5 i V ŀŅ = Ń5 i ^ / ‫أ‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

5 = C i V (ŀŅ ŮŃ-) G[kb C = = b .b wk'kf 2f / ‫ﺟ‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ŀ = ŁŃ ‫ب‬

= ŀĿĿĿ sb ‫د‬

ǽ C f.kN 5 hzZ Pzg#b ?Z k f is_ 5C = (5)- z& - b .b ‫ﻫ‬

‫ﺟ‬

Ł‫ب‬

Ł ! ‫أ‬

5 Łsb = = ‫و‬

] ŀ ,Ŀ [ ‫ﻫ‬

Ń ‫د‬

ŀ Ł

ŀ ŀ ‫ ح‬5( ł ) = = ‫ز‬ ŀ‫ك‬ ŀ ‫ى‬

(Ł ŮĿ) ‫ط‬ ŀ ‫ل‬

5 = = hz[ 7gb wV 5 _OjĐ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ b .b wk'kf 1s> so 5Ł = (5)- Ɗ - b .b wk'kf ‫و‬ Ƌ - ?b 1s'f wV 5 _OjĐ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ b .b wk'kf 1s> so 5ł = = b .b wk'kf ‫ز‬ = Ł-5ņ i V Ł-5 ł = Ł-5 ń i ^ / ‫ح‬

Ł ‫ﺟ‬

ĿŬŀ ‫ب‬

ł ‫أ‬

G[kb wV - ?b 1s'f PG[y ŀ+5Ł = (5)- z& - b .b wk'kf ‫ط‬

ł ‫و‬

ŀ ‫ﻫ‬

Ń ‫د‬

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

= 5 sb i V ł = 5 sb i ^ / ‫ى‬ Ň

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

Ł

=ń sb * Ł sb * ł sb ‫ك‬ ł

ń

Ł

ŀ + ŀ ‫ل‬ ŀŃ sb ŀŃ sb ņ

Ł

Ɗ 1s> H7 ."r 2 Ň sb + ł sb ‫ﺟ‬ łŁ ŁŁ

( ŀĿ ł ) ‫ب‬

łŁ Ł

ŀ ł

Łņ ‫أ‬

ń sb - ŃĿ sb ‫و‬

ł sb * ń sb ‫ﻫ‬

Ł = (Ņ + 5) sb ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ Ł-5 ł ‫ب‬ Ňŀ =

ň = ł5 ‫أ‬

Ń = ŀ+5 ł ‫ و‬Ł = (Ł - 5) sb - (ŀ - 5) sb ‫ﻫ‬

ŀ sb ‫د‬ Ł- = 5

Ł

2

Ł

ń

Ń ł*Ň ŁŅ

ł

3

(ł) ‫ﺟ‬

(Ł-) ‫ب‬

(Łņ- ŮŁņ) ‫أ‬

ĿŬŁŅ ‫و‬

ņ ( ł ) ‫ﻫـ‬

(łŁ) ‫د‬

ŁĿĿŃ * ŁŇńņ ŁĿĿŇ

= C A2Wj 4 lzV2Gcb sb 0*

‫د‬

Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ É d& Nsg#f I wV ."r 3 5

Ł

Ł

Ł

ń

Ň sb ŃĿĿ - Ń sb ŁĿĿ + ņ sb ŁŇń = C sb `

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

85

ĿŬĿŁŇňŃŃŇ = C sb ` ŀŬĿŅŇň = C sb `

äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dGh ¢ù°SC’G ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

Ƌ.& r t2;N hZ2b $ kb ¹ 2[f

ŁĿĿ Ń * ŁŇń ņ ŃĿĿ Ň

Ɗ z Ē a r.b lf đ^ Ê zÊ j z d f 5 (ŀ - 5) sb = (5)r ‫د‬ ŀ Ł

5 sb = (5)¶o ‫ﺟ‬ Ł

5( ŀ ) = (5)S

ł

: }p f h #l f 5

gzZ - #y wV 6 'b e.+ 6 4

‫ب‬

ŀ-5 Ł = (5)-

‫أ‬

źģƛņLjĪģś ƤśƄǤĝ

e x2f t4u h #l f 6 &y Ì (k p6 i2/ : ń(ŀŬň)*ŀĿĿĿ = 2gOgb Oc7b 2O6

Ƌ k6 i 1r2f .O Oc7b 2O6 p (Bs Í Sz> ."r ‫أ‬ ƋiĒ o2O6 XOB Oc7b 2O6 ( ?y k6 h^ .O ‫ب‬ e N wV i sz'b 0o - .N j ^ / V w6 a C b ¹[ F ar.b t.& wV j sz'b M sj .& - .N @Z k 7 ƋńłŇņň ( ?zb ŁĿĿĿ e N -.Ob 0o a C h ŇĿńŃĿ tr 7 ŀňŅĿ ƋŀňŅĿ e N lf k6 i 1r2f .O i sz'b 0o - .N p (Bs Sz> ^ ‫أ‬ ƋŀňŇń e N i sz'b 0o - .N ."r ‫ب‬ wb i sz'b 0o - .N d? i PZs e N t wWV a.Ogb 0p i sz'b 0o - .N a C 2g 6 / ‫ﺟ‬ ƋŀňŅĿ e N qzcN so f X?j Ƌ gzZ 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. ."r ĿŬŃņņ = łsb ŮĿŬłĿŀ = Łsb i ^ / 8 ńsb ‫ﺟ‬ ň = Ł-5( Łł ) ‫ﺟ‬ ņ = 5ń * Ł ‫و‬

ł sb ‫ب‬ Ł

Ņsb ‫أ‬

Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb lf d^ d& Nsg#f % wV ."r 9 ƅņ = ŀ+5ł ‫ب‬ ƅń = 5Ł ‫أ‬ ŀ-5Ň = Ł-5ł

‫ﻫ‬ 5

ŀ = (ŀ + 5)- b- Ogb d& Nsg#f ."r ‫ب‬ ň

ł = 5- ŀ ń ‫د‬ ł = (5)- j ^ / 10

( + C)- = ( )- * (C)- Ëi ‫أ‬ 5 ŀŁ - ŀ = 5Ł b- Ogb d& Nsg#f zÊ j z ."r 11

5 sb =i ` = sb

i

(ŀŬň) = Ł

sk6 Ň - i

łsb + Łsb = ł * Ł sb = Ņsb ‫أ‬ ĿŬņņŇ = ĿŬŃņņ+ ĿŬłĿŀ = ŀĿ

8

ĿŬŅňň = ĿŬłĿŀ - ŀ = Łsb - ŀ = Ł sb = ń sb lzV2Gcb sb 0* ŀ-5 Ň = Ł-5 ł 9 Ň sb ( ŀ-5 ) = ł sb (Ł- 5) Ň sb - Ň sb 5 = łsb Ł - łsb 5 ĿŬŀŁ- - Ňsb - ł sbŁ = 5 Ň sb - ł sb

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

6

i(ŀŬň) *ŀĿĿĿ=ŀĿĿĿ* Ł ‫ب‬

Ƌqzk" ŀĿĿĿ so Oc7cb wc>Ĕ 2O7b i ^ / V ūň 1 .[g yÊ sk6 2gOgb Pc7b t.& 2O6 - -4y 6

86

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

50


-

äɪàjQÉZƒ∏dG ¢UGƒ```N ¢†©H

( + C )- = + C ł = ł * C ł = ( )- * ( )lz b .b lf d^ h61 ` đF wb cF

»ªcGôJ QÉÑàNG

10

‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﻰ‬

11

(Ł - 5) sb = (5)S ‫ﺟ‬

Ł-5 = (5)- ‫ب‬ 5

ł

e z"r3 pjs^

5 ŀŁ - ŀ= (5)Ł- Ů 5 Ł = (5)ŀ-

Ł

ŀ

51

‫ﺟ‬

Ł- ŀŁ

C

Ł-Łņ ł

ŁŃł ‫و‬ ŀŁń sb + ń sbł

1

‫ب‬

C

* C ł

ŀ Ń

ŀ ‫ﻫ‬ Łņ ňsb

Ɗ2? * 3 ‫أ‬

ł

(ŀŅ) ‫أ‬

ŀ sb + ńsb ‫د‬ ń

Ɗ Đ- Ogb lf d^ É d& Nsg#f I wV ."r 5

ŀ = Ł-5ł ‫ب‬ ł

ń = |Ł - 5| ‫أ‬ ŀ Ń‫ﺟ‬ ŀŅ = 5

ŀĿ sb + łsb = 5sb ‫د‬

Ɗ 6 'b e .+ 6 ."r 6

ŀ ‫أ‬

3

‫ب‬

Ł ‫أ‬

4

2W> ‫د‬

ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ ł Ł-

‫ب‬

Ɗ( 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. ) w y gf d^ É gzZ ."r 4 2W> ( ŀń ł ) * ň * Ł(ŀ- ł)

] ' ,Ł ] ‫ﺟـ‬

ń ‫و‬

Ł

ŀ-(ŀń) * Ń (Ňŀ) * ł (ŀŁń)

ł

ŀ ň

|5| - Ł = (5)S ‫ﺟ‬

5 sb - ŀ = (5) ¶o ‫د‬

:}lb 6 f 5 .Ȗ r 5 l HS h*

] ' ,Ł ] ‫أ‬

Ł - 5 = (5)- ‫أ‬

' r t.gb lzÍ N¼ h62b lfr Ůw y gf d^ É wk'kf h61 2 Ƌ y-2V Ł(Ł - 5) = (5)- ‫أ‬ ŀ-5ł = (5)- ‫ب‬

z& lf pNsjr b .b - 2F

0o) lzk'kgb lf PF [ b H[j -.& h .& r d_: wV (d'b so (Ŀ) - % ‫ب‬

Ɗ z Ē a r.b lf d^ É a #f lzÍ N¼ 1

lzy2;N lzgZ2b $ kb ¹ 2[f Łń = Ł-5 ł \['½ w b 5 gzZ ‫أ‬ ņńĿ ł ńŀĿ ń

gzZ ‫ب‬

Ɗa C b - d g½ py r sgj b - d g ½ z Ē a r.b x Ì 7 ŀ + 5(ŁŬŀ)ŀĿ = = 5 - ŀ (ł) ĿŬŁ = =

‫ب‬ ‫د‬

‫ﻫ‬

{ŀ-} ‫ب‬

{ł- ,ņ} ‫أ‬

{łĿ} ‫د‬

{Ł- ,Ł}ŀ ‫ﺟ‬

ŁłŬŁŃ ‫ب‬

ŃŬňł ‫أ‬

6

sgj ‫ب‬

sgj ‫أ‬

7

a C ‫د‬

a C ‫ﺟ‬

5

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

87

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

5(ŀŬĿń) ł = = 5( ŀ )ĿŬŃ = =

Ł

‫أ‬ ‫ﺟ‬


óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬

ôüĿîüĿí

äÉ`jÉ¡``ædG

äÉjÉ¡ædG

Limits

Limits óĊăŎĿí ôŃĊĸŃ

} f x ʘ F 6f 1 lf # 2+f Qx6[f 2* ˕Calculus˖ hk c f x hF [ f yux vpȗf ȗ;g; lf x hk c f x ] _ >Ȗ x e C Ȗ x vqf : 52 D /

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬

˅ vg g+ x e x2f }Z 6 W f : 52f i2/ ; mgR : 52f w& +p k 6Ǜ #cZ ʘ [g /lf iygSf x 5 ' f x +f x :2qvf _ K f rk 2 2Sf }Z hk c f x hF [ f mgR h.2 x ˅ vg* rR z6.Ț iygSf HS x 6 'f mgR 8'S } f ȗc?lf HS h*x v Z 6 W f x ʘ f 2f ayg:

óĊăŎĿí łŀĬ÷ õîÿĎĈŃ :o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 2*yf vp }Z ë inbUÐ nYð { Y pUÐØ pxngi s f x

ÓnxngfUÐ R pY{bY æ}_ x i i ê ëC i C - 5 É```¡f Y phf_eUÐ }hQ ÓnhecUÐ _= æ}_ x e eC -e5 C !5 ' * » º ' - ' º ' º |`É ' |`É nhă inh=í nxă } @ pxngiĆUÐ {fL pUÐØ pxngi {@ x º hd Un= º}In eUÐ x _ Un= pUÐØ pxngi Øn xÎ pbx}J Ø{ x pUÐØ pxngi p É Y b dU phinh UÐ Ón Hn UÐ ê{ x

RÐ}eUÐ R Ñ}\Un= ºpU ]eUÐ pe bUn= i i

pxngfUÐ pehS }x}b>í ¼ ëC ë C - 5 É```¡f ë inbUÐ nY{ Y pUÐØ pxngi {@ x ð C -5 C !5 ÓnxngfU phHnHúÐ hwnaeUÐ dL pL f Y Ónbh ]> æ}_ x

éÐí{UÐ

88

-¹ g N .g Oy df _ b r dB W b 7'b w6 6Ĕ . gb i l szj Y '6 lf d^ M. .[br Ů y pkb 2_V wcN 2z ^ ¹ gpzb V h lfr Ůdf _ b r dB W b lz ZđOb 4 k zb .y2W s"r d^ ho 6 .[br Ůdf _ b r dB W b hcN U ; ^ wV dCWb P"2y ƋhcOb 0o 1sG r U ; ^ wV 2z ^ go 7f gpkf Đ #gb lf .y.Ob wV df _ b r dB W b hcN e.+ 7yr z 2p_b r z6.kpb [z G b wV e.+ 7zV Ů z[z G b ]sc6 6 1.b q" 'j f 2z ^ ¹ r Ů Wc +gb escOb r y1 # b r 4#O w b đ_;gb d&r z z'b a gNĔ G 2gb a r.b Ƌ pc& lN t2*Ĕ zB y2b escN - #y zWz^r b .b y pj so .y." espWf b Gb 51.y Us6 Ɗ wor .&sb 5r1- ađ* lf y¹ 2 "r z¹ j z y pkb `c y pkb wV f.[f ƊexȚ 952f y¹ 2 " b - y pj - #y Ɗ }p #f 952f Ƌ y pjđb .kN b .b y pj Ɗ$f #f 952f ‫ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ f Kf rk T^y v Z K?pȚ 4 [q x 2*yf t4u : 51 2S :o I # % A7 ­ :( -( l&+8% ' ' * ȇ , ' < ' , : ( :7 +¥ ³z # )B h+ l&+8% '

,:)1- , "/8 ,® L¥ h% +8 :: :% ¼ ¶ :-%&I © IQ6 &¥ ­ V½ ŀ- i

Ci=

i

- i5

C C-5

É```¡f - (F f81( : :% ¼ ? % C !5 e-i i iC - i 5 É```¡f 0 C* e = e - e 5 C !5 C

F 0 %F ¬? :% ¼W 7 : :% ¼ ¶ :) &% - 0 : :% ¼ :/J .( Q-/8" : L # L3 £ , f81% I:% A7 I4 0 # % A7 : 3 35 ;¥ § : 78( # - LM l&+8%

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

52


ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí pxngiĆUÐ {fL pUÐ{UÐ pxngi Ñ Limit of a Function at Infinity

}In Y x _> Ñ

pfh_Y }hQ pheT Ñ

óĊăŎĿí ôŃĊĸŃ

direct Substitution

RÐ}Y Ñ

Conjugate

Polynomial Function

Øí{ UÐ Ò}h T pUÐØ Ñ

‫زﻣﻦ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ?& ŀŃ

Unspecified Quantity

æ}_Y }hQ Ñ

Undefined

pUÐØ pxngi Ñ

Limit of a Function

óĊăŎŀĿ ŐńŔĨň÷ ĢĤĈŃ

õîœîŌňĿí

:‫ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ 2z_W b - đ_;gb d& Ů wczc' b 2z_W b - .Z kb 2z_W b Ƌ zB y2b wV wN . Ė

ôĿíĊĿí ôœîŌŇ

ôĿíĊĿí ôœîŌŇ ĉîĀœç ôœîŌŇŜĿí Ċňī

ôœĎĨŇ

‫اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ A2N 3 p" - zj z 6 & b - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Y1r - = >1 hcZ Ůi sb eđZ Ů zV W: Ů Datashow j z d f zfs61 $f 2 -r4f wb 6 & - O 2f 1s 6 - O 2f Ƌ(geogebra) ‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ‬ d& - E k 6Đ - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob Ƌ zgcN ' ;Z kf - wjr O b hcO b - đ_;gb pCO l_br Ů.& r 51- wV pOzg" e.+ 7 Đ Y2Gb m0or Ƌ ?'b lf3 lf 6 kgb q Zr wV e.+ 7y :‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ‬ d Z zN g#b r y-2Wb y2y2' b r zpW;b c 6Ĕ wV d g = +b hzz[ b hc6r &2 [gb G;jĔ r 51.b .O r k wVr wcN f N y1. r y-2Wb r zN g#b Xzb _ b r Ů pkf d_ Ƌ .&sb y pj wV wg^ 2 b 1 *Đ r .&sb

53

ŀ - i ë

C

i

C - i5 É```¡f C - 5 C !5

Œij ïĎĠĿí ĶijíĎńĿí

ôĿíĊĿí ôœîŌŇ ĉîĀœç ôĤĸŇ Ċňī

ôńĔĸĿí ôĿŎĤńĿí

Œij ôŃĊĸŃ õîœîŌňĿí

ĞœŎĬøĿí ĎėîòńĿí

ľŔŀĄøĿí

óĊăŎĿí đōčĉ ˅ vqf }Z k2_k ˄ ˕ɸ˝ɺ˖ 952f

óĊăŎŀĿ ŐńŔĨň÷ ĢĤĈŃ

˅ ǯ 6 & f 2f vp 1 ' ˄ ˕ɹ˝ɺ˖ 952f

˅ vpȗf 2qR f 2f vp ˄ ˕ɺ˝ɺ˖ 952f

ľëîēŎĿíō õíōĉŗí ky:5 (k 6 ˝ }f : * ˝ : * f

óĊăŎĿí łēã

89

óĊăŎĿí łēã

:‫اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪة‬ - #y r b - y pk > +b z6 6Ĕ hzo Wgb HG+gb (Bsy w b Wc +gb Y2Gb `b/r y pjđb .kNr G[j .kN b - y pj 2Cb r bsGgb g7[b r dzc' b r 2: gb DysO b . Ƌq# jr isj [b e .+ 6 2z* r \V 2gb wV ¹

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

ôßĿÎßĿí

ôßĿÎßĿí ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí ôßĿÎßĿí ĂłÄŠÄƒĹŽĿí

äÉjÉ¥ÌdG Âťa ĂĄeó≤e

1-3

äÉjÉ¥ÌdG≈a ÂťaĂĄeó≤e ĂĄeó≤e äÉjÉ¥ÌdG

Introduction to Limits of Functions .g Oyr ĹŽdB W b hcN wV z6 6Ä” hzo Wgb lf G[j .kN b - y pj espWf 2 Oy 0o 6 1.br Ć‹ pWy2O E [j Pzg" .kN b .b ]sc6 wcN z6 6 W? espWgb 0o Ć‹ z[z['b - .NÄ” Nsg#f wV zg_b M sj wcN U2O b wS ky ]sc7b

‍ﺎﺜ‏ ÂżCG Ă´còJ &G = 5 \ + u =0 ' 5 2 1 "RG 3 " g dM #L . AL 1<&+ =

Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē I:7 +ÂĽ Âłz # )B

ĆŠ`b/ `k_f i z Ä’ zcgOb $ j ."r Ĺ„*Ĺ‚ 1

Ŀ_ņ 4

Ĺˆ-Ĺƒ 3

Ĺ‚+' 6

Äż_Äż 5

' - ' 8

'_' 7

o :å̍ŠªdG Ă´ÂŤZ äɍªΟdG

Unspecified Quantities

â€Ťďş—ďťŒďť ďť˘â€Ź

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí :7 +( Âłz : ) Unspecified Quantities

l&+( Âłz

Undefined Value of a Function

: :)

Limit of a Function

: :% Âź

gkz ĹŽ Ĺ‚ ĹŽ Ĺ ĹŽ Ĺ€ hZ1 d f fš g -š .'f zcgOb $ sj DO Ă‹i .#j <Z jr 2Ă?_V .k wV Ć‹ zcgOb wZ d f o.y.' l_gyÄ? $ skb DO Ć‹ pb wkOf Ä? 2W> wcN g7[b i z& V2Of 2zR Äż _ ņ : •n % - .NÄ” lf w pj Ä? -.N ."sy z&Ć…Äż _ Äż zcgOb $ j .y.' l_gy Ä? iÄ’ r 2W> lfr ĹŽ kzOf 2zR zg^ 2W> i V `b0b 2W> $ kb i ^ 2W> wV pkf d^ Ăˆ 2B½ / ? U & ' * Äż ĹŽ ' - ' ĹŽ ' Ć…ĆŠ Cy š kzOgb 2zR zg_b '

IÇ˝

~ < C n G UQ

, '

~ < C n G UQ , ' − ~ > C n G UQ

, '

952f &6/k

V 3 /" : ( 3> O( &

C d_b

'= C + '

~ > C n G UQ , ' −

- #y r y2 #b 2y- [gb dzc' r a r.b b Gb 51- i \ 6 g^ ĹŽ kzOf gzZ b .b 2zS f 0* y f.kN f b .b y-.Ob gz[b 51.b 0o wVr ĹŽ o .f - #y r a r.b DO a #f - #y 51- .NÄ” Nsg#f wcN U2O yr y pkb wV f.[f 51.y Us6 p# sj zg7fr ĹŽ pzcN zcgOb DO r ĹŽ . ggb z[z['b yš 2 " G[j .kN b .b y pkb - #y zWz^ wcN U2O y `b0^r Ć‹ b .cb d ggb {j z b d_;b lf zš j z r ar.#b lf

: )" :L3 _ : d

:=L[ G ' − , ' 1+u " 3 5H 5 &X = 5 I (3 &) 2"XL

' - = C + '-

€[g.

Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí

∂JÉeĆ’âˆ?Še ≈dEG ∞°VCG

ĆŠi V

Introduction to limits of functions

I:M- 7 : :% Âź

Ĺ? â€Ťďť“ďťœﺎ‏

Ĺƒ _ ŠŇ 2

1-3

:o f Kf rk T^y w€Z K?pțf Ǜ4€[q x 952f 4u vp }Z

= C * '

' * ȇ , ' < ' ,

= C * '-

' ,á : ( :7 +¼ ³z # )B h+ l&+8% '

I: 7/7ÂĽ L 3& , f83 : :% Âź ? %

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

I: ' .( O8781 :% 4WY .( : :% Âź ? %

90

ĆŠ 1Ä’ r XZ sgb m0o ;Z kf .kN wcy f wN 2yr Ć‹% 2 Z t s'j .[j t qz"s e.N Pf 1 _VÄ” Pzg" as Z wS ky ˜ 1 wcN hp " k 6 k wcN Ä‘Gb Pz#; wS ky ˜ pzV ]1 : .Z 2_Wb i r2O; 7y w & `b/r ĹŽhp Ä‘f3 Ć‹lzOf b F lf O j 7zbr b F lf 2 ^

€: : 16[k : :) − : :% Âź − :7 +( Âłz : ) *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

Ć‹wjr O b hcO b - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob

1 _VÄ” ! 2+ 6 wcN hpOz#; r lz f ?b Ä‘Gb 4y4O ˜ Ć‹hp 1 e 2 & r 1Ä’ lys_ r wcN k b r ĹŽ p gzZ j ^ gpf 1 _VÄ” 2 _ e g oÄ? ˜ ! 2+ 6 wcN hpOz#; r ĹŽ1 _VÄ” m0o ! 2+ 6Ä? Ä‘Gb Ć‹2_Wb 0pb lzN. gb 4y4O r ĹŽ N. gb 1 _VÄ? ‍ؼďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعس‏

:< 52 f o ck

Ć‹w6 1.b d?Wb :mgS f 51 Ck

zbr.b _ ;b ĹŽ ĹˆĹ„ 'W> wb ĹˆÄż 'W> lf b Gb ^ Ć‹ 61.gb _f - ( j2 jÄ– ) fscOgcb ( z s _kOb )

:IĂłjĂłL ºgĂ‰Ă˜e 2W>

pjÄ” kzOf 2zR zg^ wg7 2W> i Ä‘Gb wb (Br ˜ 5Ĺ ĹŽ 5 z Ä’ y2 #b 1s7_b Ä‘ gV "Ä– -.O f 5 - Ĺ 5

Ĺ 5Ĺ‚

d_b $ kb i .#j Äż = 5 lN DysO b ĹŽ 5 ĹŽ 5 2W>

ĆŠwo $ skb i .#j 1s7_b m0o 1 ? * .O r 2W> pkf :Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ ĹŽĹ€- ĹŽ2W> ĹŽĹ

:‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďşŒďş”â€Ź pkN 2z O b l_gy z z& XZ sf 2^/ ` Ä‘F wb cF ˜ r ĹŽ 2B r %2F r Pg" wcN ts ' zB y1 dg# 1 wb U.py (wko/ X?O^) lzz[z[& ly-.N g7Z dg# pkN 2 Oy z z& XZ sf `b0^ ĹŽ ;Z kgb r 2_Wb Ć‹ I Ç˝ C z& ĹŽ ' - 'ĹŽ '- C ĹŽ C + 'd f

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

54


-

äÉjÉ¡ædG ‘ áeó≤e -

(ɸ)

V2Of 2zR ‫ب‬

2W> ‫أ‬

kzOf 2zR ‫د‬

2W> ‫ﺟ‬

‫و‬

'-

‫ﻫ‬

kzOf 2zR ‫ح‬

'

‫ز‬

'-

äÉjÉ¡ædG ‘ áeó≤e

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ŀ_ń- ‫د‬ ' - * Ņ - ‫ﺣـ‬

ł_Ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ '*ń ‫ز‬

V2Of 2zR ‫د‬ ' ‫ﺣـ‬

Ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ ' ‫ز‬

ľĄĿí

'- ‫ب‬

' ‫أ‬

kzOf 2zR zg^ ‫و‬

' ‫ﻫ‬ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ŀ * ' ‫د‬ '_' ‫ح‬

I ?qf 4 [q f :I ?p

Ɗ k¹ _gf `b/ i ^ / z Ē zcgOb $ j ."r 1 Ŀ_ņ ‫ب‬ (Ł -) _ Ŀ ‫أ‬ ŀŁ + (' -) ‫و‬ ' * (ņ -) ‫ﻫ‬

'_ň ‫ﺟ‬

' + ' ‫ز‬

: á£≤f óæY ádGO ájÉ¡f

lf .^ r ňŀ 'W> (Bsgb E ;kb ` đF Pf <Z j hpkf cF r ȿŁ lf 5 2Cj f.kN ȿ cg#b hp Oz 6 < 5) lzgzb espWf wb hp7Wj sc?y w & c f GN wcN .z^ b h y ;Z kgb ađ* lfr Ł >5 ) 1 7zb r Ł i V 1 7zb lf r lzgzb lf Ł -.Ob lf 5 2 [ f.kN qj Ɗw Ē ^ z¹ B y1 `b/ .kN 2 Ojr ń -.Ob lf 2 [ (5)-

‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬ h Ů z Ē ar .#b dg^ ŀ + 5 Ł = (5) - 5 ib I wcN V2Ogb - b .cb wj z b H+b Ɗwb b d_;b {V Ɗ z Ē c 6Ĕ lN " (¢S)O

(5) -

− −

t ń = (5)- É```¡f

¢S

(¢S)O

¢S

4^8

1^9

5^2

2^1

4^98

1^99

5^02

2^01

4^998

1^999

5^002

2^001

4^9998

1^9999

5^0002

2^0001

.......

.......

.......

.......

2

5

5

2

Ł>5

Ł<5

1 7zb p" lf Ł lf 2 [ 5

lzgzb p" Ł lf 2 [ 5

:n % Ƌ(5) - pzb 2 [ { b gz[b f Ůlzgzb p" lf Ł -.Ob wb 5 2 [ f.kN ½

Ł !5

Ƌ(5) - pzb 2 [ { b gz[b f Ů1 7zb p" lf Ł -.Ob wb 5 2 [ f.kN ½

i as[jr ń = (ŀ + 5Ł) É```¡f

¾ zÊ B y1 `b/ lN 2 O½ Í jr (ń) -.O¼ b lf 2 [¼ (5)- Ëi V 1 7zb lf r lzgzb lf (Ł) -.Ob lf 5 2 [¼ f.kN ń = (ŀ + 5 Ł) É``````¡f Ɗw Ē ^

Ł !5

Ł !5

Ƌ ń tr 7 Ł lf 5 2 [ f.kN (ŀ + 5Ł) b .b y pj

91

I ?qf m _ mg:

ÖdÉ£dG AGOCG

Ɗ k¹ _gf `b/ i ^ / z Ē zcgOb $ j ."r 1 '-ł ‫ب‬ ' + Ń ‫أ‬ Ŀ_Ŀ ‫و‬ ' +' ‫ﻫ‬

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

á©FÉ°ûdG AÉ£NC’G Ɗ z Ē zcgOb lz Z2W cb đGb G+y .Z Ŀ {Ŀ } - I ǽ C z& C Ů Ů Ŀ _Ŀ Ŀ C

ôjó≤àdG

ar.#b dz g sG* b Gb A2Oy pkN 2 Ogb hz[ 7gb H+b h62yr 1s? b .b y pj $ k 7yr Ů f Z. Ƌ 'z'>

RÉàªe

'z'> 1s? ar.#b b Gb ;ky Ů pb {j z b dz g b qzcN O?y .Z l_br Ƌh62b lf b .b y pj - #y {b b r

V2Of 2zR , Ŀ Ů kzOf 2zR zg^ .k wcN "Ė wV \ 7b wko0b X?Ob $ sj e.+ 6 Ƌ(ňĿ) = <Z jr 2_V

GkóL ó«L

'z'> 1s? ar.#b b Gb ;ky lf \[' zb .N 7gb DO b ! 'y qk_br Ƌ y pkb - #y '>

wcN .z^ b Pf .k b 0o wcN "Ė ` đF wb cF Đ pCO r Ƌ f¹ g -.'f $ sj pb zcgOb m0o DO i Ƌ(ňĿ) 'W> hcO .k wV -1r g^ o.y.' l_gy

ó«L

{V G+ l_br ar.#b b Gb ;ky G+y {b b r 2J kgb hz[b DO - #y Ƌ pb {j z b dz g b {V

` fscOf wb XB .k wV -1r w b .N s[b e.+ 6 (ňŀ) 'W> a gb ;Z kf wV ŇŅ =

∫ƒÑ≤e

{b b r ar.#b ;j b Gb PzG 7y Đ ! 'yr b .cb {j z b dz g b PzG 7y Đ Ƌqz"s b r .N 7gb wb

∞«©°V

55

: }u &Ȝ x

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

ƙd' i ar & ƚ .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF Ƌ hp " O f Pf b Gb ^ lf (ňŀ) 'W>

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b


äÉjÉ¡ædG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

y pj i V Ů1 7zb r lzgzb w p" lf C lf 5 2 [ f.kN Ů a .z&r gzZ lf 2 [ - b .b gzZ j ^ /

a = (5)- É``````¡f : +^ u m'<L a tr 7 (5)C!5

a tr 7 C lf 5 2 [ f.kN (5)- y pj : " L

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

Ł5 ƋŁ lf 5 2 [ f.kN (5)- hzZ 51- V ŃŁ-- 5 = (5)- j ^ / 2

ľĄĿí

(¢S)O

~

~

¢S

(¢S)O

¢S

3^9

1^9

4^1

2^1

3^99

1^99

4^01

2^01

3^999

1^999

4^001

2^001

.......

.......

.......

.......

2

4

4

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

Ł<5

: s¿CG ∫ÉãªdG Gòg øe ßM’

(Ł = 5 .kN V2Of 2zR b .b i t ) Ł = 5 f.kN 2W> lzzO b e.N¼ Đ & lf b & {kO¼ {j z b d_;b {V s#Wb - Ł = 5 .kN V2Of b .b is_ Ài 1r2Cb wkO Đ Ł # 5 f.kN b .cb y pj -s"r - 2W>

(ŀ -) lf 5 2 [ f.kN (5)- hzZ 51- V

ŀ - Ł5 ŀ +5

− ~

− ~

~

(ł) d_:ƅƅƅƅƅƅ(Ł) d_:Ƅƅƅƅƅ

2

= (5)- j ^ / 2

(5)- É``````¡f ."r z Ē a _:Ĕ lf d^ {V 3 ł !5

(Ł) ȿd' i ar &ȿ .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF hp " O f Pf b Gb ^ lf (ňŁ) 'W>

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

~

Ń- Ł5

wg k Đ Ł i lf hR2b Ł = 5 .kN -s"r pb Ł - 5 = (5) ȗKf z2f T > K. 4ux

Ł5 É``````¡f `ƄƄ1 7zb p" Ń = ŃŁ-- 5 Ł!5

Ł

Ń- 5 z& - b .b y pj i L&đyr Ń = Ł - 5 = É```¡f i t Ł !5

Ƌ - b .b a #gb

lf r lzgzb p" lf Ł # 5 f.kN Ń # (5)- Ëi .#j ¼ 'Bsgb ar.#b j z lfr wj z b d_;b lf

Ń = t27zb y pkb = wkgzb y pkb

2

Ł>5

~

qj wcN .z^ b Pf (ňŁ) 'W> (Ł) a f ` đF Pf <Z j

IJœĎĬ÷

ôüĿîüĿí óĊăŎĿí

äÉ`jÉ¡``ædG

ŀŬŀĿ

ŀŬĿŀĿ

ŀŬĿĿŀ-

$

# ĿŬňňň- ĿŬňň-

ĿŬňĿ

Ü

ŁŬŀ-

ŁŬĿŀ-

ŁŬĿĿŀ-

$ Ł- # ŀŬňňň- ŀŬňň-

ŀŬňĿ

Ü Ø

ŀ

~

(ŀ) d_:Ƅƅƅƅ

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

92

: 6" r 5 l

− − − −

` ;f hc?f Z

= (5)- É```¡f ŀ !5 = (5)- É```¡f Ł !5 = (5)- É```¡f ł !5

Ů = (ŀ)- 1 Ů = (Ł)- 2 Ů = (ł)- 3

f.kN (5)- hzZ 51- V ŀ + Ł5 = (5)- i ^ / 4 ?-s"r pb (5)- É```¡f do ł ! 5 ł !5

e .+ 6 wb ` đF q"r [ 7b ly1 g b lN "ėb Ƌ y pkb gzZ 2y.[ b ar.#b

:o m:6f rkx ex2'f rk P*ȗp

1 7zb r lzgzb p" lf ŀ- #5 f.kN Ł - #(5)Ł- =

ŀ- Ł5 ŀ+5

=

É```¡f ŀ - !5

`b0b

: &yfyqc f i 2/ :

G[j .kN b - y pj - #y wcN (ňŁ) 'W> (ł) a f <Z j s6 'b $f 2 e .+ 6 4#b 0o (zBs dCWy Ƌ z¹ j z e .+ 6 'zBs 2fĔ - -4yr A2Ob 4p" e .+ 6 ¹ Ƌ 1 7gb wcN G[kb ^2& (Bs w b 9đWb Wcf − − − −

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

56


ย -ย

รคร jร ยกรฆdG โ รกeรณโ คe ย -ย

:o P*ศ

รคร jร ยกรฆdG โ รกeรณโ คe ฤพฤ ฤฟรญ

ฦ i V (a #gcb {g k C t ) C .kN V2Of b .b j ^ / -r.& 2z ^ - z& (C)- = (5)- ร ```ยกf C !5 ฦ gkz ลฎ(a #gcb wg k ฤ C z&) C .kN V2Of 2zR b .b j ^ / ลฎ2^/ g^ -s"r pb (5)- ร ```ยกf is_ .[V C !5 ฦ -s"r pb 8zb (5)- ร ```ยกf is_ .Zr

ล = (5)- ร ``````ยกf (ล ) d_: ล !5

ล !5

ฤพฤ รท ล รฃ ฤฝล รฎฤ

(5)- ร ``````ยกf ."r ฦ z ฤ a _:ฤ lf d^ {V 3 ล !5

โ โ โ

โ โ โ

(ล ) d_:

(ล ) d_:

: ย n p'7'(ย ? I ( T H 1 ลฎC = 5 .kN V2Of b .b is_ ร i 1r2Cb wkOyฤ C # 5 f.kN b .cb y pj -s"r C = 5 .kN b .cb y pj -s"r wkOy ฤ 0pV C = 5 .kN V2Of b .b j ^ / 8_Ob r ฦ G[kb 8Wj .kN b .b y pjr G[j .kN b - gzZ lz Y2Wb lN ` sc6 2 N ศ วญฦฝฦ ฦ ล ส ฦฏล

1

โ ซุฃโ ฌ ล = (ฤฟ)- โ ซุจโ ฌ

(ูก-ูฃ) โ ซ๏บ ๏ปคู ู ู ู ๏บ ุฑ๏ปณู ู ๏ปฆโ ฌ

ฤฟ !5

+ ล !5

(ล ) d_:ฦ ฦ ฦ ฦ

ล = (5)- ร ```ยกf

ฦ -s"r pb 8zb (5)- ร ```ยกf

ย โ โ โ โ โ โ

: (ษธ-ษบ) r 5 l &

:ร ยซv fร ยซH รกjร ยกรฆdG Oร รฉjEG โ โ Y รธjQร ยชJ :โ hCG

2

ฦ i .#j h62b lf

ล !5

-s"r pb 8zb (5)- ร ``````ยกf (ล ) d_:

C !5

i .#j wj z b h62b lf

ล = (5)- ร ``````ยกf (ล ) d_:

(ล = 5 .kN V2Of 2zR b .b i L&ฤ )

rล

โ ซุฃโ ฌ

ฦ ."r wj z b h62b lf 1 (5)- ร ``````ยกf โ ซุฃโ ฌ

โ โ

r ล

ศ !5

(ฤฟ)- โ ซุจโ ฌ

ล = (ล )- โ ซุจโ ฌ

โ โ โ โ โ

93

ฦ kยน _gf `b/ i ^ ร i ."r d [gb wj z b h62b lf 2 (5)- ร ``````ยกf โ ซุฃโ ฌ

ล !5

(ล )- โ ซุจโ ฌ

exศ วพ 52f hC[f ห f Kf b

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf mย ย _ f

( ล d' i ar & ) .k wV -1r f d& ` ฤ F wb cF ย ฦ hp " O f Pf b Gb ^ lf ล ล = 3

2W> = (5)- ร ```ยกf (ล ) d_: ล !5

-s"sf 2zR = (5)- ร ```ยกf (ล ) d_: ล !5

ล - = (5)- ร ```ยกf (ล ) d_: ล !5

y pj pb b .b is^ (Bsy wj z b d_;b i ฤ Gcb (Br ย i t wj z b d_;b wcN ( ) r [ -s"r aฤ * lf ฤ e ฦ G[kb m0o .kN -s"sf 2zR b .b

57

exศ วพ 52f hC[f ห mgSศ b


äÉjÉ¡ædG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉ`jÉ¡``ædG (5) -

ôüĿîüĿí óĊăŎĿí

Ɗ i .#j wj z b h62b lf 3

Ɗ."r d [gb wj z b h62b lf 3 (5)- É``````¡f ‫أ‬

2W> = (5)- É```¡f

Ł-!5

(Ł -)- ‫ب‬

− − − − − − − − −

ł = (Ł-)- ‫ب‬

(5)- É``````¡f ‫ﺟ‬ Ŀ !5

(Ŀ)- ‫د‬

(5) -

Ł5 - Ł= (5)- b .cb d [gb {j z b d_;b

‫د‬

Ł = (Ŀ)-

4

Ł = (5)-

Ɗ."r d [gb wj z b d_;b lf −

Ŀ !5

(Ŀ)- ‫ب‬

É```¡f Ŀ !5

Ɗi .#j wj z b h62b lf 4

(Ł5 - Ł) É``````¡f ‫أ‬

‫أ‬

Ł- !5

Ł = (Ł5 - Ł)

− Ł5 - Ł = (5)-

É```¡f

‫أ‬

Ŀ !5

Ł = (Ŀ)-

‫ب‬

(5) -

Ń - Ł5 = (5)- b .cb d [gb {j z b d_;b 5 Ł +5

− − − − − − − −

Ɗi .#j wj z b h62b lf

Ɗ."r d [gb wj z b d_;b lf

(5)- É``````¡f ‫أ‬ Ł-!5

(Ł -)- ‫ب‬

Ń- Ł5 Ł+5

Ń=

(5) -

− −

: Ǜ 6 & f 2f vp 1 ' : Ǜ p "

Ɗ."r d [gb wj z b d_;b lf 6 (5)- É``````¡f ‫ب‬ (Ŀ) - ‫أ‬ Ŀ !5

(Ł) - ‫ﺟ‬

(5)- É``````¡f ‫د‬

Ł!5

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

-

‫أ‬

Ł- !5

Ƌ V2Of 2zR (Ł-)- ‫ب‬

Ń-Ł5 = (5)Ł+5

É```¡f

5

7

94

ŁŬŀ ŁŬĿŀ ŁŬĿĿŀ ŀŃŬń ŀŃŬĿń ŀŃŬĿĿń

$

$

Ł ŀŃ

#

#

ŀŬňňň ŀŬňň ŀŬň Ü ŀłŬňňń ŀłŬňń ŀłŬń Ü Ø

ŀŃ = (Ń+ 5ń) É```¡f L&đj ar.#b lf Ł !5

äÉjÉ¡ædG ‘ áeó≤e

9

:ÉvjôÑL ádGódG ájÉ¡f OÉéjEG :Ék«fÉK Ń + 5 ń = (5)- z& (5)- É``````¡f $ k 6 r { Ē ar.#b dg^ 7 Ł !5

ŁŬŀ

ŁŬĿŀ

ŁŬĿĿŀ

$

Ł

#

$

?

#

ŀŬňňň

ŀŬňň

ŀŬň

ŀŬŀ- ŀŬĿŀ- ŀŬĿĿŀŀĿŬňňň- ĿŬňň- ĿŬň- Ü ŁŬŀ- ŁŬĿŀ- ŁŬĿĿŀŁŀŬňňň- ŀŬňň- ŀŬň- Ü Ø ŀ- Ł5 É```¡f i L&đj ar.#b lf Ł- = ŀ + 5 ŀ- !5

Ü Ü Ø

(ŀ + 5 ł) É``````¡f $ k 6 r { Ē ar.#b dg^ 8 ŀ-!5

ŀŬŀ -

ŀŬĿŀ -

ŀŬĿĿŀ -

$

ŀ-

#

$

?

#

ĿŬňňň -

ĿŬňň -

ĿŬň -

Ü

ŀŬĿŀ -

ŀŬĿĿŀ -

$

ŀ-

#

$

?

#

ŁŬĿŀ

ŁŬĿĿŀ

$

Ł

#

$

?

#

$

#

10

ĿŬňňň -

ĿŬňň -

ĿŬň -

ŁŬŀ

Ü Ü Ø

Ł - 5 É``````¡f $ k 6 r { Ē ar.#b dg^ 10 Ń - Ł 5 Ł !5

ŁŬŀ

#

Ü Ø

ŀ - Ł5 É``````¡f $ k 6 r { Ē ar.#b dg^ 9 ŀ + 5 ŀ-!5

ŀŬŀ -

$

ŀŬňňň

ŀŬňň

ŀŬň

Ü

ŁŬĿŀ ŁŬĿĿŀ

$

ĿŬŁŃň ĿŬŁŃł

$

ŀ Ń

Ł- 5

ŀ ŀ Ń

= Ń - Ł5

#

ŀŬňňň ŀŬňň

#

Ü

ĿŬŁń ĿŬŁń ĿŬŁň Ü Ø

É```¡f Ł !5

ŀŬň

i L&đj ar.#b lf

Ü Ø

95

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

58


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

ôßĿÎßĿí

ådGódG åjÉ¥f OÉÊjEG Éjv ôÑL

2-3

ôßĿÎßĿí ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí ôßĿÎßĿí ĂłÄŠÄƒĹŽĿí

Éjv ôÑL ådGódG åjÉ¥f OÉÊjEG

2-3

Finding the Limit of a Function Algebraically

Finding the limit of function algebracally

b - y pj 7& lf kk_g w b y2Kkb r Y2Gb DO wcN U2O j 51.b 0o wV b .b wk'kf h61 r yĂŠ -.N y pkb - #y r ar." dgN wb " 'b ir- G[j .kN Ć‹ zĂŠ j z y pkb - #y r

: k2/ ;lf €l€gS f 1 ylf

‍ﺸﺎء‏

I# % A7 # %&H h+ ­ : M¼ :)1- , f83 I: :% Ÿ :) œ :%&H7 , f83

."r ł + 5 Š= (5)Š- Ŏ ŀ+ Š5= (5)ŀ- j ^ / (L&đ / f) (5)ŀ- É``````¥f Ŏ (ŀ)ŀ- - ŀ

Datashow j z A2N 3 p" - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć‹ s6 'cb zfs61 $f 2 - zj z 6 & b -

Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē I 0 ÂŁ 'Âł : :% Âź

i i Â? − C = C - 5 É```ÂĄf

C-5

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí

â€Ťďş—ďťŒďť ďť˘â€Ź

Limit of a Function

Limit of a Polynomial Function

I Ç˝ C ĹŽ-r.& 2z ^ (5)-Ć„t? G UQ ½

Ć‹wjr O b hcO b - wko0b X?Ob - 2: gb A2Ob

(C)- = (5)- É``````¥f Ƅ:n‡b C!5

(Ĺƒ-) É``````ÂĄf ‍ب‏ Ĺ‚ !5

Ć‹w6 1.b d?Wb

(Ĺƒ - 5 + Ĺ 5Ĺ‚) É``````ÂĄf ‍ب‏ Ĺ -!5

<Z jr ĹŽ-r.'b 2z ^ b .b s6 'b wj z b d_;b h61 ˜ pb #f wV Wc +f hzZ .kN b .b m0o y pj - #y wV ` Ä‘F Ć‹ Ä‘Gb K&Ä‘f d#6r

ĞĄĿí

Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí I: )" :L3 _ : d IV 3 /" : ( 3> O( &

Ɗ z Ē y pkb lf đ^ Ê ."r 1 (ń - 5Š) É``````¥f ‍أ‏ ŀ !5

96

Ć‹ yĂŠ 2 " G[j .kN b - y pj - #yÄ– Y2Gb DO r 952f &6/k

:Éjv ôÑL ådGódG åjÉ¥f OÉÊjEG

59

Q6 &ÂĽ

G[j .kN b - y pj - #y zWz^ b Gb 51- i \ 6 ar .#b e .+ 6 r ĹŽ b .cb wj z b dz g b e .+ 6 .Z G[j .kN y pj pb a r.b DO i b Gb hcO r ĹŽ y-.Ob Ć‹ a #gb 0pb wg k Ä? r b .b a #gb wg k ĹŽ b .b a #gb wg k G[j .kN y pj pb 8zb a r.b DO i r y pkb y2Kj DO b Gb 51.y Us6 51.b 0o wVr

:‍ؼďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعس‏ ` Ä‘F Pf ;Z kgb wV \ 7b E ;kb K&Ä‘fr $ j e.+ 6 'W?b 8Wk (Ĺ€) a f d& wV (ĹˆĹ…) 'W> hcO .k wV -r.& 2z ^ a r- pzcN \cGy a r.b m0o i ` Ä‘Gb (Br Ć‹ b - wg7 zj b r 2z ^ i ` Ä‘Gb .^ a gb d'b 'Bsgb sG+b sB wV Ć‹ 2: gb DysO b e .+ 6 p y pj - #y h y -r.'b

: L & :)1

€[g.

Ĺ -5 - Ĺ 5

lz y pkb w gzZ lz i1 Zr K&Ä‘gb d#6r

Ĺ !5

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

wj z b d_;b h61 wV zfs62b s6 'b $f 2 .& e.+ 6 ˜

Ĺ !5

Conjugate

Ĺ‚ !5

:‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďşŒďş”â€Ź

ĹŽ(5)Ĺ€- É```ÂĄf - #y ` Ä‘F wb cF ˜

Synthetic Division

ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ

zbr.b _ ;b r Ĺ€ĿŠ'W> wb ĹˆĹ… 'W> lf b Gb ^ Ć‹ 61.gb _f - ( j2 jÄ– ) fscOgcb

É```¥f

ÂŽ L( h% + Direct Substitution

Ɗ z Ē a r.b lf d^ É y pj ."r 1 (ń + 5ł - Š5) É``````¥f ‍أ‏

(Ĺ„ + 5Ĺ‚ - Ĺ 5) É``````ÂĄf ‍أ‏ Ĺ !5 "_ R& k+ )' I Ĺ‚ = Ĺ„ + Ĺ… - Ĺƒ =Ć„Ć„Ć„Ć„ I Ç˝ 5 hzZ d_b Ĺƒ- = (5)-Ć„Ć„ •n % Ĺƒ- = (Ĺƒ-) É``````ÂĄf ‍ب‏

:mgS f 51 Ck

Ĺ !5

š

: :% Âź

0 ÂŁ 'Âł : Polynomial Function

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź

:< 52 f o ck

(5)Ĺ -

OhóÍdG IĂ´ÂŤĂŁc ĂĄdGĂłdG ĂĄjÉ¥f Ă´Ĺ“ÄŽĨŇ

*6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

Ĺ€+ 5 = (5)Ĺ - ĹŽ Ĺ - 5 = (5)Ĺ€- z& Ĺ - ĹŽĹ€- lz b .cb

C !5

ŀ !5 (L&đ / f) (5)Š- É``````¥f Ŏ (Ŀ)Š- - ŠĿ !5

f Kf rk T^y w€Z K?pțf Ǜ4€[q x 952f 4u vp }Z :o

"/8 −Ž LÂĽ h% +8 : :% Âź Âś :-%&I Š Q6 &ÂĽ , f83 − : L ÂŤ 0 : MÂĽ :)1- Ĺ€-i

Ci=

e- i i C e

exČš Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČž b

i

C C-5

-i5

i

=

e

É```¥f - (F f81( : :% Ÿ ? %

C !5

C - i 5 É```¥f e C - 5 C !5

#z kb fš .+ 7f b - y pj ."sy


รคร jร ยกรฆdG รดรผฤฟรฎรผฤฟรญ รณฤ ย ฤ ล ย ฤฟรญ ( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m y_ f

ร vjร L รกdGรณdG รกjร ยกf Oร รฉjEG

e = (5)X ร ``````ยกf C!5

e ! a = [(5)X ! (5)-] ร ``````ยกf -ย C !5 a (5)- ร ``````ยกf = e (5)X C !5

ฤฟ ! e E2;

Iวฝ]

z&

-ย

a = (5)- ร ``````ยกf n G UQ C!5 :nย b aลฑ] = (5)- ] ร ``````ยกf -ย C !5

eลฑa = (5)X ฦ (5)- ร ``````ยกf -ย C !5

I วฝ ia z&

ia = i((5)-) ร ``````ยกf C !5

-ย

รดล ฤ ฤจล

ย -ย

โ ซ๏ปฃ๏บ ๏บ ู โ ฌ

d' i ar & .k wV -1r f d& ` ฤ F wb cF ย wcN UsZscb .z" O f ฤ Gb d& O f Pf (ล ล ) 'W> G*ฤ wcN U2O b r ลฎwGOgb a gcb b Gb hpV t.f ฦ ho4y4O r ฤ Gb Pz#; r p"ฤ Nr O ;b

ฦ z ฤ y pkb lf ฤ ^ ร ."r 2 ล + 5ล ร ``````ยกf โ ซุฃโ ฌ ล

5 J ร ``````ยกf โ ซุจโ ฌ 5 r 5 ล !

ล - 5ล + 5 ล -!5

(ล + 5ล ) ร ``````ยกf

:(ส ษน) +[B 1

ฤพฤ ฤฟรญ

ล - = ล - ล * ล = (ล - 5 ล )

ล -!5 ล - = ล = ล + ล - * ล ล + 5ล ร ``````ยกf โ ซุฃโ ฌ ล ล - ล - (ล -) ล + ล (ล -) ฦ =ฦ (ล - 5ล + ล 5) ร ``````ยกf ฦ =ฦ ล - 5ล + ล 5 ล - 5 ! ล -!5

5 J ร ``````ยกf

r ล = ล = ล !5 ฦ =ฦ 55 J ร ``````ยกf โ ซุจโ ฌ r rล 5 ร ``````ยกf r ล !5 r ล !5

ฤพฤ รท ล รฃ ฤฝล รฎฤ

ฦ z ฤ y pkb 7& 2 ล - ล 5 ร ``````ยกf โ ซุฃโ ฌ

5 " 5 ร ``````ยกf โ ซุจโ ฌ

a = (5)- ร ``````ยกf nย bฦ a = (5)X ร ``````ยกf j ^r C!5

C!5

รดล ฤ ฤจล

{ C } - I วฝ 5 d_b (5)X = (5)- t? G UQ ยฝ

โ ซ๏ปฃ๏บ ๏บ ู โ ฌ ย

โ โ

97

ล - ล 5 ร ``````ยกf ฦ ."r 3 ล -5 ล 5 ! ฤพฤ ฤฟรญ ล 5 ล = 5 .kN kzOfยฝ 2zR ล ล -- 5 = (5)- ร i L&ฤ ยฝj

(5)-

yร 2W?b 2zR p ; gb df sOb wcN g7[b r dzc' b

:o Zฦ e = (5) Y ร ```ยกf ลฎ a = (5)- ร ```ยกf C !5

C !5

I วฝ ] z& aลฑ] = (5) -ลฑ]

exศ วพ 52f hC[f ห f Kf b

e !a = [(5)Y ! (5)-] y pj - #y .kN x2 .b 2y.[ b 5 5 zZ 1r2B L&ฤ ย z c gb b .b

a = (5)- ร ```ยกf C !5

Pf y2Kkb m0o wcN \z G ^ ฤ Gb Pf ล a f <Z j ย ล - ล 5 {ล } -I pb #f z& ล - 5 = (5)- j ^ / qj (zBs ฦ i V gzZ (-r.'b 2z ^ b -) I pb #f z& ล + 5 + ล 5 = (5)Y `b0b {ล } - I วฝ5 hzZ Pzg#b i yr 7 f lz b .b ฦ (ล + 5 + ล 5)

ร ```ยกf ล !5

ล - ล 5

= ล - 5

ร ```ยกf C !5 C !5

a

(5)-

2W> ! e ลฎ e = (5)Y

ร ```ยกf C !5

Iวฝ i ลฎ ia = i(5)-) ร ```ยกf C !5

-ย

-ย -ย -ย -ย

y pkb - #y i L&ฤ r (ล ล ) = ลฎ (ล ) a f ` ฤ F Pf <Z j ย 2: gb DysO b h y kz gb hz[b lf 5 2 [ f.kN ฦ hz[b m0o .kN 2W?cb yยน r 7f e [gb y pj is_y ฤ z& ( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf mย ย _ f

(ล ) ศฟd' i ar &ศฟ .k wV -1r f d& ` ฤ F wb cF ย ts 7f PV2 e g oฤ r hpOz#; r hpbsc& O f Pf (ล ล )= ฦ m4y4O r XzOCb b Gb ล ล

ร ```ยกf

(ล - ล 5 ) ร ```ยกf

=

ล !5

(ล + 5 ล ) ร ```ยกf ล !5

ล !5

a gb Oz 6 wV sO> ฤ Gb DO p" sf b & wV ย p 6 1- h r \ 6 w b t2 #b dzc' b zcgO ho2^/ 0_or (ล + 5 " ล 5) (ล ! 5) = (ล ! ล 5) z&

ร ```ยกf C !5

eลฑa = ((5) Y ฦ (5)-) ร ```ยกf

{C} - I so - b .b a #f z' lz b - Y ลฎ - j ^ / : 6Op d_b (5)Y = (5)- i ^r I so Y b .b a #fr C !5

โ ซุจโ ฌ

ร ```ยกf ล - !5

(ล ล ) = y2Kkcb .pg ฤ Gb Pf 1s 7b wcN c f <Z j ย qj wb as>scbr y2Kkb -sk ! k 6 wcN ฤ Gb 34O r ฦ i ^ /

ฦ 1s?b wcN (5)- ^ l_gy qj V

ฦ i V a = (5) Y ร ```ยกf i ^r {C} - I วฝ5

โ ซุฃโ ฌ

: 52gf 1 >5

ล + 5ล ล !5

r!5

ล =ล - (ล -) + ล (ล -) ล = (ล - 5 + ล 5ล )

ร ```ยกf ล !5

5 &

ร ```ยกf r !5

*5

ร ```ยกf

r !5

=

ล - ล 5 ร ```ยกf ล + 5ล ล !5

โ ซุฃโ ฌ

ร ```ยกf

โ ซุจโ ฌ

= 5 & 5

r !5

r - = r & * r =

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ห } 1ศ m;_f ห k Sf ย F 6f b

60

2


-

Éjv ÈL ádGódG ájÉ¡f OÉéjEG

h r \ 6 w b y2 #b 2y- [gb g7Z zcgN ` đF Pf P" 1 ȿ wV 'Bsgb sG+b wb đGb m j Wb r p 6 1{V 'Bsgb sG+b - :1Đ `c H 1r ȿ d'cb - :1 Ƌa gb d&

X

− −

(ŀ - 5)

ŀ ! 5 d_b (5)X = (5)- Ëi .#¼j `b/ lf

(-r.'b 2z ^)ƅƅƅł = (5)X É``````¡f i

:h+f

qzcN es7[gb tr 7yr wb b d_;b g^ 2f đf Ogb PCj Ɗwcy g^ 5 gzZ PBs r Ł = 5 i .#kV 2W?b ‫أ‬

Ł

ŅŅ Ŀ

ń Ł(ł)

łŁ ŀ-

ŀ

ł ł= ŀ- 5

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ň + ł5 É``````¡f Ɗ."r 3 Ł + 5 Ł-!5

πë∏d OÉ°TQG M& &( &5 =b 1 DG m L"L M 5 l ( & l ( & y 7L +y 5 AL R^ L"L d +"M * 7I 1 \ H 3 ;( ? \ H 3 = 5 l ( & m'<? M 5 l ( & 1 d &( pL ? =b &( pL ? "q? "M+ M 5 l ( & l ( & 1 pL 7 d=E R = 5 \ A3 =' +"M * 7I "&'(? d &( &5 1 6 9'?%

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ɗ."r 4

ŀ + Ł5Ł - ł5 É``````¡f Ł - 5 + Ł5 ŀ!5

ľĄĿí

Ůŀ = 5 lN DysO b `b/r Ŀ = (5)- H7 b b - i L&đj (ŀ - 5) df Ob Ëi {kOy¼ 0or ŀ = 5 lN Cy ¹ DysO b Ŀ = (5)X e [gb b - `b0^ o.& df sN wb H7 b b - dzc'¼ sO?b 2Kj É {V ]2 ;f ¹ r Ƌe [gb r H7 b lf d^ Ɗ{ Ē ^ ŀ + Ł5Ł - ł5 1 .[gcb 2*Ē df Ob ."skb bsGgb g7[b e.+ 7j (ŀ - 5) ŀ-5 ŀ - 5 - Ł5

:iy;_lf ȗk Sk

:n b K /

Ł* ŀ- 2C `b/r zj 2f (¶") Ů ( ) 12_j ‫د‬ + ń Pg#yr d_;b g^ (ń) dW6 (Bsy (Ł-) $ kb PBsyr Ł* (ł) 2Cj h d_;b g^ PBsyr (ł) $ kb is_zb (Ł-) Ƌ2W?b wp k b Pg#yr (Ņ-) dW6 PBsy (Ņ) $ kb is_zb z es7[gb lf "1- dZ g7[b !1 * is_yr ł + 5 - Ł5 = g7[b !1 * :oyc x

(ł+ 5 - Ł5)(Ł-5) = Ņ- 5ń+ Ł5ł - ł5 : 6" r 5 l

Ł+5

É```¡f Ł-!5

ł - 5ń + Ł5ń - ł5 É```¡f ň - Ł5 ł-!5

ŀ - = ŀ - 5 - Ł5 É``````¡f Ƅ=Ƅ (ŀ - 5 - Ł5) (ŀ - 5) É``````¡f ł Ł+5 (Ł + 5) (ŀ - 5) ŀ!5 ŀ! 5 ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă Ņ + 5ń - Ł5 - ł5 É``````¡f ‫ أ‬4 Ł-5 Ł!5

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

98

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m y_ f

ł ȿd' i ar & ȿ .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF O f asc'b m0o O fr b Gb ^ lf (ňŇ) 'W> Ƌ `b0^ m34O r 3 ggb wcN pzV wk .z" hpWOB 6 .y.' r đGb lf U OCb Pz#; #y Ƌq"đNr XOCb 6 !đNr hp 13 fr Ň + ł5 É```¡f Ł+ 5 Ł-!5

1

(Ń+5Ł-Ł5)(Ł+5) É```¡f (Ł+ 5) Ł-!5

2

ŀŁ= Ń+ (Ł-)Ł- Ł(Ł-) = (Ń+ 5Ł - Ł5) É```¡f

3

=

Ł-!5

3

=(Ń) ȿd' i ar &ȿ .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF Ƌ hp O fr b Gb ^ lf (ňŇ) ‫أ‬

ł - 5ŀĿ - ł5 É``````¡f ‫ب‬ ł - 5Ł + Ł5 ł-!5

:2&x

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m y_ f

Ņ+ 5ń - Ł5- ł5 É```¡f Ł-5 Ł !5

- ł5 - ł5 - Ŀ Ł 5+ 5 ŀ+5 - Ŀ ŀ+5 Ł5

2W>

ŀ- $ kb is_yr Ł sor 2Cb $ j + (ł-) Pg#yr ‫ﺟ‬

Ł + 5 - ł5

Ł5Ł

Ł5

ŀ+

(ł-) dW6 2Cb $ j PBsyr Ł wV ŀ ¶b 2Cy ‫ب‬

61

ŀ+

: l;_f %5 . ȗk Sk

Ł - 5ń + Ł5Ń - ł5 É```¡f ŀ-5 ŀ !5

É``````¡f ` ŀ!5

ŀ-5

: 6Gf ( yp

ŀ

z&r

ŀ!5

ł = (5)- É``````¡f n p'7'(? I ( +"w7 ¹[ F qj V

. b6 f l;_f _ 6J

Ł- 5 wcN Ņ- 5ń + Ł5ł - ł5 h7Z

= (5)-

(5)X =

ŀ!5

:e #k

ôüĿîüĿí óĊăŎĿí

äÉ`jÉ¡``ædG

(ŀ + 5 + Ł5) (ŀ - 5) ŀ + 5 + Ł5 =

4

Ł-5 - Ł5 É```¡f ŀ+ 5 ŀ-!5

‫ب‬

Ņ+ 5ń - Ł5 É```¡f ł-5 C!5

: 6" r 5 l

‫ أ‬:2&x 1

sO> ] ko i L&đyr Ů đGb Pf (Ń) a f d& <Z j lf đ^ h7[j kj V ŀ #5 i ^ / r Ů H7 b dzc' wV sor e [gb r H7 b lz ]2 ;gb df Ob wcN e [gb r H7 b Ƌ z z^2 b g7[b r bsGgb g7[b [y2G (ŀ- 5)

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b


äÉjÉ¡ædG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -

(ł-5+Ł5)(Ł-5) É```¡f (Ł - 5) Ł!5

ÉvjÈL ádGódG ájÉ¡f OÉéjEG

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

≥aGôªdG ΩGóîà°SG

(ł- 5 + Ł5) É```¡f =

Ɗ z Ē y pkb ."r 5 5ń - Ł5 É``````¡f ‫ب‬

Ł!5

ŀ - ł - 5 É``````¡f ‫أ‬ Ń-5 Ń 5 !

ł - Ń + 5 ń !5

ľĄĿí ŀ - ł - 5 = (5)- : n % Ń-5

Ń = 5 .kN kzOf 2zR

ł- ł- ŀĿ- Ŀ ł ň łĿ ŀ- ł-

Ƌe [gb r H7 b lf d^ É wV (Ń - 5) df Ob lf p @Ëc+ j Y2F lN ' j `b0b ŀ-ł-5 É``````¡f Ƅ= ŀ + ł - 5 * ŀ - ł - 5 É``````¡f Ń-5 Ń 5 (ŀ + ł - 5 )(Ń - 5) Ń!5 ŀ+ ł-5 ! Ń-5 É``````¡f Ƅ= ƄƄƅ (ŀ + ł - 5 )(Ń - 5) Ń!5

ŀņ Ń-

ŀ ŀ= É``````¡f Ł ŀ + ł - 5 Ń 5 Ƅ= ƄƄƅ ! Ł 5ń - Ł5 ł+ Ń+5 * É``````¡f = 5ń - 5 É``````¡f ‫ب‬ ł+ Ń+5 ł - Ń + 5 ń !5 ł - Ń + 5 ń !5 (ł + Ń + 5 ) (ń - 5)5 (ł + Ń + 5 )(ń - 5)5 É``````¡f = É``````¡f = (ń - 5) ň-Ń+5 ń !5 ń!5 łĿ = (ł + ł) ń = (ł + Ń + 5 )5 É``````¡f = ń !5

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă É``````¡f ‫أ‬ ń !5

i i C i = C - 5 É``````¡f

C-5

C !5

ôœĎĨŇ

ŀ-i

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ŀ - ŀň5 É``````¡f É``````¡f ŀ-5 ŀ 5 = ŀ-5 ŀ 5 6 ! !

:ájô¶ædG ≈∏Y èFÉàf i -i5 C e = eC - e5 É``````¡f - C 5

ŀ-i

e-i i

C!

i i C i = C - (5C + 5) É``````¡f - Ŀ 5

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

ňň = ń ȿd' i ar &ȿ .k -1r f d& ` đF wb cF Ƌ(z'?b d'b wb as>scb asc'b m0o wV hpOf <Z k r

!

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

99

ŀŁ - 5Ń - Ł5 Ł - Ł-5 Ł - ŀ-5 Ł-5

É```¡f

Ł - ŀ+5 ł-5 ŀ - Ł5Ń

2

Ņ!5

É```¡f

4

Ł!5

=

ŀňŀ - ŀň5

þëîøŇ

ŀň = ŀŇ ŀ * ŀň =

ŀ

ŀ-(ł-) ł - Ł(ł-) ŀ-(ł-)

ŀ - 5Ł Ł - ŀ-5 ł - ŀ-5Ł

É```¡f ł!5

É```¡f ŀ!5Ł

É```¡f ń!5

1 3 5

Ł -ŀ - 5 É```¡f ń - 5 ń!5 Ł + ŀ-5 * Ł - ŀ-5 É```¡f = ń-5 ń!5 Ł + ŀ-5 Ń-(ŀ-5) É```¡f = Ł+ ŀ-5 (ń - 5) ń!5 ŀ ŀ É```¡f = Ń = Ł+ ŀ-5 ń!5

:(4) ájô¶f

ŀ+ 5 Ł - ń+5

Ƌ ` đF Pf y2Kkcb y.zpg c f <Z j ŀŅ- Ń5 É```¡f Ł- 5 Ł!5

ł

Ł

Ň- 5 Ń- 5 Ů Ł- 5 É```¡f Ů Ł- 5 É```¡f Ɗ."r d f Ł!5 Ł !5

`b/r $ kb j1 [fr y2Kkb \z G h dzc' b e .+ 6 Ɗi 2^0 z& đGb t.b y2Kkb espWf ,z62 b ŀ- i

Ci =

C C- 5

i - i5

ł - 5 ŀĿ- ł5 É```¡f ‫ب‬ ł- 5Ł + Ł5 ł-!5 ŀ- 5ł - Ł5 É```¡f = ŀ- 5 ł-!5

U.pb i wcN .z^ b Pf ` đF Pf ( ) Ů( ) Ůń a f <Z j ]2 ;gb df Ob lf @c+ b ňň = \V 2gb wV 2Cb lf t.& 2Cj .Z d 7gb m0o d f wVr Ůe [gb r H7 b lz H7 b \V 2f r e [gb \V 2f r H7 b \V 2f wV 27_b Ƌ O¹ f e [gb r

Ɗ z Ē y pkb ."r 5 Ł- ŀ-5 ń-5

=

ł = ł - Ł + Ł(Ł) =

ŀ

:≥aGôªdG ΩGóîà°SG

ƅƅƅƅƅ

ŀ + 5 É``````¡f ‫ب‬ Ł - ń + 5 ŀ-!5

=

Ł + ń+5 Ł + ń+5

*

ŀ+ 5 Ł - ń+5

É```¡f

‫أ‬

5

‫ب‬

ŀ-!5

É```¡f ŀ-!5

(Ł+ ń+5 )(ŀ+5) É```¡f [Ń-(ń+5)] ŀ-!5

= =

Ń = (Ł+ ń+5 ) É```¡f =

É```¡f C 5

ŀ-!5

!

Ƌ y2Kkb wcN 2: f \z G sor Ņ a f <Z ky h

:ájô¶ædG ≈∏Y èFÉàf w & pzcN 2 gb $ kb r Ń y2Kkb lz ZđOb ` đGb (Br Ɗ zb b c fĔ d&r ;Z kf lf sk_g y

: 6" r 5 l

lf @c+ b pkf cG w b ly1 g b DO j O 6Đ `k_gy Ƌ\V 2gb e .+ 6 e [gb r H7 b lz ]2 ;gb df Ob

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

: Ș vqf 2&x

62


-

Éjv ÈL ádGódG ájÉ¡f OÉéjEG

l_gy d 7gb m0o i (zBs Pf ņ a f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ y2Kkb e .+ 6 pc&

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ɗ."r 7 ŅŁń - Ń(ń + 5) É``````¡f 5 Ŀ 5

łŁ - ń5 É``````¡f ‫ب‬ Ń - Ł 5 Ł !5

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m y_ f

= Ņ ȿ d' i ar &ȿ .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF Ƌ hp " O f Pf b Gb ^ lf ŀĿĿ

łŁ + ń(Ń - 5) É``````¡f Ł-5 Ł !5

ŅŁń- Ń5

ńĿĿ - = ł(ń-) Ń = (ń-) -5 É```¡f = ń+5 Ń(ł) - Ń(ł + ¶o)

¶o

É```¡f Ŀ!¶o

É```¡f ń-!5

‫د‬

ŀ - ŀŀ(ŀ + 5) É``````¡f ‫ﺟ‬ 5 Ŀ !5

É``````¡f = ‫ب‬ Ł !5

Ń Ń + 5) É``````¡f = ‫أ‬ ńĿĿ = łń * Ń = ń - (ń 5 Ŀ 5

ľĄĿí

ŁĿ = łŁ * ńŁ =

ńŁ - ń5 ŁŁ - Ł5

!

ŀŀ ŀŀ ŀŀ = ŀ-ŀŀ ŀ *ŀŀ = ŀ - 5(ŀ + 5) É``````¡f ‫ﺟ‬ Ŀ 5

!

łŁ + ń(Ń - 5) Ł-5

ń(Ł-) - ń(Ń - 5)

É`````````¡f = (Ł-) - (Ń - 5) Ł!5

‫أ‬

ŀ ł

É``````¡f Ł!5

‫د‬

ŇĿ = Ń(Ł-) ń =

Ń + ¶o) É```¡f = Ňŀ - (ł ¶o Ŀ!¶o

‫ب‬

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ."r 6 Ňŀ - Ń(ł + ¶o) É``````¡f ‫ب‬ ¶o Ŀ!¶o

ŅŁń - Ń5 É``````¡f ‫أ‬ ń + 5 ń-!5 ŀ- ŀ+5 ł É``````¡f ‫ﺟـ‬ 5 Ŀ!5

ŀĿŇ = ł(ł)Ń = ŀ ł

‫أ‬

!

6 Ń(ń-)- Ń5

ôüĿîüĿí óĊăŎĿí

äÉ`jÉ¡``ædG

(٢-٣) ‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ‬

ŀ ł

= (ŀ)- ¶o(ŀ+5) É```¡f = ŀ - ŀ+5 ¶o Ŀ!5

ł

É```¡f

‫ﺟ‬

:≈JCÉj Ée πªcCG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

Ŀ !5

ŀ-5 = ŀ + 5 É``````¡f 2 ŀ!5

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ł!5 5 - Ł5 É``````¡f 5 Ŀ!5 ń - ń5 C É``````¡f ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = 5 C 5

Ł

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

Ń- 5 = Ł - 5 É``````¡f 4 Ł 5

: (2-3) øjQɪJ äÉHÉLEG ŀ- 3 ŀŁ 6 łŁ 10

łŁ 8 ƅƅ

Ł 7

Ƌ y pj b .cb 8zb 13

ņ 12 ƅƅ

ł Ł 11

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

= ń(

ŀ- Ł5 ŀ-5

r

r

(Ł + 5ł - Ł5) É```¡f ł !5

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

-

3 5

Ł5 É``````¡f 7 = Ł- ŀ5+ -5 ŀ 5

!

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ŀ!5

łŁ - ń5 É``````¡f Ň - ł5 Ł!5

=

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

Ň 15 ƅƅ ŀ- 14 Ł

C!

8

) É``````¡f 10

9

100

ÉvjÈL ádGódG ájÉ¡f OÉéjEG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

Ń 17

6

!

2W> 2 ƅƅ ŀĿ 1 ŃCń 5 ƅƅ Ń 4

=

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

!

Ň - ł5 É``````¡f ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = Ł- 5 Ł 5 ! ŀŅ - Ń5 É``````¡f ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = Ł-5 Ł 5

= (ŀ + 5ł) É``````¡f 1

ņ É``````¡f 12 = ŀŀ ++ ń5 5 ŀ- 5 !

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

=

Ł-5 - Ł5 Ń-5Ł

É``````¡f 11 Ł!5

:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe án ë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG ŀ - Ł5

Ɗtr 7½ 5

16

ŀ ‫ب‬

Ŀ ‫أ‬

y pj b .cb 8zb ‫د‬

18

Ł ‫ﺟ‬ Ł Ɗtr 7½ 5ŀ++55 É``````¡f 14 ŀ-!5

2W> ‫ب‬

ŀ- ‫أ‬

ł ‫د‬

Ł + (ł)ł - Ł(ł) =

É``````¡f 13 Ŀ!5

ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ Ł

Ň - 5Ł Ɗtr 7½ Ł - 5 É``````¡f 15 Ł 5 !

Ń ‫ب‬

Ł=

Ł ‫أ‬

Ň ‫د‬

Ņ ‫ﺟ‬ tr 7 55 ¶" É``````¡f 16 r Ł !5

r ‫ب‬ Ł

ŀ ‫أ‬

y pj b .cb 8zb ‫د‬

Ł ‫ﺟ‬ r

tr 7 55 F É``````¡f 17 r Ń !5 r ‫أ‬ Ł

ŀ ‫ب‬ y pj b .cb 8zb ‫د‬

Ń ‫ﺟ‬ r

x án ª«b óLhCG (änóLh p r¿EG) á«JB’G äÉjÉ¡ædG øe πc

101

63

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

ŀ + Ł5 É``````¡f 19 ł - 5 Ł- 5 !

(Ł + 5ł - Ł5) É``````¡f 18

5Ł " É``````¡f 21 5 r 5 !

20 (5 ¶" - 5Ł) É``````¡f r

5 - ň É``````¡f 23 Ňŀ - Ł5 ň!5

ŀ+5 É``````¡f 22 ŀ + ł5 ŀ-!5

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

ł!5

Ł

!5


รคร jร ยกรฆdG รดรผฤฟรฎรผฤฟรญ รณฤ ย ฤ ล ย ฤฟรญ ล + ล 5 ล -5

ร ``````ยกf 25 5 +ล 5 ล -!5

ร ``````ยกf 24 ล !5

ล ล - ล 5 ล ร ``````ยกf 26 ล -5 ล !5

5ล ล - ล 5 ร ``````ยกf 27 ล -5 ล !5 ล + ล 5 ล ล - ล 5ล

ร ``````ยกf 29 ล -!5

ล - 5 - ล 5 ร ``````ยกf 28 ล +5 ล -!5

ล - 5 - ล 5 ล ร ```ยกf 31 ล !5 ล - ล 5ล ล

ล + ล 5 ร ``````ยกf 30 ล - ล 5 ล - 5 !

ล - 5ล + ล 5ล ร ``````ยกf 33 ล - 5 + ล 5 ล -!5

ล - 5 - ล 5ล ร ``````ยกf 32 ล - 5 - ล 5 ล !5

ล - ล (ล + 5) 5

ล -ล (ล -5ล )

ร ``````ยกf 35 ฤฟ!5

5ล

ล ( ล + 5ล - 5 ) ร ``````ยกf 36 ล + 5 ล + 5 ล !5

5 - ล 5ล - ล 5 ร ``````ยกf 39 5 ล + ล 5 ฤฟ!5

ล - ล 5 + ล 5 ร ``````ยกf 38 ล -5 ล !5

ล -5

ร ``````ยกf 41 ล !5

ล - ล +5 5

ร ``````ยกf 43 ฤฟ!5

ล - ล - 5ล ล -5

ล ล ล - ล 5

ร ``````ยกf 49 ล - 5 ล ล 5 !

ล ล

5 - ล 5 5 - ล 5

ล ล - ล (ยถo + ล ) ยถo ล

21

ล -5 ล ล - ล 5

ร ``````ยกf 51 ล !5

ล ล - ล 5

ล ล ล

= ล -(ล -) ล ล = ล ล ล

ร ``````ยกf 42 ล !5

ล - ล (ล + 5 )

ร ``````ยกf 55 ฤฟ!ยถo

5

(ล -5)

ล ล ล ล =

(ล ) ล =

5

(ล ล -ล 5)ล ร ```ยกf ล ล - ล 5 ล !5

ร ```ยกf ฤฟ !5

ล ล

=

=

ยถo

= 57

ยถo ล

ล -ล (ล -5ล ) ร ```ยกf = 5ล ฤฟ!5 (ล - 5 ) 5ล ร ```ยกf 5ล ฤฟ!5

=

37

ล - ล 5 + ล 5 ร ```ยกf ล - 5 ล !5

43

ล = (ล + 5ล + ล 5) ร ```ยกf = ล !5

ล ล

=

ร ```ยกf ล !5

ล ล * ล ร ```ยกf = ล ล - (ยถo + ล ) ร ```ยกf

ฤฟ!ยถo

=

(ล +5ล +ล 5)(ล -5) ร ```ยกf ล !5 (ล -5)

=

ล - 5 (ล + 5 )(ล - 5

ฤฟ!ยถo

ล ล ล = ล (ล )ล * ล ล ล - ล (ล + 5) ล ร ```ยกf = ล ล - (ล + 5) ร ```ยกf ล - (ล + 5) ล !ล +5 ล - (ล + 5) ล !5

ร ```ยกf ) ล !5

59

ล = ล (ล )ล * ล =ฦ ฦ ฦ ฦ ฦ ฦ ฦ ฦ

ล ล - ล (ยถo + ล )

28

= ล -ล 5ล ล ร ```ยกf 33 !5

ล !5 ล

ล ล

5 - ล 5 5 - ล 5

ร ```ยกf ล !5

ล -5-ล 5ล

ร ```ยกf

ล 5ล ร ```ยกf = ล -ล +5ล 5ล ฤฟ!5

=

ล ล ล - ล 5ล = ล ล - ล 5 ร ```ยกf ล !5

27

ล ล + ล ล ล ล ล =

(ล ล -ล 5)ล ล ล ล = ล - ล (ล ) ล * ล = ล ล -ล 5 ร ```ยกf ล !5 (ล - ล 5)- ล 5 ร ```ยกf (ล - 5)5 ล !5

ล !5

ล ล

(ล ) - (ล +5)

= ล -5

:6. h* ร ```ยกf

ร ```ยกf ล !5

ล (ล -ล 5)

ร ```ยกf

23

ล + 5ล + 5)ล ร ```ยกf ฦ y pj pb 8zb (ล = ล -ล 5ล ร ```ยกf 30 (ล -ล 5)ล ล -!5 ล -!5

102

ฤฟ !5

ร ```ยกf ล !5

5ล ล -ล 5

= ล -5

22

ล ร ```ยกf = 2W> = (ล +5)(ล -5) ล ล !5

ร ```ยกf 52

ล !5 ล

ร ``````ยกf 54 ฤฟ!5

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ห } 1ศ m;_f ห k Sf ย F 6f b

ล - ล +5 5

(ล +5)(ล -5)5 ร ```ยกf ล -5 ล !5

ร ``````ยกf 50 ล !5

5-ล

= ล ล - ล 5

ล !5

ล [(ล +5)(ล -5)]

ร ```ยกf

r !5

ร ```ยกf ล + 5 ล -!5

ร ```ยกf

ร ``````ยกf 48 ล !5

ล ล - ล (ล + 5 ) ร ``````ยกf 56 ล -5 ล !5

ล ล

(ล -5)-

5 ล & 5

= ล + ล 5

(ล -)-5 ร ```ยกf ล (ล -)-ล 5 ล -!5

= (ล +5)(ล -5)

ล ฤฟ =

ร ``````ยกf 46 ล !5

ล - ล 5 ล ล ล - ล 5 ล ล

ร ``````ยกf 53 ล !5

=

r

r

ฤฟ!5

ล ล - ล 5 ล -5

ร ``````ยกf 47 ล !5

ล ล ล - ล 5

ล ล - ล 5

= r &

ล -

ล - ล ล +5ล ร ``````ยกf 44 5

ร ``````ยกf 45 ล - 5 ล 5 !

ล ล ล - ล 5ล

20

!

ล - 5 + ล 5 ร ``````ยกf 40 ล - ล 5 ล !5

ล - ล 5 ล ล - ล 5 ล -5

r

ล - r= rล & - ( ล ) ล = (5 & - 5ล ) rร ```ยกf ล 5

ร ``````ยกf 34 ฤฟ!5

ล - 5ล + ล 5 - ล 5 ร ``````ยกf 37 ล -5 ล !5

ล - 5

ล + ล (ล -) ล + ล 5 ร ```ยกf 19 ล - = ล - = ล ล -(ล -) = ล -5 ล -!5

รดรผฤฟรฎรผฤฟรญ รณฤ ฤ ล ฤฟรญ

รคร `jร ยก``รฆdG ล - ล 5

61

ล ล

=

ล ล + ล +5

ล + ล +5 ล + ล +5 ร ```ยกf ฤฟ !5

=

ล - 5 ล -5

ล !5

ล - ล +5 5

ฤฟ!5

=

* ล - ล +5 5

ร ```ยกf 46 ร ```ยกf 48

ร ```ยกf ฤฟ!5

ล - (ล +5) ร ```ยกf (ล + ล +5 )5 ฤฟ!5

= =

62

ล ฤฟล = ล (ล )ล =

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ห } 1ศ m;_f ห k Sf ย F 6f b

64


óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

ôüĿîüĿí

óæY ádGódG ájÉ¡f ájÉ¡fÓdG

3-3

ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

ôüĿîüĿí óĊăŎĿí

3-3

ájÉ¡fÓdG óæY ádGódG ájÉ¡f Limit of a Function at Infinity

Limits of Function at Infinity

łŀĬø÷ ıŎē :% ¼W 7 : :% ¼ :% ¼W 7 : :% ¼ ¶ I ¬º £ , f83

: *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

:% ¼W 7 : :% ¼ ¶ I¢ L £ , f83

Ƌwjr O b hcO b - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob : < 52 f o ck

ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí I:% ¼W 7 : :% ¼ Limit of a Function at Infinity

ƋH 6sb 2#& - w6 1.b d?Wb

» ^ wV ! 'j f.kN (5)- b .b ]sc6 V2Of¼ wb z z'b r zË cgOb [z G b lf 2z ¼ Ƌ`b/ (Bsy Í wb b E ;kb r ' #5

‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬

h61 wV s6 'b $f 2 .& e.+ 6 Ŀ <5 Ů 5ŀ = (5)- Ɗ z& - b .b - -3 / d_;b wk'kf lf L&đ½ / f − ? y pjĐ f lf 2 [¼ w & "sgb 5 hzZ − : n B ? es62gb d_;b lf − lf 2 Z r 5 hzZ - 3 gc^ qj ½ 2 [ f.kN (5)- y pj Ëi as[¼j `b0b Ů2W?b lf (5)- hzZ 2 Z y pj Đ f Ƌ2W> tr 7½ y pjĐ f lf 5

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬

: mgS f 51 Ck

ájÉ¡fÓdG óæY ádGO ájÉ¡f

ôœĎĨŇ

Limit of a Function at Infinity

Ŀ = 5ŀ É``````¡f

_ ;b - (ŀĿň) 'W> wb (ŀĿł) 'W> lf b Gb ^ Ƌ 61.gb _f - ( j2 jĖ ) fscOgcb zbr.b

ôŃĊĈøĔńĿí õíōĉŗí

{ C Ů+Iǽ i z&}

I: )" :L3 _ : d

:‫اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ - b .b h61 wV zfs62b s6 'b $f 2 .& e.+ 6 ŀ ŀĿł = E ;kb g^ ] 'ŮĿ[ 2 Wb wV 5 = (5)- z& m0o wcN hp " r đGb K&đf 1s 7b wcN d#6r Ɗ c 6Ĕ

Ŀ= i C

5

É``````¡f '!5

ôĀŔøŇ

'!5

IV 3 /" : ( 3> O( &

:á«°SÉ°SCG óYGƒb ¶" z& Ů ¶" = ¶" É``````¡f ½

'!5 ' = i 5 É```¡f Ëi V .& sb lf 2 ^ ¹ "sf -¹ .N i i ^ / ½ !5

'

.kN lz b - g7Z r 2B¼ r Y2V r Msg#f y pk [cO gb +"w ? :n % ' # 5 f.kN 'z'> \ 7b 51.b {V p 6 1- \ 7b C # 5

103

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

? '#5 f.kN b .b wk'kgb .'y f ?L&đ / f Ņ

r 5 = (5)- i ^ / b .b wk'kgb .'y / f + I

ǽKŮ C

C

[g.

ŀń = 5

z& Ů i5 = (5)- r (5)?'#5 f.kN

DysO b e .+ 6 b - y pj - #y zWz^ b Gb 51- i \ 6 lf DO e .+ 6 `b0^ Ů bsGgb g7[b r dzc' b r 2: gb y2Kkb Pf K&đgb \ Fr đGb K&đf ir- 51.y Us6 51.b 0o wVr Ůa r.cb y pkb - #y y2Kj (ŀĿł ) 'W> zb b #z kb r wb ! 'j f 2z _V Ů y pj đb .kN b - y pj - #y zWz^ b Gb ¹ a r.b DO ]sc6 6 1.b zcgOb [z G b wV y pkb m0o - #y : ‫إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺪرس‬ Ƌ y pj đb lf 1 [ ." ¹ 2z ^ hzZ wb pzV 2zS gb Tc y f.kN

:ájÉ¡fÓdG óæY ádGO ájÉ¡f

ŀ É```¡f 5 ' !5

:(ɸ) 6Op

C É```¡f z&Ƅ Ŀ = i5 ' !5

: ' p

Ŀ= + I ǽKŮ C

'= i5 É```¡f ' !5

f Kf rk T^y w Z K?pțf Ǜ4 [q x 952f 4u vp }Z :o I ¬º £ , f83 :% ¼W 7 : :% ¼ ? %

Ɗi ` đF 2^/

Ů ¶" z& ¶" = ¶"

I : " L 3& , f83 :% ¼W 7 : :% ¼ ? %

É```¡f

: : 16[k

' !5

51.b wb -sOb ` đF wb cF (ŀ) y2Kj (zBs b ŀ 2^0 hpk_gy g^Ŀ = i 2^0 b ňĿ = .&sb wV arĔ ' g7Z r 2B d> & r Y2V r Msg#f y pj - #y zWz^ wj b 51.b wV pgcO \ 7b (Ł) y2Kj ađ* lf lz b Ƌ '# 5 f.kN ňņ =

65

952f &6/k

I:% ¼W 7 : :% ¼ . k2/ ;lf l gS f 1 ylf :L3 _ : d − # 6 ;i − ~& U A? − "( ³i LI − '> L1

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

IV 3 /" : ( 3> O( & − 0 J> ,W − : )"


äÉjÉ¡ædG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉ`jÉ¡``ædG

ôüĿîüĿí óĊăŎĿí

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ɗ."r 1 ‫أ‬

ł ( Ł5 - Ń) É``````¡f ‫ب‬ '!5

ŀ É``````¡f (ł + 5 ) '!5

Ƌ zfs62b $f 2 b .& e .+ 6 zÊ j z `b/ lf \['¼ h ½ ľĄĿí

ŀ É``````¡f ł É``````¡f + 5 =

{

'!5

‫أ‬

'!5

ł=ł+Ŀ= ŀ É``````¡f ) ` (ł + 5

ł=

− − − − − − −

'!5

'#5

f.kN a 7b lf ( ) 2[Wb wV i r lzc'b \ G ŀ `b0b 2W?b # 5 i .#j ŀ gpf pyr 7 Đr ł lf 1 [ (ł+ 5 ) = (5)- b .b i V đGb pzV P[y w b O ;b G*Ĕ lf 0or Ů5 gzZ 2 ^ Ƌ{j z b d_;b lf `b/ wcN dzb. b l_gyr b .b i .#j '#5 f.kN Ɗ( ) 2[Wb wV `b0^

ł

ł É``````¡f - Ń É``````¡f = ( Ł ł - Ń) É``````¡f ‫ب‬ 5 '!5 '!5 '!5 Ń = Ŀ * ł - Ń = Ł ł É``````¡f ł - Ń =ƆƆƆƄƄƄƄƅƅƅ 5 '!5 Ń = ( Ł ł - Ń) É``````¡f ` 5 '!5

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ."r 1 ń É``````¡f ‫أ‬ (Ł + 5 )

(ń + Ł Ł ) É``````¡f ‫ب‬ 5

'!5

ł-

l_gyĐr Ń #( 5 - Ń) =(5)- Ů2W?b # 5 =(5)Ƌ Ń tr 7 i

Ł5

− − − − − − − −

ŀ É``````¡f (ł + 5 )

'!5

wcN .^ r zÊ j z r yÊ 2 " ŀĿŃ = (ŀ) a f d& đGb Pf <Z j

= ŀ ȿd' i ar &ȿ .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF 4y4O r lzZsW gb wcN k b r hp " O f Pf (ŀĿŃ) Ƌho s 7f PV1 wcN dgOb r U OCb ń ń Ł É```¡f + 5 É```¡f ( Ł+ 5 ) É```¡f ' !5 ' !5 ' !5

'!5

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ (ń - 5 Ń + ł5) É``````¡f Ɗ."r 2

-

104

ájÉ¡fÓdG óæY ádGódG ájÉ¡f ľĄĿí

]2 ;f df N ł5 0* `b/r ( ł ń - Ł Ń + ŀ) ł5 É``````¡f = ( ń - 5Ń + ł5) É``````¡f 5

‫ب‬ ń É```¡f + ( ' !5 ' !5 ' !5 ń = ń + 2W> = i K&đfr (ŀĿŃ) = (Ł) a f d& <Z j f.kN qj z& lzOf -.N lf 1 [ Đ (ń- 5Ń + ł5) Cy ¹ ' #(ń-5Ń+ł5) i .#j '#5 Ł Ł5

5

'!5 '!5 ń Ń ' = ŀ * ' = ( ł - Ł + ŀ) É``````¡f * ł5 É``````¡f =ƄƄƄƄƄƄƄƄƄƅ 5 5 '!5 '!5 ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ z Ē y pkb lf đ^ Ê ."r 2 (Ł+ Ł5ņ + ł5 ) É``````¡f ‫أ‬

(ł5 - 5ł - Ń ) É``````¡f ‫ب‬ '!5

'!5

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ł - ł5Ł É``````¡f ‫ﺟـ‬ ŀ+ Ł5ł '!5

(5) − − − −

ŀ+ 5ł

'!5

Ł ) É```¡f ( Łł - 5

5 '!5 Ƅ=Ƅ ł -Ł5Ł É``````¡f ŀ+ 5ł '!5 ( Ł ŀ + ł) É```¡f 5 '!5

Ł ) É``````¡f ( Łł - 5 '!5 5

( Ł ŀ + ł) 'É``````¡f 5 5

ľĄĿí

!

Ł Ƅ= Ƅ ł - Ł 5Ł É``````¡f ‫ب‬

ŀ+ 5ł

ł - 5Ł) É``````¡f ( Ł5 ' 5 !

ŀ + ł) É``````¡f ( Ł5 ' 5 !

'!5

ł Ƅ=Ƅ ł - Ł 5Ł É``````¡f ‫ﺟـ‬

ŀ+ 5ł

'!5

' = Ŀ- ' Ƅ=ƄƄƄƄƄƄƅƅƅ Ŀ+ł

(5)- É``````¡f - #y .kN : n \ T& /0 1 p'7'(? Ɗi V -r.'b 2z ^ a r- (5)1 Ů(5)- lf d^ z& (5)1 '!5

Ƌe [gb "1- tr 7 H7 b "1- j ^ / 2W?b tr 7y Đ zÊ [z[& -¹ .N wGO y pkb ½ Ƌe [gb "1- lf dZ H7 b "1- j ^ / 2W> ¹ tr 7½ y pkb ½ Ƌe [gb "1- lf 2 ^ H7 b "1- j ^ / ' - r ') wGO y pkb ½

105

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

= Ł ȿ d' i ar & ȿ .k wV -1r f d& đGb wb cF Ƌhp " O fr ŀĿń Ł

ņ

( Ł5 + 5 +ŀ) ł5 É```¡f = (Ł+Ł5ņ+ ł5) É```¡f ' !5 ' !5 ' =ŀ * ' = (

‫أ‬

Ł = Ŀ-Ł Ƅ=ƄƅƄƄƄƅƅƅ ł Ŀ+ł

(5) -

− − − −

Ŀ = Ŀ - Ŀ Ƅ=Ƅ Ŀ+ł

(5) − − − −

Ɗ z Ē y pkb lf đ^ Ê ."r 3 ł - 5Ł É``````¡f ‫أ‬ Ł

ł - Ł5Ł É``````¡f ‫ب‬ ŀ+ Ł5ł '!5

Ƌ(e [gb wV 5 2zS gcb sZ wcN ) Ł5 wcN e [gb r H7 b lf d^ h7[j Đ 'b d^ wV

1

Ł = Ł + 2W> = Ł ) É```¡f = (ń+ Ł5 ) É```¡f

'!5

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

‫أ‬

(ŀ-

ł Ł5

-

Ł

ņ

Ł5 + 5

‫أ‬

2

+ ŀ) É```¡f * ł5 É```¡f = ' !5

' !5

Ń ł É```¡f = (ł5- 5ł- Ń ) É```¡f ‫ب‬ ł5 ) 5 ' !5 ' !5 ł Ń ł É```¡f '- =(ŀ- Ł - ł ) * 5 É```¡f = 5 5 ' !5 ' !5

f.kN qj L&Đ Ƌ(ŀĿń) = (ł) a f d& ` đF Pf <Z j wcN wcN e [gb r H7 b lf đ^ h7[kV y27^ b .b is_ lf đ^ h7[j a gb lf 2[Wb wV đ gV e [gb wV 2zS gcb sZ Cy r ¹ Ł5 wcN h7[j ( ) 2[Wb wVr Ů Ł5 wcN e [gb r H7 b Ƌ pkf wcN sZ H7 b wV i ^ sb w & Ł5 wcN h7[j ¶" wV

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

66


ย -ย

รกjร ยกfร dG รณรฆY รกdGรณdG รกjร ยกf ล + ล 5ล ร ```ยกf ล -5+ล 5ล ' !5

โ ซ๏บ โ ฌ

ฤพฤ รท ล รฃ ฤฝล รฎฤ

ษน9 }gR i _lf x L; f rk hb l;_

ล - =

2W> + ล 2W> + ฤฟ + ล

ร ``````ยกf โ ซ๏บ ู โ ฌ '!5

ล + ล 5ล ล - 5 + ล 5ล

ล +ล -

5

( ล ล ล + ล )ล 5 5

' !5

ล -5

ร ```ยกf

ล ล +ล 5ล

' !5

( ล -ล ) 5 5 ร ```ยกf ( ล ล ล + ล ) 5 ' !5 5

+ 5ล + ล 5ล + 5ล + ล 5ล

( ล -ล ) 5 5 ( ล ล ล + ล )ล 5 5

5 = |5| ย n 2 ย ฤฟ <5 ` ล - ล 5 ล + ล 5

ล - ล 5 = (5)ล + ล |5 |

= 5 l & F(R 1 DG ย &( I

ล = ฤฟ - ล ฦ = ฤฟ+ล

ล -ล ) ร ```ยกf 5 '!5 ร ```ยกf ( ล ล ล +ล ) 5 ' !5

=

โ โ โ

+ 5ล + ล 5ล 5ล

5 ล ล

ล ล

67

=

ล + ล 5 + 5= (5)

+ ( ล +ล ) ล 5 ล 5

ล ล +

ล +ล ล 5

' !5

ร ```ยกf ' !5

ร ```ยกf ' !5

' !5

ล + ล ) ร ```ยกf ( ล 5

ฤฟ= ฤฟ = ล +ล

ล ร ```ยกf 5 - ' !5 ล = ล ล + ล 5 + 5 ( ล + ล + ล ) ร ```ยกf 5 ' !5

ฤพฤ รท ล รฃ ฤฝล รฎฤ

(5 ล - 5ล + ล 5ล ) ร ``````ยกf โ ซุจโ ฌ

ล ล + ล 5ล

'!5

'!5

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ห } 1ศ m;_f ห k Sf ย F 6f b

106

d& aฤ * lf pzb as>sb h w b $ kb ` ฤ Gb (Br ย -r.'b 2z ^ "1- j1 [g y pkb gzZ (Bs w b r a gb ฦ e [gb r H7 b wV

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf mย ย _ f = (ล ) ศฟd' i ar &ศฟ .k wV -1r f d& ` ฤ F wb cF ย ฦ d'b wcN ฤ Gb Pz#; r 4y4O r hpbsc& O fr (ล ฤฟล ) ล + ล - 5ล 5 ร ```ยกf ล ' !5

=

ล +5ล - ล 5ล ร ```ยกf 5ล ' !5 ล ' = 2W> + ล -' =

โ ซุฃโ ฌ

โ ซุจโ ฌ

ษป9 }gR i _lf x L; f rk hb l;_

( ล ล

5

=

ร ``````ยกf ` '!5

ฦ z ฤ y pkb ."r 4 ล -5 ร ``````ยกf โ ซุฃโ ฌ

5ล - ล 5ล ร ```ยกf ' ล ล ล - 5ล + 5ล !5

=

=

' #5 a ย &( I 5 = |5| = ล 5 #ฤฟ < 5 ` = = 5 l & F(R 1 DG

' !5

ร ```ยกf

ล - ล ) ร ```ยกf ( ล 5

( ล + ล 5 - 5) ร ``````ยกf โ ซุจโ ฌ '!5 ( ล + ล 5 + 5) ( ล + ล 5 - 5) * ฦ ร ``````ยกf = ล ( ล + ล 5 + 5) '!5 ล - ล 5 - ล 5 ร ``````ยกf = ล + ล 5 + 5 '!5 ล ร ``````ยกf = ล + ล 5 + 5 '!5

โ ซุจโ ฌ

- 5ล + ล 5 ล ) ร ```ยกf

ล 5ล - ( 5ล + ล 5ล )

5 ล

' !5

ร ``````ยกf ` '!5

' !5

ร ```ยกf

(

ฤฟ+ ล

* (5 ล 5 ล 5 ล

=

ฤฟ-ล

=

4

' # 5a

5 = |5| = ล 5 `

ล ล

โ ซุฃโ ฌ

ฤพฤ ฤฟรญ

ร ``````ยกf โ ซุฃโ ฌ ล + ล |5 | '!5 ' #5 a

โ โ โ

'!5

ล - ล 5

(ล ) ศฟd' i ar & ศฟ .k wV -1r f d& ` ฤ F wb cF ฦ asc'b m0o P r d'b wV hp;Z jr (ล ฤฟล )= ล =

ล + |5 |

'!5

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf mย ย _ f

ร ```ยกf

ฦ z ฤ y pkb ."r 4 ล - ล 5 ร ``````ยกf โ ซุฃโ ฌ ล

( ล + ล 5 - 5) ร ``````ยกf โ ซุจโ ฌ

5

ล ฤฟล = 'Bsgb d'b sG* hpV wV ` ฤ F .N 6 ย ล a f wV b .b y pj - #yฤ

-ล ) 5

ล + 5ล - ล 5ล ร ``````ยกf 5ล '!5

โ ซ๏ปฃ๏บ ๏บ ู โ ฌ

ร ```ยกf = ล ล + ล ' !5 ล

5 = |5| = ล 5 ฦ i .#j '#5 f.kN ล 2W?b # i5 ฦ i .#j '# 5 f.kN wj z b h62b lf L&ฤ yr a 7b lf ( ) 2[Wb wV g^ ย 0or ล = = hz[ 7gb lf 1 [ y b .b wk'kf i d [gb .& sb lf 1 [ y pjฤ b wV b .b gzZ i wcN a.y \V 2gb wV 2Cb wb ! 'kV ( ) 2[Wb wV f ลฎ(z'?b ฦ 2W?b lf 1 [ b .b gzZ i h62b wV Cy ยน L&ฤ yr

5

ฦ ."r 3 โ ซุฃโ ฌ

5ล - ล 5ล ร ``````ยกf โ ซุจโ ฌ ล - ล 5ล + ล 5ล '!5

ล 5

ฦ qj wcN .^ r ` ฤ F Pf (ล ) a f <Z j ย

(

รดรผฤฟรฎรผฤฟรญ รณฤ ฤ ล ฤฟรญ

รคร `jร ยก``รฆdG

( ล ล

=

exศ วพ 52f hC[f ห mgSศ b

5

+ ล

5

)

ร ```ยกf ' !5

- ล ล + ล ) ร ```ยกf 5

' !5

=

ล - ล 5 ร ```ยกf = ล - ล + ล ' !5 ล 5 ล 5 2W> 2W> = ล = ล 5

3


äÉjÉ¡ædG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -

ń

ájÉ¡fÓdG óæY ádGódG ájÉ¡f

(٣-٣) ‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ‬

:≈JCÉj Ée πªcCG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

= ( Ł - Ł ł ) É``````¡f 2

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

= (ł - Ł5 ) É``````¡f 4

5

'!5

ł =( 5 + ŀ) É``````¡f 1

= ń- Ł

É``````¡f

= (ņ-) É``````¡f 3 '!5

É``````¡f

ŀ+ 5 Ł 5 ł + ń5 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = ń-ł5 Ń ņ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = ( - ł) + Ł5 5

6

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

'!5

É``````¡f 8 '!5 Ł ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = (5 - ŀ + 5 ) É``````¡f 10 '!5

6 'b ) G[j .kN b - y pj - #y wV z"sbsk_ b e .+ 6 zj z b 6 'b e .+ 6 zWz^ wb ` đF q"r Ƌ ( zj z b ŀĿņ = wV đ b a r.b dz g b zfs62b $f 2 b .& r đGcb l_gyr Ů kz gb G[kb .kN b .b y pj 2y.[ r z¹ j z sG+b 0zWk b Ů 2zS> Nsg#f r t-2V d_; dgOb 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 wV hp .N 7fr -Đ O f `zcNr

5

'!5

É``````¡f 7 '!5 É``````¡f 9 '!5

:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ɗtr 7½ 5 Ņ ' ‫د‬

ł ‫ﺟ‬

Ł ‫ب‬

' ‫د‬

Ł ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ ‫ب‬

' ‫د‬

ł ‫ﺟ‬ Ł

ŀ ‫ب‬ Ł

É``````¡f 11

ł + 5Ł

'!5

2W> ‫أ‬

É``````¡f 12

Ń ŀ+ 5

'!5

2W> ‫أ‬ ł +5

' ‫د‬

ŀ ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ ‫د‬

'!5

2W> ‫أ‬ ŀ + Ł5 ŀ - 5Ł

ŀ ‫ب‬ Ł

ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ Ł

É``````¡f 13

Ł5 - Ł

d_; b .b a *- lf .^ cb zfs62b $f 2 b .& r Ƌ 'Bsgb a _:Đ wcN as?'b r (z'>

É``````¡f 14 '!5

2W> ‫أ‬ 5+ŀ ŀ- 5Ń

ŀ ‫ب‬ Ń

=

: &yfyqc f i 2/ : I ?p

'!5

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

'!5

ł5

ŀ+ 5 5ł ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = ŀ - Ł5 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

Ł

ł

É``````¡f 15 '!5

ŀ- ‫أ‬

ájÉ¡fÓdG óæY ádGódG ájÉ¡f OÉéjEG 5ņ- Ł É``````¡f 18 5ł+ Ł '!5 Ł5ł - 5Ņ - ń

Ń+ 5+ Ł5Ł

'!5

Ł5Ń

É``````¡f 21 '!5

ł + Ł5

( 5ń - Ł ŀ ) É``````¡f 27

Ł ( Ł 5 Ł + ņ) É``````¡f 26

107

(ł + 5 )

'!5

É``````¡f 19 '!5

ł+ 5

' !5

Ł - ł5 É``````¡f 23 ŀ- 5Ń+ Ł5ł '!5

: 6" r 5 l

É``````¡f 16 '!5

Ł5

É```¡f 20

ŀ - Ł5 Ł É``````¡f 24 ŀ - 5ń- ł5Ń '!5 5+ Ł

ł Ł5

(ŀ+ Ł5ń + ł5) É``````¡f 17

Ɗwcy f gzZ ."r

ŀ - 5 Ł É``````¡f 22 ŀ+ 5Ń+ Ł5 '!5 Ņ - Ł5 Ł Ł(ŀ- 5)

'!5

É``````¡f 25

ŀ + ł5Ł - Ń5ł

'!5

Ń5 ń - Ł5ł + 5Ł

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

(ł - Ł5)5 ŀ - ł5 ń ' 14

2W> 13 ŀ Ł 15 ł

2W> = Ł5 É```¡f 16 ' !5

(ŀ+ Ł5ń+ ł5) '=(Ł

ņł

=

'=

ņł+

ŀ ń + 5 5

Ł 5 Ł 5

É```¡f ' !5

5 É```¡f ł + ŀ ' !5 Ł5

+ ŀ) ł5 = =

É```¡f ' !5

É```¡f ' !5

5ņ-Ł É```¡f 5ł+ Ł ' !5 Ł5

É```¡f ł+ 5 ' !5

‫ب‬

' !5

‫ﺟ‬

(ŀ - 5) (Ł + Ł5) É```¡f

‫ﻫ‬

5ł + Ł5 ŀ - 5Ł

=

É```¡f

‫أ‬

(ŀ - 5) (Ł + Ł5) É```¡f ŀ - ł5 ń ' !5

ń - Ł5

17

É```¡f ' !5

' !5

É```¡f

‫و‬

' !5

:(3-3) øjQɪJ äÉHÉLEG Ł- 2

ŀ 1

' 4

ņ- 3

18

19

Ń 20

' 6

Ł 5

ł 8

' 7

2W> 10

ł 9

ŀ 12

ł 11

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

68


-

ájÉ¡fÓdG óæY ádGódG ájÉ¡f [Ł5Ń - ŀ + Ł5Ń]5 É```¡f 5Ł + ŀ + Ł5Ń ' !5

äÉ`jÉ¡``ædG

=

5Ł5 + Ń

9 }gR i _lf x L; f l;_ ŀ Ń

=

Ł+

( ł +5 + Ł 5ń

5ł 5 ( Ł(ł-5) + ) É``````¡f 28 ŀ+5Ł '!5

- ņ + 5 Ń + Ł 5ń ) É``````¡f 31

(5 Ł - ŀ + 5 Ł - Ł5Ń ) É``````¡f 30

'!5

ł5ł - Ń

ŀ 5 ŀ Ł5 + Ń

É```¡f ' !5

ł - 34

ôüĿîüĿí óĊăŎĿí

Ł

É``````¡f 29 '!5

'!5

ŀ - 5 + Ł5 É``````¡f 32 ł - Ł5Ň '!5

É``````¡f 33 '!5

ň + Ņ5

=

ȈưĝŻśĝ ƄŐǔƽŝ

ŀ Ň 33

j _V qzk" X?j 1 ^ d_b Wc_ r Ůqzk" ńĿĿĿ o1.¼À Z z . Wc_ .y Of Z G ^2;b t.& $ k Ƌ # kgb Z G b -.N 5 z& ńĿĿĿ + 5 ŀŁ = ¶" zb g"Ė Wc_ b : ! Ɗ! j .kN 1 _b ! j Wc_ 1 1 ^ ŀĿĿĿĿĿ ‫ب‬ 1 ^ ŀĿĿĿĿ ‫أ‬

Ƌ r2_b lf w pjĐ -¹ .N ^2;b $ k f.kN 1 _b ! j Wc_ ."r 2

‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬

:}R 2 6 c[ &

1 ^ ŀĿĿĿĿ ! j .kN 1 _b ! j Wc_ ‫أ‬

( zj z b 6 'b ) G[j .kN b - y pj - #y {V z"sbsk_ b e .+ 6 : 7 R& M 7 75 DG + 9? ! ;8 Ů z Ē a r.b lf d^ h61 {V zj z b 6 'b e.+ 6 ł5 ŀ = 5 .kN ŀŀ-- 5 = (5)- ‫ب‬

1

2W> = 5 .kN ł5 = (5)- ‫أ‬ Ł " = (5)- ‫ﺟـ‬ 2W> = 5 .kN 5Ł Ł5

ľĄĿí

ŀ

qzk" ŀĿĿĿĿ = ńĿĿ +ŀĿĿĿĿ * Ł = ¶"

ł5 = (5)- b .b wk'kf d gj zj z b 6 'b e .+ 6

‫أ‬

2W> = (5)- É```¡f h62b lf Ŀ !5

qzk" ńńĿĿĿ = ńĿĿĿ + ŀĿĿĿĿ * = ¶" ‫ب‬

b .b wk'kf d gj zj z b 6 'b e .+ 6 ‫ب‬ ł5 Ł - ( ŀŀ-- 5 ) (5)-

5 ńĿĿĿ + Ł = ¶" 2 5 É```¡f ' = ńĿĿĿ É```¡f + Ł ' !5 ' !5

, M 7 75 X % ƅŀ = (5)- É```¡f h62b lf ŀ !5

b .b wk'kf d gj zj z b 6 'b e .+ 6 ‫ﺟـ‬ 5ŁŁ " = (5)Ł5 5ŁŁ " É```¡f Ń = Ł5 i .#j h62b lf Ŀ !5

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

V2Of 2zR Wc_ b

108

:á«FGôKEG øjQɪJ ǯ 2&x : rk ȗb

˙6[B : &Ȗ ˚ [ɿɷ : &Ȗ ˚ [ńŁ - ń ( Iǽ

¶" Ů

ŀ É```¡f 5 ' !5

1

ŀ + Ł )] 5 É```¡f 5 ' !5

2

ŀ Ł5 - ŀ

łŁ

ń ł- 5Ņ - Ł5

= Ń

Ł5

2W> 24

j ^r Ů

Ł=

= (5)- j ^ / 4

[ɾ- ʘ ɺ : &Ȗ ˚ e Ů a w gzZ ."r Ů ł = (5)- É```¡f

Ł ŀ=

ń- 27

¶" Ů w gzZ 5a |5| + e

' 23

Ņ - Ł5 Ł É```¡f ŀ+5Ł-Ł5 ' !5

ŀ."r V Ł = (5)- É```¡f Ů ŀ = (5)- É```¡f Ȉ !5 ' !5

ŀ É```¡f Ł =(5)- Ȉ !5

Ń+ 5+ Ł5Ł

ŀ + 5 + Ł ' !5

+ Ł5 z& Ů ł - 5 = (5)- j ^ / 3 ¶" - Ł5 Ƌ i ^r

[ɸ- ʘ ɸ : &Ȗ ˚

Ł5ł - 5Ņ - ń

É```¡f

Ł5ł

( ŀ ł

' !5

Ł5ł

ŀ

łŁ= ŀ + Ł=

Ł(ł-5)

Ł(

ŀ Ł

- 30

21

2W> 22 Ł

Ņ- 5Ł = Ł(ŀ- 5) É```¡f 25 ' !5 Ņ -Ł

Ł5

É```¡f ŀ + Ł - ŀ ' !5 5 ň 26

Ł5

+

É```¡f +

ł -ŀ) Ł5 ' !5 5

É```¡f ' !5

5 ) É```¡f ŀ + 5 Ł ' !5 ŀ

É```¡f ŀ + Ł ' !5 5

28

= ŀ- 29

(5Ł - ŀ + Ł5Ń )5 É```¡f 32 ' !5

5Ł + ŀ + Ł5Ń 5Ł + ŀ + Ł5Ń

69

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

* (5Ł - ŀ + Ł5Ń )5 É```¡f = ' !5


äÉjÉ¡ædG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ôüĿîüĿí óĊăŎĿí

äÉ`jÉ¡``ædG

:áeÉ©dG øjQɪàdG ¢†©H äÉHÉLEG

‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ (5) -

− − − − −

− − − − − − − − − −

(ł) d_: Ł ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ (Ł - 5) É``````¡f

− − − − −

(Ł) d_: ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ (5)- É``````¡f

Ŀ!5

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

3

ŀŬŀ łŬŀ

ŀ-!5

(ł-)-

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

(ŀ) d_: ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ (Ł + 5-) É``````¡f

ł-!5

(Ŀ)-

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ŀŬĿŀ

ŀŬĿĿŀ

$

ŀ

#

ĿŬňňň

ĿŬňň

ĿŬň

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

$

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

#

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

z&

Ł- 5 - Ł5 Ł-5

Ł = 5 .kN Ł - 5 - Ł5 Ł-5

$

ŀ ł

$

Ł- 5- Ł5 Ł- 5

ł=

Ü

ŀŬŀ

ŀŬĿŀ ŀŬĿĿŀ łŬĿŀ łŬĿĿŀ

(ŀ-)-

ŀ - Ł5 É```¡f $ k 6 r w Ē ar.#b dg^ 2 ŀ - 5 ŀ !5

Ł !5

łƅŀ d_: 1 Ł-ƅł d_:

2W>ƅŁ d_:

Ɗdg^ d [gb wj z b d_;b lf 1 (5) -

(5) -

Ü Ø

# ĿŬňňň # ŁŬňňň

É```¡f

i L&đj ar.#b j z lf

Ł !5

Ł- 5- Ł5 Ł- 5

ł = (Ł)- =

= (5)- Ɗw Ē ^ V2Of - b .b j ^ / 3

]

É``````¡f =(Ł)- i ^ / ] gzZ ."r h Ł #5 f.kN b .b hzZ

Ł!5

Ł ‫ﺟ‬

' ‫د‬

2W> ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ ‫ب‬

+ Ł5 É``````¡f 4 Ɗtr 7½ 5 5 Ŀ!5 2W> ‫أ‬

' 5

ŀ+ 5

2W> 6 V2Of 2zR ņ + 5

ŀ- ‫أ‬

É```¡f Ł + 5 Ł- !5 Łł-ł5 Łņ = Ł(ł)ł = ł-5 É```¡f ł !5 (Ł+5)(Ň-5) É```¡f ŀŅ-5Ņ-Ł5 É```¡f = Ň-5 (Ň- 5) Ň !5 Ň !5

x ᪫b óLhCG : äóLh r¿EG á«JB’G äÉjÉ¡ædG øe πc Łņ - ł5 ł-5 ŀ- ŀĿ(ŀ+ 5) 5 ŀ+5ń+Ł5Ł ņ - Ł5ł

É``````¡f

ł !5

9

É``````¡f 12

Ŀ !5

É``````¡f 15 '!5

ŀ- 5 Ƅ ŀ- 5 ŀŁŇ - ņ5 ł Ň- 5 ń - ł5ņ 5 - Ł5 ł

É``````¡f

ŀ!5

ņ+ 5 Ł+ 5 ŀŅ- 5 Ņ - Ł5 Ň-5 ŀ - ł5ł ŀ + Ł5

8

É``````¡f 11

Ł!5

É``````¡f 14 '!5

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

É``````¡f

Ł-!5

7

É``````¡f 10

Ň!5

É``````¡f 13 '!5

110

łŁ - ń5 É```¡f Ň- Ł5 Ł Ł !5 ŀ+5Ł-Ń5ł É```¡f Ń5Ņ - ń ' !5

2 3

(ł-5Ł)(ŀ+5) É```¡f Ł+ Ł5ń ' !5

4

É```¡f

5

ł- Ł5Ń ŀ+ 5Ł

' !5

Ł - ņ5 + ń5 É```¡f ŀ-5 ŀ !5

6

Ɗw Ē ^ V2Of - b .b j ^ / 7 ł ! 5ƅ f.kN ł = 5ƅ f.kN

Ņ + 5ń - Ł5 ň - Ł5 ŀ+]

Ņ + 5ń - Ł5 É```¡f ň - Ł5 ł !5

`

'!5

'!5

2W> ‫ب‬

a

ŀ 4

ł Ɗtr 7½ Ł + Ł 5 É``````¡f 5

Ł ‫ب‬ ŀ ‫أ‬ Ɗtr 7½ (5 - ŀ + Ł5 ) É``````¡f 6

ŀ ‫ﺟ‬

' ‫د‬

É```¡f Ł !5

ł=]

' b Đr." is^

:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG ł ‫د‬

Ü Ü Ø

ĿŬňň ĿŬň ŁŬňň ŁŬň

= (5)-

= (ł)- i ^ / ] gzZ ."r

7 9 10

ŀĿ = (Ł+ 5 ) É```¡f =ƆƆƄƄƄƄƄƄƄƄ Ň !5 ņŁ - ņ5

łŁ - ł5

ņ

ŀŁŇ - 5 = Ň - ł5 É```¡f 11 Ł !5

É```¡f

Ł !5

ŀŀŁ Ń ņ ł-ņ ņ ł = Ł* ł = (Ł) * ł =Ƅ ŀĿ ŀĿ ŀĿ +5) É```¡f 12 ŀĿ=ň(ŀ)ŀĿ= ŀ- 5(ŀ+5) É```¡f = ŀ- (ŀ 5 Ŀ !5 Ŀ !5

ɹ9 }gR i _lf x L; f rk hb l;_

'=

Ŀ -' Ŀ+ ŀ

ŀ

Ł5

=

ŀ Ł5

ŀ - ł5ł É```¡f ŀ + Ł5 ' !5

- 5ł +ŀ

É```¡f

ņ- Ł5ł

Ł ł

=

Ŀ+Ŀ+Ł Ŀ-ł

ŀ

=

Ł5

+

ń 5

ņ

Ł5

=

' !5

Ł Ł5 wcN e [gb r H7 b g7[ ŀ+5ń+ 5Ł

13

É```¡f ' !5

15

É```¡f ' !5

:á«FGôKEG øjQɪJ Ɗ ."r i z Ē y pkb lf d^ gzZ ."r Ņ-5ń- Ł5 ŀ+ 5

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

É```¡f ŀ- !5

70

1


-

ájÉ¡fÓdG óæY ádGódG ájÉ¡f

Ł= ŀ+ ŀ= (ŀ+ 5)

É```¡f ŀ !5

-

=

»ªcGôJ QÉÑàNG

‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﻰ‬

Ɗwb b d_;b wV ‫ب‬

¾ ¼ wV z Ē ¾ y 2 #b 1s7_b lf 27¼ » ^ d½Ë ^ PB¼ 1 Ɗ 1s> H7 Ë ł+5 ‫د‬ 5 ň - ł5

‫ﺟ‬

Łń - Ł5 Ł(ń- 5)

Ƌ` " 27V ?(5) ŁK = (5) ŀK do

ŀ+5 ŀ+5Ł+ Ł5 5 Ń + Ł5

ŀŅ+ 5Ň + Ł5

.K a #f k¹ z f (5)ŁK + (5)ŀK = (5)K ."r V

ł ŀ-5

‫ب‬

5 5 - Ł5

= (5) ŁK Ů 5 Ł

Ň+ 5 Ł

= (5) ŁK Ů

‫أ‬

= (5) ŀK i ^ / 2

Ń = (5)ŀK i ^ / 3 ŀ+5

» Ƌ pb #f k¹ z f ŀ -ŀ5 + ŀ = (5)- z& - b .cb 1s> H7 ¼ ."r 4 ŀ+5 Ł » Ƌ pb #f k¹ z f ń + 5 + ŀ-Ł 5 = (5)1 z& 1 b .cb 1s> H7 ¼ ."r 5

Ɗ z Ē zB y2b cg#cb t4f2b 2z O b ^ 6 ƋC lf 5 2 [ f.kN (5)- ¶b y pk^ U2O a i V C lf 5 2 [ gkz& (I ǽ a) a lf (5)- 2 Z /

− − − − − −

Ł5 ŀ lf 5 2 [ f.kN (5)- hzZ 51- V ŀ-ŀ- 5 = (5)- j ^ / 7

z& - b .b d gy 2W> = 5ƅ f.kN

ŀ

2W> > 5ƅ f.kN

ŀ-

Ł > 5 f.kN

5

Ł G 5 f.kN

Ł+5

(5) -

(5)- É``````¡f ‫ب‬ Ŀ !5

= (5) − − − −

(¶Ŀ)- ! (+Ŀ)- i L&đj h62b lfr

(5)- z& - b .b j ^ / 8

(5)- É``````¡f -s"r ' h Ů b .b m0o wk'kf h61 Ł !5 Ɗw y f pzV (Bs½ Í y-.N¼ c f HN 9 ŀ = 5 .kN V2Of ½ b .b is_ Ài 1r2Cb wkOy Đ ŀ #5 f.kN b .cb y pj -s"r ‫أ‬ Ƌ b .cb y pj -s"r wkOy Đ 0pV ŀ = 5 .kN V2Of b .b j ^ / ‫ب‬

Ł

2W> < 5ƅ f.kN

5

|5 | É```¡f ‫ﺟ‬ 5 ' !5

Ł ( 5 - ŀ5+ 5 ) É```¡f ‫د‬

' !5

Ł- ł + 5 ŀ- 5

ŀ = (Ŀ)- iĔ 2W?b .kN V2Of pj lf hR2b

(Ł-)- ‫ﺟ‬

(5)- É``````¡f ‫د‬ Ł-!5

Ɗ ."r d [gb d_;b wV 10 (Ŀ)- ‫أ‬

Ł5 Ń

5-ł

‫و‬

É``````¡f

Ɗ .¼ "¾ r½ Ài z Ē y pkb ."r 11 5 ņ É```¡f ‫أ‬

É```¡f ‫ب‬

' !5

ń+5Ł

' !5

Ņ + 5 ń - Ł5 É``````¡f ‫ﻫ‬ Ł- 5 Ł 5

ŀ!5

!

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

111

11 ņ Ł

=

'=

' = (ŀ-

ņ 5ņ É```¡f = É```¡f ń + Ł ' !5 ń+ 5 Ł ' !5 5 Ł5Ń 5Ń É```¡f = É```¡f 5- ł ' !5 ŀ- ł ' !5 5 5 |5| ŀ= 5 É```¡f = 5 É```¡f ' !5 ' !5

ŀ + 5) É```¡f 5 ' !5

(ł-5)(Ł-5) (Ł - 5)

=

É```¡f Ł !5

8

(5) -

{

‫ب‬ ‫ﺟ‬

5 - ŀ + Ł5 É```¡f 5 ' !5

‫د‬

5 É```¡f = Ņ+Ł5ń-5

‫ﻫ‬

Ł

:≈ªcGôàdG QÉÑàN’G áHÉLEG

‫أ‬

− − − − −

{ ~

Ł !5

o P*ȗp hc?f rk

ŀ- = ł - Ł = (ł -5 ) É```¡f =ƄƄ

Ń = (+Ł)- Ů Ł = (-Ł)-

Ł !5

Ł+ ł+5 Ł+ ł+5 ŀ Ń

=

* Ł- ł+5 ŀ- 5 (ŀ - 5)

(Ł + ł + 5

É```¡f

(+Ł)- ! (-Ł)Ƌ -s"r pb 8zb (5)- É```¡f

‫و‬

Ł !5

ŀ !5

É```¡f

) (ŀ - 5) ŀ !5

=

ŀ- Ł5 ŀ- 5

= (5)- ‫ أ‬9 {ŀ}- I wcN V2Of ŀ #5 f.kN b .cb y pj ."s r (ŀ+5)(ŀ-5) (ŀ- 5)

71

`

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

É```¡f ŀ !5

ŀ- Ł5

= ŀ- 5

É```¡f ŀ !5

z&


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

‍اďť&#x;ﺣﺪ؊‏ ‍ﺪ؊‏ ‍ﺣﺪ؊‏ ‍ﺣﺪ‏ ‍ااďť&#x; ﺣ‏ â€ŤŘ§ďş‘ďťŒďş”â€Ź â€ŤďťŒďş”â€Ź ‍اďť&#x;ďť&#x;ﺎااﺑ‏ ‍اďť&#x;ﺎاďş‘ďťŒďş”â€Ź

ôďùíÄŽĿí

äÉãâˆ?ãŸG ĂœĂ‰°ÚM

äÉãâˆ?ãŸG ĂœĂ‰``°ÚM Trigonometry

Trigonometry óóÄŠÄƒĹŽĿí Ă´ĹƒÄŠĸĹƒ ĂłÄŠÄƒ ĹŽĿíĿí Ă´Ĺƒ Ă´ĹƒÄŠĸĹƒ ÄŠ ÄŠĸĹƒ w&y €F 6f 1 k Qx6Z 2* yu Ë•Trigonometry  q€ Č—f Ë– #g#lf ;* mgR w&y w w&y €F 6f €F F 66f F f 1 1 k Qx6Z 2* Qx6 Qx6ZZ 2* 2* 2 yu yu Ë• yu Ë•Ë•T Trig rigonom onometry etry tryy   q€  q  qq€ Č—f Č—f Č—f Ë– #g# Ë– Ë– Ë– #g#lf ;* lf f ;* mgR ; mmgR : €^x $g#lf QČ—F e yJ r€ ^Č—Sf 2&y $€* A . w&y k Sf :2qvf x i R : : €^x : €^x €^x $g# $g# $ lf $g $g# lf QČ—F lf lf Q F e y QČ—F e J r€ J r€ J r € ^^Č—Sf ^Č—Sf Č—Sf 2& &y $ 2& y €* A A . w . w&y &y k S SSf f :2qvf x i R i ;* 2R y_ hlR rk ex r€ 6Clf k2^ o bx Ę˜Ë•Ë…Ë…Ë…Ë… Ę˜hOf f 1 Ę˜i l f €& f 1 Ę˜ €'f f 1Ë– €#g#k e x1 5yB  Z t x7 ; ;* 2R * 2R * 2R y_ * y_ y_ hlR hlR rk hlR rk rk rk k ex exx r€ 6 eex € 6 € 6Clf € 6 Clf Cl k k 2^ o 2^^ o bx x Ę˜Ë•Ë…Ë… Ę˜Ë•Ë… Ë• Ë…Ë… Ę˜ Ë… Ę˜hOf h f f 1 Ę˜i hOf 1 Ę˜i l f 1 Ę˜i i l f €& f € €& €& f & f 1 Ę˜ 1 Ę˜ €'f €' €'f f f 1Ë– 1Ë– Ë– €#g €#g#k e € #k e x1 x1 5yB 5yB B  Z  Z t t x7 x vq€p y^ ySFx r 4f ` 6VČš }f #g#lf ;* mgSf q Z6Sk T&6 Ę˜mu2 Sk q x k 6uČš q  Z uyk2/ : 3 Ę˜ #g#lf vq vvvqq€p y vq €p y p p yy^^ ^ y y ySFx SFx SF Fx F Fx xx r 4 r 4 ` r r 4f ` 6VČš 6VČš }f 6V }f }f }f #g#lf ;* m #g#lf # f ;* ;* m * mgSf ggSf f q Z6Sk q ZZ6Sk Sk T&6 Sk T&6 Ę˜mu Ę˜mu2 S Ę˜mu u2 S Skk k q x q x x x x k 6uČš k k 6uČš 6 q q  Z q q  Z uyk2/ : 3 Ę˜ uyk2/ u 2 : 3 Ę˜ #g#lf Ę˜ f Ę˜ #g#lf ` 6J rR 92€g^ :2qu yZ6R 6Wf o lb Ë…wRČ—F e yJ fČ–2 $g#lf * ;lf u6  px6€ f i2^ lb Ę˜ v 6Op yV Bx ` 6 `` 6 J rR rR 92€ 92€ 9 g^ g^ :2q g^ g^ :2q : u y u yZ6R Z6 6Wf o o lb lb Ë…wR Ë…Ë… Č—F F e yJ F yJ y f fČ–2 Č–Č–2 2 $g#l $gg#lf f * ;l f * ;lf lff Ç› pp u6 u6 u66  p  x6€  x6 f i2^ x6€ 2^ lb Ę˜ lb Ę˜ v v v 6Op yV Bx $g#lf B /f ^Č—Sf  p f \?b $€* $g#lf $g# lf B lf B B /f /f ^Č—S ^Č— ^Č— f   p p f \ \?b $ b $€* €* ;f €#g#lf ;qf mvk 2/ : yu #g#lf ;*  Z 6Sf 6" k rkx Ë… 6Sf ; €#g ;f €#g#lf #lf #l #lf lf ;q f ;q f vk 2 f m / : yu / : : yu yu yu u #gg#lf #lf ; lf ; ;*  Z ;*  Z * 6S *  f 6 6S f 6" k " k rkx rkx Ë… 6S 6Sf f Ë…<l?f Q [ 5 1 ' oyp ^ \? b lb x 8f m _f ~x6cf Ë…<l?f Q Q [ 5 [[ 1 ' ' oyp oyp yp ^ \? ^ \ \? b \? b b lb lb llbb x x xx 8f 8f m _ 8f m f ~ m _ ~x6cf x6cf ]6Kf x €F 6f RČ—lf x  p lf ?p  Z i2/ ;  f x8f x Z ;lf ;*  Z 6€#b _€ K #g#lf ;* mgSf ]6K Kf x €F f f x €F €F 6f €F 6f 6ff RČ—lf x RČ— RČ—lf x lf  p  lf ? ?p    Z i Z i2/ ; / ;  f  f f x8 x8 x8f x88 x x Z ; ZZ ;lf lf ;*  Z Z 6€# 6€#b _€ K _ _€ K #g#g# #g#l g# f f ;* ;* ;* ;* * mgSf mgSf €cg[f x €Z 6W'f Z ;lf ;*  Z #g#lf ;* i2/ ; lb Ę˜ €c€p c€lf x € 6vcf 8v&Čš x b6+lf R qB  Zx €cg[f €c [f x € x Z 6WW'f x € 'f f Z Z ;lf ; ; ;lf ;*  Z *  Z # # g#lf g#lf ;* ;* i * i2/ ; 2/ ; l b Ę˜ €c€p € c€l €c€p € f x f € 6 € 6vcf cf 8v 8v 8v&Čš x &ȚȚ b & b bb6+lf b6+lf 6+ +lf R +lf lf R R RR qB qB qB  qB   Zx Zxx Ë… €R qCf 5 l^Čš Z ?c :Č– lOp  Zx Ë… €R €RR qC qq 5 qCf 5 5 l^Čš l^Čš ^Čš Z ?c ^Čš ?c ?cc :Č– ?c :Č– lO lO lOp   Zx Zx

ĂłÄŠÄƒĹŽĿí Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďá þÎÿÄŽÄˆĹƒ Ăł ĂłÄŠÄƒĹŽ ÄŠÄƒĹŽĿí ĿíĿí łŀď łŀď Ĺ€ á Ăľ á Ăľ þÎÿĎĎĈ ÄˆĹƒĹƒ

Â? ./0 + 9? ob :n m M 1 jE '+ 9 b MC?” / 7L – † Ă˜nÂœxĂŽ Â?R rd›Y ĂŽĂş ĂŞnešUĂ? oh@ Ă’{LnS ĂŤÂŽinS ĂŞ{žš—x “ Â?dL  fxĂł ĂŽ|UĂ?Ă­ Âşrd›Y ĂŽĂş ohÂœUĂ? Ă’{LnS ĂŤÂŽinS ĂŚ}_šxĂł “ Ă‘ÂŽh@ Â…Y rd›eUĂ? âÄ†Â”ĂŒ ĂŠĂ?ÂŽJĂŒ oHnfšó> rd›Y ĂŽĂŒ Â?R Â?iĂŒ

rd›eUĂ? Ă?|w Â?R ĂŠÂŽgÂœY Â…d” ĂŠÂŽJ ÂŹ

ngU pd=nbeUĂ? nxĂ?Ă­~UĂ? Ă˜nÂœxĂŽ Â?R rd›Y ĂŽĂş ĂŞnešUĂ? oh@ Ă’{LnS ĂŤÂŽinS ĂŞ{žš—x “ ĂŽĂŒ âÄ†Â”ĂŒ ĂŠĂ?ÂŽJĂŒ Ă˜nÂœxĂŽ Â?R ohÂœUĂ? Ă’{LnS ĂŤÂŽinS ĂŞ{žš—xĂł “

rd›eUĂ? Ă?|w Â?R pUÂŽgÂœY pxĂ­Ă?Ă› ĂœnhS

rd›Y Â?R rd›Y ĂŽĂş ĂŞnešUĂ? oh@Ă­ ohÂœUĂ? Ă’{LnS ĂŤÂŽinS ĂŞ{žš—x “ Ă“nHnhS Ă˜nÂœxĂŽ Â?R rd›Y ĂŽĂş ohÂœUĂ? Ă’{LnS ĂŤÂŽinS ĂŞ{žš—xĂł “ rd›eUĂ? Ă?|w ŠA

rd›eUĂ? Ă?|w nxĂ?Ă­Ă› Â?dL pLÂŽfšY p]ZiĂŒĂ­ ÂŒxĂšne> ŠA Â?R p˜HnÂ?UĂ? pUĂšĂ? ĂŞ{žš—x “

rd›Y ĂŽĂş ĂŞnešUĂ? oh@Ă­ ÂşohÂœUĂ? Ă’{LnS ĂŤÂŽinS

â€ŤďťŁďť˜ﺪďş” اďť&#x;ﺣﺪ؊‏ dg; qzcN [z G r yr 4b h [b c gb b Gb 51- i \ 6 & 7fr ĹŽ c gb & 7f U2O r ĹŽA W+jÄ? r M W 1Ä? y r3 hcO y Us6 iÄ’ r ĹŽhK kgb PcCgb & 7fr ĹŽwN 2b d_;b z"r z#b wjsj Z 6 1- aÄ‘* lf e N q"s c gb d& aÄ‘* lf `b/r z z'b r z6.kpb [z G b DO r e g b ĆŠw Ä’ ^ go lz61Ć‹ z#b ( .N Z) isj Z ĆŠarÄ” 51.b Ć‹e g b z" ( .N Z) isj Z ĆŠwj b 51.b

ĂŠÂŽJĂ­ rd›Y ĂŽĂş ohÂœUĂ? Ă’{LnS ĂŤÂŽinS ÂŒh= pSĆ_UĂ? sšfš— xĂł “ ÂŹ

rd›eU� �|gU p@ÚnžU� Ò}ý�{U� }]ôS ‡[þi

rd›Y Îú ênešU� oh@ Ò{LnS ͎inS Ì}_šxó “

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b zy zyp zyp #f f }p # #f }p #f f \ f \Cf f Cf Ë? } Cf Ë? 1Čš 1 m;_f m Ë? m;_f m; Ë? k S Ë? k k f k f €F €F 6f 6f 6f f f b

1122 11

‍ﺨﺎďş&#x;ﺎت اďť&#x;ďş˜ďťŒďť ďť˘â€Ź o f Kf rk T^y v€Z K?pČ›f Ç›4€[q x 2*yf t4u vp  Z :o }gR 5Ç› 1 ^ oyc ­" § Â…7 8 0 G" ( 5 X Âş ' l&+8% I" Âľ :" -ÂĽ % 0c V ? M( G" ÂĽ „W$ 4 I X3 78 G" ( ? % X Âş ' , f83 G" ( % 0U # 3 ? I : A :%0 c W_ ! 4 I0 G" ( 5 X Âş ' ² : W+ O8781% I G" ÂĽ Âľ :?> ¤ '&@ &M IG" ( 5 ,°8 X ? ' l&+8% M"$ 4 I Âś ­ G" ( 5 ,°8 X ? ' , f81% IG" ÂĽ ­ 4 A X ? ' , f83 G" ( ­ 4 A M"$ 4 I ? % ,°8 :%0 U { Âś ­ G" ( 5 ,°8 X ? ' , f81% IG" ÂĽ ­ : A X ? ' , f83 G" ( ­ : A :%0 U { ? % I,°8

_ ­ G" ( 5 ,°8 X ?0 X Âş , f81% :: T #] ÂŁ ­ G" ÂĽ I= W$ _ 4 I0 ,²8%0 U 3 G" ÂĽ ­ " a * I°A7 '> !/ÂĽ :%0 c { 0 ,²+"$ ] I G" ÂĽ ­ " a * I:€W = W$ 4 I G" ÂĽ ­ " a * X Âş § .%> ¨ _ ­ :L3 ÂŁ : T , f81% IG" ( 5 ,°8 X ?0

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

72


ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí ôŔ ôŔē îēŗ ēŗ ŗí õ í õîĄŀ îĄŀĤĜń ĤĜńńĿí pxíÐÛ } TÌ Ñ

Largest Angle

rd eUÐ pAn Y Ñ

The Area of the Triangle

rd eUÐ âĆ Ì éÐ JÌ Ñ

‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ?& ŀŃ

The Sides Lenghtes of a Triangle The Opposite Angle of an Side

ÒØnA pxíÐÛ Ñ

Acute Angle

pxíÐÛ }`ÉÌ Ñ

p@}afY pxíÐÛ Ñ

Obtuse Angle

peýnS pxíÐÛ Ñ

Right Angle

óĊăŎĿí đōčĉ óĊăŎĿí óĊă ŎĿí đō ŎĿí đō đōčĉ đōčĉ č

ľëîēŎĿíō õíōĉŗí ľëî ľë ëîēŎĿ ēŎĿííō ēŎ íō õíō íō õíō íō õíōĉŗí ĉŗ ĉŗí ŗíí

'f ˕ 2R ^˖ oyp ^ 'f 'f 'f ˕ ˕ 2R ^ ˕ ^˖ oy ^ ˖˖ oy oyyp ^^ ˄˄˕ ˕ɸ˝ɻ˖ 952f ɸ˝ɻ˖ 95 ˖ 952f 2f

lgR : * f lgR lgR : : : * f * * f f

i l f & ˕ 2R ^˖ oyp ^ i l i l f & ˕ & ˕ 2R 2R R ^˖ o ^˖ oyp ^ yp ^ ^ ˄˄˕ ˕ɹ˝ɻ˖ 952f ˕ɹ˝ɻ˖ 95 ˖ 952f ˖ 952f 2f

‫اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ 3 p" - zgcN 6 & b - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Datashow j z A2N (geogebra) Ɗd f c b r {bĒ 6 'cb zfs61 $f 2

óĊă ăŎŀĿ ŀ Őń ŐńŔĨň ŔĨňň÷ Ģ ÷ ĢĤĈŃ óĊăŎŀĿ ŐńŔĨň÷ ĢĤĈŃ ŁîńøĿí ðŔÿ óĊīîķ Łîńø îńøĿí ð Ŀí ðŔÿ ó Ŕÿ ó Ŕÿ ÿ óĊīîķ Ċ Ċīîķ õîĸŔòĤ÷ õîĸŔòĤ÷ ôŔēĊňŋ ôŔ÷îŔăō

đîŔķ ĉîĀœç đîŔķ đîŔķ ĉîĀœ ĉĉî ç ĉîĀ

Īŀğ ĽŎģ ĉîĀœç Īŀğ ĽŎģ ĉ Ŏģ ĉîĀœç î

ôĿŎŌĀŃ ôœ Ń ôœōíď ôĿŎŌĀŃ ôœōíď úŀüŃ Őij

ðŔĀĿí óĊīîķ ðŔĀ ðŔĀĿ Ā í óĊ í ó īîķ ī ôŔēĊňŋ õîĸŔòĤ÷ Ĥ÷÷

úŀüŃ ŀ Œij ĽŎŌĀŃ úŀüŃ Œij ĽŎŌĀŃ

ôŔ÷îŔăōō

đîŔķ ĉîĀœç đîŔķ đîŔķ ĉîĀœ đîŔķ ĉîĀ ĉîĀ ĉîĀ îĀ ç ôĿŎŌ ôĿŎŌĀŃ ôœ ĿŎŌĀŃ ôœ Ń ôœōíď ô ōíď ō ôĿŎŌĀŃ ôœōíď úŀü úŀüŃ ŀüŃ Ő Őijij úŀüŃ Őij

óĊăŎŀĿ ŐńŔĨň÷ ĢĤĈŃ Łîī ŊÿŎñ úŀüńĿí ľă ľ ľă

‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ‬ [y2Gb - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob Ƌ đ_;gb d& - zF k 6Đ

73

êne UÐ oh@ Ò{LnS Ñ

Cosine Rule

pU g Y pxíÐÛ Ñ

Smallest Angle

oh UÐ Ò{LnS Ñ

Sine Rule

é g Y d é J Ñ

Missing Length

Ón d Y Ñn A Ñ

Trigonometry

d é JÌ Ñ

Longest Side

UnKnown Angle

pd=nbY pxíÐÛ Ñ

‫ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ d& - wczc' b 2z_W b - w6.kpb 2z_W b - w[Gkgb 2z_W b ƋwbĐ. 6Đ 2z_W b - đ_;gb

‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ‬ d Z zN g#b r y-2Wb y2y2' b r zpW;b c 6Ĕ wV d g zN g#b Wzc_ b r &2 [gb G;jĔ r Ů51.b .O r k r wV wg^ 2 b 1 *Đ r .&sb wcN f N y1. r y-2Wb r Ƌ .&sb y pj

óĊăŎĿí ôŃĊĸŃ d }[SÌ Ñ

Shortest Side

śŎģ úŀüńĿí Œij łŀī íċç śŎģ śŎ úŀüń śŎģ úŀüńĿ üńĿ üń ń í Œij łŀī í í Œij Œij łŀī í Œij ŀī íċç ċċçç

úŀüńĿí Œij łŀī íċç úŀ ú ú Ŀí Œ úŀüń Ŀí Œij í Œij Œ Œijij łŀī Œ łŀ íċç łŀī łŀī ċçç ôûŜüĿí ŊīŜ ôû ôûŜü ôûŜüĿ í ŊīŜ ŊīŜ īŜğã Ľí ğã ã Ŏģã ğã Ľí ğã ĽíŎģ Ŏģ ôûŜüĿí ŊīŜğã ĽíŎģã

óĊăŎĿí łēã

1133 11

ôœōíĐĿí đîŔķō ņŔĬŀğ ôœōí ôœōí œō ĐĿí đ ĐĿí đîŔķō îŔķ ņŔĬŀğ îŔķō ŔĬŀğ Ĭŀğ ğ îńŌŔij îń ńńŌŔij óčŎĜ čŎĜĄń Ą ĄńĿí ĄńĿ îńŌŔij óčŎĜĄńĿí

úŀüńĿí Œij łŀī íċç úŀüń ú Ŀí Œij úŀüń úŀü Ŀí Œ łŀī łŀī ŀ íċç ċ ĽŎģō Ľ ģ ņŔøœ ņŔøœ Ŕ ōíď î íď îēîŔķ Ŕ Ŕķ ĽŎģō ņŔøœōíď îēîŔķ Ŋī ŊīŜğã Ŝ Ċăã Ċă ŊīŜğã Ċăã

óĊăŎĿí łēã

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b exȚ Ǿ 5 Ǿ 2f f hC[f hC[ ˝ ˝ f f K f K Kf bb

‫اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪة‬ lf d_ > +b hzo Wgb .&scb wgzKk b HG+gb (Bsy PcB asF - #y zWz^r e g b z" .N Zr z#b .N Z d& espWf `b0^ (Bsyr Ů [y2F lf 2 ^ c f wV asp#gb Ƌd'cb Wc +gb Đ 'b r c gb

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

ĽŎģ ĉîĀœç ĽŎģ ĽŎ ĉîĀ ĉîĀœç ĉîĀœ îĀœç ĽŎŌĀ ĽŎŌ ŎŌĀ ŌĀŃ Īŀğ Ń Īŀğ Ī Īŀğ ĽŎŌĀŃ Īŀğ úŀüŃ úŀüŃ ü Ő Őijij úŀüŃ Őij


óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

ôĬñíĎĿí

(IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb Ö«édG

ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí

Ö«édG (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb

đčĊĿí

1-4

The Sine Rule

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬

yr 4b h Z C

l HŁ

O!

C

O!

D<_ cňĿ = (Cc)X /

C

C

oh UÐ Ò{LnS ë inS êÐ{ HÐ Ñ

O!

D<_ (E^) X - cŀŇĿ = (Cc)X

oh UÐ Ò{LnS êÐ{ Hn= ph>nhAí

/ Ů =Ƅ "

}]S [i é Jí rd Y îú

rd eUÐ Ð|gU p@Ún UÐ Ò}ýÐ{UÐ ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí

oh UÐ Ò{LnS Ñ

Sine Rule

ÒØnA pxíÐÛ Ñ

Acute Angle

p@}afY pxíÐÛ Ñ

Obtuse Angle

peýnS pxíÐÛ Ñ

Right Angle

C

952f &6/k

D<_ (Ec)X = (Cc)X

n z '7'$ 1<&+ DT& I

f Kf rk T^y v Z K?pțf Ǜ4 [q x 952f 4u vp }Z

z& D<C =b C " [E " = (E - cŀŇĿ) " Ɗ n %]

E " = (E - cŀŇĿ) " = ,

C

dm L"' = 5 O! C9 =b

/

C

= C " `

/

C

= E "

Ëi ! k 6 l_gy d gb r

K U 3f R8% K& )&I 1)'$

/¶" / = ¶" "ƄŮƄ = " HŁ HŁ

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

:o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ oyc o

ôŃĊĈøĔńĿí õíōĉŗí phedL p HnA pUË Ñ

IG" ( 5 X º ' O8781%

phY HÚ sYÐ}= Ñ

C wV yr 4b !2Wkf ¶" C 9

¿CG ßM’ C , ¶" C , ¶" JBWH

[z G d&r yr 4b h [b c gb d& b Gb 51- i \ 6 c gb d& hcO y Us6 iĒ r ŮA W+jĐ r M W 1Đ y r3 dg; isj Z so qc& Y2F t.& r (e N q"s ) yr 4b h Z 2zR Ƌ51.b 0o MsBsf sor z#b ( .N Z)

oh UÐ Ò{LnS ë inS h= pSĆ_UÐ Ñ

y r4b - & ¶" C 9 z& D<C =b

= E " =ƅC "

\ IH O! ,

[g.

rd eUÐ A R

ph nxÚ ÓĆcZY Aí p@|ei Ñ

l

l

E

/¶" = ¶" " HŁ

C

E

rd Y îú oh UÐ Ò{LnS ë inS Ñ

nghdL ýn Y Aí

Ö«édG (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb Ƌ c gb lf M sj đ z Ē a _:Ĕ d g yr 4b !2Wkf yr 4b - &

The Sine Rule

đčĊĿí

The Sine rule

łŀĬø÷ ıŎē

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Datashow j z A2N 3 p" - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ƌ( j2 jĖ ) fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b - zgcN 6 & b : *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

: mgS :} Ș d ȗJ 6b3

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Ö«÷G (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb O!

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Ö«÷G (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb

C wV yr 4b h [b ¶" C 9 {V [ 7b ZđOb 8Wj ar & :n[

Ɗwo ¶" C c gb wV z#b ( .N Z) isj Z 5 AI /

/

Ƌ c gb 5r 2 1 gb 2 .b 2GZ X?j asF H z& HŁ = ¶"¶" " = " =

/

C C "

Ƌ pb c [gb y r4b sz" Pf c gb MđB a sF 6 k c f x {V Ɗi x

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ذاﺗﻰ‬ t2* Y2G z#b isj Z

c C

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:å∏ãe …CG ´Ó°VCG ∫ƒWCG OÉéjEG »a Ö«édG (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb Ωóîà°SG ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ /

-.N 2ZĔ ¶" Ů lf đ^ Ê ."r Ůh6ŀĿŬŁ = C ŮcłŃ =( c)X Ůcņń = (Cc) X i ^ / ¶" C c gb wV 1 Ƌ(z'> /

2 N Ů j0 gb M W 1 5 zZ h Ů h62cb 5 z[f dgN : ygKlf .O ` " '> lf .^ b `k_gy Ƌ1 f ń d_b h6ŀ 5 z[gb Ƌ51.b 0o MsBsf z#b ( .N Z) isj [b ` 6 1Ƌ pkz& wV y-2V G* lf -2y f (z'? Pf ` đF dgN P

/

ľĄĿí

C

cŀŇĿ = (¶"c)X + ( c)X + (Cc)X a (cłŃ + cņń) - cŀŇĿ = (¶"c)X ` cņŀ = ƅƅ ¶" Ů - #yĖ z#b .N Z e.+ 7j ¶" ŀĿŬŁ ¶" = = ` = = C a ¶" " " C " cņŀ " cłŃ " cņń " c 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 ƅƅƅ h6Ņ - łŃ " * ŀĿŬŁ = / cņń "

c

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sin

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sin

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6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 ƅƅƅ h6ŀĿ - cņŀ " * ŀĿŬŁ = ¶" cņń " /

:I ?qf &

h6ŃŬŃ - h62b wV j0 gb asF Ƌ 2 f ¹ ŁŁ - j0 gcb w[z['b asGb 2* w z& XZsgb wko/ X?N dgN ` đF wb cF MđB a sF - #yĖ qzV ! ' r XZsgb 0pb q ;f Ƌ yr 4b h Z 2zR c f y r3 6 zZr

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1

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,,,

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ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă /

Ƌ ¶" Ů C lf d^ ."r V Ůh6ňŀ = Ůcņŀ = ( c)X ŮcŅŀ = (¶"c)X i ^ / ¶" C c gb wV 1 /

/

å∏ãªdG ≈a ™∏°V ôÑcCG ∫ƒW OÉéjEG

¿CG ôcòJ 0 h T& =b j W "RG + "RGH DI & j q =b + "ef *<) "efH I & =0 h T& dj W

115

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ů cŃň ŀŀ = (Cc) X qzV t0b ¶" C c gb wV PcB 2 ^ asF ."r 2 Ƌlzy2;N lzgZ1 2ZĔ $ kb ¹ 2[f h6ŀŀŬŁŁ = ¶" Ů cņŅ ŀņ = ( c)X /

/

/

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

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Ö«édG (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb

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‫إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺪرس‬ mgS

Ly¦¡ - e ~I

b Gb ^ w 'W> wcN (Bsgb i o2 b ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ yr 4b h Z 2zR c gb d'b Y2F wcN U2O b :Y2vf \ 6 w b y2Kkb e .+ 6 wcN i o2 b .g Oy z& (ŀŀŃ)= Ƌ 2 .b G 2gb r pgcO b Gcb is_ C G[kb lf qj L&Đ .Zr Ů j0 gb M W 1 - #y a- N - 1 lf 2 f ¹ cŁń V 7f 2 Z f.kNr ŮcłŁ j0 gb gZ M W 1 yr 3 gZ M W 1 yr 3 - 3 G[kb .kN ( > r Ů j0 gb .N Z cŅń wb j0 gb

75

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äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ``°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí

(I ?qf 4 [q f ) I ?p

ľĄĿí /

/

/

ŀŀŬŁŁ /

cńŃ łŁ "

=

fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b e .+ 6 ` đF wb cF Pf z#b isj [b t2* lzo 2 lN ' b wV ( j2 jĖ ) Ů`b/ wb d>s lf wb cF h Ůqzb sc>s f ;Z kf Ƌ p ;Z kf Pf d?Wb wV q đf3 wcN lzo 2 b m0o A2N

[ ( c)X + (Cc) X ] - cŀŇĿ = (¶"c)X a cńŃ łŁ = (cņŅ ŀņ + cŃň ŀŀ) -c ŀŇĿ =ƅƅ - #y so scGgb ¿i t À Ů yr 4b d [gb so PcB 2 ^ ` /

cņŅ ŀņ "

/

/

/ / ¶" = a ¶" " " / h6ŀłŬłŇ - cņŅ ŀņ "/ * ŀŀŬŁŁ = / ` cńŃ łŁ " ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

`

¹ 2[f h6ŇŬŃ = ¶" ŮcŅń = ( c)X ŮcŃł = (Cc)X qzV t0b ٶ" C /

c gb wV PcB 2S> asF ."r 2 Ƌ.& r x2;N hZ2b $ kb

'f ( 2R ^) oyp _f 6. o u6

Ö«édG ¿ƒfÉb ΩGóîà°SÉH å∏ãªdG πM E2; 7b 2> kOb lf 2> kN đ qkf h¼ ¾cN½ / qzV bsp#gb 2> kOb 6 zZ - #y so c gb d' -s?[gb 6 zZ qkf h¼ ¾cN½ / c gb d& l_gyĐ qjĔ ŮdZĔ wcN MđBĔ .& asF fscOgb 2> kOb lz lf is_y Ài ƋqNđB .& asFr lz yr 3 6 zZ qkf h¼ ¾cN½ / Ů c gb d' z#b isj Z kb (g7yr Ů y r3 đ

Solving the Triangle Using the Sine Rule

h [b c gb wV yr 4b z" e .+ 6 wcN i o2 b 0o .g Oy Ƌ yr 4b O!

:¬YÓ°VCG óMCG ∫ƒWh ø«àjhGR É°SÉ«b ¬æe nºp∏oY GPEG å∏ãªdG πM /

Ɗwb b P j C asGb r ¶" Ů lz yr 4b 6 zZ qzV h¼ ¾cN½ / ¶" C c gb d'b qj L&Đ (Cc)X - #yĖ cŀŇĿ = (¶"c)X + ( c)X + (Cc)X ZđOb e.+ 7j -

C

/

/

/

- #yĖ " =

C

Ɗ z#b isj Z e.+ 7j -

C " / ¶" - #yĖ ¶"¶" " = C Ɗ z#b isj Z e.+ 7j C "

-

/

/

O!

C

C

Ɗ`b/ (Bs Í c f wcy gzVr

\

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ /

Ƌ y2;N e Z1 đ 2ZĔ $ kb ¹ 2[f h6Ň = C ŮcŃŇ = ( c)X ŮcłŅ = (Cc)X qzV t0b ¶" C c gb d& 3 ľĄĿí

O!

Ɗ ZđOb lf (¶"c)X ."sj cňŅ = (cŃŇ + cłŅ) - cŀŇĿ = (¶"c)X Ɗ{ Ē ^ z#b isj Z lf ."sj

;$ {

/

.

c {

c

O!

8

×

sin

C

= C a " C "

/

8

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sin

3

6

qzV t0b r y r4b - & ¶" C c gb L&Đ C = 5 ¶" Ɗis_zV 5 wV yr 4b h Z ¶" 5 C c gb a Ɗi t / = C & (ɸ) C & / = a Ɗis_zV 5 wV yr 4b h Z ¶" 5 c gb a Ɗi t / = &

cŃŇ " * Ň = a cłŅ " Ɗw Ē ^ 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 `b/r

h6ŀĿŬŀŀń - ` 4

=

/

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

116

(ɻ)

C & /¶" = =

Ɗi t (ɼ)

/

= = ¶" &

C

¶" & /C = = :oyc (ɼ) ʘ (ɻ) rk C & /¶" = ¶" & /C /¶" / C

(ɽ)

¶" &

=

C &

¶" &

!2Wkgb

=

/

&

=

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C C &

c gb b & wV qzb kc>s f '> 51.j C

O!

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a

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Ƌ yr 4b

O!

C

C /

(ɹ)

`

:o ( q ;p (ɽ) ʘ (ɺ) rk /¶"

C

O!

/

/

Ň = ` cŃŇ " cłŅ "

/

C

O! O! C

C

Ɗ z& wV yr 4b !2Wkgb ¶& C c gb L&Đ C = = ¶" Ů ¶" = 5 C h61

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

C

O!

=

Ɗi t /¶" =

C &

76


-

Ö«÷G (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb -

:o ( q ;p (ɽ) ʘ (ɺ) rk

/

Ö«÷G (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb /

= = C ¶" & & C & - #y wV z#b isj Z e .+ 6 zWz^ ` đF Pf <Z j lz yr 3 6 zZ hcN / Ů c f lf fscOgb 2zR a sFĔ c gb wV PcB 2 ^ i wcN .^ `b0^ ŮqzV PcB asFr so c gb wV PcB 2S> r Ů qzV yr 3 2 ^Ĕ d [gb so ƋqzV yr 3 2S>Ĕ d [gb /¶"

¶"

Ň

/

.

8

sin

×

9

6

÷

3

sin

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

cŃŃ ŀň = (Mc)X Ů cłł ŀŅ = (5c)X Ůh6ŀĿņŬŁ = = qzV M = 5 c gb d& 3 /

/

/

á«°Sóæg äÉ≤«Ñ£J

Geometrical Applications

å∏ãªdG Gòg ¢ShDhôH IQɪdG IôFGódG ô£b ∞°üf ∫ƒWh å∏ãe …C’ Ö«édG IóYÉb ø«H ábÓ©dG /

/

c gb 0o 5r 2 1 gb 2 .b 2GZ X?j H z& H Ł = ¶&¶& " = " =

/

C C "

Ɗi kgcN i \ 6 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

/

1 gb 2 .b 2GZ X?j asFr ¶" ."r ŮcŃń = ( c)X ŮcŅĿ = (Cc)X Ůh6ŀń = C qzV c f ¶" C 4 Ƌ(z'> -.N 2ZĔ $ kb ¹ 2[f ¶" C c gb 5r 2 /

ľĄĿí

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf )6l ;lf m _ f

Ɗ{ Ē ^ (¶"c)X ."sj [cŃń + cŅĿ] - cŀŇĿ = (¶"c)X cņń = cŀĿń - cŀŇĿ = Ƅƅ Ɗ ¶" - #yĖ z#b isj Z e.+ 7j ŀń ¶" C = ¶" a = ` C & ¶" " cŅĿ & cņń " h6 ŀņ - cņń " * ŀń = ¶" cŅĿ "

c

Ů(Ł) Ů(ŀ) d' i ar & .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF O f Pf b Gb ^ lf (ŀŀņ ŮŀŀŅŮŀŀń) 'W> (ł) Ƌhp "

;$

/

/

/

c ~

O!

?=

C

/

/

Ɗ ZđOb e.+ 7j ¶" C c gb 5r 2 1 gb 2 .b 2GZ X?j - #yĖ ŀń = cŅĿ " * HŁ `

:h+ o ex * &

HŁ =

ŀń

cŅĿ "

/

HŁ = C C "

` ŀń

h6ň - cŅĿ " Ł = H `

h6 ŇŃŬŁ - /¶" Ů ņŀŬńŁ - /C 1 h6ŅŬĿŁ - /C z& /C so ¶& C c gb wV PcB 2S> 2 h6ņŅŬŇŃ Ůh6ŅĿŬłł ŮcŀĿŁ/Łń 3 wV bsp#f y r3 6 zZ - #y zWz^ ` đF Pf <Z j (ł) a f (Bsyr Ů yr 3 5 zZr lzOcB ĐsF hcN / c gb lzOcCb .&Ĕ c [f yr 4b j ^ / lzc& -s"r zj _f Ů2*Ē escOgb PcCb asF lf dZ qbsF t0b r ŮlzfscOgb r - & yr 3 is_ .Z b 'b m0o wV qj wcN .^ ] ko wb b r Ů gpg61 l_gy i c f ] ko wb b r "2Wkf Ƌ .z" ¹ `b/ s Ns 6 .Z ` đF i lf .^ Ů i k_gf iđ&

/

/

¶" = ` = C a ¶" & C " cňŅ & cłŅ " c ňŅ " * Ň h6ŀłŬńłń = ¶" ` cłŅ " 6 = Ɗw Ē ^ 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 `b/r

/

.

1

5

(

÷

2

sin

6

0

)

=

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă /

X?j asFr Ů C lf d^ ."r Ůh6ŀŇ = ¶" ŮcņŁ Łł = ( c)X ŮcŅŃ Łł = (Cc)X qzV c f ¶" C 4 Ƌ ¶" C c gb 5r 2 1 gb 2 .b 2GZ /

/

/

/

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

117

: 9 C $g#lf }Z

(¶" Cc) & = (5 Cc) & = (ɸ)

& /¶" = 5 Cƅz ƅ & =

¶" & / = 5 Cƅz ƅ¶" & =

5C /¶" :oyc Z

5C

/ Ɗ¶" 5 C

c gb wV (ɹ)

g¦pG* ¤IeE *yvj 6e+ n m G* 0 2> kOb 6 zZ - #y wkOy c gb d& i ` đGb .^ 7b m2> kN lf 2> kN đ qzV hcN / ŮqzV bsp#gb MđBĐ .& asF fscOgb 2> kOb lz lf is_y i E2; 6 zZ qzV hcN / c gb d& l_gy Đ qjĔ ůdZĔ wcN / c gb d' kb (g7y z#b isj Z i g^ Ů y r3 đ f M kk_gy qj L&Đ ŮPcB asFr lz yr 3 6 zZ qzV hcN Ů( c) X qzV escOgb ¶" C c gb d'b sG* lf wcy Ɗ /C Ů (¶&c) X

:oyc (ɹ) ʘ (ɸ) rk (ɺ)

/¶"

¶" & / = & /¶" : A Ǚ* $g#lf }Z

:o z (ɻ)

& = (= ¶&) & =

& /C = = ¶" :oyc Zƅ & = C = ¶&

(ɽ)

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

/

= :o z ¶" & &

(ɼ)

77

5C /¶"

&

=

C :o z C & /

/

C

= ¶& /

C

c gb wV

ΡC & ¼ = = ¶& :oyc ZƅC & = /

= &

= ¶& /

:o ( q ;p (ɼ) ʘ (ɻ) rk C & / = & /C


äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ``°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

¿CG ôcòJ

;$ ~~

E ;$ {

/

/ - #yĖ

= &

ľĄĿí

C

l

Ɗ{ Ē ^ ( c)X ."sj Ɗis_y ¶" C 9 {V ;$ {

ŀŇŁ ŁĿĿ = "

ĿŬňŀ = ŀŇŁ ŁĿĿ = "

C C &

/

= &

/

/

C

C &

Ɗ z#b isj Z e.+ 7

z#b isj Z e.+ 7

cŅń łĿ ŀň = ( c)X `

Ƌ`b/ (zBs b (ń) Ů (Ń) lzb gb ` đF Pf <Z j

c gb iĔ (¶"c)X = ( c)X) (Cc)X ."sj cŃŇ ńň ŁŁ -Ƅ(cŅń łĿ ŀň) * Ł - cŀŇĿ = (Cc)X

: 52gf 1 >5

O!

/¶" - #yĖ

¶" C HŁ = "

( z#b .N Z)

(Cc) X - #yĖƄcŀŇĿ = (¶&c) X + ( c) X + (Cc) X

/ V h6ŀĿĿ o2G½Z X?j asFr Ůe o4^2f 2 - d* - es62f c f ¶" C 5 ."r h6ŀŇŁ = ¶" C = C i ^ Ƌ.& r x2;N hZ1 2ZĔ ¶" asF ‫أ‬ ƋP Ë 2f 2 gz k6 2ZĔ ¶" C c gb (G6 & 7f ‫ب‬

= h T& VM$ ( ŀ 1 ) W 2 "W Df Ł &97 I + u m ! *

: ^ȗSf i2/ ;

/

//

( - & yr 3 gođ^r lzZ 7b tr 7 f ¶" C /

//

/

//

Ɗ{ Ē ^ z#b isj Z e .+ 6 ¶" asF ."sj h6ŀńĿŬň - cŃŇ ńň ŁŁ " * ŀŇŁ = ¶" ` /

.

1

/

8

2

sin

6

sin

×

4

.,,,

5

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8 3

0

5

.,,,

.,,,

9 1

9

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2 )

C " ¶" C * C ŀŁ =

.,,,

2

c gb (G6 & 7f ‫ب‬

¶" C

c gb & 7f ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

e .+ 6 l_gy qj V Ů GOf (Cc) X Ů / Ů /C o E6 Z

c f ¶" C 5

¶" .N [b asF ‫أ‬

/

& - #yĖƅ & =

Ö«édG IóYÉb ≈∏Y á«JÉ«M äÉ≤«Ñ£J c f h62 `b/r [z G b lf 2z _b d& {V z#b .N Z e .+ 6 l_gy½

Life Applications on the Sine Rule

Ƌ scGgb - #yĖ

÷

//

Ɗ."r h6ŇŬŃ o2GZ X?j asF 2 - d* - es62f Ůh6ŀĿŬł = ¶" C = C qzV ¶" C

)

=

cŃŇ ńň ŁŁ " ŀŇŁ * ŀŇŁ * ŀŁ = /

Łh6 ŀŁŃňņ -

lzOcB ĐsF wo b 7gb wV GOgb 6 z[b j ^ / r 2W> ] ko i V ŮlzOcCb ly0o .&Ĕ c [gb yr 4b r Ů GOgb fscOgb \[' w b c gb lf lzk r .& r Ɗw Ē ^ `b/ (zBs l_gyr

ŀŇŁ ¶" = ` / // / // cŅń łĿ ŀň " cŃŇ ńň ŁŁ "

//

/

cŅń łĿ ŀň "

c gb 0o d& h

."s Đ zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

118

i k_gf i c f ] ko is_zV /M < /C < / :o b 3 x zb b a _:Đ r .z&r

C

C

c f ] ko is_zV / G /C :o b 3 x Ƌ`b/ (Bs ( ) hc>

C = J

¹ c f 8zb d_;b

J > C

C

( ) hc>

C

yr 4b h Z .z&r c f

J = C

(&) hc> J

C

J < C <

C

G C

z& Ů d& ."sy Đ qj V Ů ŀ < & j ^ / 1 Ƌ.& sb lf 2 ^ p z" yr 3

Ɗlzb g & ] ko is_yr cňĿ = ( c) X i V Ů ŀ = & j ^ / 2 #yĐ qjĔ Ůd& ."sy Đ qj V ŮcňĿ < (Cc) X i ^ / ‫أ‬ ƋcŀŇĿ lN c gb y r3 6 zZ Msg#f .y4y i Ɗi V ňĿ > (Cc) X i ^ / ‫ب‬ ( ( c) X + (Cc) X) - cŀŇĿ = (¶" c) X @Z j 2?kN d^r /¶" - #yĖ z#b isj Z e .+ 6 l_gy kor Ƌ.z&r d& ] ko wb b r Ů .z&r gzZ qb is_ .[V Ů yr 4cb iĐ g & ."sy qj V ŀ > & j ^ / 3 + (Cc) X i ^ / b & d^ wVr Ƌ "2Wkf r - & is_ Ƌd& ."sy qj V cŀŇĿ = (¶"c) X + ( c) X

i c f ."sy

C

C ƅƊ .N [b C & /

."s Đ r .z&r d& r iđ& ."sy g 1 qj .#j \ 6 gf Ƌasc& lf i k r .& r r 2W> ] ko i ^ / f U2O Cy ¹ l_gy C & / = M M W 1Đ r / Ů /C wOcB wbsF j1 [g Ů asc'b (1) hc> / r Ů c f is_ y Đ M> /C i ^ / V Ů C c5 zZ so C z& Ƌ.z&r c f ."sy Ɗi ^ yr 4b h Z .z&r c f ] ko is_zV M = /C zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

78


-

Ö«÷G (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb -

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f

Ö«÷G (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

OÉ°TQEG

Ů(Ń) e Z1 d' i ar & .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF hp " O f Pf (Ņ) Ů(ń)

E

C

l O!

d_;b dÍ gy½ ǶơģʞʵǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 6 \y2V lf lz NĐ đ d [gb Ƌ y1 gb t.& ađ* e.[b 2^ wj b Nđb lz V 7gb ."r Ƌe.Z 2ZĔ b b Nđb r

C

c ~

O!

JBW% 2 ' VM$ (

s- &* Ke0 le+e/(*

O! C9 O = E O! C

h6ŀłŬŁŁ - H Ů h6ŁńŬŁŃ - / Ů h6ŁłŬŇŃ - /C 4 h6ŀŅŬŁŇ - ¶" ‫ أ‬5 Łh6ńŀŁŬŇŀ - ¶& C c gb & 7f ‫ب‬ Ƌ f¹ .Z ňņ - Ů C lz V 7gb 6

E

= O! C 9 (

^

c

ľĄĿí

ŀ

O! C O! C * C Ł

cŅł = (cŃņ + cņĿ) - cŀŇĿ = ( c)X

C

/

C wo

b b Nđb r wj b Nđb lz V 7gb r

f¹ .Z ņŅ - cŃņ " * ňŁ = C `

/

ňŁ = C Ɗis_zV cŅł " cŃņ "

/

cŅł "

.

9

2

sin

×

4

)

7

6 3 ) = ÷ sin 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 f¹ .Z ņŅ ¹ y2[ so b b Nđb r wj b Nđb lz V 7gb

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ƌe.Z 2ZĔ wj b Nđb r arĔ Nđb lz V 7gb ."r 6 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

S ?f K.Ț

zV 2S" PZ sf đ wb b d_;b wV ģŐƾĝʽƴŭǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 7 Ů PZsgb r ŮC PZsgb lz V 7gb j ^ / Ů ¹ c f d_;½ ŮcņŁ tr 7y PZsgb .kN yr 4b 5 zZ i ^r Ů Ů 2 fŁłŅ ¹ Ɗ."r cńŀ xr 7 C PZsgb .kN yr 4b 5 zZr

O!

(z'> d_; z#b isj Z 2^0 wV đGb DO G+y .Z ` đF Oz 6 wcN .z^ b #zV Ů G* wV hpOZsy gf Ƌ z#b isj Z - #y Y2Gb d'b '> wcN 2 y G* t iĔ 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 1 pf i [

c

c

$ kb ¹ 2[f PZsgb r ¶" PZsgb lz V 7gb ‫أ‬ Ƌ(z'> -.N 2ZĔ ¶" Ů ŮC PZ sgb d g w b A1Ĕ & 7f ‫ب‬ ƋP 2f 2 f 2ZĔ $ kb ¹ 2[f pb 6r 1 ¹

C

l

ľĄĿí

cńņ = (cņŁ + cńŀ) - cŀŇĿ = (¶"c)X Ɗ ¶" C 9 {V (¶"c)X ."sj ‫أ‬ Ɗ ¶" asF - #yĖ z#b .N Z e.+ 7j cńŀ " * ŁłŅ ŁłŅ ¶" C ¶" 2 f ¹ Łŀň -ŁŀŇŬŅŇņŀ = cńņ " = ¶" pkfrƅ cńņ & = cńŀ " ` ( z#b .N Z) ¶" " = C " a ( c)X Ů ¶" Ů C zfscOg ¶" C c gb (G6 & 7f ."sj ‫ب‬

: 52gf 1 >5

/

/

\ 7b r gK kgb 2zR OcCgb (G6 & 7g ` đF 2^/ Ɗw Ē ^ wor p 6 1- hpb ŀ qN W 1 * q .N Z asF Ł = c gb (G6 & 7f ŀ gpkz 1s?'gb yr 4b z" * qzV lzOcB t wbsF 2B d> & Ł =

/

" ¶" C ŀŁ = ¶" C c gb & 7f a ƋŁe ŁŃńŃŁ - cņŁ " * ŁłŅ * ŁŀŇŬŅŇņŀ * ŀŁ = Ƅƅ /

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

119

äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ``°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí

ŀ

qy2GZ wbsF 2B d> & Ł = lzOgb (G6 & 7f = U2'kgb q : (G6 & 7f ŀ qN W 1 * lz y3 s gb qz .N Z wbsF Msg#f Ł M W 1Đ * G6s gb .N [b asF = = wN 1 d_: t (G6 & 7f ŀ gpkz yr 4b z" * qy2GZ 2B d> & Ł

c ~

;G

J

c ~

.(ádƒ¡ée ájhGõd ø«∏M óLƒj) å∏ãªdG Gòg ÉjGhR äÉ°SÉ«b OÉéjEG »a å∏ãe …C’ Ö«édG IóYÉb ΩGóîà°SG ١ ‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬

i

50

;$ O!

40

10 0 20

170 180 160

30

;$

;$

c ~

C

J

;$

Ƌ c[kf - 1 "2V - 2G7f - = >1 hcZ - Y1r 5 C h61 C G[j lf ‫أ‬ cłĿ p6 zZ yr 3 h62b c[kgb e.+ 6 C G[j lf ‫ب‬ Ƌh6 ņ pbsF { b ¶" C h61 h 5 C Pf ' W r ¶" G[kb .kN 1 "2Wb l6 4^1 ‫ﺟـ‬ PG[y 6sZ ¹ h61 h6 ń 1 .[g 1 "2Wb ?L&đ / f G[j {V 5 C Ƌlz G[j {V 5 C PG[y 5s[b i L&đj go.& ¶" C c gcb i g61 ."sy i x Ƌ yr 4b !2Wkf 2*Ē r y r4b - & O!

O!

Ɗi x h6ņ = ¶" C Ů h6 ń = C Ů h6 łŬń = M Ɗi L&đj ‫د‬

;$

;$

/

C

c ~

Ɗ{ Ē ^ ¶" C c gb d& zj _f ' j ‫ﻫ‬ ƅƅƋM l_zbr C wcN ¶" lf es62f .O 2?Z ."sj exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

c gb h61

ǶǩŻŲņƑǨǤĝ ńĝnjźĭĝ

.k wV > *r Wc +gb hp " <Z j

79

/

O!

2" 0zWk k ŀŁĿ = E ;kb 0zWk 2" ` đF P

> C>M

/

cłĿ= (Cc)X Ůh6ń = C Ůh6ņ = qzV x0b ¶" C

0 15

c ~

C

(I ?qf 4 [q f ) :I ?p

/

c gb (G6 & 7f ‫ب‬ ƋM Ů= Ů5 đ b

PZ sgb 6r 1 t0b

13 0

J Ła Ń = PcB i qb PcCf t (G6 & 7f (PcCgb PcB asF a)

ƋM PZsgb r 5 PZsgb lz V 7gb ‫أ‬

0 14

r i

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

j ^ / Ů ¹ c f d_; zV 2S" PZ sf đ d [gb d_;b wV 7 yr 4b 5 zZr Ů h^ň tr 7½ = PZsgb r 5 PZsgb lz V 7gb tr 7½ M PZsgb .kN yr 4b 5 zZr ŮcŃĿ xr 7 5 PZsgb .kN Ɗ."r V ŮcŀĿń

;$

J

C

J

c ~

;$

?L&đ / f Ƌ ¶" asF lz r 5 C = ¶" G[j lf es62gb (M)

c gb M W 1 lz i1 Z ‫د‬

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

120


äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -

ŀ

Ö«÷G (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb

h6 ł Ł = łĿ & ņ = M Ɗi x ƅƅƅC & / = M

/

> C > M :n h6ņ = ¶" C Ů h6 ń = ¶" Ů h6 łŬń = M :n B? Ƌ` " 27V ?\ 7b c gb y r3 6 zZ - #y {V z#b .N Z e .+ 6 `k_gy do ‫ﻫـ‬ Ɗ{ Ē ^ ¶" C c gb d& zj _f ' j h6 ł ŀŁ = łĿ " ņ = M Ɗi x ƅƅƅC " = MƅƅƋM l_zbr C wcN ¶" lf es62f .O 2?Z ."sj /

/

/

yr 4b {o t2*Ĕ r - 'b yr 4b go.& yr 4cb i gzZ ."s V > C > M Ů - & c i z& Ɗ{ Ē ^ z#b .N Z e.+ 7jƅƋ pb cg_gb /

*ņ ĿŬņ = cłĿ " = & Ɗis_ pkfr łĿń " = ņ " Ɗi x ń /

/

C C "

/

= "

/

yr 4cb i gzZ ."s V / > C > M Ů - & c i z& cg_gb yr 4b {o t2*Ĕ r - 'b yr 4b go.& Ɗ{ Ē ^ z#b .N Z e.+ 7jƅƋ pb

cŃŃ Łń łņ - ( c)X i V `b0b /

/

//

/

/

ń łĿ &

//

cŀłń łŃ Łł - cŃŃ Łń łņƄ- cŀŇĿ - ( "2Wkf) t2*Ĕ yr 4b is_ r ƣģƖŏǤĝ Ȉǣư džŐʗƥŝ

Ƌ go."r h i gzZ e yr 4cb ."sy qj ƋcŃĿ (ac)X Ůh6 ŀń = e Ů h6ŀŁ = a qzV c f i e a /

/

ĿŬņ =

.Ö«édG IóYÉb ≈∏Y ᣰûfCGh øjQɪJ πM »a áÑ°SÉëdG ádB’G ΩGóîà°SG ٢ ‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬

\ &_ "g

,"_

C

*+ (

i.gb PZ sf đ d gy 1r #gb d_;b Ƌ ¹ c f is_ y2?f 2o [b r 8ys7b lz V 7gb j ^ / cłĿ 8ys7b .kN yr 4b 5 zZr h6 Ň 2 f scz^ 2ZĔ ."r ƋcŃĿ eszWb .kNr {V h6 ŀ d^ i ^ / eszWb r 2o [b lz V 7gb Ƌ [z['b {V h^ ŀŅŬņń d gy h62b ?(Cc)X - #y `k_gy do ‫أ‬

;$ {

c ~

"0 7!

O!

cłĿ & * ņ ń

.

1

8

_

0

3

(

0

+

4

0

)

/

/

h62b 5 z[f _ h62b {V asGb = [z['b {V asGb ŀ _ Ň = ƅƅƅ Ƌh^ ŀłŃ = ŀŅŬņń

3& 6 4 M = ;$" :- -/ 6 4 M

.

3& 6 4 M = 3 ob \ M 3& { -(

8

1

(

÷

1

÷

.

6

7

5

)

=

?eszWb r 2o [b lz z[z['b V 7gb ."s Xz^ ‫ﺟـ‬ / / ¶" = Ɗ{ Ē ^ z#b .N Z e.+ 7j ¶" " "

= ;$" ob \ M ;$" * 3 ob \ M

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

121

äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ``°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí " * ŀłŃ / Ƌh^ŀĿŃ - cłĿcŃĿ = pkfr "

.

1

3

4

×

sin

3

)

0

÷

/ ŀłŃ = cŃĿ " cłĿ "

sin

4

0

)

:n =

?eszWb r 2o [b lz V 7gb - #yĖ h62b {V \zZ.b asGb e .+ 6 `k_gy do ‫د‬

h6 ŅŬŁ - ¶" C Ɗi .#j E ;kb 0p -s"sgb h62b lf ŀ _ ŅŬŁ - gpkz \z['b asGb i V `b0b Ƌh^ŀĿŃ - ŀŅŬņń ƣģƖŏǤĝ Ȉǣư ĽʞʱŻŝ

$ kb '> lf \[' h eszWb r 8ys7b lz z[z['b V 7gb z#b .N Z e .+ 6 ."r \ 7b E ;kb {V Ƌ5 z[b e .+ 6

(١-٤) ‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ‬

:πªcCG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

Pf

c gb MđB a sF 6 k ¼

c f x Í wV 1

tr 7½ c gb 0o 5r 2 1 gb 2 .b 2GZ asF i V Ů h6 ł ŀĿ qOcB asF ŮMđBĔ tr 7 f c f ¶" C 2 /

h6 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = C i V h6 ŇŬŃ = ¶" ŮcŃĿ = (¶"c)X ŮcŅĿ = (Cc)X qzV ¶" C /

H ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ =

/ Ł is_y ¶" C "

c f 3

c gb wV 4

cƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = (Cc)X i V h6ŀĿ = ¶" qzV t0b y r4b - 'b ¶" C c gb 5r 2 2g Ůh6ŁĿ o2GZ asF 2 - 5 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

tr 7y h6 Ņ qOcB asF t0b MđBĐ tr 7 gb c gb & 7f 6

.IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG /

so h6ŀĿ = C ŮcłĿ = (Cc)X qzV t0b ¶" C h6ŃĿ ‫د‬ h6ń ‫ﺟ‬

c gb 5r 2 1 gb 2 .b 2GZ X?j asF 7 h6ŁĿ ‫ب‬ h6ŀĿ ‫أ‬

/

so C asF i V cłĿ = (Cc)X Ůh6Ń tr 7y ¶" C ŀ ‫د‬ ł Ń ‫ﺟ‬ ŀŅ

(¶" C9)¶f ‫د‬

/

¶" ‫ﺟ‬

c gb 5r 2 1 gb 2 .b 2GZ X?j asF i ^ / 8 h6Ł ‫ب‬ h6Ń ‫أ‬ y¹ r 7f C " HŁ 1 .[gb is_y ¶" C ‫ب‬ /

c gb wV 9 C ‫أ‬ /

/

tr 7y == " i V M = 5 c gb lN "1 +b 2 .b 2GZ X?j asF wo H j ^ / 10 HŃ ‫د‬ H ŀŁ ‫ﺟ‬ HŁ ‫ب‬ H ‫أ‬ Ɗtr 7 6r 2 1 gb 2 .b 2GZ asF i V Ůh6ņ = i e ŮcłĿ = (a)X ŮqzV i e a zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

c gb 11

/

C

= & C &

= & Ɗis_ pkfr

//

//

Łń łņƄ- cŀŇĿ - "2Wkf t2*Ĕ yr 4b is_ r / // cŀłń łŃ Łł - cŃŃ : S ?f K.Ț

=

? 2o [b r 8ys7b lz z[z['b V 7gb ."s Xz^ ‫ب‬

s¿CG ôscònJ

/

cŃŃ Łń łņ - ( c)X i V `b0b

cŀŀĿ = (cŃĿ + cłĿ) - cŀŇĿ = (Cc)X

c ~

l

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ņ

= & Ɗi x

G+y .Z

c gb wV PcB 2S> r PcB 2 ^ - #y .kN - ŀ Ɗi hcOgb .^ y i #y `b0b Ů `b/ wV đGb wV 2 ^Đ yr 4cb d [gb PcCb so c gb wV PcB 2 ^ asF Ƌ c gb Ƌ c gb y r3 2S>Ĕ d [gb so c gb wV PcB 2S> asF ¶"/ c gb 5r 2 1 gb 2 .b 2GZ X?j - #y .kN - Ł / C r Ɗ 7kb .& tr 7 pj đF DO G+y .Z & C & /¶" Ƌ c gb 8Wj wV ¶" & r asF tr 7y 7kb m0o lf t i hcOgb .^ y i wS ky `b0b Ƌ c gb 5r 2 2g w b 2 .b 2GZ r c gb y r3 6 zZ - #yĖ 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 .kN - ł 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 đGb DO G+y .Z qNđB a sF i hcOgb wcN #y `b0b Ů(R)i y- 2b e Kj wcN zpf wor wcN zpf is_ i 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 d Z ho j Wcy Ƌ 6 'b : : wcN d#7f `b/ is_yr (D) "1.b e Kj d7c7 cb wV2'b e .+ 6Đ wV đGb DO G+y .Z - Ń ^ wV d#7gb r z 7'b zcgOb 2" [N s _gb wcN wS ky 0b ŮhpOf ." s gb 6 'b ĐĒ Pzg#b b Gb 2p:Ĕ d#7f so dz#7 b 0o i ho2Kj Wcy i hcOgb qOf lfr Ůt2?gb Ys7b wV 1 ; j y.'b 6 'b ĐĒ ¹ 2Vs f l_y hb i r Ůe .+ 6Đ dzb- 2Z lf .^ y t2* Ē dgOy w b 6 'b bĒ PZsf lf qkf 7j a 4j l_gy qy.b Ƌ `b/ wV đGb .N 7f hcOgb wcNr Ů pzcN wV asF r w[z[& asF wb ! ' w b ly1 g b DO wV - ń wS ky `b0b Ů gpkz ZđOb - #y wV đGb G+y .Z h62b Ɗi wcN .z^ b r h62b 5 z[f espWf O" 2f hcOgb wcN [z['b {V asGb _ h62b {V asGb = h62b 5 z[f h62b 5 z[f _ h62b wV asGb = w[z['b asGb h62b 5 z[f * w[z['b asGb = h62b wV asGb

122

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

80


-

Ö«÷G (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb -

h6ŁŬłŅŁ - /¶" Ů h6ŀŬńĿŇ - /C Ů cŅņ - (¶"c) X 17

Ö«÷G (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb ŀŃ ł

h6ŀŃ ‫ﺟ‬

‫د‬ /

/

h6łŬń ‫ب‬

h6ņ ‫أ‬

/

tr 7 M Ɗ = Ɗ 5 i V M " Ł = = " Ń = 5 " ł j ^ / M = 5 c gb wV 12 ŅƊłƊŃ ‫د‬ ŅƊŃƊł ‫ﺟ‬ łƊŃƊŅ ‫ب‬ ŃƊłƊŁ ‫أ‬

h6ŀŀŬńŅ - / Ů h6ňŬŃŇń - /C Ů cŅł /łŁ - (¶"c) X 18

h6ŁŀŅŀ - /C Ů h6ŁŃŁń - / Ů cńł /łň - (Cc) X 19

Ƌ 2;N lf 4" 2ZĔ 5 ."r z#b isj Z e .+ 6 13 ‫ب‬ O! ‫أ‬

c

h6ŁŀŬņŃ 20

c

;$ }

c {

O!

C

C

:¿CG nâ pª∏nY GPEG Ö«édG ¿ƒfÉb ΩGóîà°SÉH `L Ü C å∏ãe πs co πM /

h6ŀŀŬŀ = ¶" ŮcŀĿń =(¶"c)X Ůcŀň = (Cc)X 15

h6ŀĿŬŁ = C ŮcłŃ =( c)X Ůcņń = (Cc)X 14

h6ŁŬń = Ůcņņ =( c)X ŮcłŅ = (Cc)X 17

h6ŀņ = C ŮcŀŇ =(¶"c)X ŮcŀŀŅ = (Cc)X 16

/

h6ŀŀņŬń 21

c {

;$ ~

/

/

h6ŀŀŬŁŁ = ¶" ŮcŅņ ŀņ =( c)X ŮcŃň ŀŀ = (Cc)X 18 /

/

h6ŀŀŬŁń 22

/

h6ńŀŅŬŁ = ¶" Ůcŀŀ ŀņ =(¶"c)X Ůcŀŀń Ń = ( c)X 19 /

/

/

:≈∏j ɪe ádÉM πu co ≈a `L Ü C å∏ãªdG ¢ShDhôH IQɪdG IôFGódG ô£bo ∫ƒW óLhCG /

h6Łŀ = C Ůcņń = (Cc)X 20

h6ňĿ = ŮcńĿ =( c)X 21

h6ňŬĿŃŅ 23

/

/

h6ŇŬń = C ŮcņĿ = (Cc)X 23

cŇ Ů cŀŀĿ r cŃŇ Ů cņĿ 24

h6ŀŀ = ¶" ŮcŀĿŁ =(¶"c)X 22 /

‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬

, ,

N * 64* ,e G* K{ ~G* s-R ¥jG* C/ h ¥jMK*5 le 6e¦E y/K&* C/ h C å∏ãe πu co ≈a ¥D y<e }jG ³e 7& y0*K n mH &* ¦ H em mH e J eF *3(* eH {M{ -

cłň Ů cňł r cŃń Ů cŇņ 25

/

h6ŀŁń = Ůh6ňł = C ŮcŃŇ = ( c)X 25 /

/

h6łŁ = Ůh6łĿ = C ŮcŅŁ = (Cc)X 24 /

/

h6ŀņ = Ůh6ňŬŇ = C ŮcŁłŬŅ = (Cc)X 26 /

cŁĿŬŃ Ů cŀłŅ r cŀŀŁŬŃ Ů cŃŃ 26

¶" C c gb Hz'f ."r Ůh6 ŀĿĿ = ŮcŃŃ łł = (¶"c)X ŮcŅņ ŁŁ = (Cc)X ٶ" C c gb wV 27 Ƌq'G6 & 7fr /

/

/

X?j asFr 5 ."r Ů cŃĿ = (Mc)X ŮcŀĿĿ = (=c)X Ůh6ŅŇŬŃ = = i ^ / M = 5 c gb {V 28 Ƌ c gb (G6 & 7f ."r h ŮM = 5 c gb 5r 2 1 gb 2 .b 2GZ /

Łh6 łŃŇňŬņ Ů h6 ŁņńŬŀŀ

27

/

/

2ZĔ Ů C lf d^ ."r h6łĿ qGz'fr cŅņ Łł = ( c)X ŮcŁŁ łņ = (Cc)X qzV /

/

łh6ňŇŀŬłŃ

Ů h6łŃŬņł=\j Ů h6ŃŃŬŅŃ=/5 28

123

/

c f ¶" C 29 2 gz k6

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

h6ŀŁ Ů h6ń 29

(1-4 M4e - le+e/(*

h6 ŀŁŀ 30 Łh6ŁňŀŬŇ - Ů h6ŁŅŬŃŅ -

h6 ŁĿ ŀŀŬł Ń cłĿ

31

h6 ŃĿŬŃņ - Ů h6 łņŬłŅ - 32 h6 ŁňŬń - 33

3 4 5

ň 6

Łh6 ł

C 7

h6ŇŃŬĿŃ - Ů cŀŁŁ /Ńň - 34

C 8

h6ŀŃłŬņ - Ů h6ŀŀŀŬŇ - 35

C 9

ń 10 ¶" 11

h6łŁ 36 P 2f 2 f łŀňňŬłŁ - & 7gb Ů 2 f ¹ ŁńŇŬŇņ - Hz'gb 37

E

h6ňŬŁ - ‫ب‬

h^ ŁŇŬňŃ Ů h^ łŅŬńŇ - 38 {V z#b .N Z \z G cŀń = cŃń - cŅĿ =(¶"C c) X 39 ¶" C cŃń & *Ň = ¶" C pkfr Ň = Ɗ ¶" C9 cŀń & cŀń & cŃń &

2

h6ņŬŃ - ‫أ‬

12 13

h6ňŬňŇ - /¶" Ů h6ńŬň - / Ů cņŀ = (¶"c) X 14 h6ňŬńŁņ - / Ů h6łŬņŃŀ - /C Ů cńŅ - ( c) X 15 h6ńŬŇŃń - /¶" Ů h6ŀłŬŅŀ - / Ů cŃŅ - ( c) X 16

81

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b


äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ``°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí /

C gzZ ."r Ů cńŅ = (¶"c)X ŮcŇŁ = ( c)X Ůh6ŃńĿ qGz'f

Ɗ E {V yr 4b h [b ¶" E C9 wV

c f ¶" C 30

asF ."r ŮcŃŃ łŇ = (C Ec)X ŮcłŅ ŁŁ = ( C ¶"c)X Ůh6ŀŇŬŅ = C qzV MđB t3 s f E ¶" C 31 ƋMđBĔ t3 s f (G6 & 7fr ¶" C 2G[b /

/

cŅĿ & ¶" C = M

ŮcłŁ ŀń = ( ¶" Cc)X Ůcŀŀń = (Ec)X Ůh6ŁŁŬł = E C Ů ¶" // E C qzV U2'kf q : E ¶" C 32 Ƌ ¶" Ů ¶" C lf d^ asF 7& ŮcŅŅ = ( c)X Ƌ ¶" C m2GZ asF ."r Ůh6ŀŇŬŁŅ qOcB asF hK kf 8g+f ¶o E ¶" C 33 /

t0b

EC

eŀŇŬň - cŅĿ & * cŃń & *Ň = cŀń & ŁŁ = cŁĿ- cŃŁ =(¶" C c) X 40

2G[b lf lz Wc +f lz p" wV i fs62f Ůh6ńŁŬŀ Ůh6ŃłŬń goĐsF 2 - wV i 2 r ¶" C Ů C 34 Ɗ."r h6ŀĿĿ qbsF ¶" asF ‫ب‬

(¶" C c)X ‫أ‬

ŮcłŅ = (C ¶" c)X ŮcŇņ = (C E ¶"c)X ŮcŇń = (E ¶" c)X qzV wN 1 d_: E ¶" C 35 ¶" C Ů E lf d^ asF ."r Ů h6ŀĿĿ = E ¶" Ůcńń = (C E c)X /

Ƌ ¶" wcN C lf a3 kb -sgOb asF ."r Ů cŅŁ = (¶"c)X ŮcłŇ = ( c)X Ůh6ńŇ = C qzV /

c

7

O!

C

7

c

' { O!

c ~ E

ƊE C9 wV

wcN h^ŁĿ gpkz V 7gb ŮC i 1 kf ģŐƾĝʽƴŭǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 38 PZsgb wV kzW6 j ^r Ů sk#b wb a g;b lf .& r H* ŮcńŁ = (¶" Cc)X Ů cłł = ( ¶" Cc)X z' ٶ" Ƌlz 1 kgb lf d^ É r kzW7b lz V 7gb ."r V

c

J

c f d_: wcN A1 OGZ 37 Ƌ p & 7fr OG[b m0o ȈưĝŻśĞ ƄŐǔƽŝ

O! 7 (

C

;G ~

cŁĿ & * ńĿ = C pkfr ńĿ = C cŁŁ & cŁŁ & cŁĿ &

/

Hz'f ."r ŮcŅŃ ň = (Cc)X Ůcńł Ň = ( c)X Ů 2 f ¹ ňĿ = C qzV ¶" C /

Ɗ¶" C9 wV

c f ¶" C 36

cŃŁ & C = E C

1 ." e f hy2^r a- N X[yƊ d [gb d_;b {V džǣƑņǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 39 lz f so g^ Ů1 f Ň gpkz V 7gb j ^r qzcN \c7 cb t2+> lf 4" 2ZĔ ¹ 2[f t2+?b 1 .#b M W 1 f Ƌ1r #gb d_;b Ƌ 2;N

cŃŁ & * cŁĿ & * ńĿ = cŁŁ & 2 f łĿŬń -

C

J

O!

c ~

"' ^ ~

c

E

gpkz V 7gb j ^r j0 f e f %đ>r .g& X[y 40 j0 gb M W 1 f Ƌ1r #gb d_;b lz f so g^ Ů 2 fńĿ ¹ Ƌ2 gb lf 2;N lf 4" 2ZĔ

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

124

6" r 5 l

ŀń = ¶" C Ů ¶" //

EC

lzzgZ1 2ZĔ ."r ƋcŁŃ =

qzV U2'kf q : E ¶" C 5 E C

¶" ŮcŅŃ =(

¶"

Ů

EC

^

E

)X Ůh6 Ƌlzy2;N

lf d^ asF Ɗ Ǜ Ȗx

[m:ɸɽʂɽɿ ʘm:ɸɷʂɻɽ : y'f ˚ E ¶" C U2'kgb q : (G6 & 7f Ɗ Ǜ p " [ɹm: ɿɹʂɾʀ : y'f ˚

^

ŮcłŁ /ŀŇ =( C )X Ůh6ŀńŬŇ = / qzV ¶" C 1 / / ^ )X Ů C lf d^ lzy2;N lzgZ1 2ZĔ ."r ŮcŃŅ łĿ =( ¶" ¶" C c gcb "1 +b 2 .b (G6 & 7f Ů /¶" [ɹm:ɹɷʂɾɼ ʘm:ɸɸʂɽɿ ʘm:ɿʂɽ : y'f ˚

Ů h6 ŇŬņ = /¶" qzV x0b ¶" C c gb Hz'f ."r 2 ^ / ^ )X Ů cńņ /ŀł =( C )X [m:ɹɽʂɻɿ : y'f ˚ cŅŃ ŀŇ =( C c gb 5r 2 2g h6Ň o2GZ X?j asF 2 - 3 ^ hZ1 2ZĔ ."r ƋcŅņ =( ^ )X Ůcłń =( C )X qzV x0b ¶" Ƌ c gb MđB a sF .& r x2;N [m:ɸɼʂɾ ʘm: ɸɻʂɾ ʘm: ʀʂɹ : y'f ˚

i ^ / Ƌh6Ł o2GZ asF 2 - d* - es62f c f ¶" C 4 ^ MđB a sF 7& ŮcņŃ /ŃŇ =( ^ )X ŮcŃŁ =( C )X Ƌ ¶" C c gb [m:ɸɾʂɿɼ ʘm: ɸʀʂɺ ʘm: ɸɺʂɺɿ : y'f ˚

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

82


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

ôďùíÄŽĿí

The Cosine rule

ôďùíÄŽĿí ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

ΊĂ‰ÂŞĂ dG Ă–ÂŤL ( IĂłYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb

2-4

The Cosine Rule Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē

‍ﺎﺜ‏

Îú ênešU� oh@ Ò{LnS ͎inS Ñ

: €: : 16[k

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rd›Y

Ć‹ h6Ĺƒ ĹŽh6Ĺ‚ gpbsF i OcB pb zb b c gb lf d^

oh@ Ò{LnS ͎inS ê�{žšH� Ñ ph”nxÚ ÓĆcZY ŠAí p@|ei Ñ

C

O!

Ă’Ă˜nA pxĂ­Ă?Ă› Ă‘

Obtuse Angle

p@}afY pxí�Û Ñ peýnS pxí�Û Ñ

Right Angle

Datashow j z A2N 3 p" - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć‹ zj z 6 & b -

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â€Ťďş—ďťŒďť ďť˘â€Ź

O! Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí

C

E

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ÂżCG Ă&#x;M’ Ĺ (Âś" C) = Ĺ (E C) + Ĺ (E Âś")

ΊĂ‰ÂŞĂ dG Ă–ÂŤL (IĂłYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb C = E Âś" ĆŠd [gb d_;b {V Ĺ (E ) + Ĺ (E Âś") = Ĺ (Âś" ) ĆŠE Âś" 9 {V ( 1sR zV lf) 5 sZÄ” `W r Ĺ (E C - C) + Ĺ (E Âś") = Ĺ (Âś" ) E CĆ‹ CĹ - Ĺ ( C) + Ĺ (E C) + Ĺ (E Âś") = E CĆ‹ CĹ - Ĺ ( C) + Ĺ (Âś" C) = C " Âś" Ĺ - Ĺ Âś" + Ĺ = Ĺ C The Cosine Rule

C

phedL p˜HnA pUĂ‹ Ă‘

ĆŚ

C " Ć‹Âś"C = E C ĆŚ

:< 52 f o ck

C

(Ĺ€) d_:

/

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- Ä‘_;gb d& - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob Ć‹wjr O b hcO b

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(Ĺ ) d_: Ć„

Ƌ C ."r Ŏ qg Z Cc (ŀ) d_: lf ‍أ‏ / ? (Šd_:) - & yr 3 Cc is_ f b & {V Cœb k_ggb hz[b f ‍ب‏

ênešU� oh@ Ò{LnS Ñ

Acute Angle

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(Ĺ‚) d_:Ć„Ć„Ć„

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí Cosine Rule

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oh@ Ò{LnS ê�{žšHn= ph>nhAí

O!

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rd›eU� ŠA �R ênešU�

ênešU�

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/

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Ć‹w6 1.b d?Wb :mgS f 51 Ck

_ ;b (ŀłŀ) 'W> wb (ŀŠń) 'W> lf w61.gb _b Ƌ( j2 jĖ ) fscOgcb zbr.b

125

exČš Çž 52f hC[f Ë? f Kf b

€[g.

:ĂĄĂ„ÂŤÂĄĂ dG

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(ŀŠń) 'W> Čż<Z jr 2_VČż .k wV -1r f ` Ä‘F Pf <Z j ˜ isj Z wb " 'b .z^ wb U.pyr b Gb ^ lf c gb lf kV2N / ĹŽ c gb d'b qf .+ 6 l_gy ( .N Z) Ć‹ gpkz 1s?'gb yr 4b 5 zZr lzOcB wbsF ] Ĺ„ĹŽĹ€[ ‍ďş&#x;ـ‏

] ńŎŀ[ ‍ب‏

:‍ؼďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعس‏

952f &6/k

oyc o T^y lf rk w€Z K?pČš 4€[q x 952f 4u vp }Z ĹŽcĹ„Äż = (Cc) X qzV t0b Âś& C c gb h61 `kf cF / :o }gR 5Ç› 1 ^ f Kf zV ^ GOgb fscOgb dpV ĹŽh6Ĺ… = /Âś" ĹŽ h6Ň = / IG" ( 5 ,°8 X ? ' O8781% ? c gb h62b IG" ÂĽ _ ­ ,°8 X ? ' , f81% y r4b 6 zZr zZ b MÄ‘BÄ” a sF V2Of l_gy Ä? / gb ˜ X ? , f83 :"( : _0 : $ %> #WB^( \ )7% z#b .N Z ^ ĹŽ (Ĺ€) hZ1 .k b wV -1r g^ ĹŽ bsp#gb I,°8 ?qc& iÄ’ `k_gy do ĹŽ c gb 0pb

l_gy ( .N Z) isj Z wb " 'b wb sN.y \ 6 f ˜ yr 4b 5 zZr lzOcB wbsF c gb lf kgcN / pf .+ 6 Ć‹ gpkz 1s?'gb

83

exČš Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČž b

, f83 A8? ) + : _0 : $ %> #WB^( Š I,°8 X ? '


äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ``°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí

‫ﻋﺮض اﻟﺪرس‬

: n <+ O! C h T 2 Z =b : M? = 5 l &' m ! 5 E n ? E S7+ " C ¶" Ł - Ł C+ Ł ¶" = Ł Ů C " ¶" Ł - Ł ¶" + Ł = Ł C ¶" " C Ł - Ł + Ł C = Ł ¶" Ů /

/

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mgS

ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ

Ƌ yr 4b !2Wkf ¶" C

c gb is_y f.kN e g b z" .N Z 1

i l f & ( 2R ^) oyp ^

Ƌ` " 27V Í ? yr 4b h [b c gb b & wV (z'> e g b z" ( .N Z) isj Z do 2

` đF wcN A2N Datashow j z A2N 3 p" e .+ 6 (Bsgb i o2 b hpOf <Z j h Ů e g b z" ( .N Z) isj Z .kN dCWy qj wcN .^ f b Gb ^ lf (ŀŁń) 'W> ¹ MđB 0* i yr 4b e g z# > +b lzj s[b ^ / / qj w & Ů .& r t1r- z 2 wV /¶" Ů / Ů C c gb gzVr Ƌt2*Ĕ 1s?b ! k 6 l_f Ů1s?b t.& V2N Ƌ` đF wcN qB2N `k_gy 2* i o2 wcy

٣ ‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬ ( .N Z) isj [b t2* lzo 2 lN Ů( j2 jĖ ) fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b e .+ 6 r z61.gb ` _f wV ' Ƌ qzb c>s Ë gzV `gcOf <Z j h Ů e g b z" .å∏ãe ≈a ∫ƒ¡ée ™∏°V ∫ƒW OÉéjEG ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ƌ.& r x2;N hZ2b ¹ 2[f M ."r cŃŁ = (Mc)X Ů h6ŁŁŬŇ = = Ů h6ŁŃŬł = 5 qzV /

/

/

c f M = 5 1 ľĄĿí

M " = 5Ł - Ł = + Ł 5 = Ł M ŁŇŅŬŇņ - cŃŁ " ŁŁŬŇ * ŁŃŬł * Ł - Ł(ŁŁŬŇ) + Ł(ŁŃŬł) = h6 ŀŅŬň - M : =L[ G R$ 3 [ l #'$ I K U /

.

2

4

.

3

r2

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2

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.

8

+

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2

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8 =

r2

ANS

=

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.

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă /

Ƌ.& r x2;N hZ2b ¹ 2[f ¶" ."r cŅŃŬŇ = (¶"c)XŮ h6ńŇŬŃ = Ů h6 ņŁŬŇ = C qzV /

(126) ¢U (3 e ~I y + §D

c f ¶" C 1

/

z" isj Z ko2 b t2* ¹Z2F lz[ Wb ) ` đF Pf <Z j _ ;b wcN zcgOb PZ sgb DO wb ho.:1 r e g b z" .N Z lN fscOf p ."sy w b fscOgcb zbr.b Ƌ p Y2Fr e g b

áKÓãdG ¬YÓ°VCG ∫GƒWCG âª∏Y GPEG å∏ãªdG ≈a ájhGR ¢SÉ«b OÉéjEG

: n t& 5 n iR$ /

C " /¶"/ Ł - Ł/¶" + Ł/ = Ł C

(e g b z" .N Z) /

Ł C - Ł/¶" + Ł/ = C " /¶" / Ł : n Ł/

/

/

( ¶" Ł wcN g7[b )

C - Ł ¶" + Ł /

/

/

¶" / Ł

= C " Ɗis_ V

Ɗi ! k 6 l_gy g^ Ł/¶" - Ł/ + Ł/ /

C

/

= ¶" "

C + Ł ¶" C /¶"Ł

Ł / - Ł /

Ů

/

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= "

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126

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Ł/¶" - Ł/ + Ł/

(e g b z" .N Z) ;$ {

;$

C

(¶"c)X ."r Ůd [gb d_;b lf 2

C

;$

O!

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

C

/

Ł(ŀŁ) - Ł(Ň) + Ł(ń)

(DysO b )

? O!

/

ľĄĿí

C

= ¶" "

C

O! d ,

C

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C

Ň*ń*Ł ńńŇĿ = Ƅ

I _qf " 2*

=L[ G R$ 3 [ l #'$ I K U .

5

r2

+

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SHIFT COS

DŽDŽDŽ

=

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(

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is_zV "2Wkf ¶"c wb b r b 6 yr 4b e g z" i L&đjr cŀłł Łń ńņ - (¶"c)X /

//

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ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

C

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(Cc)X ."r d [gb d_;b lf 2

;$

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O!

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Ł( C &

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

`b/ lfr Ůh6ŀņŬń= i Ůh6ŀŁŬń= e Ů h6ņŬń= a Ëi h¼ ¾cN½ / Ů i e a c gb wV yr 3 2 ^ 5 zZ ."r 3 Ɗ is_y c gb 0o wV qj ¿CG ôcòJ Ŀ = ń + i " ł ł -i " /

/

/

/

¶" -Ŀ) + Ł(C & ¶" - ) = Ł(¶" )

/

c gb wV yr 3 2 ^ wo i c is_ `b0b ů PcB 2 ^Ĕ c [gb wo yr 3 2 ^

ŀ − = c ~ '! − = Ł

Ł (ŀņŬń) - Ł(ŀŁŬń) + Ł(ņŬń)

ŀ -= Ł

c ~− c {~ ! = ~ !

ł = c ~ ! =

ŀŁŬń * ņŬń * Ł

=

Ł / i - Ł / e + Ł/ a /

e /a Ł

C &

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

¶" Ł - (C Ł & + C Ł & ) Ł ¶" + Ł = Ł C

. ÷

5

r2

(

2

+

*

1

.

2 .

7

*

5

r2

5

SHIFT COS ANS

1 )

1 .

2 =

C &

= i " : n <+

ŀ - = i " ` Ł . 7 5 r2

cŀŁĿ = (ic)X `

Ł

7

/

ľĄĿí

c ~−c {~ '! = c ~ '!

.

/

(C & ¶" Ů C & ¶")

5

)

/

/

¶" Ł - Ł ¶" + Ł = Ł C

=

=

DŽDŽDŽ

ń + cŀŁĿ " ł ł - cŀŁĿ " = ń + i " ł ł - i " = "(+[ F"M ƋlgyĔ U2Gb = 2W> = ń + łŁ * ł ł - ŀŁ - =ƄƄƄƄƄƄ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă /

(C c)X Ł = (¶"c)X i Ů h6 ŀŇ = ¶" Ů h6ŀń = Ů h6 ŀŁ = C i ^ / ¶" C c gb 3 /

127

/

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

84


-

ΩɪàdG Ö«L (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb

Ɗ- #yĖ e g b z" lzj sZ e .+ 6 l_gy qj ` đGb .^ lzOcCb ĐsF hcN /

b b PcCb asF ‫أ‬

c f wV

äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ``°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí

å∏ãªdG πM ≈a ΩɪàdG Ö«L (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb ΩGóîà°SG b 'b m0o wVr gpkz 1s?'gb yr 4b 5 zZr lzOcB wbsF zfscOg c gb d' e g b z" isj Z kb (g7y Ƌ.z&r c f ."sy ɪ¡æ«H IQƒ°üëªdG ájhGõdG ¢SÉ«bh ø«©∏°V ≈dƒW á«eƒ∏©ªH å∏ãªdG πM

Ƌ gpkz 1s?'gb yr 4b 5 zZr ly2*Ē a sF hcN / Ů c gb wV đ b y r4b 6 zZ ‫ب‬ Ƌ`b/ (Bs Br2Ogb c fĔ r đ b qNđB

Solving the Triangle in the Terms of the Lengths of Two Sides and Measure of the Angle Included

O!

cŅŃ

Ů

ł Ń=

- 2 h6ņŀŬł - 1

Ł(ŀŁ) - Ł(ŀŇ) + Ł(ŀń)

ŀŇ * ŀń* Ł

= C & 3

cŃŀ /ŁŃ //łń = (¶"c)X ŀ Ň=

Ł(ŀŇ) - Ł(ŀń) + Ł(ŀŁ)

ŀń * ŀŁ* Ł

= ¶" &

cŇŁ /Ńň //ň = (¶"c)X

ľĄĿí /

/

¶" " CŁ - Ł + Ł C = Ł ¶" a cŁĿ " ń * ŀŀ* Ł - Ł(ń) + Ł(ŀŀ) = Ł ¶" ` = ¶" ` ŁĿ "ń * ŀŀ * Ł - Ł(ń)+Ł(ŀŀ) h6ŅŬńŁň /

/

/

/

.

1

1

r2

+

5

r2

2

*

2

0

1

1

*

Ł/

=b + E X+Q 75 1 ) W = I )&I h T , A3& + u E m ! n ? E l #'$ Dq + n ? E l #'$ 1 ^% I l &' : nH K U ,m X m X n ? E l #'$ =b 3 + u m ! n b nH ,m! &P !" 7& ^ 1 )I" ob m! m X do? T \ H n ? E l #'$ =b t? G UQ M? b l &' m ! m ! n b !" 7 + u d R^ $ n <+ 9 &L n b + u t? G UQ R^ ! n <+ 9 &L m !

C

z" isj Z 2^0 wV đGb G+y .Z G+b 0o k# l_gyr qbsGb e g b .kN qj dCWy qj đGb wb (Bs i a sF 0* i e g b z" lzj sZ ^ / / / .& r t1r- z 2 wV ¶" CƊ wor ¶" c gb MđB O!

Ƌd [gb d_;b wV g^ o2^0 dp7y w &

n m G* 0 ¥D e jG* g¦/ ¤IeE *yvj 6* c gb d' kb (g7y e g b z" isj Z i ` đGb (Br Ɗ zfscOg Ƌ gpkz 1s?'f yr 3 5 zZr lzOcB wbsF ‫أ‬ Ƌ đ b qNđB a sF ‫ب‬ zfscOg c f wV yr 3 5 zZ - #y .kN qj ` đGb 2: r dCWy Ů gpkz 1s?'gb yr 4b 5 zZr lzOcB wbsF ¹ e g b z" isj Z e .+ 6 `b/r z#b isj Z lf Đ. yr 4b z" i V z#b isj Z e .+ 6 b & wV qjĔ e .+ 6 b & wV f Ů "sf g ¹ "2Wkgb r - 'b is_y "2Wkf yr 4b j ^ / qj V Ů e g b z" isj Z z" is_y - & yr 4b j ^ / r Ů ¹ b 6 pf g z" Ƌ ¹ "sf pf g

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

COS

5

=

C - Ł ¶" + Ł /

/

Ió«Øe áeƒ∏©e

85

;$

O!

/

: S ?f K.Ț

C

c)X , Cc)X

ŀŁņ= d' i ar & .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF Ƌhp " O f Pf (ł) Ů(Ł) Ů(ŀ) e Z1 /łŀ //ńņ

/

Ů h6ń = Ů h6ŀŀ = C qzV t0b ¶" C c gb d& 4 cŁĿ = (¶"c)X /

."f 75 X+Q =7)+ h T& D n <+ 3 ./0 =b , 9X& , O 1 DG X+Q 0 M&

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

s- * Ke0 le+e/(*

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

;$

¿CG ôcòJ

ĿŬŇŀņ- -

/

= C &

¶" / Ł

Ł (ŀŀ) - Ł(ŅŬńŁň) + Ł(ń)

ŅŬńŁň * ń * Ł

=

cŀŃŃŬņŇŅ - (Cc)X ` [ (¶"c)X + (Cc)X ] - cŀŇĿ = ( c)X [ c ŁĿ + cŀŃŃŬņŇŅ ] - cŀŇĿ =Ƅ ƄƄƄ cŀńŬŁŀŃ = ƄƄƄƄ cŀŃŃ Ńņ ňŅ = (Cc)X Ů h6ŅŬńŁň = ¶"` cŀń ŀŁ ńĿ -( c)X /

//

/

/

//

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă /

cŃŁ ŀŇ = ( c)X Ů h6ŀŃŬŁ = ¶" Ů h6ŁŃŬŅ = C qzV t0b ¶" C /

/

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

c gb d& 4

128


äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -

ΩɪàdG Ö«L ( IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb

áKÓãdG ¬YÓ°VG ∫GƒWCG á«eƒ∏©ªH å∏ãªdG πM

Solving the Triangle knowing its Three Side Lengths

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

;$

/

h6ŀŁ = ¶" Ů h6Ň = Ů h6Ņ = C qzV t0b ¶" C c gb d& /

O!

/

5

ľĄĿí

;$

Ɗis_zV đ b c gb y r3 6 zZ - #y scGgb

;$ {

Ł(Ņ)- Ł(ŀŁ) + Ł(Ň)

ŀŁ* Ň * Ł

=

Ł/

C - Ł ¶" + Ł /

/

/

=Ƅ C "

¶" / Ł

Ńł = Ƅ ŃŇ

C

cŁŅ Łł Ń - (Cc) X ` /

¿CG ôcòJ

.

."f 75 X+Q =7)+ h T& D n <+ 3 ./0 =b , 9X& , O 1 DG X+Q 0 M&

8

r2

+

8

*

1 1

r2

2

)

2

(

÷

=

SHIFT COS ANS

=

z"r z#b w .N Z e .+ 6 hpk_gy qj ` đGb (Br ar.#b hpzcN A2N h Ů e N q"s c f d'b e g b Data show j z b A2N 3 p" f¹ .+ 7f wb b

//

r2

6

f (zBs wV b Gb ^ lf (ń) Ů (Ń) lzb gb lO 6 Ƌ\ 6

*

2 )

=

Ł/ Ł Ł/ Ł Ł Ł Łň = (Ň)- (Ņ) + (ŀŁ) = - C + ¶" = " / / łŅ Ņ * ŀŁ * Ł C ¶" Ł

owíÐ}TÐ odýmR |gP Óm c dTÐ @

/

c)X , Cc)X

cłŅ ŁĿ ŀĿ - ( c) X ` [cłŅ ŁĿ ŀĿ +cŁŅ Łł Ń] - cŀŇĿ = (¶"c) X ` cŀŀņ ŀŅ ŃŅ = /

/

/

//

//

//

/

pg\KÐ ÐÙÎ

z#b isj Z

t asFr lz yr 3 w6 zZ PcB

e g b z" isj Z

yr 4b 5 zZr i OcB ĐsF gpkz 1s?'gb

e g b z" isj Z

đ b MđBĔ a sF

//

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă /

h6 ŁŀŬŀ = ¶" Ů h6ŀŇŬŃ = Ů h6 ŀŁŬŁ = C qzV t0b ¶" C c gb d& 5 /

êÐz Gm< TÐ Ìz h

/

ńģŐơģʞʵǤĝ Ȉƾ ǶśģņǔǤĝ

z#b isj Z e e g b z" isj Z e .+ 6 `k_gy dpV Ů f

c f wV đ b y r4b 6 zZ h¼cO¼ `j A2V Ƌ` " 27V Í ? c gb 0o wV PcB asF - #yĖ

ΩɪàdG Ö«L ( IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb ≈∏Y á«°Sóæg äÉ≤«Ñ£J

Geometrical Applications on the Cosine Rule

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ů (¶"c)X Ɗ ."r Ů

/

d> h E wV ¶" X?j Ů h6Ń = ¶" Ů h6Ł = Ů h6ń = C qzV c f ¶" C 6 ( E C ¶" c)X

EC

/

/

ľĄĿí

= ;$

C

;$ =

?

O!

Ł/¶" - Ł/ +Ł/ /

?

O!

¶" C c gb {V

E

ŀł = ŁĿ

;$ = C

/C Ł

C

= ¶" "

Ł(Ń)- Ł(Ł) + Ł(ń)

Ł*ń*Ł

(129 8 le¦ 9eM{G* ¥D i+ej G* y + §D

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

129

äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ``°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí

cŃň Łņ łĿ - ( ¶"c) X ` /

.

5

r2

+

r2

2

r2

4

(

÷

=

SHIFT COS ANS

//

*

2

*

5

)

2

=

=

¶"E C c gb wV ¶" " ¶" C * ¶"E Ł - Ł(¶" C) + Ł(¶"E ) =Ƅ Ł(E C) cŃň Łņ łĿ " Ł * ńŁ * Ł - Ł(Ł) + Ł( ńŁ ) =ƄƄ łŬņŃňň h6 ŀŬňŃ - E C ` Ł(E¶") - Ł(E ) + Ł(¶" ) C C = (E C ¶"c) " a EC * ¶"C * Ł Ł(ŁŬń) - Ł(ŀŬňŃ) + Ł(Ł) ĿŬŀňńŀ =ƅƅƅƅ /

//

z" r z#b isj Z e .+ 6 l_gyĐ qj đGb wb 2: Ům y r3 6 zZ zfscOg c f MđB a sF - #y wV e g b y r4b 6 zZ wV yr 7 f p ; gb c gb iĔ `b/r ƋMđBĔ a sF wV yr 7 f 2zR pk_br ( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

i ar & .k wV y1. lf -1r f d& ` đF wb cF Ƌhp " O f Pf (ń) Ů (Ń) wgZ1 d' Ͱh+ o ex *Ͱ &

ŀŬňŃ * Ł * Ł

cņŇ ŀŃ ŀŃ-( E C ¶"c)X ` /

. (

+

r2

2 2

*

.

1 *

2

9 1

.

-

r2

4 9

4

)

//

.

2 =

5

r2

Ů cŀĿł

=

SHIFT COS ANS

=

/łŃ = (Cc) X Ů ŀņŬĿł - /

cłŃ /Ň =(¶"c) X

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ¿CG ôcòJ 0 2"P =5 I" D<C )I H M$ =&'7L D<_ d "P = Q :n G U 2"P =5 I D<C n <+ dn ' <' n ' I ' n '+ t ! # + u E t M$ 1 2 75 + u E 2 (L d 9 X& I & = 5 n ' $" n '+ M b t 9! =b 5 E =b n '+ (' 97 d )I = 5 M$ t? G UQ t d 'I 8 M ? 1 tI 8

Ů h6ń = ¶" Ů h6ň = C qzV wN 1 d_: E ¶" C ǶƒŻŏǭǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 7 Ƌt2 - wN 1 E ¶" C d_;b i Ůh6ŀŀ =¶" C ,h6ň =CE Ůh6 Ň = E ¶" C

ľĄĿí

¶" C

;$ E

;$

;$ ;$ {

c gb {V

ŮcŅĿ /ŀń -( c) X Ů cłń /ň - (Cc) X 5

ŀ - = Ł(ŀŀ)- Ł(ń)+ Ł(ň) = " Ņ ń*ň*Ł

¶" E C

cŇŃ /łŅ - (¶"c ) X

c gb wV

ŀ = Ł(ŀŀ)- Ł(Ň)+ Ł(ň) = E " Ņ Ň*ň*Ł

i¦-e¦0K i¦ 6y J le ¦f -

" - = E " n 2

O!

;$

cŀŇĿ = ( c)X + (Ec)X is_yr

E ¶" C d_;b wV i cf _ fr i c [ f i yr 3 cŮ Ec i

M& 0

z&r

Ƌt2 - wN 1 E ¶" C d_;b ` ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ƌh6ņŬŁ = E Ů h6ŃŬń = E ¶" Ůh6ŅŬł = ¶" Ůh6 ņŬŁ = ¶" C Ů h6ŁŬņ = C qzV wN 1 d_: E ¶" C 6 Ƌt2 - wN 1 E ¶" C d_;b Ëi zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

130

4

ŮŅ c fĔ 'Bsgb z6.kpb [z G b ` đF Pf <Z j isj Z \z G zWz^ 'Bsf Ů b Gb ^ lf ň Ů Ň Ůņ ¹ z6.kpb [z G b wVr Ů [z G b m0o d'b e g b z" yÊ 2 - zÊ N 1 is_y wN 2b d_;b i cG w b Ɗwcy g ho2^/

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

86


-

ΩɪàdG Ö«L (IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb -

¥)*{.(* M{ -

ΩɪàdG Ö«L ( IóYÉb) ¿ƒfÉb

so f - #yĖ e g b z" isj Z r z#b isj [b ¼ 'z'?b ¼ Sz?b ^ Ů zb b c gb lf d_b ǶƖLjģŏǩ ƋY13Ĕ iscb pzb 1 ;gb r GOgb fscOgb H[V e.+ 6 Ů(2g&Ĕ iscb qzb 1 ;y) scGf

Ɗi ¶" X? kf E Ů c f ¶" C 1 asF ."r h Ů Ł(E ) Ł + Ł(E C) Ł = Ł(¶" C) + Ł( C) / h6ňŬł = /¶" Ů h6ņŬŇ = / Ů h6ŀŁŬŅ = C i ^ / E C

O! ? C

C C

O!

? O!

l

C

c ~

C

e

O!

O!

ŀ

E

ŀ

?

C

C

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

e "w? F

c ~

' 6 "& <&$

O!

ΩɪàdG Ö«L ¿ƒfÉb ≈∏Y á«JÉ«M äÉ≤«Ñ£Jn

Life Applications on the Cosine Rule

h+f

C

O!

O!

R3

d [gb d_;b {V ǶũģŐƑǤĝnj ǶơģʞʵǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 8 m zf wV 8GSb B y1 lz' 7b .& tspy 1- kb zj "2gb ;NĔ .o ;zb 2g&Ĕ 2' b =sSb 2f t.& wVr Ů O 2b jscgb ] g6Ĕ r 1 & ¹ t 2V cŁĿ p6 zZ yr 4 wcNĔ = sSb 2K¼j yr 4 dW6Ĕ 2Kj f.kNr Ů1 f ł V 7f qkN .O y¼ Ń V 7f qkN .O ¼ 2g& _g6 t 1c ŃĿ p6 zZ ? 2g'b _g7b r 1 'b lz V 7gb gV Ů 1 f ľĄĿí

isj Z e .+ 6 kk_gy 0b ů gpkz 1s?'gb yr 4b 5 zZr c gb wV lzOcB wbsF hcO¼j kj h62b lf (B r Ɗw Ē ^ `b/r Ůe g b z"

E C

(ɸ)

c gb wV E C & E * E C Ł - Ł(E ) + Ł(E C) = Ł( C)

(ɹ)

¶" E C c gb wV ¶" E C & ¶" E * E C Ł - Ł(¶" E) + Ł(E C) = Ł(¶" C)

/

C & ¶" Ł - Ł ¶" + Ł = Ł C c ŅĿ & ł * Ń * Ł - Ł(ł) + Ł(Ń) = ŀł = 1 f łŬŅ - C ` Ƌ ¹ y2[ 1 f łŬŅ tr 7y 2g'b _g7b r 1 'b lz V 7gb Ëi t À ½ /

/

/

/

/

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

V 7f 1 6 h G[j wb C G[j lf h^Ņ V 7f 1 6 / V Ů " 1.b s^1 wj o tspy ǶơģʞʵǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 7 ?h^ 2ZĔ ¶" Ů C lz G[kb lz V 7gb f cņň = (¶" C c)X z' ¶" G[j wb G[j lf h^ņ

:o ( q (ɹ) ʘ (ɸ) Tl' Ł(E ) Ł + Ł(E C) Ł = Ł(¶" C) + Ł( C)

131

E C & - = ¶" E C & o P*Ȗ Ł/ Ł/ C Ł( )Ł + Ł(E C) Ł = + ¶" `

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

/

Ł

Ł(ŅŬł) Ł + Ł(E C) Ł =

Ł(ņŬŇ) + Ł(ňŬł)

`

Ł(ŅŬł) Ł - Ł(ņŬŇ) + Ł(ňŬł) =

Ł ( E C) Ł

`

łłŬňņń = Ł(E C)

`

ŅņŬňń = h6ńŬŇ - E C `

O 1Ĕ q6r 1 wg k d_: so t2 .b wN 2b d_;b i ( ) Ƌ .& r 2 - wb Ɗwcy gf t lN ' j t2 - wN 1 d_;b i Ė ( ) js_ wN 2b d_;b wV i c [ f i yr 3 ‫أ‬ Ƌlzz cf _ f wN 2b d_;b 5r 1 lf 5 1 t .kN "1 * yr 3 ‫ب‬ Ƌ pb c [gb c* .b yr 4b 5 z[b y¹ r 7f p6 zZ is_y p" wVr .& r .N Z wcN i fs62f i yr 3 ‫ﺟ‬ Ƌ5 z[b wV i yr 7 fr pkf .& r

87

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b


äÉãâˆ?ãŸG ĂœĂ‰°ÚM ôďùíÄŽĿí ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

iÂŚ-eÂŚ0 leÂ’ÂŚfƒ-

äÉãâˆ?ãŸG ĂœĂ‰``°ÚM ôďùíÄŽĿí ĂłÄŠÄƒĹŽĿí

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź % k#b NÄ? lf 2 f š Ĺ Äż .O {cN H6sb H* NÄ? i ^ e.[b 2^ y1 f t.& wV ǜƥģĘžʾǤģĹ› ƤśƄǤÄ? 9 f ĹŽ qkf 2 f š ŀŅ .O wcN 27yÄ” % k#b NÄ? t 2V ĹŽcĹƒÄż p6 zZ yr 4 H6sb H* NÄ? 1 -r ĹŽlgyÄ” (lzy2;N lzgZ1 2ZÄ” š 2[f) ? lz& k#b w NÄ? lz V 7gb “ 7X O! "(+H

“ 7X

?

ĹŽ(Bsf h61 š Ă‹ so g^ `b/r b 7gb d gy½ Ä‘_: C " Âś" Ĺ - Ĺ Âś" + Ĺ = Ĺ C cĹƒÄż " Ĺ Äż * ŀŅ * Ĺ - Ĺ (Ĺ Äż) + Ĺ (ŀŅ ) = 2 f ŀŠŏŇņ Ć‹ 2 f š ŀŠŏŇņ wb s& so 27yÄ” % k#b r lgyÄ” % k#b lz V 7gb /

"' ^ ~

"' ^

F m5% F$

ĞĄĿí

1&+H

/

c ~ C

/

/

/

lf c fÄ” 'Bsgb Wc +gb [z G b ` Ä‘F Pf <Z j ˜ e .+ 6 zWz^ 'Bsf ĹŽ b Gb ^ lf (ŀĿ) ĹŽ (Ĺˆ) ĹŽ (Ň) š ĆŠar k z& ĹŽ pc& wV e g b z" isj Z

ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ

?

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( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m€€_ f

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:=L + D&G Ɗ is_y M = 5 c f t wV 1

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cƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋso m y r3 2 ^ 5 zZ i V Ů 2 gz k7b lf ŀń Ůŀņ Ůŀł qNđB a sF c f 2 cƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ so m y r3 2S> 5 zZ i V Ůh6ŃŬŁ Ů h6ņŬń Ů h6ńŬņ qNđB a sF c f 3 /

h6 ŀň Ł / / a & i e Ł cŀŁĿ i & 5 &

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cŃņŬł h6łņŬŀ cŁņ h6ŁņŬňł -

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äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ``°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí

cŀņŬņŀ - 21

Ɗi ^ / ¶" C c gb wV cŅĿ = ( c)X i V Ů Ň = ¶" Ů ņ = Ůń = C 14 cŀŁĿ = (¶"c)X i V Ů ņ = ¶" Ů ń = Ůł = C 15 (¶"c)X ."r V Ů ŀł = ¶" Ů ņ = Ůŀł = C 16 (Cc)X ."r V Ů ņ = ¶" Ů Ň = Ůŀł = C 17 Ƌ c gb wV yr 3 2S> 5 zZ ."r V Ů Łŀ = ¶" Ů ŀņ = ŮŀĿ = C 18 Ƌ c gb wV yr 3 2 ^ 5 zZ ."r V Ů ņ = ¶" Ů Ņ = Ůń = C 19 Ƌlzy2;N lzgZ1 2ZĔ ¹ 2[f ¶" ."r V Ů cŃŁ = (¶"c)X Ů h6ŀŀ = Ůh6ŀņ = C 20 Ƌlzy2;N lzgZ1 2ZĔ ¹ 2[f C ."r V Ů cņŁ = (Cc)X Ů h6ŀŃ = ¶" Ůh6ŀŅ = 21 /

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cŀŁĿ = (¶" c) X 23

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89

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25

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E 2G[b

asF ."r Ů h6ŀŃ tr 7y

asF Ů h6ŀĿ = ¶" Ů h6ŀŁ = C qzV MđB t3 s f E ¶" C 26 Ƌ2 gz k6 2ZĔ ¶" C 2G[b

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Ů eŁŀĿ Ů ełĿĿ qNđB a sF c f d_: wcN A1 OGZ Ɗ Ȉơĝʹĭĝ ńģũģƑǩ 30 » 2ZĔ ¹ 2[f½ A1Ĕ OGZ & 7f - #yĖ e g b z" isj Z e.+ 6 Ů e ŀŃĿ 2 f Ƌ»P 2f

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26

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c ~

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cŁņŬŅŅ = (Cc)X Ů h6 ņ = ¶" Ůh6 ŀĿ = Ůh6 ń = C qzV c f ¶" C :ĦƥŲǤĝ ƼƖņǕĝ 33 Ɗ( c)X ."r /

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cŀĿŀ /łŁ //ŀł = C - cŀŇĿ= ( c) X h6ŀņ - ¶"C h6 ňŇŬŃņ - C Ů h6 ŀłĿŬŇŅ - E 27 h6ŀŃŬņŀ - E C ŮcŅł /Łń = Ů h6ŁŅŬŃł - /C 28

+ D /

C C &

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Ł / - Ł /

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cŅŁ /Ńł ŮcłŅ /ŁĿ Ů cŇĿ /ņń 29

ņ

= ŀĿ ` cŁņŬŅŅ " "

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ń*ņ*Ł

Łe ŀłŀŃņŬŅ

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cŀŀŀŬŇ - ( c)X `

ń

30

cŅŇŬŀň - ( c)X `

[zZ- ŀĿŬŀņ 31

ȈưĝŻśĞ ƄŐǔƽŝ

Ƌ b b PcCb asF ."r cŅĿ gpkz 1s?'gb yr 4b r (Ł- ŀĿ ) Ů (Ł + ŀĿ ) goĐsF c f MđB lf i OcB 34 /

Ł z& Ů c gb wV yr 3 2 ^ 5 zZ ."r V h6Ń = ¶" - I Ů h6Ņ = - I Ů h6Ň = C - I qzV c f ¶" C 35 ¶" + + C = I /

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wGO b e g b z" .N Z e.+ 6 qjĔ (z'> hy2^ d& 33 (-) 1 : 34

h6 ŁŁ

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cņŇ /Łņ//Ńņ 35 cŃń /ŃŅ//ŀń 36 135

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

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= = & 20

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- Ł/M + Ł/5

Ł ŀ Ł

=

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áeÉY øjQÉ“

‫ﺗــــــﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

1

:=L + D&G Pf qNđB a sF 6 k Ů c f t wV 1 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ r ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ gcN / c gb y r3 6 zZ - #y wV e g b z" .N Z e .+ 6 l_gy 2 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ d [y c gb wV Đ ¹ sF MđBĔ 2 ^ 3 ¾ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋqkf h ¼ cN½ / c gb wV PcB t asF - #y wV z#b isj Z e .+ 6 l_gy 4 ^ Ƌ - #yĖƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ .N [b e .+ 6 l_gy qj V ( ^ )X Ů( C )X Ů C q escOf ¶" C c f 5 Ƌ 5 - #yĖ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ .N [b e .+ 6 l_gy qj V (5c)X Ů = Ů M q escOf M = 5 c f 6 (ac)X - #yĖƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ .N Z e .+ 6 l_gy qj V Ů i Ů e Ů a q escOf i e a c f 7

2

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: M)& I !s 1 I 1 3 3A I !s "' Ɗ tr 7 c gb {V yr 3 2 ^ 5 zZ i V h6 łń = M Ůh6 Łń = = Ůh6ŀń = 5 i ^ / Ů M = 5 c gb {V 8 c ňĿ ‫د‬ c ŃĿ ‫ﺟ‬ cŀŁĿ ‫ب‬ cŀńĿ ‫أ‬ Ɗtr 7 ¶" C c gb (G6 & 7f i V ŮcŀŁĿ = (¶"c)XŮ h6ņ = Ů h6Ń= C i ^ / ¶" C c gb wV 9 Łh6 Ł ņ ‫د‬ Łh6ŁŇ ‫ﺟ‬ Łh6 ł ņ ‫ب‬ Łh6ŀŃ ‫أ‬ /

5

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6

Ɗ tr 7y c gb 0pb "1 +b 2 .b 2GZ asF i V Ů h6 ł ŀĿ qOcB asF Ů MđBĔ tr 7 f c f M = 5 10 h6ŁĿ ‫د‬ h6ŀń ‫ﺟ‬ h6ŀĿ ‫ب‬ h6ń ‫أ‬ Ɗ tr 7y 5 i V ŮcłĿ = (5)X Ů h6ń tr 7y½ M = 5 c gb 5r 2 1 gb 2 .b 2G½Z X?j asF i ^ / 11 h6ŁĿ ‫د‬ h6ŀĿ ‫ﺟ‬ h6ń ‫ب‬ h6 ŀĿ ‫أ‬

7

/

8

/

Ɗ tr 7 ( c)X i V Ůh6Ň = ¶" Ů h6ņ = Ů h6ń = C i ^ / Ů ¶" C c ŀŁĿ ‫د‬ cŃń ‫ﺟ‬ cŅĿ ‫ب‬ cłĿ Ɗ tr 7 c gb wV yr 3 2 ^ 5 zZ i V Ůh6ņ = ¶" Ů h6ń = Ů h6ł = C i ^ / Ů ¶" C ‫د‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ب‬ c ŀŁĿ cŃń cŅĿ cłĿ /

10

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c gb wV 12 ‫أ‬

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c gb wV 13 ‫أ‬

."r h ŮMđBĔ .& asF kgC f m2> kN 6 zZ lf đ -.& Í ŮQđBĔ Xc +f ¹ c f h61 ŦǍņƽǩ ǡĝǐƒ 14 Ƌt2*Ĕ đ b 2> kOb 6 zZ

15

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/

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Ł/ + Ł/C < Ł/¶" iĔ "2Wkf

‫ب‬

/

ŮcłŅ gp6 zZ lz yr 3 C qOcB Pf i Ok?y E Ů ¶" C m 2GZ Ů h6ŀňŬņņ = C qzV MđB t3 s f E ¶" C 16 Ƌly2G[b wbsF ."r Ů cŃŃ i Ů h6 ŀŇ = ¶"C Ů h6ŀŁ =CE Ů h6Ň =E ¶" Ů h6ŀŁ = ¶" Ů h6Łņ = C qzV wN 1 d_: E ¶" C 17 ƋE C cX?ky ¶" C

ŁłŬŅ Ů ŁņŬŇň 16

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

137

ŀĿŀ ŀĿŇ = (E C ¶" c) & = (E C c ) & 17

h6ŁŃŬŃŇ Ůh6łĿŬŇņ ŮƄh6ŁńŬńŁ 18 h6ňŬńŁ - \j ŮƄh6ŁłŬňł lzGz'gb

19

äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ``°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí

a sF ."r Ů h6ŇĿŬŃ tr 7y X?j asFr Ů

h6ŀŅŬĿŅ 20 h6ŀŀŬŇŃ ŮƄh6ŀňŬńń 21

ł Ń 24

h6łŅŬłňƅŮƄh6ŇŬŁŇ

22

h6ŁŬń = / = /C

23

c gb Hz'fr Ůcņņ Ņ = ( c)X ŮcńŁ ŀņ = ( C c)X qzV /

/

c gb 0o Hz'f ."r ŮcŃņ = ( c)X ŮcŇĿ = (Cc)X Ů Ů h6ņŬŅ= ¶" qzV c f ¶" C 19 Ƌq6r 2 1 gb 2 .b 2GZ /

asF 7& cńŃ= ( e C c)X h6ŁĿ =EƆ Ůh6ŀŅ = ¶"ƆC Ů e wV m 2GZ PF [ MđB t3 s f E ¶" C 20 Ƌ2 gz k6 2ZĔ E C lf d^ asF ."r Ů ¶" X? kf E Ůcņł = (¶"c)X ŮcŁň = ( c)X Ů h6ŁĿ = ¶" qzV c f ¶" C 21 Ƌlzy2;N lzgZ1 2ZĔ ¹ 2[f E C Ů C Hz'f ."r h Ů ¶" asF ."r ŮcŅŅ = (¶"c)X Ůc łŃ = ( c)X Ůh6ŃŬņ = ¶" C qzV c f ¶" C 22 Ƌ ¶" c gb 5r 2 2g w b 2 .b ƋlzZ 7b tr 7 f ¶" C

c gb i Ůh6Ł = ¶" Ů h6ŁŬń = Ů Łń =C " qzV /

/

/

ƋC " ."r Ņ Ɗ ń Ɗ Ń = ¶"Ɗ Ɗ C qzV /

/

Ƌ2 gz k6 2ZĔ a sFĔ ¹ 2[fc ŃŅ = ( c)X Ů cŅņ = (Cc)X Ů h6ŀŀ = qzV t0b ¶" C /

h6ŀŃƅŮƄh6ŀŃƅŮƄcŅņ 25 Ů cńň /Łň -( c) X Ů h6ŀŃ - / 26 cŅņ /Łł (¶"c ) X h6ŃŃŬŅň - 28

h6ŀŅ 27

2 f ŀŁŬłŇ - 30

h^ŀĿŬňń - 29

c f ¶" C 23 c f ¶" C 24 c gb d& 25

/

cńł Ň= (Cc)X Ů h6ŀń = ¶" Ůh6ŀł = C qzV t0b ¶" C /

/

c gb d& 26

i ^ / V Ů Ł Ɗ ł lzy1r # f lzzOcB {bsF lz 7kb r h6 łĿ qGz'f MđBĔ t3 s f E ¶" C 27 Ƌ ¶" C asF ."r V cŅĿ = (¶"E C c)X Ůh6ńŀŬņ = ¶"C Ůh6łŇŬŃ =E ¶" Ůh6ŁŅŬł = E C Ů ¶" // E C qzV U2'kf q : E ¶" C 28 Ƌ ¶" asF ."r cŀĿł ŀń= (E C c)X /

h^ň V 7f t2"r ŮcŇĿ p6 zZ yr 4 XGOj h Ů lzOf m # wV h^Ň V 7f .g& t2" ǶơģʞʵǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 29 ? pzb d>r w b G[kb r t2#b .g& pkf . w b G[kb lz V 7gb f Ů % k#b NĐ lf 2 fŀń .O wcN H6sb H* NĐ i ^ e.[b 2^ y1 f t.& wV ǶơģʞʵǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 30 ¹ lz V 7gb f Ů qkf 2 f ¹ ŀņ .O wcN 27yĔ % k#b t 1 ŮcŃń p6 zZ yr 4 H6sb H* NĐ 1 -r ŮlgyĔ ?lz& k#b w NĐ ;G }

\ Z- ŅŬĿ - 31

C

c ~

;G }

V 7gb PG[zb y1 + b q " 1- .g& ^2y ńıƜĝǍǨǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 31 N 6 /h^ńĿ N27 ¶" G[kb wb h G[kb wb C G[kb lf Ů N 6/h^ŅĿ N27 2: f C G[kb wb ¶" G[kb lf -sOy h 2;N lf 4" 2ZĔ ¹ 2[f ¹ y r ¹ o/ c&2b pZ2S 7 [zZ- h^ ? [zZ.b lf

O!

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

91

c f ¶" C 18 Ƌ qNđB

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b

138


äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

¥ F*{jG* 4efj1³*

»ªcGôJ QÉÑàNG

‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﻰ‬

‫د‬

Ł ł

‫ﺟ‬

ł Ł

12S k rk 5 .Ȗ g :

?i b 6 pb e g b z"r z#b is_y z Ē y r4b lf x 2

ŁņŬłň ‫د‬

cŁŅń ‫ﺟ‬ cŀłń ‫ب‬ cņń ‫أ‬ Ɗxr 7y "1.b i yr 4b 5 zZ i V ŃŅ = i " i ^ / 3 ĿŬĿĿŇ ‫ﺟ‬ ĿŬĿĿŇ - ‫ب‬ ŁņŬłň ‫أ‬

¶o Ł Z = ŀ + ¶o Ł J ‫د‬

Ɗ 1s?b wcN wGO½ ¶o Z ٶo J lz H 2 w b ZđOb 4 ŀ= ¶oŁ Z - ¶oŁ J ‫ﺟ‬ ¶oŁ J = ŀ- ¶oŁ Z ‫ب‬ ¶oŁ Z = ŀ - ¶oŁ J ‫أ‬

cłłĿ ‫د‬

5 .Ȗ &

: O uó©àn oe øe QÉ«àN’G á∏Ä°SCG cŀŁĿ " gzZ is_ 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 ir. 1 ŀ ‫ب‬ ŀ- ‫أ‬ Ł Ł

¶" ¶"

/

ƊqbsF is_y h6 ł = C Ů cŅĿ = (Cc)X qzV t0b ¶" C c gb 5r 2 1 gb 2 .b 2G½Z X?j 5 ł Ł ‫ﺟ‬

‫د‬

h6 ł

Ł

h6 ł

y¹ r 7f

Ł /a - Ł /i + Ł /e /

a " ‫ﺟ‬

i " ‫د‬

‫ب‬

e " ‫ب‬

y¹ r 7f is_y ¶" C c gb wV 7 ¶" " /¶" /

C

" /¶" ‫ﺟ‬ /

‫د‬

¶" " /¶" ‫ب‬ "

C

" /¶" ¶" "

‫أ‬

6

ŀł Ł -

‫د‬

Ņ -

‫ب‬

a " ‫أ‬

/

ł

1 3 5 7

4 8 ‫ب‬

Ɗ 1 .[gb is_y i e a c f t wV 6

/

i eŁ

h6Ł ‫أ‬

2

ŀ ‫أ‬ ŀ Ł-

9

‫ﺟ‬

/

Ɗ tr 7 ( c)X i V ŁĿ = ¶" ŮŁŇ= ŮŀŁ = C i ^ / Ů ¶" C c gb wV 8 cŀŁĿ ‫ﺟ‬ cŅĿ ‫ب‬ c łĿ ‫أ‬ /

cŀńĿ ‫د‬

/

Ń

: Iô«°üb äÉHÉLEG äGP á∏Ä°SCG r ņ Z ‫د‬ Ņ

cłłĿ " ‫ﺟ‬

Ɗ{ y gf d^ gzZ 6 'b bĐ e .+ 6 ir. ."r 9 cŀłń J ‫ب‬ r Ł " ‫أ‬

r ł " r ł " ‫د‬ Ł Ł

( rŅņ ) " ‫ﺟ‬

Ɗ{ y gf d_b [zZ.b gz[b ."r 10 cŁŀĿ " * cŃń " ‫ب‬ c(łĿĿ-) " ‫أ‬

ł

2W> ‫د‬

/

10

ł -

‫ﺟ‬

h6

ŀĿ 11

Ł

Ƌ = ."r V Ů cŃń = (=c)X ŮcłĿ = (5c)X Ů h6ŀĿ = 5 i ^ / M = 5 c gb wV 11 /

‫أ‬

Ł

Ł

/

Ƌq & 7f ."r h Ů c gb wV yr 3 2 ^ 5 zZ ."r Ů h6Ņ = ¶" Ů h6ń = Ů h6Ń = C qzV c f ¶" C 12 /

/

Łh6ňŬňń & 7gb Ů

cŀń - r Ůc ŀŃŀ -E Ůh6ņŬņ -Er ‫أ‬

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

139

cŇŃ /ŀ //ŀń- ¶" 12 14

h6ŀŇŀ -/a Ů h6ŀńŬŀ -/M Ů cŃń = e ‫ب‬ cŁĿ = ¶" Ů cŁń- C Ůc ŀłń - ‫ﺟ‬ h6 ŀŇĿ = ŇĿ + ŅĿ + ŃĿ = c gb Hz'f 15

äÉã∏ãŸG ÜÉ``°ùM ôĬñíĎĿí óĊăŎĿí

Ɗi lf \[' b

;$

c gb {V GOgb a sFĔ e.+ 6 Ɗd [gb d_;b wV 13 i Ł Z = ŀ + i Ł J ‫ب‬

ņ ;$

h6 ŀł - E ¶" Ů h6 ŀŁ -/ E 17 2 f ŁĿĿ 18

i

: á∏jƒ£dG äÉHÉLE’G äGP á∏Ä°SC’G "1- 2Z wb yr 4b r 2;N lf 4" 2Z wb PcCb asF ¹ 2[f d [gb c gb d& 14 ;$

\

C

c{~

;$

O!

;$

;$

;$

cŁń - Ůc Ňň -C Ů h6 ŀŀ -/ ¶" 16

ŀ = iŁ " + i Ł " ‫أ‬

c

J

l

( ¶" )

E

i¦)*{.(* M4e c ;$

O0

(C)

( )

q6r 2 1 gb 2 .b 2GZ X?j asFr Ů(Mc)X ŀŁ = (=c)X Łł = (5c)X Ɗ qzV c f M = 5 15 Ƌ M = 5 c gb Hz'f ."r Ůh6ŀĿ /

r 2 gz k6 2ZĔ asGb 2[f h6ń = ¶" ŮcŅŅ = (¶"c)X Ů h6ŀŁ = C Ů qzV t0b ¶" C c gb d& 16 Ƌ "1- 2ZĔ yr 4b /

Ů h6 ŀŁ = ¶" ŮcŇŁ = (Cc)X Ů h6ŀĿ = EC Ů h6Ň = C qzV wN 1 d_:E ¶" C 17 Ƌ2 gz k6 2ZĔ E ¶" asF ."r Ů cŅŇ = (E ¶" c)X y1 C& c[j .Oy z& a z+b r a.#cb 1 hb Ob 1 2 ^ so (sVs* e2o) 2 ^Ĕ e2pb ƊűʞʱģņǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 18 xr 7 f c f d_: wcN p" sb k Zsb `b/ {V is6.kpgb ar & .Zr Ůhy.[b 2?f ,y1 {V t2 ^ Ƌ2 f 2ZĔ MđBĔ xr 7 gb c gb M [ 1 2 f 2ZĔ ."r Ƌ 2 f ¹ ŁłĿ ¶ qOcB asF 1.[y / MđBĔ

i ^r Łń Ɗ ŀņ = / Ɗ /C i ^ / ¶" C c gb wV ‫) ( أ‬ b b PcCb asGb i gzZ ] ko i V ĿŬŇ = ¶" & (ł Ɗ ņ) Ƌ gpkz 7kb ."r r /¶" ."s qj V , Ň = C Ł & i ^r Ů / Ł = /C ł i ^ / ‫ب‬ t2*Ē XOB go .& /¶" b b PcCb asGb i gzZ ń

ŀŁ ŀņ C i lo2 V Ů ŀł = ¶" & i ^r ŀł = / i ^ / ‫ﺟ‬ cŃń = ( c) X /

"'

~

ņ C ł 5 zZ i V Ů ń = ¶" & Ů ń = / i ^ / ‫د‬ Ł = ł & + & Ɗ ZđOb \[' yr 3 /

\ ]( ;E

[ 6 1 pf

[ 6 1 pf

{

[ 6 1 pf

[ 6 1 pf

[ 6 1 pf

[ 6 1 pf

[ 6 1 pf

[ 6 1 pf

ib"& \ X I M? )'$H K7<&+ N$H ./0 o 5 I !s jM'(L ; nQ { ~

o Q j!

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

140

(cɻɼ)

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

92


¿ÉK ≈°SGQO π°üa

93

exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ b


‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫ا وﻟﻰ‬

õŜĔŀĔøńĿíō õîĬñîøøńĿí

óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

ŐĿōŗí

õŜĔŀĔøńĿíō õîĬñîøøńĿí

Sequences and series

Sequences and series óĊăŎĿí ôŃĊĸŃ } f I lpȚ h #l x Y ? b }gR 2R ; F 6f o w Z d> Ȗ lk +f \^ ylf }Z u2& y rcl $ * v qk 6 V x v qk oyc 2^ +f }Z [g /k k 2/ : rk vf lf l^5 I lp vqk 6 #cf x ʘ vq yc x v b6 rcl x [g /lf p 'f rk # 2+f : 52f }Z I lpȚ t4u 5yK 2^x ʘ ȗ;g; kx S k 5yB }Z 2&y $ * ʙ ky f h ^ Q 6 . ex }fȘ : +f , B 2^x ʘ C*Ȝ x :2qvf x iygSf e 'k }Z }_ K f p 'f }f z6Oqf h ;lf 2_R h g+ }Z w p S :Ȗ rcl x ʘ]y ;k 6 Vx 2 6Z hc? wSk hR [ f m 2^ wp $ * ʙ 5yK gf ˅ Z6Slf Qx6Z T l& }Z 8 [f x F 6f

óĊăŎĿí łŀĬ÷ õîÿĎĈŃ H{fgUÐ H UÐí º =n UÐ H UÐ h= pSĆ_UÐ s f x

had Y h @ Y xØ{_U

:n m M 1 jE '+ , 9 b MC?H / 7L ./0 $ )I

ÓĆ d eUÐ h=í ngfh= ~hexí Ón_=n eUÐ ê gaY æ}_ x

pad Y Ú [= phH{fw p_=n Y Øí{A Y Øí{ Y Ø{L â e Y {@ x Ú [= ngU ên_UÐ { UÐ s f xí ºph=n UÐ p_=n eUÐ æ}_ x

phH{fw p_=n Y Øí{A Y fY }hQ Ø{L â e Y {@ x

pad Y

_= }h a> R phH{fgUÐí ph=n UÐ Ón_=n eUÐ K x ÐØð í{ Y ÐØð {L B{xí ºph=n A p_=n eU =n UÐ H UÐ {@ x

phinc UÐ pdcZeUÐ Y ph>nh UÐ ÓĆcZeUÐ xØ{L h= ph=n UÐ ànHíúÐ Y

A R p d] Y ÓnhdeL ÊÐ}@Î R Ón Hn UÐ ê{ x Ú [= ph=n A p_=n Y Øí{A Y Øí{ Y Ø{L â e Y {@ x

ÓĆ d eUÐí Ón_=n eUÐ dL ph>nhAí ph nxÚ ÓĆcZY

pad Y

pad Y Ú [= ngU ên_UÐ { UÐ s f xí ºphH{fgUÐ p_=n eUÐ æ}_ x

phH{fw p_=n eU H{fgUÐ H UÐ {@ x

xØ{L h= phH{fgUÐ ànHíúÐ Y ÐØð í{ Y ÐØð {L B{x

I:;"8¡ > ! : 3 7 :+ 88( 0 _ .( 0 ± ) ? % I: 3 7 :+ 88( 0 _ .( =87( ³z ) ? %

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ espWf d f p 6 1- \ 7b hzo Wgb lf -¹ .N ` đF Pf <Z j » Ƌqzp kf 2zRr z¹ p kf ¹Ggj qjs^ z& lf qN sj r ,Hgkb `c b !/ gj hy.[ wcN {ko0b X?Ob ađ* lf ho.N 6r XZ sgb c> / E gjĔ `c is_ i wcN =2& r E gjĔ Ƌ đGb pOf df O y { b z z'b qj r ŮHgkb espWgb -¹ . f d g zb 'b .&sb i đGcb (Br O gb {V c g gb U1 Ogb r hzo Wgb lf .y4gb ar k h z6 ƋHgkb espWgb 1sG ^ đ7c7 gb r Ɗ zb b 5r1.b {V .&sb m0o d g r Ƌ đ7c7 gb r O gb Ƌ z 7'b O gb Ƌ z 6 'b đ7c7 gb Ƌ z6.kpb O gb Ƌ z6.kpb đ7c7 gb

#WB^¥ h+ ³1; ­ : 3 7µ 0 : 1£ # + 88¥ < % I: B1 :"B^¥ ( : £ #WB^( _ ­ :L"M8( # ") C &? ­ # L3 £ , f81% I#W1"18¥ 0 # + 88¥ § : _0 ,: $ %>

ƊarĔ 51.b Ɗwj b 51.b Ɗ b b 51.b ƊP 2b 51.b Ɗ8f +b 51.b ‫ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬

:o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 2*yf t4u vp Z I#W1"18¥ ² 0 A7 c )%0 # + 88¥ , A;( l&+8% I:;"8¡ > ! µ , + £ O8781%0 ,: 1£ :+ 88¥ l&+8% .( F 0 ± F Y %0 ,: 1_ :+ 88¥ 1£ F3 ? % I.% ² : 1£ U 305 I:;"8¡ > ! : 1_ :+ 88( 0 _ .( 0 ± ) ? % I:;"8¡ > ! µ , + £ O8781%0 ,: 3 7µ :+ 88¥ l&+8% I: 3 7 :+ 88¥ 3 7µ F3 ? % I.% ² : 3 7µ U 305 .( F 0 ± F Y % .% + 3 7µ F3 0 , 1£ F3 ² : W+ O8781% I²;"8¡ ²L? (

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

94


ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí Â?H{fw ƒHĂ­ Ă‘

Geometric mean

Summation (

phH{fw pd—d—šY Ñ

Geometric series

ph=n—A p_=nššY Ñ

ph=n—Â?UĂ? p_=nššeUĂ? ĂœnHĂŒ Ă‘

Common differnce

Infinite geometric series

Â?=n—A ƒHĂ­ Ă‘

Arithmetic mean

pxngiønY Ă‘

Infinity

Â…heœšUĂ? ~YĂš Ă‘

Arithmetic sequence

phgšfY }hQ phH{fw pd—d—šY Ñ

: 2*yf < 52 rk7

)

ph=n—A pd—d—šY Ñ

Arithmetic series

phH{fw p_=nššY Ñ

Geometric sequence

Ć‹ ?& Ĺ Äż

Common ratio

phH{fgUĂ? p_=nššeUĂ? ĂœnHĂŒ Ă‘

{A Ă‘

Term

2z_W b ĹŽ zB y2b wV wN . Ä– 2z_W b ĹŽ.Z kb 2z_W b Ć‹ Ä‘_;gb d& ĹŽ {czc' b 2z_W b ĹŽ wF k 6Ä?

Ŏ zgcN 6 & b Ŏ (iscf + Dz ) 2z: F Ŏ zgzcO b 1s 7b Ƌ= >1 i sb eđZ Ŏ w6 1 YsV A2N 3 p" Ŏ zV W: Ƌ z6.kpb r z 7'b O gb h62b zOz 2 _ :

phgšfY }hQ p_=nššY Ñ

Infinite sequence

px{x�~> p_=nššY Ñ

Increasing Seqence

ph[Snf> p_=nššY Ñ

Decreasing Seqence

pd—d—šY Ñ

Series

ĂłÄŠÄƒĹŽĿí Ä‘Ĺ?Ä?ĉ Ë… Č—;g; lf x S lf :(ɸ - ɸË– 952f

þÎďùÎøøĹ„Ŀí

Ë… € ;+f S lf :(Éš - ɸË– 952f Ë… € : +f Č—;g; lf :(Éş - ɸË– 952f

Ă´Ĺ”Ä“ÄŠĹˆĹŒĿí ôďùÎøøĹ„Ŀí

Ă´Ĺ”ùÎĔĄĿí ôďùÎøøĹ„Ŀí

Ă´Ĺ”ĹŒøĹˆĹƒ ĎŔį

Ă´Ĺ”ĹŒøĹˆĹƒ

Ë… €:2qvf S lf :(Éť - ɸË– 952f Ë… €:2qvf Č—;g; lf :(Éź - ɸË– 952f

Ĺ?Ä“ÄŠĹˆĹŒĿí ĢÄ“ĹŽĿí

: k2/ ;lf €l€gS f h :yf

phgšfY p_=nššY Ñ

Finite sequence

ĂłÄŠÄƒĹŽĹ€Äż Ĺ?Ĺ„Ĺ”ĨĹˆá ĢĤÄˆĹƒ

2*yf v€lq } f 6€c[ f 5 vk

pUĂ?Ă˜ Ă‘

Function

Ĺ?ùÎĔĄĿí ĢÄ“ĹŽĿí

Ĺ?Ä“ÄŠĹˆĹŒĿí ĢÄ“ĹŽĿíĹ? Ĺ?ùÎĔĄĿí ĢÄ“ĹŽĿí ņŔù ôġĹœďĿí

ĂľĹœÄ”Ĺ€Ä”øĹ„Ŀí ĪŔńĀøĿí Ä?ĹƒÄ?

ôďùÎøøńŀĿ Ĺ?ŇÎŔòĿí ĞŔßńøĿí

ôďùÎøøńŀĿ ŠÎďĿí ÄŠÄ„Ŀí

Ă´Ĺ”Ä“ÄŠĹˆĹŒĿí ĂľĹœÄ”Ĺ€Ä”øĹ„Ŀí

Ă´Ĺ”ùÎĔĄĿí ĂľĹœÄ”Ĺ€Ä”øĹ„Ŀí

ĞÍÎÄ“ĹŽĿíĹ? þíĹ?ĉŗí phedL p˜HnA pUĂ‹ Ă‘

Ă‘ÂŽHnÂ?dU phYÂŽHĂš sYĂ?}= Ă‘

ÎŋĉĹ?Ċă Ĺ†Ĺƒ Ĺ?ÄżĹ?Ĺ—Ă­ Ă­ÄŠÄƒ Ĺ… ÄŠĹŽĹ„Ä€Ĺƒ ÎŋĉĹ?Ċă Ĺ†Ĺƒ ĉĹ?ÄŠÄ„Ĺƒ ĎŔį ĉĊč ÄŠĹŽĹ„Ä€Ĺƒ

Ă´Ĺ”áÎĹ”Äƒ þÎĸĹ”òĤá

*6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

ĂŽĹ”ĂżĹŽÄżĹŽĹˆğøĿí Ĺ Ă­ÄŠÄˆøÄ“Ă­

,: I L783] w&M , 7 !+ ,:^ 7ÂĽ 0 > ÂŁ , ÂŽ LÂĽ ~&+ Il ^8 ] V "3 , 'Âż /ÂĽ ,#WB^ÂĽ _ , 0 +8 "+8 *6 _lf m€€_ f ]6J + 0 L : °º 0 :% &; :%&%&/8 0 : A;^ :"o35 ­ )8

A7( B † ¤ -8 "30 ,:_ÂŤ-ÂĽ :M^ 5 0 {> C 7€ 0

2*ygf  l€Oq LK/k

zp kgb 2zR O gb r zp kgb O gb HG+gb 0o ar k y ­ ) ÂŤ > L8Y] 0 ' _ > L8Y 0 :% &; 0 : °º # > L8Y] 0 b '^r Pzg# b 4f1 e .+ 6 r Ä‘7c7 gb pkf M2W y h I' _ :% Âź z 7'b c7c7 gb b Gb 51.y ĹŽ Ä‘7c7 gb lf > * fš .+ 7f c7c7 gb Msg#f - #y `b/r ĹŽ z6.kpb c7c7 gb r DO 2z7W {V `b/ XJsy h zgcOb 6 'b Ä?Ä’ `b/ {V Ć‹ z z'b Ä‘_;gb h ĹŽ{ 7'b H6sb r z 7'b O gb HG+gb (Bsyr lzG6sb lz ZÄ‘Ob r {6.kpb H6sb r z6.kpb O gb Ć‹{6.kpb r { 7'b Ć‹ pb e Ob .'b r O gcb {j z b dz g b 2z* r š

95

}p #f Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČž h€f1


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

Ĺ?ÄżĹ?Ĺ—Ă­

Ĺ?†ĿĹ?Ĺ—Ă­ ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

äĂ“°Úâˆ?°Úà ªdGh äÉŠHÉà à ªdG

Ĺ?ÄżĹ?Ĺ—Ă­ ĂłÄŠÄƒĹŽĿí

1-1

äĂ“°Úâˆ?°Úà ªdGh äÉŠHÉà à ªdG

Sequences and Series ‍ﺎﺜ‏

Ĺ? â€Ťďť“ďťœﺎ‏

Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē p_=nššeUĂ? ‡x}_> Ă‘

1-1

Sequences and series

}hQ p_=nššeU�í phgšfeU� p_=nššeU� Ñ phgšfeU�

€[g.

p_=nššedU �iŽfU� {�U� Ñ

D<_

D<_

D<_

ÂżCG Ă´còJ 1 '5 &X 1 I EB5 =0 1 "A75 DG h 3I N ,M \ F (&G "9w+ M "f 75 z ‰H =b F b " d EB) n R ; 3& RL"&

‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďş˜ďşŽďş‘ďťŒďş”â€Ź

âÂŽeÂœeUĂ? ~YÚí ÓƗd—šeUĂ? Ă‘

D<_

:2"eA )I"& 1 5 = Q M& ( L 1<&+ jI" VW + iI ( F&7 D<C ;$ ) 8f +b d_;b pys 'y w b t2S?b O 2gb -.N ."r (š) Ć‹(* # Ć‹lf b d_;b t2S?b O 2gb -.N - #y `k_gy do (›) Ć‹d_;b z 2 lz r t2S?b O 2gb -.N lz ZÄ‘Ob - #y PzG 7 do (Âœ) Sequence

p_=nššedU Â?inh˜UĂ? Šh›ešUĂ? Ă‘

â€Ťďş—ďťŒďť ďť˘â€Ź

'z'?b - .NÄ” Nsg#f pb #f b - wo O gb Nsg#f o .fr pkf z 4" Nsg#f r +N "sgb 4f2b arÄ” .'cb 4f2y z& I z[z['b - .NÄ” lf b b .'b ĹŽĹ I 4f2b wj b .'b ĹŽĹ€I Ĺ‚I 4f2b lN 2z O b l_gyr iI 4f2b wjskb .'b r Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ 0_or ĆŠw Ä’ ^ lz6sZ lz o-r.& _ O gb Ć‹(iI) 4f2b pb 4f2y r (iI ĹŽ Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ĹŽĹ‚I ĹŽĹ I ĹŽĹ€I) â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí p_=nššY Ă‘

Sequence

phgšfY p_=nššY Ñ

Finite Sequence infinite Sequence

phgšfY }hQ p_=nššY Ă‘ pLÂŽeÂœY Ă‘

Set

{A Ă‘

Term

pd—d—šY Ñ

Series Summation notation

âÂŽeÂœeUĂ? ~YĂš Ă‘

952f &6/k Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí phedL p˜HnA pUĂ‹ Ă‘ phYÂŽHĂš sYĂ?}= Ă‘

ÂżCG Ă&#x;M’ f =0 )I ''& d )I ''& \ X "f 75 15 "R)+ nI u " nI u " &7 I , )I ''& d=? 7 0 15 "R)+

O gb lf d_b wbrÄ” -r.& 7b ^ 1 ĆŠ z Ä’ . w b "sgb z"r4b - .NÄ” O f ‍أ‏ (Ĺ ) -.Ob w b r Ĺ‚Äż ĹŽ ŀĿ lz 1s?'gb - .NÄ” O f ‍ب‏ Ć‹Ĺ‚ wcN g7[b pkf d^ d [y zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

r ly-.N E gj lz qN sj r Hgkb espWf b Gb 51- i \ 6 ĹŽqcz g r Hgkb a g^ zWz^ lN [ 7b 2 +b qy.br lzc_: M sj r c7c7 gb r O gb espWf hcO z6 51.b 0o {Vr e Ob .'b - #y zWz^r zp kgb 2zRr zp kgb O gb Ć‹ z z'b XZ sgb O gb H 1 zWz^r O gcb :o }gR 5Ç› 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z I:+ 88ÂĽ , A;( § l&+8% I: A87( Âłr 0 : A87ÂĽ :+ 88ÂĽ § l&+8% I:+ 88)" , + ÂŁ § l&+8% IM )N8 c(>0 #W1"18ÂĽ § l&+8% I:"1"18ÂĽ O ÂśE :L3 ÂŁ : T , f81% I:;"8fÂĽ : ÂŁ ÂĽ 0 # + 88ÂĽ ² F & : ; A;8%

4

€: : 16[k

10" - Nsg#f - zp kf 2zR O f - zp kf O f - O f Ć‹w; js zV O gb wj z b dz g b Ć‹Pzg# b 4f1 c7c7 f pkz Z2W b Ä‘Gb wb cF r ĹŽ O gb Xy2O wcN .^ ˜ : k2/ ;lf €l€gS f 1 ylf Ć‹ Nsg#gb lz r ‍ اďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعس‏6 'b bÄ’ - Dz Ä” r iscgb 2z: Gb - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć‹ zOz 2 _ : ĹŽ = >1 eÄ‘Z - zgcOb :@^ px 6cZ 2q  Z *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J d_: d_ t2S?b O 2gb -.N i Ä‘Gb wb 2: ˜ Ä‘_;gb d& - U ; ^Ä? - wjr O b hzcO b - wko0b X?Ob ĆŠ{ Ä’ ^ -.'f ŀŀ = Ĺ€ = t2S?b O 2gb -.N ĆŠ(Ĺ€) d_: < 52 f o ck Ĺ Ĺ = Ĺƒ = t2S?b O 2gb -.N ĆŠ(Ĺ ) d_: Ć‹E 6rÄ” 2#& - w6 1.b d?Wb Ĺ Ĺ‚ = Ĺˆ = t2S?b O 2gb -.N ĆŠ(Ĺ‚) d_: mgS f 51 Ck Ĺ Ĺƒ = ŀŅ = t2S?b O 2gb -.N ĆŠ(Ĺƒ) d_: fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b -Ĺˆœœ> wb Ĺƒ œœ> lf b Gb ^ Ĺ K = t2S?b O 2gb -.N ĆŠ(Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹) d_: Ć‹ 61.gb _f P" 2f - ( j2 jÄ? ) Ć‹{jskb d_;b hZ2b 4f2 z& ‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďşŒďş”â€Ź Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ ĹŽ(Ň) d_: ĹŽ(Ĺ„) d_: {V O 2gb -.N $ k 7 Ä‘Gb M- ˜ -.N lz r d_;b hZ1 lz ZÄ‘Ob ! k 6 Ä‘Gb wb cF ˜ zOz Gb - .NÄ” Nsg#fr 'z'?b - .NÄ” Nsg#f lN ` Ä‘F d6 ˜ N = +N F {Äż} F -N i z& Ć‹d_;b 0o {V O 2gb :mgS 2q  Z > +b O 2gb h61 wjr O dgO^ ` Ä‘F wb cF ˜ Ć‹ O 2f ņ O 2gb -.N l_br w; js zV O g Y2Wb r o-r.& ^ zWz^r ĹŽ O gb Xy2O wcN .^ ˜ P 1 ĹŽ-r.'b z 2 ĹŽ5 sZÄ” z& lf Nsg#gb lz r pkz PB 2 - `b0^ P 2f d^ wV 2 - P 1 h61 hpzb cF ˜ wcN d?' b ĹŻd_;b wV g^ 2*Ä’ 1 s# d^ O 2gb Ć‹`b/ (Bs y-.N c f GN Pf pkf d^ 2> kN 1 2_

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

96


-

äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG

1s?b _ { b O gb lz Y2Wb đGb wb lz ƋKI 1s?b wcN _y x0b {jskb o.&r (KI)

äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ľĄĿí

(ŀŁ ŮŀĿ Ů Ň Ů Ņ Ů Ń Ů Ł) ‫أ‬ (Łņ Ů ŁŃ Ů Łŀ Ů ŀŇ Ů ŀń Ů ŀŁ) ‫ب‬ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

lf O gb DO b e Ob .'b ! k 6 đGb wb cF Ɗdz Z ƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀŁ Ů ň Ů Ņ Ů ł ‫أ‬

ƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀŅ Ů ň Ů Ń Ů ŀ ‫ب‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀŅ Ů Ň Ů Ń Ů Ł ‫ﺟ‬ {V .'b gzZr .'b z 2 lz Y2Wb ` đF wb (Br o-r.& hzZ zfscOg H[V _ O gb i r O gb Ƌ z 2 cb PC+ r O gb is_ w fr Ů zp kgb O gb đGb wb (Br Ƌ zp kf 2zR ađ* lf c7c7 gb r O gb lz Y2Wb đGcb (Br Ƌ`b/ wcN .z" ¹ .^ r (Ņ) = Xy2O b Ƌ c7c7 gb Msg#f Ů c7c7 gb Ɗly2z O b lz Y2Wb (Br : S ?f K.Ț

ŀĿ i đGb DO .[ Oy .Z (ŀ + S Ł) - #y .kN : K/f ŀ=S Ƌ c7c7 gb Msg#f d g (ŀ + S Ł) {jskb .'b d g {or c7c7 gb .N Z {o (ŀ + S Ł) : yCf ƋMsg#gb 7zbr {ko/ X?N zcgOb >2Wb % ń= :2^ p 6 c[ 2q Z -.'f .N Z ."sy Đ qj s[[' y {_b ů đGb t.b - .NĔ O f pkfr O gb Pzg#b e Ob .'b - #yĖ (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŀ Ů ņ Ů ń Ů ł Ů Ł) .N Z pb ."sy Đ zbrĔ ( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

d>s r Ņ Ů ń= d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf : &

(ƋƋƋ Ů ń- Ů ł- Ů ŀ-) ‫أ‬ (ŇĿ Ů ƋƋƋ Ů Ņń Ů ŅĿ Ů ńń) ‫ب‬ (ƋƋƋƋ Ů ŁŃ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ Ů ł) ‫أ‬ (ŀŃ- Ů ŀŀ- Ů Ň- Ů ń- Ů Ł-) ‫أ‬ (ƋƋƋ Ů Łņ Ů Ň Ů ŀ) ‫ب‬

97

1

Ɗ z Ē O gb lf d_b wbrĔ -r.& 7b ^ 1 Ƌ(ŀ -) -.Ob . w b b 7b y-2Wb - .NĔ O f ‫أ‬ Ƌń wcN g7[b pkf d^ d [y w b r Ňŀ Ů ńŀ lz 1s?'gb - .NĔ O f ‫ب‬ General term of a sequence :á©HÉààªd ΩÉ©dG óëdG a #f wV i q z 2 t0b 2?kOb 1s> iI z& iI _yr (wjskb .'b ¹j z& wg7yr) O gb e Ob .'b Ƌ O gcb GOf -r.& ađ* lf ¹j z& q" k 6 l_gyr Ů O gb :K U \ T i Ł = iI so ƋƋƋ Ů Ň Ů Ņ Ů Ń Ů Ł Ɗ z"r4b - .NĔ O gb e Ob .'b ½

ƋƋƋ Ů ņ Ů ń Ů ł Ů ŀ Ɗ y-2Wb - .NĔ O gb e Ob .'b ½

ŀ - i Ł = iI so i(ŀ-) = I so Ł+i i

ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŅ Ů ŀń - Ů ŀŃ Ů ŀł - Ɗ O gcb e Ob .'b ½

Ƌ ` " 27V ? O gb Pzg#b e Ob .'b - #yĖ .N Z ."s do ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ŀ G i z&

i I Ł = ŀ + iI

Ů ŀ - = ŀI Ɗw Ē ^ V2Ogb (iI) O gcb wbrĔ 7g+b -r.'b ^ 2 ľĄĿí

ƊiIŁ = ŀ + iI ZđOb wV Ń Ů ł Ů Ł Ů ŀ = i gzZ lN DysO b Ł- = ŀ- * Ł = ŁI :n 2 ŀIŁ = ŁI is_ ŀ = i PBs Ń- = Ł- * Ł = łI :n 2 ŁIŁ = łI is_ Ł = i PBs Ň- = Ń- * Ł = ŃI :n 2 łIŁ = ŃI is_ ł = i PBs ŀŅ- = Ň- * Ł = ńI :n 2 ŃIŁ = ńI is_ Ń = i PBs (ŀŅ - Ů Ň - Ů Ń - Ů Ł - Ů ŀ -) Ɗwo O gcb wbrĔ 7g+b -r.'b

(ŀ - = ŀI lN DysO b ) (Ł - = ŁI lN DysO b ) (Ń - = łI lN DysO b ) (Ň - = ŃI lN DysO b )

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ł G i z&

ŀ - i I Ł = iI

Ů ł = ŀI Ɗw Ē ^ V2Ogb (iI) O gcb wbrĔ -r.& 7b ^ 2

Finite seqence and infinite sequence:á«¡àæªdG ô«Z á©HÉààªdGh á«¡àæªdG á©HÉààªdG -.N i ^ / zp kf 2zR is_ r (m.N r m2?& l_gy t ) z¹ p kf o-r.& -.N i ^ / zp kf O gb is_ » 2zR o-r.& Ƌ(m2?& l_gy Đ 2> kOb lf w pj Đ -.N) q kf

5

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ɗ ZđOb wGOy wjskb o.& w b O gb lf đ^ Ê ^ 3 Ƌ(arĔ .'b lf . -r.& 7g* wb ) ŀ Ƥ iŁ = iI ‫أ‬ ¹ Ƌ(arĔ .'b lf . -r.'b lf q kf 2zR -.N wb ) ¹

Łi = I i

‫ب‬ ľĄĿí

ń Ů Ń Ů ł ŮŁ Ů ŀ = i PBs ‫أ‬ Ƅ ń = ŀ + (Ł) Ł = ŁI ƅƅŮ ƅł = ŀ + (ŀ) Ł = ŀI ` ň = ŀ + (Ń) Ł = ŃI ƅƅŮ ƅņ = ŀ + (ł) Ł = łI 9'7 )I '' (ŀŀ Ů ň Ů ņ Ů ń Ů ł) Ɗwo O gb ` ƅƅŮ ŀŀ = ŀ + (ń) Ł = ńI ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ń Ů Ń Ů ł ŮŁ Ů ŀ = i PBs ‫ب‬ Ƅ Ń = Ł (Ł) = ŁI ƅƅŮ ƅŀ = Ł (ŀ) = ŀI ` ŀŅ = Ł (Ń) = ŃI ƅƅŮ ƅň = Ł (ł) = łI Ƌ 9'7 " g )I '' (ƋƋƋƋ Ů Łń Ů ŀŅ Ů ň Ů Ń Ů ŀ) Ɗwo O gb ` ƅƅŮ Łń = Ł(ń) = ńI

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ ZđOb wGOy wjskb o.& w b O gb lf đ^ Ê ^ 3 Ƌ(arĔ .'b lf . -r.& 7g* wb ) i ł – ŀ = iI ‫أ‬ ¹ » 2zR -.N wb ) Ƌ(arĔ .'b lf . -r.'b lf q kf ¹

łi = I i

‫ب‬

™«ªéàdG õeQh äÓ°ù∏°ùàªdG Ƌ O gb -r.& Pg" zcgN wo c7c7 gb l_gyr Ů [ 7b O gb G 2gb c7c7 gb wo ƋƋƋ + ŀŀ + Ň + ń + Ł gkz O f wo (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŀ Ů Ň Ů ń Ů Ł) Ɗđ gV Ƌ 2? +f 1s? đ7c7 gb _b ( g#z6) 2[yr ȿ ȿ Pzg# b 4f1 e .+ 6 Series and summation notation

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ƌ]s_Wgb Msg#f ."r h Ů z Ē đ7c7 gb lf đ^ Ê ]s_Wf ^ 4 ņ Ń ŁS ‫ب‬ ‫أ‬

(ŀ – SŁ)

ł=S

ŀ=S

ľĄĿí

2

Ń = Ł(Ł) = ŁI is_yƅŁ = S PBs ƅŮ ŀ = Ł(ŀ) = ŀI is_yƅŀ = S PBs ‫أ‬ ŀŅ = Ł(Ń) = ŃI is_yƅŃ = S PBs ƅŮ ň = Ł(ł) = łI is_yƅł = S PBs łĿ = ŀŅ + ň + Ń + ŀ = ŁS

Ń ŀ=S

is_yr (ŀŅ + ň + Ń + ŀ) wo c7c7 gb n 2

3

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

6


äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG

: S ?f K.Ț

ņ = ŀ – Ń * Ł = ŁI is_y Ń = S PBs ƅƅŮƅń = ŀ – ł * Ł = ŀI is_yƅł = S PBs ‫ب‬

Ů c7c7 gb lz 4zzg b {V đGb DO G+y .Z : K/f Ƌ c7c7 gb Msg#fr Ů O gb r

ŀŀ = ŀ – Ņ * Ł = ŃI is_y Ņ = S PBs ƅƅŮƅň = ŀ – ń * Ł = łI is_yƅń = S PBs ŀł = ŀ – ņ * Ł = ńI is_yƅņ = S PBs Ńń = (ŀ – SŁ)

ņ ł=S

is_yr (ŀł + ŀŀ + ň + ņ + ń) wo c7c7 gb n 2

: ( ('& pL ? X+s & ) R$ 3 [ l #'$ f Z-r N27 .[Ogb z 7'b zcgOb lf 2z _b 3 #j 6 'b ĐĒ kb (z Msg#f - #y so f pb zcgOb m0o lz lfr Ůa *-Ė j z lf .^ b E2; \ 7b a 7b wV c7c7 gb Msg#f lf \[' b l_gy a gb dz 6 wcOV Ů c7c7 f Ɗwb b s'kb wcN ( ) `b0b -.'gb iscb 7&

Pzg# b 4f1 % Wf wcN HSCj ( )

log

Ɗw Ē ^ (ŀ – SŁ) ky gb .N Z _j ( ) .

2

ALPHA

)

(x)

_

1

Ɗw Ē ^ d[k cb (Replay) % Wgb e.+ 7j ( ) ŮwcNĔ d[k b wV (ņ) O gb -r.& -.N _j dW6Ĕ d[k b wV (ł) a gb 0o wV sor q . j t0b .'b 1 _j

7

3

Ƌ\ 7b Pg#b $ kb \ Gf sor Ńń $ kb : ;b wcN wGOzb

=

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

‫ﺟ‬

ň

Ł(ŀ + S)

ń=S

‫ب‬

Ń

(Ł – Sł)

ŀ=S

ń

‫أ‬

ŀ=S

ŀ=S

: yCf

7c7 gb

(ŀł Ů ŀĿ Ů ņ Ů Ń Ů ŀ) pb 2J kgb O gb gkz (ƋƋƋ Ů ŃI Ů łI Ů ŁI Ů ŀI) = (KI) O gb ( ƋƋƋ + ŃI + łI + ŁI + ŀI) 0_o c7c7 gb p ^ l_gy (+) fđOb ( Ů) ZđOb a. 7j c7c7 gb wV i t : &yfyqc f i 2/ :

a *-Ė % Wf wcN HSCj ( )

e .+ 6 $ kb '> lf \[' h Ů]s_Wgb Msg#f ."r h Ů z Ē đ7c7 gb lf đ^ Ê ]s_Wf ^ 4 Ƌ 6 'b bĒ ŀ - SŁ * ł

(ŀł + ŀĿ + ņ + Ń + ŀ) {o (Ł - S ł)

ń

3 #jĖ ů 6 kgb 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 wcN ` đF .N 6 (Bsgb E ;kb 2Z hpzb cF r Ů .[Ogb z 7'b zcgOb Ƌ sG+b `c 0zWk zWz^ i z b Ůņ = ( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

hpOf d>s r ņ = d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb łń =(ŀł + ŀĿ + ņ + Ń + ŀ) ‫ أ‬4 Ńń = (Łń + ŀŅ + ň + Ń) ‫ب‬

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

7

ŀŃŇŇ = (ņŅŇ + łŇŃ + ŀňŁ + ňŅ + ŃŇ) ‫ﺟ‬

äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

١ - ١ ‫ﺗﻤـــــــﺎرﻳـــﻦ‬

(ɸ - ɸ) r 5 l & :≈JCÉj Ée πªcCG

so ŀ - iŁ = iI z& (iI) O gcb 8f +b .'b 1 so ł + Łi = iI z& (iI) O gcb wV P 2b .'b 2 = ŁI i V ŀ = ŀI i ^ / iI i = ŀ + iI z& (iI) O gb wV 3

E

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ɗ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ so ń wcN g7[b d [ { b zOz Gb - .NĔ O f wV 8f +b .'b 4 ŀĿ ‫د‬ ŁĿ ‫ﺟ‬ Łń ‫ب‬ ń ‫أ‬

Ń ń

‫د‬

(Ł + i) (ŀ + i) ‫د‬

6

C 5

ƄƄŀň 4 Ƅŀ 3 Ƅŀň 2 Ƅň 1

zp kf ‫ د‬Ƅ zp kf 2zR ‫ ﺟ‬ƅ zp kf ‫ ب‬ƅ zp kf 2zR ‫أ‬ (łĿ ŮŁĿ ŮŀŁ ŮŅ ŮŁ) ‫أ‬

‫ﺟ‬

ŀ- ‫ب‬ ń

Ńń

‫أ‬

ŀ ŀ ŀ ŀ ŀ ( ŁŃł Ů Ňŀ Ů Łņ Ů ň Ů ł ) ‫ﺟ‬ (ň- ŮŃ Ůŀ- ŮĿ Ůŀ-) ‫د‬

Ɗwo (ƋƋƋ Ů (Ņ * ń) Ů (ń * Ń ) Ů (Ń * ł) Ů (ł * Ł)) O gb .N Z 6 (ŀ + i) iŁ ‫ﺟ‬ (ŀ + i) i ‫ب‬ (ŀ + i) (ŀ - i) ‫أ‬

:á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG Ɗ zp kf 2zR r zp kf z Ē O gb t lz 7 (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŀ Ů ņ Ů Ń Ů ŀ) ‫أ‬ (Łŀ Ů ƋƋƋ Ů ň Ů ņ Ů ń Ů ł) ‫ب‬ +N ǽ i Ůŀ- Łi = I z& ( I) O gb ‫ﺟ‬ i

ŀ = ŀI r Ņŀ + K Ń = (K I) Hgkb ‫أ‬

i

{ń Ů Ń Ů ł Ů Ł Ů ŀ} ǽ i Ůł + iŁ = iI z& (iI) O gb ‫د‬

K

Ɗ z Ē .N s[b wGOy e Ob o.& w b O gb lf d_b wbrĔ -r.& 7g+b ^ 8 ŀ Ł(Ł - i) i(ŀ-) = I ‫د‬ i( ŀ ) = I ‫ﺟ‬ Łi + i = I ‫أ‬ = I ‫ب‬ i i i ł ń - iŁ i wb b .'b ^ h Hgkb X; ^ 9 ‫ب‬ ƋƋƋ Ů ŃŇ Ů ŁŃ - Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ - Ů ł ƋƋƋ Ů Ňŀ Ů ņņ Ů ņł Ů Ņň Ů Ņń ‫أ‬ ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ ƋƋƋ Ů ŀń Ů ŀĿ Ů Ņ Ů ł Ů ŀ ‫د‬ ƋƋƋ Ů łŁ ŀŅ Ň Ń Ł `b/ .O 2 Wb .y4y h ŮarĔ eszb wV \ Z- Ň .gb zj. b Z zcb ly1 g hy2^ 51 gy ǶơģʞʵǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 10 Ƌ zÊ fsy lz [zZ- a.Og Ƌ O gb m0pb wbrĔ -r.& 7g+b ^ ‫أ‬ Ƌ O gb m0pb e Ob .'b ."r ‫ب‬ ƋP 7b eszb wV hy2^ qZ2S 7y t0b lf4b ."r ‫ﺟ‬ zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

8

8

ŀ ŀ ŀ ( ń Ů ł Ůŀ Ůŀ- Ů ł -) ‫ب‬

Ɗso +N ǽ i z& ŀ - iŁ = iI Ɗwjskb o.& w b O gb lf 2: Ob .'b 5 ŀ ń

7

K

I Ł- = ŀ + K I

ŀ I* Ł

= ŀ+K I

Ů ŀ - K (Ł-) ł = (K I) ‫ب‬ ŀ r K( Ł ) =(K I) ‫ﺟ‬

(ŁK + K) Ł = K I = ‫د‬ Ɗ K I + (ŀ+ K) = ŀ + K I Ů ŀ = ŀI r Ɗ z b G 2gb y C[b DO #b Of 10 (ŀŅ Ů ŀŃ Ů ŀŁ Ů ŀĿ Ů Ň) ‫أ‬ ŀ

ŀGK

9

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

98


-

äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG

Ƌ51.b kgC gb y C[b lf -.N ar k ŀń - ŀł ly1 g b ŀĿ ŀĿ (ƋƋƋƋ ŮŀĿĿ * łņŇĿ - łņŇĿ Ů ŀĿĿ * ŃŁĿĿ - ŃŁĿĿ Ů ŃŁĿĿ) 13

Ɗ z Ē đ7c7 gb lf d^ ]s_Wf ^ 11

ŀ=S

= (ƋƋƋ + ńł + Ńł + łł + Łł + ŀł) ‫أ‬

łŅł ‫ﺟ‬

(Ł – ŁS) (Ł + ŀ )

(Ł - Sł) ŀ-S ( ŀ

Ł

)

ń ŀ=S

' ŀ=S

‫أ‬ ‫ﺟ‬

Ņ Ł=S Ņ

S ł=S

‫ب‬

(ł + SŁ)

‫د‬

ŀ + S( ŀ ) * ł

Ł

ņ ł=S ń

‫أ‬ ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ=S

ūŀĿ a.Og h#kgb ! j @Z k yr Ů o0b lf h#^ŃŁĿĿ arĔ e Ob wV $ ky o0cb h#kf řɿŻƯņǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 13 0o ."r h Ů! jĖ O f lf wbrĔ -r.& 7g+b ^ Ƌ 2: f pb [ 7b k7b ! j a.Of lf yÊ sk6 ƋMsg#gb

15

h6łŁ qOcB asF MđBĔ tr 7 f c f d [gb d_;b d gy ǶƒŻŏǭǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 14 d* .b s'j Hgkb 0o 2g 6 r Ůwc* .b c gb h61r Ů đ b qNđB W?j ƋarĔ c gb pzV g c f đ wcN kc?& w & ƋPzg# b 4f1 e .+ 6 c gb Gz'f d g { b c7c7 gb ^ ‫أ‬ ƋP 2b c gb Hz'f ."r ‫ب‬ ƋHgkb 0o lf wbrĔ c f P 1Ĕ Gz'f Msg#f 2 gz k7b ."r ‫ﺟ‬

;$

ŁŃł ‫ب‬

a 61 wV wjr2 _bĖ .y2 b hy2^ e.+ 6 ģŐŮǍǤǍŏǔņǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 15 8Wj a 61 hpkf d^ e Z h lfr Ůq Z.> lf đ wb b 61 8Wj a 61 2g 6 0_or Ůly2* Z.> đ wb b 62b ƋHgkb 0p b 62b (H[V .& r 2f b 62b m0o hc7 @+: d^ i gcN) ¹ ƋPzg# b 4f1 e .+ 6 c7c7 gb ^ ‫أ‬ c&2gb wV b 62b m0o hpc? 6 w b = +:Ĕ -.N ."r ‫ب‬

: 6" r 5 l

V2Ogb O gb lf d_b wbrĔ -r.& 7b ^ 1 Ɗw Ē ^ ŀ G i d_b

‫ب‬

e .+ 6 $ kb '> lf \[' h Ů]s_Wgb Msg#f ."r h z Ē đ7c7 gb lf d^ ]s_Wf ^ 12 Ƌ 6 'b bĒ

h6 ŀŇĿ ‫ﺟ‬ K

Ň ŀ=S

' ‫د‬ ( ŀ - ŀ ) ŀ+S S ŀ=S

h6ŀŁ = P 2b c gb Hz'f ‫ب‬

ł

Ƌ` " (Br ? N 6 X?j hy2^ qZ2S 7y t0b lf4b is_z6 esy t wV ‫د‬

cSŃ + S(ŀ-)m

= ŁņńńŬŅŁ + łĿŅŀŬŇŬł + łŃĿŁ + łņŇĿ + ŃŁĿĿ) = h#^ ŀņŀňňŬŃŁ ń ŀ - K( ň ) ŃŁĿĿ = ŀĿ ŀ=K (Ń * ł + Ň * ł + ŀŅ * ł + łŁ * ł) ‫ أ‬14

K

äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG

Ƌ 7f +b Ƌ 7f +b 2gb w & b 62b m0o sbr . ly0b = +:Ĕ Pzg" Msg#f ."r ‫ﺟ‬

I

Ł = ŀI Ů ii = ŀ + iI ‫أ‬

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

9

ŀ G i d_b ŀ + iI + iI = Ł + iI Ůń = ŁI Ůł = ŀI ‫ب‬ Ń iI + ŀ

= ŀ + iI Ůŀ = ŀI ‫ﺟ‬

Ł ‫ﺟ‬

2;N wj b eszb ‫د‬

h z Ē O gb lf d_b wbrĔ 7g+b -r.'b ."r 2 Ɗ zÊ j z O gb m0o d f i - ł = iI i(

ŀ Ł

‫ب‬

) ł = iI ‫د‬

(ŀł + ŀĿ + ņ + Ń + ŀ) ‫أ‬

ŀ - iŁ = iI ‫أ‬

ŀ - i(Ł) ł = I i

Ņ+KŁ=KI ‫ب‬

(-r.& Ň wb ƋƋƋ + ŀņ + ŀŀ + ň + ł) ‫ب‬

‫ﺟ‬

ŀ ŀ ŀ (' ƋƋƋ + Ň + Ń + Ł + ŀ) ‫ﺟ‬ ŀ ŀ ŀ (' ƋƋƋ+ ŀŁ + Ņ + Ł ) ‫د‬

: K/f \? b 3

Ƌ O f {o = pb #f b - d^ ‫أ‬

Ņń = (ŀņ + ŀń + ŀł + ŀŀ + ň) = (ł + S Ł)

2zR O f {o {ƋƋ Ů Ń Ů ł Ů Ł Ů ŀ Ů Ŀ} pb #f b - d^ ‫ب‬ Ƌ zp kf ń ‫ﺟ‬ ň + ņ + ń + ł + ŀ = (ŀ+ KŁ)

ŇĿ , (łŃ + Łł + ŀŃ + ņ + Ł) = (Ł - ŁS)

Ŀ=S

ņ ł=S

Ņ

ŀ

ŀ

ŀ

ŀ

ŀ

Ņ Ł=S ŀň

Ň ŁĿ =

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

‫أ‬ ‫ب‬

Ł=S

ń ňł ł ł ł ł ł ŀ - S ŀ = ( + + + + ) = ( ) ł ŅŃ ŅŃ łŁ ŀŅ Ň Ń Ł ŀ=K (Ł + Ņ + Ł + ń + Ł + Ń + Ł + ł ) = (Ł + S )

99

11

‫ﺟ‬

‫د‬

12


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

Ĺ?ÄżĹ?Ĺ—Ă­

Ĺ?†ĿĹ?Ĺ—Ă­ ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí Ĺ?ÄżĹ?Ĺ—Ă­ ĂłÄŠÄƒĹŽĿí

ĂĄÂŤHÉ°ÚÍdG åŠHÉà à ªdG

2-1

ĂĄÂŤHÉ°ÚÍdG åŠHÉà à ªdG

Arithmetic Sequence Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē

‍ﺸﺎء‏

ph=n—�U� p_=nššeU� ‡x}_> Ñ

Arithmetic Sequence

p_=nššedU Â?inh˜UĂ? Šh›ešUĂ? Ă‘

Ć‹P 7b d_;b w & gpkf d^ dg^ h ĹŽlzzb b lzGgkb lf Ä‘^ ĂŠ 51-

ph=n—�U�

ph=n—�U� p_=nššedU �iŽfU� {�U� Ñ

€[g.

ph=n—Â?UĂ? p_=nššeUĂ? ÂŒhh_> Ă‘

Â?=n—Â?UĂ? ƒHÂŽUĂ? ‡x}_> Ă‘

Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹

Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹

Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹

ŀĿ

Ĺ…

Ĺ‚

Ĺ€

Ă nHĂ­ĂşĂ? ÂŒY Ă˜Ă­{Â?Y Ă˜{L ĂŠnBĂ˜ĂŽ Ă‘ ÂŒxĂ˜{L ÂŒh= ph=n—Â?UĂ?

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí ƒei Ă‘

Pattern

Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹

Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹

Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹

ņ

Ĺ„

Ĺ‚

Ĺ€

:ĂĄÂŤJB’G ĂĄâˆ?Ă„°SC’G øY Ă–LCG ?wj b r arÄ” lzGgkb lz UÄ‘ *Ä? r q ;b q"r f (š) Ć‹lz[ 7b lzGgkcb lz c ggb lz O gb ^ (›) .N Z ! k 6 `k_gy do ? wj b Hgkb wV O gb hzZ wcN L&Ä‘ / f (Âœ) Ć‹ .N [b m0o ^ ? O gb m0o -r.& lz H 2cb

Arithmetic Sequence

‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďş˜ďşŽďş‘ďťŒďş” اďť&#x;ﺤﺴﺎﺑﺔ‏

2: f qb \ 7b .'b r .& d^ lz Y2Wb pzV is_y w b O gb wo Ć‹(E) 4f2b - N qb 4f2yr O gb 5 6 wg7y š 1.[f tr 7y š o.& zfscOg pkys_ l_gyr +N Ç˝ i d_b iI – Ĺ€ + iI = E :n 2 Ć‹(E) p6 6 r (C) arÄ”

ph=n—A p_=nššY Ñ Arithmetic sequence

Â?iÂŽi {A Ă‘

nth Term

ph=n—Â?UĂ? p_=nššeUĂ? ĂœnHĂŒ Ă‘ Common difference Order of the term arithmetic mean

{Â?UĂ? p˜>Ăš Ă‘

Â?=n—A ƒHĂ­ Ă‘

. phedL p˜HnA pUĂ‹ Ă‘

phYÂŽHĂš sYĂ?}= Ă‘

š

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

O gb lz Y2Vr ĹŽ c7c7 gb r O gb b Gb 51- i \ 6 DO ^r - c7c7 f - #y zWz^ 51- g^ ĹŽ Nsg#gb r Xy2O dg_ 7y Us6r 51.b 0o wVr zB y2b E gjÄ” pb wjskb .'b - #y r pb wj z b dz g b r z 7'b O gb a *- r w 7'b H6sb Xy2O r ĹŽ z 7'b O gb lzzO r Ć‹ly-.N lz z 7'b E 6rÄ” lf -r.'f -.N 952f &6/k

Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí

â€Ťďş—ďťŒﺎ‏

:n X? iI ( U C7 1 Hgkb 2> kN hzZ wV .y 4 b l_br ĹŽ2zS y arÄ” Hgkb 2> kN hzZ wV .y 4 b ½ Ć‹ 1 .[g .y 4 so wj b pzV .& d^ z& (Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ ĹŽ ņ ĹŽ Ĺ„ ĹŽ Ĺ‚ ĹŽ Ĺ€) ĆŠwo wj b Hgkb 2> kOb c ggb O gb ½ O gb zg6 `b0br ĹŽĹ q gzZ 1 .[g 2: f q[ 7y t0b .'b lN .y4y Ć‹ z 7'b

2-1

10

Ć‹lzGgkb .& {V 2: f qb \ 7b .'b r .& d^ lz ZÄ‘N ."s

:o }gR 5Ç› 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z I# + 88ÂĽ ² .( : 1ÂŁ :+ 88ÂĽ l&+8% I{III , ž , ÂŻ , ‹ , Â?} 4 NÂĽ § : 1ÂŁ :+ 88ÂĽ ¨ Âś I: 1ÂŁ :+ 88)" e ¢ 7 ÂŁ l&+% I{ 3] 0 40] ÂŁ :6&+) : 1ÂŁ :+ 88ÂĽ ²+% I 5 .( ² € .% ² 1ÂŁ F3 ? % I.% ² : 1_ U 30 ' Y % : €: : 16[k

:I ?qf g : &

{V .y 4 b l_br Ŏ.y 4 {V {j b Hgkb r arĔ Hgkb 1 Ƌ{j b lf M26 arĔ Hgkb (ƋƋƋƋ Ŏ ŀĿ Ŏ Ņ Ŏ ł Ŏ ŀ) {o wbrĔ O gb 2 (ƋƋƋƋ Ŏ ņ Ŏ ń Ŏ ł Ŏ ŀ) {o zj b O gb O gb -r.& lf .& d^ i {j b Hgkb {V L&đy 3 Ɗi x 2: f qb \ 7b .'b lN Š1 .[g .y4y Š= 2: f qb \ 7b .'b - -r.'b lf .& x Ɗ go {j b Hgkb {V O gb .N Z

- z 7'b O gb 5 6 - {jsj .& - z 7& O f - Hgj Ƌ{ 7& H6r - .'b 1 : k2/ ;lf €l€gS f 1 ylf

- zgcOb 6 'b bÄ’ - iscgb 2z: Gb - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć‹ zOz 2 _ : : *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

Ć‹{ko0b X?Ob - {jr O b dgOb - Ä‘_;gb d& - ;Z kgb r 1 s'b :< 52 f o ck

Ć‹{6 1.b d?Wb

Ĺ€ - iĹ = iI

‍اďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعس‏ : Č˜ }gR 2b € ;+f S lf \ 6S  Z

(E) z 7'b O gb 5 6 2: f qb \ 7b .'b - -r.'b lf .& x = +N ǽ i d_b iI – ŀ + iI = E Ƌ5 6Ĕ r arĔ o.& zfscOg z 7'b O gb lys_ l_gy

‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďşŒďş”â€Ź ĆŠ z Ä’ c 6Ä” ` Ä‘F wcN %2F ˜ r .y 4 {V ŀĿ = E ;kb {V i fs62gb i Ggkb do ?@Z k ? i ?[kb r - y4b 1 .[f do ?lzGgkb lf d_b ņI ĹŽ Ĺ„I - #y l_gy do

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

100


-

á«HÉ°ù◊G á©HÉààŸG : qu3 \CR

á«HÉ°ù◊G á©HÉààŸG

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

O f pCO z 7& O f ^ đGb wb cF Ƌhp " d#6r z?Z k t2*Ĕ r y.y 4

( ŀŅ Ů ŀń Ů ŀŃ Ů ŀł Ů ŀŁ ) ‫ب‬ Ł + ił = iI ‫د‬

? / gbr ? z 7& O f z Ē O gb lf t 1

(ŀň Ů ŀŅ Ů ŀł Ů ŀĿ Ů ņ) ‫أ‬ ł + iŁ = iI ‫ﺟ‬

ľĄĿí

Ɗi đGb Pf d>s

ł = ŀĿ – ŀł = ŁI – łIƅŮƄł = ņ – ŀĿ = ŀI - ŁI a ‫أ‬ ł = ŃI – ńI = łI – ŃI DT& I ƅ ł = p6 6 z 7& O gb `ƅƅƅƅł = ŃI – ńI = łI – ŃI = ŁI – łI = ŀI - ŁI `

Ƌ ¹ "sf p6 6 i ^ / y.y 4 z 7'b O gb is_ Ƌ ¹ b 6 p6 6 i ^ / z?Z k z 7'b O gb is_ {V zÊ j z z 7'b O gb -r.& dz g đGb wb cF Ƌ s6 'cb zfs62b $f 2b .& ađ* lf r {j z h61 Y1r

ŀ ŀ ŀ ŀ ŀ ŀ ‫ب‬ ŀŁ = ł - Ń = ŁI – łIƅŮƄ Ņ - = Ł - ł = ŀI - ŁI a Ƌ z 7& 7zb O gb `Ƅƅƅƅƅ ŁI – ł I ! ŀI - Ł I `

Ł = ł – iŁ – ł + Ł + iŁ = (ł + i Ł) - (ł + (ŀ + i) Ł) = iI – ŀ +iI a ‫ﺟ‬ Ł p6 6 z 7& O gb ` ł cŁ + ił m - cŁ + ŀ + i m = iI – ŀ +iI a ‫د‬ łł - ił - ił ł ł ¹ 1 .[f tr 7 Đ (ŀ + i)i = (ŀ + i )i = i - ŀ + i = ƅƅƅƅ

Ƌ z 7& 7zb O gb `

O gcb y-.Ob c fĔ DO ađ* lf đGb Pf d> s Ƌ pb {jskb .'b Sz> wb d>s b z 7'b dzo #f O 1 wcN xs 'y {jskb .'b isj Z i đGcb lz Ƌly2*Ē đ b qkf hcN w f o .& - #y l_gy

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

(ŀĿ Ů Ń Ů Ł - Ů Ň - Ů ŀŃ -) ‫ب‬ i ł -ŀ= I ‫د‬ Ł

(Ņ) p6 6 z 7& ‫ب‬

(ń-) p6 6 z 7& ‫أ‬

z 7& 7zb ‫د‬

(Ł) p6 6 z 7& ‫ﺟ‬

(ŀŇ Ů Łł Ů ŁŇ Ů łł Ů łŇ) ‫أ‬ ł + iŁ = I ‫ﺟ‬

i

i

á«°übÉæàdG á©HÉààªdGh ájójGõàdG á©HÉààªdG (ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀł Ů ň Ů ń Ů ŀ) Ɗd f (2W> < E) ¹ "sf p6 6 i ^ / .y 4 is_ (iI) z 7'b O gb (ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀŀ- Ů Ņ- Ů ŀ- Ů Ń) Ɗd f (2W> > E) ¹ b 6 p6 6 i ^ / z?Z k is_ (iI) z 7'b O gb r Graphical representation of arithmetic Sequence :á«HÉ°ùëdG á©HÉààª∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG Ƌ zÊ j z wbrĔ O 7b -r.'b d f h (ƋƋƋ Ů Ń Ů ņ Ů ŀĿ) z 7'b O gcb zb b O 1Ĕ -r.'b ."r 2

:( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

d>s r ŀŀ= d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf

? / gbr ? z 7& O f z Ē O gb lf t 1

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

11

1 äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

(ɸɹ) A 2^ p 6 c[ 2q Z

7zb z 7'b O gb lf 2* Msj -s"r wcN .^ O gb U2O l_br (Ŀ > E) z?Z k r (Ŀ < E) y.y 4 Ɗ z Ē O gb d f (Ŀ = E) is_y f.kN b ņ

ņ

ņ

0_or (ƋƋƋ Ů ł Ů ł Ů ł ) (ƋƋƋ Ů ń- Ů ń- Ů ń-) Ů (ƋƋƋ Ů ł Ů ł Ů ł) {j z b H+b is_y ŮE [kb lf Nsg#g zÊ j z d g r Ƌ kz7b 1s'gb y¹ 3 sf pb d ggb : S ?f K.Ț

O gb {V .'b gzZr .'b z 2 lz đGb DO G+y .Z Ƌ z 7'b {V K q z 2 x0b .'b gzZ so K I i đGb wb 2: Ƌ z 7'b O gb

~ {

− − − −

− −

− {−

iI

ľĄĿí

{

ł- = ŀĿ – ņ = ŀI - ŁI = E a Ň - Ů ń - Ů Ł - Ů ŀ Ɗwo zb b O 1Ĕ -r.'b ` {ņ Ů Ņ Ů ń Ů Ń Ů ł Ů Ł Ů ŀ} so O gb a #f {Ň - Ů ń - Ů Ł - Ů ŀ Ů Ń Ů ņ Ů ŀĿ} so ¶O gb t.f Ƌ O gcb wj z b dz g b 1r #gb d_;b d gyr i :n D<C 1 B? i wkOy gf .& r f [ 6 wcN P[ z 7'b O gb -r.& d g w b E [kb is_yr +N ǽ i z& i wV wbrĔ "1.b lf b - wo z 7'b O gb Ƌ O gb 5 6 so i df Of

Ƌ` " 27V ? (Ŀ = E) j ^ / (iI) z 7'b O gb is_ i PZs / f ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

ń – ił = iI z& (iI) O gb wV 2

Ƌ y.y 4 O gb m0o i lz ‫ ب‬Ƌ p6 6 ."r r Ů z 7& O f (iI) i ‫أ‬ Ƌ2;N 8f +b o.& ."r ‫ﺟ‬

?i gzZ gV Ů Ňń = iI i ^ / ‫د‬

Finding the nth term of an arithmetic sequence :á«HÉ°ùëdG á©HÉààª∏d ≈fƒædG óëdG OÉéjEG Ɗw Ē ^ E p6 6 r C arĔ o.& w b (iI) z 7'b O gcb wjskb .'b ! k 6 l_gy @+")L 1

EŁ + C = ł I Ů E + C = Ł I Ů C = ŀ I E (ŀ – i) + C = iI

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ O gb m0o -r.& -.N ."r ‫ب‬

101

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

(ŀĿĿ ŮƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀň Ů ŀŅ Ů ŀł) z 7'b O gb wV 3 2: Ob .'b ."r ‫أ‬ ľĄĿí

ł = ŀł – ŀŅ = EƅƅŮƅŀł = C ` z 7& O gb a ł * (ŀ – ŀĿ) + ŀł = ŀĿI ` E (ŀ – i) + C = iI a ‫أ‬ ŃĿ = Łņ + ŀł = ł * ň + ŀł =ƅƅ ŀĿĿ = iI f.kN i gzZ - #y so scGgb ‫ب‬

:( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

d>s r ŮŀŁ = d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf

Ɗso O gb m0pb wjskb .'b i .#j Hgkb 0o wcN 1 2g 6Đ r

ł – ił + ŀł = ŀĿĿ `

ł * (ŀ – i) + ŀł = ŀĿĿ `

E (ŀ – i) + C = iI a

łĿ = i ` ňĿ = ŀĿ – ŀĿĿ = ił :n 2 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

12


äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

á«HÉ°ù◊G á©HÉààŸG ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ƌ y pkb lf 2: Ob .'b gzZ ."r h ( Ņń ŮƋƋƋ Ů ŀŀ Ů ň Ů ņ) z 7'b O gb -r.& -.N ."r 3 :á«HÉ°ùëdG á©HÉààªdG ø««©J Ƌ5 6Ĕ r arĔ o.& hcN w f z 7'b O gb lzzO l_gy

Identfing the arithmetic Sequence

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ łŃ = ŀńI Ů ŀŇ = ņI pzV w b (iI) z 7'b O gb ."r 4

¿CG ßM’

ľĄĿí

n b E & E = 5 \ A3 = E + C { − = E − C − )& =b"I "qI K U − =b = H = E { :1 ' )& j&XI = 5 )& =b"I &( I =E

X = Y =

6 2

łŃ = ŀńI Ů ŀŇ = ņI Ɗi b 7gb zGOf lf hcOj Ɗ pkfr E (ŀ – ņ) + C = ŀŇ ` E (ŀ – i) + C = iI a ŀŇ = EŅ + C ` E (ŀ – ŀń) + C = łŃ d gb łŃ = EŀŃ + C Ů Ł = E Ů lz b- Ogb d' r wbrĔ b- Ogb wV DysO b r Ņ = ŀŁ – ŀŇ = C ` ŀŇ = Ł * Ņ + C ` (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀĿ Ů Ň Ů Ņ) wo z 7'b O gb `

$ kb is_yr (Y) l_zbr Ůwj b 2zS gb gzZ wGOy t2* 2f .

MODE

1

2

y.y 4 O gb V Ŀ < E ‫ب‬ ŃĿ ‫ﺟ‬

łĿ= K pkfr ń - Kł = Ňń ‫د‬ :ɸɺ A ;+f S lf r S 2q Z

Đ 'b {V z 7'b O gb lzzO đGb wb cF Ɗ z Ē

: R$ 3 [ l #'$ łŃ = EŀŃ + C Ů ŀŇ = EŅ + C Ɗlz b- Ogb d& '> lf .^ cb Ɗ zb b sG+b P j zgcOb 6 'b e .+ 6 ? R \ Q s _gb hZ2b _ `b/r EQN g [b lf 1 +jr MODE zcgOb % Wf wcN HSCj zG+b b- Ogb 1 +j h ĐĒ DO wV EXE % Wgb wcN HSCb r pf f % Wgb wcN HSCb `b/r anX + bnY = cn zj b b- Ogcb h wbrĔ b- Ogcb z 2 b (cn) \cGgb .'b r Ů (Y) Ů (X) đf Of d*.j Ɗwb b s'kb wcN 2: f 1 = 6 = 18 = 1 = 1 4 = 3 4 = . :pL 7 6 5 '$ $ kb is_yr (X) l_zbr ŮarĔ 2zS gb gzZ wGOy wbrĔ 2gcb = % Wgb wcN HSCb ½ =

ł = E Ů( 1 .[f) ł= K I - ŀ + K I ‫أ‬

% Wgb wcN HSCb ½

Ɗ(z Wgb wcN HSCj :p ?"R 1 z "#

ł = E Ů ŀń- = C 2 Ń=EŮł=C 1 Ł- = E Ů ŃĿ- = C 4 ń- = E Ů Łņ = C 3 Ƌ 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 `b/ lf s[[' y hpN- h lz zg^ lz { 7'b H6sb Xy2O lf đGb wcN .^ Ƌlz zg^ lz z 7& E 6r .N a *- l_gy Xz^ h : v[> 6 S 2q Z

lz { 7'b H6sb espWf .z^ wcN 2z O b 0o U.py Ƌlz zg^ lz z 7& E 6r .N a *- Ůlz zg^

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

13

: & äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

łņ = ŀĿI + łI Ů ŀņ = ŅI pzV w b (iI) z 7'b O gb ."r 4 Arithmetic means

g¤+c {qG* c 6K&±*

+C Ł ƒg ŮC ly-.Ocb (H6s gb ) w 7'b H6sb i hcO

z 7& O f (Łń Ů Łŀ Ů ŀņ Ů ŀł Ů ň) Ɗi 1 N r ŀł = ŀņŁ+ ň = b b r arĔ ly.'cb w 7'b H6sb ½

? BL U

ŀņ = Łŀ +Ł ŀł = P 2b r wj b ly.'cb w 7'b H6sb ½

ly-.Ob lz w 7'b H6sb U2O i V z 7& O f lf zb f -r.& đ ¶" Ů Ů C j ^ / ¶" + C = is_ V ¶" + C = Ł :n 2 – ¶" = C – :h ¶" ŮC Ł ¶" + C

+{+{+ + + =

=

ŮC ly-.Ob lz i 5 ŮƋƋƋ Ů ł5 Ů Ł5 Ů ŀ5 Ɗ z 7& E 6r .N a *- l_gyr Ƌ z 7& O f ( Ůi 5 ŮƋƋƋ Ů ł5 Ů Ł5 Ů ŀ5 Ů C) is_ z'

¿CG ôcòJ &G ) =I (3 F$ 5H ./0 J &X 2 (+ d 0 5 = 5 ( ^ \ T : 5 =I (3 F$ ! ,{ ,{ , , , =I (3 F$

Ů C) n b K /

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬

? BL U

Ƌ z 7& O f (¶" Ů Ł

:πªcCG ȈǭƽƗ ƄŐʗƯŝ wg7 Ńł ŮƋƋƋ Ůŀń Ůŀŀ Ůņ Ɗi V z 7& O f (Ńņ Ů Ńł ŮƋƋƋ Ůŀŀ Ůņ Ůł) js^ / ( ) ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ O gb -r.& -.N = z 7'b E 6rĔ -.N ( ) ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ O gb m0o E 6r -.N = z 7'b O gb -r.& -.N ( )

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

M2w< ¤+ g¤+c {qG* c 6K&±* H 2KwqH 2w< c12(* Insert an infinite number of arithmetic means between two number

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ŃŇ Ů Ņ lz z 7& E 6r ń d*- 5 ľĄĿí

^ O gb -r.& -.N ."sj :% z 7'b O gb -r.& -.N i V 0b O gb wV 2z*Ĕ r arĔ ly.'b lz E 6r 7g* ."sj ņ=ń+Ł=i E (ŀ – i) + C = iI Ɗ z 7'b O gcb wjskb .'b ƊE gzZ ."sj : ^ ? 8 ņ = i Ů ŃŇ = iI Ů Ņ = C ƊlN DysO b E (ŀ – ņ) + Ņ = ŃŇ Ƅƅƅ ņ = E `ƅƅ Ņ wcN lzV2Gb g7[ ŃŁ = EŅ :n 2 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

Ƌ z 7& E 6r 1 Ł - O gb -r.& -.N = z 7'b E 6rĔ -.N 2 Ł + E 6rĔ -.N = O gb -r.& -.N 3 :( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f )6l ;lf m _ f

hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb E (ŀ- K ) + C =

a ŀł = 3

łĿ = K pkfr Ł * (ŀ- K) + ņ = Ņń ` Ņń) Ɗ{ Ē ^ Ů y pkb lf O gb _j y pkb lf ŀĿI - #yĖ (ņ ƋƋƋ Ů Ņŀ Ů Ņł Ů łĿ = K pkfr Ł- * (ŀ- K) + Ņń = ņ łĿ = y pkb lf ŀĿI i x łņ = Eň + C + EŁ + C Ů ŀņ = Eń + C ŀŃ = 4 Ł=CŮł=E Ɗ(ŀń) = 5 (ŃŇ Ů E - ŃŇ Ů ƋƋƋ Ů E + ŀł Ů ŀł) Ņ = Ł + Ń = Ł + E 6rĔ -.N = -r.'b -.N ŃŇ = a Ů ŀł = C

14

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

102


-

á«HÉ°ù◊G á©HÉààŸG

ŃŇ = Eń + C ` ŃŇ = ŅI ` ņ = E `ƅƅƅłń = EńƅƅƅŃŇ = Eń + ŀł (ŃŇ Ů Ńŀ Ů łŃ Ů Łņ Ů ŁĿ Ů ŀł) O gb (Ńŀ Ů łŃ Ů Łņ Ů ŁĿ) wo E 6rĔ

á«HÉ°ù◊G á©HÉààŸG , Ńŀ , łŃ , Łņ , ŁĿ , ŀł

ŃŇ

ņ+

K

ŀ Ń

ł

- Ń = K I 12 ƄƅƅƅŇŃ - Ňń = K I ŀń 14 Ƅƅƅƅƅƅƅ ŀĿ E 16 ƅƅƅƅƅƅƅ¶" ł 18 ƅƅƅƅƅƅƅE

ņ+

ņ+

ņ+

scGgb z 7'b E 6rĔ - #yĖ E gzZ e.+ 7j : ^T 8 Ńŀ Ů łŃ Ů Łņ Ů ŁĿ Ů ŀł Ɗwo scGgb E 6rĔ

ņ+

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

ŃŇ Ů ŀł ly-.Ob lz z 7& E 6r Ń d*- 5

٢ - ١ ‫ﺗﻤـــــــﺎرﻳـــﻦ‬

:(ɹ - ɸ) r 5 l &

O f 7zb 2 ƅƅł = E z 7& O f Ŀ = E z 7& O f 4 ƅŅ = Eƅ z 7& O f = + 5Ł = E z 7& e (ƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀ Ů Ń Ů ņ) 7 Ƅƅƅƅ(ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŁ Ů ņ Ů Ł) ņ ŀń (ƋƋƋƋ Ů Ł - Ů Ń - Ů Ń-) ŁŇ 10 ƅƅƅƅƅƅƅŁĿ

ņ+

:á«HÉ°ùM É¡fƒc ∫ÉM ≈a ¢SÉ°SC’G óLhCG ºK ,á«HÉ°ùM ô«Z É¡jCGh ,á«HÉ°ùM á«JB’G äÉ©HÉààªdG øe ÉvjCG OóM

1

(łŇ Ů łŃ Ů Łň Ů Łń Ů Łŀ) 2

(ŁŃ Ů Łŀ Ů ŀŇ Ů ŀń Ů ŀŁ) 1

(ņ Ů ņ Ů ņ Ů ņ Ů ņ) 4

(Łň- Ů Łł- Ů ŀņ- Ů ŀŀ- Ů ń-) 3

i "sf i zg^ = Ů5 z& (=Ń + 5ń Ů=ł + 5ł Ů=Ł + 5) 5

3

:á«JB’G ä’ÉëdG øe πc ≈a á«HÉ°ùëdG á©HÉààª∏d ≈dhC’G OhóM á°ùªîdG ÖàcG ń=EŮŁ=C 6

5

ł- = E Ů ņ = C 7 ŀ = E Ů Ń- = C 8 Ń

6

:≈JCÉj Ée πªcCG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

8

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

9

so (ƋƋƋ Ů Ň Ů ń Ů Ł) z 7'b O gcb P 7b .'b 9

so ń - ił = iI z& (iI) O gb lf 2;N t- 'b .'b 10

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

so (ƋƋƋ Ů ņł Ů ņņ Ů Ňŀ) z 7'b O gcb wjskb .'b 11

so (ƋƋƋ Ů 2W> Ů ŀŃ Ů ŀŁ ) z 7'b O gcb wjskb .'b 12 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ so ŀŁ Ů Ň ly-.Ocb w 7'b H6sb 13

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

11

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

13

tr 7 5 i V Łŀ so ŁŅ Ů5 ly-.Ocb w 7'b H6sb i ^ / 14

:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ɗ O gb .N f z 7& z Ē O gb Pzg" 15 (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀń Ů ŀŀ Ů ņ Ů ł) ‫أ‬

15

(ƋƋƋ Ů Łł- Ů ŀň- Ů ŀń- Ů ŀŀ-) ‫ب‬ (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ ) ‫ﺟ‬

17

Ņ

: K/f \? b

.z#b hpWb b Gb lf cG (ŁŁ) wb (ŀň) lf ly1 g b U ; ^ lf l_g y w & z 7'b O gcb z6 6Ĕ hzo Wgcb Ƌ G*Ĕ -.N K z& ŀ < K s?b r +N ǽ K d_b G+b 19 Ƌ(z'>

15

Ł + K O gb -r.& -.N i s?b r G* 22

Ń

ł

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

Ɗwo z Ē O gb lz lf z 7'b O gb 16 ( ŀ + i ) = (iI) ‫أ‬ i

(Ł(ŀ + i )) = (iI) ‫ب‬ ( (Ł + i) ił ) = (iI) ‫ﺟ‬

.& r f [ 6 wcN P[ i s?b r G* 20 O gb 5 6 (C) i s?b r G* 21

ń

Ů ŀŅ Ů Łŀ ) ‫د‬ (ƋƋƋ Ů Ņń Ů ŀŀ ń ń ń

ŀ - łi = ( I) ‫د‬ ŀ + i + Łi i

Ɗtr 7y ŀŀI Ů ńI lz w 7'b H6sb i V Ł + i ł = iI z& z 7& O f (iI) j ^ / 17 ŁŅ ‫د‬ ŁŁ ‫ﺟ‬ ŀŅ ‫ب‬ Ň ‫أ‬ tr 7 C i V z 7& O f lf zb f -r.& đ ł + CŅ Ů ŀ - Cń Ů ŀ + CŁ i ^ / 18 Ń ‫د‬ ł ‫ﺟ‬ Ł ‫ب‬ ŀ ‫أ‬

:CÉ£îdG ∞°ûàcG

ńĿ 24

Ņŀ Ů łņ 23

ń = E 26

ŀŃ = Kƅ(ŀń Ů ŀŁ Ů ņ) 25 (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀń Ů ŀŁ Ů ň) 27

ŀ - iI - iI = E i t 2: f qb \ 7b .'b r .& d^ lz Y2Wb tr 7y qj z 7'b O gb 5 6 U2Oy +N

19

ǽ i d_b

Ƌ .& r f [ 6 wcN P[ z 7'b O gb -r.& d g w b E [kb is_ i 1r2Cb 8zb 20 5 6 so Ů i Ů C

z& + iC = iI w Ē ^ z 7'b O gb wV iI Ů i lz ZđOb wGO 21 Ƌ ZđOb m0o wV O gb

Ł - i tr 7y O gb m0o -r.& -.N i V lzzb f ly-.N lz zÊ 7& ¹G6r i kc*- / 22

:á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG

(ƋƋƋ Ů ŀń Ů ŀŁ Ů ň) 29

(ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŀ Ů ņ Ů ł) Ů ŀĿ = K 28

(ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŃ Ů ŀŁ Ů ŀĿ) 31

(ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŁ Ů ņ Ů Ł) 30

ŀŇ = Ů łĿ = C 33

ŀńŁ = ńŀI 32

Ƌ O gb m0o 5 6 ."r Ů ŀńŅ - = ŁŁI Ů ńŀ - = ŀI pzV z 7& O f (i I) 26

ŅŃ Ů ŀŁ 35

ŀŁ = Ů Ń = C 34

Ƌ O gb ."r ? i gzZ f Ůņň = iŁI Ů łň = i I Ů ł = arĔ o.& z 7& O f 28

ŀņ = K Ů Ł = 5 37

(ŁŀĿ Ů ŀŇĿ Ů ƋƋƋ Ů Łŀ Ů ŁŃ) 36

(ƋƋƋ Ů ŀĿ Ů ņ Ů Ń) z 7'b O gb lf ir2;Ob r 2;N wj b ly.'b ."r 23 (ŀłł - Ů ƋƋƋ Ů ńń , ńň , Ņł) z 7'b O gb -r.& -.N ."r 24 Ƌ O gb m0o lf ņŁ q gzZ t0b .'b 1 ."r h , (iń + Ł) O gb lf wbrĔ đ b -r.'b ^ 25

Łņ tr 7y P 7b o.&r ŮŀŇ tr 7y P 2b o.& w b z 7'b O gb ."r 27

wj b o.& a f đ tr 7y 2: Ob o.& Ů Łŀ = 8f +b o.& w b z 7'b O gb ."r 29 O gb m0o ."r ƋŁŁ = ńI Ů ň = ŁI + ŀI pzV z 7& O f (i I) 30 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

103

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

16


äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

á«HÉ°ù◊G á©HÉààŸG

H6r ŀŀ= E 6rĔ -.N 39

ņ Ɗ Ń 7k^ 2: Ob r P 2b py.& lz 7kb r Ů ŁĿ = 5- 7b o.& w b z 7'b O gb ."r 31 ."r h O gb ."r Ů ŃĿ tr 7y P6 b r 8f +b py.& Msg#fr Ů ŀŀ = P 2b o.& z 7& O f 32 Ƌ O gb m0o wV ŀńŁ q gzZ t0b .'b 1

ŀŀŇĿ 38 (ƋƋƋ Ů ņ Ů Ń Ů ŀ) 40

Ƌ Ů C w gzZ ."r V z 7& O f lf zb f -r.& Ů ŁŃ Ů C Ů łŅ j ^ / 33 Ƌ Ů C lf d^ gzZ ."r V Ů ŁĿ so Ł Ů CŃ lz w 7'b H6sb Ů Ň so Ů C lz w 7'b H6sb i ^ / 34

I ?qf 4 [q f :I ?p

Ů C w gzZ ."r V .& ŀŅ o-r.& -.N z 7& O f is_ (ŅŇ Ů Ů ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů C Ů Ň ) j ^ / 35

z6.kpb O gb e .+ 6 H 1 wb E ;kb 0o U.py Ƌ '?b a #g G 2f d^ ;f d'b ů z z& [z G

ŁŃ - Ů Łņ lz z 7& G6r ŀŅ d*- 36 -.N ."r h 5 gzZ ."r (ŀŅ + 5 ŃĿ Ů ň – 5 ńĿ Ů ƋƋƋ Ů ŀń + 5 ł Ů Ņ + 5 ń) z 7'b O gb wV 37 Ƌ O gb -r.& ŀĿĿ wbrĔ zj b wV PG[V Ů1.'kf wV G[j wcN lf y1 + b q " 1- - zZ wV hy2^ . ĖģʞʶŐƽǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 38 w b V 7gb ."r Ƌ h6 ŀŁĿ 1 .[g 2: f pb [ 7b V 7gb lN .y4 V 7f PG[y zb zj d^ wVr Ůh6 Ƌ 2: Ob zj b wV pOG[y

:I ?qf g : &

z 7'b O gb P 1 [Ob & (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀń Ů ŀŇ Ů Łŀ) E (ŀ + K) + C = K Iƅł- = E Ů Łŀ = C Kł - ŁŃ = ł- * (ŀ - K) + Łŀ = K I ň = ŀń - ŁŃ = Ȍ I ` wj b Ms 6Ĕ ƅƅƅŇ = KƅƅKł = ŁŃ Ŀ = K I is_ f.kN 1 [Ob ar k lN Dy2gb XZs y =Kł = ŁŃ ` Ň=K `

is_ y2p: E 7Z wcN pkg -.7y i wcN P b Pf \W r Ů y1 + " 1- d"1 t2 : ǵƃģŭņǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 39 m0o -.N ."r Ƌ qzk" ŀŃĿĿ so 2z*Ĕ H7[b i ^ / V Ů ŇĿ + iŀŁĿ so wjskb o.& z 7& O f ƋE 7ZĔ so 8f +b r b b py.& lz w 7'b H6sb Ů Łń tr 7y P6 b o.& z 7& O f ȈưĝŻśĞ ƄŐǔƽŝ 40 Ƌ O gb m0o ."r ŀĿ

‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬ 1 [Ob e .+ 6 dc[y i z Gb qkf cF .Zr ŮMs 6Ĕ wV w F 1 [N lf & Łŀ Dy2f ar k y ǶŨƛǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ Ƌ 2: f q[ 7y t0b Ms 6Ĕ lN wb b Ms 6Ĕ wV & ł a.Og Ƌ8f +b Ms 6Ĕ wV Dy2gb pbr k y Us6 w b 1 [Ob & -.N ."r 1 ?1 [Ob 0o ar k lN Dy2gb XZs y Us6 N¹ s 6 h^ .O 2 ? z Gb 1 ; 6 ir- z Gb 2zZ [Ob isF O y ly0b wB2gb (?k h 3

&yfyqc f i 2/ : }p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

17

6" r 5 l

5 6 lzN h lfr Ů z 7& z Ē O gb lf t lz 1 ƊwbrĔ đ b o-r.& ^ h Ů pkf d^ Ł ł+ K=KI ‫ب‬ Ł - Kł = K I ‫أ‬ ń - ŁK ń-K

=KI ‫د‬

KŁ - ń = K I

fscOgcb z s _kOb _ ;b e .+ 6 đGb lf cF ir- r.b isbr k y ly0b wB2gb lN ' b wV ( j2 jĐ ) - :1Ė h Ů pb isB2O y w b 2F +gb lzÍ r z Gb 1 ; 6 Ƌ2F +f ir- 2zZ [Ob m0o ar k b ů f3đb :I ?qf m _ mg:

‫ﺟ‬

wbrĔ -r.& O 1Ĕ wo ŀņ Ů Ł + Ł Ů + ń Ů C i ^ / 2 7& h ŮC lf d^ gzZ ."r z 7& O f lf Ƌ O gb 5 6 ^ ł = p6 6 ŮŀŃ = arĔ o.& z 7& O f 3 I Ů ŀł I ."r h pkf wbrĔ -r.& 7g+b Łŀ

f Kf 1

m _ f

" E ;kb c 6 Pzg" wcN z#y i PzG 7y Ƌ G* ir- cf ^

3 gf

pkf dzc[b {V G+yr c 6Ĕ z b R wcN z#y ." Ê .z" Ƌ .N 7f wb ! 'yr DO b {V G+yr c 6Ĕ DO wcN z#y Ƌqz"s b r .N 7gb wb ! 'yr Ů2*Ē

H6s f

wb ! 'yr E ;kb c 6 wcN "Ė PzG 7y Đ Ƌqz"s b r .N 7gb

XzOB

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

104


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

Ĺ?ÄżĹ?Ĺ—Ă­

ĂĄÂŤHÉ°ÚÍdG äĂ“°Úâˆ?°Úà ªdG

Ĺ?ÄżĹ?Ĺ—Ă­ ĂłÄŠÄƒĹŽĿí

ĂĄÂŤHÉ°ÚÍdG äĂ“°Úâˆ?°Úà ªdG

3-1

Arithmetic Series

Arithmetic series

:ĂĄÂŤHÉ°ÚÍdG ĂĄâˆ?°Úâˆ?°Úà ªdG ´Ć’ÂŞĂŠe ;o- (Karl Gauss) 5r " a1 ^ wj gbÄ” hb Ob 1 .[b wb d>s f.kN m2gN lf O 7b l6 wV sor ĹŽqgcOf [y2G r zĂŠ ko/ Ĺ€ĿĿ wb Ĺ€ lf - .NÄ” Pg" $ j - #y "r3 š Ĺ„Äż $ j tr 7y Msg#gb i L&Ä? z& Oy26 ŀĿŀ pkf d^ $ j w b - .NÄ” lf ńĿńĿ = ŀĿŀ * Ĺ„Äż :2 (+ 2 o? & ; 5 − ! \ G ? y 70U ~ = Q 1 5H J &X X+Q K7<&+ D9b The sum of arithmetic series

:< 52 f ]6J

1 s'b - {ko0b X?Ob - {jr O b hcO b - Ä‘_;gb d& Ć‹ ;Z kgb r

l {

− l

ĂĄÂŤHÉ°ÚÍdG ĂĄâˆ?°Úâˆ?°Úà ªdG z 7'b O gb -r.& Pg" zcgN wo

Arithmetic series

< 52 f o ck

p_=nššY ÂŒY Ă?{A ĂŤ âÂŽeÂœY Ă˜nÂœxĂŽ Ă‘ ĂŠĂ­ĂşĂ? ngx{A phYÂŽd_e= ph=n—A

. }hBú�í

p_=nššY ÂŒY Ă?{A ĂŤ âÂŽeÂœY Ă˜nÂœxĂŽ Ă‘ ĂŠĂ­ĂşĂ? nw{A phYÂŽd_e= ph=n—A

ĂœnHĂşĂ?Ă­

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí Arithmetic series

ph=n—A pd—d—šY Ă‘ Â…heœšUĂ? ~YĂš Ă‘

Summation notation

( )

ĂĄÂŤHÉ°ÚM ĂĄâˆ?°Úâˆ?°Úà e øe ≈dhC’G GĂłM Âż ´Ć’ÂŞĂŠe

mgS f 51 Ck

Sum of first n terms of an arithmetic series

^ " H \ H 0 )&I I ( ( (' 1 n J &X X+Q :% -.Nr a 2z*Ä” o.& ĹŽE p6 6 ĹŽ C arÄ” o.& z 7& c7c7 f ky.b i ^ / ĆŠ z& iÂś" 4f2b qb 4f2y c7c7 gb m0o lf .& š i Msg#f i V i o-r.&

Ĺ Ĺ‚ œœ> wb ŀŇ œœ> lf b Gb ^

a + (E - a) + Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ + (EĹ + C) + (E + C) + C = iÂś"

Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí phedL p˜HnA pUĂ‹ Ă‘

ĆŠw Ä’ ^ t2* 1s? Msg#gb 0o lN 2z O b l_gyr C + (E + C) + Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ + (EĹ - a) + (E - a) + a = iÂś"

‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďşŒďş”â€Ź lN _b kgC gb fscOgb 2Z ` Ä‘F wb cF ˜ fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b wb Ms"2b hpWc^r 5r " a1 ^ Ć‹ fscOgb lf .y4f wcN as?'cb ( j2 jÄ– )

2gb lf i wb Ć… (a + C) i = iÂś" Ĺ

ĆŠi $ ky ĹŽ 1 ' )& j&XI (a + C) + Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹+ (a + C) + (a + C) + (a + C) = iÂś"Ĺ

= 5 1 b"M &( I (a + C) i = iÂś"Ĺ n 2

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

‍ؼďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعس‏ ĆŠw Ä” d_;b z 7'b c7c7 gb ^ ` Ä‘F lf cF (ɸ) a + (E - a) Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ + (EĹ + C) + (E + C) +C = KÂś" (Éš) C+E+C (EĹ - ) + (E - ) + a = KÂś" (Éš) ĹŽ (ɸ) lz b- Ogb Pg# 2gb lf K wb Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ ( + C) + ( + C) + ( + C) = KÂś"Ĺ K ( + C) Ĺ = KÂś" s# k 7y hpN- h E(Ĺ€ - K) + C = (KI) = a i ` Ä‘F 2^/ i K [E(Ĺ€ - K) + CĹ ] Ĺ = KÂś"

Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē ph=n—A pd—d—šY ĂŞÂŽgaY Ă‘

(ŀŀ ĹŽ Ĺˆ ĹŽ ņ ĹŽ Ĺ„ ĹŽ Ĺ‚) z 7'b O gb lf wbrÄ” -r.& 7g+b Msg#f :BT&b ŀŀ + Ĺˆ + ņ + Ĺ„ + Ĺ‚ = Ĺ„Âś" _

w6 1.b d?Wb

ĂĄÂŤHÉ°ÚM ĂĄâˆ?°Úâˆ?°Úà e øe GkĂłM K ´Ć’ÂŞĂŠe

â€Ťďş—ďťŒﺎ‏

3-1

Ĺ?†ĿĹ?Ĺ—Ă­ ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

18

€[g.

O gb dz g ĹŽ z 7'b O gb espWf b Gb 51- i \ 6 arÄ” o.& hcN w f pkzO zWz^ - pb KI ^r zĂŠ j z z 7'b .N a *- - ly-.N tÄ” w 7'b H6sb - #y - 5 6Ä” r 51.b 0o {V dg_ 7j Us6r ĹŽly-.N lz z 7& E 6r z 7'b c7c7 gb lf .& š K Msg#f - #y 952f &6/k :o }gR 5Ç› 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z

 Č—J I ?p

Ŏ(E - a Ŏ E + C) Ŏ(a Ŏ ŀI ) Pg" ` đF wb cF (EŠ- a Ŏ EŠ+ C) mv O*ȗk ox1x

a + C = [ 7b ! r3Ä” lf !r3 x Msg#f i s# k 7y hpN(Ĺ€ĿĿ + Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ + Ĺƒ + Ĺ‚ + Ĺ + Ĺ€) c7c7 gb Pg" ` Ä‘F wb cF

I: 1ÂŁ :"1"18ÂĽ § l&+8% I: 1_ :"1"18( s _ K „ ) ? % I: 1_ :+ 88( B% I:;"8ÂĄ : _ U° M( : 1ÂŁ #W1"18ÂĽ F &% €: : 16[k

ƋPzg# b 4f1 - z 7& c7c7 f : k2/ ;lf €l€gS f 1 ylf

{ b $ kb lf \[' h ĹŽ5r " a1 ^ {j gbÄ” hb Ob dOV g^ _ : - 6 'b bÄ’ - iscgb 2z: Gb - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć‹ pzb sc>s Ć‹ zOz 2

105

}p #f Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČž h€f1


äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

á«HÉ°ù◊G äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG

nI

i ŀ=S

5 E ( ('&

:( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

¿CG ôcòJ S & E " H u j &X' S & E = H

(ł - SŃ)

ŁŃ ń=S

."r : j &X' u l #'$ 1 ľĄĿí

z 7& O f d gy spV wbrĔ "1.b lf Msg#gb 4f1 d* - 1 .[gb i z& )I ''& 5 ! ? ŁĿ = ŀ + ń – ŁŃ = i

)I ''& =? 7 3

ł – iŃ = iI

ňł = ł – ŁŃ * Ń = ŁŃIƅŮƄ ŀņ = ł – ń * Ń = ńI

J &X& e f ~ = n , = \ , = C :15 k+ )' I

(a + C) iŁ = i¶"

ŀ=]

ŀŀĿĿ = (ňł + ŀņ) ŁĿ Ł = ŁĿ¶"

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ."r 1 (eń - ŀŁ)

łŁ

ŀň= d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j 1 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d>s r ŁĿ ‫أ‬ ŀłŅĿ = (ŀŁń + ƋƋƋƋ + Łł + ŀņ + ŀŀ) = (ń + ]Ņ)

‫ب‬

(ń + ]Ņ)

ņ=e

ŁĿ

:( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

ŅŁ + ƋƋƋƋƋƋ + Ň + ń + Ł z 7'b c7c7 gb Msg#f ."r 2 ľĄĿí

= n n <'b J &X& e f = iI, = n , = C 15 k+ )' I

łł + ƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů Ňŀ + Ňń + Ňň z 7'b c7c7 gb Msg#f ‫أ‬ .& i Msg#fr łň tr 7y 2z*Ĕ o.&r ł tr 7y arĔ o.& w b z 7'b O gb -r.& -.N ‫ب‬ Ƌ ŁŀĿ tr 7y pkf wbrĔ $H \ H 0 )&I I ( ( (' 1 n J &X X+Q : ^ ? 8 (a + C) iŁ = i¶" Ů E (ŀ - i) + C = a i hcOj Ɗi V zj b ZđOb wV wbrĔ ZđOb lf DysO b r [E (ŀ - i) + CŁ] iŁ = i¶" :n 2 [ E (ŀ - i) + C + C ] i = ¶" i

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ɗ."r ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + ŀŀ + Ň + ń z 7'b c7c7 gb wV 3 Ƌ pkf wbrĔ .& ŁĿ Msg#f ‫أ‬ ƋP 7b .'b lf . o-r.& lf -r.& ŀĿ Msg#f ‫ب‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ¹ c7c7 gb -r.& Msg#f ŁĿI wb ŀĿI lf .

ľĄĿí

ł=ń-Ň=E Ůń J &X& e f [E (ŀ - i) + CŁ] iŁ = i¶" = − { = E , = C 15 k+ )' I [ł * (ŀ - ŁĿ) + ń * Ł] * ŁĿ Ł = ŁĿ¶" (ł * ŀň + ŀĿ) ŀĿ =Ɔ i¶" F (R' I ŅņĿ = Ņņ * ŀĿ = Ƅƅ )I ''& =? 7 3 E (ŀ - i) + C = Ƅ iI EŅ + C = Ƅ ņ I

= i , = E , = C 15 k+ )' I Łł = ł * Ņ + ń =Ƅ ƅ J &X& e f =b k+ )' I [ł * (ŀ – ŀĿ) + ņ% Ł] * ŀĿ Ł = ŀĿ¶" [Łņ + Łł * Ł] * ń = ŀĿ¶" F (R' I łŅń = ņł * ń = Ƅƅ ŁĿI wb ŀĿI lf . c7c7 gb -r.& Msg#f )I ''& =? 7 3 E (ŀ - i) + C =Ɔ iI E ň + C = ŀĿI = E , = C 15 k+ )' I łŁ = ł * ň + ń =Ƅƅ ŅŁ = ł * ŀň + ń = E ŀň + C = ŁĿ I = + ~ − ~ = n J &X& e f (a + C) iŁ = i¶" (ŁĿI + ŀĿI) ŀŀ Ł = ŀŀ¶" = n , = ŁĿI , = ŀĿI 15 k+ )' I ńŀņ = (ŅŁ + łŁ) ŀŀ Ł = Ƅƅ

=C ‫أ‬

‫ب‬

ŀń = K `

KŃ - ňł = łł `

ňŀń = (KŃ - ňł)

ŀń ŀ=K

K

E((ŀ - K) + CŁ) Ł

= ŀń

= K¶" r ŀń

ňŀń = [Ń- * ŀŃ + Ňň * Ł] Ł = ƅ Ƌ k_ggb asc'b Pzg" ` đF Pf <Z j K [a + C] Ł = ŁŀĿ = K¶" Ůłň = KI Ůł = C ‫ب‬ ŀĿ = K ` [łň + ł] K = Ł * ŁŀĿ ł = E Ů ň = C ŁĿ¶> 3 ŀń ŃńĿ = [ł * ŀŃ + ň * Ł] Ł = ŀń¶" ŀń ŃńĿ = Ņ + Kł r ŀ Ņ + Kł = ł(ŀ - K) + ň = E(ŀ - K) + C = KI ŀń ‫ب‬ łňŅ = (Ņ + Kł) K

ń

[ł(ŀ - K) + ň * Ł] Ł = ņńĿ ‫ﺟ‬ (Kł + ŀń) K = ŀńĿĿ 2W> =ŀńĿĿ - iŀń + Łił AsV2f Łń - = K ŁĿ = K ņńĿ = ŁĿ¶"

‫ﺟ‬

(ɹɷ) A 6cZ 2q Z .& ¹ ŀŀ Ƅǔƾ

¹ O gb -r.& Msg#f - #yĖ t2* asc& ."s do ŁĿI wb ŀĿI lf .

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ."r ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ +ŀń + ŀŁ + ň z 7'b c7c7 gb wV 3 Ƌ pkf wbrĔ .& Ê ŀń Msg#f ‫أ‬ Ƌ2;N 8f +b .'b wb 8f +b .'b lf . c7c7 gb -r.& Msg#f ‫ب‬ ¹ ƋarĔ .'b lf . ņńĿ tr 7y pNsg#f w b -r.'b -.N ‫ﺟ‬ ¹ zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

`

KŃ - ňł = Ń- * (ŀ - K) + Ňň = KI

Ɗ."r 2

19

2

E(ŀ - K) + C = łł = KI

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ł

‫أ‬

Ń- = Ňň - Ňń = E ŮŇň = C

E(ŀ - i) + C = Ȳ

ł * (ŀ - i) + Ł = ŅŁ ŅŁ = Ł + ł - i ł :n 2 ŅŁ = ŀ - i ł (a + C) iŁ = i¶& ŅņŁ = (ŅŁ + Ł) Łŀ Ł = Łŀ ¶"

‫ب‬

ņ=e

‫أ‬

ŀ=]

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

)I ''& =? 7 3 = \ , = E , = C 15 k+ )' I

łŁ

ŁŁŁł- = (ƋƋƋ - łł - ŁŇ - Łł-) = (eń + ŀŁ)

ŁĿI

-r.& ň ŀĿI

ňI

ŀI

wbrĔ ň Msg#f Ů wbrĔ ŁĿ Msg#f ."sy ňI wb ŀĿI lf . -r.'b Msg#f ň ŁĿ ńŀņ = ŀńł - ŅņĿ= [ł * Ň + ń * Ł] Ł - [ł * ŀň + ń * Ł] Ł =

20

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

: : 52gf 1 >5

106


-

á«HÉ°ù◊G äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG

Ƌ zp kf z 7& O f (KI) so lzOf H6r .& ."sy qj V yÊ -2V -¹ .N K i ^ / ‫أ‬ e = ŀ + ŁK I ŀ+KI * K = ¶" i L&Đ

K

Ł

i G6r i .& ."sy qj V {"r3 -.N K j ^ / ‫ب‬ qzcy x0b r Ů ŀ + K I go K

Ł

[lzG6sb Msg#f] Ł = K¶" i L&Đ

á«HÉ°ù◊G äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG Constracting the arithmetic sequence

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ňŇĿ = i¶" ŮŇņ = iI Ůŀŀ = ŀI Ɗ pzV w b z 7'b O gb ."r 4 ľĄĿí

i gzZ - #y ‫أ‬ J &X& e f (a + C) iŁ = i¶" {~ = iO! , { = iI , = ŀI 15 k+ )' I (Ňņ + ŀŀ) iŁ = ňŇĿ Ňņ = ŁĿI F (R' I .& ŁĿ = i Ɗis_zV ňŇĿ = iŁ * ňŇ E gzZ - #y ‫ب‬ =? 7 3 E (ŀ - i) + C = iI { = iI , ~ = n , = ŀI 15 k+ )' I E ŀň + ŀŀ = Ňņ = 5 &( I F (R' I ņŅ = ŀŀ – Ňņ = Eŀň Ń =E` ŀň = Ń + ŀń = łI Ů ŀń = Ń + ŀŀ = ŁI Ɗ O gb lys_ ‫ﺟ‬ (Ňņ Ůƌƌ Ů ŀň Ů ŀń Ů ŀŀ) wo z 7'b O gb ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

:( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f )6l ;lf m _ f

d>s r Łŀ= d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf : &

Łł = ŀI ‫ أ‬4 E(ŀ - K) + C = KI a E(ŀ - K) + Łł = ŇŅ ` Ņł = E(ŀ - K) K E[(ŀ - K) + CŁ] Ł = K ¶" a K [E(ŀ - K) + Łł * Ł] Ł = ńŃń ` Ņł = E(ŀ - K) lN DysO b ŀĿ = K ` (Ņł + ŃŅ)K = ŀĿňĿ ` Ņł = E(ŀ - K)a ņ=E ` (ƋƋƋ Ů łņ Ů łĿ Ů Łł) K ŀń= K pkfr (ňń - ŀņ) Ł = ńŇń- ‫ب‬ ŁŁ= 5 wb b ^ z 7& O f P ysk7b hy2^ r1 (ƋƋƋ Ů ŁĿŀŅĿ Ů ŀňŅŇĿ Ů ŀňŁĿĿ) ŀňŁĿĿ = C ŃŇĿ = E ŀŇņŁĿ + KŃŇĿ = KI ` K [E(ŀ - i) + CŁ] Ł = i ¶" ŀĿ qzk" ŁŀłŅĿĿ = [ŃŇĿ * ň + ŀňŁĿĿ * Ł] Ł Łł = C `

:6. h*

(ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + ŁĿŀŅĿ + ŀňŅŇĿ + ŀňŁĿĿ) ŀĿ qzk" ŁŀłŅĿĿ = ŀŇņŁĿ + KŃŇĿ = ŀĿ¶"

ŀ=K (ɹɹ)A 6cZ 2q }Z

á«HÉ°ùëdG á©HÉààªdG øjƒμJ

pzV w b z 7'b O gb ."r 4 ńŃń = i¶" Ů ŇŅ = iI Ů Łł = ŀI ‫أ‬

ńŇń - = i¶" Ů ňń - = iI Ů ŀņ = ŀI ‫ب‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ d^ ar wVr Ů.y2 b 2zVs Yr.k> wV p¹ zk" ŀŁĿ Tc f ŁĿŀń e N 2y ky ar wV hy2^ M-r ƃģǨŊʛƒĪģś ƤśƄǤĝ 5 Ƌ\ 7b 2p;b lN p¹ zk" ŀń 1 .[g qN-sy f .y4y `b/ .O 2p: Ƌe Ob 8Wj lf 2 g7y- 2p: ar wV qN-r t0b Tc gb ."r ‫أ‬ Ƌe Ob 8Wj lf 2 g7y- y pj w &r 2y ky ar lf . hy2^ qN-r f Msg#f ."r ‫ب‬ ¹ ľĄĿí

zkf4b .gb Ů ŀń = E p6 6 r Ů ŀŁĿ = C arĔ o.& z 7& O f d g hy2^ pN-r w b y2p;b Tb gb ŀŁ = i pzV is_ ŁĿŀń e N 2 g7y- y pj w &r ŁĿŀń e N 2y ky ar lf E (ŀ - i) + C = iI Ɗisj [b wV Ƌ p¹ zk" ŁŇń = ŀń * ŀŀ + ŀŁĿ = ŀŁI is_ V

ŀŁ = i Ů ŀń = E Ů ŀŁĿ = Cƅ ƊlN DysO b ‫أ‬ E(ŀ – ŀŁ) + C = ŀŁI ƄƄƅƅƅ

[E (ŀ - i) + CŁ] iŁ = i¶" isj [b wV

ŀŁ = i Ů ŀń = E Ů ŀŁĿ = Cƅ ƊlN DysO b ‫ب‬ Ƌ p¹ zk" ŁŃłĿ = (ŀń * ŀŀ + ŀŁĿ * Ł) ŀŁ Ł = ŀŁ¶"

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

21

äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

zfscOg z 7'b O gb Msg#f isj Z e .+ 6 e Ob ađ* hy2^ qN-r f cg" - #y `k_gy do Ƅǔƾ ƋMsg#gb - #yĖ `b/ (Br ?-r.'b -.Nr 2z*Ĕ r arĔ o.& ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

o1 .[f ysk6 rđN wcN d?'y i ^ / V Ůqzk" ŀňŁĿĿ m1.Z tsk6 2 dgOb hy2^ . ȇǍŏƒ Ľˋĝʹ 5 ? 2: Ob k7b y pj wV r1 lf qzcN d?'y f Msg#f is_y h_V Ů p¹ zk" ŃŇĿ

٣ - ١ ‫ﺗﻤـــــــﺎرﻳـــﻦ‬

:≈JCÉjÉe πªcCG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

tr 7 ŁĿ -.Ob wp k r ŀ -.Ob . w b zb gb 'z'?b - .NĔ Msg#f 1

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

tr 7y zOz Gb - .NĔ Nsg#f wV z"r3 - .N ŀĿ ar Msg#f 2

tr 7 łĿ lf dZ r ŀĿ lf 2 ^ wo w b y-2Wb zOz Gb - .NĔ Msg#f 3

tr 7 ńĿ Ů łĿ lz 1s?'fr ł wcN g7[b d [ w b zOz Gb - .NĔ Msg#f 4

so ŀŇ 2z*Ĕ o.&r Ł arĔ o.& z 7& O f lf wbrĔ -r.& O7 b Msg#f 5 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

= (ŀ + ]Ł)

ń ŀ=]

6

IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉME’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ɗtr 7y (ŀ + SŁ) ŁŃ ‫د‬ (ŀ + Sł)

ŀ-iń ŀ=S

‫د‬

Ń ŀ=S

z 7'b c7c7 gb gzZ 7

łń ‫ﺟ‬ łĿ ‫ب‬ Łń ‫أ‬ Ɗwo Pzg# b 4f1 e .+ 6 ŀ – iń + ƋƋƋ + ŀŃ + ň + Ń Ɗ c7c7 gb Sz> 8 i i i ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أ‬ (ŀ + Sń) (ŀ - Sń) (ŀ - Sń) ŀ=S

ŀ=S

Ń=S

Ɗwo Pzg# b 4f1 e .+ 6 ŁŁ + ŀņ + ŀŁ + ņ Ɗ c7c7 gb Sz> 9 (Ń + Sł)

Ń ŀ=S

‫د‬

(ŀ + Sņ)

Ń ŀ=S

‫ﺟ‬

(ł + SŃ)

Ń

‫ب‬

ŀ=S

(Ł + Sń)

Ń ŀ=S

‫أ‬

CÉ£îdG ∞°ûàcG Ƌ ¹ "sf 'z'> -¹ .N wGOy (ŀŁ Ů ƋƋƋ Ů Ń - Ů Ň - Ů ŀŁ -) z 7'b O gb -r.& Msg#f 10 ¹ Ƌ 2W> ¹ tr 7y (ŁŃ- Ů ƋƋƋ Ů Ň Ů ŀŅ Ů ŁŃ) z 7'b O gb lf H[V wbrĔ -r.& 7b Msg#f 11

á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG

Ɗisj [b e .+ 6 z 7'b O gb -r.& Msg#f - #y l_gy hOj K [a + C] Ł = i ¶" ŁŇń = ŀń + ŀŀ + ŀŁĿ = E ŀŀ + C = ŀŁ% = a z&

107

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

( ƋƋƋ Ů ŁŁ Ů ŀŇ Ů ŀŃ) z 7'b O gb lf wbrĔ -r.& 2;Ob Msg#f ."r 12 ƋŁŅ 2;N 8f +b o.&r Ń arĔ o.& z 7& O gb wbrĔ .& Ê 2;N 7g+b Msg#f ."r 13 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

22


äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

á«HÉ°ù◊G äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG

ƋŃĿ wb Ł lf z"r4b - .NĔ Msg#f ."r Ƌ(ƋƋƋ + Ł + Ń + Ņ) z 7'b c7c7 gcb wbrĔ .& ly2;Ob Msg#f ."r Ƌ(ł + iŁ) = iI z& (iI) O gb lf wbrĔ .& łĿ Msg#f ."r Ƌ(ŇĿŮ ƋƋƋ Ů Ň Ů ń Ů Ł) z 7'b O gb -r.& Msg#f ."r pNsg#f is_zb arĔ .'b lf . (ƋƋƋ Ů ŁŃ Ů ŁĿ Ů ŀŅ) O gb lf o0* e3đb -r.'b -.N ."r ƋŃńŅ y¹ r 7f Ƌ 2W> Ê h^ ¹ pNsg#f is_y {_b ůarĔ .'b lf . (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŁ- Ů ŀŃ - Ů ŀŅ -) O gb lf o0* e4cy .& ƋMsg#gb w:đ zb arĔ .'b lf . (ƋƋƋ Ů Łŀ ŮŁŃ Ů Łņ) O gb lf o0* e3đb -r.'b -.N ."r eszb lN lzpzk" 1 .[g .y4y S¹ c f esy d^ wV 2*.y i ^ / V Ů p¹ zk" ŀń wfszb qcgN lf - y3 2*.y ƃģųźĝ Ƌ f¹ sy ŀń ađ* m2*.y f Msg#f ."r Ƌ 2: f qb \ 7b d^r Ů .O[f ŀŅ wcN ts 'y arĔ X?b i ^ / V Ů ÊW> ŀŅ ¶b P7 y w61.f %27f ȈƒƃŻǨǤĝ ŦʽƑǨǤĝ ¹ .N [gb -.N h^ Ƌ.N [f Ń 1 .[g 2: f q[ 7y t0b X?b lN .y4y .N [gb lf -.Ob P7 y qzcy 2* X> ?%27gb 0p UsW> wV js b cN lf cN ņŇ =2 es[yr Ů z 0Sb Pc7cb yÊ 1 # đ'f Ê hy2^ `c gy ĖĝžƴǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ w & 0_or Ů cN ŀĿ qzcy t0b X?b r Ů cN ŀŀ qzcy t0b X?b r Ů cN ŀŁ wcW7b X?b wV PCy z' ƋUsW?b m0o -.N ."r Ƌ .& r cN qzV PCy t0b 2z*Ĕ X?b ńĿĿ Tc g arĔ H7[b . y ŮE 7Z Ň wcN m- .7 es[y i wcN \W r Ůa gb lf S¹ c f d"1 A2 Z ƞƄLj » H7Z d^r Ůqzk" ƋA2[b gzZ gV Ů qzk" ŁĿĿ 2: f qb \ 7b H7[b lN .y4y a lz lf i ^r wk gb hzc7 b .Nsf -.&r Ů pzj f .&Ĕ cf : j z> dgN ^2;b t.& .k6 ǶŠģŐƜ ¹ ŀĿĿ - 4 r ŮarĔ eszb lN f 2R qzk" ŀĿĿĿ PV.y i wk gb hzc7 lN 2z* b b & wV qj .Z O b Er2: » esy d^ lN qzk" \' 7gb Tc gb wb g" is_y h_V Ů e y Ņ .gb hzc7 b lN ar [gb 2* / V Ůqb a ?2z* b f 2R .y.7 b

ŀŁ

qzk" ŁŃłĿ = [ŁŇń + ŀŁĿ] Ł = i ¶"

14 15 16

(ɺ - ɸ) r 5 l &

17 18

ŁĿĿ 3 ƅƅƅŀŀĿ 2 ƅƅŁŀĿ 1

19 20

łń 6 ƅƅƅ ňĿ 5 ƅƅŁŃł 4

21 22

(Ł + Sń)

23

Ń

9 (ŀ - Sń)

ŀ=S

2W> Msg#gb i s?b r G* 10

25

r 2W> = wbrĔ -r.& O7 b Msg#f i s?b r G* 11 ŁĿŃ = wbrĔ -r.& 7b Msg#f

eszb wV 2 fscz^ Ń V 7f t2#b wcN 1. y i 12[V cysGb V 7gb Y 7b ƙ- y3ƚ .O 7y ǶơģʞʵǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ Ƌ zÊ fsy .& r 2 fscz^ X?j 1 .[g V 7gb - y4 es[y h ŮarĔ ¹ ƋP 7b eszb wV ƙ- y3ƚ pOG[y w b V 7gb ."r 1 Ƌ(e y O 6 Ms 6Ĕ ) arĔ Ms 6Ĕ wV ƙ- y3ƚ pOG[y w b V 7gb Msg#f ."r 2 ? 2 fscz^ Ňŀ V 7f pbđ* PG[y w b e yĔ -.N gV ŮM G[j ir- Hgkb 0o wcN y1. b wV - y3 2g 6 / 3 ¹

ŀĿ

łŁĿ = [Ń * ň + ŀŃ * Ł] Ł = K¶"ƅ , ƄŃ = E ŮŀŃ = C 12 ŀń

(ŃŁĿ) "Ė r ` đF Pf ar & 14 ŁĿ ŁŅĿ - = (KŁ - Ň) 15

K

ŀ=K

(ŀ- * (ŀ - i) + ŀŁ * Ł) Ł = ņŇ = K¶" Ŀ = ŀńŅ + KŁń - ŁK K + ŁK - KŁŃ = ŀńŅ ŀŁ UsW?b -.N ŀŁ = i Ůŀł = i z 7& O f P y qF 7Z - .6 - 2gb %2 [gb Tc gb 24 (ƋƋƋ Ů ňĿĿ Ů ņĿĿ Ů ńĿĿ) ŀ pzk" ňŅĿĿ = [ŁĿĿ * ņ + ńĿĿ * Ł] Ł = A2[b gzZ ` đF Pf ar & 25 I ?p

(ƋƋƋ Ů ń Ůń Ů Ń

ŀ Ł

Ů Ń) z 7& O f P y - y3 Y 6 ŀ Ł =EŮ

E(ŀ - K) + C = %

ŀ Ł ŀ

Ń=C

ŀ

= Ł * (ŀ - K) + Ń = KI

ŀ

ŀ

ŀ

ł Ł + K Ł = KI `

h#^ņ = Ł + ņ * Ł = ņI ŀ

ŀń

ŁŁń = (ŁŅ + Ń) Ł = (a + C) Ł = ŀń¶" 13

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

ŀ Ł

8 ƅƅ ŁŃ 7

ŀ=S

24

‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬

23

K

ŀ

łŇŬń = [ Ł * Ņ + Ń * Ł] Ł = ņ¶" K ŀń ŀ ŀ ( Ł + K Ł ) K = ŀŅŁ `ƅ[ Ł * (ŀ - K) + Ň] Ł

= Ňŀ

Ŀ = łŁŃ - Kŀń + ŁK

iŀń + ŁK = łŁŃ

AsV2f Łņ- = K

esyŀŁ = K

ŀĿŁĿ = (ł + KŁ)

łĿ ŀ=K

16

ŀŀĿņ Ɗ "Ė r ` đF Pf ar & 17 Ń = E Ů ŀŅ = C 18 E ((ŀ - K) + CŁ) Ł = ŃńŅ = K¶" K Ł KŁ - KŁ + KŀŅ = ŃńŅ ` (Ń(ŀ - i) + łŁ) Ł = ŃńŅ ŀŁ = K Ŀ = ŃńŅ - KŀŃ + ŁKŁ ŃńŅ = ŀŁ¶" AsV2f ŀň- = K K

ŀň - ŀņ "Ė r ` đF Pf ar & 20 19 (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀň Ů ŀņ Ů ŀń) z 7& O f d gy - y3 m2*.y f 21 ŀń = i Ů Ł = E Ů ŀń = C ŀń Ńłń = (Ł * ŀŃ + ŀń * Ł) Ł = ŀń¶" ŀń Ńłń = ŀł + KŁ ŀł + KŁ = KI Ɗ2* d& ` ŀ

(ƋƋƋ Ů ŁŃ Ů ŁĿ Ů ŀŅ) z 7& O f P %27gb .N [f 22 ŀŅ ņłŅ = (Ł * ŀń + ŀŅ * Ł) Ł = ŀŅ¶" (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀĿ Ů ŀŀ Ů ŀŁ) z 7& O f P y js b cN =1 23

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

108


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

Ĺ?ÄżĹ?Ĺ—Ă­

Ĺ?ÄżĹ?Ĺ—Ă­ ĂłÄŠÄƒĹŽĿí

印SóÌ¥dG åŠHÉà à ªdG

印SóÌ¥dG äÉŠHÉà à ªdG

4-1

Geometric sequence

Geometric sequence

Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē

‍ﺸﺎء‏ Ć‹ yr 4b h Zr lzZ 7b tr 7 f c f ts[gb Y1sb lf OGZ wcN h61 (š) Ć‹ lzZ 7b tr 7 f gpkf d^r yr 4b wg Z lz c f wb c gb @Z (›) Ć‹ 2f d^ wV # kb c gb -.N ."r r wb b d_;b wV g^ dgOb 8Wj 12^ (Âœ)

€: : 16[k

ĆŠ z Ä’ c 6Ä” lN " (Â?) Ć‹` " 27V ? z 7& O f is_ d_;b wV # kb t2S?b c gb -.N do ‍أ‏ Ć‹ ZÄ‘Ob m0o fr ? # kb O gb - .N H 2 f ZÄ‘N ."s do ‍ب‏ wV \ 7b Hgkb 8Wj 1 2_ lf # kb c gb -.N - #y `j _f do ‍ďş&#x;‏

_ ;b - 6 'b bÄ’ - iscgb 2z: Gb - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć‹ zOz 2 b

: n iI ( U C7 1 p'7'(? O f 7zb wor (Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ ĹŽ Ň ĹŽ ĹƒĹŽ Ĺ ĹŽ Ĺ€) wo [ 7b a _:Ä” lf # kb O gb -r.'b lf .& t h7Z / qj L&Ä‘j kk_br ĹŽ š 1 .[f ÉĽ SI – Ĺ€+SI iÄ” z 7& O gb m0o wg7 r (Ĺ -.Ob so) š 1 .[f wGOy 2: f qb \ 7b .'b wcN š Ć‹ z6.kpb O gb z6.ko O f Äż ÉĽ i I z& (i I) O gb wg7 ½

Ć‹ Ä‘_;gb d& - U ; ^Ä? - {jr O b hcO b - ;Z kgb r 1 s'b

5 6 b 1 .[gb wg7yr +N Ç˝ i d_b 1 .[f =

Ĺ€ + iI

i ^ / iI Ć‹(S) 4f2b qb 4f2yr O gb

< 52 f o ck

. phH{fgUĂ? p_=nššeUĂ? ÂŒhh_> Ă‘ phH{fgUĂ? Ă nHĂ­ĂşĂ? Ă‘

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí phH{fw p_=nššY Ă‘ Geometric Sequence

Â?iÂŽi {A Ă‘

nth Term

px{x�~> p_=nššY Ñ Increasing Sequence

ph[Snf> p_=nššY Ñ

š

Decreasing Seqence

ÒÚnIß� p=ínfšY p_=nššY Ñ Alternating signal Sequence Geometrical Mean

Â?H{fw ƒHĂ­ Ă‘

Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí phedL p˜HnA pUĂ‹ Ă‘ Scientific calculator

phYÂŽHĂš sYĂ?}= Ă‘

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź

w6 1.b d?Wb

ĆŠ pkf d^ 5 6 ."r r ĹŽ z6.ko z Ä’ (iI) O gb lf yĂŠ lz 1

mgS f 51 Ck

(Ĺ€ < i z&)

Ĺ i Ĺƒ = I ‍ب‏ i Ĺ€ = I ĹŽ ŀŠ= I ĆŠ z& i Ĺ€

Ĺ€ – iI * Ĺƒ

iĹ‚ * Ĺ = I ‍أ‏ i (iI) O gb ‍ďş&#x;‏

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

œœ> wb œœ> lf b Gb ^

{or (Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ ĹŽ Ĺ‚Ĺ ĹŽ ŀŅ ĹŽ Ň ĹŽ Ĺƒ ĹŽ Ĺ ĹŽ Ĺ€) wo # kb O gb ‍أ‏ Ć‹ š 1 .[f ! KI - Ĺ€+KI iÄ” z 7& 7zb š ĆŠi # kb O gb lf L&Ä‘j ‍ب‏ I I I I = Ĺ€ +KKI i x 0_or Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ ĹŽĹ = ĹƒI ĹŽ Ĺ = Ĺ‚I ĹŽ Ĺ = Ĺ I Ĺ‚ Šŀ 1 .[f Âť .& x ! k 6 r O gb -r.& ^ l_gy qzcNr a Ć‹ b 1 .[gb 0o zfscOg

phH{fgU� p_=nššedU �iŽfU� {�U� Ñ

?5- 7b r 8f +b lzc_;b

:< 52 f ]6J

Â…e ~žG* i˜b 6&* i+e/(*

phH{fgUĂ? p_=nššedU Â?inh˜UĂ? Šh›ešUĂ? Ă‘

ÂŒxĂ˜{_U Â?H{fgUĂ? ƒHÂŽUĂ?Ă­

: k2/ ;lf €l€gS f 1 ylf

‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďşŒďş”â€Ź Nsg#f d^ lf cF r ĹŽ Nsg#f wb Ä‘Gb h7Z ˜ -.N dz#7 hpzb cF Ĺ Ĺƒ = (Bsgb E ;kb -sk 0zWk Ć‹hp# j dz#7 r 2f d^ {V # kb c gb (Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ ĹŽ Ň ĹŽ Ĺƒ ĹŽĹ ĹŽ Ĺ€) # kb O gb 1s 7b wcN ^ ˜ Ĺ… ĹŽĹ„ a _:Ä” {V # kb c gb -.N - #y hpzb cF ˜ Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ ĹŽ Ć‹ 7b 2^/ Pf Ć‹ z 7& # kb O gb j ^ i Ä‘Gb d6 ˜

phH{fgU� p_=nššeU� ‡x}_> Ñ

Â?=n—Â?UĂ? ƒHÂŽUĂ? ÂŒh= pSĆ_UĂ? Ă‘

- z?Z k O f - y.y 4 O f - {jsj .& - z6.ko O f Ć‹ 1 :Ä– r k f O f - {6.ko H6r

IJĹ“ÄŽďá

4-1

Ĺ?†ĿĹ?Ĺ—Ă­ ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

24

€[g.

e Ob .'b $ k 6 r ĹŽ z 7'b O gb b Gb 51- i \ 6 -š .N d*- r ĹŽ pb { 7'b H6sb ."r r ĹŽ Wc +f 1s? pb Msg#f ."r `b0^ ĹŽly-.N lz z 7'b E 6rÄ” lf -š r.'f Us6 51.b 0o {Vr ĹŽ Wc +f 1s? o-r.& lf -r.'f -.N ĹŽ z6.kpb O gb U2Oy O gb lf 2* Msj wcN U2O y Ć‹51.b 0pb kB2N {V qbr k k6 2* 1sKkg l_br 952f &6/k :o }gR 5Ç› 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z I: 3 7Âľ :+ 88ÂĽ l&+% I: 3 7Âľ :+ 88ÂĽ s )% I: 3 7Âľ :+ 8)" 7 ÂŁ ? % I: 3 7Âľ :+ 88ÂĽ ²+% I: 3 7Âľ :+ 88ÂĽ ²+8 :L3 ÂŁ : T , f81% I.% ² 3 7Âľ F3 ? % I.% ² : 3 7 U 30 ' Y % I 3 7Âľ F3 0 1ÂŁ F3 ² : W+ l&+%

109

}p #f Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČž h€f1


äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

á«°Sóæ¡dG á©HÉààŸG

tI 8 ł = i – ŀ + ił =

ŀ + ił * Ł ił * Ł

‫إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺪرس‬ Ƌ z6.kpb O gb Xy2O b ` đF hpV t.f wcN .^

ľĄĿí

I

ŀ+i =Ƅ I a ‫أ‬ i

ł = S p6 6 r z6.ko O gb ` z6.ko 7zb O gb Ƅ`

ŀ + iI a ‫ب‬ iI ŀ z&)ƅ(ŀ – iI * Ń ) = Ƅ(iI) a ‫ﺟ‬ I tI 8 ŀŃ = i ` ŀ – iI

Ł ^'I 8 * (ŀŁ+iŃi) Ń =

(ŀ < i ŀ = S p6 6 r z6.ko O gb Ƅ` Ń

§ J3 <

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ z6.ko pjs^ a & wV p6 6 ."r r z6.ko z Ē O gb lf yÊ lz 1 ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ ) = ( I) ‫ب‬ ( ŀł Ů ŀň Ů Łņ (łŮŅŮŀŁŮŁŃŮŃŇŮňŅ) = (iI) ‫أ‬ i Ňŀ ŁŃł (Ł(ŀ + i ) ł) = ( I) ‫د‬ (iŁ × ń) = ( I) ‫ﺟ‬ i

i

Graphical representation of geometrical sequence

: á«°Sóæ¡dG á©HÉààª∏d ≈fÉ«ÑdG π«ãªàdG ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

Ƌ zÊ j z wbrĔ O 7b -r.'b d f h ( ƋƋƋ Ů Ł Ů Ń Ů Ň) z6.kpb O gcb zb b O 1Ĕ -r.'b ."r 2 ľĄĿí

nI

Ɗwo zb b O 1Ĕ -r.'b wb b r Ů ŀŁ = O gb 5 6 ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ Ůŀ Ň Ń Ł { ņ Ů Ņ Ů ń Ů Ń Ů ł Ů Ł Ů ŀ }ƄƄso a #gb ŀ ŀ ŀ { Ň Ů Ń Ů Ł Ů ŀ Ů Ł Ů Ń Ů Ň }ƄƄso t.gb :n =? R D<C 1 B? ŀ > S > Ŀ Ů Ŀ < C z& ?Z k f O gb -r.& ½

{

~

~

{

n

k¹ zO 7f Wc +f z6.ko O f ^ đGb wb cF Ƌ`b/ P r \ 7b Xy2O b {V -1r g Ů bĐ. z6.kpb O gcb {jskb .'b $ k 7y b Gb M- ƋƋƋ ŮŁ S C Ů C Hgkb ađ* lf {V zÊ j z z6.kpb O gb -r.& dz g đGb wb cF {fs61 $f j2 e .+ 6 r .f O gb { .&Ė ts 7gb Ƌ s6 'cb (ɹʀ) A 2^ p 6 c[ 2q Z

Ƌ z6Ĕ b .b P y z6.kpb O gcb wj z b dz g b ½ ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ

Ƌ ` " 27V ? (z'?b .& scb y¹ r 7f r 2W?cb y¹ r 7f z6.kpb O gb 5 6 is_y i l_gy do ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

O gb ^ b Gb zj _f t.f wb 2z_W b 0o U.py Ƌ > * Đ & {V z6.kpb Ƌ z6.ko O f ."s i l_gy Đ Ŀ = S f.kN

ŀ ) z6.kpb O gcb zb b O 1Ĕ -r.'b ."r 2 Ƌ zÊ j z wbrĔ O 7b -r.'b d f h (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀł Ů ŀň Ů Łņ

25

wcN P[ o-r.& z6.ko O f ."s ŀ = S f.kN Ƌhz[ 7f H*

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

§¡ 7 {¦f - y + §D äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí Finding the nth term of a geometrical sequence :á«°Sóæ¡dG á©HÉààª∏d ≈fƒædG óëdG OÉéjEG Ɗw Ē ^ S p6 6 r C arĔ o.& w b (iI) z6.kpb O gcb wjskb .'b ! k 6 l_gy (ŀ) Xy2O lf łSC = IƅŮƅ ŁSC = IƅŮƅ SC = IƅŮ ƅ C = I Ń ł Ł ŀ ŀ - iSC = I Ƅ Ɗ so O gb m0pb wjskb .'b i .#j Hgkb 0o wcN 1 2g 6Đ r i

b 6r "sf i " S gz[b i V zÊ "r3 5 6Ĕ sZ j ^ / Ń(ł) = ŃS Ňŀ = ŃS ł!=S` wkOg

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

ŀ Ł = S z6.ko O f

‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ ł = S z6.ko O f Ł = S z6.ko O f ‫ﺟ‬

ľĄĿí ŀ - i(Ł) * C = IƅŮƅŁ = Ń = SƅŮƅŁ = ƄC a i Ł łŁ 8f +b .'b gzZ i t łŁ = ŀŅ * Ł = Ń Ł * Ł = ŃSC = ńI `

ŀ – iS * C = I a Ł wcN lzV2Gb g7[ r ńŀŁ = ŀ - iŁ * Łƅ ` i Ň Ł = ŀ – iŁ ` ň=i` Ň = ŀ – iƅ` P6 b .'b so ńŀŁ q gzZ t0b .'b i t

ƋP 7b o.& ."r r z6.ko O f ń – ił * Ł = iI z& (iI) O gb i 3 :á«°Sóæ¡dG á©HÉààªdG ø««©J Ƌ5 6Ĕ r arĔ o.& hcN w f z6.kpb O gb lzzO l_gy

Identifying the geometrical sequence

ľĄĿí

(ŀ) ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ (Ł) ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ŃĿ = ł S C

`

łSC= I Ń ŅSC = I ņ

a

ŀ +S I SI

:2qvf S lgf }p f h #l f

nI

{ b E [kb i L&Đ 2 7zb z6.kpb O gb d g O gb wV g^ hz[ 7f H* wcN O gb -r.& l_br Ů z 7'b Ƌ z6Ĕ b .b P z6.kpb ń-Kł * Ł = I ŁŅ= 3 K

łŁĿ = Ņ S C ` a (Ł) Ů (ŀ) lz b- Ogb wV2F g7[ r ŅS

C

Ň = łS `

(Ŀ ɥ S C z&) łŁĿ ŃĿ = łS C `

( ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŁĿ Ů ŀĿ Ů ń ) wo O gb `

Ł = S pkfr (ŀ) b- Ogb wV DysO b r ŃĿ = C Ň Ɗ i t ŃĿ = ł(Ł) C ` ń = C i V Ň wcN lzV2Gb g7[ r

ȈǭƽƗ ƄŐʗƯŝ

Ƌ ` " 27V ? zÊ "r3 -¹ .N S 5 6Ĕ sZ j ^ / PZs / f zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

26

1

iĔ z6.ko O f 7zb ‫د‬ ŀ ŀ ŀ (ƋƋƋ Ů Łņ Ů ň Ů ł Ů ŀ Ů ł Ů ň Ů Łņ )

1 .[f !

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ƌ O gb m0o ."r łŁĿ = ņI Ů ŃĿ = ŃI i ^ / V Ů z6.ko O f (iI) 4

:( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

Ɗ."r ( ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů Ň Ů Ń Ů Ł ) z6.kpb O gb wV 3 ^ ƋńŀŁ q gzZ t0b .'b 1 : ^ ? 8 Ƌ 8f +b .'b :%

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

Ł5 Ł

|5| =

n

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

ń-ŀ+K ł * Ł ń-K ł * Ł

=

ŀ+SI KI

110


á«°Sóæ¡dG äÉ©HÉààŸG Ń-K ł * Ł ń-K ł * Ł

= ƅƅ

1 .[f = ł = ń + K - Ń - Kł = ŀŇ = Ł ł * Ł = ń-ņ ł * Ł = ņI

z6.ko O f (KI) ` Ɗ z6.kpb E 6rĔ

pb *- l_gy w b z6.kpb E 6rĔ i wb đGb 2: đ f Ƌly-.Ob ly0o 1 : wcN .g O ly-.N lz

á«°Sóæ¡dG á©HÉààŸG

:á«°Sóæg á©HÉààe áHÉàμd ᫪∏©dG áÑ°SÉëdG ádB’G ΩGóîà°SG Ɗw Ē P j đ f ¹ Ł = S Ů ń = C pzV w b z6.kpb O gb _b HSCj h (Ł -.Ob ) S gzZ PCj h * % Wgb wcN HSCj h = % Wgb HSCj h (ń -.Ob ) C gzZ _j ƋƋƋƋ 0_or zb b -r.'b wGO = % Wgb wcN HSCb 1 2_ r O gcb wj b .'b wGO V = % Wgb ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

O gb m0o ."r Ƌ łŇŃ = ŇI Ů ŀŁ = łI pzV z6.ko O f (iI) 4 Ƌ O gb ."r Ƌ ŀńłŅ tr 7y 2: Ob o.& Ů Ņ tr 7y wj b o.& Ů "sf o-r.& z6.ko O f 5 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ǧŐǣƯņǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ

[ 7b k7b lf yÊ sk6 ū Ń so zgzcO b 1 -Ė t.& wV tsj b wj b X?b đF - y3 a.Of i ^ / 5 ? sk6 Ņ .O ho-.N is_z6 h_V Ů b F ŁŃĿĿ z¹ b & đGb -.N i ^ / V Ů 2: f pb ľĄĿí

¿CG ôcòJ

ŅŃ Ů Ł

lz z6.ko E 6r O 1 a *- ‫أ‬

(ŅŃ Ů łŁ Ů ŀŅ Ů Ň Ů Ń Ů Ł) ŅŃ - Ů Ł lz z6.ko E 6r O 1 a *- ‫ب‬ (ŅŃ - Ů łŁ Ů ŀŅ - Ů Ň Ů Ń - Ů Ł) ŅŃ - Ů Ł - lz z6.ko E 6r O 1 a *- ‫ﺟ‬ (ŅŃ - Ů łŁ - Ů ŀŅ - Ů Ň - Ů Ń - Ů Ł -) ŅŃ Ů Ł - lz z6.ko E 6r O 1 a *- ‫د‬ (ŅŃ Ů łŁ - Ů ŀŅ Ů Ň - Ů Ń Ů Ł - ) ( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

ŁŇ¶> ŮŁņ ¶> d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf d>s r

ŁŃĿĿ = z¹ b & đGb -.N a ū Ń * ŁŃĿĿ + ŁŃĿĿ = zj b k7b wV đGb -.N ` (ĿŬĿŃ + ŀ) ŁŃĿĿ = (ŀŬĿŃ) ŁŃĿĿ = ĿŬĿŃ * (ŀŬĿŃ)ŁŃĿĿ + (ŀŬĿŃ) ŁŃĿĿ = b b k7b wV đGb -.N ƋƋƋ 0_or Ł(ŀŬĿŃ)ŁŃĿĿ = (ĿŬĿŃ + ŀ) (ŀŬĿŃ) ŁŃĿĿ = ( ƋƋƋ ŮŁ(ŀŬĿŃ)ŁŃĿĿ Ů (ŀŬĿŃ)ŁŃĿĿ Ů ŁŃĿĿ) z6.ko O f is_½ đGb - .N i t Ņ = iƅŮƅŀŬĿŃ = SƅŮƅŁŃĿĿ = C ŀ – iS × C = I z6.kpb O gcb wjskb .'b isj Z wV DysO b r i ŁňŀňŬňŅŅňŅŅ = ń(ŀŬĿŃ) × (ŁŃĿĿ) = iI Ƌ ¹ b F ŁňŁĿ y2[ tr 7y sk6 Ņ .O đGb -.N i t

Ń ~}~ = ŀĿĿ = %

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

ǶŐŠŻľǤĝ ǶLjģŐǣǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ

eszb wV PGZ / V Ů . 4b qj3r = [j r zj. b q Z zb .y.# b ůe .ZĔ wcN 2z6 ¹ w;gb B y1 a g^ 51 gy 6 » esy d^ wV PG[y i ^r Ů 2 f ńĿ V 7f arĔ Ƌ 2: f \ 7b eszb wV pOG[y w b V 7gb XOB a ¹ ƋP 7b eszb wV pOG[y w b V 7gb ."r ‫ب‬ Ƌ zÊ fsy pOG[y w b V 7gb O f ^ ‫أ‬ Geometric Means g¤ 6w G* c 6K&±* z6.ko O f wV lzzb f 2zR ly.& lz OZ sb -r.'b wo z 7'b E 6rĔ wV g^ z6.kpb E 6rĔ ƋE 6rĔ m0o - #yĖ ů z6.kpb O gb 5 6 e.+ 7yr

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

27

łŇŃ = ņS CƅƅłŇŃ = ŇIƅŀŁ = ŁS CƅŀŁ = łI Łņ= 4 łŇŃ

Ł = S `ƅńŁ = łŁ = ńSƅƅ ŀŁ =

ņS C ŁS C

(ƋƋƋ Ů ŁŃ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ Ů ł)ƅƅł = C `ƅƅŀŁ = Ń * C ŀńłŅ = ňS CƅŀńłŅ = ŀĿIƅƅŅ = S CƅŅ = ŁI Łņ= 5 ŀńłŅ

ňS C

Ł! = S `ƄŇ(Ł!)Ƅ= ŁńŅ = ŇS `ƅ Ņ = SC ł! = C ` Ņ = Ł! * C (ƋƋƋ Ů ŁŃ Ů ŀŁ - Ů Ņ Ů ł-) (ƋƋƋ Ů ŁŃ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ Ů ł) O f wo a g^ p61 gy w b V 7gb O f Łņ= 6 z6.ko (ƋƋƋ Ů ŁĿĿ Ů ŀĿĿ Ů ńĿ) ŅS C = I `ƅŀ-iŁ * ńĿ = I 2 f łŁĿĿ = ŅŁ * ńĿ K ņ ŀ

E 6rĔ -.N = -r.'b -.NƅƅƅłŁ = KIŮ Ń = C ŁŇ= 7 Ł+ łŁ = ŇI ` Ň = Ł + E 6r Ņ = K łŁ = ņS C ŀ Ł = SƅņŁ = ņSƅłŁ = ņS Ń ` ŀ (ŀŅ Ů Ň Ů Ń Ů Ł Ů ŀ Ů Ł ) E 6rĔ

111

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ∂JÉeƒ∏©e ≈dEG ∞°VCG =b =$ 79 F$ F")+ ; 1 5 &X& 6 A s , I , I R! & 3

U2O i V z6.ko O f lf zb f -r.& đ ¶" Ů Ů C j ^ / ½ ¶" ¶" C = Ł qj t = Ɗ z& ¶" Ů C ly-.Ob lz w6.kpb H6sb C ¶" C ! = is_ V

/X M? I nI , dddddd , I ./0 "W Df 3 =? 7 : n 2 ; = GM =$ 79 F$ iI ƋƋƋƋ łI ŁI ŀI

IJœĎĬ÷

-

ǶŐƒŻŏǭǤĝ ƣģƒnjĭĝ źģŭšĞ

i

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ŁňŀŅ Ů Ń lz z6.ko E 6r ń d*- 6 ľĄĿí

^ )I ''& 5 ! ? : % O gb -r.& -.N i V 0b ů z6.kpb O gb wV 2z*Ĕ r arĔ ly.'b lz E 6r 7g* ."sy ņ=ń+Ł=i E & E ! ? : ^ ? 8 ŀ – iS C = IƅƊ z 7'b O gcb wjskb .'b i ņ = i Ů ŁňŀŅ = iI Ů Ń = C Ɗ lN DysO b Ņ ŀ – ņS × Ń = ŁňŀŅ ŁňŀŅ = S × Ń Ɗ i t ł! = S pkfrƅ Ņ(ł!) =ƅŅS Ɗ i t ƄņŁň = ŅS Ɗ Ń wcN lzV2Gb g7[ : I M& $ 79 U $ H X+s S & E l #'(? : ^T 8 r ƅ ŁňŀŅ Ů ňņŁ Ů łŁŃ Ů ŀĿŇ Ů łŅ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ń ł* Ů ł * Ů ł * Ů ł* Ů ł * Ů ł * ŁňŀŅ Ů ňņŁ- Ů łŁŃ Ů ŀĿŇ- Ů łŅ Ů ŀŁ- Ů Ń ł- * Ů ł- * Ů ł- * Ů ł- * Ů ł- * Ů ł- *

ňņŁ - Ů łŁŃ Ů ŀĿŇ - Ů łŅ Ů ŀŁ - ƄƄ r ƄƄňņŁ Ů łŁŃ Ů ŀĿŇ Ů łŅ Ů ŀŁ :=0 I M& U $ H ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

łŁ Ů ŀŃ lz z6.ko E 6r 6 d*- 7 ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ ?lzyr 7 f lz "sf lzz[z[& ly-.Ob w6.kpb H6sb r w 7'b H6sb lz ZđOb is_ i PZs / f

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

28


äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

á«°Sóæ¡dG á©HÉààŸG

yEeI {¦ - y +

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ƌ ly-.Ob ."r Ů Ň tr 7y w6.kpb gpG6r Ů ŀĿ tr 7y w 7'b gpG6r i "sf i -.N 7 ľĄĿí

= Ů 5 go ly-.Ob i A2Wj =+5 ŀĿ = Ł Ɗ w 7'b H6sb Xy2O 5 – ŁĿ = = Ɗ pkfr ŁĿ = = + 5 Ɗ Ł wV b- Ogb wV2F 2C Ň = =5 Ɗ w6.kpb H6sb Xy2O ŅŃ = = 5 Ɗ lzV2Gb Pz 2 r ŅŃ = (5 – ŁĿ)5 Ɗ b- Ogb wV b- Ogb lf DysO b Ŀ = ŅŃ + 5 ŁĿ – Ł5 : F (R' EH K I Ŀ = (ŀŅ – 5) (Ń – 5) : =8BT & D 3'I ŀŅ = 5 Ů Ń = 5 : ) I"' )& D Ń = = Ů ŀŅ = = : ='& E X+s k+ )' I ŀŅ Ů Ń go i -.Ob i t

H6sb r { 7'b H6sb lz ZđOb E ;kb 0o lz y Ƌ > * Đ & {V {6.kpb H6sb Ɗi V lz "sf lzz[z[& ly-.N C Ů C Ɗi ^ / đ gV ¹ C= C= C*C

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ƌly-.Ob ."r Ů ŁĿ tr 7y w6.kpb gpG6r Ů Łń tr 7y w 7'b gpG6r i "sf i -.N 8

C + C = gpb { 7'b Ł

= "sgb {6.kpb H6sb "sgb {6.kpb H6sb = { 7'b H6sb Ɗi V `b0b Ƌlzyr 7 f ly-.Ob

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Msg#fr ŮňĿ tr 7y P 2b r arĔ lzG6sb Msg#f i ^r Ůly-.N lz z6.ko E 6r O 1 c*- / 8 Ƌi -.Ob go gV ŅĿ tr 7y b b r Ůwj b lzG6sb ľĄĿí

Ņ = Ł + Ń = O gb -r.& -.N ` ńI

Ń= E 6rĔ -.N a

Ů ŁI go P 2b r arĔ lzG6sb is_zVƄC = arĔ -.Ob i A2W r `

: &

ňĿ = (łS + ŀ) S C ` ŃI ŮŁI go b b r wj b lzG6sb a

ŅĿ = (S + ŀ) ŁS C `

Łń * Ł = + C ` ŁĿ = C ŃĿĿ = (C - ńĿ) C

ŅĿ = łS C + ŁS C `

ł = (Ł S + S - C) (S +ŀ)SC Ł (S + ŀ) ŁS

C Ŀ = Ł + Sń - Ł SŁ `

Ŀ = (ŀ - SŁ)(Ł - S) `

Ů g7[ 1ł = Ł + SŁ - ŁSŁ ` ŀ = S Ů Ł = S ` Ł

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

29

äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

ń Ů ŀŅĿ go i -.Ob

hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb

ňĿ = ńI + ŁI `

ňĿ = ŃS C + S C `

:( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

ń=C` ŀŅĿ = C `

Ł = S lN DysO b ŀ = S lN DysO b r Ł ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

lzG6sb Msg#f wb lzbrĔ lzG6sb Msg#f lz 7kb j ^r ŀŃńŇ ŮŁ lz z6.ko E 6r .N c*- / 9 ƋE 6rĔ `c -.N ."r V Łņ Ɗ ŀ wo lzy2*Ē

٤ - ١ ‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ‬

ŮC ly-.Ob i A2Wj 8 ńĿ = + C ŃĿĿ = C ` Ŀ = ŃĿĿ + C ńĿ - ŁC ŀĿ =C Ů ŃĿ = C Ŀ = (ŀĿ - C)(ŃĿ - C) ŀĿ Ů ŃĿ i -.Ob ŃĿ = Ů ŀĿ = ŀŃńŇ = a Ů Ł = C 9 = lzbrĔ lzG6sb Msg#f (S + ŀ) SŁ = ŁS Ł + S Ł = Ł S C + S C (ŀ + S)a a a = ŁS + S ly2*Ē lzG6sb Msg#f ŁS

:á«°Sóæg É¡fƒc ∫ÉM ≈a É¡°SÉ°SCG óLhCG ºK ,≈∏j ɪ«a á«°Sóæ¡dG äÉ©HÉààªdG OóM (ƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ň Ů Łņ Ů Ňŀ Ů ŁŃł) 2

(ƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀŅ Ů ň Ů Ń Ů ŀ) 1

` iŀŁ i 4

ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ ) 3 (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŅ łŁ ŅŃ ŀŁŇ

(ŀ – Łi) 6

(ƋƋƋƋƋ Ů Łņ - Ů ň - Ů ł Ů ŀ -) 5

(ŀ + S)ŀŃńŇ S

=Ƅƅ

ł=S`

ŀ ŁS * (S + ŀ) SŁ Łņ = (S + ŀ) ŀŃńŇ ņŁň Łņ = Łņ = łS `

ŀ-K ł = ņŁň

ŀ-K ł * Ł = ŀŃńŇ

: ¿CG º∏Y GPEG á«°Sóæ¡dG á©HÉààªdG øe ≈dhC’G á°ùªîdG OhóëdG ÖàcG ŀ- = S Ů ŀŁŇ- = C 10 Ł

ŀ- = S Ů ŀ = C 9 Ł

Ł = S Ů Ń- = C 8

Ń=S Ů Ł=C 7

≈JCÉj Ée πªcCG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

tr 7y ( ƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀŅ Ů łŁ Ů ŅŃ) z6.kpb O gb lf P 7b .'b 11

ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ ) z6.kpb O gb lf 5- 7b .'b 12 so (ƋƋƋƋƋ Ů Łņ Ňŀ ŁŃł ŀ – i(ł) × Ł = I z& ( I) O gb lf 8f +b .'b 13 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ tr 7y i i ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

so ( ƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ - Ů ł) z6.kpb O gcb wjskb .'b 14

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

so ŀŅ Ů Ń ly-.Ocb w6.kpb H6sb 15

tr 7 = i V ŀń so = Ů ň ly-.Ocb w6.kpb H6sb i ^ / 16

ŀ-K ł = Ņ ł ņ=i E 6r 7g* = E 6rĔ -.N `

= i V z6.ko O f lf zb fr "sf -r.& đ ¶" Ů Ů C j ^ / 17

:(4 - 1 M4e - le+e/(*

:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ňŀ ‫د‬ łŁ

Ɗ so ( ƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ňŁ Ů Ņ Ů Ň ) z6.kpb O gb wV 8f +b .'b 18 ň ‫ﺟ‬ Łņ ‫ب‬ Łņ ‫أ‬ Ń

(ƋƋƋƋƋ ŮŀŅ ŮŀĿ ŮŃ ŮŁ-) ‫ب‬

ŀŅ

( Ńň Ů Łł Ů ŀ Ů łŁ ) ‫ﺟ‬

Ł ŁŃ ŀŁ Ů Ņ Ů ł ) ‫د‬ Ů C Ŀ < Ů Ŀ < C z& (ƋƋƋ Ů ŁC C

Ł G i d_b

(ŀ – iI × ŀŃ ) = (iI) ‫ب‬

Ň

Ɗ O gb .N f z6.ko z Ē O gb Pzg" 19 (ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŁŃ- Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ- Ů ł) ‫أ‬

Ɗ wo z Ē O gb lz lf z6.kpb O gb 20 ŀ G i d_b (Łi Ń) = (iI) ‫أ‬

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

30

ŀ ł = S z6.ko O f 2 ŀ Ł = S z6.ko O f 4

z6.ko O f 7zb 6

z6.ko O f 7zb 1 Ł = S z6.ko O f 3 ł- = S z6.ko O f 5 :e lbȜ g :

ƅƅŀŅŁ 13 ƅƅ.& r 12 ƅƅƅ .& r 11

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

112


-

á«°Sóæ¡dG äÉ©HÉààŸG

¶" + C ŀ-K(Ł-)ł = I 14 K Ł > 17 ƅŁń 16 ƅŇ! 15

20 ƅ 19

E

wk'kgb wcN P[ pjĔ s?b r G* I 1 .[f = ŀ +KKI s?b r G* O gb gcN w f s?b r G* ƋlzWc +f lz "sf lz [z[& ly-.N s?b r G*

22

Ł * ń = KI ŀŃ = K ŁŃ = łI ŀ ŃŇ = CƅƅŁŃ = Ń * C ŁŇ! = w6.kpb H6sb Ů C i -.Ob lzV2Gb Pz 2 ł = C ƅŮƅŀĿ = + C ň = (C - ŀĿ) C ň= C ŀ = C ,ň= C 2W> = ň + CŀĿ - ŁC ň Ů ŀ i -.Ob ň Ůŀ= C = {o w6.kpb H6sb `ƅƅ Ů C i -.Ob ł= C - ` Ł=C- C ł = ( C - ) ŮŁ = ( C - ) C

26

Ń

¶oűe

K

23

Ń

Ł

Ł = ¶" C ‫ب‬

Ł = ¶"

C ‫أ‬

Ƌ .& r f [ 6 wcN P[ w b c?Wkgb E [kb lf Nsg#g z6.kpb O gb -r.& d g 22 Ƌ(ŀ G i d_b) O gb 5 6 U2Oy ¹ 1 .[f tr 7y ¹

iI

ŀ + iI

i ^ / z6.ko (iI) O gb wg7 23

-.N hcN w f o- #y l_gyr Ů z6.ko O f lf lzzb f ly.& lz OZ sb -r.'b wo z6.kpb E 6rĔ 24 ƋE 6rĔ Ƌw6.kpb gpG6r lf 2 ^ lzWc +f lzz[z[& ly-.Ob w 7'b H6sb 25 ƋwbrĔ đ b o-r.& ^ h Ů z6.ko O f pj Ƌ iŁ * ń = iI z& O f (iI) j ^ / 26 Ɗ .¶¶¶"r cƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀ- Ů ŀŁ Ů ŀŃ - Ů ŀŇ m z6.kpb O gb wV 27 Ƌ ŀĿŁŃ - = q gzZ t0b .'b 1 ‫ب‬ 2: Ob o.& ‫أ‬ ƋņŅŇ q gzZ t0b .'b 1 Ů lf b o.& ."r h i(Ł) łŇ = iI z& z6.ko (iI) O gb i lz 28 Ƌ O gb m0o ."r Ƌ ŁŃ = b b o.&r ŀŁ = p6 6 z6.ko O f 29

27

Ƌ O gb m0o ."r Ƌ ŁŇŇ = 5- 7b o.&r ň = arĔ o.& z6.ko O f 30

29

ŃŇŅ = 5- 7b o.& Ů ŀŇ = b b o.& w b z6.kpb O gb ."r 32

ƋłŇŃ = ŇI Ů ŀŁ = łI pzV w b (iI) z6.kpb O gb ."r 31 Ƌ ŀŅĿ = ŅI Ů ŀĿ = ŁI pzV w b (iI) z6.kpb O gb ."r 33 Ńň Ů ŀŅ lz w6.kpb H6sb ."r 34

34

Ƌł w6.kpb gpG6rr ń w 7'b gpG6r ly0cb ly-.Ob ."r 35 Ƌ ł 1 .[g 2*Ē lN d[yr Ł 1 .[g go.& lN .y4y Ů "sgb w6.kpb gpG6r lz "sf ly-.N ."r 36 Ƌ ŅŃ Ů Ł lz z6.ko E 6r O 1 d*- 37

35

Łņ Ů Ň lz "sf z6.ko E 6r 7g* d*- 38 Ň Łņ ?5 gzZ gV Ň so 5 Ů Ł ly-.Ocb w6.kpb H6sb i ^ / 39 ?i -.Ob gV Ů ł w6.kpb gpG6rr Ň gpkz Y2Wb i "sf i -.N 40

2 b ¹ ŀŁ arĔ eszb wV > / V Ů 2: f qb \ 7b eszb XOB a.Og i 4* wV gb ?y ǶŒŐʗǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 41

31

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

36 äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ? 2 b ¹ ŀńłŅ qzV ?y f¹ sy h^ .O V

m0o i _6 -.N is_y h^ Ƌ k6 d^ ū ł a.Og i.gb t.& wV i _7b -.N - -4y ŘģǔƑǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 42 ? g7j ŅĿĿ ĿĿĿ so wb 'b i _7b -.N i hcN / Ů sk6 ń .O ky.gb lf ū ŀŁ 7k yÊ sk6 @Z k y 1 z7b lg i ^ / V Ů qzk" Xb ŀŁĿ p 2: .kN pkg 1 z6 ǵƃģŭņǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 43 ? sk6 ń .O 1 z7b gzZ is_ h_V Ů 2: f pb [ 7b k7b 1 lN - y3 ū Ņ 7k ysk6 rđN wcN d?'yr Ůqzk" ŀŁĿĿ t2p;b q 1 XJsfŰǢųŻǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 44 ? sk6 Ņ 1r2f .O qzk#b q 1 is_y h^ Ů 2: f [ 7b k7b

Ń

Ł = ň - Ńň * ň Ů Ń i -.Ob Ń =C `ƅƅň = ` Ņ = Ł + Ń = Ł + E 6rĔ -.N = -r.'b -.N ŅŃ = ńS Ł ` ŅŃ = ń S C = ŅI ń(Ł) = łŁ = ń1 Ł =1 (ŅŃ Ů łŁ Ů ŀŅ Ů Ň Ů Ń Ů Ł) łŁ = 5 `ƅƅŅŃ = 5ŁƅŇ = 5 Ł K ŀ- (ĿŬĿł + ŀ) C = I z6.ko O f P y i _7b -.N ŅņńłŬń - ŅņńłĿńŬŁŇŅ = Ń(KŀŬĿł) * ŅĿĿĿĿĿ = KI z6.kpb O gb P y 1 z7b lg @Z k Ł(ŬŇŇ) * ŀŁĿĿ Ů ĿŬŇŇ * ŀŁĿĿ ŮŀŁĿĿ ŀŁĿĿ = ŀ - i(ĿŬŇŇ) * ŀŁĿĿ = ŀ - K S C = KI p¹ zk" ņŀňŬŅłŃ = Ń(ŬŇŇ) * ŀŁĿĿ = ńI

113

‫ﺟ‬

ĦƥŲǤĝ ƼƖņǕĝ

25

ň = C Pz 2 b ł = ` (Ł _ ŀ) b- Ogb g7[ Ń ň = C lN (Ł) b- Ogb wV DysO b Ł= ň - ł

= ¶"Ł+ C

: á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG

24

C

Ł

¶" + C =Ł ‫د‬

18

: K/f \? b

(ƋƋƋ Ů ŃĿ Ů ŁĿ Ů ŀĿ) ŀĿŁŃ - = ŀŃI ŁŃ = ŁS C (ƋƋƋ Ů ŁŃ Ů ŃŇ Ů ňŅ) O gb

ŀ G i d_b (ŀ - i Ł) = (iI) ‫ﺟ‬ Ɗ i V z6.ko O f lf zb fr "sf -r.& đ ¶" Ů Ů C j ^ / 21

5 .Ȗ g :

C 21 ƅ

á«°Sóæ¡dG á©HÉààŸG

‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬ ǶŐŠģǔƑǤĝ ǵźģʞʶǤĝ

ū ł so e N d^ wV ky.gb m0o i _7b .y 4 a.Of i hcNr Ů g7j ŇĿĿĿĿ so f ky.f wV i _7b -.N i ^ / Ƌ 2: f qb \ 7b e Ob lN

37

Ƌ.& r e N .O i _7b -.N ."r Ƌlzf N .O i _7b -.N ."r Ƌ ky.gb m0o i _7b c ggb z6.kpb O gb ^ ? 2: Ob e Ob y pj wV i _7b -.N is_y h^ Ƌ e sN 7g* y pj wV j z b m0o dz g b (Excel) dz7^ $f j2 e.+ 6 t.fr Ů2?f wV i _7b -.N wV -2Ggb - y4b lN ¹ ' ^ Ů fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b j O 6Đ Ƌ zj _7b c_;gb m0o #b Ogb &2 [gb asc'b r Ůwfs[b d*.b wcN o2z

‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫و‬

39 42 43

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

32


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

Ĺ?ÄżĹ?Ĺ—Ă­

Ĺ?†ĿĹ?Ĺ—Ă­ ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

印SóÌ¥dG äĂ“°Úâˆ?°Úà ªdG

5-1

Geometric Series Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē . phH{fgUĂ? pd—d—šeUĂ? âÂŽeÂœY Ă‘

Â…heœšUĂ? ~YĂš ĂŞĂ?{žšHĂ? Ă‘

. phgšfeUĂ? }hQ phH{fgUĂ? ÓƗd—šeUĂ? Ă‘ }hQ phH{fgUĂ? ÓƗd—šeUĂ? âÂŽeÂœY Ă‘ . phgšfeUĂ?

Nsg#f - #y zWz^ gcO r ĹŽ O f -r.& Msg#f wo c7c7 gb i gcO i \ 6 ĆŠ zb b z6.kpb c7c7 gb Msg#f - #y `k_gy do iÄ’ r ĹŽ z 7'b c7c7 gb 0o d f - #y sO?b lf qj L&Ä? Ĺ€Ĺ‡Ĺ…ĹˆĹ‡Ĺ‡Ĺ„ Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ + Ňńń + ŠŇń + ĹˆĹ„ 1s? m- #yÄ– isj Z Sz> wb " & ] ko `b0b ĹŽ y.zc[ b [y2Gb Msg#gb Ć‹iÄ’ qzcN U2O j Us6 f 0or ĹŽ Oy26r cp6

�UÎ Î}ý�{U� Î}Z_U� }—cU� ŠxŽ�> Ñ

Â?˜—i Ă˜{L

(+) Pg#b 1 : pkz PBr z6.kpb O gb -r.& Msg#f wo z6.kpb c7c7 gb Ć‹Âś" 4f2b pkf .& ĂŠ Msg#gb 4f2yr

phH{fw pd—d—šY Ñ

phgšfY }hQ phH{fw pd—d—šY Ñ Infinite Geometric Series

印SóÌg ĂĄâˆ?°Úâˆ?°Úà e øe ≈dhC’G GĂłM Âż ´Ć’ÂŞĂŠe Sum of first n terms of an geometric sequence

k G ÉgĂłM ĂĄÂŤeĆ’âˆ?ŠªH 印SóÌg ĂĄâˆ?°Úâˆ?°Úà e øe GĂłM Âż ´Ć’ÂŞĂŠe OÉÊjEG : ’hC €6c 6&Âą*K ˜K&Âą* S p6 6 ĹŽ C arÄ” o.& z6.ko c7c7 f Ĺ€ – iSC + Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ + Ĺ SC + SC + C j ^ /

(Ĺ€) Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ (Ĺ ) Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí Scientific calculator phedL p˜HnA pUĂ‹ Graphical programs

Ă‘

phYÂŽHĂš sYĂ?}= Ă‘

Ɗ wcy g^ c7c7 gb m0pb iœ" Msg#gb - #y l_gy qj V ŀ – iSC + Š– iSC + ƋƋƋƋƋ +ŠSC + SC + C = œ" i : n‡b =b 1 b"M "qI iSC +ŀ – iSC +ƋƋƋƋƋ +łSC +ŠSC + SC = œ"S i : n <+ 1 ' )& “"MI Ɗ i t iSC – C = iœ"S - iœ" (iS –ŀ)C = (S -ŀ) iœ" Ŀ ! S -ŀ i E2; (S -ŀ) wcN 1 b"M &( I ŀ!SŎ

(iS - Ĺ€)C = iÂś" S-Ĺ€ ĹťÇˆÄŁĹ Ć„Ĺ?ǔƽĹ?

? ŀ = S f.kN Msg#gb gzZ f

Geometric series €[g.

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź

e Ob o.& $ k 6 r ĹŽ z6.kpb O gb b Gb U2O i \ 6 z6.ko O gb {6.kpb H6sb 51- g^ ĹŽ Wc +f 1s? 51.b 0o {Vr ĹŽx-.Ob H6sb lz r qkz ZÄ‘Ob $ k 6 r O f -r.& lf q kf 2zR -.N Msg#f b Gb ."sy Us6 Ć‹ z6.ko 952f &6/k oyc o T^y lf rk w€Z K?pČ– 4€[q x 952f 4u vp }Z :o }gR 5Ç› 1 ^ f Kf I: 3 7Âľ :"1"18ÂĽ „ ) § l&+8% 405 _ : ( "+) : 3 7 :"1"18( .( s _ „ ) ? %

Ň = i Ŏ Š= S Ŏ ł = C Ɗ pzV w b z6.kpb c7c7 gb Msg#f ."r 1

33

5-1

The sum of geometric series : 印SóÌ¥dG ĂĄâˆ?°Úâˆ?°Úà ªdG ´Ć’ÂŞĂŠe

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí Geometric Series

印SóÌ¥dG äĂ“°Úâˆ?°Úà ªdG

}p #f Çž 52f hC[f Ë? f Kf b

IS { 35 0 405 _ : ( "+) : 3 7 :"1"18( .( s _ „ ) ? %

‍ؼďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعس‏ i \ 6 { b c7c7 gb r O gb lz Y2Wb ` Ä‘Gb .^ ˜ ZÄ‘Ob pzV a. 7y O f {o c7c7 gb i hcNr p61lf .& ĂŠ K Msg#gb 4f2yr -r.'b lz (+) 4f2b wb (ĹŽ) Ć‹KÂś" 4f2b o-r.&

yEeI {ΥÂ?- yž+ §D ĆŠi V 7c7 gcb f Ob 1s?b wb Ms"2b C K = KÂś" ĹŽ Ĺ€ = S f.kN (5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m€€_ f

hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` Ä‘F Pf <Z j ˜ Ć‹ 'z'?b "Ä– wb

I4 ÂłY5 0 C I„ )NÂĽ 0 { 35 0 405 _ " 8( : 3 7Âľ :+ 88ÂĽ B% I: A87( Âłr :"1"18ÂĽ „ ) ? % €: : 16[k I: A87( Âłz : 3 7 :"1"18( − : 3 7 :"1"18( k2/ ;lf €l€gS f h :yf

- wb 6 & - zj z 6 & b - jscf eđZ - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ƌ zfs61 $f 2 *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

_ − 7 !+ − :^ 7ÂĽ − ÂŽ LÂĽ ~&+ 'Âż /ÂĽ I 0 +8 "+8 − #WB^ÂĽ < 52 f o ck

Ć‹w6 1.b d?Wb mgS f 51 Ck ž¡ :/;J ÂŞ ÂŻÂ˜ :/;J .( 3> ÂĽ V 8B

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

114


-

á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

(}R 2 6 c[ )

ľĄĿí (iS - ŀ)C = i¶" Ɗ z6.kpb O gb Msg#f S-ŀ Ň = i Ů Ł = S Ů ł = C Ɗ lN DysO b Ň ņŅń = Łńń × ł = Ҷ" Hz7 b r ( Ł - ŀ)ł = Ҷ" Ł-ŀ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

ŅŀŃŃ = ŀŀŁ * ł = ŀŀSC = ŀŁ% = aƅŮƅŃŇ = ń% = C 3 - ŃŇ = ŀŁŁŃĿ = Ł * ŅŀŃŃ Ł-ŀ

Sa-C = Ҷ" S-ŀ

Ņ Ń (ŀ - KS) C ŀŃńŅ = (ŀŀ- -ł) ł = ŀ - S = K¶" ‫أ‬

ŀŁņŇņń = ŅŃ

(ŀ - ŀĿ( ŀ

Ł )) ŀĿĿĿ ŀ - ŀĿ( ŀŁ )

ŀĿ = i Ů ŀŁ = S Ů ŀĿĿĿ = C ‫ب‬

Ɗ gpzV lz cb lz z6.kpb lz c7c7 gb Msg#f ."r 1 Ņ=iŮł=SŮŃ=C ‫أ‬

y¤1&±*K K&±* cJw0 g¤H¢ + g¤ 6w J g { {hH H *w0 ¢ nH 2cnM(* cN¤Ic.

&

(ŀ) ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

1

(Ł) ƋƋƋƋƋƋ

iS C = Sa is_ V

iS

C-C S-ŀ

= i¶" Ɗ i hcOj

S wV lzV2Gb 2C r ŀ – iS C = a Ɗ i r

ŀ ! S Ů Sa - C = i¶"

Ɗ i V (ŀ) wV (Ł) lf DysO b r

S-ŀ

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

= ŀĿ¶" ‫ب‬

ŅńŅŀ + ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + ň + ł + ŀ Ɗ z6.kpb c7c7 gb Msg#f ."r 2 ľĄĿí Sa - C S - ŀ = i¶" Ɗ z6.kpb O gb Msg#f Sz>

ŅńŅŀ = a Ů ł = S Ů ŀ = C Ɗ lN DysO b

ŃĿŅŇ =

ŀ Ł * ŁŇ - ŁĿŃŇ ŀ Ł -ŀ

ł * ŅńŅŀ - ŀ = ¶" ňŇŃŀ = ŀňŅŇŁ ł-ŀ Ł = ¶" Hz7 b r ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

ŁŇ = a Ů ŀŁ = S Ů ŁĿŃŇ = C Ɗ pzV { b z6.kpb c7c7 gb Msg#f ."r 2

= K¶" 2

ƮŐǨŭņǤĝ Ƈǩƃ ǦĝŻŲņƒĝ

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ŀ- S (Ł)ł

Ł=S

ŀŅ ŀ - S(Ł) ( ŀ ) Ň ņ=S ‫أ‬ ŀ Ů Ň = Ņ Ł = Ň = ņ% = C

3

6. h*

= ŀŅ% = a Ů Ň = C

Ɗ ."r 3 ľĄĿí

(iS - ŀ)C = i¶" : $ 79 ( ('& J &X S-ŀ

: 15 k+ )' I

Ň = i Ů Ł = S Ů ŃŇ = C Ň ŀŁŁŃĿ = Łńń × ŃŇ = Ҷ" Hz7 b r ( ŁŁ--ŀ)ŀ ŃŇ = Ҷ"ƄƄ zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

Ƅǔƾ

Ƌ` " 27V ? S Ů a Ů C zfscOg \ 7b a gb wV Msg#gb - #y `k_gy do ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ lz z Ē lz c7c7 gb lf d^ Msg#f ."r 3 ŀ - S( ŀ )ŀŅ

Ł

łŅŃ = K¶" Ů ŀ = a Ů ŁŃł = C 4 Ka - C S - ŁŃł = łŅŃ ` = ¶" S-ŀ S-ŀ S - ŁŃł = S łŅŃ - łŅŃ ŀ =S SłŅł = ŀŁŀƅ ł (ƋƋƋ Ů ň Ů Łņ Ů Ňŀ Ů ŁŃł) O f P y y2 _ b N 13 XN C Ɗ z&Ĕ H 2b 5 (ƋƋƋ Ů łŁĿĿ Ů ŀŅĿĿ Ů ŇĿĿ) z6.ko ŀĿ = K Ů Ł = S Ů ŇĿĿ = C ` (KS - ŀ) C = ¶" K S-ŀ ŀĿ - ŇĿĿ = ¶" y2z _ ŇŀŇŃĿĿ = ( Ł -Łŀ) ŀĿ -ŀ

ŀŀ

‫ب‬

ŀ - S(Ł) ŀ

ŀŅ

Ň ņ=S

ł=S

‫أ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Forming the geometric sequence :‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬ ƋłŅŃ o-r.& Msg#fƄƄŮƄƄ ŀ = 2z*Ĕ o.&r ŁŃł = arĔ o.& w b z6.kpb O gb ."r 4 Sa - C S-ŀ

ľĄĿí

= i¶" ƅƅŮƅƅ łŅŃ = i¶" ƄƄƅƅ ŮƄŀ = aƄŮƄŁŃł = CƄa S - ŁŃł S – ŁŃł = (S – ŀ) łŅŃ ` ƄƄ = łŅŃƄ` S-ŀ ŁŃł – łŅŃ = S – S łŅŃ ` S – ŁŃł = S łŅŃ – łŅŃƄ` ŀ =S ` łŅł wcN lzV2Gb g7[ r ŀŁŀ = S łŅłƄ` ł ( ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů Łņ Ů Ňŀ Ů ŁŃł ) =0 $ 79 )I ''& ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ƌ łŅŃ o-r.& Msg#f Ůŀ 2z*Ĕ o.&r ŁŃł arĔ o.& w b z6.kpb O gb ."r 4 ǶƒŻŏǭǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

XOB tr 7y w"1 +b qOcB asF ŮMđBĔ tr 7 f c f d [gb d_;b lz y 5 0o 2g 6 / V Ů c gb 0o MđB q6r 1 X?k t0b wc* .b c gb PcB asF ƋHgkb 0o wV wbrĔ c f ŀĿ ¶b Gz'f Msg#f ."r V Ůd* .b s'j Hgkb ľĄĿí

;$ ~

¿CG ôcòJ 2 ('& h T& F 3 M) W \ I × = JBWH

Łłň Ńň ŅŃ =

35

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

34

á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG

-Ň ŇŀŇŃ = Ł * ŁŃĿňŅ - ŀ = K¶&

115

ń=S

z6.ko O f d gy spV z6Ĕ 1s?b wcN Msg#gb 4f1 d* - 1 .[gb i z& Ň = ŀ + ń – ŀŁ = i Ů Ł = S Ů ŃŇ = ŀ – ń(Ł)ł = C = ńI

ŀĿ = ŀ + ņ - ŀŅ = -r.'b -.N ŀĿ ŇŀŇŃ = ( ŁŁ -- ŀŀ) Ň = ŀĿ% ŀ ŃĿňŅ = ŀńŁ * Ň

ŀŁ

ŀŁĿ = ŃĿ × ł =ƄƄƄƄƄ 2 ^Ĕ c gb Hz'f ŅĿ = ŁĿ × ł =ƄƄƄƄƄ wb b 2S>Ĕ c gb Hz'f łĿ = ŀĿ × ł =ƄƄ2S>Ĕ c gcb wb b c gb Hz'f -r.& ŀĿ wb ƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů łĿ Ů ŅĿ Ů ŀŁĿ Ɗ so Hgkb i t z6.ko c7c7 f Msg#f worƄƋƋƋ + łĿ + ŅĿ + ŀŁĿ = Gz'gb Msg#f

(ŀĿ( ŀŁ ) - ŀ) ŀŁĿ = ŀĿ¶" ŀ -ŀ Ł

(iS - ŀ)C =Ƅ i¶" Ɗ z6.kpb c7c7 gb Msg#f S-ŀ ŀĿ = i Ů ŀŁ = S Ů ŀŁĿ = C Ɗ lN DysO b

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 r Hz7 b r


äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

-.N is_y h_V Ů ( z Gb s' b kzN t.& wV) esy d^ y2 _ b N 13 WN C / ĖģŐũĭģś ƤśƄǤĝ 5 Ƌ ŇĿĿ arĔ eszb wV o-.N i ^ / e y 2;N .O y2 _ b Infinite geometric series

á«¡àæªdG ô«Z á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàªdG

‫ﻧﺎﻗﺶ‬

ō ‫ﻓﻜﺮ‬

ŁĿ V 7f qkN .O y H & m # wV Yr.k> d[j - y3 - 1 pzb d[ky w b V 7gb Tc z' d& 2f .N wcN 2 f dpV c&2f d^ .O z[ gb V 7gb X?j tr 7 Yr.k?b ?H 'b wb d?y i - y3 PzG 7y

2 f ¹ ŁĿ

IJœĎĬ÷

đ7c7 gb ` 6 1- ađ* lf `b/ wcN "Ė `k_gy Ƌ( z pjđb ) zp kgb 2zR z6.kpb pj V zÊ [z[& -¹ .N pNsg#f i ^ / r Ů -r.'b lf w pjĐ -.N pb w b wo zp kgb 2zR z6.kpb c7c7 gb

Ƌ 1 [ f 2zR is_ pj V Msg#f c7c7 gcb l_y hb i f Ůw[z[& -.N lf 2 [y pNsg#f iĔ ů 1 [ f is_

Ɗ c7c7 gb wGO - y3 pOG[y w b V 7gb Msg#f E ? "<b 7I =b pNsg#f i V o-r.& -.N - 3 gc^r ƋƋƋƋ + ŀŬŁń+ ŁŬń + ń + ŀĿ l_gy wb b r Ů pb {cOWb Msg#gb sor Ů 2 f ¹ ŁĿ lf 2 [y O gb -r.& -.N - -4y f.kN H 'b wb d?y - y3 i 1 N ¶& Msg#gcb wj z b dz g b lz y (Bsgb d_;b r Ů y pjĐ f wb w[z[& -.N lf Msg#gb 2 [y z 1 [ b c7c7 gb i V `b0b i lf Msg#gb 2 [y hb / z 1 [ 2zR is_ r ŀ >|S| z& ŀG|S| z& w[z[& -.N

~

3 J &X

{ ~ { ~

~

Ɗ{ Ē ^ c7c7 gb -r.& K ŀ > |S| j2 * i V Ů ( SS--ŀŀ ) C = K¶"

Ŀ !KS i V ' ! ŀ > |S| z&

C

S-ŀ

K f.kOV ŀ > S > ŀ - i x

= K¶" ƊMsg#gb ( ?y `b0 r

- #y l_gy Đ qj V ŀ < |S| i ^ / i đGb wb lz 2zR -.N - #y l_gy Đ x y pj Đ f wb O gb Msg#f is_y b 'b m0o {Vr z6.kpb O gb -r.& lf q kf Ƌ-r.'f 2zR Msg#gb

yEeI {¦ - y + §D

3 RL

‫اﻟﻤﺘﺴﻠﺴﻼت اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﺑﻴﺔ وﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

Ƌ` " 27V ? o-r.& lf { pj Đ -.N Pg" l_gy z Ē z6.kpb đ7c7 gb lf t 6 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + ńŃ + łŅ + ŁŃ ‫ب‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + Łņ + Ńń + ņń ‫أ‬ ľĄĿí

‫أ‬ o-r.& lf { pj Đ -.N Pg" l_gy c7c7 gb V łń = Ńń ņń = S z6.kpb c7c7 gb 5 6 ."sj ŀ > łń > ŀ - Ɗ iĔ zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

wb h7[k z6.kpb đ7c7 gb i ` đF wb 2: (-r.'b lf -.'f -.N pb) zp kf z6.ko đ7c7 f lf .& Ê K Msg#f - #y hpb \ 6 .Zr Ů zp kf 2zR t2* r

36

iĔ ŀ < S f.kN z pj Đ z6.ko c7c7 f Pg" l_gy Đ Ƌ b 'b m0o {V ¹V2Of -¹ r.'f Đ Msg#gb ( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

d>s r łņ ¶> d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf

á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG

‫ب‬ o-r.& lf { pj Đ -.N Pg" l_gy Đ c7c7 gb V łŁ = łŅ ŁŃ = S z6.kpb c7c7 gb 5 6 ."sj ŀ < łŁ Ɗ iĔ

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

` " 27V ? o-r.& lf { pj Đ -.N Pg" l_gy z Ē z6.kpb đ7c7 gb lf t 6 Ňŀ ‫ب‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + ňŁ + Łņ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + Ņł + Łŀ + ņ ‫أ‬ Ń + Ň The sum of the infinite geometric series á«¡àæªdG ô«Z á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàªdG ´ƒªée (iS - ŀ)C = i¶" ZđOb wGOy z6.ko c7c7 f -r.& lf .& i Msg#f i kgcN S-ŀ ŀ > S > ŀ - is_ f.kN 2W?b lf 2 [y iS i V o-r.& lf q kf 2zR -.N Pg" .kNr C

S - ŀ = ɸ ¶" Ɗ Msg#gb ( ?yr ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ

Ƌ ` " 27V ? ŀ G |S| f.kN z pjĐ z6.ko c7c7 f Msg#f - #y `k_gy do

: &

Msg#f - #y l_gy Đ {b b r ŀ < |S| Ů ł = S ‫أ‬ Ƌ c7c7 gcb ŀ > |S| Ů ł = Ň _ Ń = ‫ب‬ m0o lf -r.'f 2zR -.N Msg#f - #y l_gy {b b r Ƌ c7c7 gb Ł

Ňŀ

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

ŁŃ Ņ ł

Ł Ń Ň ľĄĿí Ł = Ň × Łņ = Ňŀ _ Łņ = S Ɗ z6.kpb O gb 5 6 ."sj ‫أ‬ ł Ňŀ Ń Ň Ń Msg#f c7c7 gcb ."sy ` ŀ > Łł > ŀ - a Ł = S Ů Ňŀ =ƄƄ C a C = ¶" Msg#gb Sz> wV DysO b r ɸ ł Ň S-ŀ Ňŀ Ňŀ ŁŃł = Ň = Ň = ¶" ` Ł -ŀ ŀ ɸ Ň ł ł ń = ł × ń = Ł _ ń = S Ɗ z6.kpb O gb 5 6 ."sj ‫ب‬ Ń Ł Ņ ł Ņ Msg#f pb 8zbr y.N c7c7 gb ` ŀ < ńŃ a ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

lf { pj Đ -.N Pg" l_gy z Ē z6.kpb đ7c7 gb lf x Ƌ` " 27V ? o-r.&

Ɗ ."r i lz z Ē lz z6.kpb lz c7c7 gb lf d^ Msg#f ."r 7 Łŀ ņ ‫ب‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + Ņł ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ňŅ – ŃŇ + ŁŃ – ŀŁ ‫أ‬ ŁĿ + ŀĿ + ń

ƋƋƋƋƋ + ł + Ņ + ŀŁ + ŁŃ ‫أ‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋ - ł - ň - Łņ - Ňŀ- ‫ب‬ ŀ ŀ ŀ ŀ ƋƋƋƋ + Ń + Ň + ŀŅ + łŁ ‫ﺟ‬ ŀ - KŁ * ł ' ŀ=S K -ŀ

37

Łņ

i¦)*{.(* M4e -

ȈǭƽƗ ƄŐʗƯŝ

Ƌ` " 27V ? (<Z jr 2_V) .k wV z6.kpb c7c7 gb Msg#f - #y `k_gy do

Ɗ ."r i lz z Ē lz z6.kpb lz c7c7 gb lf d^ Msg#f ."r 7 ƋƋƋƋƋƋ + Łń + ń + Ł ‫ب‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ + ň + Łņ + Ňŀ ‫أ‬

6

ń*Ł

'

ŀ=S

‫د‬ ‫ﻫ‬

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

116


-

á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

¦ pjG* |H4 *yvj 6*

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام رﻣﺰ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬

Use the summation notation

ŀ-S Ņ

( ņ )ŃŁ

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

( ņ ) ńŅ

'

ŀ=S

ņ

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă Ń

Ɗ ."r 8

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ qzk#b 1.[f zb f e sN 7g* y pj wV a gOb .&Ĕ t2p;b d*.b wb b ar.#b d gy ǢųŻǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 9 ¹ Ƌ z6.ko O gb PC+y d*.b 0o i gcN Ůt2?gb 8f +b

P 2b

ƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋ

b b ŅŃŇ

wj b

arĔ

êm^TÐ

ŃłŁ

ŁŇŇ

ge Tm< î|fYTÐ AzTÐ

‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺟ‬

Ƌ z6.kpb O gb 5 6 ."r Ƌ 8f +b r P 2b lzf Ob lf d^ ađ* df Ob 0pb t2p;b d*.b ."r Ƌ .gb m0o ađ* df Ob 0o q[' 7y f cg" t2?gb qzk#b ."r Ƌ .gb `c ađ* df Ob 0o d*.b t2p;b H6s gb ."r

‫د‬ ľĄĿí

{j b .'b

ł = ŃłŁ = z6.ko O gb a ‫أ‬ Ł ŁŇŇ arĔ .'b = (S) 5 6Ĕ ` ł Ů pzk" ňŅŁ = Ł × ŅŃŇ = S * łI = P 2b e Ob ađ* t2p;b d*.b ‫ب‬ qzk" ŀŃńŇ = łŁ × ňŅŁ = S * ŃI = 8f +b e Ob ađ* t2p;b d*.b

:2^ qf 6 c[ f

ŀŃńŇ + ňņŁ + ŅŃŇ + ŃłŁ + ŁŇŇ ) ŀŁ ( ŀŁ * ń ŀŁ * ń ŀŁ * ń ŀŁ * ń ŀŁ * ń

(-r.& ń wb ƋƋƋƋƋƋ + ŅŃŇ + ŃłŁ + ŁŇŇ ) ŀŁ = df Ob q[' 7y f cg" ‫ﺟ‬ [ń( łŁ ) - ŀ] ŀŁ * ŁŇŇ = ¶" ` ł -ŀ i Ł

(ŀŃńŇ + ňņŁ + ŅŃŇ + ŃłŁ + ŁŇŇ) ŀŁŀŁ* ń

(iS - ŀ)C = ¶" a i S-ŀ

qzk" ŃńńņŅ =

ŀ

ņńňŬŅ = ŃńńņŅ * ń = c7c7 gb Msg#f ń =

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

: 6" kygSk

(ŁS + S - ŀ) (ŁS + S + ŀ) = ŃS + ŁS + ŀ (ŀ + łS) (ŀ - łS) = ŀ - ŅS (ŀ + S - ŁS) (ŀ + S + ŁS) (ŀ + S) (ŀ - S) = (ŀ + ŁS + ŃS) (ŀ - ŁS) = z6.kpb O gb {V y pkb lf K%

ŀ > | S | is_ f.kN s?b r G* 6 < z6.ko O f lf q kf 2zR -.N Msg#f s?b r G* 7 Ƌ z6.ko O f -r.& lf wbrĔ .& Ê K Msg#f

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

)

3

'

2

)

r

5

2

8

8

=

'

(

3

ŃńńņŅ ŀŁ * ń

'

-

1

=

*

1

2

-

1

)

=

2

*

d*.b cg" = 1sp;b -.N = df Ob d*.b t2p;b H6s gb ‫د‬ ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ

ń wcN (-r.& ń wb ƋƋƋ + ŅŃŇ + ŃłŁ + ŁŇŇ) g7[ `b/r Ůdf Ob d*.b t2p;b H6s gb - #y `k_gy do Ƌ ` " 27V ? sk6 ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

2 f ¹ Łń wbrĔ [zZ.b wV 2_b OGZ / V Ůw[V ts 7f wcN .y.'b lf 2zS> 2^ "2&- h ĖģʞʶŐƽǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ zc_b V 7gb ."r Ƌ [ 7b [zZ.b wV p OGZ w b V 7gb lf zb [zZ- d^ wV H[V ū ŅĿ PG[ . h Ƌ X[ w & 2_b p OGZ w b

٥ - ١ ‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ‬

IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ɗ tr 7y Ł = S Ů ŀ = C pzV w b z6.kpb O gb lf wbrĔ -r.& 7g+b Msg#f 1 Łň ‫د‬ łĿ ‫ﺟ‬ łŀ ‫ب‬ łŁ ‫أ‬ ŁĿ ‫د‬

» 2zR -.N Msg#f 2 Ɗ so (ƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀ Ů Ł Ů Ń) O gb -r.& lf q kf ŀŅ ‫ﺟ‬ ŀŁ ‫ب‬ Ň ‫أ‬

» 2zR -.N Msg#f i ^ / 3 Ɗ tr 7y arĔ o.& i V Ń so ŀŃ p6 6 z6.ko O f -r.& lf q kf Ń ‫د‬ ł ‫ﺟ‬ Ł ‫ب‬ ŀ ‫أ‬

3 ƅƅC 2 ƅƅ 1

K/f Y ? b

á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG

qzk" ņńňŬŅ =

:(ɼ - ɸ) r 5 l &

ƅƅ ¶" 4

38

Ɗ wb b s'kb wcN 6 'b bĒ (z Wf z 2 e.+ 7yr

i-ŀS a =

117

ŀ=S

äÉ©HÉààªdG ≈∏Y äÉ≤«Ñ£J z& lf i 7jĖ \cO w b z z'b đ_;gb DO 6 1- wV O gb e .+ 6 l_gy Ƌ `b/ (Bs zb b c fĔ r Ů 2#or Ů Vrr Ů2 _ lf qb .' w b 2zS b r

d*.b 1- ?f

(ƋƋƋ Ůň Ůŀń ŮŁń) zp kf 2zR z6.ko O f P 2_b "2&ł ŀń ń = Łń = S Ů ń = C ` C Łń = 2 f ŅŁŬń = ł = X[ w & NsG[gb V 7gb = '¶" ( ń ) -ŀ S - ŀ

C 5

ŀ - S( ł )ńŅ '

Ņ

¶"

= ɸ¶" Ɗ z6.kpb O gb Msg#f

9

:h+ o ex * &

."r 8

ŁňŃ = ŅŃŁ = ɸ¶" Ɗ Ņņ = S Ů ŃŁ = C Ɗ lN DysO b

ŀ > | S| ` ņ =Sa ńŅ = C ' wb c7c7 gb Pg" l_gy ńŅ łňŁ = Ņ = S C- ŀ = '¶" ` ( ņ ) -ŀ

ŀ

ŀ=S

ľĄĿí C

S-ŀ

h+ o ex * & ŀ-S Ņ

'

» 2zR -.N Msg#f i ^ / 4 Ɗ tr 7y p6 6 i V ňŅ so ŀŁ arĔ o.& w b z6.kpb O gb -r.& lf q kf ł ‫د‬ ņ ‫ﺟ‬ ŀ ‫ب‬ ŀ ‫أ‬ Ń Ň Ł ł Ɗ tr 7y O gb m0o 5 6 i V y pjĐ f wb zb b -r.'b Msg#f tr 7y arĔ o.& z6.ko O f 5 ĿŬŅŅŅ ‫د‬ ĿŬŁń ‫ﺟ‬ ĿŬłłł ‫ب‬ ĿŬń ‫أ‬

:CÉ£îdG ∞°ûàcG ŀ - H |S| is_ f.kN z pjĐ z6.ko c7c7 f Msg#f - #y l_gy 6 Ƌ o-r.& lf q kf 2zR -.N Msg#f lf 2 ^ ŀ > |S| pzV z6.ko O f -r.& lf wbrĔ .& i Msg#f 7 Ƌ arĔ o.& XOB lf 2 ^ (ƋƋƋƋƋ Ů Ń Ů Ň Ů ŀŅ) O gb -r.& lf q kf 2zR -.N Msg#f 8

39

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b


äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

:á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG Ɗ z Ē z6.kpb O gb lf d^ Msg#f ."r 9 ( -r.& Ņ wb ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŁŃ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ ) ‫أ‬ ( -r.& Ņ wb ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ń Ů Łń Ů ŀŁń) ‫ب‬ ( ņŅŇ Ů ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ - Ů ł ) ‫ﺟ‬ Ɗ l_f i Msg#gb ."r h ' wb pOg" l_gy z Ē z6.kpb O gb lf t 10 (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ - Ů ł ) ‫ب‬ ( ƋƋƋ Ů Ņ Ů ŀŁ Ů ŁŃ) ‫أ‬ ŀŮ ŀ) ‫ﺟ‬ (ƋƋƋ ŀŇ Ů ŀŅ łŁ

(i – ŀ ń × Ł) ‫د‬

O gb -r.& lf q kf 2zR -.N Msg#f s?b r G* 8 ƋarĔ o.& XOB tr 7y (ƋƋƋ Ů Ń Ů Ň Ů ŀŅ) Ņ=K ŮŁ=S ŮŅ= C ‫ أ‬9 (KS - ŀ)C = ¶" Ņ S-ŀ Ņ łņŇ = ( ŁŁ -- ŀ)Ņ ŀ = K¶" łňĿŅ ` đF Pf ar & ‫ب‬ Łń ņŅŇ = a Ů Ł- = S Ů ł = C ‫ﺟ‬ C-Sa ŀ - S = K¶"

Ɗ z Ē z6.kpb O gb lf d^ -r.& lf q kf 2zR -.N Msg#f ."r 11 ( ƋƋƋƋƋ ň Ů Łņ Ů Ňŀ ) ‫ب‬ (ƋƋƋƋƋ Ů Ň Ů ŀŅ Ů łŁ) ‫أ‬ Ń

Ň

ŀŅ

( ƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀ Ů Ł Ů Ł) ‫ﺟ‬

Łņ Łņ ‫د‬ ( ƋƋƋƋƋ Łņ ŅŃ Ů ŀŅ Ů Ń ) ŀ- i( Ł )= ( I) ‫ﻫ‬ ł i

( i - ł ł ) = ( i I) ‫د‬

łŅŃ o-r.& Msg#f Ů ŀ = 2z*Ĕ o.& Ů ŁŃł = arĔ o.& w b z6.kpb O gb ."r 12 ł p6 6 r ņŁň 2z*Ĕ o.&r ŀĿňł pNsg#f w b z6.kpb O gb ."r 13 Ƌ2: Ob o.& wb P 2b o.& lf . (ŀ – ił) = (iI) z6.kpb O gb -r.& Msg#f ."r 14 arĔ .'b lf . o0* e4cy w b -r.'b lf -.N dZ ."r (ƋƋƋƋ Ů ň Ů ł Ů ŀ ) z6.kpb O gb wV 15 ŀĿĿĿ lf 2 ^ -r.'b m0o Msg#f is_zb ƋŀŁ tr 7y wj b ¶o.&Ů ŃŇ tr 7y o-r.& lf q kf 2zR -.N Msg#f w b z6.kpb O gb ."r 16 m0o Msg#f is_zb arĔ o.& lf . (ƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ Ů ł) z6.kpb O gb lf o0* e4cy .& h^ 17 ƋłŇŀ = -r.'b

* ņŅŇ ńŀł = ł - Łŀ- Ł- = K¶"

ŃŇ = ŀŁŃ = ɸ¶" Ł -ŀ

is_zb arĔ .'b lf . -r.'b -.N ."r r z6.ko O f wo (Ł – i Ł × ŀĿ) = (i I) O gb i 18 Ƌ Łńńń pNsg#f

( ń ) * Ł = K - ŀń * Ł = K% ‫د‬ ń ŁŃ = ¶" ' Ł= ŀ ń -ŀ

o.& lN .y4y 5- 7b o.& Ů Ńń = pkf wbrĔ O 1Ĕ -r.'b Msg#fr "sf o-r.& z6.ko O f 20 Ƌ O gb m0o ."r Ƌ ňĿ 1 .[g wj b

Łňńŀŀ = ŀ- Kł

ŀĿ Ń

= K¶"

i% :6. h*

ł = S Ů ŀ = C 15 KS - ŀ)C ( ŀĿĿĿ < S - ŀ ƅŀĿĿĿ < K¶" K Ł- wV 2Cb ŀĿĿĿ < ( łł -- ŀŀ)ŀ ` ŁĿĿŀ - > Kł -

ŁĿĿĿ- > Kł -ŀ ŁĿĿŀ sb < Kł sb ŁĿĿŀ < Kł ŁĿĿŀ sb < K ŁĿĿŀ sb < ł sb K ł sb ņ so -r.'b lf -.N dZ Ůŀŀ Ů ŀĿ Ů ň Ů Ň Ů ņ) = K ŀŁ = S C = Ł% Ů SŃŇ - ŃŇ = C `ƅŃŇ = ŀŁ * ŃŇ - CŃŇ = ŁC ŁŃ = C ŀ Ł =5 (KS - ŀ)C = łŇŀ = ¶" K S-ŀ

` đF Pf ar &Ƅ ‫ ﺟ‬Ƅ ‫ب‬

40

ŀ- Kł =

C

S-ŀ

= '¶" 16

ŀŁ * ŃŇ - ŃŇ = C C Ŀ = ńņŅ + CŃŇ - ŁC

Sa-C S-ŀ

‫د‬

` đF Pf ar &

‫ﻫ‬

11

ŀ = a Ů ŁŃł = C 12

= łŅŃ = K¶"

S - ŁŃł = SłŅŃ - łŅŃ

‫أ‬

ł - K( ŀ ) =

ł K% ŀ- K S * C = ŀ- K( ŀ ) * ň = ŀ - K( ŀ ) * Ł-( ŀ ) = % ł ł ł K ň= C`

` S *Sŀ--ŀŁŃł = łŅŃ = K¶" `

ŀ ł =S

ŀŁŀ = SłŅł (ƋƋƋ Ů Łņ Ů Ňŀ Ů ŁŃł) z6.kpb O gb ł = S Ů ņŁň = a 13 ł * ņŁň - C = ł-ŀ ŀ= C`

ŀŁ = S ŁŃ ( ƋƋƋ Ů Ņ Ů ŀŁ Ů ŁŃ) Ł = S Ů ł = C 17

K (KŁ - ŀ) ł = łŇŀ - ( ŁŁ -- ŀŀ)ł = łŇŀ ņŁ =KŁƅƅƅKŁ = ŀŁŇƅƅƅKŁ - ŀ = ŀŁņ

10

ŀ-K ŀ

wk Đ Msg#fr O gb m0o ."r Ƌ ň = ŀ I - ł I Ů Ņ = ŁI pzV "sf o-r.& z6.ko O f (iI) 19 Ƌ pkf wbrĔ ¹ .& 2;N

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

‫أ‬ pOg" l_gyĐ ‫ب‬ ' wb pOg" l_gy Đ ‫ﺟ‬ ' wb pOg" l_gy

Sa- C S-ŀ

= ŀĿňł = K¶"

ł * ņŁň - C = ŀĿňł * Ł-

(ƋƋƋ Ů Łņ Ů ň Ů ł Ů ŀ) {o O gb ` ŀ - ŀĿ ł = !ƅŮƅŁņ = ŀ - Ń ł = % 14 ŀĿ Ń Sa-C S-ŀ

= K¶"

ŀňŅŇł = ňł = ƅ

- Łņ = ¶" Łňńŀŀ = ł * ŀňŅŇł K ł-ŀ

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

118


-

á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG ňĿ = S C - ńS C

Ł wcN ŀ g7[ ɹ S-ŀ

Ł

=

ŀS

`

? pNsg#f gV Ƌ ŀŅ ł = pkf P 2b .'b Ů ŀŇ = zp kf 2zR o-r.& -.N z6.ko O f lf arĔ .'b i ^ / 21

ňĿ = (ŀ - ŃS) S C (S - ŀ)Ńń ňĿ

(ŃS - ŀ)C (ŀ - ŃS) SC

=

á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG

Łń = o-r.& lf w pjĐ -.N Msg#f , ŀŅ = wj b r arĔ py.& Msg#f w b z6.kpb O gb ."r 22 arĔ py.& Msg#f Ů y pj Đ f wb qb zb b -r.'b Msg#f = arĔ o.& Ů zp kf 2zR z6.ko O f 23 Ƌ O gb m0o ."r Ů ň = wj b r

`

o.& i ^ / Ů y pj Đ f wb qb zb b -r.'b Msg#f XOB = pzV .& t r Ů zp kf 2zR z6.ko O f 24 Ƌ O gb m0o ."r Ƌ ł = P 2b

ŁS - S = Ł- `

ysk6 rđN wcN d?'y i wcN qzk" ņŁĿĿ m1.Z tsk6 2g Pk?f wV dgOb @+: . ǢųŻǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 25 sk7b wV qzcN d?'y f Msg#fr Ů O 7b k7b wV q 2f 7& Ƌ [ 7b k7b 2f lf ū ĿŬŅ o1.Z Ƌ wbrĔ P 7b

Ŀ = Ł- S - ŁS Ł=S qBsV2f ŀ- = 5 ł = CƅƅŃń = ŀń * CƅƅňĿ = (ŀ - ŃŁ) Ł * C (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŁ Ů Ņ Ů ł) {o O gb `

ŀ a.Og k6 d^ 2gb 0o .y 4 yr qzk" łŅĿĿ tsk6 2 XJsf . ǢųŻǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 26 qzcN i ^ gN ŁĿ ? .gb m0o ađ* o B [ y w b Tb gb Msg#f fr Ů k6 ŀŀ .O q 2f ( ?y h_V Ů [ 7b k7b wV

zb k6 d^ wV i ^r Ů sk6 Ņ m2gN i ^ f.kN k7b wV p¹ zk" ŀńĿ 2Vsy i hy2^ M G 6 ƃģųźĪģś ƤśƄǤĝ 27 ńĿĿĿ Tc g wb 6 & 2: - 1 r Ů sk6 ŀĿ iĒ hy2^ 2gN i ^ / V [ 7b k7b wV m2Vsy f XOB 2Vsy Ƌ ` " 27V ? 6 'b 2;b wW_y .gb m0o ađ* hy2^ m2Vr f Msg#f dpV Ůqzk" Ł

ŀŅ ł

= łS C `

ŀŅ ł

= Ń%ƅŮƅŀŇ = C 21

Ł + Ł

C

Ł¶" + Ł

Ɗ i V z6.ko O f ¶" Ů Ů C js^ / ȈưĝŻśĝ ƄŐǔƽŝ 28

V 7gb łŃ PW 2 A1Ĕ e.G? 2f d^ wVr Ů 2 f ¹ łŅ M W 1 lf E Ggb lf 2^ G[6 ǶơģʞʵǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 29 Ɗ ."r Ƌ pkf G[6 w b Ƌ 6- 7b 2gcb A1Ĕ f.G> f.kN 2_b pkf G[6 w b V 7gb ‫أ‬ pzV f.G> w b K'cb w & pFs[6 K'b 0kf p OGZ .Z 2_b is_ w b V 7gb Msg#f ‫ب‬ Ƌ 6- 7b 2gcb A1Ĕ Ƌl_7 w & ů pFs[6 K'b 0kf p OGZ .Z 2_b is_ w b V 7gb Msg#f ‫ﺟ‬

Ł = S `ƅ Ň = ŀŅ = łS`ƅ ŀŅ = łS ŀŇ ` ł ł Łņ ŀŇ * ł ńŃ = ŁŀŇ = S C- ŀ = ɸ¶" -ŀ ł ŀŅ = S C + C

C =

Ł

ŀŅ = Ł% + ŀ% 22

(ɸ)

ŀŅ = (S + ŀ) C

(ɹ)

(S - ŀ) Łń = C `

Łń =

C

S-ŀ

= '¶"

41

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

(ɹ) _ (ɸ) g7[

ŀŅ = ŁSŁń - Łń

ŀŅ (S + ŀ)C C (S - ŀ)Łń =

ł ! = Sƅƅƅ ň = ŁSƅƅƅň = ŁSŁń ń Łń ł =S (S - ŀ) Łń = C ń Ł ł ŀĿ = ń * Łń = ( ń - ŀ) Łń = C ` ŃĿ = Ňń * ńŁń = ( łń + ŀ) Łń = Cƅ łń - = S ` (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŇ ń Ů Ņ Ů ŀĿ) (ƋƋƋ Ů ņŁ ń Ů ŁŃ - Ů ŃĿ) S=S-ŀ

(

SC S-ŀ

ŀ =S Ł

ň = ( ŀŁ + ŀ ) C

ň = SC + C

Ņ= C

ł=

ŀ - Ł * ŀ - KŁ * ŀĿ = Ł - K Ł * ŀĿ =

Ł = Sƅƅƅń = ( Ł - ŀ)ń = Łńńń ` Ł-ŀ

ł Ł

(S - ŀ) Ńń = (ŃS - ŀ) C ɸ

119

Ł ň = Ņ = ŀ -S S

Sł = Ł - Ł SŁ Ŀ = Ł - Sł - ŁSŁ ŀAsV2f Ů Ł = S Ŀ = (Ł - S) (ŀ + SŁ) Ņ=Ł* C` Ł=5 ŀŁŁ - ŀ)ł KS - ŀ)C ( ( ŀŁŁŇń = Ł - ŀ = S - ŀ = ŀŁ¶"

ł *C Ł

(ƋƋƋ Ů łŁ Ů ł Ů Ņ)

% 18

K

C `ƅƅƅŀ - K * ń =

(KS - ŀ)C = Łńńń S-ŀ ň Ł = KŁƅƅƅKŁ- = ńŀŁƅƅƅKŁ - ŀ = ńŀŀ ň=K ` Ņ = SC ` Ņ = Ł% 19 ň = C - ŁS C ň = ŀ% - ł% ň = (ŀ - ŁS) C (ŀ _ Ł) g7[ Ņ = SC

K

) = C 23

ň = Ł % + ŀ%

K

ņ=

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

ŃS - ŀ)C Ńń = ( S - ŀ = Ѷ" 20 ňĿ = Ł% - Ņ%


äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

(' ƋƋƋ + Ł1 C + 1 C)Ł = C 24 (' ƋƋƋ + Ł1 + 1)Ł = ŀ ŀ = 1 pkfr 1 ł 1-ŀ *Ł=ŀ ŀ * C `ƅƅƅł = ł1 C a Ňŀ = C `ƅƅł = Łņ

‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ ﻋـــﺎﻣـﺔ‬

:≈JCÉjÉe πªcCG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

= ŁI i V ŀ = ŀI i ^ / KIƄK = ŀ + K I z& (KI) O gb wV 1

1s?b Msg#gb 4f1 e .+ 6 _ ŀĿ × ń + ƋƋƋ + ł × ń + Ł × ń + ŀ × ń c7c7 gb 2

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

so (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŀ Ů ņ Ů ł) z 7'b O gcb wjskb .'b ^ 3

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

so ŀŇ Ů Ň ly-.Ocb w6.kpb H6sb 4

{ƋƋƋ Ůň ŮŁņ ŮŇŀ} wo O gb `

tr 7 i V ŀŃ so Łŀ Ů ly-.Ocb w 7'b H6sb i ^ / 5

tr 7 ń wcN g7[b pkf d^ d [y w b r ňň Ů ŀ lz 1s?'gb 'z'?b - .NĔ -.N 6

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ŀĿ

tr 7y (ł - S Ł)

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

tr 7y ŀ - S (Ł)

ŀ=S ń ŀ=S

c7c7 gb Msg#f 7

C arĔ o.& z6.ko O f P y 2gb 25

c7c7 gb Msg#f 8

ŀŬĿĿŅ = S ņŁĿĿ = C ņŃŅłŬŀŀňŁŃŃĿ =Ņ(ŀŬĿĿŅ) * ņŁĿĿ = Ņ5C = ņ%

IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ɗ O f pj ŀ + i Ń = KI Ɗ p .N Z w b O gb wg7 9 z?Z k Đr qy.y 4 7zb ‫ﺟ‬ z?Z k ‫ب‬ y.y 4 ‫أ‬

‫د‬ (Ń - S ł)

Ň ŀ=S

Ɗ w Ē ^ Msg#gb 4f1 e .+ 6 łń + ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋŀŀ + ņ + ł Ɗ z 7'b c7c7 gb _ 10 ň ň Ň ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫د‬ ‫أ‬ (Ń - S ł) (ŀ - S Ń) (ŀ - S Ń) ŀ=S

ŀ=S

ņ - ŀ) ņŁĿĿ = % ńŀłŀŅŬłŁŅŅł = (ŀŬĿĿŅ ņ ŀŬĿĿŅ - ŀ

ŀ=S

Ɗ O gb .N f z 7& z Ē O gb Pzg" 11 (ƋƋƋ Ů łł - Ů ŁŇ - Ů Łł -) ‫ب‬

(ƋƋƋ Ů ŀň Ů ŀń Ů ŀŀ) ‫أ‬ (ƋƋƋƋ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ Ů ŀ ) ‫ﺟ‬

ŁŅ łŁ ‫د‬ (ƋƋƋ Ů ŁĿ ń Ů ń Ů ń)

Ń

ł

` đF Pf ar & 26 z Ē z6.kpb O gb P y hy2^ m2Vsy f 27 (ƋƋƋ Ů ŅĿĿ Ů łĿĿ Ů ŀńĿ) ŁŃĿĿ = ŃŁ * ŀńĿ = ń% so sk6 ŀĿ l6 wV hy2^ m2Vsy f

Ł

Ɗ tr 7 C i V z 7& O f lf zb f -r.& đ C Cņ Ů Ł – CŅ Ů Ł + C Ł i ^ / 12 ł ‫ﺟ‬ Ł ‫ب‬ ŀ ‫أ‬

Ń ‫د‬

Ɗ tr 7y (ŀ + S Ł) ņŅ ‫ﺟ‬

ŇĿ ‫د‬

Ň

z 7'b c7c7 gb Msg#f 13 ł=S ņŁ ‫ب‬ ŅŃ ‫أ‬

Ɗtr 7y pkf 8f +b .'b i V ŀ – Kł = K¶" ZđOb wGOy pkf wbrĔ .& i Msg#f z6.ko O f 14 ņŁň ‫د‬ Ňŀ ‫ﺟ‬ ŁŃł ‫ب‬ ŀŅŁ ‫أ‬

- ŀńĿ = p¹ zk" ŃŅńĿ= Ł * ŁŃĿĿ Ł-ŀ

Ɗtr 7y p6 6 i V ņŁ so ŃŇ arĔ o.& w b z6.kpb O gb -r.& lf q kf 2zR -.N Msg#f i ^ / 15 ł ‫د‬ ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ ŀ ‫ب‬ ŀ ‫أ‬ Ń

Ł

ł

Ń

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

ŀ - SŃ

¶" 11 ŀ ł 15 ƅŀŅŁ 14

Sa-C = hy2^ m2Vr f Msg#f S-ŀ

44

5 .Ȗ g :

K

ŀ=S

10

y.y 4 9 Ł = C 12

13

g :Ț &

‫أ‬

16

Ņ%

ń%

Ń%

ł%

Ł%

ŀ%

ŃłŁ

ņŁ

ŀŇ

Ņ

ł

ł

(ŃłŁ Ů ņŁ Ů ŀŇ Ů Ņ Ů ł Ů ł)

p¹ zk" ńĿĿĿ Tc g wb 6 & hy2^ t2 ;zb qzV ^ 2zR m.gb ŁS C = ¶" Ů S C = ` z6.ko O fƅ¶" Ů Ů C 28 ŀ = Ł S

(ŁS + ŀ) ŁC = Ł ( S + ) + ŁS Ł C

ŁSŁC + ŁC ŃSŁC + ŁS ŁC

ŀ ŁS =

yr 7 f i V2Gb

rl Ț

=

Ł + ŁC Ł¶" + Ł

ŁC Ł SŁ C

6; Ț

= Ł C Ł

ŁŀŇņ = ń( ł ) * łŅ = % 29 Ņ ŁńŅ Ń ń ł ŁńŅňń = ( Ń ) - ŀ) Łņ * Ł + łŅ = % Ņ ł -ŀ ŀŁŇ Ń

‫ب‬

Ņ%

ń%

Ń%

ł%

Ł%

ŀ%

łŀ

ŀň

ŀŁ

ņ

ń

Ł

Łņ 2 f ¹ ŁńŁ = ł - ŀ * Ł + łŅ = '¶" Ń k Sf r 5 l f &

Ł=Eł+C+E+C`

Ł = Ń% + Ł% 17 Ńń- = Ň% + ņ% + Ņ% Ł=EŃ+CŁ ` ŃńĿ = Eņ + C + EŅ + C + Eń + C ` i $ ky O¹ f lz b- Ogb d' Ńń- = E ŀŇ + C ł Ń- = E ň=C` (ƋƋƋ Ů ł - Ů ŀ Ů ń Ů ň)

ŀ - iŃ = i% 3 ŀň 6

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

S

ŀĿ

e lbȜ g : 2

ŀ 1

ņ=C 5

ŀŁ ! 4

łŀ 8

ŇĿ 7

ŀ=S

120


-

á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG áeÉY øjQÉ“

K

(ŃŇ Ů Ńł ƋƋƋ Ů ŀł Ů Ň) wo E 6rĔ

(E (ŀ - K) + CŁ) Ł = K¶" ł=E,ň=C ‫أ‬ ŀń ŃńĿ = (ł * ŀŃ + ň * Ł) Ł = ŀń¶"

á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG Ɗ w Ē ^ lz V2Ogb lz O gb lf d_b wbrĔ -r.& 7b ^ 16

21

ŀ G i d_b

ly2*Ē lzG6sb Msg#f wb lzbrĔ lzG6sb Msg#f 7j j ^r ńł Ů ł lz z 7& E 6r .N d*- / 20 Ƌ E 6rĔ m0o ."r V ŀł Ɗ ł 7k^ Ɗ."r Ƌ(ƋƋƋ Ů ŀń Ů ŀŁ Ů ň ) z 7'b O gb wV 21 Ƌ pkf wbrĔ ¹ .& ŀń Msg#f ‫أ‬ 2;N 8f +b .'b wb 8f +b .'b lf . O gb -r.& Msg#f ‫ب‬ ƋarĔ .'b lf . ņńĿ = pNsg#f w b -r.'b -.N ‫ﺟ‬

K

(ł - Kł + ŀŇ) K = ŀńĿĿƅ(ł (ŀ - K) + ň * Ł) Ł = ņńĿ AsV2f Łń- = K Ů ŁĿ = K Ŀ = ŀńĿĿ - Kŀń + ŁKł

arĔ .'b lf . o0* e4cy w b -r.'b lf -.N dZ ."r (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀŇ Ů Ņ Ů Ł) z6.kpb O gb wV 22 ŅńĿĿ lf 2 ^ -r.'b m0o Msg#f is_zb ŁŇ = Ņ I + ł I Ů Ń I ŀň = Ņ I pzV "sf m-r.& z6.ko O f (KI) 23 Ƌ pkf wbrĔ -r.& 2;Ob Msg#f ."r h Ů O gb ."r

ł = S Ů Ł = C 22

ŅńĿŀ < Kł

ŀ

Ƌ- .NĔ m0o ."r ŃŇ = gp 2B d> &r Ů ŀŁ = tr 7y pNsg#f w 7& P wV - .N đ 18

ŀŀ

ŅńĿĿ < =

Ł

ly.'b 2B d> & lN .y4y wj b o.& P 2fr Ů Łņ tr 7y pNsg#f z 7& O f is_ - .N đ 19 Ƌ- .NĔ m0o ."r ŮŀŅ 1 .[g b b r arĔ

łňŅ = (łĿ + Łŀ * Ł) Ł = Ƅƅ

(Kł - ŀ) Ł ŅńĿĿ < ł - ŀ `

KI + ŀ + KI = Ł + KI

P 7b r 5- 7b -r.'b Msg#f i ^r Ł tr 7y z 7& O f lf P 2b r wj b ly.'b Msg#f i ^ / 17 Ƌ O gb ."r V Ńń – tr 7y lf b r

ŀŀ = ŀ + ń - ŀń = -r.'b -.N ‫ب‬ Łŀ = ŀŁ + ň = EŃ + C = ń% ŀŀ (ł * ŀĿ + ń% Ł) Ł = ŀŀ¶"

ŅńĿĿ < K ¶"

ł = ŀ I Ů KI K = ŀ + KI ‫أ‬ Ůń= I ŮŁ= I ‫ب‬

ŀ G i d_b

= pb zb b -r.& O 1Ĕ Msg#f Ů ŅĿ = pkf wbrĔ -r.& O 1Ĕ Msg#f "sf o-r.& z6.ko O f 24 Ƌ b b o.& lf . o-r.& lf -r.& O 6 Msg#f ."r h Ů O gb m0o ."r ňŅĿ

(KS - ŀ) C S-ŀ

lf q kf 2zR -.N Msg#f ."r ŀŅ tr 7y 5- 7b o.& , Ňŀ tr 7y z6.ko O f lf arĔ .'b i ^ / 25 Ƌ b b o.& lf . o-r.&

ŅńĿĿ - > (Kł - ŀ)

^ Ƌ yÊ sk6 ū ŀĿ a.Og m2" - -4y h ŮarĔ e Ob wV qzk" ŀŁĿĿ 1.Z yÊ 2p: ¹ 1 df N wB [ y ƃǍŮĭģś ƤśƄǤĝ 26 ƋMsg#gb 0o ."r h Ů sk6 8g* ađ* 2" lf df Ob qzcN d?' y f Msg#f Pzg# b 4f1 e .+ 6

ŅńĿŀ sb < Kł sb sb (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀĿ Ů ň Ů Ň) = K ņŬň < K= ŅńĿŀ ł sb <

K

`

45

Ň = -r.'b lf -.N dZ ` đF Pf ar & 23 ŀ ŀŅ

ŅĿ

wbrĔ ¶"

= ňŅĿ = zj b Ѷ" Ń

24

= ņ SC +Ņ SC +ń SC +Ń C SC + SC + SC + SC ( "sf 2zR -r.'b ) Ł = 1ƅŁ ! = 1ƅƅƅŀŅ = Ń1 ŀŁ = C ŅĿ = (Ň- Ń + Ł - ŀ) C AsV2f Ł- =E (ƋƋƋ Ů ňŅ Ů ŃŇ - Ů ŁŃ Ů ŀŁ -) (KS - ŀ) Ń% (ņŁ - ŀ) Ł1C = S - ŀ = ł% lf . ņ ¶" Ł-ŀ ŀ ŀŅ

ł

Ł

ņ

Ł

ŁĿłŁ = ( Ł -Łŀ-)ŀŁ * Ń =

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

so hpNsg#f w 7& P wV - .N đ b = * A2V 18 E+C ŮC ŮE-C ɸƅƅƅŃ = CƅƅƅŀŁ = Cł ` E + Ń ŮŃ ŮE - Ń - .NĔ ŃŇ = (E + Ń) Ń * (E - Ń) Ł ŀŁ = ŁE - ŀŅ Ń= E Ł!=E Ņ ŮŃ ŮŁƅƅ- .NĔ Ł ŮŃ ŮŅ ƅƅƅƅ ` đF Pf ar & 19

` đF Pf ar & 25 z6.ko O f P y df Ob 1 26 ŀŬŀ = S ŮŀŁĿĿ = C ŀ-K(ŀŬŀ) * ŀŁĿĿ = ŀ - KS C = % K ń ņłŁŅŬŀŁ = ŀ - K ŀŬŀ * ŀŁĿĿ = K¶" ŀ=K

i = E 6rĔ -.N i A2Wj 20 ńł = a Ů ł = C Ł + i = -r.'b -.N ` ł EŁ + ł + E + ł EŁ + C Ů E + C lz arĔ lzG6sb ŀł = E Ł - ńł + E - ńł EŁ + Ů E + Eň - łŀŇ = Ełń + Ňņ `

ń=E

121

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

ł ŀł

lz 2*Ē

Ņ = E Ełł-+ŀĿŅ ŁŃĿ = EŃŇ


äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG ŐĿōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸGh äÉ©HÉààŸG Ő Ŀōŗí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

lb 6 5 . &

‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﻲ‬

:øe πc ø«H ±ÓîdGh ¬Ñ°ûdG ¬LhCG ø«H :äÉfQÉ≤e Ƌ đ7c7 gb r O gb 1 Ƌ z6.kpb O gcb wjskb .'b r Ů z 7'b O gcb wjskb .'b 2 Ƌ z6.kpb c7c7 gb Msg#fr Ů z 7'b c7c7 gb Msg#f 3

z[z['b - .NĔ lf Nsg#f z 2 {o O gb 1 Ƌ O gb -r.& Msg#f {o c7c7 gb E (ŀ - i) + C = KI 1s?b wcN z 7'b O gcb {jskb .'b

: Iô«°üb äÉHÉLEG äGP á∏Ä°SCG

Ƌ5 6Ĕ E Ů arĔ .'b C z&

Ɗlf d^ wV ( ) arĔ .'b gzZ ."r 4 ŀ ŀ ‫ب‬ ŀŅ = ŃI Ů Ł = S Ɗ pzV w b z6.kpb O gb

łŁ = ņI Ů ł = E Ɗ pzV w b z 7'b O gb ‫أ‬

Łńń = wbrĔ Ň ¶" Ů Ł = S Ɗ pzV w b z6.kpb c7c7 gb ‫د‬

ŁŀŅ= wbrĔ ŀŁ ¶" Ů Ņ= E Ɗ pzV w b z 7'b c7c7 gb ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ- K SC =

% 1s?b wcN z6.kpb O gcb {jskb .'b

K

Ƌ5 6Ĕ S Ů arĔ .'b C z&

:IOó©àe äÉHÉLEG äGP á∏Ä°SCG . r z6.ko r z 7& 7zb b b r Ů z6.ko zj b r Ů z 7& o .& is_ z' O f đ ^ 5 ƋƋƋ Ů Ņ Ů Ł Ɗw Đ ^ pkf d^

o.& C

b b r z?Z k zj b r y.y 4 wbrĔ is_ z' ŀŅ pkf d_b arĔ .'b z6.ko O f đ ^ 6 Ƌ y pjĐ f wb O gb m0o t.& Msg#f ."r h Ů ƋMsg#gb 4f1 e .+ 6 lz Wc +f lz [y2G ƋƋƋ + ŀŅ + łŁ + ŅŃ z6.kpb c7c7 gb ^ 7 Ƌ]2y2 (Br ? Msg#f pb is_y Đ w fr ŮMsg#f z pjđb z6.kpb c7c7 gcb is_y w f Ƅʡʵľŝ 8

:á«JÉ«M äÉ≤«Ñ£J

o.& C

K

z& [a + C] Ł = z 7'b c7c7 gb Msg#f 3 Ƌ o-r.& -.N K Ů2z*Ĕ o.& a ŮarĔ Sa-C z& S - ŀ = z6.kpb c7c7 gb Msg#f Ƌ o-r.& -.N S Ů2z*Ĕ o.& a ŮarĔ

Ůqzk" ńĿĿĿ arĔ H7[b Ů wb b s'kb wcN m- .7 es[y i wcN \W r Ůa gb lf S¹ c f 2" A2 Z ƞƄLj 9 » H7Z d^r ?A2[b gzZ gV ŀĿ E 7ZĔ -.N i ^ / V Ů qzk" ńĿĿ 1 .[g arĔ H7[b lN .y4y a h^ .O V Ůqzk" ŃŇĿĿĿ 1 .[g yÊ sk6 - -4yr Ůqzk" ŇŃĿĿĿĿ 76 gb t.&Ė tsk7b d*.b i ^ / Ǣųź 10 Ƌqzk" ŀŃŅŃĿĿĿ pc*- ( ?y k6 Tc gb wZ - .6 wcN P b Pf \W r Ůqzk" ŇĿĿ f¹ .[f qkg lf PV-r zÊ 2p^ 3 p" d"1 t2 : ǵƃģŭŝ 11 ŀĿ Tc g `b/ .O H7Z d^ - -4yr Ůqzk" ŀĿĿ Tc g arĔ H7[b . y lzf N .gb y2p: E 7Z wcN Ƌ3 p#cb k¹ g d"2b qOV.z6 t0b wc_b Tc gb ."r Ƌ pzk"

2

6 C^ & 3 g : ŀ Ł

‫ب‬

ŀŃ ‫أ‬ ŀń- ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ ‫د‬

4

12S k & 3 g : zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

46

.& Ê ŁŃ wb (ƋƋƋ ŮŀŁĿ ŮŀŀĿ ŮŀĿĿ) %űe is_ E 7ZĔ 11 ŁŃ ńŀŅĿ = [ŀĿ * Łł + ŀĿĿ * Ł] Ł = ŁŃ¶" ńňŅĿ = ńŀŅĿ + ŇĿĿ = Tc gb cg" `

(ƋƋƋ ŮŀŃ Ů ŀĿ Ů Ņ Ů Ł) z 7'b 5 (ƋƋƋ Ů ńŃ Ů ŀŇ Ů Ņ Ů Ł) z6.kpb (ƋƋƋ Ů ŀņ Ů ŀŀ Ů Ņ Ů Ł) z6.ko Đr z 7& 7zb y.y 4 (ƋƋƋ Ů ńŃ Ů łŅ Ů ŁŃ Ů ŀŅ) 6 łŁ = '¶" z?Z k (ƋƋƋ Ů Ł Ů Ń Ů Ň Ů ŀŅ) K-ņ

Ł

'

ŀ=S

r

ŀ- S( ŀ )ŅŃ

Ł

'

ŀ=S

7

Ƌ2W> # K% is_y o.kNr ŀ < |S| i ^ / 8 * _ K

ŀĿ wb (ƋƋƋ Ů ŅĿĿĿ Ů ńńĿĿ Ů ńĿĿĿ) %űe is_ E 7ZĔ 9 ƋŀĿ so A2[b gzZ is_zV -r.& ŀĿ ņńńĿĿ = [ńĿĿ * ň + ńĿĿĿ * Ł] Ł = ŀĿ ŃŇĿĿĿ p6 6 r ŇŃĿĿĿĿ arĔ o.& %űe is_y d*.b 10 ŀŃŅŃĿĿĿ = K% ŀŃŅŃĿĿĿ = E(ŀ - K) + C ` ŀŃŅŃĿĿĿ = ŃŇĿĿĿ * (ŀ - K) + ŇŃĿĿĿĿ ` ŀŃ = K pkfr

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

122


-

á«°Sóæ¡dG äÓ°ù∏°ùàŸG »ªcGôJ QÉÑàNG

g yJ & 3 g : Ł%Ł = ł% + ŀ%

12

Ń + ]Ņ = ń - ]Ń + ŀń ` ł = ] pkfr (ŀ) Ł = Eŀł + CŁ

ŁĿ = ŀĿ% + ń% 13

(Ł) Ł = Eł + CŁ

Ń%ł = ņ%

:á∏jƒW äÉHÉLEG äGP á∏Ä°SCG Ƌ ] gzZ ."r V z 7& O f ( ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů (ń – ] Ń) Ů (Ł + ] ł) Ů ŀń ) js^ / 12 a f đ tr 7y P 7b o.& Ů ŁĿ tr 7y 2: Ob r 8f +b py.& Msg#f w b z 7'b O gb ."r 13 ƋP 2b o.& 1 .[g P6 b o.& lN 5- 7b r b b py.& Msg#f .y4y Ů Ńŀ tr 7y ly2;Ob o.& z 7& O f 14 Ƌ O gb m0o ."r Ƌ .&sb ŀ = Ƌ O gb m0o ."r Ů Łņ

Ƌly2;Ob .'b ‫أ‬ ņŁĿ Msg#gb is_zb ůarĔ .'b lf . O gb lf o0* e3đb -r.'b -.N ‫ب‬ ¹

(ƋƋƋƋ Ůŀ Ů ŀ- Ů ł-) O gb ` Ńŀ = ŁĿ% 14 ŀ = ň % - Ņ% + ł%

(Ł) ŀ = E - C

(ƋƋƋ Ů ņ Ů ń Ů ł) O gb ` (ŀ) ń = E C ł

ń = Ł% 15

Ņ

E C = E CŁņ

ŀ ł

Ń% = ņ%Łņ ŀ = E pkfr Łņ =łE `

ŀń = C (ŀ) {V DysO b ń

(ƋƋƋ Ů ł Ů ń Ů ŀń) O gb ` (ŀ) łŇ = Eŀŀ + C łŇ = ŀŁ% 16 (Ł) ŁŃń = EłŃ + C

ŁŃń = łń%

Ņŀ- = C Ů ň = E (Ł) Ů(ŀ) lz b- Ogb d' ŀń

łĿ = [ň * ŀŃ + Ņŀ- * Ł] Ł = ŀń¶" (ŀ) ŀŃŃ = Ełņ + CŁ ŀŃŃ = ŁĿ% + ŀň% 17 (Ł) ŀńŁ = Ełň + CŁ

ŀńŁ = Łŀ% + ŁĿ%

Ł- = C Ů Ń = E (Ł) Ů(ŀ) lz b- Ogb d' K

[Ń - KŃ + Ł- * Ł] Ł `

ņŃ = Eŀň + C = ŁĿ% ņŁĿ = K¶" ņŁĿ= Ŀ = łŅĿ - KŁ - ŁK ` ŁĿ = K pkfr

123

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

Ů ń = Ł I pzV z6.ko O f (KI) 15

t- 'b r ly2;Ob ly.'b Msg#f Ů ŀŃŃ tr 7y ly2;Ob r 2;N P6 b ly.'b Msg#f pzV z 7& O f 17 Ɗ."r ŀńŁ tr 7y ly2;Ob r

ł- = C Ů Ł = E (Ł) Ů(ŀ) lz b- Ogb d' (ŀ) Ńŀ = Eŀň + C

ņI

ŃI

Ƌ pkf wbrĔ .& Ê 2;N 7g+b Msg#f ."r Ƌ ŁŃń = łń I Ů łŇ = ŀŁ I pzV z 7& O f 16

47

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b


‍اďť&#x;ﺣﺪ؊‏ ‍اďť&#x;ďşœďşŽﺔ‏

ĜŔijíĹŽøĿíĹ? ĞœĉÎòøĿí

Permutations, combinations

ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí ôŔŇÎßĿí

ôŔŇÎßĿí ĂłÄŠÄƒĹŽĿí

Ď€jOÉÑà dGh óŠdG CGóÑe ≼aGĆ’Ă dGh Permutations, combinations ĂłÄŠÄƒĹŽĿí Ă´ĹƒÄŠĸĹƒ Yy: 2*yf t4u eČ—. rkx Ę˜ [g /k ]6K 2R €glR 6& }f vg* }Z % +p h ;k qv& y k Ç›6€#cZ Ę˜ €F 6f }Z €: :Čš 5 vlf rk 2Sf Ë„w _€ K mu rkx Ę˜}: :Čš 2Sf 2 k vqkx Ę˜2Sgf [g /k €'€ 6 : }gR Y6S p Ë… qcllf ]6Kf hc k Ryl'k 6B qR € 6 v m } f ]6Kf 12R Z6Sk }Z i2/ ; } f h 1 f Ë… € 6 f R 6k ox1 5 € .Č– }ux Ë„`€Z y f Ë…iy€f } * Ç› 5 : e 7 k z4f e 'lf 4u }Z 6 bČš 5x2f e c; x Ę˜r y€p ] +: x i €/f 6lR i OSf lgSgf o b 2_fx

â€ŤďťŁďť˜ﺪďş” اďť&#x;ﺣﺪ؊‏ .Ob wb ! 'j Ä? g &Ä? MsBsgb k 6 1- lf 2z ^ wV .&sb m0o wVr Ć‹ f .& 2"Ä– k_ggb Y2Gb -.N 7&r Ć‹ pkfr .Ob Y2F ho A2O 7j I + V0½( IQ 6 8

ĂłÄŠÄƒĹŽĿí Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďá þÎÿÄŽÄˆĹƒ :o }gR 5Ç› 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk v€Z K?pČš 4€[q x Ę˜ 2*yf vp }Z

Â?hdL p]h—= Ă“nbh˜]>Ă­ {_UĂ? ĂŒ{˜Y ĂŚ}_šx •

I 3 35 + L( I % L8

‍ﺨﺎďş&#x;ﺎت اďť&#x;ﺣﺪ؊‏

ngfh= pSĆ_UĂ?Ă­ ˆhRĂ?ŽšUĂ?Ă­ ŠxĂ˜n˜šUĂ? ÂŒY ŠT ÂŒL pY{bY ĂŚ}_šx •

ˆhRĂ?ŽšUĂ?Ă­ ŠxĂ˜n˜šUĂ? ÂŒY ŠT Ă‘n—A Â?R Ă‘ÂŽHnÂ?UĂ? ĂŞ{žš—x •

:o }gR 5Ç› 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 2*yf t4u vp  Z I U0À¼ − 3 35 + L( l&+8% IQ 6 8 0 % L8 .( l&+8% IQ 6 8 , A;( l&+8% zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

IQ 6 8 0 4 L8 ² : W+ O8781%

48

I + V0½( l&+8% I4 B3 G" ( O8781% I: 1£ # ")+ h+L Q 6 8 0 % L8 V 1_ ­ :L3 £ = T , f81% I4 B3 c " ( 4 N¼ ­ ² $ %& C°" h+ § l&+8% IQ 6 8 0 % L8 , f83 : $ %& #WB^¼ h+ Š I4 B3 G" ( , f83 #WB^¼ h+ Š IQ 6 8 0 % L8 .( V 1_ ­ V 3 £ , f81%

‍اďť&#x;ﺟďť„ďť ďş¤ďşŽŘŞ ا(ﺳﺎﺳﺔ‏ Principle of Counting Operation Tree Diagram Factorial

+ L( : ") : '&Ni V0½(

Permutations

% L

Combinations

Q 6

Elements

Ă 7

Order

X &

Committee Subset

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

:7Âş : @c? : )Â

124


├┤┼Ф─У├о─У┼Ч├н ├╡├о─Д┼А─д─Ь┼Д─┐├н oh>}> ├С

Order Committee

ph├╜~@ pL┬Оe┬ЬY ├С

Subset

:тАл╪▓я╗гя╗ж я║Чя║к╪▒я╗│я║▓ ╪зя╗Яя╗оя║гя║к╪йтАм ╞Л@?& ┼Е

Graphical Computer Programs

I' _ :M%&Y

Conditional Principle of Counting

┬Кx├Шn┬Ш> ├С

}├ЙnfL ├С

├а├н}ZeU├Р {_U├Р ├М{┬ШY ├С phdeL ├С

Operation

├│─К─Г┼О─┐├н ─С┼Н─Н─Й

phedL p┬ШHnA pU├Л ├С

╦Е 2Sf 2 k :(╔╕ - ╔╣╦Ц 952f

├С┬ОHn┬ЭdU phY┬ОH├Ъ sY├Р}= ├С

╦Еh 1 f ╦Э 12Sf x6Gk :(╔╣ - ╔╣╦Ц 952f

├│─К─Г┼О┼А─┐ ┼Р┼Д┼Ф─и┼И├╖ ─в─д─И┼Г

─╢┼Ф─│├н┼О├╕─┐├н

─Й─К─м─┐├н ├п┼Н─О─а┼Г

─╛┼У─Й├о├▓├╕─┐├н

─К─м─┐├н ├г─К├▓┼Г

─б┼Н─О─Ш┼Г ─К─л ├г─К├▓┼Г

┼Р─У├о─У├г ─К─л ├г─К├▓┼Г

├┤┼Ф├╖├о┼Ф─Г ├╡├о─╕┼Ф├▓─д├╖

49

}p #f ╟╛ 52f hC[f ╦Э f Kf b

тАл╪зя╗Яя╗дя║ия╗Дя╗В ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗ия╗Ия╗┤я╗дя╗░ я╗Яя╗ая╗оя║гя║к╪йтАм > +b z6 6─Ф hzo Wgb .&scb wgzKk b HG+gb ar k y . f zN2Wb hzo Wgb wb d[ kj h -.Ob r2Cfr ┼о.Ob . g dy- b espWf (Bsj h ┼оEr2;gb .Ob . fr w6 6─Ф .Ob ╞Л z z'b [z G b DO 2" r \zV s b r

G _ ,Q6 8 0 % L8 )1% ┬░ :J ┬д ;┬е FMf┬е t$ % L( ├В 0 ┬▓ 1 @> ┬▓( A;( )8^% 0 + L( 40 78 V0┬╜( , A;( ┬к -87 ┬А ,U0├А┬е + L(0 3 35 + h+ ┬з ' _ )8^ G _ % L8 , A;( ┬к =7(0 , + Q 6 8 , A;( ` FL &% 0 I % L8 ┬з :1 @& # - LM8 ┬│L ┬з 8┬й P% F 0 , % L8 ┬з ┬м B^ )8+% ┬Ф I: ┬г # - LM8 .(

125

┬ИhR├Р┬О> ├С

Permutations

╦Е`┬АZ y f :(╔║ - ╔╣╦Ц 952f

тАля╗Гя║о┘В ╪зя╗Яя║Шя║к╪▒я╗│я║▓ ╪зя╗Яя╗дя╗Шя║Шя║оя║гя║ФтАм [y2Gb - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob ╞Л ─С_;gb d& - wjr O b hcO b - zF k 6─Р

I' _ :% ┬╝ ┬н ) & > L8Y 0 , A7(

Fundamental Counting Principle

─╛├л├о─У┼О─┐├н┼Н ├╡├н┼Н─Й┼Ч├н Scientific Calculator

тАл╪зя╗Яя╗оя║│я║Оя║Ля╗Ю ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗Мя╗ая╗┤я╗дя╗┤я║Ф ╪зя╗Яя╗дя║┤я║Шя║ия║кя╗гя║ФтАм ╞Лiscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b

B ┬Ж ┬д -8 "30 ,:_┬л-┬е :M^ 5 0 {> + 0 C 7┬А

┬ПHnH├║├Р {_U├Р ├М{┬ШY ├С

├С├н}\Y ├С

Elements

тАля╗гя╗мя║О╪▒╪з╪к ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗Фя╗Ья╗┤я║о ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗░ я║Чя╗ия╗дя╗┤я╗мя║О ╪зя╗Яя╗оя║гя║к╪йтАм 2z_W b - zB y2b wV wN . ─Ц 2z_W b - .Z kb 2z_W b ╞Л ─С_;gb d& - wczc' b

┬н0 L : ┬░┬║ 0 :% &; :%&%&/8 0 : A;^ :"o35 ┬н )8

Factorial

phinh= ├Т}┬ЬI ├С

Combinations

:тАл╪п╪▒┘И╪│ ╪зя╗Яя╗оя║гя║к╪йтАм ╞Л.Ob . f ╞К(┼А - ┼Б) 51.b ╞Л dy- b ╞К(┼Б - ┼Б) 51.b ╞Л\zV s b ╞К(┼В - ┼Б) 51.b

:тАля╗Гя║о┘В ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗Шя╗┤я╗┤я╗в ╪зя╗Яя╗дя╗Шя║Шя║оя║гя║ФтАм

pf┬ЬU ├С

Tree Diagram

}p #f ╟╛ 52f hC[f ╦Э mgS╚Ю h┬Аf1


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí ôŔŇÎßĿí ôŔŇÎßĿí ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

1-2

óŠdG CGóÑe

óŠdG CGóÑe

Fundamental Principle of Counting @zgZ

@zgZ

‍ﺎﺜ‏

Ĺ? â€Ťďť“ďťœﺎ‏

Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē

iscGk r @zgZ . 1 `kf cF / Ć‹iscGk Ĺ‚r @zgZ Ĺ lz lf ?1 z *Ä? Y2F -.N h_V

:M 1 # - LM 0 + L( , A;( I= "

b F 1 z * Y2F -.N h^ 1 - U2: ) Ä‘F Ä‘ lz lf Ć‹(wkf - 2g6) lz b F lz lf b Fr (l7& - .g'f

= iscGk

IU0À¼ + L(

5 iscGk

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí

ĞĄĿí

1 z * kk_gy Ä‘ gV š 1 z *Ä? Y2F -.N V2Of dp7b lf .#j a gb 0o wV 2 Oj Us6r ,b Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹2g6 ĹŽ l7& r wkf ĹŽ .g'f r wkf ĹŽ U2: r 2g6 ĹŽ U2: Ć‹ zj z b 2#;b HG+g wg7yr ĹŽwb b wj z b HG+gb `b/ lN Ăšmg™AøĂ?

2g6 ĹŽ U2: wkf ĹŽ U2: 2g6 ĹŽ .g'f wkf ĹŽ .g'f 2g6 ĹŽ l7& wkf ĹŽ l7&

Óm—Tm\T�

2g6 wkf 2g6 wkf 2g6 wkf

Ă‘°\TĂ?

Fundamental Principle of Counting

I 3 35 + L(

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź M iscGk

1-2

3 35 + L( Fundamental Counting Principle

: ")

Operation Tree Diagram

: '&Ni

Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí : )" :L3 _ : d

U2:

€[g.

ĹŽ(N * M) lz Nsg#gb w 1 _y.b d> 'b b Gb 51- i \ 6 2?kN arÄ” pG[7f w b 2gb ! r3Ä” Pzg" lf is_ y qj U2Nr Nsg#gb 2> kN lf 2?kN wj b pG[7fr M Nsg#gb 2> kN lf $ sj -.N - #y zWz^ b Gb 51.y Us6 51.b 0o wVr Ć‹N Ć‹ f 2# b -.'f (Y2F -.N)

Scientific Calculator

I: ( 3> O( ÂŹ 0c( ÂŞd X3 _

.g'f l7&

952f &6/k :o }gR 5Ç› 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp  Z

Y2F Ĺ‚ = Ä‘F Ä‘ lf b F 1 z * Y2F -.N [y2F Ĺ = i b F lf b F 1 z * Y2F -.N Y2F Ĺ… = Ĺ * Ĺ‚ = 1 z *Ä? Y2F -.N `

I= " :M 1 # - LM 0 + L( , A;( l&+8% I 3 35 + L( l&+8%

ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ ? k_ggb 1 z *Ä? Y2F -.N h^ <Z jr 2_V .k wV 1

IU0À¼ + L( l&+8%

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź hZ1r {ņ ĹŽĹ‚ } 2> kOb lf - &Ä’ hZ1 is_y z' ĹŽe Z1 Ä‘ lf is_f -.N h^ 2 ?{Ĺ„ ĹŽĹ€ } 2> kOb lf gb hZ1r {Ĺˆ ĹŽĹƒ ĹŽĹ }Ć…2> kOb lf 2;Ob zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

€: : 16[k 50

zj z 2#: - zcgN - .Ob . f

Ć‹ k_ggb $ skb Pzg" - #yÄ– " 'b ir .N 7gb ĹŻ<Z jr 2_V .k wV zj z b 2#;b lO 6 ˜ Ć‹.Ob . f espWgb as>scb Ä‘Gb ‍اďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعس‏ l_gyr 1 z *Ä? zcgOb -.'f š Fr2: PCy hb (ɸ) e #k }Z ˜ 2g6) š k arÄ” 2?kOb is_y z' zj z b 2#;b ;j r (l7& r .g'f r U2: ) .bš r {j b 2?kOb r (wkf r Ć‹lz b 'b {V .& r 1 z *Ä? Y2F -.N is_y š

: k2/ ;lf €l€gS f 1 ylf

- w6 1 YsV A2N 3 p" - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć‹ zgcN 6 & b - zV W: *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

Ä‘_;gb d& - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob Ć‹wjr O b hcO b < 52 f o ck

w6 1.b d?Wb

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m€€_ f

sc>s y hpN-r <Z jr 2_V .k wV -1r f ` Ä‘F Pf P ˜ Ć‹ 'z'?b "Ä– wb : &

Ĺ… = Ĺ‚* Ĺ = k_ggb Y2Gb -.N 1 XGOb U2& kf .+ 6 i Ä‘Gb wb (Br :mgS 2q  Z -.N is_y `b0b i eĆ‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ĹŽĹ‚eĹŽĹ eĹŽĹ€e dgOb Y2F -.N lz H 2cb (r) Ć‹ p 2B d> & so a gNÄ” m0pb k_ggb Y2Gb

:mgS f 51 Ck

fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b Ĺ…Ĺ„ = wb Ĺ„Äż = lf b Gb ^ Ć‹( j2 jÄ– ) :‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďşŒ‏ <Z jr 2_V .k wV -1r f lN "Ä– ` Ä‘F wb cF ˜ Pzg#b Y2Gb -.N wb as>scb hp " P r ŎńŇ = @zgZ - y4 l_br a gb 8Wj 12^ĹŽ k_ggb 1 z *Ä? h ĹŽY2Gb -.N wb as>scb hp " P r iscGk - y3r Y2Gb -.Ob as>sb l_gy do ĆŠwko/ X?N a 6 A2N

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

126


š-›

óŠdG CGóÑe

a f d& aÄ‘* lf Er2;gb .Ob . f espWf ` Ä‘Gb (Br ˜ (Ĺ„Ĺ€)Âś>

š ›

óŠdG CGóÑe

Ă˜z^TĂ?

(Ĺ„Ĺ )ĹŽ(Ĺ„Ĺ€)d' i ar & .k {V -1r f ` Ä‘F Pf <Z j ˜ Ć‹ 'z'?b "Ä– wb hpOf d>s r : &

ņŠ= Ĺ‚* Ĺƒ * Ĺ… = Y2Gb -.N 2 e Z1Ä” a3 kf (zBs b ĹŻar." dgN ly2g b 0o wV dCWy 3 ĆŠw Ä’ ^ YČ–

k

6?R

1 *

Ĺ‚

Ĺ

Ĺ

Ĺ€

:(ɸ - ɚ) r 5 l &

- 3 ƅƅƅƅœ" 2 ƅƅƅƅ- 1 Ņ 5 ƅƅŠņ = łł 4 Yx6+f

ŠŇ

Šņ

i ^5Čš

Ĺ Ĺ…

Ĺˆ

Ă“Ă?|Y^TĂ? ohmA

ŀ ń ŀ ń ŀ ń ŀ ń ŀ ń ŀ ń

Ă˜m@ĂšĂ? ohmA

ĞĄĿí

Ĺ Ĺ‚

Ĺƒ Ĺˆ Ĺ

ņ

Ĺƒ Ĺˆ

:n X? ? R "XC 1 [y2F ŀŠ=Š*ł* Š= gb hZ1 1 z * Y2F -.N * 2;Ob hZ1 1 z * Y2F -.N * - &Ē hZ1 1 z * Y2F -.N Ɗw Ē Xy2O b (Bs [ 7b c fĔ

â€Ťďş—ďťŒďť ďť˘â€Ź ≈°SÉ°SC’G óŠdG CGóÑe -.N i ^r ĹŽ [y2F Ĺ e i dgN 2" Y2F -.N i ^r ĹŽ [y2F Ĺ€e tr 7y f dgN 2" Y2F -.N i ^ / ƟʞʾƯĹ? e*Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹* Ĺ‚e*Ĺ e*Ĺ€e = Oš f a gNÄ” m0o 2" Y2F -.N i V Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ 0_or [y2F e b dgN 2" Y2F i Fundamental Counting Principle

ĆŠw Ä’ s'kb wcN - .NÄ” (zBs `k_gyr ˜ Ĺ†Ĺ‚ĹƒĹ Ĺ‚ĹƒĹ Ĺ† Ĺ†ĹƒĹ Ĺ‚ Ĺ‚Ĺ†ĹƒĹ Ĺ†Ĺ‚Ĺ Ĺƒ ĹƒĹ†Ĺ Ĺ‚ Ĺ Ĺ†ĹƒĹ‚ Ĺ‚Ĺ†Ĺ Ĺƒ ĹƒĹ‚Ĺ Ĺ† ŀŠ= Ĺ€ * Ĺ * Ĺ * Ĺ‚ = # kb - .NÄ” -.N ˜

Ĺ†Ĺ ĹƒĹ‚ Ĺ Ĺ‚ĹƒĹ† Ĺ‚Ĺ ĹƒĹ†

Ă“mĂždTĂ? ohmA

ŀŠł Ĺ„Ĺ Ĺ‚ Ĺ€ĹƒĹ‚ Ĺ„ĹƒĹ‚ Ĺ€ĹˆĹ‚ Ĺ„ĹˆĹ‚ ŀŠņ ńŠņ Ĺ€ĹƒĹ† Ĺ„ĹƒĹ† Ĺ€ĹˆĹ† Ĺ„ĹˆĹ†

Ĺ‚

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź š r2;fr (`g6 ĹŽ ! "- ĹŽ . ^) "r Ä‘ lz lf "r ar k y i .b +b l_gy w b 1 z *Ä? -.N h^ 3 Ć‹(s#j f ĹŽ isgzb ĹŽ a [ 2 ) r2;gb lf .& r š ĞĄĿí

Y2F Ĺ‚ = r2;gb 1 z * Y2F -.N ĹŽ Y2F Ĺ‚ = "sb 1 z * Y2F -.N Ć‹Y2F Ĺˆ = Ĺ‚* Ĺ‚ = 1 z *Ä? Y2F -.N ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ

w b "sb -.N h^ Ć‹ r2;gb lf M sj Ĺ‚ ĹŽ FÄ‘7b lf M sj Ĺƒ ĹŽ 2 GWb lf M sj Ĺ… e.[y hOGf 2 ? r2;gb r FÄ‘7b r 2 GWb lf d^ lf .& r Nš sj "sb dg; i wcN zĂŠ fsy pf.[y i l_gy š Conditional Principle of Counting

(‍)ďş’ﺪأ ďť‹ﺪ ﺸﺎŮˆء‏

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź

{Ĺƒ ĹŽ Ĺ‚ ĹŽ Ĺ ĹŽ Ĺ€ ĹŽ Äż} e Z1Ä” lf Wc +f e Z1 Ĺ‚ lf is_f -.N lys_ l_gy [y2F h_ 4

}p #f Çž 52f hC[f Ë? f Kf b

51

6

Ň

ņ

ņ * Ň * Ĺˆ * Ĺ Ĺ… * Šņ * ŠŇ = &scb -.N ĹˆĹˆÄżĹ…Ĺ…Ĺ Ĺƒ =Ɔ Ć„ k

6?R

1 *

Ĺ‚

Ĺ‚

Ĺ

≼aGĆ’Ă dGh Ď€jOÉÑà dG ôŔŇÎßĿí ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí ĞĄĿí

Ă“mĂždTĂ?

Ĺƒ

7

Ă“Ă?|Y^TĂ?

Ĺƒ

Ă˜m@ĂšĂ?

Ĺ‚

(1 7zb p" 2W?b e .+ 6 l_gyÄ?) Fr2;gb gb j + . j Ĺƒ = gb j * wV hZ2b 1 z * Y2F -.N ohmÂ?TĂ? Ĺƒ = 2;Ob j * wV hZ2b 1 z * Y2F -.N ç|\TĂ? Ă˜zK Ĺ‚ = - &Ä’ j * wV hZ2b 1 z * Y2F -.N [y2F ĹƒĹ‡ = Ĺ‚ * Ĺƒ * Ĺƒ = zc_b Y2Gb -.N ` ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ

Ĺ„ r Ĺ H[V z Ä’ e Z1Ä” 0* y gb hZ1 i Ä‘Gb wb 2: ĆŠY2F Ä‘ t Ň r ŀŇ = Ĺ * Ĺ‚* Ĺ‚ = - .NÄ” -.N Ň Ĺ€ĿĿĿĿĿĿĿĿ = (ŀĿ) = e Z1Ä” -.N 8 wV 2f lf 2 ^Ä” .& sb hZ2b 1 2_ zcgN L&Ä? Ć‹asg'gb hZ2b d ggb -.Ob :(Éš) e #k }Z

`b/ r a gb 0o {V k_ggb - .NÄ” -.N - #y l_gy ˜ ĆŠ{ Ä’ ^ -.Ob (a3 kf) j * qzV (Bsj ar." ;j k

6?R

1 *

Ĺ

Ĺ‚

Ĺ

-.Ob 1 z *Ä? qk_ggb Y2Gb -.N i V `b0b ˜

hZ1 is_y

z' ĹŽ{ņ ĹŽĹƒ ĹŽĹ‚ ĹŽĹ } e Z1Ä” lf Wc +f e Z1 O 1 lf is_f -.N lys_ l_gy [y2F h_ 3 Ć‹ zĂŠ "r3 2;Ob

٢ - ٢ ‍ﺗــــﺎعــ‏

Ĺ€* Ĺ * Ĺ‚ * Ĺƒ ‍د‏ Ĺƒ*Ĺ‚ ‍د‏

. M)& I !s 1 I 1 3 3A I !H "' ĆŠtr 7y X> wV .N [f O 1 wcN Ä‘F Ĺƒ 5sc" Y2F -.N 1 Ĺƒ*Ĺƒ ‍ďş&#x;‏ Ĺƒ+Ĺƒ ‍ب‏ Ĺ€ ‍أ‏ ĆŠtr 7y {Ĺ ĹŽÄż ĹŽĹ‚ ĹŽĹ„ } e Z1Ä” lf /s* f lzWc +f lzgZ1 lf js_gb - .NÄ” -.N 2 Ĺ‚*Ĺ‚ ‍ďş&#x;‏ Ĺ *Ĺƒ ‍ب‏ Ĺ *Ĺ‚ ‍أ‏

ĆŠtr 7 {Ň ĹŽĹ… ĹŽĹ‚ ĹŽ Ĺ } e Z1Ä” lf /s* f Wc +f e Z1 Ä‘ lf js_gb y-2Wb - .NÄ” -.N 3 Ĺ€*Ĺ‚*Š‍د‏ Ĺ *Ĺ‚*Ĺƒ ‍ďş&#x;‏ Ĺ‚*Ĺ‚*Ĺƒ ‍ب‏ Ĺ‚*Ĺ…*Ň ‍أ‏ {Ĺ„ ĹŽĹ‚ ĹŽĹ } 2> kOb lf /s* f e Z1 Ä‘ lf js_gb - .NÄ” -.N h^ 4 is_y

z' {Ň ŎŅ Ŏł ŎŠ} 2> kOb lf /s* f Wc +f e Z1 O 1 lf js_gb - .NĔ -.N h^ 5 ?Ņ - &Ē hZ1

2zR e Z1 Ä‘ pO y y.# Ä” Ur2'b lf Ä‘ KV 'gb t.& wV 1 z7b @z*2 &sb . 6 wV e Z1Ä” r Ur2'b lf tÄ” 1 2_ ."syÄ? qj A2W ? pzcN as?'b l_gy w b &scb -.N h^ Ć‹2W?b Ć‹@z* 2 b &sb lf t 2S> is_ z' {Ĺˆ ŎŇ ĹŽĹ„ ĹŽĹ } e Z1Ä” lf /s* f Wc +f e Z1 Ä‘ lf pkf d^ is_gb - .NÄ” -.N h^ 7 ?ĹˆĿĿ lf hZ2b i ^ / V ĹŽ hZ1 2;N t.& lf is_ ar.b t.& wV asg'gb _ : e Z1 Nsg#f i gcN / 8 Ć‹asg'gb 0o _ : pcg' i l_gy EsG+b lf -.N 2 ^ ."r ĹŽ 1 7zb lf (ĿŠĹ„)

ƋŀŠ= Ĺ * Ĺ‚ * Ĺ = zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

127

}p #f Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČž h€f1

52


óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ôŔŇîüĿí ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

2-2

- Oó©dG Ühô°†e πjOÉÑàdG

πjOÉÑàdG - Oó©dG Ühô°†e Factorial of a Number - Permutations

łŀĬø÷ ıŎē

‫ﻧﺎﻗﺶ‬

+ V0½(

% L8

Factorial of a Number - Permutations

ō ‫ﻓﻜﺮ‬

: L[ N$H 15 I ! iI ( =b M'$ &I 1)'$

[g.

?X> wV .N [f đ {cN đF O 1 5sc" Y2F -.N is_ h^ (

?4W[cb -¹ .O 6 & 6 e g& V & wcN lz[ 7 f 7g* UsZr Y2F -.N h^ (

2#;b HG+f e.+ 6 g^ Ů.Ob . f 6 1- b Gcb \ 6 Ů f dgOb k_ggb 1 z *Đ Pzg" Y2F -.N - #yĖ zj z b wVr Ům2> kN -.N ."r r ŮEr2;gb .Ob . f wcN U2O g^ ¹ espWf b Gb 51.y Us6 \ 6 gb Đ g_ 6 r 51.b 0o 51.b 0o wV dy- b 6 1- wV qf.+ 7y w^ ů-.Ob r2Cf Ƌ 2: f qb \&đb 51.b wV \zV s b r

+ V0½( Factorial of a Number

% L8

Permutatuins

: @cº % L8

K 1s?b wcN _y K "sgb (z'?b -.Ob r2Cf :Ühô°†ªdG w b "sgb 'z'?b - .NĔ Pzg" 2B d> & tr 7yr Ɗ z& K tr 7 r lf 2S> wo ŀ*Ł * ł ƋƋƋ(Ł- K ) (ŀ- K) K = K

Sub−Permutatuins

IJœĎĬ÷

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬ ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí

Řğ ƩũĪ

ŀ= ŀ ƅn b ƅŀ= i f.kN ½

+

ŀ = Ŀ ƅn bƅĿ = i f.kN ½ Ů ł Ń = ŀ* Ł * ł * Ń = Ń ½ ń Ņ = ŀ* Ł* ł* Ń *ń * Ņ = Ņ z& ŀ - K K = K Ƅ:n b l 5 M! I

N ǽK

952f &6/k

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ K gzZ gV ŀŁĿ = K

ôŃĊĈøĔńĿí õíōĉŗí

i ^ / ‫ب‬

ŀĿ

."r ‫أ‬

Ň

:o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z I % L8 , A;( l&+8% I + V0½( , A;( l&+8% I % L8 § : _ # - LM ©

1

ľĄĿí

: )" :L3 _ = d : ( 3> O( ¬ 0c( ªd X3 _

ňĿ = ň * ŀĿ = K

ń = i i V `b0b ń =

Ň ň * ŀĿ = Ň

ŀĿ Ň

ŀ* Ł * ł * Ń * ń =

K

‫أ‬ ‫ب‬

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă ń

ň

+

ņ

‫ب‬

ņ ń

ŀń ŀŁ

‫أ‬

: : 16[k

: ! 1

I % L − + V0½(

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ń

K

łĿ = Ł-K -Ɗ b- Ogb d& Nsg#f ."r 2

: k2/ ;lf l gS f 1 ylf

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

53

2-2

dS;b i b F w[ y wj b r arĔ ly.O[gb a S;j .O Ƌ b b .O[gb ŁŃ = Ł * ł * Ń = đGb -.N ‫اﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺪرس‬ e g& V & wcN lz[ 7 f 7g* UsZr dz g l_gy Ɗw Ē ^ & 7b <k /f

T 6f

$f #f

}p #f

exȚ

ŀ

Ł

ł

Ń

ń

ŀŁĿ =ŀ * Ł * ł * Ń * ń = Y2Gb -.N ađ* lf r2Cgb espWgb ` đF i [ t.f wcN .^ Ƌ đGcb p GN l_gy Gz7 c f (5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f

wb hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė : & ŀń ŀŁ ŀł* ŀŃ* ŀń ‫أ‬ ŁņłĿ = = ŀŁ ŀŁ ň ņ ņ Ň*ň ń Ņ*ņ ‫ب‬ + = ņ + ń ņ ń

ŀŀŃ = Ň * ň + Ņ* ņ =ƆƄƅƅƅ

- w6 1 YsV A2N 3 p" - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ƌ zfs61 $f 2 -r4f wb 6 & - zgcN 6 & b - zV W: *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

- đ_;gb d& - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb -2: gb A2Ob Ƌwjr O b hcO b :< 52 f o ck

w6 1.b d?Wb :mgS f 51 Ck

zbr.b _ ;b (ńņ) = wb (ńł) = lf b Gb ^ fscOgcb ‫اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﻪ‬ @^ px 6cZ 2q }Z

Ɗ z Ē -sk b (zBs b zb b ar .#b dgN `k_gy X> wV .N [f đ wcN đF O 1 5sc" (ɺ) 2S_lf

(ɹ) 2S_lf

(ɸ)2S_lf

Ł ł Ń -.O qzV 5sc#b đGb PzG 7y arĔ .O[gb wV i z& ƋY2F (Ń) đF ł w[ y arĔ .O[gb wV đGb .& 5sc" .O Ƌwj b .O[gb wcN 8c#y i ho.& PzG 7y

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

128


-

πjOÉÑàdG - Oó©dG Ühô°†e ≥«aGƒàdGh πjOÉÑàdG ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

t.b dy- b espWf (zBs b ůw Ē a gb GN `k_gy Ƌ đGb

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ů zB y2b k#cb b F 1 z * - 2y đF O 1 lz lf :e #k

ń

ń

K gzZ ."r V

?1 z *Đ Y2F -.N h^ - zV [ b k#cb 2* b Fr

ÓmþdTÐ

ÓÐ|Y^TÐ

ł

N ǽ i Ů P ǽ 1 , K H1

ņ ń- ņ

= ŀŀ ** ŁŁ * ł * Ń * ń * Ņ* ņ = ńaņ ½

:n iR$ & p'7'(? K

5

Shift

×

2

Ɗlf d^ gzZ ."r 3 aŃ ‫ ﺟ‬ƅƅƅƅƅŃaŃ ‫ ب‬ƅƅƅƅƅŃaņ ‫أ‬ ľĄĿí

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

:2^ p 6 c[ 2q Z

i

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

ł

a Ņ + Ła ń ‫أ‬

Ɗlf d^ gzZ 7& 3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

Ƌ.& r X> wV .N [f ņ wcN đF ń 5sc#b Wc +gb Y2Gb -.N ."r 4 ľĄĿí

7

SHIFT

2f d^ wV pkf 7g* 1 z * - 2y .N [f ņ ky.b ŁńŁĿ = ł * Ń * ń * Ņ * ņ = ńaņ = Y2Gb -.N ` * (npr) 5 = : R$ 3 [ l #'$ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ƌ y.# Ĕ lf Wc +f Ur2& 7g* lf d_; i l_gy w b gc_b -.N Tc y h^ 4

(‫)اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻓﻰ داﺋﺮة‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

2 - d_: wcN .N [f O 1 wV = +: Ń z 2 l_gy [y2F h_ 5 ľĄĿí

@+;b ł o-.N Y2G 8c#zV wj b @+;b f Ů .& r [y2G arĔ @+;b 8c#y b 'b m0o wV Ƌ .z&r [y2G 8c#y 2z*Ĕ r Ł o-.N Y2G 8c#y b b Ņ = ł = ŀ * Ł* ł = hp z 2 Y2F -.N ? 2 - wV = +:Đ lf K z 2 Y2F -.N ! k 6 `k_gy do ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ƌ 2 - d_: wcN .N [f O7 wV = +: ň z 2 l_gy [y2F h_ 5 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ņ Ņ ń Ń

ŀ=C Ů Ŀ=C d_: wcN 2f 2> kOb lf i Wc +gb dy- b -.N ŀ- i = i Ɗtr 7 P"2f G[j ir- 2 -

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

ań ‫ب‬ ań Ń

ń

2

= Y2Gb -.N 5

54

πjOÉÑàdG - Oó©dG Ühô°†e

ŀŀņňłŅĿĿ=ńaŁŇ 4

129

K

z& 1- K = SaK ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

=

~ = X

ń = i z Ŀ = ńĿ - i ń + Łi ŀ ‫ب‬ ŀŃĿ ‫ أ‬3

ň

H 1 Ů +N ǽ K Ů P ǽ 1

R$ 3 I \ & E (3 V L & = 5 jI '' I Feq?

ńŅ = (Ł+ i) Ł + (ŀ+i) (Ł+ i)

ň

:BT&b = ŀŀ ** ŁŁ ** łł * Ń * ń * Ņ = łaŅ ½ Ņ = aŅ ł- Ņ ł

L ; f x

ŃĿłŁĿ = Ň =

Ņ ł- Ņ

áÑ°SÉëdG ΩGóîà°SG & ) R$ 3 I D+ R' u "+ 9 b l #'(? npr u " I Shift × V L &

:(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f i

IJœĎĬ÷

ŀ = ȇa K

Ƌ o2> kN 1 2_ (g7 Đ dy- b

(ŀ+ i)

z& (ŀ+ 1 - K ) ƋƋƋ ( Ł- K ) (ŀ- K)K =SaK

+

Ɗ{ Ē wcN đGb wb .^ Ƌ( b 7gb Er2: 7&) 2> kOb 1 2_ (g7y .Ob . f

i

ŀ

ŁŃ = ŀ * Ł * ł * Ń = ŃaŃ ‫ب‬ ŇŃĿ = Ń * ń * Ņ * ņ = Ńaņ ‫أ‬ ?¶" Ů lz 1 Ob lf L&đ / f ŁŃ = Ł * ł * Ń = łaŃ ‫ﺟ‬

: S > K.

(ŀ+ i)(Ł+ i)

Øm@ùÐ

Ł

ł

- #y wV 6 'b bĒ e .+ 6 zWz^ wcN ` đF 1- Ƌ cy. b gzZr -.Ob r2Cf gzZ

i

πjOÉÑàdG

Ɗ z& SaK 4f2b 2f d^ wV 1 /s* f 4y g gb 2> kOb lf i dy- -.Ob 4f2y

Ń 4f2b pzb 4f2y

ŀ

:n G UQ ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ

ƋlzOf z 2 wV pOBr wo z:Ĕ lf -.Ob qcy. b i V `b0b

qcy. ŀŁ = ł* Ń = dy- b -.N

+

Ƌi ^ / 2

Ƌe Z1ĕb qcy. - .NĔ m0o lf -.N d^ wg7y Łłń ŮłŁń Ů Łńł Ů ńŁł Ů łńŁ Ů ńłŁ :=0 5H Ƌ(ł eĐ ł ) " L Ƅłał m'<L Ƅŀ * Ł * ł = 0 5 :K U VW + = ' \ X

Ů (E Ů ) Ů(¶" Ů ) Ů(C Ů ) Ů (E ŮC) Ů (¶" ŮC) Ů ( ŮC) (¶" Ů E) Ů ( Ů E) Ů (C Ů E) Ů (E Ů ¶") Ů ( ٶ") Ů(C ٶ") C 1 z * .kN iĔ (C Ů ) !( ŮC) :o ȗKf }gR 2b 1 z * lN Xc +y zV [ b k#cb Ů zB y2b k#cb Ƌ zV [ b k#cb C Ů zB y2b k#cb

Ł

ŀ

K

Permutations

:} Ș b 16;f iyv[lf 4u , Fy dqcl lb

=

C

ń

? pkf /s* f Wc +f e Z1 đ lf pkys_ l_gy w b - .NĔ -.N h^ {ń Ůł ŮŁ} e Z1Ĕ Nsg#f lf ȇŻŐǭǨŝ ǡģŊǩ

Ɗis_y .Ob . gb [¹ Fr - Ů ¶" Ů Ů ho đGb i A2Wj ƋY2F Ń = zB y2b k#cb b F 1 z * Y2F -.N ƋY2F ł = zV [ b k#cb b F 1 z * Y2F -.N Ƌ [y2F ŀŁ = ł* Ń = 1 z *Đ Y2F -.N

ńŅ

Ł ńŅ = + Ł+K ŀ+K

?C & E &b Ŀ =

:h+f

Ła

ľĄĿí Ł-K (ŀ-K)K K = Ł-K a Ł-K ń

Ņ = K `ƅƅƅƅƅń * Ņ = (ŀ- K ) K `ƅƅƅƅƅ łĿ =

ŇŃĿ ŀŁĿ ŁĿ Ń ŀ

Ń - 1 gzZ ."r V ŇŃĿ = aņ i ^ / 6 S ľĄĿí

ń wcN g7[b $ j h7[j h Ņ wcN g7[b $ j g7[ h ņ wcN ŇŃĿ -.Ob g7[ . j ŀ -.Ob wb d?j w & 0_or aņ = Ń * ń * Ņ * ņ = ŇŃĿ -.Ob ` Ń ŀ= Ŀ = Ń-1 ` Ń=1 ` aņ = Saņ ` Ń

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

ŀ + 1 gzZ ."r V ńĿŃ = aň i ^ / 6 ŀ-S

? BL U ņ Ů ņaņ Ɗlf đ ¹ ^ gzZ ."r ( ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ

55

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b


≥«aGƒàdGh πjOÉÑàdGh ó©dG CGóÑe ôŔŇîüĿí óĊăŎĿí ≥«aGƒàdGh πjOÉÑàdG ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

٢ - ٢ ‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ‬ : = Q 1 I !s 1 I 1 3 3A I !H "' k#cb m0pb 8z 1 jr 8z 1 1 z * l_gy [y2F h_ Ů sCN ŀŁ lf Wb f k#b 1 ¹ ŀłŁ ‫د‬ ŅŅ ‫ﺟ‬ Łł ‫ب‬ Ł ‫أ‬ ń ‫د‬ ł ‫د‬ ŁŃ ‫د‬

Ł ‫ﺟ‬

tr 7 1 i V ŅĿ = 1ań i ^ / 2 ł ‫ب‬ Ń ‫أ‬

Ń ‫ﺟ‬

Ɗi gzZ i V ŀŁĿ = łai j ^ / 3 ń ‫ب‬ Ņ ‫أ‬

ŀĿ ‫ﺟ‬

tr 7 Pk?f gc^ Ur2& z 2 Y2F -.N 4 ň ‫ب‬ Ń ‫أ‬

tr 7 {Ņ Ůń ŮŃ Ůł } e Z1Ĕ Nsg#f lf lzWc +f lzgZ1 lf is_f -.N 1 z * Y2F -.N 5 Ń ‫د‬ ŀŁ ‫ﺟ‬ łĿ ‫ب‬ ŃŇ ‫أ‬ tr 7y 2 - wV a WF ņ z 2 Y2F -.N 6 ņ ‫ب‬ ŀ ‫أ‬

ņŁĿ ‫ﺟ‬

ńĿŃĿ ‫د‬

ň ¶" ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ a3 kf Ň lf is_ y isWzc hZ1 7 e Z1 -.N h^ Ů.zZ ir- hZ1 t lf Xb a3 kgb wZ gkz Ň Ůń ŮŃ Ůł e Z1Ĕ .& is_ i #y ¶" Ƌ & gb Wc +gb jsWzc b ŀĿĿĿĿĿĿĿ ‫د‬ Ńňňňňňň ‫ﺟ‬ ŃĿĿĿĿĿĿ ‫ب‬ Ńňňňňň ‫أ‬ lz r2;fr ( . ^ - ) 2V - W^) "r đ lf ¹ r2;fr "r ar k y i e 7'b l_gy [y2F h_ 8 Ƌ( zj z b 2#;b HG+g `b/ dÍ f) ( y3 R m zf - 2z?N)

ł = ŀ - 1 Ɗis_ b łaň = ŀ-1aň 5 ŀŁĿ = ń = ŀ + Ń

Ń=1

:óbÉf ô«μØJ ņ Ů aņlz H 2b so qkf U.pb ņ ńĿŃĿ = ņ = aņ z& ņ

1 2_ ir- p z 2 - 2gb z:Ĕ lf i -.Ob :i R w&y x i = ai :oyc i :(ɹ - ɹ) r 5 l &

- 4 Ņ 8

3 7

?Ń Ů ł Ů Ł Ů ŀ e Z1Ĕ lf qkys_ l_gy lzgZ1 lf ¹js_f -¹ .N h^ 9 ?Ń Ů ł Ů Ł Ů ŀ e Z1Ĕ lf qkys_ l_gy lzWc +f lzgZ1 lf ¹js_f -¹ .N h^ 10 ?Ń Ůł Ů Ł Ů ŀ e Z1Ĕ lf qkys_ l_gy lzWc +f lzgZ1 lf is_f zÊ "r3 -¹ .N h^ 11

» ? .z6 Ńr a "1 ł lz lf .z6r d"1 lf k#b lys_ l_gy [y2F h_ 12

2 ¶" 6 ŀŁ = ŁaŃ 10

- 1 ¶" 5 ŀŅ 9

6?R

1 *

ł

Ł

11

Ņ = z"r4b - .NĔ -.N zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

56

πjOÉÑàdG - Oó©dG Ühô°†e

(2z ^ Ů H6s f Ů 2zS>) e #& đ hy2^ 8yĒ đ'f .& e.[y 13 Ƌ(q Đs_z: Ů zc& Ů isgzb Ů s#j f Ů br 2V) p_j 8g*r ?hy2^ 8yĒ lf .& r 2;b & gb 1 z *Đ -.N h^ ."r {r Ů ¶o Ů- Ů ¶" Ů Ů } Ur2'b Nsg#f lf 14 .& r U2& 1 z * Y2F -.N ‫أ‬ lzWc +f lzV2& 1 z * Y2F -.N ‫ب‬

a Ň + ŀa Ň ‫ﻫ‬

& E ! 15 :1 DG ń _ ņ ‫أ‬ aŁ * ał ‫د‬

ŀ+K ŃŁ = ŀ - K ‫ب‬ K ńĿ = Ła + ŀa + ĿaK ‫د‬

Ɗlf d^ \[' w b K gzZ ."r 16 ŁŃ = K ‫أ‬ ŁņłĿ = aŀń ‫ﺟ‬

‫ب‬

Ɗi ^ / K gzZ ."r 17 ŁŀĿ = Kaņ ‫أ‬

Ł * łań ‫ﺟ‬

ņ

ł - Ł ł ‫ب‬

a ņ + Ŀa ņ ‫و‬

Ł

K

ŀŁ = ŀ - KŁ

K

Ł

ł

ŀŁ = Ń * ł = Y2Gb -.N 12 ŀń = 1 z *Đ Y2F -.N 13 łĿ = ŁaŅ ‫ب‬ Ņ = ŀaŅ ‫ أ‬14 ŀŁ ‫د‬ ŀŁĿ ‫ﺟ‬ 2W> ‫ب‬ ŃŁ ‫ أ‬15 ńĿŃŀ ‫و‬ ŅŃ ‫ ﻫ‬ƅ ņ ‫د‬ ł=i ‫ﺟ‬ Ņ ‫ب‬ Ń ‫ أ‬16 Ł = i Ů ŁŃ = iŁ ‫ب‬ ł = i Ů łaņ = iaņ ‫ أ‬17 Ň = i r ņ = i 18 łłŅ = łaŇ 20 ņŁĿ = łaŀĿ 19 Ł+i = (ŀ + i) (Ł + i) = lgyĔ 21 Ła

e ~I y + ¥D

K

ƋK gzZ ."r V ła Ł-K * ŀŃ = ŃaK i ^ / 18 Ƌ= +: 2;N lf js_f k#b lf 2z 2_6r 8z 1 jr 8z 1 1 z * Y2F -.N ."r 19

t.b dy- b Ů .Ob . f espWf ,z62 wcN E ;kb 0o .^ y Ƌ b Gb

] 2 :ĕb (2*Ĕ sc .& r) đF đ 1 z * zj. b z 2 b hcOgb l_gy [y2F h_ Ů đF zj g lz lf 20 Ƌ z 2 b wcN 2 Gb 2^r c7b 2^r e.[b 2^ Y2V wV Ł

aŁ + K =

Ł+K K

Ɗi 21

:I ?qf g : &

Łń = ń * ń ‫ب‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬ {ň Ů ņ Ů ń Ů ł Ů Ł} = 5 j ^ / -

?e Z1Ĕ m0o lf qkys_ l_gy lzWc +f lzgZ1 lf ¹js_f -¹ .N h^ ‫أ‬

?e Z1Ĕ m0o lf qkys_ l_gy lzgZ1 lf ¹js_f -¹ .N h^ ‫ب‬

?e Z1Ĕ m0o lf qkys_ l_gy Wc +f e Z1 đ lf ¹js_f -¹ .N h^ ‫ﺟ‬

?e Z1Ĕ m0o lf qkys_ l_gy ńĿĿ lf 2S> r Wc +f e Z1 đ lf ¹js_f -¹ .N h^ ‫د‬

?e Z1Ĕ m0o lf qkys_ l_gy Ł m- & hZ1r Wc +f e Z1 O 1 lf ¹js_f -¹ .N h^ ‫ﻫ‬

57

ŁĿ = Łań ‫أ‬

ŅĿ = łań ‫ﺟ‬

ŁŃ = ł * Ń * Ł = ŁaŃ * Ł = - .NĔ -.N ‫د‬ .y.' b `b/r Ů\ 6 g^ E ;kb hzz[ b hc6 dgN `k_gy Ƌ đGb - ts 7f

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

130


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí ôŔŇÎßĿí ôŔŇÎßĿí ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

≼aGƒà dG

Ä‘Ä?ÄŠĿí

3-2

≼aGĆ’Ă dG ĹťĹ?ǭǨĹ?

Combinations

js_f Nsg#f lz lf lzy- j 1 z * - 2y t.& wV {- ĹŽ Âś" ĹŽ } y.j O 1 lf Ä‘y. b d^ i V ĹŽ e.[b 2^ y1 f ĆŠwo k_ggb ĹŽ ( ĹŽ Âś" ) ĹŽ (C ĹŽÂś") ĹŽ(E ĹŽ ) ĹŽ(Âś" ĹŽ ) ĹŽ (C ĹŽ ) ĹŽ (E ĹŽ C ) ĹŽ (Âś" ĹŽ C) ĹŽ ( ĹŽ C ) Ć‹(Âś" ĹŽ E ) ĹŽ ( ĹŽ E) ĹŽ (C ĹŽ E) ĹŽ (E ĹŽ Âś") Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ 0_or (C ĹŽ ) 1 z *Ä? lN Xc +y ( ĹŽ C ) 1 z *Ä? i \ 7b i z b lf L&Ä‘j ĆŠwo k_ggb 1 z *Ä? Pzg" i V z 2 cb N 2f ir- \ 6 gf 1 z *Ä? j-1 / V Ć‹{E ĹŽ Âś" } ĹŽ {E ĹŽ } ĹŽ {Âś" ĹŽ } ĹŽ {E ĹŽ C } ĹŽ {Âś" ĹŽ C } ĹŽ { ĹŽ C } Čż [zVs Čż 1 z *Ä? m0o lf 1 z * d^ wg7yr

Ć‹ w6 1.b d?Wb :mgS f 51 Ck

lf K lz lf 1 +gb r z:Ä” lf 1 lf pkf d^ js_gb \zV s b -.N N Ç˝ K ĹŽ E Ç˝ S ĹŽ K H S ĹŽ

+

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź lf d^ $ j ."r 1 (L&Ä‘ / f ) Ĺ Yņ ‍ب‏

espWf wV .& r 2?kN d gy pkf t V {C ĹŽ } = { ĹŽ C } i r ĹŽ š š Ć‹\zV s b i 1a =1Yi z& \zV s b r dy- b lz ZÄ‘Ob wcN .^ ˜ 1

‍اďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعس‏ lf 2> kN Ĺ‚ lf js_gb Ä‘y. b -.N ."r :e #l 2 ˜ Ä‘y. b m0o -26 h Ĺ‚aĹƒ is_y s#b r {- ĹŽ ! ĹŽ ĹŽ C} Ć‹Ć‹ĹŽ( ĹŽ Âś" ĹŽC) ĹŽ(Âś" ĹŽ ĹŽ C)

Šŀ = Ĺ… * ņ = Ĺ YČŽ ‍ب‏ Ĺ€*Ĺ

Ĺ

131

: @c? : )Â

Subset

Yņ ‍أ‏

Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí ÂŞd X3 _ − : )" :L3 _ = d

∂JÉeĆ’âˆ?Še ≈dEG ∞°VCG = 5 i b ' m'<L n 1<&+ b K l = S,K A S

ĞĄĿí

aņ Šŀ = Ĺ‚ * Ĺƒ * Ĺ„ * Ĺ… * ņ = Ĺ„ = Ĺ„Yņ ‍أ‏ Ĺ€ * Ĺ *Ĺ‚ *Ĺƒ * Ĺ„ Ĺ„

58

I U ^7 4 B3 G" ( l&+8%

Ƌ z 4" Nsg#f - k#b - z 2 - 2> kN - \zV s : k2/ ;lf €l€gS f 1 ylf

b - zV W: - w6 1 YsV A2N 3 p" - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć‹ zgcN 6 & *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

Ĺ„

( Ĺ tr 7y ly2?kN lf js_gb

:7Âş

Committee

I A " :M 1 # - LM 0 Q 6 8 , A;( l&+8%

( z 2 b N 2f ir-) 2> kN Ĺ„ lf = Ĺ YĹ„ gpkz ZÄ‘Ob is_ r

X &

Order

:o }gR 5Ç› 1 ^ f Kf oyc o T^y lf rk 952f 4u vp }Z

˜

ly/s* f ly2?kN lf js_gb 1 z *Ä? -.N d g Ĺ YĹ„ ˜

Ĺ

Ă 7

: €: : 16[k

Ć‹( z 2 b N 2f Pf) 2> kN Ĺ„

z&)

Q 6

Elements

wVr ĹŽ z 2 Pf 1 z * pj U2Nr ĹŽdy- b b Gb 51- i \ 6 N 2f ir- 1 z *Ä? Y2F -.N - #y 51.y Us6 51.b 0o Ć‹ z 2 b

lf ly/s* f ly2?kN lf js_gb z 2 b -.N d g Ĺ aĹ„ ˜

Ĺ a

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí Combinations

€[g.

¼žJ3 Â? < ? gpkz ZÄ‘Ob fr Ĺ

Ĺ„

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

Wc +gb 1 z *Ä? -.N wcN d?'kV Ĺ‚ wcN Ä‘y. b Ć‹\zV s b 0o wg7yr ĹŽ2> kOb z 2 wcN .g O Ä? w b aĹ„ lz Y2Wb f

I4 B3 G" (

952f &6/k

8Wj lf js_gb Ä‘y. b d^ i V hpf 2zR z 2 b i ^ / ˜ Pzg" -.N h7[j `b0b ĹŽ Ĺ‚ o-.N is_y 2> kOb -.N

YĹ„ ĹŽ

Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē # - LM 0 Q 6 8 , A;( I A " :M 1

z& SYK so Zsb 8Wj wV 2> kOb

:n X? iI ( 9&' =b (Ĺ U Z Ĺƒ) 2[ r Ĺ YĹƒ 4f2b 2f d^ wV Ĺ pkf /s* f 2> kN Ĺƒ \zV s -.Ob 4f2y (Ĺ YsV Ĺƒ ) 2[ r ( ĹƒĹ ) 4f2b r Ć‹ Y2F Ĺ… = 1 z *Ä? Y2F -.N i .zpg b 0o wV L&Ä‘jr aĹƒ Ĺ… = Ĺ‚ * Ĺƒ = Ĺ = Ĺ YĹƒ :n 2 Ĺ€*Ĺ Ĺ K a S K 1 = SY ĆŠ t

:‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďşŒ‏ !r4b espWfr Nsg#gb espWf lz Y2Wb ` Ä‘Gb (Br Ć‹ 2gb ĆŠi .zpg b aÄ‘* lf Ä‘Gb wb .^ dy- b espWgb PC+ 2gb ! r3Ä” wb b r (C ĹŽ ) !( ĹŽC)

<Z jr 2_V .k wV a 7b lN "Ä– ` Ä‘F wb cF ˜ Ć‹Ĺ…Ĺƒ =

≼aGƒà dG

Combinations

fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b - Ņń = wb ńŇ = lf b Gb ^ ( j2 jĖ )

IJĹ“ÄŽďá

:< 52 f o ck

z 2 b -.N

3-2

Combinations

Ä‘_;gb d& - wko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob Ć‹wjr O b hcO b -

}p #f Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČž h€f1


≥«aGƒàdGh πjOÉÑàdGh ó©dG CGóÑe ôŔŇîüĿí óĊăŎĿí

≥«aGƒàdG

: : +f fȘ i 2/ :

(ņ = Ł + ń Ɗi L&Đ ) ŁYņ= ńYņ :n B? K

S-K

Y = SY

K

K

1-K 1 = SY

: 0 pP '?

K

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ƌ 6 'b e .+ 6 ir. ŀŃYŀņ ƊňYŀŁ gzZ ."r 1

‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬

‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬

(ncr)\zV s b 4f1 _b lzgzcb 1 7zb lf SHIFT ÷ (z Wgb e .+ 6 l_gy Yņ + ŃYń gzZ ."r 6 'b e .+ 6 ( Ł ľĄĿí

I $

5

SHIFT

÷

4

+

7

SHIFT

÷

2

=

Ů đGb t.b 6 'b ĐĒ M sj lf .y.Ob ."sy qj L&Đ 2 ^Ĕ ĐĒ m0o M sj .& A2Oy d [gb E ;kb r (z Wgb z 2 pzV Xc +y ĐĒ DO ."s l_br Ů 1 ; j ¹ Ƌ`b/ N 2f 8y1. b .kN wN 2y `b0b Ů f.+ 7gb

P b (z Wgb wcN HSCb ŁŅ = $ kb

:(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ YŁŇ = 1YŁŇ Ɗi ^ / 2 Ńņ - 1 Ł ľĄĿí

Ńņ- 1Ł

Łń = 1 `

YŁŇ = 1YŁŇ a

Ńņ = 1 Ɗi t Ńņ - 1 Ł = 1 : DV2 wo `b0b Ů i gzZ lf 2 ^ wor ņń = 1 ł ` ŁŇ = Ńņ - 1 Ł + 1 :

Ƌ1 gzZ ."r V ń - 1ŁY

ŁŇ

=1

=

ŀņ ł

ŀŃ

Y j ^ / 2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

Ƌ= +: ň p Nsg#f lf = +: Ń lf \y2V 1 z * l_gy [y2F h_ 3 ľĄĿí

Ƌ ¹[zVs wg7y 1 z * d^ i V z 2 b wcN .g OyĐ 1 z *Đ i z& aň ŀŁŅ = Ń Ń = ŃYň = 1 z *Đ -.N

z' Ů$j2G;cb [ 7f wV = +: ņ ]2 : 3 Ƌ [ 7gb

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

59

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

Ƌ .z6 ńr a "1 ņ lz lf .z6r lzc"1 lf js_f k#b + j l_gy [y2F h_ 4 ľĄĿí

Łŀ = ŁYņ = a "1 ņ lf lzc"1 1 z * Y2F -.N ń = ŀYń = .z6 ń lf .z6 1 z * Y2F -.N [y2F ŀĿń = ń*Łŀ = k#cb lys_ Y2F -.N i V .Ob . gb [ Fr ? .z6 ńr a "1Ņ lz lf .z6 ł r a "1 Ń lf js_f k#b + j l_gy [y2F h_ ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

đF đ lf Xb z6 g* G;j k#b dz_; l_gy [y2F h_ Ƌ b F Ň Ů đF ŀĿ q w6 1- d?V 4 ?X?b 0o lf lz b Fr

:(1662 - 1623) ∫Éμ°SÉH õ«∏H

ŀ

g¹ zKk hg>r Đ g &Đ y2Kj e.Z Ůw y4zVr wB y1r w7j2V Us7czV so a _6 M2 * r Ů Đ g &Đ 7& wV a _6 c f wg6 e Z1Ĕ lf zÊ đ Ƌ 2Cb r Pg#b zcgN t- 6 & b Cy ¹ : ' N$H 15 m! ;8 ,DI & 5H h T D L ? c gb 0o wV - .NĔ ^ zWz^ lN L&đ / f - X> d^ 2> kN -.N lz ZđN ."s do - ŀ ŀ ŀ ? 2: f qzcy t0b X?b r ŀ Ł ŀ { j " wcN -s"sgb - .NĔ lz d g ."sy do - ŀ ł ł ŀ ? c gb wOcB

Ń Ņ Ń ŀ ń ŀĿ ŀĿ ń ŀ ŀ Ņ ŀń ŁĿ ŀń Ņ ŀ ŀ ņ Łŀ łń łń Łŀ ņ ŀ ŀ

:= + w B 1<&+ U C7 6 "!Q )I /s* f 2> kOb lf (ŀ= K ) d gy :\ H @A ½ ŀ= 1 r Ŀ = 1 pkf ŀ = ŀYŀ Ů ŀ= ĿYŀ :n b = ' I

YŀŁ Y

ŀņ

1

: &Ȝ

Łń = ŀĿ + ŀń = łYń+ ŃYŅ = Y2Gb -.N

e ~I y + ¥D $ sj -.N - #y a _6 c f H 1 wb E ;kb 0o U.py Ƌ\zV s b :I ?qf g : &

2G7b d_;y sor Ů c gb gZ (ŀ) -.Ob c gb . y 1 2G7b r lz 2f (ŀ) -.Ob 12_zV arĔ 2G7b f t2W?b P 1 lf b b 2G7b r 2> kN đ lf is_ y wj b ƋƋƋƋ 0_or Msg#f tr 7y arĔ X?b k 6 X> t wV -.N d^ 2 Ƌ 2: f mscOy t0b X?b wV mđN ly-s"sgb ly-.Ob Ƌ c gb wZ 6 wcN s _gb - .NĔ d g b c gb PC+y 3

Ƌ 2f d^ wV Ł = 1 r ŀ= 1 r Ŀ = 1 pkf /s* f 2> kOb lf (Ł= K) d gy :=? T @A ½ 0_or ŀ= ŁYŁ Ů Ł = ŀYŁ Ůŀ = ĿYŀ :n < b

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

ň

ň

wcN i #cb dz_; wV .g O (Ń) d& i ar & .k r (Ń) a f Ů ly1 z *Đ $ j 2Cj `b0b (r) XGOb U2& e .+ 6 U2& e .+ 6 wcN H 2b wV .g Oy .Z j 2z_W .k wV gkz Ƌly1 z *Đ $ j Pg#j `b0b (r ) XGOb

‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬

‫ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬

ł

=

(60 8 yEeI {¦ - y + ¥D

≥«aGƒàdGh πjOÉÑàdG ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

‫ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻋﺪ‬

ŀŁ

ń = 1 pkfr 1 = ń - 1Ł f 2 ŀŀ = 1 pkfr ŁŇ = ń- 1 Ł + 1 Ɗr Łŀ = ŁYņ = y1 gb -.N 3 łłŅĿ = ŁYŇ * łYŀĿ = + jĐ Y2F -.N 4

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

y1 f -.N ."r Ƌ lz?+: d^ lz .& r 1 f t2#

_

ŀŃ

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă ŁŇ

ŀŀ łŃ

:I ?qf }gR ` K & ńŁ = ń(ŀ+ ŀ) Ɗ8f +b 2G7b

60

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

132


-

≥«aGƒàdG :(ɺ - ɹ) r 5 l &

3 ƅƅƅƅ 2 ƅƅƅƅ ŀ Ů ŀŁ Ů ň Ů ŁĿ ŀń 7 ƅƅƅƅň 6 ƅƅƅƅŀĿ ŀŅ = łYń + ŃYń + ńYń łłŅĿ = ŁYŇ * łYŀĿ 5 a = ‫ د‬ƅƅŀ ‫ ﺟ‬ƅƅŀņŀ ‫ ب‬ƅƅńŅ ‫أ‬ = ŀ ‫ د‬ƅŁŀĿ ‫ ﺟ‬ƄƅƅŇŃ ‫ ب‬ƅƅŁŇ ‫أ‬

1 4

≥«aGƒàdG

:n B? &G ŀ = KYK iĔ .& sb wp kyr Ů ŀ = ĿYK iĔ .& sb . y X> d^ ½ mscOy t0b X?b wV mđN ly-s"sgb ly-.Ob Msg#f tr 7y arĔ X?b k 6 X> t wV -.N d^ ½ Ƌ 2: f ŀ Ůŀ + Ł Ů Ł + ŀ Ů ŀ : X? h T @A = b ½ Ƌ 0_or ŀ Ů ŀ + ł Ů ł + ł Ů ł + ŀ Ů ŀ : X? jI " @A =b ½

5

( z"r3 K j ^ / ) X?b H6s y t0b -.Ob as& d g ."sy ½

8

( y-2V K j ^ / ) X?b i G6s y ly0b ly-.Ob as& d g r ½ 1- K

9

ƣģƖŏǤĝ Ȉǣư džŐʗƥŝ ń

10 12

äGQÉ«àN’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ŁĿ ‫ﺟ‬

łń ‫د‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ŀĿ ‫د‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋE ;kb ` đF Pf A2N

Ƌtr 7y = +: ń lf = +: ł 1 z * Y2F -.N 1 ŀĿ ‫ب‬ ŀń ‫أ‬

Ƌtr 7y c 6 Ņ wcN ts 'y i ' f wV H[V c 6 Ń lN "Ė Y2F -.N 2 ŁŃ ‫ﺟ‬ ŀń ‫ب‬ łĿ ‫أ‬

Ƌtr 7y Cz 2^ łr 2g& 2^ ń lz lf Cz t2* r 2g& 2^ 1 z * Y2F -.N 3 Ł ‫د‬ ŅĿ ‫ﺟ‬ Ň ‫ب‬ ŀń ‫أ‬

:á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG

Ƌ c gb wcN jr.gb - .NĔ ` đF Pf df

Ŀ

ƋE ;kb > +b c 6Ĕ ` đF Pf <Z j

ƋK gzZ ."r V KłĿ ŀł = łYK i ^ / 7 ? z cRĔ 1 2Z ¹ 0+ i CN 7g* lf js_f k#cb l_gy [y2F h_ 8

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

61

≥«aGƒàdGh πjOÉÑàdG ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

lf Xb z6 g* G;j k#b dz_; l_gy [y2F h_ Ů b F Ň Ů đF ŀĿ UsW?b .& wV ."sy 9 ?X?b 0o lf lz b Fr đF đ Ɗlf d^ dy- b bĐ. ^ 10 Y5 ‫د‬ Yń ‫ﺟ‬ Yŀň ‫ب‬ YŇ ‫أ‬ =- 5 Ŀ Ł ł Ŀ

! 'yr E ;kb c 6 hKOf wcN z#y WzWF .N 7f wb

ǯ2& 2 &

aŇ Ŀ

‫د‬

Ń

aŀĿ ‫ﺟ‬ Ń

Ɗw y gf d^1Yi 1s?b f¹ .+ 7f ^ 11 aň ‫ب‬ aŇ ‫أ‬ ł Ł ł Ł

‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬

6 2_ f 7 lk

Ů ŀŀY Ů ŀYň Ů łYŅ gzZ 7& 4 K

ƋK gzZ ."r V łYK ńŁ = ŃYŀ+K i ^ / 6

:I ?qf m _ mg:

E ;kb c 6 Pzg" wcN z#y

ŀŁ

Y gzZ ."r ŀŁĿ = łYK i ^ / 5

:I ?qf g : &

f Kf 1

Y

ŀĿĿ

ň-K

ŅŅ¶> "Ė wb d>s łń Ů ŁĿ Ů ň 1 is_ V Ů O¹ cB (i) tr 7y d_;b MđB -.N i A2W 2 i ŁY wo d_;b wV c ggb gz[ 7gb PG[b Pzg" -.N (Xy2O b 7&) PG[b m0o -.N lf d_;b MđB -.N k 6 r i- ŁYi = w6.kpb d_;b 1 GZ -.N i .#j gz[ 7gb

Ł = ńYń+ ŃYń+ łYń+ ŁYń+ ŀYń + ĿYń :n tR8

٣ - ٢ ‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ‬

(I ?qf 4 [q f ) (ɽɸ) A I ?p 2q }Z

-.O = +b w6.kpb espWgb H 1 wb E ;kb 0o U.py Ƌd_;b 0o MđB -.O w6.kpb d_;b 1 GZ

YK = 1YK [ 7b ZđOb \ Gy f 0or ½

Pf `b/

lz d? w b gz[ 7gb OG[b so w6.kpb d_;b 2GZ i 61- i \ 6 Ɗi gcNr lz zb f 2zR lz6 1 2W> = c gb 1 GZ -.N Ł = wN 2b d_;b 1 GZ -.N ń = w6 g+b d_;b 1 GZ -.N : L[ \ <_H ME 5 X+Q K7<&+ D9b ƋMđB 2;N r/ w6.ko d_: Ů wj g b d_;b Ů w6 .7b d_;b ( ' ? w6.ko d_: t 1 GZ -.N pbđ* lf ."s .N Z _b \zV s b e .+ 6 `k_gy do ( Ƌ fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b ađ* lfr `gcOf

IóMƒdG ¢üî∏e

wV G+yr E ;kb c 6 hKOf wcN z#y Ƌ .N 7f wb ! 'yr pCO

2 &

wb ! 'yr E ;kb c 6 DO wcN z#y 2z ^ .N 7f

ey _k

e tr 7y 2* dgN 2" Y2F -.Nr Ů [y2F i tr 7y f dgN 2" Y2F -.N i ^ / ˄}: :Ț 2Sf 2 k Ƌ [y2F i * e = wj b dgOb r arĔ dgOb 2" Y2F -.N i V [y2F Ƌđy. wg7y Nsg#gb m0o 2> kN d^ r DO b z 2 d^ i V K o2> kN -.N Nsg#f M j ^ / ˄h 1 f ¹ đ ¹ y. wg7y M Nsg#gb lf qkys_ l_gy S m2> kN -.N z 2 d^ i V Ůi o2> kN -.N Nsg#f M l_ b o2> kN -.N Nsg#f lf /s* gb 2?kN S lf js_gb z 4#b đy. b -.Ob 4f2yr Ů K H S HĿ z& Ů (S eĐ K 2[ r) SaK 4f2b K K H S HĿ z& (ŀ + S - K) ƋƋƋ(Ł - K) (ŀ - K)K = SaK 4f2yr ŀ * Ł * ł * ƋƋƋ(Ł - K) (ŀ - K) K tr 7y

K o2> kN -.N Nsg#f lf k_ggb đy. b -.N ˄ 6Op

(K r2Cf 2[yr)

E ;kb c 6 wcN "Ė PzG 7yĐ Ƌ z"s b r .N 7gb wb ! 'yr

\ SF

K

4f2b \ 7b 2Cb d> 'b

m0* l_gy (K HS HĿ) z& S m2> kN -.N 1 z * d^ i V Ů K o2> kN -.N Nsg#f M j ^ / ˄` Z y f Ƌ ¹[zVs wg7y z 2 cb N 2f ir- M Nsg#gb 2> kN lf (1 U Z i 2[yr) SYK 4f2b 2?kN K lf /s* gb 2?kN S lf js_gb [zVs b -.Ob 4f2yr ½

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

133

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

62


≥«aGƒàdGh πjOÉÑàdGh ó©dG CGóÑe ôŔŇîüĿí óĊăŎĿí áeÉY øjQÉ“

iHe G* M4e jG* le+e/(*

‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ :=L + D&G ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ŀŁ = ł * Ń = ŁaŃ

1

ņŁň = łň

2

Ł = ŃY Ń + łYŃ + ŁYŃ + ŀY Ń + ĿY Ń i Ń=i` Ł = ŃŁ

3

Ƌtr 7y Ń Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ e Z1Ĕ Nsg#f lf lzWc +f lzgZ1 lf is_f -.N lys_ Y2F -.N 1

Ƌtr 7y Y2Gb -.N i V Ů2W?b pkz 8zb e Z1 ł lf is_f i4+b t.&Ė t26 hZ1 dgN `kf cF / 2

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

K

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

Ƌ= K i V Ł = ŃYŃ + łYŃ + ŁYŃ + ŀYŃ + ĿYŃ i ^ / 3 ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

Ƌ= K i V ŀ =

K

i ^ / 4

: 3 3A I !s "'

i

ŮwCV Ů 2g& ŮDz }Ɗi sbĔ lz lf pjsb 1 +y i - 1 r {¶" Ů Ů } đy-sgb lz lf 1 z6 2: d"1 - 1 5 Ƌ 1 z7b 1 z * l_gy [y2F h_ {-s6 ŀŃ ‫ﺟ‬

ŁŃ ‫د‬

ŀŁ ‫ب‬

ņ ‫أ‬

ņ ŮŅ Ůł Ůŀ e Z1Ĕ lf Wc +f e Z1 đ lf qkys_ l_gy -¹ .N h^ 6 ŁŃ ‫ﺟ‬

ŅŃ ‫د‬

ŀŁ ‫ب‬

N 2> kN -.N h^ { ! C Ů M ǽ ȆC Ɗ( ŮC)} = N j ^r {ń H5 H ŀ Ů Eǽ 5Ű5} = M j ^ / 7

ŁĿ ‫ﺟ‬

Łń ‫د‬

ŀĿ ‫ب‬

Ů ŀ = i a 4

ŀ = i r Ŀ = i `

ň ‫أ‬ ņ ‫أ‬

‫ﺟ‬

6

‫ب‬

5

‫أ‬

8

‫ﺟ‬

7

‫ب‬

9

ihÉ°ùj łYŀŁ + ŃYŀŁ 8 ņŀŅ ‫ﺟ‬

ņŁĿ ‫د‬

ņŀĿ ‫ب‬

ņŀń ‫أ‬

go 1 Ů i i V ńŅ = 1YK Ů łłŅ =1aK i ^ / 9 (Ń Ůņ ) ‫ﺟ‬

(ł Ůņ ) ‫د‬

(ł Ů Ň) ‫ب‬

(Ł Ůł) ‫أ‬

tr 7y iYŁń i V ŀŃYK = ŀĿYK i ^ / 10 ŀ ‫ﺟ‬

Ńň ‫د‬

ŀ

Łń ‫ب‬

aŁł ‫ﺟ‬ Ń

ŁŃ ‫أ‬

aŃ ‫و‬

‫ﻫ‬

ŀł ŀŃ

‫ ب‬10

Ɗlf d^ gzZ 7& 11 Yń ‫أ‬ ń

Ņ ‫ب‬

Ńň

YńĿ ‫د‬

Łł ‫ ﺟ‬ƅƅƅņŁĿ ‫ ب‬ƅƅƅŀ ‫أ‬

ń - K gzZ gV ŇŃ = Y ŀ-K Ł i ^ / 12 ł

Y1Ł gzZ gV łłŅ =ŀ+1a Ň i ^ / 13 Ń K Ů e lf d^ gzZ ."r V ņŀń = ŃYe+K Ů ŁŀĿ = łae-K i ^ / 14

ŁŃ

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

63

≥«aGƒàdGh πjOÉÑàdG ôŔŇîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

Ƌ z+y1 c&1 wb o0cb đF ŀĿ lz lf đF O 6 1 z * l_gy [y2F h_ 15 ŀĿ tr 7y 1 z *Đ Y2F -.N i ^ z' r.j 1sC'b đGb lf (i)-.N lz lf đF đ 1 z * h / 16 đGb -.N ."r ? .z6 ńr a "1 ņ lz lf lz .z6r d"1 lf js_f k#b + j l_gy [y2F h_ 17 - .NĖ 2* hcOf h Ů zB y2b - f wV - z gbrĔ cF y1. b hcOf 1 z * - 2y lzgcOf O 1 lz lf 18 ?1 z *Đ Y2F -.N ."r Ƌ1 *Đ wZ lf \y2V d^ Pf lz 1 f Ocy \y2V d^ i ^ / V Ů ¹[y2V ŀŁ e.[b 2_b 3 ggb t1r.b Y2V -.N Tc y 19 Ƌqcg^ t1r.b y1 f -.N ."r ƋY2Wb Ɗ z Ē Đ- Ogb d& Nsg#f ."r 20 ŀŁĿ = Ń - K ‫ﺟ‬ ŀŁ

ł +1 Ł

Y =1Y

ŀŁ

Ł+ K =

‫و‬

K

* ŀŁ ‫ب‬

ŇŃ = ł Y

K

ŃŁ =

‫ﻫـ‬

ł+K ŀ+K

‫ و‬ƅƄƅ ŀ ‫ﻫ‬ ŀŃ

ƄƅƅńĿ ‫د‬

ŀ = ŃY1Ł Ů Ł = 1 13

ŀ = ń-i Ů ń = i 12

ŀŁĿ = ņYŀĿ 15

ŀĿ= i Ů ł = e 14 ń = i 16 ņĿ = ŀĿ*ņ =ŁYń*ŀYņ 17

ŀłŁ =ŁaŀŁ 19

ŀŁ 18

ň = i ‫ ﺟ‬ƅƅŁ = i ‫ ب‬ƅƅƅŃ = i ‫أ‬

‫أ‬

ŀ= ń-K ‫د‬

11

ł =1 ‫و‬

20

ň = i ‫ ﻫ‬Ņ = i r ń = i ‫د‬

‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﻲ‬

}lb 6 f 5 .Ȗ & :äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG

Ƌso ń ŮŃ Ůł e Z1Ĕ Nsg#f lf Wc +f e Z1 ł lf is_f wbr -.N lys_ Y2F -.N 1 2W> ‫د‬ ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ ł ‫ب‬ Ņ ‫أ‬

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ŀ ‫ﺟ‬

2W> ‫د‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ŀ* Ł* ł ‫د‬

‫د‬

1

‫ﺟ‬

2

so ņ ŮŅ Ůń ŮŃ - .NĔ lf ńŃņŅ -.Ob lys_ Y2F -.N 2 ŀŅ ‫ب‬

ŁŃ ‫أ‬

so 2W?b 2zR e Z1 ń lz lf e Z1 ł lf is_f -.N lys_ Y2F -.N 3 ń* ń* ń ‫ﺟ‬ ł+ Ń+ ń ‫ب‬ ł * Ń* ń ‫أ‬

tr 7y # kb gc_b -.N i V Wc +f Ur2& đ lf gc^ ^ wV hc6 gc^ Ur2& f.+ 6 / 4 ŀ ‫د‬ Ņ

ń

‫د‬

Ņ ‫ب‬

ň ‫ﺟـ‬ ň ‫ﺟـ‬

Y ń - Ń Y ń + ł Y ń - Ł Y ń + ŀ Y ń - ĿY ń ‫ب‬

Ń* ń * Ņ*ņ * Ň * ň ‫ب‬

ń

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ł ‫أ‬ tr 7 Ņaň 5 ņ*Ň*ň ‫أ‬

Ɗlf d^ gzZ ."r 6 Y ń+ ŃY ń + ł Y ń + Ł Y ń + ŀ Y ń + Ŀ Y ń ‫أ‬

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

64

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

134


-

≥«aGƒàdG ‫ب‬

‫ﺟ‬

4

‫ب‬

≈ªcGôJ QÉÑàNG

3

ŀ

aŇ + ŁaŇ + łaŇ Ɗ."r 7

Ŵ pkf qkys_ l_gy ¹ c f h^ .& r hz[ 7f wcN pkf đ t ."s Đ ts 7f wV H[j ń 8

5

Ŵ{Ņ Ůń ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ} e Z1Ĕ Nsg#f lf qkys_ l_gy Wc +f e Z1 ł lf ¹js_f -¹ .N h^ 9

& E ! 10 :1 DG

Ŀ ‫ب‬

łŁ ‫أ‬

ŀň

6

ŁĿ

‫ﺟـ‬

ł + Ł + ŀ + Ŀ

‫ب‬

Ń

‫ﻫـ‬

Ŀ

ŀŁĿ 9

ŀĿ 8

ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ ŁĿ

ŀĿ ‫ب‬

‫أ‬

10 i

ŁŃ ‫ ﻫ‬Ɔ

ń Ł

=i ‫ب‬

Ņ=i ‫أ‬

Ń=i ‫و‬

ŀ=i ‫ﻫ‬

Ņ=i ‫د‬

‫أ‬ ‫د‬

ŅĿ = ŀ- iŁ i ‫ب‬

Ye ŁŃ=iae ‫ﻫـ‬

ŀ+ i

ŀ

Ł

= i

: L[ % 3 =b n & E ! 12 ņŁĿ = i ‫أ‬

‫ﻫـ‬

Ł

a i * ńŅ = ŃaŁ + i ‫د‬

:=L[ \ X I ? )'$% K7<&+ N$H ./0 = 5 I !s jM'(L ; nQ

ŀń = ŁYŅ 11

ŀŁ

ŀŀ

ŀĿ

ň

Ň

ņ

Ņ

ń

Ń

ł

Ł

ŀ

éÐj TÐ RÚ

dy-

\zV s

r2Cf

. f

\zV s

a-

\zV s

dy-

. f

. f

. f

. f

-.Ob

.N

.N

.N

.N

.N

TÎ ?ÚÌ

\zV s

12

65

135

ŁŇ = Ł-iYi ‫ﺟـ‬

ňŅ ‫د‬

Ň=i ‫ﺟ‬

Ń - ń

{ł Ů Ł Ů ŀ Ů Ŀ Ů ŀ - Ů Ł - } = M j ^ / 11 M 2> kN -.N."r { M ǽ Ů C Ů ! C Ɗ{ Ů C} = M j ^r

ŃĿĿ 7 ŀ ŀĿĿ

ňň ŀĿĿ

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b


‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬

ľŃîļøĿíō ľğîĴøĿí

Calculus

óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

ôüĿîüĿí

ľŃîļøĿíō ľğîĴøĿí Calculus óĊăŎĿí ôŃĊĸŃ

:2qvf h#k Ryq k lgR ^ : }Zx ʘ 2 2R Z6Sk Qx6Z }Z i2/ ; } f # 2+f iygSf rk hk c f x hF [ f mgR o w Z d>Ȗ lk K:y k rlG ;* eȗ. rk ˕ 6 W lf lcf ˖ ]x6[f x 6 W f : 52 hF [ f mgR m v Z Z 6W'f x 1 C ^Ȗ x Kf x 8 [f x ayg: : 51 df4b ˅˅˅ % pȜ ˝ R6;f ˝ 6S;f ˝ 5 6+f &51 }Z 6 W f e2Slb w f ;q e2Sl 6 W f p5 _k P*ȗ Z 6 W f Ȗ2Skx i 8* KK/k : 51 x %ȗSf 2k H[. }Z r Sk 5 _R ex q 6" : 51 x , 6f m OS f ʙ1 C ^Ȗ }Z , 6f x \ f c f e x1 h#k e x2f e2Sk kygSl lcf 1 ' }Z $+ yvZ hk c f ;* k ʘ u6 Vx 1 v&Ȝ Ȗ2Sk ;*x p 6lR ?pȜ L K/ f 2qR e7Ȗ8f glR ;* hk c f x hF [ f rlG x ʘ 6 W k y^ 6 " rR ( qf hW?f 5 2_kx ʘ}q+qlf + * ;lf ;+f i2/ ; x ʘ u6 W Ǜ ˅6 'f mgSf Zȗ. 6WCf }Z u q k lb Tk

:‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ G[j .kN pb ? r b .b y pj espWf b Gb 51- i r \ 6 .&sb m0o wV 51.y Us6r Ů 2 V wcN h y pjđb .kN `b0^ Đ & {V b .cb wbrĔ [ ;gb - #y r Y [ :Đ espWf zcgO^ df _ b espWf 51.z6 g^ pzcN [z G r Wc +f .N ađ* lf df _ b .N sZ DO 51.yr ŮdB W cb z7_N Ɗ{ Ē ^ pj z 5r1Ƌ2zS b a.Of ƊarĔ 51.b ƋY [ :Đ Ɗ{j b 51.b ƋY [ :Đ .N sZ Ɗ b b 51.b Ƌdf _ b Ɗ b b 51.b

Gvqf }q v } f ʘ _ ^2f iygSf rk 6 #b Tk g. 2 lf ȗc?lf rk 6 #cf h* }Z 2R ; : 1 lf t4u ` ^1 mv[f q S: o Z Ǜ6 . x ˅ p2g f uy&6p } f 5 G+f x lgSf

óĊăŎĿí łŀĬ÷ õîÿĎĈŃ

:o f Kf rk T^y ʘ v Z K?pȚ 4 [q x . 2*yf t4u : 51 2S

pUØn_Y Øn xÎ Y phH{fw Ónbh ]> R Ónb ZeUÐ ê{ x

hdL p]bi {fL f feU ÜneeUÐ

}h` UÐ é{_Yí º}h` UÐ H Yí º}h` UÐ pUÐØ ê gaY æ}_ x

pUÐ{dU UíúÐ pb ZeUÐ s f x

ÜneeUÐ hY UíúÐ pb ZedU H{fgUÐ }h a UÐ æ}_ x

na UÐ çnb IøÐ {LÐ S _= Ø{ x

ph c_UÐ pb ZeUÐ Ync UÐ ê gaY æ}_ x ph>ùÐ Ync UÐ {LÐ S æ}_ x

p =n UÐ pUÐ{UÐ pb ZY Ü Ü Ø Ø pUÐ{UÐ pb ZY ëÜ C Ü Ø ØpUÐ{UÐ pb Y negfh= ç}aUÐ íÌ h UÐØ â e Y pb ZY

h UÐØ Ñ} ÉnA pb ZY

h UÐØ pe S ÕÚnB pb ZY

pd d UÐ Ò{LnS pUÐ{UÐ pUÐØ pb ZY

¼ ! ë º Ô + ¼ + ëÜ ŀ +ŀ i Ü E ëÜ q=n? C rhA ºÜ E Ü Ø C Ü E Ü Ø C

ëÜ Ü Ø ØpUÐ{UÐ pb ZY

Ü E Ü Ú ! Ü Ø Ü E Ü Ú ! Ü Ø ŀ

¼ ! ë ºÔ + ¼ + ë Ñ + Ü C (ŀ + i)C Ü E ë Ñ + Ü C

ë Ü Ø Þ pUÐ{UÐ pb ZY

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

:‫ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎت اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬

66

oyc o T^y lf rk v Z K?pțf Ǜ4 [q x 2*yf t4u vp Z :o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf {°¥ : +( ¶ ( : 3 7 # - LM ¹ # -8^¥ , f81% I= " :M- 7 7/7¥ )+ 0 I: 1B+ :-8^¥ − ( B8 , A;( l&+8%

I³r8 4 +(0 ,³r8 F3 8(0 ,³r8 : , A;( l&+8% I: " ª05 :-8^¥ O8781% I {°¥ ( ª05 :-8^)" 3 7µ ³1;8 l&+8% Iw -8i] h+ ©

:: T ( B8 O8781%0 l&+8% ¼ - ! ë rhA

Ô +

ŀ+i5

Ü E ëÜ

q=n? C rhA Ü E Ü Ø C Ü E Ü Ø C

ŀ+i

Ü E Ü S ! Ü E Ü Ø Ü E Ü S ! Ü Ø]

¼ - ! ë rhA Ô + ¼ + ë Ñ + Ü C (ŀ +ŀi) Ü E ë Ñ + Ü C C

p =n UÐ pUÐ{UÐ pb ZY

ëÜ Ü Ø Ø pUÐ{UÐ pb ZY

ëÜ C Ü Ø Ø pUÐ{UÐ pb Y

Ü Ü Ø Ø pUÐ{UÐ pb ZY

negfh= ç}aUÐ íÌ h UÐØ â e Y pb ZY

h UÐØ Ñ} ÉnA pb ZY

h UÐØ pe S ÕÚnB pb ZY

pd d UÐ Ò{LnS - pUÐ{UÐ pUÐØ pb ZY ë Ü Ø Þ pUÐ{UÐ pb ZY

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

136


UíúÐ pb ZeUÐ Ñ

First Derivative

Ñ}\UÐ ÉnA Ñ

Product

pe bUÐ ÕÚnB Ñ

Quotient

:‫زﻣﻦ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬

ph cL pb ZY Ñ

Antiderivative

Ync> Ñ

Integration

ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí

}h` UÐ Ñ

Variation

}h` UÐ H Y Ñ

Average Rate of Change

}h` UÐ é{_Y Ñ

Rate of Change

çnb IøÐ Ñ

Differentiation

çnb IĆU pd=nS pUÐØ Ñ

Differintiable Function

Ƌ ?& ŀŇ :‫اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ 1s 7b - zfs61 $f 2 - {b 6 & - zgcN 6 & b Ƌ zgzcO b :‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ‬ [y2Gb - {jr O b hcO b - {ko0b X?Ob - 2B 'gb - ;Z kgb Ƌq"sgb U ; ^Đ hcO - zF k 6Đ [y2Gb - z 2[ 6Đ

ľëîēŎĿíō õíōĉŗí

óĊăŎĿí đōčĉ

phY HÚ sYÐ}= UË oHnA phedL p HnA pUË

˅6 W f e2Sk ˄ ˕ɸ ˝ ɺ˖ 952f ˅] _ >Ȗ ˄ ˕ɹ ˝ ɺ˖ 952f ˅] _ >Ȗ 2R y^ ˄˕ɺ ˝ ɺ˖ 952f hk c f ˄˕ɻ ˝ ɺ˖ 952f

óĊăŎŀĿ ŐńŔĨň÷ ĢĤĈŃ ľŃîļøĿí ľŃîļøĿí ĊīíŎķ

ľğîĴøĿí ôĸøĘńĿí ôŔĔļĬĿí

ĎŔŔİøĿí ŁŎŌĴŃ

ŁŎŌĴŃ

ľŃîļøĿí ĵîĸøėśí

:‫ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ d& - {N . Ė 2z_W b - {czc' b 2z_W b - .Z kb 2z_W b Ƌ{[Gkgb 2z_W b - đ_;gb

ņŔøĿíĉ ïĎğ ľěîă ņŔøĿíĉ ôńĔķ ýčîć ôĿíĊĿí ôĿíĉ

ôĿíĊŀĿ ŐĿōŗí ôĸøĘńĿí ôŔēĊňŋ õîĸŔòĤ÷

đîńńĿí ôĿĉîĬŃ

ôŀĔŀĔĿí óĊīîķ ôĿíĊĿí ôĸøĘŃ

Ņ đ ĉ ę

:‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ‬ d Z zN g#b r y-2Wb y2y2' b r zpW;b c 6Ĕ {V d g d' i ar & .k {V kgC gb c 6Ĕ r Ů51.b k wVr {V 51- d^ wcN -1 sb c 6Ĕ `b0^r Ůa f d_b \z G ^ Ƌ .&sb ‫اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪة‬ t0b ts 'gb z& lf .&sb qbr k f HG+gb 0o (Bsy 6 1-r Ů z6.kpb q [z G r q ys 'f d_ dB W b hcN ar k y dB W cb z7_N q[ ;g^ espWgb z& lf df _ b lN G7 f zb c&2f wV wGO i wcN [z G ir- m.N sZ 6 1- h

137

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

ĎŔŔİøĿí ĽĊĬŃ

ņŔøĿíĉ ĵĎij ōã ĩŎńĀŃ ôĸøĘŃ

67

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

ŒēĊňŌĿí ĎŔĔĴøĿí đîńńĿí ľŔŃ

ĢēŎøŃ ĎŔŔİøĿí

ĎŔŔİøĿí ôĿíĉ


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

ôßĿÎßĿí

ôßĿÎßĿí ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

ô¨à dG âˆŤĂłÂŠe

1-3

ô¨à dG âˆŤĂłÂŠe

Rate of Change ‍ ﺎﺜ‏Ĺ? â€Ťďť“ďťœﺎ‏ ? zj.Ogb t1 _b d> sV r y.y.'b `_7b i CZ lz V 7f ]2 / gb

wV cĹ Ĺ wb cĹƒĹ‡ lf CW+j r f 2 V wV cĹƒĹ wb cĹ‚Äż lf 1 2& "1- OW 1 / ?L&Ä‘ / f Ć‹Ć‹Ć‹ 2 V d_b 1 2'b "1- wV 2zS b 7& - t2* 2 V i as[j Ĺ 5 wb Ĺ€5 lf 5 q 1 2& "1- 2zS r 2 f š a i C[b .& asF i ^ / ĆŠ is_yr 1 2'b "1- wV .& 2zS š 2zS b y . .kN 5 gzZ - 2zS b y pj .kN 5 gzZ = 5 wV 2zS b ?q 1 2& "1- 2zS b Oš zC[b 0o asF 2zS y do Function of Variation

ô¨à dG ådGO

â€Ťďş—ďťŒďť ďť˘â€Ź

Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē IÂłr8 : , A;( IÂłr8 F3 8( , A;( IÂłr8 4 +( , A;(

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí Âłr8 : Âłr8 F3 8( Average of Change

Âłr8 4 +( Rate of Change

ĹŽ Ĺ€5 - Ĺ 5 = ( 5 b- 2[yr ) 5 9 = 5 wV 2zS b 1 .[f (Ĺ€5)- - (Ĺ 5)- = =9 = = wV 2zS b 1 .[f Â

O0 + ,O0 + O0 ,

Â

C

O0

G[j ((Ĺ€5)- ĹŽ Ĺ€5 ) 1 N r d_b i V ĹŽ- b .b wk'kf wcN lf wkz7b pz .& wV 2zS z' Âśo + Ĺ€5 =Ĺ 5 wb Ĺ€5 Äż ! Âśo ĹŽ ] ĹŽ C [ ǽœo + Ĺ€5 pz .& wV 2J kf 2zS .'y ĆŠ ZÄ‘Ob lzO y t- ?b

€[g. : lu r€€;€ 5 r 2q 2*yf t4u ex q

Function of Variation

wb ŀ5 lf 5 gzZ wV 2zS t i V (5)- = = z& I # ] ŎC [Ɗ- j ^ / Ɗ i V qzcNr (Š5) - wb (ŀ5)- lf = gzZ wV 2zS qc [y - a #f wV Š5

Rate of Change

ts'y t0b b .b wV 2zS b espWf wcN .g Oy z& :hF [ f espWf qkf \ ky t0b 2zS b a.Of -2zS b H6s f -2zS b b h (5 ggb b- Of ĹŽ5 ggb dzf) w6.kpb m2z7W r Y [ :Ä? Ć‹ z6.kpb q [z G : € Č˜ ] _ >Čš 2R y^ ] _ >Čš iyv[k ex q lb

Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí : )" :L3 _ : d

(ŀ5)- - (œo + ŀ5)- = (œo)

.N Z - b .b b - - lz b - 2B d> & - lz b - Y2V r Msg#f Ć‹i((5)-) = = 1s?b wcN w b b .b [ ;f - c7c7b @ + r Y [ :Ä•b z7_N zcgN qj z& lf U2Oyr :hk c f Ć‹ [z G ir- H[V m.N sZr -.'gb 2zR df _ cb 6 1.b

Ĺ€5 = 5 .kN - wV 2zS b b . b .b wg7 r

:952f &6/k

ǜƪŊĹNJ

5 wV 2zS b iÄ‘ gy Âśo r 59 ly4f2b Ä‘^ zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

1-3

68

oyc o T^y lf rk w€Z K?pČš 4€[q x 952f 4u vp  Z :o }gR 5Ç› 1 ^ f Kf

IÂłr8 : , A;( l&+8%

:‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďşŒďş”â€Ź

IÂłr8 F3 8( l&+8%

.@^ px 6cZ 2q  Z

r - y4b 1 2'b "1- wV 2zS b i Ä‘Gb wb lz ˜ 7& l_gyr ĹŽ zC[b asF Pf yš -2F 6 k y i ?[kb c fÄ” r hcO .k wV 2zS b b - 6 1- aÄ‘* lf 2zS b 0o Ć‹ qzcN 'Bsgb :‍ؼďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعس‏ ĆŠ i Ä‘Gb wb 2: Ĺ 5 wb Ĺ€5 lf 5 2zS f.kN 5 wV 2zS b wb 4f2 Âśo r 5 9 b .b wV 2zS b t = wV 2zS b so = 9 ĹŽÂśo + Ĺ€5 = Ĺ 5 z& ĆŠ z& (Âśo + Ĺ€5)- wb (Ĺ€5)- lf (5 2zS b O ) 2zS f.kN Ć‹(Ĺ€5)- - (Âśo + Ĺ€5)- = (Âśo) = = 9

I³r8 4 +( , A;( l&+8% : €: : 16[k

Ƌ2zS b a.Of - 2zS b a.Of H6s f - 2zS b b : k2/ ;lf €l€gS f 1 ylf

Ć‹ zj z 6 & - zfs61 $f 2 - {b 6 & - zgzcO b 1s 7b : *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

d& - {ko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob - 2B 'gb Ć‹{jr O b hcO b - Ä‘_;gb :< 52 f o ck

Ć‹{6 1.b d?Wb

p7Wj wo 2zS b H6s f b - i Ä‘Gb wb (Br ĆŠ hcO .k wV Ć‹ 5 wV 2zS b 1 .[f sor (Âśo) wcN qfs7[f 2zS b b -

:mgS f 51 Ck

Ƌņł 'W> wb ŅŇ 'W> lf b Gb ^

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

138


-

Ò¨àdG ∫ó©e (5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f

-

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ł - 5 + Ł5ł = (5)- j ^ / 1 f.kN - wV 2zS b 1 .[f 7& h , 2zS b b - ."r V ¶o + Ł wb Ł lf 5 2zS r Ƅ ĿŬł = ¶o ‫أ‬ ĿŬŀ - = ¶o ‫ب‬

}f mvSk hBy x h+ o ex * 2q }Z 15x k d ȗJ Tk @^ p . + +Cf &Ȝ

ŀ + 5 - Ł5 = (5)- a

ľĄĿí

¶o + Ł wb Ł lf 2zS 5 Ů Ł - 5 + Ł5 ł = (5) - a Ɗ is_yr Ů ŀŁ = Ł - Ł + Ń * ł = (Ł) - Ů Ł = ŀ5 ` Ł - ¶o + Ł + Ł¶oł + ¶oŀŁ + ŀŁ = Ł - (¶o + Ł) + Ł(¶o + Ł) ł = (¶o + Ł) - Ƅ ƄƄŀŁ + ¶oŀł + Ł¶o ł =

1

ņ = ŀ + ł - ň = (ł)- ` ł = 5 .kN ŀ + (¶o + ł) - Ł(¶o + ł) = (¶o + ł)ŀ + ¶o - ł - ň + ¶o Ņ + Ł¶o = ƅ ņ + ¶o ń + Ł¶o = ƅ ¶o ń + Ł¶o = (ł)- - (¶o + ł)- = (¶o) ŀŬŃŀ - = (ĿŬł -) ‫ب‬

Ò¨àdG ∫ó©e

(Ł)- - (¶o + Ł)- = (¶o) ¶o ŀł + Ł¶oł = ŀŁ - (ŀŁ + ¶o ŀł + Ł¶oł) =ƄƄ ĿŬŀ - = ¶o f.kN ‫ب‬ (ĿŬŀ - ) ŀł + Ł( ĿŬŀ - ) ł = (ĿŬŀ - ) ŀŬŁņ - =

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ 7& h ł = 5 f.kN 2zS b b - ."r V ŀ + 5 - Ł5 = (5)- j ^ / 1 (ĿŬł - ) ‫ب‬ (ĿŬŁ) ‫أ‬

ŀŬĿŃ = (ĿŬŁ) ‫أ‬ ŀ - 5ł + Ł5 = (5)- a 2

Function of Average of Change

ł = Ł5 Ů ŃŬń = ŀ5 ‫ب‬ ŀŬń - = ŃŬń - ł = ŀ5 - Ł5 = 5 9 ŀńŬņń - = łŁŬņń - ŀņ = (ŃŬń)- - (ł)- = = 9 ŀńŬņń -

(ŀ5)- - (Ł5)- =9 = 59 ŀ5 - Ł5

=

(ĿŬł) e 7& h Ł = 5 .kN - wV 2zS b H6s f b - ‫أ‬ Ń wb ł lf 5 2zS f.kN - wV 2zS b H6s f ‫ب‬ ľĄĿí

(¶o + Ł) - = (¶o + ŀ5) -

ń + ¶o Ń + Ł¶o = ŀ + Ł(¶o + Ł) = (¶o + Ł)- ` (ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)- = (¶o) e a ¶o

ŃŬł = (ĿŬł) e

= ņ = ŀĿł -- ŀņ Ń

‫ﺟ‬

= 2zS b H6s f

2 Wb wV ¹ is_y 2zS b H6s f i t hz[ 7f ] 'ŮŅ[ Ů ]Ń ŮŁ[ Ů ]Ŀ ŮŁ - [

139

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

= 2zS b H6s f

Ɗ ."r V ŀ - 5ł + Ł5 = (5)- j ^ / 2 (ĿŬŁ) e ."r h Ł = 5 .kN 2zS b H6s f b - ‫أ‬ ł wb ŃŬń lf 5 2zS f.kN 2zS b H6s f ‫ب‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

n

:2^ p 6 c[ &

=

(ŀ5)- - (Ł5)ŀ5 - Ł5

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

‫ب‬

i G* wV b Gb MsZr e.N so 2z_W b 0o lf U.pb 2 Wb t ) H[V ] 'ŮŅ[ 2 Wb wV Ů ¹ is_y 2zS b H6s f Ƌ( pzV b .b is_ w b tĔ ¹ is_yr

Ł is_yr Ń + ¶o = ń - ń + ¶o¶oŃ + ¶o = (¶o) e `

Ń = Ł5 Ů ł = ŀ5 i V Ń wb ł lf 5 2zS f.kN ‫ب‬ ŀņ = ŀ + ŀŅ = (Ń)- Ů ŀĿ = ŀ + ň = (ł)- is_yr

‫أ‬

:óbÉf ô«μØJ óæH ≈a

(ŀ5)- - (Ł5)ŀ5 - Ł5

ń = ŀ + Ł(Ł) = (Ł)- = (ŀ5)- ‫أ‬

πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

} , {

} , { ~

ŀ = - Ł= ŀ 5 - Ł5

Ů

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

69

= 2zS b H6s f 3

ŀ - łŬŅ (Ń)- - (Ņ)ŀŬł = = Ł Ń-Ņ łŬŅ - Ł (Ņ)- - (ŀĿ)ĿŬŃ - = = Ń Ņ - ŀĿ ŀ-ŀ (Ń)- - (ŀŁ)= 2W> = Ň Ń - ŀŁ

(ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)- = (¶o) = (¶o) e ¶o ¶o

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

=9

19 i9

r

Ɗ ."r V ŀ + Ł5 = (5)- z& I #]'ŮĿ]Ɗ- j ^ / 2

ŀĿŬń = ŀŬń - = = 2zS b H6s f 59 (ŀi)- - (Łi)ŀi - Ł i

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬

ô«¨àdG §°Sƒàe ádGO

ŀ5 = 5 .kN - wV 2zS b H6s f b - wg7 e .y." b - wcN d?'j Ŀ !¶o z& ¶o wcN 2zS b b - g7[ Ɗ z&

ň = ŀ - Ņ + Ń = (Ł)- ` Ł = 5 .kN ‫أ‬ ŀ - (¶o + Ł)ł + Ł(¶o + Ł) = (¶o + Ł)ŀ - ¶o ł + Ņ + Ń + ¶o Ń + Ł¶o = Ƅƅƅ ň + ¶o ņ + Ł¶o = Ƅƅƅ ņŬŁ = (ĿŬŁ)e Ů ņ + ¶o = (Ł)- - (¶o + Ł)- = (¶o)e ¶o

ĿŬł = ¶o f.kN ‫أ‬ ĿŬł * ŀł + Ł(ĿŬł )ł = (ĿŬł) ŃŬŀņ = ƄƄƄƄƄ

n

Oz f cg" 1 z& (i)- = 1 wk'kgb d [gb d_;b (Bsy 3 Ů pzk#b lzyđg 1.[f wbĒ 6 'b 4p" Pz 0V kf .& ¹ Ƌ1sp;b 1.[f lf4b i ¹ lf4b 2zS y f.kN Oz gb cg" wV 2zS b H6s f Ů h62b lf ."r Ɗlf ŀĿ = i wb Ň = i ‫ب‬ Ň = i wb Ń = i ‫أ‬ ľĄĿí

ŀ = (Ń)- Ů ŃŬŃ = (Ň)- Ɗ h62b lf ‫أ‬ = - wV 2zS b H6s f 2p: / qzk" iszcf ĿŬŇń = ŀ - ŃŃŬŃ = (Ń)-Ń -- (Ň)Ň Ƌ 2 Wb m0o ađ* y¹ 2p: qzk" iszcf ĿŬŇń 1 .[g .y 4 y Oz gb cg" H6s f i x ŃŬŃ = (Ň)- Ů Ł = (ŀĿ)- Ɗ h62b lf ‫ب‬ = - wV 2zS b H6s f 2p: / qzk" iszcf ŀŬŁ - = ŃŬŃŁ - Ł = (Ň)-Ň -- (ŀĿ)ŀĿ Ƌ 2 Wb m0o ađ* yÊ 2p: qzk" iszcf ŀŬŁ 1 .[g @Z k y Oz gb cg" H6s f i t ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ lf lf4b 2zS y f.kN Oz gb cg" wV 2zS b H6s f ."r (ł) a f wV (Bsgb d_;b f¹ .+ 7f 3 ŀŁ = i wb Ń = i ‫ﺟ‬ ŀĿ = i wb Ņ = i ‫ب‬ Ņ = i wb Ń = i ‫أ‬

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

70


πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -

Ò¨àdG ∫ó©e

− − − −

(ņŀ) = hcO .k wV

ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ

-.& Ƌ(5)- = = z& - b .b wk'kf d [gb d_;b (Bsy Ƌ` " 27Vr Ů ¹ - wV 2zS b H6s f pzV is_y w b 2 Wb

{

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬

E2; (¶o) e É```¡f wo 2zS b a.Of b - i đGb wb .^ Ŀ !¶o Ƌ -s"sf y pkb is_ i

ô«¨àdG ∫ó©e ádGO

Function of Rate of Change

Ɗi V ] Ů C [ ǽ¶o + ŀ5 Ů ŀ5 Ů (5)- = = z& I# ] Ů C [ Ɗ- j ^ /

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f

+ ŀ5)- É```¡f = 5 .kN - wV 2zS b a.Of b Ƌ -s"sf y pkb is_ i E2; (¶o) e É```¡f = (ŀ5)- - (¶o ŀ ¶o Ŀ !¶o

Ŀ !¶o

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ GOgb 5 hzZ .kN a.Ogb 0o ."r h w y gf d_b ŀ5 = 5 f.kN - wV 2zS b a.Of b - ."r 4 ł = 5 Ů ŀ -Ł5 = (5)- ‫ب‬

Ł = 5 Ů Ł + Ł5ł = (5)-

‫أ‬ ľĄĿí

wb hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė : &

Ł + Ł5ł = (5)- a ‫أ‬

ŮŁ + Łŀ5ł = (ŀ5)- i V ŀ5 = 5 f.kN `

Ł + Ł¶oł + ¶o ŀ5 Ņ + Ł 5ł = Ł + Ł(¶o + ŀ5) ł = Ł(¶o + ŀ5)ŀ

É```¡f = ŀ5Ņ = (¶oł + ŀ5Ņ) Ŀ !¶o

¶o + ŀ5 wb ŀ5 lf 2zS 5 Ů Ł -ł5 = (5)- a 4

(ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)- É```¡f = - wV 2zS b a.Of b ¶o Ŀ !¶o Ł ¶oł + ¶o 5 Ņ ŀ É```¡f = ¶o Ŀ !¶o

ŀŁ = Ł * Ņ = - wV 2zS b a.Of is_yr Ł = ŀ5 `

ł Ł - ŀ5

ł = ( 5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)- ` Ł - ¶o + ŀ5 ŀ Ņ + ¶o ł - ŀ5ł - Ņ - ŀ5ł = (¶o) (Ł - ŀ5) (Ł - ¶o + ŀ5) ł= (¶o) = (¶o)e ¶o (Ł - ŀ5) (Ł - ¶o + ŀ5) łÉ```¡f = 2zS b a.Of Ł(Ł - 5) = (¶o)e Ŀ !¶o ŀ

Ł = 5 .kN

Ł = (5)- a ‫ب‬ ŀ-5

Ɗ i V ŀ5 = 5 f.kN `

Ł Ł – = (ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)ŀ - ŀ5 ŀ - ¶o + ŀ5 ¶o Ł Ł + ¶oŁ 5Ł Ł ŀ ŀ5Ł = = (ŀ - ŀ5)(ŀ - ¶o + ŀ5) (¶o + ŀ5 ) (ŀ - ¶o + ŀ5) (ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)- É```¡f = - wV 2zS b a.Of b ¶o Ŀ !¶o Łŀ É```¡f ¶o Ł = * = Ł(ŀ - 5) ¶o Ŀ !¶o (ŀ - 5) (ŀ - ¶o + 5) ŀ

ŀ

ŀ

ŀ - = Ł - = - wV 2zS b a.Of is_yr Ł Ł(ŀ - ł)

ł = ŀ5 `

ł = 5 .kN

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

a.Of $ k 6 h ¶o + ŀ5 wb ŀ5 lf 5 2zS f.kN Ł -ł5 = (5)- z& - wV 2zS b H6s f b - ."r 4 ń = 5 .kN - wV 2zS b p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

71

ŀł

-

= Ł(łł --) = 2zS b a.Of `

ń = ŀ5 = 5 f.kN f ;lf &4lp 5

πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ pc_; KW 'f dK z' e K j P7 y2 - "sf js_ V l^ 6 f wV 2#& H[6 ǶŐˋģŐũ ńģLJŐʗƥŝ 5 X?j asF is_y f.kN o2GZ X?j asF wb 7kb p'G6 & 7f wV 2zS b a.Of ."r Ƌ t2 .b ( ŁŁ ņ = r) h6łŬń 2G[b ľĄĿí

: <C& !/&? h6 5 = q"sgb 2GZ X?j asF i A2W Łh6 Ł5 r = W 'zW?b & 7f ` Ł5 r = (5)- = W is_yr ¶o + ŀ5 wb ŀ5 lf 5 2zS f.kN

C

l

(ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)É```¡f = W wV 2zS b a.Of b - i V ¶o Ŀ !¶o

Ł Ł ŀ 5 r - (¶o + ŀ5) r

ŀ5 r Ł =

ŀ

¶o ŀ5)

Ł5 - Ł(¶o +

¶o

É```¡f =

Ŀ !¶o

+ ŀ5) ¶o + ŀ5 Ł = ŀ 5 - (¶o = (¶o)e ¶o ĿŬŃ = ¶o Ů ł = 5 ` łŬŃ wb ł lf 5 2zS f.kN ŅŬŃ = ĿŬŃ + ł * Ł = (ĿŬŃ)e É```¡f = (¶o)e É```¡f = 2zS b a.Of b ŀ5Ł = (¶o + ŀ5Ł) Ł

Ŀ !¶o

É```¡f r =

Ŀ !¶o

ŁŁ = łŬń * ŁŁ ņ * Ł = W wV 2zS b a.Of `

tr 7 p & 7fr h6 5 = 'zW?b PcB asF i A2Wj Ł5 = (5)- = W is_zVƅƅŁh6 W ¶o + ŀ5 wb ŀ5 lf 5 2zS f.kN (ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)= 2zS b H6s f b - ` ¶o

łŬń = ŀ5 = 5 f.kN ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

2zS y f.kN p'G6 & 7f wV 2zS b H6s f 7& Ů pc_; KW 'f e K j -.g y P 2f d_: wcN 'zW> 5 Ƌh6ń pOcB asF is_y f.kN p'G6 & 7f wV 2zS b a.Of 7& h Ůh6łŬŃ wb h6ł lf pOcB asF

: 6" r 5 l

Ɗ ."r 5ł - Ł5 = (5)- j ^ /

IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ tr 7y - wV 2zS b i V łŬŁ wb ł lf 5 2zS f.kN ŁŬŃ = - wV 2zS b H6s f i ^ / 1 łŬŅ ‫ﺟ‬

ĿŬŃŇ ‫ب‬

ĿŬłŁ ‫أ‬

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ tr 7 (Ń)- i V Ņ = (Ł)- Ů Ń wb Ł lf 5 2zS f.kN ń = - wV 2zS b H6s f i ^ / 2 ŀŅ ‫د‬

Ň ‫ﺟ‬

ņ ‫ب‬

Ń- ‫أ‬

Ŀ !¶o

ń = ŀ5 = 5 f.kN ŀĿ = ń * Ł = 'zW?b & 7f wV 2zS b a.Of `

(١-٣) ‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ‬

ņŬŁ ‫د‬

Ł

Ł = 5.kN 2zS b H6s f b - ‫أ‬

ŁŬĿł wb Ł lf 5 2zS f.kN b .b 2zS H6s f ‫ب‬

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ tr 7y h6ņ wb h6ń lf qV2& asF 2zS y f.kN O_f h#& wV 2zS b H6s f 3 ŀĿň ‫د‬ ŁŀŇ ‫ﺟ‬ łŃł ‫ب‬ ŀŁń ‫أ‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋtr 7y ł wb ŀ lf 5 2zS f.kN ń + 5ł + Ł5 = (5)- z& - b .b 2zS H6s f 4 ň ‫د‬ ņ ‫ﺟ‬ ł ‫ب‬ ŀ ‫أ‬ zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

72

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

140


-

Ò¨àdG ∫ó©e ŀ+5 ŀ-5 ŀ + ŀ5 ŀ - ŀ5

-

= (5)- a ‫ب‬

:≈JCÉjÉe øY ÖLCG f.kN - wV 2zS b ."r ŀ - 5 Ł + Ł5 = (5)- j ^ / 5

- ŀ + ¶o + ŀ5 = (ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)-

ŀ - ¶o + ŀ5 ¶o Ł (ŀ - ŀ5) (ŀ - ¶o + ŀ5) (¶o) ¶o Ł= ¶o (ŀ - ŀ5) (ŀ - ¶o + ŀ5) ŁÉ```¡f Ł(ŀ - 5) = (¶o)e Ŀ !¶o ŀ

=

(¶o)

=

(¶o)e

=

2zS b a.Of b -

ŀ = ¶o Ů Ł - = 5 ‫ب‬

Ɗ wcy gzV kz gb ŀ5 hzZ .kN - 2zS a.Of $ k 6 h ŀ5 = 5 f.kN - wV 2zS b a.Of b - ."r 6 5 = (5)- ‫ب‬ Ŀ = ŀ5 Ů ŀŀ +- 5

h#& wV 2zzS b a.Of ."r V xr2_b pc_; KW 'f lz+7 b -.g i.Ogb lf 2^ ǦǍŭŨǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 8 Ƌh6ņ o2GZ X?j asF is_y f.kN o2GZ X?j asF wb 7kb 2_b dK z' e K j lz+7 b -.g qB2N XOB qbsF dzG 7f d_: wcN 'zW> ĦƥŲǤĝ ƼƖņǕĝ 9 'zW?b & 7f wV 2zS b a.Of 7& Ů o- O lz 7kb 8Wk r pc_; qKW 'f hm TÐ TÐ

: f ;lf &4lp 7

éíúÐ TÐ

5 ŀŁ A2Ob Ů5 asGb A2Wj

5Ł asGb Ů5 A2Ob A2Wj

Ł = (5)- ` A2Ob * asGb = & 7gb (ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)- É```¡f = 2zS b a.Of Ŀ !¶o ¶o (¶o ŀŁ + ŀ5) ¶o É```¡f = ¶o Ŀ !¶o ŀ É```¡f ŀ5 = (¶o Ł + ŀ5) Ŀ !¶o =

Ł5Ł = (5)- `A2Ob * asGb = & 7gb

Ł5 ŀ

a = 'zW?b PcB asF DW Ła = (a)- = W p & 7f (a)--(¶o+a)- É```¡f = W wV 2zS b a.Of ¶o Ŀ !¶o

h6ŀĿ =

= h6Ň 'zW?b PcB asF is_y f.kN pOcB asF wb 7kb 'zW?b (G6 & 7f wV 2zS b a.Of asF .&r d_b & 7f .&rŀŅ = ŀŅ = 9 g_jĐ a.Of

É```¡f =

ŀ5Ń = (¶oŁ + ŀ5Ń) Ŀ !¶o

h6ŀĿ = ŀ5 f.kN

ŀ5 f.kN

ŃĿ = 2zS b a.Of ǶưĝʹʾǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ

Ŀ !¶o

: f ;lf

-.N wcN XZs y ! jĖ G6s f a [ 2 2#: p# k w b (e 2" scz_b 7z[f) = zg_b j ^ / 10 ŃŁ - ŀĿĿ = = ZđOcb ¹[ F 2#;b 92b e.+ 7gb t2;'b .z gb lf 5 f 2" scz_b ŀ+5

Ƌ Ł wb ŀ lf 5 2zS f.kN = wV 2zS b H6s f 7&

8

‫ﺟـ‬

ł

(H)- - (¶o +H)- É```¡f ¶o Ŀ !¶o

=

É```¡f rŃ ł

=

łH - ł(¶o +H)

¶o

Ŀ !¶o

łH rŃ = łH ł * rŃ

ł

(¶o)e

=

ņ =H is_y f.kN o2GZ X?j asF wb 7kb 2_b h#& 2zS a.Of ŁŁ

ŅŀŅ = ņ * ņ * ņ * Ń = 7kb & 7gb 2zS a.Of 7& iĔ (z'> arĔ d'b 9 A2N d gy 5 sor d[ 7gb 2zS gb i A2W h y pB2Ob Ƌ pbsF 8zbr 'zW?b (ŀ5)- - (Ł5)5 - 5 = 2zS b G6s f 10 ŀ

Ɗis_yr Ł = Ł5 Ů ŀ = ŀ5 `

Ł

Ł wb ŀ lf 2zS 5 a

(ŀ)- - (Ł)(ŀ)- - (Ł)- = ŀ - Ł = 2zS b H6s f

ņ = ŀŃ - Łŀ = (

ŃŁ Ł

- ŀĿĿ) - (

ŃŁ ł

- ŀĿĿ ) =

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

73

(H)- =łH rŃ = 2_b h#&

4 ƅƅ ‫د‬

:(ɸ - ɺ) r 5 l & 3 ƅƅ ‫ د‬2 ƅƅ ‫ ب‬1

ŀ- 5Ł + Ł5 = (5)¶o + ŀ5 wb ŀ5 lf 5 2zS f.kN a (ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)- = (¶o) ` ŀ+ ŀ5Ł - ŀŁ5 -ŀ- (¶o + ŀ5)Ł + Ł(¶o +ŀ5) =ƄƄƄ ¶o Ł + Ł¶o + ¶o ŀ 5 Ł =ƄƄƄ ĿŬŀ = ¶o ŮŁ=ŀ5 ` ŁŬŀ wb Ł lf 5 2zS f.kN ĿŬŅŀ = (ĿŬŀ)Ł + Ł(ĿŬŀ) + ĿŬŀ *Ł * Ł = (ĿŬŀ) Ł- = (5)- f.kN Ł- = ŀ- 5Ł + Ł5 a ŀ- = 5 ` Ŀ = Ł(ŀ+ 5) Ů Ŀ = ŀ+ 5Ł + Ł5 ` ŀ = ¶o Ů ŀ5 = ŀ- = 5 f.kN ŀ= (ŀ)Ł + Ł(ŀ) + (ŀ) (ŀ-) Ł = (ŀ) ` ł5Ł = (5)- a ‫أ‬ ł5Ł - ł(¶o + 5)Ł ŀ ŀ É```¡f = 2zS b a.Of b - ` ¶o Ŀ !¶o

ł ŀ5

Ņ = ŀł5ł * Ł =

ł ł ŀ 5 - (¶o + ŀ5)

ŁŃ = Ł(Ł)Ņ = 2zS b a.Of `

141

(ŀ5)- - (¶o + ŀ5)- É```¡f =2zS b a.Of Ŀ !¶o ¶o (¶o + ŀ5Ł) ¶oŁ É```¡f = Ŀ !¶o ¶o

ŀĿ = 2zS b a.Of

É```¡f

¶o

Ł = ŀ5 Ůł5Ł = (5)- ‫أ‬

2zzS b a.Of 7& ŮP 2gb pc_; KW 'f .y2 b <g_k P 2f d_: wcN 'zW> ńģũģƑǨǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 7 Ƌh6Ň PcCb asF is_y f.kN pOcB asF wb 7kb 'zW?b & 7f wV

Ŀ = ŀ5 = 5 f.kN

Ła -Ł(¶o+a)

ŁŬŀ wb Ł lf 5 2zS ‫أ‬

Ƌh6ŀĿ A2Ob is_y f.kN pB2Ob 7kb

Ł - = 2zS b a.Of `

aŁ =

Ò¨àdG ∫ó©e

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

¶o

É```¡f Ŀ !¶o

Ł=

Ł = ŀ5 = 5 f.kN

5

‫أ‬ ‫ب‬

6


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

ôßĿÎßĿí

ôßĿÎßĿí ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

¼É≤à °T’G

2-3

¼É≤à ``°T’G Differentiation ‍ ﺎﺜ‏Ĺ? â€Ťďť“ďťœﺎ‏

O0 + ,O0 +

Â

E

,

O!

,

2

O0 +

D<_

Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē

wk'œœkf (Ĺ€) d_œœœ: (œœBsy 1 z& I ] ĹŽ C [ĆŠwV qb OF Z E Âś" ĹŽ (5)- = = ĹŽ ((Ĺ€5)- ĹŽ Ĺ€5) Âś& lz G[kb Ć‹((Âśo + Ĺ€5)- ĹŽÂśo + Ĺ€5) E Ć‹ E Âś" PF [b dzf ."r

lf 2zS 5 1 N 2 Ƌ E œ" PF [b dzfr Ŏ - wV 2zS b H6s f b - lz i1 Z œo + ŀ5 wb ? 'z'> zb b ZđOb do

ª05 :-8^)" 3 7¾ ³1;8 {°¼ (

€[g.

Ĺ€5

(Âśo) e =

(ŀ5)- - (œo + ŀ5)= t J = E œ" PF [b dzf œo

^2' r ĹŽ - b .b wk'kf wcN G[j ((Ĺ€5)- ĹŽĹ€5) Âś" G[kb j ^ / 3 z' wk'kgb wcN E G[kb  E 0* zb Âś" G[kb lf 2 [ n E ( ?yr i Âś" PBsb E Âś" , Ć‹ Âś" .kN wk'kgcb 6 gf š O! , 2W> Âśo i t \ Âś" .kN - wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf ."r

Differentiation

: " ÂŞ05 :-8^ÂĽ

2-3

0o wVr 2zS b a.Of wcN b Gb U2O \ 7b 51.b {V - #y zWz^r ĹŻ b .b Y [ : espWf b Gb U2O y 51.b .y.' r ĹŽ [ ;gb b .b Xy2O e .+ 6 b .cb wbrÄ” [ ;gb Ć‹Y [ :Ä—b c b Z b .b is_ w f

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí ÂŞ05 :-8^ÂĽ

First Derivative

(

Slope

{ Ăƒ

Tangent

O0 +

D<_

Ĺ˜Ä&#x; ĆŠĹŠÄŞ

+ ŀ5)- É```¥f = a J = œ" .kN 5 ggb dzf ."r i (ŀ5)- - (œo œo

:952f &6/k oyc o T^y lf rk w€Z K?pČš 4€[q x 952f 4u vp  Z

Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí

:o }gR 5Ç› 1 ^ f Kf

: )" :L3 _ : d V 3 /" : ( 3> O( &

{°¼ ( : " ª05 :-8^¼ s 3 7 ´;%

Äż !Âśo

: n Â?

I:M- 7 w -8iW : : " G/L%

((ŀ5)- Ŏŀ5) G[kb .kN (5)- = = z& - b .b wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf ŀ5 = 5 .kN - wV 2zS b a.Of tr 7y

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

: €: : 16[k

74

Ć‹5 gf - PF Z - dzf- Y [ :Ä? zc Z - wbrÄ” [ ;gb : ‍ؼďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعس‏ ĆŠi ! k 6 l_gy h62b lf qj Ä‘Gb wb 2: 1s'gb wcN 2pKyr (Ĺ€5)- - (Âśo + Ĺ€5)- = b .b wV 2zS b Ć‹w6 2b b .b wV 2zS b Âśo

: k2/ ;lf €l€gS f 1 ylf

6 & - zfs62b $f 2 b - {bÄ’ 6 'b - zgzcO b 1s 7b Ć‹ zj z

= PF [b dzf i đGb 2^/ ˜

Ć‹2zS b H6s g U2Oy f sor

(ŀ5)- - (œo + ŀ5)œo

= t FĆ…

wb b r Âś" G[j lf 2 [ E G[j i V Äż # Âśo f.kN ˜

: *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

hcO b - {ko0b X?Ob - ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob - 2B 'gb Ć‹{jr O b :< 52 f o ck

ĆŠ z& a F - t F i V

(ŀ5)- - (œo + ŀ5)œo

É```¥f

= a FĆ…

Ć‹{6 1.b d?Wb

5 ggb dzf is_yr ĹŽ b .cb wbrÄ” [ ;gb U2Oy f sorĆ… Ĺ€5 = 5 .kN - wV 2zS b a.Of tr 7y b .b wk'kgb / qj lz r = +b hcO .k wV -1r f Ä‘Gb wb .^ ˜

:mgS f 51 Ck

Äż !Âśo

Ɗ i V % #] ŎC[Ɗ- Ɗ j ^ (5)- - (œo + 5)- É``````¥f œo Ŀ!œo

/

= (5) -

ƋŇņ 'W> wb ŇĿ 'W> lf b Gb ^ :‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďşŒďş”â€Ź Ć‹Xy2O b fš .+ 7f b .b [ ;f wcN b Gb U2O y

-s"sf y pkb m0o is_ i E2;

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

142


¥É≤à°T’G : S > K.

b Gb ."sy Ů G[j .kN b .b [ ;f b Gb - #y .kN : K/f ƋXy2O b e .+ 6 2: f [ ;gb m0o Y [ :Đ ' y h Ů b .b a #f Đ ¹ r b Gb ."sy : yCf Ƌa #gb 0o ǽ G[j t .kN

-

¥É≤à``°T’G

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ yr 4b 5 zZ ."r h (ņ ŮŁ)C G[kb .kN ń - Ł5ł = (5)- z& - b .b wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf ."r 1 Ƌ [zZ- 2ZĔ C G[kb .kN kz7b 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ Pf 5 ggb pOk?y w b "sgb ľĄĿí

- wk'kf wb wg k (ņ ŮŁ) C G[kb `

(Ł = 5) .kN - wV 2zS b a.Of = (Ł = 5) .kN 5 ggb dzf ƅ (Ł)- - (¶o + Ł)- É``````¡f = ¶o

Ł¶o ł + ¶o ŀŁ

¶o

:(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f

wb hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė ( gk b eyg*) &

Ń- ł5 = (5)-

1

Ŀ!¶o

Ł É``````¡f = ņ - ń - (¶o + Ł)ł É``````¡f = 5 ggb dzf ` ¶o Ŀ!¶o Ŀ!¶o

ŀŁ = (¶o ł + ŀŁ) É``````¡f = Ŀ!¶o

c Ňń

ŀŃ - (ŀŁ)ŀ - J = a

/

`

ŀŁ = a J is_yr ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

yr 4b 5 zZ ."r h (ł - Ůŀ) C G[kb .kN Ń - ł5 = (5)- z& - b .b wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf ."r 1 Ƌ [zZ- 2ZĔ C G[kb .kN kz7b 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ Pf 5 ggb 0o pOk?y w b "sgb

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬ The Derivative Function á≤à°ûªdG ádGódG Cy ¹ b - so 2zS b a.Of i V 0o wcNr - wV 2zS b a.Ogb .z&r gzZ o2J ky - a #f wV 5 2zS gcb gzZ d_b ȿarĔ wcB W b df Ogb ȿ r ȿ b .cb wbrĔ [ ;gb Ɗ r ȿ [ ;gb b .b ȿ pzcN \cGy 5 2zS gb wV

ł - = Ń - ŀ = (ŀ)- a

Ɗ [ ;gb b .b i V ] Ů C [ǽ 5 Ů I # ] Ů C [ Ɗ - j ^ / /

+ 5)Ƌ -s"sf y pkb m0o is_ i E2; (5)- - (¶o ¶o

- wk'kf wb wg k (ł Ůŀ) C G[kb `

3sf2b .& - b .cb wbrĔ [ ;gcb 4f2zV (5)- = = j ^ / ȿ- [ ;f ȿ r ȿ= [ ;f ȿ 2[ r - r = /

=

/

ŀ-

/

=E 5E

ȿ5 wb 7kb = [ ;f ȿ r ȿ 5 a - = a - ȿ 2[ r /

(ŀ5) - so ((ŀ5)- Ůŀ5) G[kb .kN (5)- = = wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf i L&Đ

= =

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

75

w b "sgb yr 4b 5 zZ a z& a F = 5 ggb dzf Ƌ kz7b 1s&sgb "sgb m # Đ Pf 5 ggb pOk?y

cņŀ łŃ - (ł) F = a

É``````¡f = (5)/Ŀ!¶o ǶLJņƖǨǤĝ ǶǤĝŻǤĝ ƆǍǩƃ

G[kb m0o .kN - wV 2zS b a.Of = (ł- Ůŀ) C .kN 5 ggb dzf (ŀ)- - (¶o + ŀ)- É``````¡f ¶o Ŀ!¶o (ł-) - Ń - ł(¶o + ŀ) É``````¡f ¶o Ŀ!¶o ł(ŀ) - ł(¶o + ŀ) Ł É``````¡f ł = (ŀ)ł = ¶o Ŀ!¶o

ņ = ń - Ł(Ł)ł = (Ł)- a

IJœĎĬ÷

-

`

πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ .kN 5 ggb dzf ."r h [ ;gb Xy2O f¹ .+ 7f ŀ + 5 - Ł5 = (5)- z& - b .cb [ ;gb b .b ."r 2 (ņ Ů Ł - ) G[kb

ņ + 5Ń + Ł5ł = (5)- 2 - wV 2zS b a.Of = (5)/- a Ɗ i V ¶o + 5 wb 5 lf 5 2zS f.kN ` ņ + (¶o + 5) Ń + Ł(¶o + 5) ł = (¶o + 5)¶o Ń + Ł¶o ł + ¶o 5 Ņ = (5)- - (¶o + 5)- Ů Ń + ¶o ł + 5Ņ = (¶o)e Ń+ 5Ņ = (5)/- = (¶o)e É``````¡f ` Ŀ!¶o

ľĄĿí

ŀ + 5 - Ł5 = (5)- a , ŀ + ¶o - 5 - Ł¶o + ¶o 5Ł + Ł5 =

ŀ + (¶o + 5) - Ł(¶o + 5) = (¶o + 5)- ` ¶o (ŀ - ¶o + 5Ł) = (5)- - (¶o + 5)-

¶o (ŀ - ¶o + 5Ł) É``````¡f = (5)/- ` ¶o Ŀ!¶o

ƅ (5)- - (¶o + 5)- É``````¡f = (5) - a /

¶o

Ŀ!¶o

(ŀ - ¶o + 5Ł) É``````¡f = (5) -

/

/

ŀ - 5Ł = (5) -

Ŀ!¶o

ņ = ŀ + (Ł - ) - Ł(Ł - ) = (Ł - )-a - wk'kf wcN P[ (ņ ŮŁ - ) G[kb ` ń - = ŀ - (Ł - )Ł = (Ł - ) - = (ņ Ů Ł - ) G[kb .kN 5 ggb dzf /

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

5 ggb dzf ."r h Ů [ ;gb Xy2O f¹ .+ 7f - b .b [ ;f ."r V ņ + 5Ń + Ł5 ł = (5)- j ^ / 2 (Ņ Ů ŀ - ) G[kb .kN - wk'kgb

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬ ¥É≤à°TÓd ádGódG á«∏HÉb z& -s"r pb (C) - j ^ / H[Vr / ( b .b a #f wb wg k C z&) C = 5 .kN Y [ :đb c Z - b .b i a [y (C)- - (¶o + C)- É``````¡f = (C) -

Differintiability of a Function /

/

¶o

/

Ŀ!¶o

(ŀ-) -= (Ņ Ůŀ -) G[kb .kN 5 ggb dzf Ł - = Ń + (ŀ -)Ņ =

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ /

(ń) - ."r h ŀ - 5 = (5)- z& - b .b [ ;f Xy2O b e .+ 6 ."r 3 ľĄĿí

]' Ů ŀ ] =- a #f `

ŀ-5

= (5)- a

ŀ- ¶o + 5 = (¶o + 5)- ` ŀ-5

- ŀ- ¶o + 5 = (5)- -(¶o + 5)(5)- - (¶o + 5)- É``````¡f = (5)/¶o Ŀ!¶o

H7 b \V 2f wV 2Cb r

ŀ-5

- ŀ- ¶o + 5 É``````¡f =Ƅ

¶o

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

143

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

Ŀ!¶o

76


πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -

¥É≤à``°T’G

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f

(ŀ- 5) - (ŀ- ¶o + 5)

É``````¡f = (5)/+ ŀ- ¶o + 5 ) ¶o Ŀ!¶o

( ŀ-5 ŀ

ŀ< 5 Ů

ŀ-5

= Ł

¶o ( ŀ-5

d>s r (ņņ) = d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf

É``````¡f =

+ ŀ- ¶o + 5 ) ¶o Ŀ!¶o

y pkb -s"r e.Ob ŀ = 5 .kN Y [ :đb c Z 2zR - b .b i L&Đ ŀ ŀ= ŀ = = (ń) Ń Ł*Ł

ń+5

ń + ¶o + 5 = (¶o + 5)- `

/

ŀ-ń

Ł ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

(5)- - (¶o + 5)- É``````¡f ¶o Ŀ!¶o

= (5)- z& - b .b [ ;f Xy2O b e .+ 6 ."r 3

ń + 5 - ń+ ¶o + 5

(٢-٣) ‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ‬ Ł5ł = (5)- ‫ب‬ Ƌ5 Ł + Ł5 = (5)- ‫د‬

¶o

Ɗ w y gf d^ wV - b .cb [ ;gb b .b ."r 1 Ł + 5ń = (5)- ‫أ‬ ŀ- ł5 = (5)- ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ

ƊY [ :đb c Z 2zR b .b o.kN is_ w b 5 hzZ lzNr w y gf d^ wV - b .cb wbrĔ [ ;gb ."r 2 ŀ = (5)- ‫ب‬ ŀ = (5)- ‫أ‬ ł+5

ł = (5)- ‫ﺟ‬ ń - 5Ł

É``````¡f Ŀ!¶o

=

H7 b \V 2f * 2Cb r

=

+

É``````¡f Ŀ!¶o

ń+ ¶o + 5 ]

ń- < 5 .kN Y [ :đb c Z - is_ r

OZ sb (ł Ůŀ- ) G[kb .kN b .b wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf ."r h Ń + ł5 = (5)- z& - b .b [ ;f ."r 3 ƋqzcN

: S > K.

Ƌi z[z[& i -.N Ů C z& (= Ů5 ) G[j t .kN + 5 C = (5)- z& - b .b [ ;f ."r 4 yr 4b 5 zZ ."r h (Ń ŮŁ) C G[kb .kN Ň - Ł5ł = (5)- z& - b .b wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf ."r 5 Ƌ kz7b 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ Pf 5 ggb pOk?y w b "sgb

a r-r 1s7_b a r- a #f lzzO wV đGb DO G+y .Z ar O" 2f ađ* lf p hpy2^0 wS ky `b0b ů1r0#b Ƌ arĔ w6 1.b d?Wb wV(wbrĔ .&sb ) a r.b

Ɗ ."r i r C z& + Ł5 C = (5)- i ^ / 6 Ƌ(= Ů5 ) G[j t .kN - b .cb wbrĔ [ ;gb ‫أ‬ ƋŀŁ tr 7y qzcN OZ sb (ł- ŮŁ) G[kb .kN b .b wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf i ^ / Ů C w gzZ ‫ب‬

: (ɹ - ɺ) r 5 l &

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

77

= (5)/-

ń - 5 - ń + ¶o + 5

ń+5 Ł [ ń+5

5

‫د‬

Ń-5

ń + 5 = (5)- a

Ɗ.#j [ ;gb b .b Xy2O e .+ 6 1 5Ņ = (5) - ‫ب‬ ń = (5)/- ‫أ‬ Ł5ł = (5)/- ‫ﺟ‬ Ł + 5 Ł= (5)/- ‫د‬ /

b .b .N Z \[' (Ń ŮŁ)C G[kb Ň - Ł5ł = (5)- 5 Ɗis_yr pzk'kf wcN P[ (Ń ŮŁ)C ` (Ł)/- = o.kN 5 ggb dzf Ń- Ň - Ł(¶o + Ł)ł ¶o

É``````¡f Ŀ!¶o

= (Ł) - - (¶o + Ł)- É``````¡f = (Ł)/-

ł- = 5 f.kN Y [ :đb c Z 2zR -

¶o

a F = ŀŁ =

Ŀ!¶o Ł ¶o ł + ¶o ŀŁ É``````¡f ¶o Ŀ!¶o

Ŀ= 5 f.kN Y [ :đb c Z 2zR - b .b

=

ń Ł = 5 f.kN Y [ :đb c Z 2zR -

cŇń ŀŃ = (ŀŁ) ŀ- F = a ` /

[ ;gb b .b Xy2O e .+ 6 ‫أ‬ 5C Ł = (5)/- ` + Ł5 C = (5)- wk'kgb wcN P[ (ł- Ů Ł) G[kb a ‫ب‬ (ŀ) ł- = + C Ń` ŀŁ = (Ł)/ł = Cƅƅis_zVƅƅŀŁ = Ł * CŁ (ŀ) wV DysO b ŀń- = ƅis_zVƅł- = + (ł) Ń `

Ń H5 f.kN Y [ :đb c Z 2zR 6 ł5 - ł(¶o + 5)

¶o

ŀŁ5

ŀ-

= (5)/- ‫أ‬ = (5)/- ‫ب‬

ł+5 Ņ= (5)/Ł(ń - 5Ł) ŀ /

Ń- 5 Ł

2

‫ﺟ‬

= (5) - ‫د‬

Ń + ł5 = (5)- 3 Ń + ł(¶o + 5 ) = (¶o+ 5) -

É``````¡f Ŀ!¶o

= (5)- - (¶o + 5)- É``````¡f = (5)/¶o

Ŀ!¶o

Ł5ł = (5)/- `

ł = Ł(ŀ-)ł = (ŀ-)/- = (ł Ůŀ- ) G[kb .kN 5 ggb dzf + 5 C = (5)- 4 + (¶o + 5 ) C = (¶o + 5)-

C=

(5)- - (¶o + 5)- É``````¡f = (5)/¶o Ŀ!¶o ¶o C É``````¡f - 5 C - + ¶o C + 5 C É``````¡f = = ¶o Ŀ ¶o ¶o Ŀ ¶o ! !

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

144


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

ôßĿÎßĿí

ôßĿÎßĿí ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

3-3

¼É≤à °T’G ĂłYGĆ’b

¼É≤à °T’G ĂłYGĆ’b

3-3

Rules of Differentiation ∞°ÝΟà °SG ĆŠ lf d^ [ ;f b .cb wbrÄ” [ ;gb Xy2O e .+ 6 ."r - š Ĺ„5 = (5)Ĺ‚5 = (5)?Xy2O b e .+ 6 ir- ņ5 = (5)- [ ;f U ; ^ `k_gy do - › ? i5 = (5)- z& - b .b [ ;gb .N Z ! k 6 `k_gy do - Âœ

Rules of differentiation :"1"1 ' : : l&+8%

â€Ťďş—ďťŒďť ďť˘â€Ź

’ { “ = † :-8^( l&+8%

Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē :8 : :-8^( { = { :-8^( { = { :-8^( {C = { :-8^(

w&; 0 ²8 „ ) :-8^( °A7 ²8 VÂż J _ :-8^( ²8 :)1 \> Y :-8^(

ĂĄdGĂłdG å≤à °Ýe

Derivative of a Function

: €: : 16[k

Ŀ = = E Ƅ:n‡b 5E

Ć‹ c7c7b .N Z - wbrÄ” [ ;gb

I Ç˝ Âś"Ć„:h

ĂĄĂ HÉãdG ĂĄdGĂłdG å≤à °Ýe - š

ŀ - i 5 i = = E Ƅ:n‡b

I ǽ iƄ:h

i 5 = = j ^ /

I Ç˝ i ĹŽ CĆ„:h

i 5 C = = j ^ /

5E

Ć‹ zgcN 6 & b - i sb 2z: F - 1s 7b

ŀ = = E :n‡b

: *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

5E

ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí First Derivative

ÂŞ05 :-8^ÂĽ VÂż J _

Product

:)1 \> Y

Quotient Chain Rule

:"1"1 '

5 = = j ^ /

5E

ŀ - i 5 i C = = E Ƅ:n‡b

I { = † :-8^(

Âś" = = j ^ / ĆŠ i L&Ä? Âś" = (Âśo + 5)- ĹŽ Âś" = (5)- = =

(5)- - (Âśo + 5)- É``````ÂĄf = (5)/- = = E a 5E Âśo Äż!Âśo Âś" - Âś" É``````ÂĄf = (5)/- = = E ` (Äż !Âśo ) 2W> = š 5E Âśo Äż!Âśo ¿¢S = (¢S)O ĂĄdGĂłdG å≤à °Ýe - ›

: k2/ ;lf €l€gS f 1 ylf

:"1"1 ' : : :-8^(

â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź

Ć‹ ;Z kgb - {jr O b hcO b - {ko0b X?Ob - 2: gb A2Ob

Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí I: )" :L3 _ : d IX3 /" : ( 3> O( &

ĆŠw y gf d^ wV = E ."r 1 5E

5Ĺ„ = = ‍ďş&#x;‏

:< 52 f o ck

Ĺƒ5 = = Ĺ‚5

Ć‹{6 1.b d?Wb

Ĺ‚5 Ĺƒ = = E

5E

:mgS f 1 Ck

‍ب‏

= = ‍ـ‏

` Ĺƒ5 = = a ‍ب‏

ł-== ‍أ‏ ł Š5

== ‍د‏ ĞĄĿí

Ŀ = = E ` ƅł - = =a ‍أ‏ 5E

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

78

Ƌ fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b Ŏ Ňņ wb ņŇ lf b Gb ^

€[g.

:‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďşŒďş”â€Ź ĆŠ z Ä’ a r.b [ ;f - #y ` Ä‘F Pf <Z j ˜

(5)- = = z& - b .b gzZ {V 2zS b b Gb 51- i \ 6 `b0^ Ĺ€5 < Ĺ 5 z& Ĺ 5 wb Ĺ€5 lf 5 2zS f.kN 5 2zS gcb kzOf gzZ .kN 2zS b a.Ofr 2zS b 0o H6s f Ć‹ 2zS b a.Ogb {6.kpb espWgb 51- `b0^r b .cb Y [ :Ä? .N sZ b Gb 51.y Us6 51.b 0o {Vr .N Zr lz b - g7Zr lz b - 2B d> &r -r.'b 2z ^

Y2Wb r lz b - Msg#f [ ;f ĹŽi5 C = = ĹŽ 5 = = ĹŽ Âś" = = Ć‹lz b - g7Z !1 * [ ;f ĹŽ lz b - 2B d> & [ ;f ĹŽ gpkz :‍ؼďş&#x;ﺎاإات اďť&#x;ﺪعس‏ wV Xy2O b e .+ 6 ` Ä‘F Pf <Z j X;_ 6 .k wV wV GOgb a r.cb wbrÄ” [ ;gb - #yÄ– ĹŻ\ 7b 51.b z& - b .cb [ ;gb `c - #y wV hpO h ĹŽ y-.Ob 1s?b Ć‹ hp " '> lf \[' r i 5 = (5)aÄ‘* lf Y [ :Ä? .N s[b ` Ä‘F hpV lf .^ hcO .k wV ˜ ĆŠa gb dz 6 wcN pkfr Gz7 y-.N ly1 g

Ć‹Y [ :Ä? .N sZ e .+ 6 `b/r b .b b .b Y [ :Ä? :952f &6/k oyc o T^y lf rk K?pČš 4€[q x 952f 4u vp  Z

: € Č˜ e x2f rk hcf }fxČš _ ?lf 2&x

5Ĺ = = (Ĺ ) Ĺ‚ Ĺ

5 = = (Ĺƒ) 5 = = (Ĺ…)

Ĺ‚

= =(Ĺ€)

ņ5 = = (ł)

ņń5

= = (Ĺ„)

:o }gR 5Ç› 1 ^ f Kf :8 : :-8^( l&+8% I { = { : :-8^( l&+8% I { = { : :-8^( l&+8% I { C = { : :-8^( l&+8% I°A7 w&; 0 ²8 „ ) l&+8% I²8 VÂż J _ :-8^( l&+8% I²8 :)1 \> Y :-8^( l&+8%

145

}p #f Çž 52f hC[f Ë? mgSČž h€f1


πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -

¥É≤à°T’G óYGƒb 5E ł-5 Ņ - = =E ` 5E ł = ŀŁ 5 ł = = E ` Ł Ł 5E

Ŀ G 5 z& 5

(ŇĿ) = Ů(ņň) = zb b -sk b ` đF Pf <Z j

5 ń = =a ‫ﺟ‬

ń= =E `

I°A7 w&; 0 ²8 ) :-8^(

Ł - 5 ł = ł = =a ‫د‬ Ł5 ł Ł

5 = ł5 = = a ‫ﻫـ‬

I²8 V¿ J _ :-8^(

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă Ɗw y gf d^ wV = E ."r 1 5E Ń-5 = = ņ5 ł

‫د‬

ł Ł

== ‫ح‬

5== ‫ﺟ‬

ň5

5 ł Ń- = = ‫ل‬

ŀĿ5

== ‫ز‬

Ń-5r= =

== ‫و‬

ń ł

ń-5Ł -

== ‫ى‬

Ņ5 ł= =

-5

I²8 :)1 \> Y :-8^(

‫أ‬

ņ5 = =

ŀ

ń5

‫ك‬

== ‫ب‬

Ƌ Gz7 y-.N c f ađ* lf .N s[b m0o wcN .^ r

= = ‫ﻫـ‬ ‫ط‬

ɪ¡æ«H ¥ôØdG hCG ø«àdGO ´ƒªée á≤à°ûe 5 wb 7kb Y [ :đb c Z Cy ¹ is_ Y !M i V Ů 5 2zS gcb 7kb Y [ :đb lz c Z lz b - Y ŮM j ^ / Ɗ i V Ů f N W? r Y E ! M E = (Y ! M ) E is_yr 5E

5E

5E

:n b " e'& R(7 I , '_B I E \ i- ŮƋƋƋƋŮ Ł- Ů ŀ- j ^ / (5)i - ! ƋƋƋ! (5)ł - ! (5)Ł - ! (5) ŀ-Ƅ = Ƅ(5)(i- ! ƋƋƋ ! ł- ! Ł- ! ŀ- ) E /

/

/

/

5E

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

: 6l ;lf m _ f

hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb

Ɗw y gf d^ wV = E ."r 2

&

5E

== ‫ب‬

5Ł- 5

5 5Ł- 5 ŀ Ł ŀ Ł

5

ň - 5 + Ņ5 Ł = Ƅ = ŀĿ - 5 ň - ń5 ŀŁ = = E

-5 - = ŀ-

5E

a ‫أ‬ `

5 ŀŁ * Ł - Ŀ = = E ` Ƅ 5E

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗi ^ / = E ."r 2 5E

5 Ņ + Ń-5 ł = = ‫ﺟ‬

ņ + 5 Ń - ł5 Ł = = ‫ب‬

ń + Ł5ł= = ‫أ‬

ń == ‫و‬ Ń-+ 5 5+ 5

Ň + ń-5 Ł - Ň5 ł = = ‫ﻫ‬

ŀ Ń - 5ņ== ‫د‬ 5Ń

Ł ł

Ń5 ł

ņ ł

ŃŁ5

ł

ł

=

:ø«àdGO Üô°V π°UÉM á≤à°ûe 7kb Y [ :đb c Z Cy ¹ is_ (X Ƌ M) b .b i V 5 2zS gcb 7kb Y [ :đb lz c Z lz b - X Ů M j ^ / ME XE ĿX + 5 M = (X Ƌ M) 5EE ƅƊis_yr 5 2zS gcb E 5E

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ŀ - = 5 f.kN = E ."r h (ł + ł5 ) (ŀ + Ł5 ) = = i ^ / = E ."r 3 5E 5E ľĄĿí

5 Ł * (ł + ł5) + Ł5ł * (ŀ + Ł5) = = E `ƅƅƅ (ł + ł5 ) (ŀ + Ł5) = = a 5E 5Ņ + Ń5Ł + Ł5ł + Ń5ł = Ƅƅƅƅƅƅ ƅ Ł Ń 5Ņ + 5ł + 5ń = Ƅƅƅƅƅƅ ƅ Ł = (ŀ - ) Ņ + Ł(ŀ - )ł + Ń(ŀ - ) ń = = E ` ŀ - = 5 .kN 5E

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ i ^ / = E ."r 3 5E

‫ب‬

(ŀ- 5 ł ) (ł+ 5Ł ) = = ‫أ‬

(ŀ+ 5 ) (ŀ- 5 ) = = ‫د‬

(Ń + 5 ) 5 = = ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ = 5 f.kN = E ."r h (5 + ł5 ņ ) ( ŀ - Ł5Ń ) = = ‫ﻫـ‬ 5E

XE

5E

MŁY

ME X 5E

:ø«àdGO ᪰ùb êQÉN á≤à°ûe Ŀ ! (5) X j ^r 5 2zS gcb 7kb Y [ :đb lz c Z lz b - X Ů M j ^ / M

=( X)

E

5E

‫و‬

Ň ł -5

Ń ņ =ł5 ł ‫ح‬

Łł 5

ń łņ5

‫ى‬

‫ﻫ‬ ň Ł =

Ņ5 ņ

‫أ‬

ń-5Ń-

‫د‬

ņ Ł5

ŀ Ł5 Ń

5

‫د‬

+ ł5 ŁŇ

‫و‬

ł ńŁ + Ł5

ŁĿ + 5 Ň ‫ب‬ ŀ ‫د‬

ň Ł

ń5 ŀŇ

‫ل‬

Ńł

‫ب‬

ń-5r

Ń - Ł5 Ņ ‫ب‬

πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

Ł (ń + 5 Ł ) = =

ň5 ŀĿ

Ņ-5ŀĿ

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

79

‫ﺟ‬

ł Ł ńŅ5

ŀ Ł5

ľĄĿí

== a ‫ب‬

5 Ł - ŀ = 5 Ł - ŀ = ƄƄƄƄ ŀ Ł

‫أ‬

ň - 5 + Ņ5 Ł = =

1

‫ز‬ ‫ط‬

Ń- ‫ك‬

5Ņ ‫أ‬

2

5 Ń + ń-5 ŀŁ- ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ ł-

Ņ-5 ŀĿ + ņ5 ŁŃ

‫ﻫ‬

ņ + 5 ŀŁ ‫أ‬ Ł

5

(5Ň) (5+ ł5ņ ) + (ŀ + Ł5 Łŀ) (ŀ - Ł5Ń) =

=E 5E

‫ﺟ‬

3

‫ﻫـ‬

ŀ= 5 f.kN =E ŀłĿ = Ň * Ň + ŁŁ * ł = ` 5E

M

is_yr 5 2zS gcb 7kb Y [ :đb c Z Cy ¹ is_ ( X ) b .b i V /

XM- MX /

ŁX

/

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ŀ - Ł5 = = i ^ / = E ."r 4 5E ŀ + ł5 ľĄĿí Ł5ł * (ŀ - Ł5) - 5Ł * (ŀ + ł5) =E ŀ - Ł5 = ` == a Ł(ŀ + ł5) 5E ŀ + ł5 Ł5 ł + Ń5 ł - 5Ł + Ń5 Ł = =E ` Ł(ŀ + ł5 ) 5E 5Ł + Ł5ł + Ń5 - = Ł(ŀ + ł5) zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

: á«FGôKEG øjQɪJ

M

= ( X ) 2

80

Ɗ z Ē a r.b lf d_b wbrĔ [ ;gb ."r 5Ł + Ł 5ł - ł 5Ł = = - [Ł + 5Ņ - Ł 5Ņ] (ŀ + Ł 5ł - ł 5)5 = = - [ŀ + Ł 5ň - Ł 5Ń] [Ł + 5Ł] (ń + 5) (ł - 5) = = - ŀ + 5Ł ń [Ł ] = = - (ł+5)

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

ł+5

146


-

¥É≤à°T’G óYGƒb -

¥É≤à°T’G óYGƒb ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

wor (2zS b H6s f) = 9 ly2z O b lz b Gb Hc+y .Z

5E

59

=E 5E

2z O b r (59) e [gb r (=9) H7 b lf js_f `b0br lzc[ 7f e [fr H7 lf is_ Đ wor 2zS b a.Of) b .b [ ;f

Ɗi ^ / = E ."r 4

E

ŀ - Ł5Ł == ‫ﺟ‬ ń+5

ń+ 5 Ł 5Ń - ŀ

(Chain rule

7kb Y [ :đb c Z (5)1 = M j ^r Ů M 2zS gcb 7kb Y [ :đb c Z (M)- = = j ^ / 5 2zS gcb 7kb Y [ :đb c Z is_ ((5)1)- = = i V 5 2zS gcb

ƋƋƋ r (=) ¹ 5E i 1 +y i [(5)-] b .b [ ;f - #yĖ qj ` đF wb 2: Ɗd'b wV lz z Ē lz [y2Gb t.&

ME =E =E * = 5E ME 5E

( ( 5 I +"w7 ./0 F")L ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ =E Ƅ ! bƄ ń(ŀ + 5ł - Ł5) = = j ^ / 5 5E

X M" Ä 0 A3 0 '® L( : :-8^(

ľĄĿí ŃM ń = = E Ƅis_yrƅƅ(M wV -r.& 2z ^) M wb 7kb Y [ :đb c Z =

ME ME is_yr ƄƄƄ(5 wV -r.& 2z ^ ) 5 wb 7kb Y [ :đb c Z M 5E ME =E =E * = ` c7c7b .N Z \z G Ů (ł - 5Ł) * ŁMń = 5E ME 5E M lN DysO b (ł - 5 Ł ) * Ń(ŀ + 5 ł - Ł5) ń = = E ` 5E

Ůł-5Ł=

lzO 2f lz Y2Wb e .+ 6 wV b Gb zj _f t.f wb U.py Ƌ zb f -r.& .Ob = E łŀ 5 łŁ = Ů ŀ- łŁ5 = =Ɗ "Ė

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă =E Ƅ ! bƄ ń (ł+ 5 Ł)= = j ^ / 5 5E

5E

n ádGódG á≤à°ûe

Ů w[z[& -.N i Ů 5 wb 7kb Y [ :đb c Z - z& i[(5)-] = M j ^ /

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f

Ł(ŀ+ 5)

ŁŁ Ł(5Ń - ŀ)

=

=

=E 5E

= Ń- * (ń + Ł5 Ł ) - Ł * (5Ń-ŀ) =

=E 5E

ŀ * (ŀ - Ł5 Ł ) - 5Ń * (ń+ 5)

=E 5E

( 5Ń - ŀ)

Ł( ń + 5)

ŀ + 5ŁĿ + Ł5Ł Ł(ń + 5)

=

(5) - * ŀ - i[(5)-] i = /

81

‫أ‬

πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

4

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

‫ب‬

i ^ / = E ."r 6 ń( ŀ - 5

ŀ+5

5E

)== ‫ب‬

‫أ‬

ŀĿ(ŀ + 5ł + ł5Ņ ) = =

ľĄĿí

‫ﺟ‬

ŀĿ(ŀ + 5ł + ł5Ņ ) = = ň(ŀ + 5ł + ł5Ņ) (ł + Ł5 ŀŇ) ŀĿ = (ŀ + 5ł + ł5Ņ) E

‫أ‬

=E ` 5E

* ň(ŀ + 5ł + ł5Ņ ) ŀĿ =

ň (ŀ + 5ł + ł5Ņ ) (ŀ + Ł5 Ņ ) łĿ =

=E 5E

5

=E 5E

‫أ‬

6

=E = Ń(Ł + Ł5ł) 5 E

‫ب‬

ń5 ŀńĿĿ

:n b

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

5E

Ň(ŀ+ 5Ń - ł5Ł ) (Ł - Ł5ł ) ŀŇ =

ME 5E

: &

= ƅƅ

Ń(ł+ 5Ł ) ŀĿ = Ł * Ń(ł + 5 Ł) ń=

ŀ + 5 ł - Ł5 = M A2W

ńM = = `

(ɿɹ) A 2^ p 6 c[ 2q }Z

ŀ * (ŀ - 5Ł) - Ł * (ŀ + 5) Ł(ŀ + 5)

Ɗ is_ r

5 b .b b - = n %

:"1"1 ' : : :-8^(

ł

ŀ- 5 Ł = = ‫أ‬ ŀ+ 5

( á∏°ù∏°ùdG IóYÉb) ádGódG ádGO á≤à°ûe

r /= 3sf2b j z& pb 4f2y

hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb

== ‫ب‬

ôœĎĨŇ

: S > K.

ŀ * (ŀ - 5) - ŀ * (ŀ + 5 ) Ń ŀ - 5 * ( )ń= =E ` Ł(ŀ + 5) 5E ŀ+5 ŀ+5-ŀ+5 Ń ŀ-5 * ( ) ń = ƄƄƄƅ Ł(ŀ + 5) ŀ+5 Ń(ŀ - 5)ŀĿ = Ń( ŀ - 5 ) * Ł ŀĿ =ƄƄƄƄƅ Ņ(ŀ + 5) ŀ+5 (ŀ + 5) ł(

Ł5ń

Ł + Ł5ł

)== ‫ب‬

)== ‫ب‬

ń( ŀ - 5

ŀ+5

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

‫ أ‬j ^ / = E ."r 6

ň(ŀ+ 5Ń - ł5Ł) = =

5E

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ /

Ł = (5) - dO# { b 5 hzZ ."r

Ń - 5ń + Ł5Ł - ł5 ŀ

ł = (5)- i ^ / 7 ľĄĿí

ŀ * ń + 5 Ł * Ł - Ł5ł * ŀł = (5) ń + 5 Ń - Ł5 = Ł = ń + 5Ń - Ł5 ` Ł = (5) - f.kN ł=5 r ŀ = 5 ` Ŀ = (ł - 5) (ŀ - 5) a /

/

/

ņ = (5) - Ö

ń - Ł5ł = (5) Ł

! = 5 Ů ņ = ń - Ł5ł `

ņ= (5) - a

Ņ (ń- 5) ņ= (5)/-

/

ŀ= Ņ(ń - 5 )

‫أ‬

7

Ŀ = ł + 5 Ń - Ł5 is_yr

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

‫ب‬

ņ = Ņ (ń- 5 ) ņ ` Ņ = 5 r Ń = 5 `

/

/

Ɗw y gf d^ wV ņ = (5) - dO# w b 5 hzZ ."r 7 ņ(ń - 5 ) = (5)-

‫ب‬

Ł + 5 ń - ł5 = (5)- ‫أ‬ Ɗ j ^ /

(ŀ + ŀŅ5) (ŀ + Ň5) (ŀ + Ń5) (ŀ + Ł5) (ŀ + 5 ) (ŀ - 5) = = zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

147

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

=E ."r ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ 5E

82


πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -

¥É≤à°T’G óYGƒb

á≤à°ûªdG ≈∏Y á«°Sóæg äÉ≤«Ñ£J j."r (5)- = = z& - b .cb wbrĔ [ ;gcb w6.kpb 2z7W b wV b .cb wbrĔ [ ;gb tr 7y (ŀ= Ůŀ5) G[kb .kN e 5 ggb dzf i Ƌ G[kb m0o .kN

Geometric Applications on the Derivative

= ,

1s?b wcN q ^ l_gyr (ŀ= Ůŀ5) G[kb .kN = E = eƅn 2

\

5E

=E ( = Ů 5) [ 5 E ]=e ŀ ŀ

:n b kz7b 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ Pf 5 ggb pOk?y w b "sgb yr 4b 5 zZ a i ^ƅ UQ =E ( = Ů 5)[ 5 E ] = a J = e ƅƅ ŀ ŀ

:n % Ɗ i V Ła Ůŀa lzfscOf lzgz[ 7f wczf Łe Ůŀe i ^ / (t3 s b E2:)ƅƅŁe =ŀeƅƅi ^ / H[Vr / ƅƅŁa//ŀa (.f O b E2:)ƅŀ- = Łe ŀeƄƅƅi ^ / H[Vr / ƅŁa = ŀa Ů

5 ggb wcN t-sgOb wg7y g^ G[kb m0o .kN wk'kgb dzg wk'kf wcN G[j t .kN 5 ggb dzf wg7y Ƌ G[kb m0o .kN wk'kgcb t-sgOb 5 g b G[j .kN wk'kgb ŀ-

=E ( = Ů 5) 5 E ŀ ŀ

[ ]

(ŀ= Ůŀ5) G[kb .kN 5 ggb dzf i đGb wb .^ a F = e i r G[kb m0o .kN b .cb wbrĔ [ ;gb tr 7y Pf 5 ggb pOk?y w b "sgb yr 4b 5 zZ wo a z& ƋM 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ wcN P[ G[kb t-sgOb r 5 ggb w b- Og ` đF 2^/ Ƌ o- #y zWz^r b .b wk'kf lzy3 s gb lzgz[ 7gb wczf lz ZđOb ho2^/ `b0^ bĐ. go.& dzf - #y zWz^r Ůly.f O gb lzgz[ 7gb r Ƌ Gz7 y-.N c f ađ* lf 2*Ē dzf (5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f

= (ŀ= Ůŀ5) G[kb .kN t-sgOb dzf ` ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

ŀ- = 5ƅ f.kNƅŀ=

ƋqzcN OZ sb (ł- ŮŁ-) G[kb .kN ń + 5Ń - ł5Ł = = wk'kgcb t-sgOb r 5 ggb dzf lf d^ ."r 8 ľĄĿí

ń + 5 Ń - ł5Ł = = a Ń - Ł5Ņ = = E = G[j t .kN 5 ggb dzf `

− , − M 7 75 ŁĿ - = Ń- (ŁŁ-) Ņ = (ł- Ů Ł-)[ = E ] = 5 ggb dzf

Ń = 5ƅ f.kNƅ

5E ŀŀŁĿ = 5 ggb dzf = t-sgOb dzf

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ kz gb H[kb .kN z Ē zk'kgcb t-sgOb r 5 ggb lf d^ dzf ."r 8 Ń = 5ƅ f.kNƅ ŀ + 5 = = ‫ب‬ ŀ- = 5ƅ f.kNƅņ - 5 = = ‫أ‬ 5

Ł = 5ƅ f.kNƅ ń

ł-5

== ‫ﺟ‬

ŀŅ ŀń

πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

ľĄĿí

ń + 5Ņ - Ł5 = = a Ņ- 5 Ł = = E = G[j t .kN 5 ggb dzf ` 5E

ł- = ń + (Ń) Ņ - Ł(Ń) = = is_yr (ł- ŮŃ) G[kb .kN Ł = 5 ggb dzf kz7b 1s'f // 5 ggb a ‫ب‬ Ŀ=Ņ-5Ł= =E 5E

(Ń- Ůł) G[kb .kN kz7b 1s'f t3 sy 5 ggb ŀ- qczf t0b Ŀ =ŀ- 5+ = Ń hz[ 7gb wcN t-sgN 5 ggb ‫ﺟ‬ Ń Ń = ŀ-Ń _ ŀ- = 5 ggb dzf

; '(& D ~ = O! + + C C- 2 (+

Ń=Ņ-5Ł 2W> = = Ůń = 5 ` (Ŀ Ůń) G[kb .kN Ŀ = ŀ- 5 + = Ń hz[ 7gb wcN y¹ -sgN is_y 5 ggb `

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ wk'kgcb 5 ggb o.kN is_yr Ł5ł - ł5 = = wk'kgb wcN P[ w b H[kb ."r 9 Ŀ = ł + = ň + 5 hz[ 7gb wcN t-sgN ‫ب‬ kz7b 1s'f y¹ 3 sf ‫أ‬ Equation of the Tangent to a Curve

Ů(5)- = =

=

C 75 & ) , C \

&& 75 C

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬

≈æëæªd ¢SɪªdG ádOÉ©e z& - b .b wk'kf wcN P[ G[j (ŀ= Ůŀ5) j ^ / Ɗi V G[kb m0o .kN 5 ggb dzf e wo (ŀ= Ůŀ5) G[kb .kN wk'kgcb 5 ggb b- Of

(ŀ5 - 5)e = ŀ= - = Ɗ wo (ŀ= Ůŀ5) G[kb .kN wk'kgcb t-sgOb b- Of : w B (ŀ5 - 5) ŀ-e = ŀ= - =

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

=E 5E

‫ب‬

ńŁ(ł-5)

=

=E 5E

Ł5 ł *(ŀ+ 5 ) + ŀ *(Ł - ł5) =

=E 5E

‫ﺟ‬ ‫د‬

ŀ = 5ƅ f.kN 5Ņ - Ł5ł=

ŀń = t-sgOb dzf Ů ń = 5 ggb dzf ` =E Ł5ł - ł5 = = Ö 9 ` 5E

=E

5E

Ń= 5ƅi t ƅŇ = 5Ł ` Ņ - 5 Ł = Ł = = E a ‫أ‬

¿CG ôcòJ

Ł5

-ŀ=

= t-sgOb dzf Ů ń- = 5 ggb dzf

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ɗ o.kN w b r ń + 5Ņ - Ł5 = = wk'kgb wcN OZ sb H[kb ."r 9 kz7b 1s'f t3 sy 5 ggb ‫ب‬ Ł = 5 ggb dzf ‫أ‬ 2W> = ŀ- 5 + = Ń hz[ 7gb wcN t-sgN 5 ggb ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ ŀń

ŀ ń

2W> = kz7b 1s'f dzf = 5 ggb dzf ` Ń- = ń + ŀŇ - ň = = Ů ł = 5 `

8

- = t-sgOb dzf Ů ŀŅ = 5 ggb dzf

Ł = 5ƅ f.kNƅ

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

83

‫أ‬

ŀ- = t-sgOb dzf Ů ŀ= 5 ggb dzf

5E

ŀ = 5ƅ f.kNƅ(ŀ+ 5 ) (Ł - ł5) = = ‫د‬

=E 5E

84

is_yr Ŀ = ` kz7b 1s'f // 5 ggb ‫أ‬ 5E Ł = 5 r Ŀ = 5 ` Ŀ = (Ł- 5 ) 5ł Ŀ==` Ŀ = 5 f.kN Ń- = = ` Ł = 5 f.kN Ů (Ń- ŮŁ) Ů (Ŀ ŮĿ) H[kb .kN kz7b 1s'f t3 sy 5 ggb ` Ŀ = ł + = ň + 5 hz[ 7gb = 5 ggb a ‫ب‬ ŀ- = hz[ 7gb dzf * 5 ggb dzf ŀ-

is_yr ŀ- = ň *(5Ņ - Ł5ł) ł wcN g7[b Ŀ = ň - 5Ņ - Ł5ł ŀ -= 5 r ł = 5 Ů Ŀ = ł- 5Ł - Ł5 ` Ŀ = =` ł = 5 .kN Ń- = = ` ŀ- = 5 .kN wcN y¹ -sgN wk'kgb 5 gf is_y (Ń- Ůŀ-) Ů (Ŀ Ůł) H[kb .kN ` Ŀ = ł + = ň + 5 hz[ 7gb

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

148


-

¥É≤à°T’G óYGƒb (5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f

hpOf d>s r Ůd' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf P Ɗ 'z'?b "Ė wb

-

¥É≤à°T’G óYGƒb

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ł = wkz7b pz .& r qzcN OZ sb G[kb .kN ŀ+ 5ń - Ł5Ł = = wk'kgb t-sgOb r 5 ggb b- Of ."r 10 ľĄĿí

q b- Of \[' wpV ` wk'kgb wcN P[ G[kb a (ŀ- ŮŁ) wo G[kb ` ŀ- = ŀ + (Ł)ń - Ł(Ł) Ł = = i V Ł = 5 .kN =E ł= ń- Ł * Ń = Ł = 5 ( )` ń - 5Ń = = E a 5E 5E ŀ- = t-sgOb dzf is_yr ł = 5 ggb dzf (ŀ- ŮŁ) G[kb .kN i t ł

( gk b eyg*) & =E 5Ł + Ł5ł = 5E

`

Ł- = 5 Ů ŀ- Ł5+ ł5 = =

‫أ‬

wo t-sgOb b- Of (Ł- 5 ) ŀ-ł = (ŀ-) - = Ł+5-=ł+=ł 2W> = ŀ + 5 + = ł

10

wk'kgb wcN P[ 5 g b G[j Ö q b- Of \[' wpV ` ń- = ŀ- Ń + Ň- = = ` Ł- = 5 .kN =E 5 ggb dzf = Ň = Ń - ŀŁ = [ ]is_yr 5E Ł- = 5 [ (Ł-) - 5 ] Ň = (ń-) - =ƅƊwo 5 ggb b- Of 2W> = ŀŀ + = - 5 Ňƅt ŀ[Ł + 5] Ň = ń + = wo t-sgOb b- Of Ŀ = ŃŁ + =Ň + 5ƅt

wo 5 ggb b- Of ` (Ł-5 )ł = (ŀ-) - = Ņ - 5ł = ŀ + = Ŀ=ņ+5ł-=

Ů

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ pzcN OZ sb H[kb .kN zb b zk'kgcb t-sgOb r 5 ggb b- Of ."r 10 Ł= 5 Ů ņ(ń- 5ł ) = = ‫ب‬ Ł- = 5 Ů ŀ- Ł5+ ł5 = = ‫أ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ƌ Ů Cw gzZ ."r V (ł- Ůŀ- ) G[kb .kN ń + 5Ň = = hz[ 7gb 8gy Ł5 + ł5C = = wk'kgb i ^ /

11

ľĄĿí Ł5 + ł5 C = = wk'kgb wcN P[ (ł- Ů ŀ- ) G[kb

ł = -C t

(ŀ)

Ł(ŀ-) + ł(ŀ-)C = ł-

a `

5 Ł + Ł5 C ł = =E = qzcN G[j t .kN wk'kgcb 5 ggb dzf 5E

(ł- Ůŀ- ) G[kb .kN wk'kgcb 5 gf ń + 5Ň = = hz[ 7gb a Ň = hz[ 7gb dzf = (ł- Ů ŀ-) [ =E ] ` 5E

Ň = Ł - C ł t Ň = (ŀ-) Ł + Ł(ŀ- ) C ł `

(Ł)

:n X? (Ł) Ů (ŀ) lz b- Ogb d' ŀ- = Ů Ł = C ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

‫ب‬ Ņ(ń- 5ł ) Łŀ = b .b wk'kf wb wg k 5 g b G[j o.kN is_yr ŀ = = i V Ł = 5 .kN Łŀ = Ņ(ń- Ł * ł ) Łŀ = 5 ggb dzf ŀ= t-sgOb dzf Łŀ (Ł- 5 ) Łŀ = ŀ - = Ɗ 5 ggb b- Of 2W> = Ńŀ - = - 5 Łŀ ŀ(Ł- 5 ) Łŀ = ŀ - = Ɗ t-sgOb dzf Ŀ = Łł- = Łŀ + 5

(ł Ůŀ) G[kb .kN + 5 C + Ł5 = = wk'kgcb 5 ggb dzf i ^ / Ů C lz b lf d^ gzZ ."r 11 ń tr 7 qzcN OZ sb

=E `ƅņ(ń- 5ł ) = = 5E

=E C + 5Ł = ` 5E

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

85

πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

(٣-٣) ‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ‬

:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG ŀŁ ‫د‬

tr 7y Ł = 5 f.kN 5 wb 7kb Ń + ł5 2zS a.Of 1 ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ Ň ‫ب‬ Ń ‫أ‬ Ń

Ņ ‫د‬

tr 7y 2W> = 5 .kN ł5 - 5ł = = wk'kgcb 5 ggb dzf 2 ł- ‫ﺟ‬ 2W> ‫ب‬ ł ‫أ‬

2W> ‫د‬

Ɗ = 5 .kN kz7b 1s'f t3 sy Ł + 5Ň - Ł5 = = wk'kgcb 5 ggb 3 Ń ‫ﺟ‬ Ł ‫ب‬ Ň- ‫أ‬

ŀ- ‫د‬

= 5 .kN ŀ+ 5ń + Ł5ł = = wk'kgb 8gy ń = = + 5 hz[ 7gb 4 ł ‫ﺟ‬ ń ‫ب‬ ŀ ‫أ‬

+ 5 C + Ł5 = =

Ö 11 ń = (ł Ůŀ) G[kb .kN 5 ggb dzf ł = Cƅƅis_yrƅƅń = C + ŀ * Ł wk'kgb wcN P[ (ł Ůŀ) G[kb q b- Of \[' wpV ŀ- = ƅƅis_yrƅƅ + ŀ * ł + ŀ = ł

:(3 - 3) øjQɪJ äÉHÉLEG

:≈JCÉjɪe Ók c πªcCG ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

= (ŀ + Ł5ł)

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

( 5 + 5)

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

=(

= (r ń) ŀ

)

ń = ( r + ń5 - ņ5 Ł )

5 Ń== ‫د‬

ł Ł5Ł

5 5== ‫ح‬

Ł5

5

E

5E E

5E E

5E E

5E E

5E

6

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

8

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ŀ

12

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

14

== ‫ز‬

(ŀ+Ł5Ł - Ń5)

E

5E E

5E

ŀ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = ( ) E ł5 5E

10

== ‫ﺟ‬

= (5Ł)

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

Ň- 5 ł

Ń ==

Ł

5

= (Ł5 )

= (Ł + 5 ł + Ł5ń)

E

5E E

5E

5 7 9 11 13

Ɗ lf d_b = E ."r 15 5E

‫ب‬

ń5ł = =

== ‫و‬

ń5 ł

‫أ‬

== ‫ﻫ‬

.≈JCÉjɪe πμd ¢S ≈dEG áÑ°ùædÉH ≈dhC’G á≤à°ûªdG óLhCG

- 4 Ƅƅƅ¶" 3 ƅƅ 2 Ƅƅƅ- 1

ň - 5 ņ + ł5 Łł - Ń5 ŀŁ = = 17

ń- Ł5ł + ł5 = = 16

Ł + 5ł - Ł5Ń

= = 19

5 ł + Ņ5Ł = = 18

= = 21

( 5 - Ł5ł) 5 = = 20

(ł + 5Ł ) (ņ - Ł5) = = 23

(ń + 5Ł) (ŀ + Ł5) = = 22

5

5

ŀ

5 Ł

+ ŀ 8 5Ń - ł5Ń 7 ƅ5Ņ 6 ƄƅƅŁ 5

2W>

149

ł10 ƄƄƄƅƅƅƅ Ń5

9

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

ł + 5 - Ł5Ń

5

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

86


πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -

¥É≤à°T’G óYGƒb

( 5 Ł + Ł5) ( 5 - Ł5) = = 25

ŀ- ŀ ł + 5 ŀĿ 13 ƅ Ń ŀ-ł 12 Ƅƅ Ł 5 Ł 11

(ŀ + 5ł - ł5) (ł + Ł5) = = 24

Ł-5 = = 27 ń+5

5 ł

Ł - 5ń = = 26 ŀ+5ń

Ń 5 - Ņ5

Ɗw y gf d^ wV kz gb H[kb .kN = E gzZ ."r 28 5E ŀ= 5 .kN Ń-(ŀ + 5 - Ł5 ) = = ‫ ب‬ƅƅ

Ɗi ^ / = E ."r 29 5E ‫ ب‬ƅƅ

ņ(ł+ 5 ) = =

ŀ + Ł5ł = ł= ‫ د‬ƅƅ

ń(ŀ - 5 + ł5 ) = =

Ń(ł - Ł5Ł ) = =

Ł + Ł5ł = MƅŮƅŁM = = ‫ و‬ƅƅ

Ł(ņ + 5Ń - ł5Ł)

ł

łł5

5

‫ﺟ‬

ŀ‫و‬ 5 5 ł 5 Ł ‫ح‬

== ‫ﻫ‬

ŀ + Ł5 = = wk'kgcb 5 ggb pOk?y w b "sgb yr 4b 5 zZ ."r 30 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ Pf ŀ - 5 Ƌŀ = 5 .kN kz7b

1s'gb y¹ 3 sf 5 ggb o.kN is_y { b r ŁĿ + 5ŀń - Ł5Ņ - ł5 = = wk'kgb wcN OZ sb H[kb ."r 31 Ƌ kz7b 32

‫د‬

Ƅƅƅƅƅƅ

5Ņ + Ł5ł 16 ł + ń5ŀŁ 18

5 5

5 Ł ł 5 Ł - Ł5ň 20 ł

Ł = 5ƅŮƅ ņ + 5 = = ‫ﺟ‬

(ŀ- Ůŀ) G[kb .kN 5 + ł5 C = = wk'kgb 8gy Ŀ = Ņ - = - 5 ń hz[ 7gb i hcN / Ů C w gzZ ."r

35

ł5

ŀŃ - 5 Ņ + Ł5Ņ 23 ł

Ł

-

ŀ - 5 Ņ 21 5 Ł Ł+ 5 ŀĿ + Ł5Ņ 22

ń

Ł - Ł 5 Ł + ł5Ń 25

ň - 5Ł + Ń5ń 24 ŀ ń

87

ł ‫ز‬ Ł

5

d^ e f wkz7b pz .& lz gb r pzcN OZ sb H[kb .kN zb b zk'kgb lf d_b 5 ggb b- Of ."r 34 Ɗ pkf ł Ń = 5ƅŮƅ Ł- 5 = = ‫ ب‬Ƅƅƅƅƅ ŀ- = 5ƅŮƅł(ł + 5) = = ‫أ‬ ł- = 5ƅŮƅ(ń + 5) (ń - 5 )= =

15

‫ﻫ‬

ń ł

Ł5 ł

ņ + Ł5Ł - ł5Ł 17 ŀ - Ń 19

ƋqzcN OZ sb (Ŀ ŮŁ) H[kb .kN Ł + 5ņ - Ł5ł = = wk'kgcb t-sgOb r 5 ggb b- Of ."r 33

‫أ‬ ‫ﺟ‬

Ń 5 ŀń

‫د‬

Ł

‫أ‬

ń tr 7y o.kN wk'kgb dzf is_y w b r ŀ + 5ŀŅ - Ł5ň - ł5 = = wk'kgb wcN OZ sb H[kb ."r

‫ب‬

ň- 5 Ņ-

Ŀ =5 .kN ņ(Ł - Ł5 ) = = ‫أ‬

ņ 14

Ł

- ! 5 z&

ŀń

Ł(ŀ+ 5ń)

26

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

=E

ŀ= ŀ- Ł = ` 5E ŀ°Ńń = (ŀ) F = a`

ņ

Ł(ń + 5)

ŀ = 5 f.kN ŀ = a F ` =E

ŀń - 5 ŀŁ - Ł5ł = 31 5E =E Ŀ= kz7b 1s'f // 5 ggb 5E Ŀ = (ŀ+ 5 ) (ń- 5 ) ł = (ń - 5Ń - Ł5)ł

Ŀ = Łŀ - 5ŀŇ - Ł5ł `

=E 5E

=

2W> =

=E 5E

‫أ‬ 5Ł * Ņ(Ł- Ł5) ņ = 5E ` Ŀ = 5 .kN

(ŀ- 5 Ł) ń- (ŀ+ 5 - Ł5) Ń- = Ń- =

=E ` 5E

=E 5E

32

Ŀ = Ł - 5 + =ń Ů Ŀ = ŀĿ + 5ń - = 33

ŀł

‫ب‬

‫أ‬

ł(ł- Ł5Ł ) 5 ŀŅ= = E 5E

‫ب‬

Ń(ŀ- 5 + ł5) (ŀ+ Ł5ł) ń= = E 5E

‫ﺟ‬

=E 5E

‫د‬

=E 5E =E ME =E 5E

‫ﻫ‬

Łł

=E a 5E

28

ŀ = 5 .kN Ņ(ł+ 5 ) ņ= = E 5E

ń= is_yr ņ = 5 r ŀ- = 5 ` Ŀ = ņ - 5Ņ - Ł5 ŁĿň = =ƅƅƅ ņ = = b .b wk'kgb 5 ggb (ŁĿň Ůņ) Ů (ņ Ůŀ-) H[kb .kN ` Ƌ kz7b 1s'f t3 sy

5E

=E

ŀ- = 5 r ń = 5 ` ŁŇ = = Ů ŇĿ- = = kz7b 1s'f // 5 ggb (ŁŇ Ůŀ-) Ů (ŇĿ- Ůń) H[kb .kN ŀŅ - 5 ŀŇ - Ł5ł =

{ń- ŮĿ} - I = b .b a #f 27 =E =

ŀ * (Ł- 5) - ŀ * (ń+ 5) Ł(ń+ 5 )

(ŀ+ Ł5ł ) 5 Ł= Ł

( ņ+5Ń - ł5Ł) (Ń- Ł5Ņ) ł = 5Ņ =

ME 5E

ŮMŁ=

(Ł+ Ł5ł ) 5ŀŁ = 5Ņ * M Ł =

Ń- = ƅŮƅł = C 35 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

ŀ Ł5

- 5Ł =

29

‫و‬

=E 5E

30

150


óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

ôüĿîüĿí

ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

4-3

4-3

πeÉμàdG

πeÉμàdG

Integration

Integration

‫اﺳﺘﻜﺸﻒ‬

c? f X X

XE

?

‫اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ Ƌ zgcN 6 & b - iscf 2z: F - zgzcO b 1s 7b

5E

(5) X /

???

‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ‬

?

_ − 7 !+ − :^ 7¥ − ® L¥ ~&+ '¿ /¥

Ń5ń

I#WB^¥

łŀĬø÷ ıŎē : " : 1B+ :-8^¥

Ɗi hcO Y [ :đb ` 6 1- lf {[z[& -.N Ů + ł5 = (5)Y z& Y b .b [ ;f E / (5)Y = (5) Yƅn 2 ƋŁ5ł = (5)/Y wo 5E ¼Y b .cb zc>Ĕ b .b Y b .b wg7 b 'b m0o wV wkOg Y [ :Đ zcgOb z7_N zcgN 51.b 0o wV ar k j Us6 ? fH = 5 DA3? @ <b Y [ ;gb g¼ ¾cN½ / i

± ³r ( B8 :%¬º 40 h+ ( B

/

Ń5ń

wo 5 wb 7kb p [ ;f zc> b - - #yĖ Ń5ń = (5)- A2Wj , '_% &) (<5 +"MI R7 Ń5ń = ŀ-i 5 i ń = iƄŮƄŃ = ŀ- i ` Ł- ń5 r ł+ ń5ƅr ƅń5 = (5) is_zV - b .cb zc>Đ b .b r z7_Ob [ ;gb b - b .b wg7

ôŔēîēŗí õîĄŀĤĜńĿí : 1B+ :-8^¥ Antiderivative Integraation

( B

:t? G UQ (<) 'C& F C'G j M'(L D0 Ņ5ņ = (5)- ‫ب‬ 5 Ł = (5)- ‫أ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬

‫ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ‬ Ƌw6 1.b d?Wb

á«°ùμ©dG á≤à°ûªdG Ł5 = = j ^ / =E 5Ł= =0 = H 'C& n b 5E [ ;gb r df _ b zcgN wg7 V = E [ ;gb b .b lf z '7'$ 5E Ƌ z7_Ob Antiderivative

ôŃĊĈøĔńĿí õíōĉŗí I: )" :L3 _ : d IV 3 /" : ( 3> O( &

[ ;gb lf .y.Ob pb 5Ł i L&Đ 5Ł b .cb z7_N [ ;f wo Ł5 BT&b Đ Xc + Đr 5 Ł p [ ;f pOzg" ƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ů ł - Ł5 Ů Ł + Ł5 Ů ŀ + Ł5 pkf z7_Ob Ƌ b wV Ƌ 1 .[f ( ) z& 5 Ł = ( + Ł5 ) E `

‫ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ : 0 :BL^ :/;J ª :/;J .( 3> ¥ V 8B

5E

I y « E # ( "+)"

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

88

952f 6&

[g.

V2Of b - - j ^ / qj đGb wb (Br :mgS 2q }Z a #f wV G[j d^ .kN Y [ :đb c Z (5) b - ."rr

wVr Ů/- wo - b .cb wbrĔ [ ;gb i b Gb 51- i \ 6 ky.b is_y i ^ Ů8_Ob .'y .Z zcgOb lf 2z ^ wcOV Ů(5)- zc>Ĕ b .b wcN as?'b wb ! 'jr (5) /! 'jr wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf kb f¹ scOf is_y .Z a gb dz 6 ' j `b0b XZ sgb m0o d fr Ůwk'kgb b- Of V2Of wb f 0or c [gb zc>Ĕ b .b r z7_Ob [ ;gb - #y lN Ƌdf _ b U2Oy DO r b .cb z7_Ob [ ;gb .&sb m0o wV 51.j Us6r Ƌdf _ b = s*r .N sZ

wo (5) i V (5) - = (5)' i ^ z' Ů b .b m0o a [yr - b .cb c [gb zc>Ĕ b .b r z7_Ob [ ;gb wb 7kb (5)- b .cb -.'f 2zR df _ pj (5) b .cb (5) - = (5)' i ^ / 5 =E (5) E = ((5) ) 5 E Ƅ:o b 3 z 5 E (5)-໨ = (5) Π:oyc df3 rkx ƙ5Eƚ Ů df _ b zcgN wcN ໨ 4f2b a.yr (5) - = (5)' z Ƌƙ5 wb 7kb ƚ o kOf z^2 b 0o wV Ł t 5ł = (5)-¼ i V ł5 = (5)- j ^ / đGb wb (Br ƊŁ5ł b .cb z7_N [ ;f wo ł5

952f &6/k oyc o T^y lf rk w Z K?pȖ 4 [q x 952f 4u vp }Z

: \?c : 2q }Z : &

+ Ł5 = (5) (ŀ) + ņ5 = (5) (Ł)

:o }gR 5Ǜ 1 ^ f Kf I: " : 1B+ :-8^¥ ? % I /¥ ³r ( B8 , A;( l&+8% I:%¬º 4 0 h+ ( B ? % : : 16[k I ( B8 y − ( B − : 1B :-8^(

151

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1


πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí πeÉμàdG

^ wV -1r g^ w y gf d^ wcN đGb wb .^ espWgb .z^ b pzcN Gz7 y-.N c f GN Pf b Gb Ƌ .N [b r

IJœĎĬ÷

-

/

Ƌ- a #f wV 5 d_b (5)- = (5) j ^ / - b .cb z7_N [ ;f b .b i a [y ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ z& - b .cb z7_N [ ;f wo Ń5 ŀ

Ƌł5Ł = (5)-

z& b .b i 1

Ł = (5)

ł5 Ł = ł5Ń * ŀ

/ Ł = (5) is_zV

ľĄĿí

- b .cb z7_Ob [ ;gb

b .b [ ;f ."sj (5)- = (5) `

- b .cb z7_N [ ;f ( ) b .b n 2

/

-.'gb df _ b

ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ

Ƌ-.'gb 2zR df _ b .N sZ

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

z& - b .cb z7_N [ ;f wo Ņ5 ŀŁ = (5)

ń5ł = (5)-

z& b .b i lz 1

?- b .cb z7_N [ ;f gpkf d^ j ^ / Ł Ůŀ lz ZđOb f Indefinite Integral OóëªdG ô«Z πeÉμàdG 4f2b pb 4f2yr b .b m0pb -.'gb 2zR df _ b wg7 - b .cb z7_Ob [ ;gb Nsg#f [ = Q R(7 I D <L " + ]

+ (5) = 5 E (5)- i V (5)- = (5) i ^ / Ƌ(df _ b ) t1 z * z& /

+ ł5 = 5 E Ł 5 ł `

Ł5ł = ( + ł5)

+ ņ5Ł = 5E Ņ5 ŀŃ `

Ņ5ŀŃ = (ņ5Ł)

E

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f

IJœĎĬ÷

5E (5)-

wb hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ɗ 'z'?b "Ė

Řğ ƩũĪ

5E

: (á∏eÉc ∫ƒ∏M ) äÉHÉLEG

E

5E

ń5ł = ń5Ņ * ŀ

Ƌ` 6 1- Y Gj !1 * 0or 5 d[ 7gb 2zS gcb kzOf gzZ .kN df _ b gzZ V2Of e4cy b gzZ lzzO br

Ł

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

:=L + DG 3f 1 i 3L 2 ‫ب‬

+ Ł Ł - ņ5 = 5E ( ł Ń + Ņ5ņ) 5

5

- b .cb z7_N [ ;f b .b ` (5)- = (5)/ = a

‫أ‬

+ Ň5 ŀŇ = 5 E ņ5

ŀ

=(5)/ ` Ņ 5 Ł = (5) a 1

E - = [ + ł - 5 ł - ] 5 E a ‫أ‬ ŀ + ł - 5 ł - = 5 E Ń-5 ໨ `

Ń - 5 = Ń - 5ł - * ŀ p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

89

ŀ

ł

2

ŀ E [ + Ł (Ł5 + ŀ) ł ] 5 E a ‫ب‬ ł

Ł5 + ŀ

πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ľĄĿí

+ Ň5 ŀŇ = 5E ņ5

ņ5 = ( + Ň5 ŀ

`

Ň)

E

5E

ł

E Ł ņ = ( + Ł5 - 5 ) E Ƅa ‫ب‬ 5E 5E Ń + Ņ5ņ = ł-5 (Ł-) Ł - Ņ5ņ =ƅ ł5

5

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

:=L + & DG 3f 1 i 3L 2 ł

5

‫ب‬

‫أ‬

+ ł - 5 ŀ- = 5E Ń - 5 ł

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ɗ Ń-5 ł- = (5)-

‫ﺟـ‬

ŀ

ŀ

ʀɷ A h+ o ex *

+ Ł Ł - ņ5 = 5E ( Ł Ń + Ņ5ņ ) Ƅ`

+ Ł (Ł5 + ŀ ) ŀł = 5E Ł5 + ŀ

ł

+ Ł (Ł5 - ŀ) ł = 5 E Ł5 + ŀ 5 ໨ `

Ƅa ‫أ‬

( + Ł-5Ł - ņ5 )

5

ŀ

5 =¢S2 * Ł (Ł5 + ŀ) Ł * ł =

z& - b .cb z7_Ob [ ;gb ."r df _ cb 2: gb Xy2O b e .+ 6 3 Ń5ń = (5)- ‫أ‬ c5 ŀŇ = (5)- ‫ب‬

5 E (Ń5ń) Ń ໨ = 5 E Ń5ŁĿ ໨ ‫أ‬ + ń5Ń =

3

+ (Ń - 5ł -) ńł- ໨ = 5 E Ń - 5ń - ໨ ‫ب‬ ń +ł-5 ł =

ľĄĿí

= (5) ‫أ‬ + Ņ5 ł = 5 E (ń5 Ņ)ł = 5 E c5 ŀŇ = (5) ‫ب‬ + ł-5 = 5 E Ń-5 ł- = (5) ‫ﺟـ‬

:2^ p 6 c[ 2q }Z

+ ń5 = 5 E Ń5ń

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă Ń-5ń- ŮŃ5ŁĿ Ɗ lf d_b z7_Ob [ ;gb ."r df _ b Xy2O e .+ 6

3

DO e.+ 7 `b0b ů.p#b r Zsb lf 2z ^ \ 7b Xy2O b e .+ 6 a r.cb z7_Ob [ ;gb - #y cG y ¹ Ƌ z7_Ob [ ;gb - #y zcgN 27z w b r (df _ b .N sZ) df _ cb Gz7 b z6 z[b 1s?b

- b .cb z7_N [ ;f Ł Ůŀ lf d^ i ^ / ŀ + (5)- = (5)ŀ i V

: (ɏ ǵŻưģLj

ŀ- ! n Ů =R(? 5 n Ů tI 8 vƅh ƅ

5E

ŀ ł5 ń

‫د‬

Ł 5 E ń 5 ‫ﺟـ‬

+ŀ+i 5

5E ł-5

ŀ ŀ+ i

‫ب‬

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

Ł + (5)- = (5)Ł

1 .[f = Ł - ŀ

= 5 E i5

: !

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ 5E ń5

‫أ‬

4

90

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

152


-

πeÉμàdG

[z G ađ* lf df _ b .N sZ wZ ` đF Pf <Z j Ɗ p# jr .N s[b m0o 2^0 wV đGb .N 7 Gz7 y-.N

-

πeÉμàdG ľĄĿí ŀ+ ł-5

+ Ł-5 ŀŁ - = + ł-

Ȧ E

(ʀɹ) A 2^ p 6 c[ 2q }Z

ń

Ł-

‫ب‬

= 5E ł-5

5 = 5E

Ł

‫د‬

ŀ

+ ŀ+

ł5 ń

ŀ

+ ń 5 ńŁ = + ŀ+ ń 5 Ł = ł

‫أ‬

ŀ+ ń

+ Ņ5 ŀŅ = + 5 = 5E ń5 ŀ+ ń Ł ń

ŀ ņ ń

5

Ł ń

‫ﺟـ‬

=5E 5

ņ ń

+ 5 ńņ = Ƅƅƅƅ

ń

Ƌ b .cb z7_Ob [ ;gb espWf wcN 2z_W b 0o .^ y

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

5 Eń5

: &Ȝ

ņ

‫د‬

5 E ň 5 ‫ﺟـ‬ ņ

Ł

5E ł 5

‫ب‬

5 E Ň5

Ɗ."r 4 ‫أ‬

: (ɐ ǵŻưģLj

ŀ E ] (ŀ+ i) C 5 E Ŀ + C * ŀ- + ŀ+ i ( + 5 C) ŀ+ i = (ŀ+ i) C pZ [ : h w b b .cb z7_Ob [ ;gb wor i( + 5 C) =

[ + ŀ+ i ( + 5 C)

tI 8 {[z[& -.N C h ƅ5E (5)- C= 5E (5)- ƋC ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ + Ń5 łŃ = + Ń5 ŀŃ *ł = 5E Ń5 ł =5E Ń5ł

‫أ‬

+ Ń-5 Ł- = + Ń5 Ń-ŀ * Ň = 5E ń-5 Ň =5E ń-5Ň

‫ب‬

5

ǶŭŐņʂ

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f

+ 5 C =5E C +iň-=iEň +M ņ =ME ņ

hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

: & ŀ

+ ŀ+Ň5 ň = 5 E Ň5໨ ‫أ‬ ń

ł

+ ł 5 ń = + ŀŅ

ň

ŀŁ

ņ

+ ň 5 ŀŅ = + + ņ 5 ŀŁ = +

ŀ+ Łł

ŀ+ ņň

ŀ+ ńņ

91

+ 5 - Ł5 + ł5 = 5 E(ŀ- 5Ł + Ł5ł) ໨

πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí : (ɑ ǵŻưģLj

= 5 E(ł+

ŀ Ł

5 + Ł-5)໨

‫أ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ 5E

+ ł(5ł - Ń ) - = +

153

ł- * ł

= 5 E Ņ-(ń- 5ł ) ŀń ໨

Ň- 5Ł - Ł5 Ł+ 5

‫ أ‬Ɗ."r 6

5E (Ł5ł + 5 Ń)

ľĄĿí Ň- 5Ł - Ł5 Ł+ 5 (Ł+5)(Ń-5) 5E = Ł+ 5

‫ب‬

‫أ‬

5E (Ł5ł+ 5Ń) 5 E Ł5ł + 5 E 5Ń =

5 E (Ń - 5) =

5 E Ł5 ł + 5 E 5 Ń =

+ 5 Ń - Ł5 ŀŁ =

+ ł5 ŀł * ł + Ł5 ŃŁ = + ł5 + Ł5 Ł =

6

‫ب‬

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

5E ( ł + 5 5E

‫أ‬

‫ب‬

5E

+

ŀ Ł5

ň - Ł5Ń ł - 5Ł

)

‫ب‬

5 E (ŀ- 5Ł + Ł5ł)

‫د‬

5 E (ł+5 )5 Ł

ŀ- ! i Ů + ŀ+i( + 5 C )

+ 5ł + Ł5 = 5 E (ł+ 5Łł-)5(ł-Ł 5Ł) ໨ ‫د‬ ł(5ł- Ń) ň

5 E (5) S ! 5E (5)- = 5 E [(5) S ! (5)-]

5

Ł + Ł5ł + ł5 ł = 5 E (5Ņ + Ł5Ł) ໨ ‫ﺟ‬

ł* ńŀ + ń(ń- 5 ł)

‫ب‬

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

ņ 5 ŀŁ = 5 E ń5 ņ ໨ ‫د‬

ŀ 5E + 5 ń - = ń - ໨ ‫د‬

+

ME M Ł -

ņ

ŀ + Ł5 Ł - = 5 E 5- ໨ ‫ﺟ‬

ń-(ń- 5ł)ŀń

‫ﺟـ‬

5E 5 -

ň 5 ŀŅ = 5 E ň 5 ໨ ‫ﺟ‬

Ł + ŁM- = +ŁM* Ł - =M E M Ł -໨ ‫ب‬

+ 5 ł+

‫د‬

Ł

ł

Ł ŀł+ 5

5E ń

Ɗ lf đ ¹ ^ ."r 5 5 E Ń5 ł ‫أ‬

4

ł 5 ń = 5 E ł5 ໨ ‫ب‬

+ ń5 * ń = 5 E Ń5 ໨ ł = 5 E Ń5 ł໨ ‫أ‬

ł5

:n b K / Ů +5 ń =5E ń Ů +5 =5E

Ɗ."r 6 ‫أ‬ ‫ﺟـ‬

: (ɒ ǵŻưģLj

ŀ (ŀ + i)C

=5 E i( + 5C )] ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ

Ƌ`b/ (Br ? z7_Ob [ ;gb Xy2O \y2F lN [ 7b ZđOb '> lf \[' b `k_gy do -

7

‫ب‬

= Ƅƅƅƅƅƅƅ

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ 5 E ł-(ņ - 5Ł) ‫ب‬

5 E ń(5Ł - ł ) Ń <5Ů5E ņ ł Ń-5ł

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

Ɗ."r 7 ‫أ‬ ‫ﺟـ‬

92


πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -

πeÉμàdG

(ɻ - ɺ) r 5 l &

ľĄĿí ŀ = +ŀ+ń (Ł - 5ł ) ŀ + Ņ(Ł - 5 ł ) ŀŇ = 5E ń(Ł- 5ł ) (ŀ + ń)ł

‫أ‬

+ Ł-(ņ- 5 Ł ) ŀŃ -= +ŀ + ł-(ņ -5Ł) (ŀ +ŀł-)Ł = 5E ł-(ņ- 5Ł )

‫ب‬

1+ ŀŁ -

+

ņ

ŀ-

ŀń 5E Ņ(ń - 5ł)

‫ ب‬ƅƅ 5 E Ł(5ł – Ń)ň

3

5 E ņ5

5 E Ń-5 ŀŁ

6

5E Ň5ň

5 E ņ5 ł-

9

5E 5 ł ń)

U E ńU ŀŁ

12

i E Ņi ņł

i E (Ńi Ņ - łi) 15

5 E Ł5

2

5Eł

5

1

5 Ń-

4

8

5E ń

7

11

5 E ł-5 Ňń - 10

i E (iŁ - ń) 14

5 E (ŀ+ 5) 13

5 E (ņ + Ł5ł)Ł 17

5 E (5 + Ł5 + ł5 ) 16

21

5 E (ŀ - Ń5) Ł5ņ 20

5 E (ł + 5)5 19

24

5 E (ŀ- 5 )(ł + 5 Ł) 23

5 E (5 - Ł) (Ł- 5) 22

27

5E

30

i E Ń(ił - Ň ) 33 5 E ń(Ł-5 ł ) ŀń 36

+ ň5 5

+ ł 5 Ń = 5 E ł 5໨ń

8

+ 5ń 7

+ Ł-5 Ńń

10

+ ŅU Łń

12

+ Łi - iń

14

+ ł5 Ń

5 E (ŀ+5 )(ŀ- 5) + 5Ł)Ł5 5 ŀ - Ł5 5E ŀ-5 Ņ+ 5ń - Ł5 5E ł-5

6

Ń

18

ŀ

+ Ł5 Ń 3

‫ أ‬Ɗ."r 7

5 E ( ¶" + 5 - Ł5C)

5E (

4

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

:óLhCG

ń

+ Ń5-

ņ ‫ﺟـ‬ Ń-5ł ņ ŀŃ = ŀŁ (Ń- 5ł) = ł (ŀ+ ŀŁ -) ł

(٤-٣) ‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ‬

Ƌ

2

+ Ň5

(Ń - 5ł) (ŀ+ ŀŁ -) ł = 5E Ł (Ń- 5ł)ņ = 5E + Ń- 5 ł

5E 5Ň

ŀ Ň

ł5 - Ņ5ń + ņ5 ł5

Ň + ł5

5 E Ń + 5Ł - Ł5

5E

26

5Ń - Ł5ł

5E

29

5 E Ņ(ņ- 5Ł)ņ 32

5 Łņ - ł5 ł-5

ŀń

ŀ

5 E ( ł- 5Ł) 35

+ Ň5 łŇ -

1

9

ŀ

+ ņi ł 11

+ 5 + Ł5 ŀŁ Ņ

13

ŀ

+ ńi ń - Ńi Ń 15

+ Ł5 ŀŁ + ł5 ŀł + Ń5 ŀŃ

25 28

5 E ł(Ń + 5) 31

ņ ł

ŀ

+ ł5 ł

16

+ 5ŀŃ + ł5Ł 17

5 E Ń-(ł- 5 )Ņ 34

+ 5 ¶" + Ł5 Ł -ł5 łC 18

93

+ Ł5 łŁ + ł5 ŀł

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

+ ł- (ł- 5 ) Ł- 34 ŀĿ

+ ł (ł- 5Ł) ņ Ł

+ (Ł- 5ł ) + ņ(Ł-5ł) ŀĿņ =

+ 5 - ł5 ŀł

21

19

ņ

+ ł5 ł - ņ5 20 ŀ

+ 5Ń - Ł5Ł + ł5 ł - 22

ł ŁĿ

35

23

Ł*ŀń ł*ņ

+ 5ł - Ł5 ŀŁ + ł5 Łł

36

+ Ł5 ŀŁ + Ń5 ŀŁ

24

ł

+ 5Ń - Ł5 Ł 25

+ 5 - Ń5 ŀŁ + ń5 ŀń

26

+ 5 + Ł5 ŀŁ

27

+ 5ň+ Ł5 ŀŁ + ł5 ŀł

28

+5Ł+Ł5 ŀŁ

29

+ 5Ł - Ł5 ŀŁ

30

ŀ

+ Ń(Ń+ 5) Ń 31

+ ņ(ņ-5Ł) ŀŁ

32

ŀŀń

33

+ ń(ił - Ň) zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

154


-

πeÉμàdG -

ŁŬĿł wb Ł lf 5 2zS y f.kN ‫ب‬ ŀŬĿł = (ĿŬĿł)e is_yr ĿŬĿł = ¶o Ů Ł = ŀ5 ` ŀ-(¶o+

ŀ 5 (ŀ5)- - (¶o+ ŀ5)¶o

ŀ5) = (¶o+ ŀ5)- Ů

ŀ- Ł= ( ł ł

)-=

˄ f 2gf ;cSf _ ?lf

Ƌ- a #f wV 5 d_b (5)- = (5) j ^ / - b .cb z7_N [ ;f b .b i a [y ½ /

(df _ b ) t1 z * z& + (5) = 5 E (5)- i V (5)- = (5) i ^ / ½ /

hk c f 2R y^

= (5)- 3

ŀ- ! n Ů =R(? 5 n Ů tI 8 vƅh ƅ

- ) ŀ-(¶o+

ł

¶o

Ɗ ."r 5ł - Ł5 =(5)- j ^ / 2 Ł = 5 .kN (¶o)e 2zS b H6s f b - ‫أ‬ ŁŬĿł wb Ł lf 5 2zS f.kN b .b 2zS H6s f ‫ب‬

ł+ (¶o+ ŀ5)Ł + Ł(¶o+ ŀ5) = (¶o+ ŀ5)-

ł = 5 .kN b .b m0pb 2zS b a.Of 7& h ŀ = (5)5

z& - b .cb 2zS b H6s f b - ."r 4 ŀŬň- wb Ł- lf 5 2zS f.kN 2zS b H6s f ‫أ‬ ł = 5 f.kN b .b m0pb 2zS b a.Of ‫ب‬

ŀ

[¶o Ł - Ł¶o + ¶o ŀ5 Ł ] ¶o = (¶o) e Ł- ¶o+ ŀ5Ł = (¶o) e ŀŬň- wb Ł- lf 5 2zS f.kN ‫أ‬ is_yr ĿŬŀ = ¶o Ů Ł- = ŀ5 ńŬň- = ĿŬŀ + Ņ- = (ĿŬŀ)e

- ¶o+ 5 ŀ ¶o

ŀ5

ŀ ŀ5 Ł

= (¶o)e

+ ŀ5)= (ŀ5)- - (¶o = (¶o) e ¶o É``````¡f Ŀ!¶o ŀ Ń

=

Ń = 5 f.kN b .b m0pb 2zS b a.Of 7& h Ů 5 = (5)- z& - b .cb 2zS b H6s f b - ."r 5 7kb 'zW?b (G6 & 7f 2zS a.Of 7& Ů pc_; KW 'f dK z' d_;b O 2f 'zW> -.g 6 Ƌh6 Łń = pOcB asF is_y f.kN pOcB asGb 7kb 'zW?b & 7f wV 2zS b a.Of ."r Ů pc_; LW ' z' e K j -.g d_;b y2 - 'zW> 7 ( ŁŁ ņ = r) Ů h6 ŀŃ 2G[b X?j asF is_y f.kN o2GZ X?j asF wb

95

= - 2zS a.Of : f ;lf &4lp 6

Łh6W = p & 7fr h6 a = 'zW?b PcB asF i A2W

(a)- = Ła = W ` pOcB asF wb 7kb 'zW?b (G6 & 7f 2zS a.Of WE aŁ= = aE h6Łń = a f.kN ńĿ = Łń* Ł = 'zW?b & 7f wV 2zS b a.Of

155

1

‫أ‬

ŁŬĿŀ wb Ł lf 2zS 5 f.kN ‫ب‬ is_yr ĿŬĿŀ = ¶o Ů Ł = ŀ5 ` ĿŬĿĿňň = ĿŬĿĿĿŀ - ĿŬĿŃ - ĿŬĿń = (ĿŬĿŀ)

Ń = ŀ5 = 5 f.kN Ł*Ł

ŀ5Ł - ¶oń = (¶o) ƅi Vƅŀ5 = 5 f.kN ŀ5 = ŀ= 5 f.kN Ł¶o - ¶o ł = (¶o) `

= 2zS b a.Of qb ŀ

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

:IóMƒdG ≈∏Y áeÉY øjQɪJ äÉHÉLEG Ł¶o- ¶o

= (5)- a 5 = (¶o+ ŀ5)-

z& - b .cb 2zS b H6s f b - ."r 3

Ɗ."r `b/ lfr ł+ 5Ł- Ł5 = (5)-

ł+ ¶o Ł - ŀ5Ł - Ł¶o + ¶oŀ5Ł + Łŀ5 =

¶o+ ŀ5

=5 E i( + 5C )] -

ŀ

ł+ŀ5Ł + Łŀ5 = (ŀ5)-

5

ŀ (ŀ + i)C

Ɗ."r h ŀ5 = 5 .kN 2zS b b - ."r V Ł5 -5ń = (5)- j ^ / 1 ŀ = ŀ5 .kN (¶o) 2zS b b - ‫أ‬ ƋŁŬĿŀ wb Ł lf ŀ5 2zS f.kN b .b wV 2zS b 1 .[f ‫ب‬ ĿŬňŇ wb ŀ lf 5 2zS f.kN b .b wV 2zS b 1 .[f ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ5 = 5 f.kN

= (ŀ5)-

-

‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

Ŀ!¶o

ł+ 5Ł - Ł5 = (5)- 4

ŀ5

ŀ = 5E i5 ŀ+i

5 E (5) S ! 5E (5)- = 5 E [(5) S ! (5)-] - ŀ- ! i Ů + ŀ+i( + 5 C)

ł ) É``````¡f

Ł- ŀ5Ł = (¶o)e É``````¡f = 2zS b a.Of ‫ب‬ Ŀ!¶o Ń =- wV 2zS b a.Of (ł = 5) f.kN

+ŀ+i 5

tI 8 {[z[& -.N C h ƅ5E (5)- C= 5E (5)- ƋC -

=(¶o) e = 5) f.kN 2zS b a.Of

( ł ŀ- (

ŀ-5 =

πeÉμàdG

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

ĿŬňŇ wb ŀ lf 2zS 5 f.kN ‫ﺟ‬ Ɗis_yr ĿŬĿŁ- = ¶o Ůŀ=ŀ5 ` ĿŬĿŁĿŃ- = ĿŬĿĿĿŃ - (ĿŬĿŁ-)ł =(ĿŬĿŁ-) 5ł - Ł5=(5)- 2 Ł- = (Ł)- Ł = ŀ5 = 5 f.kN ‫أ‬ [ł-¶o+ Ł] (¶o +Ł ) = (¶o + Ł)(ŀ- ¶o )(Ł+ ¶o) =ƅƅƅ Ł- ¶o + Ł¶o =ƅƅƅ (Ł)- - (¶o+ Ł)=ƅ(¶o) e ¶o ¶o + ŀ=ƅ(¶o)e


πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí πeÉμàdGh π°VÉØàdG ôüĿîüĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

: f ;lf &4lp 7

asGb 7kb O_gb h#& wV 2zS b a.Of 7& Ů qc_; ¹KW 'f dKy z' e K j -.g y O_f 8 Ƌh6ń = qV2& asF is_y f.kN qV2&

H = 'zW?b 2GZ X?j asF i A2W

zc_b O_gb q"r & 7f wV 2zS b H6s f 7& Ů qc_; ¹KW 'f dKy z' e K j -.g y O_f 9 O_gb h#& wV 2zS b a.Of 7& h Ů h6 ŅŬł wb Ņ lf qV2& asF 2zS y f.kN qV2& asGb 7kb Ƌh6Ň qV2& asF is_y f.kN ņ + 5Ń - Ł5ł + ł5ń = = ‫ب‬

5ł - Ł5 = = ‫أ‬

ń + Ł ŀ - ł - ł5Ł = = ‫د‬

ń - 5ņ + ł5 ńł - Ń5Ł = = ‫ﺟ‬

5 5

(Ł Ů ŀ-) G[kb .kN ŀ + 5Ł - ł5 = = ‫ب‬

ŁH r= W 'zW?b & 7f

= E ."r 10 5E

X?j asF wb 7kb 'zW?b (G6 & 7f 2zS a.Of

Ɗ z Ē zk'kgb lf d_b kz7b 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ Pf 5 ggb pOk?y w b yr 4b 5 zZ ."r 12 (Ń- Ů ŀ) .kNƅŃ- Ł5 - ł5 = = ‫ب‬ (Ŀ Ů Ł) .kNƅŁ + 5ł - Ł5 = = ‫أ‬

h6 a = O_gb U2& asF i A2W 8 (a)- = ła = % O_gb h#& ƊqV2& asF wb 7kb O_gb h#& 2zS a.Of Łał = % E = aE ņń = O_gb h#& 2zS a.Of ` ń = a .kN

(ŀ- ŮĿ) G[kb .kN (ŀ + 5Ł ) (ŀ -5) = = ‫ﺟ‬

(Ŀ Ů Ŀ) G[kb .kN (ň + 5) (ŀ - 5)5 = = ‫د‬

w y gf d_b wbrĔ [ ;gb ."r 13

ń - Ł5 Ł- 5 ł == ‫ب‬ == ‫أ‬ ŀ + Ł5 ł+ 5 Ł ƋqzcN OZ sb (ŀ- Ůŀ- ) G[kb .kN 5 = = wk'kgcb 5 ggb dzf ."r 14 Ł+5 Ł ŀ = 5 .kN ŀ+5 Ł+ 5 = = wk'kgcb 5 ggb dzf ."r 15 ŀ+ 5 Ɗ = E ."r 16 5E ŀ + ł5 = MƅŮƄńM = = ‫ب‬ ŀ + 5Ł = MƅŮƄłM = = ‫أ‬

ń + ł5Ł = MƅŮƄŃM = = ‫د‬

Ł + 5 - Ł5ł = MƅŮƄŃM = = ‫ﺟ‬

h6 a = O_gb U2& asF i A2W 9 (a)-= ŁaŅ = e O_gb q"r & 7f H6s f i V ŅŬł wb Ņ lf O_gb PcB asF 2zS y f.kN & 7gb wV 2zS b

:á«JB’G äÓeÉμàdG óLhCG 5E

19

Łņ - ł5 ł-5

22

5 E ( Ł + 5Ł ) 5 5E

ŀ - Ł5 ŀ-5

5 E Ń- (ł+5)ł

18

5 E (ŀ - 5ł - Ł5)

17

21

5E (ŀ+5 )(ń- 5)

20

24

5 E ń (Ł - 5)Ņ

23

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

96

Ł(ŀ+ 5 Ł ) Ņ = = E 5E

=E Ń(ŀ+ ł5) Ł5ŀń = 5E ł(Ł + 5 - Ł5ł) (ŀ - 5Ņ) Ń = ł (ń+ ł5Ł ) Ł5 ŁŃ =

‫أ‬

16

ŀ ł ŀ + 5Ń - ł5 ł ŀ + 5ń - Ł5Ł - ł5 ł + 5 + Ł5 ŀŁ + 5ň + Ł5 łŁ + ł5 ŀł

(Ņ)- – (ŅŬł)Ņ – ŅŬł

=

=

qV2& asF is_y f.kN O_gb h#& wV 2zS b a.Of h6Ň

=E ‫ﺟ‬ 5E =E ‫د‬ 5E

+ 5 Ń + ł5

[Ł(Ņ)- – Ł(ŅŬł)]Ņ Ņ – ŅŬł

ņłŬŇ =

‫ب‬

+ 5 - Ł5 łŁ - ł5 ŀł

+ ł- (ł+ 5)- 24

WE HE

= o2GZ ŀŃ = is_y f.kN ŁŁ ŇŇ = ŀŃ * ņ * Ł = 'zW?b & 7f 2zS a.Of

Ɗ z Ē a r.b lf d^ wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf ."r 11 (Ł Ůŀ) G[kb .kN ł + 5Ł - Ł5 = = ‫أ‬ (Ł Ů ŀ) G[kb .kN ŀ + 5 - Ł5 + ł5 = = ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ = 5 .kN 5ŀ - 5 = = ‫د‬

5 E (Ł+ 5)(Ł - 5)

WE ` HE

H rŁ =

ņŁ = Ł(Ň)ł =

ł(Ň) + ł(¶o + Ň)

¶o

ł-5Ł= 17

Ń- 5Ņ + Ł5 ŀń =

18

ņ+ Ł5ń- ł5Ň = Ł

19 20

ňŅ /ŁĿ

%

+ Ņ (Ł- 5) 23

ł Ł5

+ Ł5Ņ =

=E 5E =E 5E =E 5E =E 5E

= ‫أ‬

10

‫ب‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫د‬

Ł ‫ د‬ƅƅŃ ‫ ﺟ‬ƅƅŀ ‫ ب‬ƅƅ 2W> ‫أ‬

21 22

+

ł5

É```¡f Ŀ !¶o

‫د‬

Ƅ%ŀłń

5ŀŁ Ł(ŀ+ Ł5)

2W>

‫ ﺟ‬Ɔ ƆƄ%Ńń ‫ ب‬Ƅƅƅ%Ńń

‫ب‬ 15

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

ŀł Ł(ł+ 5Ł)

11

‫أ‬

12

‫أ‬

13

Ł

14

156


πeÉμàdG -

(Ŀ ŮŁ) G[kb .kN Ɗ wo 5 ggb b- Of (Ł-5)ł = = Ŀ = Ņ - = - 5ł (Ŀ Ůŀ-) G[kb .kN Ɗwo 5 ggb b- Of (ŀ+ 5 ) ł- = Ŀ- =

πeÉμàdG

‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﻲ‬

:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG ƋƋƋ = - wV 2zS b i V ņŬŁ wb ņ lf 5 2zS f.kN łŬŁ = - wV 2zS b a.Of H6s f i ^ / 1

ł - (5ł - Ł) Ł -

‫د‬

‫ﺟ‬

ŀ - (5ł - Ł) ŀ

ł

‫ب‬

5E

Ń - 5 Łņ - Ł - 5 ŀŁ

2

‫أ‬

ŀŁ

= 5 E (ł - Ł5) + 5ł - ł5 ŀ ł

‫ﺟ‬

5ł - ł5

‫ب‬

4

5Ł ‫أ‬

:≈JCÉjÉe øY ÖLCG (ń + 5ł - Ł5 ) 5 = = ‫ب‬

Ɗ z Ē a r.b lf d_b wbrĔ [ ;gb ."r 5 Ł + 5 ń - Ł5ł = = ‫أ‬ (Ł+ 5 ) (Ł- 5)= = ‫ﺟ‬

ŀ- 5 == ‫د‬ ŀ+ 5

Ɗ w y gf d^ wV =E ."r 6 5E

5 + ŀ = M Ů łMņ = = ‫ب‬ 5-ŀ

5E (ł+ Ł5) 5Ł 5E

Ň - ł5 Ł- 5

Ņ- Ń5 = M Ů ŁM = = ‫أ‬ Ɗ ."r 7 5E (ł+ Ł5ł - Ń5ń) ‫أ‬

‫ب‬ ‫د‬

5E ń (ł+ 5 Ł)

‫ﺟ‬

Ƌ kz7b 1s'f Pf qOF [ w G[j .kN (ŀ + 5 ) ( Ł - 5) = = b .b wk'kgb 5 ggb b- Of ."r 8

ń = 5 f.kN

1s'gb y¹ 3 sf 5 ggb o.kN is_y w b r ŁĿ+ 5ŀń - Ł5Ņ - ł5 = = wk'kgb wcN OZ sb H[kb ."r 9 Ƌ kz7b

ŇĿ- = ŁĿ + ņń - ŀńĿ - ŀŁń = = `

ŀ 1s'gb "sgb m # Đ Pf ŀ- 5 + Ł5 = = wk'kgcb 5 ggb pOk?y w b "sgb yr 4b 5 zZ ."r 10 ŀ= 5 .kN kz7b

ŀ- = 5 f.kN ŁŇ = ŁĿ+ ŀń+ Ņ-ŀ- = = `

= G[j t .kN 5 ggb dzf 10 ŀ =E e = Ł5 - 5Ł = 5E ŀ = 5 f.kN =E ŀ= ŀ- Ł = ` 5E a F = e a °Ńń = (ŀ) ŀ- F = a `

ŅŬŃ- ‫أ‬

tr 7y Ł = 5 .kN ń(ł - 5Ł) = = b .b wk'kgb 5 ggb dzf 3 ŀ ‫ب‬ ń ‫ﺟ‬ ŀ ‫أ‬

+ ł - 5Ł ‫د‬

Ŀ = (ŀ+ 5) (ń-5 )

z&

ł - (5ł - Ł) Ņ

ŀĿ ‫د‬

(ń- 5Ń - Ł5)ł = 2W> = 5 ggb dzf `

=E 5E

ŅŬŃ ‫ب‬

5E Ł - (5ł - Ł) E

Ŀ= ł + = + 5 ł ŁĿ + 5 ŀń - Ł5Ņ - ł5 = = 9 =E ŀń - 5 ŀŁ - Ł5ł = 5E kz7b 1s'f // 5 ggb a

t3 sy wk'kgcb 5 ggb (ŇĿ- Ůń) Ů(ŁŇ Ůŀ-) H[kb .kN ` kz7b 1s'f

ŀŬŅ ‫ﺟ‬

ŀŬŅ- ‫د‬

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

97

≈ªcGôJ QÉÑàNG ¶" 4 ƅƅƅń + 5Ņ - Ł5ł

3 ƅƅƅ¶" 2 ƅƅƅ 1

‫ب‬

ń- 5Ņ

Ł(ŀ+ 5)

‫أ‬

5

5Ł ‫ﺟ‬

‫د‬

Ł

ł5Ń * (Ņ - Ń5) Ł =

=E 5E

‫أ‬

6

[Ņ-Ń5] ł5Ň = ƅƅ Ł Ł(5- ŀ)

=E 5 * Ł[ 5+- ŀŀ ] Łŀ = 5E 5 + ŀ Ł

7

[ Ł(5- ŀ) ] ŃŁ =

+ 5ł + ł5 - ń5 ‫أ‬

+ Ł5ł + Ń5 ŀŁ

‫ب‬

ŀ + Ņ (ł+ 5Ł) ŀŁ ‫ﺟ‬

‫د‬ + 5Ń + Ł5 + ł5 ł = 5 E (Ń + 5 Ł + Ł5) (ŀ+ 5 ) (Ł- 5) = = 8 ŀ

(Ŀ Ůŀ-) Ů (Ŀ ŮŁ) wo kz7b 1s'f Pf PF [ b H[j =E ŀ- 5Ł = 5 E

157

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1


ĽÎĹ„øÄƒĹ›Ă­

‍اďť&#x;ﺣﺪ؊‏ ‍اďť&#x;ﺎاďş‘ďťŒďş”â€Ź

ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

ôďùíÄŽĿí

ĽÎĹ„øÄƒĹ›Ă­

Probability Probability ĂłÄŠÄƒĹŽĿí Ă´ĹƒÄŠĸĹƒ Ryl'k r€ rk 6B qR 5yvN h€g+ x mvZ Č–x +kx P+f Sf x dg[f mgSf lgSf : 51 eČ—. rk Gvqf 6CR }f e l *Č– mgR 5x4& 2 l Ę˜Ë•Pierr de FermatË– Ę˜ k6€Z ~1 6€€ x Ę˜6?R 91 ;f o6_f }Z Ë•Gerolamo CardanoË–yp 15 b ykČ–x6€& v i ^ } f x z6.Čš 6B qSf rk 6€ b Ë…6?R T ;f o6_f eČ—. > R o 4gf x Ë•Blaise PascalË– e c: 8€g x

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phĂ˝Ă?ÂŽZ_UĂ? p=}œšUĂ? ĂŞÂŽgaY ĂŚ}_šx • Â…JnbšUĂ? Ă˜nÂ?>øĂ? Š›Y Ă”Ă?{AĂşĂ? Â?dL Ă“nhde_UĂ? ĂŚ}_šx •

ÊneTß� ç}aU�

pfh_UĂ? ĂŠn\R ĂŞÂŽgaY ĂŚ}_šx • zWz_b 1sfÄ” lzk[ ar 'y wB y1 hcN so Ä? g &Ä? i

ĂŠnešAøĂ? ĂŞÂŽgaY ĂŚ}_šx •

phĂ˝Ă?ÂŽZ_UĂ? Ă‘ĂšnœšUĂ? ‚_˜U pfh_UĂ? ĂŠn\R ošcx •

{A âÂŽSĂ­ ĂŠnešAĂ? Ă‘n—A Â?R ĂŠnešAøĂ? Ă“ned—Y ĂŞ{žš—x • {TkeUĂ? Ă”{Â?UĂ? ƒh—˜UĂ? Ă”{Â?UĂ? Ă”{Â?UĂ? ĂŞÂŽgaY ĂŚ}_šx •

k b l_gyÄ? w b 1 *Ä? r z s;Ob 1 # b H 2 w b

Šh�š—eU� Ô{�U�

ĂŠnešAøĂ? Ă“ned—Y ĂŞĂ?{žšHn= phbh˜]> Šýn—Y ŠÂ?x •

phRnfšeU� Ô�{Aú� êŽgaY Ì}_šx •

ĂŠnešAøĂ? ÂŒhiĂ?ÂŽS ĂŞĂ?{žšHn= ph>nhA ÓĆcZY ŠÂ?x • OGZ r -2j 2#& [b d f) p 2" d Z .^ f d_; p #z k hcN 6 1- .kN #z kb s k b hcN i as[b kk_gy t ĹŽ-s[j hcN hzo Wg . ĹŽ 2z ^ hzo Wgb A2O j f 2z ^ Ä? g &Ä? š w y h lfr (a g^Ä– r Y2Wb r - ' Ä? r PF [ b ) Nsg#gb b Gb dg_ 7y Us6r a g &Ä? 7&r a g &Ä? espWf

ĂŠnešAøĂ? ĂŞÂŽgaY ĂŚ}_šx • [z G r c f aÄ‘* lf .&sb m0o wV hzo Wgb m0pb q 6 1Ć‹ .&sb m0o aÄ‘* lf `b/r Nsk f z z&

ĂŠnešAøĂ? Ă“ned—Y ĂŞ{žš—x •

Ă”{A âÂŽSĂ­ ĂŠnešAĂ? Ă‘n—A Â?R ĂŠnešAøĂ? Ă“ned—Y ĂŞ{žš—x •

‍ﺨﺎďş&#x;ﺎت اďť&#x;ﺣﺪ؊‏ f Kf rk T^y v€Z K?pČš 4€[q x 2*yf t4u : 51 2S :o

phĂ˝Ă?ÂŽZ_UĂ? p=}œšUĂ? ĂŞÂŽgaY ĂŚ}_šx •

ĂŠnešAøĂ? Ă“ned—Y ĂŞĂ?{žšHn= phbh˜]> Šýn—Y ŠÂ?x •

ĂŠnešAøĂ? ÂŒhiĂ?ÂŽS ĂŞĂ?{žšHn= ph>nhA ÓĆcZY ŠÂ?x •

pfh_U� Ên\R êŽgaY Ì}_šx •

phĂ˝Ă?ÂŽZ_UĂ? Ă‘ĂšnœšUĂ? ‚_˜U pfh_UĂ? ĂŠn\R ošcx •

{TkeUĂ? Ă”{Â?UĂ? ƒh—˜UĂ? Ă”{Â?UĂ? Ă”{Â?UĂ? ĂŞÂŽgaY ĂŚ}_šx •

Šh�š—eU� Ô{�U�

phRnfšeU� Ô�{Aú� êŽgaY Ì}_šx •

ç}aUĂ? Â…JnbšUĂ? Ă˜nÂ?>øĂ? Š›Y Ă”Ă?{AĂşĂ? Â?dL Ă“nhde_UĂ? ĂŚ}_šx •

ÊneTß�

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

158


├┤┼Ф─У├о─У┼Ч├н ├╡├о─Д┼А─д─Ь┼Д─┐├н ┬ПU├н├М ┬Гh┬Ч= ├Ф{A ├С

Simple Event

oT}Y ├Ф{A ├С

Compound Event

{TkY ├Ф{A ├С

Certain Event

тАл╪зя╗Яя║░я╗гя╗ж ╪зя╗Яя╗дя╗ия║Оя║│я║Р я╗Яя║Шя║к╪▒я╗│я║▓ ╪зя╗Яя╗оя║гя║к╪йтАм ╞Л@?& ┼Д тАля╗гя╗мя║О╪▒╪з╪к ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗Фя╗Ья╗┤я║о ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗░ я║Чя╗ия╗дя╗┤я╗мя║О ╪зя╗Яя╗оя║гя║к╪йтАм d& - wczc' b 2z_W b - wN . ─Ц 2z_W b - .Z kb 2z_W b ╞Л ─С_;gb

Operation on the Events

тАля╗Гя║о┘В ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗Шя╗┤я╗┤я╗в ╪зя╗Яя╗дя╗Шя║Шя║оя║гя║ФтАм 51.b .O r k r d Z zN g"r y-2V y2y2' r zpW: c 6 y pj wV wg^ 2 1 * r f N ly1 g - &2 [gb G;j─Ф r ╞Л .&sb :тАл╪зя╗Яя╗дя║ия╗Дя╗В ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗ия╗Ия╗┤я╗дя╗░ я╗Яя╗ая╗оя║гя║к╪йтАм > +b hzo Wgb .&sb m0pb wgzKk b HG+gb ar k y CV dg; w b r ┼о z s;Ob 1 # b > + r ┼оa g &─Р gc7gb A2O jr ┼о .&─Ф wcN zcgOb r .'b r kzOb ╞Л pkzj sZr a g &─Р

159

}p #f ╟╛ 52f hC[f ╦Э mgS╚Ю h┬Аf1

├Ф├Р{A├║├Р ┬ПdL ├Уnhde_U├Р ├С phRnf┬ЪY ├Ф├Р{A├М ├С

Mutually Exclusive Events

├йne┬ЪA├Р ├С

Probability

ph├╜├Р┬ОZL p=}┬Ь> ├С

Random Experiment

s>├Р┬ОfU├Р ├Кn\R pfh_U├Р ├Кn\R ├С

Sample space

├Ш┬Оbi p_]S ├С

Coin

├Ш}i }┬ЬA ├С

Die

├Ф{A ├С

Event

─╛├л├о─У┼О─┐├н┼Н ├╡├н┼Н─Й┼Ч├н

├│─К─Г┼О─┐├н ─С┼Н─Н─Й

phedL p┬ШHnA pU├Л ├С

Scientific calculator

╦Еe l *╚Ц ;* ╦Д ╦Х╔╕ - ╔╗╦Ц 952f

phY┬ОH├Ъ p┬ШHnA pU├Л ├С

Graphical calculator

├С┬ОHn┬ЭdU phY┬ОH├Ъ sY├Р}= ├С

Graphical programs

тАл╪зя╗Яя╗оя║│я║Оя║Ля╗Ю ╪зя╗Яя║Шя╗Мя╗ая╗┤я╗дя╗┤я║Ф ╪зя╗Яя╗дя║┤я║Шя║ия║кя╗гя║ФтАм 3 p" - wb 6 & ( jscf e─СZ ) iscf 2z: F - zgzcO 1s 6 ╞Л 6 & b - zfs61 $f 2 - j z A2N тАля╗Гя║о┘В ╪зя╗Яя║Шя║к╪▒я╗│я║▓ ╪зя╗Яя╗дя╗Шя║Шя║оя║гя║ФтАм - zF k 6─Р [y2Gb - q"sgb U ; ^─Р - wjr O b hzcO b ╞Л ─С_;gb d& - ;Z kgb - wko0b X?Ob

┬Кh┬Э┬Ъ┬ЧY ├Ф{A ├С

Impossible Event

├Кn[A├О ├С

Statistics

├│─К─Г┼О┼А─┐ ┼Р┼Д┼Ф─и┼И├╖ ─в─д─И┼Г

─╜├о┼Д├╕─Г┼Ы├н ─╜├о┼Д├╕─Г┼Ы├н ├╡├о┼Д┼А─Ф┼Г

├┤┼Ф├л├н┼О─Ш─л ├п─Н├о─А├╖

─╜├о┼Д├╕─Г┼Ы├н ┼Ж┼Ф┼З├н┼О─╖

├┤┼И┼Ф─м─┐├н ├а├о─а─│ ├╣├н─К─Г┼Ч├н ┼Р┼А─л ├╡├о┼Ф┼А┼Д─м─┐├н ┼Е├о├┐─Н┼О┼Г ┼С─Н ├о┼З┼О┼З├о─╖

─╡─О─│

─╜├о┼Д─╗├н

├╡┼Ь─╝─Ш┼Г ─╛─Г┼Н ├┤┼Ф├╖├о┼Ф─Г ├╡├о─╕┼Ф├▓─д├╖

─Й├о─Д├╖├н

─к─г├о─╕├╖

├╣─К─Д─┐├н ├┤┼Ф─│├о┼И├╕┼Г ├╣├н─К─Г├г

─╛┼Д├╕─Д┼Г ─╛┼Ф─Д├╕─Ф┼Г ─К─╗├ж┼Г


ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

ôďùíÄŽĿí ôďùíÄŽĿí ĂłÄŠÂ†ÄƒĹŽÂ†Ŀí

1-4

âˆŤĂ‰ÂŞĂ M’G ĂœĂ‰°ÚM

1-4

âˆŤĂ‰ÂŞĂ M’G ĂœĂ‰°ÚM

Calculating Probability : åeó≤e Us6 51.b 0o wVr Ŏ G7 f 1s? a g &đb z6 6Ĕ hzo Wgb 61- i \ 6 MsZr a g & 7& wV .&Ĕ wcN zcgOb r hzo Wgb m0o 6 1- dg_ 7 Ƌ Nsk f z z& [z G r c f ađ* lf f .& Basic terms and concepts

印SÉ°SCG ºgĂ‰Ă˜eh äÉÍâˆ?£°ße

â€Ťďş—ďťŒďť ďť˘â€Ź

Ĺ‚Ĺ€ďøá ĹŎē C P60 : @ ^+ : &N8 , A;( I:7 +

:‡ _5 § # ")+ − w&; − MI -8 − ÂŚ] I4° E I : 6 78ÂĽ ‡ _5

xperimentE Random ÇśĹ?ĹŁÄ?Ç?Ć–ƯǤÄ? ǜśƄŭņǤÄ? PzG 7jÄ? l_br ĹŽ p 2" d Z pb k_ggb $ skb Pzg" V2Of l_gy 2# d^ wo Ć‹ p 2" .kN \[' y Us6 $ skb m0o lf yĂŠ -.'j i â€ŤďťŁďşœďşŽŮ„â€Ź

I ?> ( ” 4°8_] , A;( 4°8_] V 1_ # - LM 0 4°8_] #°"1( 4°8_] § : _ ôŔēÎēŗí þÎÄ„Ĺ€ĤÄœĹ„Ŀí

? z s;N 2# zb b 1 # b lf yĂŠ lzĂ? 1

Ć‹tscOb q"sb wcN 2o Kb -.Ob K&Ä‘fr hK kf -2j 2#& [b U2Oj i ir- ) jscgb 2_b lf Nsg#f q 8z^ lf jscf 2^ '6 Ć‹ s'7gb 2_b isb K&Ä‘fr ( pj sb Ć‹tscOb q"sb wcN 2pKy f K&Ä‘fr zj.Of -s[j OGZ [b wbrÄ” ĹŽi3sb r h#'b wV c g f 2^ P 1 q 8z^ lf 2^ '6 2_b isb K&Ä‘fr ĹŽ 2C* O 2b ĹŽ 2g& b b ĹŽ -s6 zj b ĹŽ Cz Ć‹ s'7gb

‍أ‏ ‍ب‏

: @ ^ : &Ă… random experiment

:7 + C P6

sample space

‡ _

event

‍ďş&#x;‏ ‍د‏

Calculating Probability €[g.

F 1L ‡ ÂŁ − ‡ ÂŁ , A;( ‡ ÂŁ − ÂĽ ‡ ÂŁ − I /81ÂĽ

simple event

F 1 ‡ _

certain event

( ‡ _

wV z6 6Ä” hzo Wgb r 'cG?gb DO b Gb 51- i \ 6 hzo Wgb m0o \zgO dg_ 7y Us6r [ 6 d& 2f wV a g &Ä” U2O b r a g &Ä” lzj sZ e .+ 6 cG z z& Ä‘_;f d^ - Y2Wb - PF [ b - - ' Ä” ) d f .&Ä” wcN zcgOb wcN 7& wV a g &Ä” gc7f e.+ 7y Us6r ĹŽ(a g^Ä– Ć‹ f .& MsZr a g &

/81( ‡ _

952f &6/k

impossible event

: 6 78( ‡ _ mutually exclusive events

ĞĄĿí

$ sj Pzg" V2Of l_gy qjÄ” ĹŻ z s;N 1 # wo (-) ĹŽ(Âś") ĹŽ ( ) 1 # b .kN P[y Us6 $ skb m0o lf yĂŠ -.'j i PzG 7jÄ? l_br p 2" d Z pkf d^ Ć‹ 2# b 2" 2# b $ j .y.' l_gyÄ? qjÄ” ĹŻ z s;N 2zR 2# wo ( ) 2# gkz Ć‹ p 2" d Z

4°8_]

probability

4°8_] #°"1(

:o f Kf rk T^y w€Z K?pČš 4€[q x Ę˜952f 4u : 51 2S I:7 + C P60 : @ ^+ : &N8 , A;( l&+8%

probability axioms

Ă´ĹƒÄŠÄˆøĔńĿí þíĹ?ĉŗí

. ‍آďť&#x;ďş” ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺔ‏

:+M C - 'ÂłA^ : @ ^+ V> N8 h+L :7 + C P6 X8B% I & &N_ C - − -

ĞĄá Ĺ…ĂŁ Ä˝Ĺ?ĂŽÄƒ

ĆŠ z s;N 2# wo z Ä’ 1 # b lf yĂŠ lzĂ? 1 zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

‡ ÂŁ − ÂĽ ‡ ÂŁ − F 1L ‡ ÂŁ − ‡ ÂŁ , A;( l&+% 100

:‍اďť&#x;ďş˜ďşŒďş”â€Ź zcgOb k z& lf 2# 2" lgC XZ sf %2G hcOgb . y ? f 1 f wV 3sWb =2V f ĆŠd f lz[zb e.O h7 { b r wcN pOzk? h y w b .y.#b 6 'b bÄ’ is_ i a g & f ? zN p ! jÄ? H* 1 # 2" lgC zcgOb z'b lf c f ` Ä‘F Pf H k 6 ? zkz[zb e.O h7 Ć‹ z s;Ob 2# b espWf (Ĺ€) E ;j hpOf . h Ä‘ b 1 # b aÄ‘* lf &r2Ggb c 6Ä” wV ` Ä‘F <Z j [š 7f .z^ b l_gyÄ? w b r ĹŽ k_ggb $ skb lf -.N pb w b r Ć‹ 2# b #z k 1 # b lN Ĺ€ĿĿ = Br2Ogb c fÄ” ` Ä‘F Pf df Ć‹ pbs& Ä‘Gb <Z jr ĹŽ z s;Ob :(ɸɡɡ) A mgS 2q  Z

aÄ‘* lf `b/r z s;Ob 2# b espWf wcN ` Ä‘F wb .^ ˜ py r z s;N 1 # b lf t lz w b t2*Ä” c fÄ” DO Ć‹ Ä‘Gb t.b wko0b X?Ob e .+ 6 `b/r z s;N 2zR

I: 6 78ÂĽ ‡ _5 − /81ÂĽ :952f < 52 rk7 IÂ…!_ ¡ €: : 16[k

Hz7 .& - ($ skb CV) kzOb CV - z s;N 2# .& - dz' 7f .& - .^ f .& - ^2f .& - (wbr ) gc7f - .& a g & - a g^ - Y2V - - ' - PF [ - zV k f Ć‹a g &Ä” k2/ ;lf €l€gS f 1 ylf U A? − & &N_ − - MM − "( Âłi LI − : ) "+ '> L3 − : ( 3> O( & − y ÂŤ ] 0c( ÂŞd X3 _ − # ~& I:L3 _ : d : *6 _lf < 52 f ]6J

Ć‹ Ä‘_;f d& - zpW;b ;Z kgb - 2: gb A2Ob :mgS f 51 Ck

ŀŠł 'W> wb Ĺ€ĿĿ 'W> lf b Gb ^ Ć‹( j2 jÄ– ) fscOgcb zbr.b _ ;b

zyp #f }p #f \Cf Ë? } 1Čš m;_f Ë? k Sf €F 6f b

160


∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM

:á«FGƒ°ûY ÜQÉéàd iôNCG á∏ãeCG ŮŁ Ůŀ e Z1Ĕ dg' Z G ŀĿ lz lf z¹ s;N Z G '6 Ƌ Z G b wcN s _gb -.Ob K&đfr ŀĿ ŮƋƋƋƋ Ůł 5 zZr h6Ń o2GZ X?j asF 2 - d* - G[j 1 z * Ƌ 2 .b 4^2f lN o.O đ> sf d 6r đ lz a [ jđb đ> sf cz6r 1 z * Ƌ & f

:á«FGƒ°ûY ô«Z ÜQÉéJ ≈∏Y á∏ãeCG iscf pOzg" 2^ wcN ts 'y 8z^ lf 2^ '6 ƋY13Ĕ iscb ƋPg#b $ j dz#7 r Ņ -.Ob Pf ł -.Ob Pg" Ƌ 2Cb $ j dz#7 r ŀŁ -.Ob Ń -.Ob 2B :( ?^ qlf x 5 y+f ) 6l ;lf m _ f

(ŀĿĿ) 'W> (ŀ) d' i ar & .k d& ` đF wb cF Ƌhp " 34Nr P r &

-

∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM

Ƌ _b r 1s?b P K&đfr lz zb f lz 2f -s[j OGZ [b ‫أ‬ ( pf Z1 U2Oj i ir-) gZ2gb Z G b lf Nsg#f wcN ts ' z[& lf gZ2f Z G '6 ‫ب‬ Ƌ s'7gb Z G b hZ1 K&đfr Ƌ s'7gb Z G b wcN 2pKy t0b -.Ob K&đfr ŁĿ wb ŀ lf gZ2f c g f Z G ŁĿ p z[& lf .& r Z G '6 ‫ﺟ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬ : (èJGƒædG AÉ°†a) áæ«©dG AÉ°†a (U) 4f2b qb 4f2yr Ů 2# b m0pb k_ggb $ skb d^ Nsg#f so z s;N 2# b kzOb CV ½

Sample space (outcomes space)

Ƌ (U) i 4f2b U kzOb CV 2> kN -.Ob 4f2y ½ » 2zR r Ů -r.'f m2> kN -.N i ^ / zp kf kzOb CV is_y ½ -.N i ^ / q kf ¹ ¹ Ƌ{p kgb $ skb CV H[V 51.k6r Ů -r.'f 2zR m2> kN

: Iô«¡°ûdG á«FGƒ°û©dG ÜQÉéàdG ¢†©Ñd áæ«©dG AÉ°†a k hCG Tossing a coin : Oƒ≤f á©£b AÉ≤dEG :’ .& r 2f -s[j OGZ [b 2# b kzOb CV - {] Ů= } = U Ɗso 2o Kb q"sb K&đfr = H " pL ? _cb 4f2 ] Ů 1s?cb 4f2 = z& a Ł = (U)i Ɗ n <+ a lz zb f lz 2f -s[j OGZ [b 2# b kzOb CV - a Ɗso _b r 1s?b P K&đfr {(] Ů]) Ů(= Ů]) Ů(] Ů=) Ů(= Ů=) } = U ? T " pL ? = H " pL ? ŁŁ = Ń = Ł * Ł = (U) i : n <+ a a 2f đ -s[j OGZ [b 2# b kzOb CV - l_gy) _b r 1s?b P K&đfr zb f a a Ɗso c [gb zj z b 2#;b lf qzcN as?'b a a a Ů ( ] Ů ] Ů ] ) ƄƄŮƄ(= Ů = Ů =) } = U Ů ( = Ů ] Ů ] ) Ƅ Ů Ƅ( ] Ů = Ů =) pL ? pL ? pL ? Ů ( ] Ů = Ů ]) ƄŮ Ƅ( = Ů ] Ů =)Ƅ " " " {(= Ů = Ů ]) ƄŮ Ƅ( = Ů ] Ů =) Ƅ ? T T T = H łŁ = Ň = Ł * Ł * Ł = (U)i : n <+ I ( T H 1 % e ? / gb (= Ů] ) ! (] Ů= ) - Ł = (U) i is_y zb gb 2gb lf e -s[j OGZ wf1 .kN - p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

101

∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

(h#'b r d_;b wV lz Wc +f) lz 4y g f -s[j w OGZ [b 2# b kzOb CV - d^ is_yr Ůlz zb f lz 2f .& r -s[j OGZ [b .kN kzOb CV 8Wj so O¹ f Ɗ 2gb !r4b d_;b wcN 2# b $ sj lf $ j Ƌ( zj b OG[b q"r Ů wbrĔ OG[b q"r ) Tossing a die

5 1 3

(ɸɷɷ) A :mgS 2q Z

z s;N 2# b ($ skb CV) kzOb CV espWf ` đF <Z j pb 4f2yr 2# b m0pb k_ggb $ skb d^ Nsg#f qj wcN (U)i 4f2b kzOb CV 2> kN -.Ob 4f2y g^ U 4f2b Ƌ zp kf Nsg#f U z&

Ɗ z6.ko 1s> ‫ب‬

= H "

Ł

ŀ

(Ņ Ůŀ) (Ņ ŮŁ) (Ņ Ůł) (Ņ ŮŃ) (Ņ Ůń) (Ņ ŮŅ)

(ń Ůŀ) (ń ŮŁ) (ń Ůł) (ń ŮŃ) (ń Ůń) (ń ŮŅ)

(Ń Ůŀ) (Ń ŮŁ) (Ń Ůł) (Ń ŮŃ) (Ń Ůń) (Ń ŮŅ)

(ł Ůŀ) (ł ŮŁ) (ł Ůł) (ł ŮŃ) (ł Ůń) (ł ŮŅ)

(Ł Ůŀ) (Ł ŮŁ) (Ł Ůł) (Ł ŮŃ) (Ł Ůń) (Ł ŮŅ)

(ŀ Ůŀ) (ŀ ŮŁ) (ŀ Ůł) (ŀ ŮŃ) (ŀ Ůń) (ŀ ŮŅ)

¼ ½ ¾ ¿ À Á

oghm TÐ

= H " pL ?

? T " pL ?

ł

zj z b 2#;b ‫ﺟ‬

Ń

ń

:n %

ogX|TÐ

TíúÐ

Ņ

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

Ɗ zbr." 1s> ‫أ‬

? T "

161

: Oôf ôéM AÉ≤dEG : Ék«fÉK wcN 2pKy t0b -.Ob K&đfr .& r 2f -2j 2#& [b 2# b kzOb CV - Ɗ so tscOb q"sb Ņ = (U) i Ɗ is_yrƄƄ { Ņ Ůń ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ } = U

2pKy t0b -.Ob K&đfr lz zb f lz 2f -2j 2#& [b 2# b kzOb CV - arĔ pG[7f w b 2gb ! r3Ĕ Nsg#f so tscOb q"sb wcN 2f d^ wV Ɗi t zj b zf2b $ j so wj b pG[7fr ŮwbrĔ zf2b $ j so Ƌ `b/ (Bs zb b a _:Ĕ rƄ{{Ņ Ůń ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ } ǽ= ,{Ņ Ůń ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ } ǽ5 Ɗ (= Ů5) } = U

1 # b DO b ($ skb CV) kzOb CV espWf wcN .^ ŀĿŀ = 2zp;b z s;Ob

$ skb CV 2> kN (Bs Y2Gb m0o Pzg" i hpzb 'Bsf ¹ [y2Gb 1 z * b Gb wcNr lz zb f lz 2f -2j 2#& [bĖ Ƌ`b/ V2Of wV q 6 k

:á¶MÓe

a

Pzg" V2Of l_gy qjĔ i z s;N (¶") Ů ( ) i 2# b 1 .y.' PzG 7jĐ l_br gp 2" d Z gpkf d^ $ sj gkz Ů 2# b 2" .kN P[y Us6 $ skb m0o lf ¹ y $ j .y.' l_gy Đ qjĔ z s;N 2zR Ů ( ) 2# b Ƌ p 2" d Z 2# b

z6.kpb 1s?b r zj z b 2#;b h61 zWz^ ` đGb (Br wV kzOb CV 2> kN .y.' b g [b r zbr.#b 1s?b r Ƌ (ŀĿŀ) 'W>

IJœĎĬ÷

-

ŁŅ = łŅ = Ņ * Ņ = (U) i -

{ ŮŅ Ůń ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ } * {Ņ Ůń ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ } = U - -2j t2#& [b 2# b kzOb CV - 8Wj so ,( O¹ f) .& r i wV ly4y g f .& r -2j 2#& [b 2# b kzOb CV Ƌlz zb f lz 2f

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

102


∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -

∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM

: mgS 2q }Z

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ '6 / kzOb CV ^ Ƌ 2W> b b r Ů Cz zj b r Ů 2g& wbrĔ c g f 2^ đ q 8z^ 2 P K&đfr ( ađ&Ė Pf ) zj b 2_b '6 d Z s'7gb 2_b - N Pf t2*Ē .O .& sb i 2^ Ƌi sbĔ F

,

ľĄĿí

? T R3( = H R3(

, , , , ,

,

zj b '7b d Z 8z_b wb s'7gb 2_b - O f.kN :^% wV 1spKb >2V pb đ b 2_b lf 2^ d^ ( ? 2_b 8Wj '7 i l_ggb lf ( ?yr Ů zj b '7b CWb zj z b 2#;b d [gb d_;b (Bsyr Ů zj 2f ň = Łł = (U) i z& kzOb Ů (= Ů ) Ů ( Ů ) Ů (% Ů ) Ů (= Ů%) Ů ( Ů% ) Ů (% Ů%) } = U { (= Ů=) Ů ( Ů =) Ů (% Ů =)

,

2_b r ( ) 4f2b Cz b 2_b r (%) 4f2b 2g'b 2_b wb 4f2j Ɗ(=) 4f2b 2W?b

, ∂JÉeƒ∏©e ≈dEG ∞°VCG

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

,\B Q n "< tR3$ UQ = Q "< 5Q l 5 =7)+ /9b 1 K /I , 9R3$ )I * < =b 0 9w "b a 70 n <+ d ? T R3(

.O .& sb i 2^ ¼ '¾ 6½ ł wb ŀ lf gZ2fr c g f 2^ đ q Yr.k> 2 Ƌm2> kN -.N lz r kzOb CV ^ Ƌ 2_b hZ1 K&đfr ađ&Ė Pf t2*Ĕ

çóëdG Ƌ kzOb CV lf z 4" Nsg#f t so .'b ½

The simple event

( ≈dhC’G çóëdG) §«°ùÑdG çóëdG ƋH[V .& r 2?kN ts ' kzOb CV lf z 4" Nsg#f so ½ ¹ ¹

IJœĎĬ÷

The certain event

: ócDƒªdG çóëdG U kzOb CV 2> kN wo m2> kN t0b .'b so 2# b pzV t2# 2f d^ {V MsZsb .^ f .& sor

IJœĎĬ÷

The event

U.py t0b r (ŀĿŃ) 'W> (ł) a f d& ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ Nsg#gb Sc .&Ĕ lN 2z O b đGb i [ wb a gb 0o 2[V wV g^ .'b MsZr espWf wcN .^ yr

IJœĎĬ÷

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬

CV lf z 4" Nsg#g^ .'b espWf ` đGb (Br U C Ɗi V U kzOb CV lf ¹ .& C i ^ / V ŮU kzOb i ^ / PZr .Z C .'b i as[jr Ůl d_; qcz g l_gyr wb (Br `b0^ ƋC 2> kN lf 2?kN z s;Ob 2# b $ j ¹ dz' 7gb Ů.^ gb ŮHz7 b .'b lf d^ espWf đGb Ƌ p? ?*r Nsg#gb espWf wcN .z^ b Pf

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) :6l ;lf m _ f

'W> (ł) d' i ar & .k wV -1r f d& ` đF wb cF Ƌhp " P r b Gb ^ ŀĿŃ

π«ëà°ùªdG çóëdG

The impossible event

z 4f2b qb 4f2yr 2?kN t lf wb +b .'b so

2# b pzV t2# 2f t {V P[y t dz' 7f .& sor

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

103

∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ƌ ^ ł r 1s> 1spJ .kN 2# b XZs 2f .N -s[j OGZ [b .kN 3 Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ lzN h ŮU $ skb CV ^ ȿdZĔ wcN lz ^ 1spJ .&ȿ ! ȿ2 ^Ĕ wcN 1s> 1spJ .&" C ȿdZĔ wcN lz 1s> 1spJ .&ȿ ȿdZĔ wcN 1s> 1spJ .&ȿ

a

a

a

ľĄĿí

i .#j h62b lf {(] Ů ] Ů ])Ů(= Ů ] Ů ])Ů(= Ů ]) Ů =} = U U = {(] Ů ] Ů ])Ů(= Ů ] Ů ])Ů(= Ů ])Ů=} = C {(= Ů ] Ů ])Ů(= Ů ])Ů=} = {(] Ů ] Ů ]) Ů (= Ů ] Ů ])} = ! dz' 7gb .'b z = {Ƅ Ƅ} = ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ƌlz ^ r lz 1s> 1spJ .kN 2# b XZs 2f .N -s[j OGZ [b .kN 3 Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ lzN h $ skb CV ^ ȿ2 ^Ĕ wcN ^ 1spJ .&ȿ ! ȿdZĔ wcN 1s> 1spJ .&" C ȿ2 ^Ĕ wcN lz ^ 1spJ .&ȿ çGóMC’G ≈∏Y äÉ«∏ª©dG

Operation of the events

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬

F Intersection

C

™WÉ≤àdG :k’hCG

w b kzOb CV 2> kN d^ ts'y t0b E C .'b so Ů C lz .'b PF [ )^ 1 8 3 J E C J E wkOyr O¹ f ŮC wb wg k

E C

F

Union

C

:OÉëJ’G : Ék«fÉK

CV 2> kN d^ ts'y t0b F C .'b so ŮC lz .'b - ' C J E wkOyr O¹ f gpzc^ r r C wb wg k w b kzOb DEH = 5 &0 J E

F C

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

104

&

Ů(= Ů] Ů = ) Ů(= Ů= ) } = U ` Ů= Ů]) Ů( ] Ů] Ů= ) a {(] Ů]) Ů(] Ů= Ů]) Ů(= a (= Ů] Ů= ) Ů (= Ů = ) } = C a a Ů= Ů] ) Ů (] Ů] Ů=) Ů U = { (] Ů]) Ů(] Ů= Ů]) Ů (= {(= Ů= Ů]) Ů(= Ů] Ů=) Ů (= Ů=)} = ! jscf 2 - (G7 .'b d f 2 "sz" $f j2 e .+ 6 (G6 U d f gkz 2W>Ĕ iscb .'b `b0^ Ů Y13Ĕ d* - Ů Ů C lz .'b `y2' `k_gy wb b r U W: dzG 7f ŀĿń = Ů ŀĿŃ = hcO .k wV 1s^0gb zcgOb 2" r U zcgOb 7& .&ĕb c ggb (G6Ĕ isb 2zzS `k_gy g^ d^ lN Nsg#gb Sc 2z O b hpzb cF r ` đF Pf <Z k r Ɗ zb b .&Ĕ lf Ƌ O¹ f gpzc^ r r C MsZr ƋC MsZr e.N ƋH[V C MsZr a

ƋH[V MsZr ƋH[V MsZr r H[V C MsZr l a _: [ 7b Nsg#gb dz g hpzb cF `b0^ Pz#; b hpWZsf 34Nr "Đ hpkf !2+ 6 r hpOf <Z k r

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

162


∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM ƋhpzcN k b r

lz .'b lf t MsZr e.N) Ɗ .'b dz g ` đF wb cF e.N) .'b dz g `b0^ Nsg#gb Sc q ^ ( r cF r Nsg#gb Sb wb q ^r ( MsZr e.Nr MsZr ?is# k 7y / fr ?lzc_;b lf hp K&đf lyr. hpzb i "2f t.b zj b .N [b {V ;b 8Wj hpzb cF `b0^ Sb wb wKWcb 2z O b lf .'b ^ '> wcN .^ r wcN hpO#:r a 7b d& wV ` đF Pf <Z k r Nsg#gb Ƌhp " P r "Đ :(ɸɷɼ)A mgS 2q Z

i ^ / i zV k f i js_y Ů lz .'b i đGb wb 2: c fĔ DO hpb HN h 2*Ĕ MsZr wWky go.& MsZr X?O^ t2* c f 2^/ hpzb cF r `b/ (Bs w b Ƌ đGb t.b wko/

-

∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM

F

Completion /

C

/

/

C

/

C

/

¿ÉLQƒe iO ÉfƒfÉb :É k°ùeÉN F

Ɗ i V U lf lz .& Ů C i ^ /

^ ( F C) = E C % ( MsZr e.Nr C MsZr e.N) r (lz .'b lf t MsZr e.N) .& wkO r /

C

/

/

( E C) = F C ^ ? 8 ȿƋ2 ^Ĕ wcN lz .'b .& MsZrȿ .& r ȿ O¹ f lz .'b MsZr e.Nȿ .& {kO r /

F

/

/

C

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬ á«aÉæàªdG çGóMC’G Ƌ2*Ē MsZr (Pkgy) wWky go.& MsZr i ^ / i zV k f gpj Ů C lz .'b a [y go.& MsZr i V ȿi ' fĐ 8Wj wV s62b .& ȿ Ů ȿ f i ' f wV % #kb .& ȿC i ^ / - ƄƊ¹đ gV Ƌ2*Ē MsZr wWky i V tscOb q"sb wcN 2o Kb -.Ob K&đfr .& r 2f -2j 2#& [b 2# wV - {Ņ Ůń ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ } = U {ń Ůł Ůŀ } = C Ɗ t t-2V -.N 1spJ .& C i ^ / {Ņ ŮŃ Ůł } = Ɗ t w"r3 -.N 1spJ .& Ƌ 2*Ē MsZr wWky go.& MsZr t z = E C i V

Mutually exclusive events

z= E C i ^ / i zV k f , C lz .'b i Ɗa [y ½

Ƌwk f wk f zV k f j ^ / H[Vr ¹/ zV k f pj .& .Ob a [y ½ p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

105

∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) :6l ;lf m _ f

: % Ƌi zV k f i .& Ů C i V z = E C i ^ / - z = C E ! Ů z = ! E Ů z = E C Ɗ i ^r U lf .& đ ! Ů Ů C j ^ / r Ƌ(z'> 8_Ob r zV k f .& ! Ů Ů C Ɗi V

d>s r (ŀĿŅ) = d' i ar & .k " ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf

Ƌ zV k f is_ z s;N 2# t wV ( zbrĔ ) Gz7 b .&Ĕ - Ƌi zV k f i .& go C qcg_fr C .& t - /

(ɻ) h+ o ex * &

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ƌ pb lzyscOb lzp"sb wcN ly2o Kb ly-.Ob K&đfr ly4y g f -2j t2#& [b 2# wV 4 Ƌlzz Ē lz .'b lf đ^ Ê ^ r zÊ 6.ko kzOb CV d f :^%

{(ŀŮ Ń) Ů(Ł Ůł) Ů(ł ŮŁ) Ů(Ń Ůŀ)} = ! {(Ń ŮŁ) Ů(łŮ Ņ) Ů(ŁŮ Ń) Ů(ŅŮ ł) Ů(ŀŮ Ł) Ů(ŁŮ ŀ)} = i zV k f - Ů! Ɗ8_Ob r i zV k f Ů Ci V z = E C i ^ / qj wcN .^ z = E C i V lzzV k f lz .& Ů C i ^ /

¥ôØdG :Ék©HGQ

Cy ¹ wor wb wg k Đr ŮC wb wg k w b CWb 2> kN d^ ts'y - C .'b E C 2> kN 8Wj F b C J E J E l 5 C J E wkOyr ( EC)-C= EC= -C

cF r i zV k f i .& Ů i V w6.kpb d_;b lf (C y g^ Ƌhp " P r (Ń) d' i ar & .k {V -1r f d& hpzb

z= - E !

/

Difference

F

p61- i \ 6 w b Nsg#gb lf c fĔ DO e.+ 6 ƋespWgb 0o (zBs b đGb z = E Ci ^ / i wcN .^ r (Ń) a f d& ` đF Pf <Z j

∫ɪcE’G : ÉkãdÉK

CV 2> kN d^ ts'y C `b0b Ů C .'cb dg_gb .'b wg7y C .'b Ƌ C v 3 J E l 5 wkOyr Ů C .'b wb wg k Đ w b kzOb z = C E C Ů U = C F C : %

IJœĎĬ÷

-

"lzp"sb wcN -.Ob 8Wj 1spJ " C .'b Ƌ ` " 27V ? i zV k f Ů C i .'b do : ^ ? 8

Ƌȿņ gpNsg#f ly-.N 1spJ " .'b

ľĄĿí

C

łŅ = ŁŅ = o-.N 2f ! r3 wo 2# b m0pb kzOb CV 2> kN : ^% 2?kN d^ z& ů kzOb CWb w6.kpb dz g b so d [gb d_;b Ƌ d_;b wV g^ G[k d gy kzOb CV 2> kN lf { (Ņ ŮŅ) Ů (ń Ůń) Ů (Ń ŮŃ) Ů(ł Ůł) Ů(Ł ŮŁ) Ů(ŀ Ůŀ)} =ƄƄC { (Ņ Ůŀ) Ů (ń ŮŁ) Ů (Ń Ůł) Ů (ł ŮŃ) Ů(Ł Ůń) Ů (ŀ ŮŅ ) } =Ƅ i zV k f i .& Ů C `

z= E C a: ^ ? 8 ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

"2*Ē XOB go.& ly-.N 1spJ " .& -

Ɗ lzz Ē lz .'b lf đ^ Ê ^ \ 7b a gb wV 4 "ń tr 7y gpNsg#f ly-.N 1spJ " .& ! Ƌ` " 27V ? i zV k f - Ů! i .'b do Propability

∫ɪàM’G

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬ : ∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM MsZr a g & i V Ů j _fĖ yr 7 f ( zbrĔ .&Ĕ ) p# sj Pzg" Ů f z s;N 2# b $ skb CV U i ^ / Ɗ z& (C) a 4f2b qb 4f2y U C .& t C .'b MsZr wb t- w b $ skb -.N

k_ggb $ skb Pzg" -.N zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

163

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

= ( C) i = (C) a (U ) i

106


∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -

∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM

:(ɸɷɾ)A 6cZ 2q Z

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ iscb wZ b Ů 2g& gpjsb i 2^ Ů Cz 2^ ń pkf c g f 2^ ŀĿ q Yr.k> lf zÊ s;N 2^ '6 5 Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ a g & 7& Ů 2C*Ĕ Ƌ 2g& s'7gb 2_b is_ i .&Ƅ Ƌ 2C* r 2g& s'7gb 2_b is_ i .&Ƅ Ƌ 2C* 7zb 2_b is_ i .&Ƅ! Ł = ĿŬŁ = ŀĿ

is_ i .& a g & - #y l_gy i đGb wb (Br Ɗw Ē ^ dg_gb .'b espWg 2C* 7zb 2_b

ľĄĿí 2g'b 2_b -.N = (C) a = 2g& s'7gb 2_b is_ i a g & 2_b Pzg" -.N

2C+b 2_b -.N + 2g'b 2_b -.N k_ggb $ skb Pzg" -.N

( 2C* 2_b ) a - ŀ = ( 2C* 7zb) a ƅ ņ

= 2C* r 2g& s'7gb 2_b is_ i a g &

ł

ĿŬņ = ŀĿ = ŀĿ - ŀ =

ń = ł+Ł = ĿŬń = ŀĿ ŀĿ

(!)a = 2C* 7zb 2_b is_ i a g & + Ł = Cz r 2g& 2_b is_ i a g & = ĿŬņ = ńŀĿ Ƌ`b/ (Br ?t2* [y2G (!) a wcN as?'b l_gy do Ƅǔƾ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ z Ē Đ g &Đ 7& \ 7b a gb wV 5 Ƌ Cz r 2g& s'7gb 2_b is_ i .& Ƌ 2C* r Cz r 2g& s'7gb 2_b is_ i .& ¶o

ƅ

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f

wb hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė : gk b eyg*

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬

+Ł ŀ = (U)a = (¶o)a Ů ĿŬņ = ńŀĿ

∫ɪàM’G äɪ∏°ùe

Axioms of probability

(C)a 4f2b qb 4f2y C .'b a g & wg7y w[z[& -.N ."sy U C .& d_b - ŀ H (C) a HƄĿ Ɗ z& ŀ = (U) a -

F

U ŮU C i ^ / - ( ) a + (C)a = ( F C) aƅƅƊ i V lzzV k f lz .& Ů C i ^r

C

: B? I ( & (& 1 [ŀ ŮĿ] 2 Wcb wg ky w[z[& -.N so .& t MsZr a g & wkO = H & (&

(zBs wV (2* a f t r )\ 7b a gb e.+ 6 `k_gy i V `b0b ŀ = (U)a Ů 2W> = (z)a i r a g &Đ gc7f ŀ H (C) a H Ŀ Ɗis_y U C .& i a g & i V lzzV k f lz .& Ů C z& U Ů U C i ^ / r pgzgO wb gc7gb m0o lfr ( )a + (C)a = ( F C)a ŀĿŇ = K&đgb wcN .^ f ¹

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

107

∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

ŀ = .^ gb .'b MsZr a g & i wkO ? T & (& zV k gb .&Ĕ lf -r.'f -.N t wb T T & (& hzgO l_gy (iC)a +ƋƋƋ + (łC)a+(ŁC)a + (ŀC)a = (iC F ƋƋƋ F łC F ŁC F ŀC)a zV k f .& iCŮ ƋƋƋ Ů łC ŮŁC ŮŀC z& áeÉg èFÉàf Ŀ = ( z) a ( ) (C)a - ŀ = ( C) a ( ) ( E C ) a - (C)a = ( - C ) a ( ) ( E C) a - ( ) a + (C)a = ( F C)a ( )

∂JÉeƒ∏©e ≈dEG ∞°VCG

/

C n G UQ \ H C \ n b

ŀĿņ= 5 = (-)a

Ɗis_y U lf Ů C lz .& tĔ qj (Br Ů ( E C)a - ( )a + (C)a= ( F C) a i zV k f ŮC 1r2Cb 8zbr ( E C ) a - (C)a = ( - C)a z 7'b zcgOb wcN .^ r (Ł) a f d& wV ` đF <Z j [ŀ Ů Ŀ] ǽ (C)a is_y C .& tĔ a g &Đ i r a g &Đ 7'b

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ɗ z& z s;N 2# b kzN CV lf lz .& Ů C i ^ / 6 Ɗ 7& ŀŃ = ( E C ) a Ů łŃ = ( )a Ů łŇ = (C)a ( - C) a ‫ﺟ‬ ( C )a ‫ب‬ ( F C) a ‫أ‬

( E C) a ‫د‬ /

/

/

ľĄĿí ņ = ŀ - ł + Ň Ń Ń ń = ł Ň Ň ŀ = ŀ Ň Ń ŀ = ņ Ň Ň

( E C ) a - ( ) a + (C)a = ( F C ) a ‫أ‬ (C) a - ŀ = ( C) a ‫ب‬

ł = Ň

/

ŀ= ł = Ň

ŀ=

( E C ) a - (C) a = ( - C ) a ‫ﺟ‬ ( F C ) a - ŀ = ( F C ) a = ( E C ) a ‫د‬ /

/

/

ŀ Ł

ŀ

ł

ŀ Ń

ŀĿŇ= 6 = - ŀ = ( ) a - ŀ = ( )a ł Ń

/

= Ń - Ń = ( E C) a = ( )a = ( C - )a ł ŀ Ń = Ń - ŀ = ( E C ) a - ŀ = ( E C) a = ( F C ) a /

/

/

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ z Ē Đ g &Đ 7& \ 7b a gb wV 6 (C - )a ‫ب‬ ( ) a ‫أ‬

( F C ) a ‫ﺟ‬ /

/

/

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ɗ ."r V łŇ = ( - C ) a Ů ŀŁ = ( ) a Ů ńŇ = (C)a i ^r U z s;N 2# CV lf lz .& Ů C i ^ / 7 ( F C ) a ‫د‬ ( E C ) a ‫ﺟ‬ ( F C )a ‫ب‬ ( E C ) a ‫أ‬ /

/

/

ľĄĿí ŀ = Ł = ł - ń = ( - C ) a - ( C) a = ( E C ) a ‫أ‬ Ń Ň Ň Ň ņ = ŀ - ŀ + ń = ( E C) a - ( )a + (C) a = ( F C )a ‫ب‬ Ň Ń Ł Ň ŀ = ņ - ŀ = ( F C)a - ŀ = ( F C ) a = ( E C ) a ‫ﺟ‬ Ň Ň /

/

/

( - C ) a - ŀ = ( E C) a - ŀ= ( E C) a = ( F C ) a ‫د‬ ń = ł -ŀ= Ň Ň /

/

/

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

/

108

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

164


-

∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM :6cZ 2q Z

-

∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM

`b/ (Br ? t2* [y2G ( F C ) a - #y `k_gy do : "<b /

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗi .#j d [gb l d_: lf (ɸ) (C - )a - ŀ = ( F C) a

( C E ) a ‫ﺟ‬

/

( F C ) a ‫ب‬

/

/

/

Ɗ ."r \ 7b a gb wV 7 ( C) a ‫أ‬ /

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ŀ = ( )a Ů (C )a ŀ = ( C )a i ^r ŮU z s;N 2# b kzN CV lf lz .& Ů C i ^ / 8 Ł ł Ɗ ."r V ńŇ = ( F C ) a Ů /

C

/

/

t2* [y2G H[V lz .'b .& MsZr a g & (ɹ) (C - )a + ( - C)a = Ƌ`b/ (Bsy d [gb l d_:r C

Ƌ2 ^Ĕ wcN lz .'b .& MsZr a g & ‫ب‬ ƋH[V lz .'b .& MsZr a g & ‫د‬

ľĄĿí ł = ( E C ) a ` ń = ( E C) a - ŀ= ( E C ) a ` ń = ( F C ) a a Ň Ň Ň ł = (C )a ` ŀ = ( C )a Ńł ` (C )a ŀł = (C ) a - ŀ ` (C )a ŀł = ( C ) a a Ń ņ = ł - ŀ + ł = ( E C ) a - ( )a + (C) a = ( F C ) a = dZĔ wcN lz .'b .& MsZr a g & ‫أ‬ Ň Ň Ł Ń ń = ( F C ) a = ( E C ) a=2 ^Ĕ wcN lz .'b .& MsZr a g & ‫ب‬ Ň ŀ = ł - ŀ = ( E C ) a - ( )a = (C - ) a =H[V .'b MsZr a g & ‫ﺟ‬ Ň Ň Ł ŀ = ł - ņ = ( E C ) a - ( F C ) a = H[V lz .'b .& MsZr a g & ‫د‬ Ł Ň Ň /

hpOf d>s r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb : &

/

/

/

Ƌ`b/ (Br ?t2* [y2G H[V lz .'b .& MsZr a g & - #y `k_gy do Ƅǔƾ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

ĿŬŀ = ( F C) a Ů ĿŬŅ = ( )a Ů ĿŬŇ = (C) a i ^r z s;N 2# b kzOb CV lf lz .& Ů C i ^ / 8 Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ a g & 7& V "H[V C MsZr " .& ‫ب‬ "dZĔ wcN lz .'b .& MsZr" .& ‫أ‬ "2 ^Ĕ wcN lz .'b .& MsZr " .& ‫د‬ "H[V lz .'b .& MsZr " .& ‫ﺟ‬ /

7 ł Ň

ń Ň

= -ŀ = ( C)a ‫أ‬ i "1sf t- isj Z ( E C)a = ( F C)a ‫ب‬ ł ŀ Ń = Ń - ŀ = ( E C) a - ŀ = /

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ɗ z& Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV lf i .& Ů C 9 ( ) a Ů (C) a ."r ĿŬņŁ =( F C) a Ů (C) a ł = ( ) a ^ Ƌ lzzV k f lz .& Ů C i ^ / :%

/

/

/

/

/

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f

ƋdZĔ wcN lz .'b .& MsZr a g & ‫أ‬ ƋH[V .'b MsZr a g & ‫ﺟ‬

/

C i ^ / : ^ ? 8 p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

109

( E C)a - ( )a = (C E )a ‫ﺟـ‬ ŀ ŀ ŀ Ń=Ń-Ł= /

∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí F

( F C)a - ŀ = ( F C)a 8 ( F C)a - ŀ = ĿŬŀ ` ĿŬň = ( F C)a ` ĿŬň = ( F C)a ‫أ‬ ĿŬł = ( - C)a ‫ب‬ ĿŬń = ĿŬń - ŀ = ( E C)a - ( F C)a ‫ﺟـ‬

ľĄĿí

/

9 Ł ń

= (C)a i zV k f Ů C f.kN ‫أ‬ C f.kN ‫ب‬ ŀ ł = (C)a

:óbÉædG ô«μØàdG i wcN .^ r .Z kb 2z_W b wV -1r gzV ` đF <Z j [ŀ ŮĿ] ǽ (C)a

5 ł = ( ) a `ƅƅƅ 5 = (C) a i A2W ^ Ƌi zV k f i .& Ů C aƄ:% 5 + 5 ł = ĿŬņŁ Ɗ is_zVƅ( ) a + (C) a = ( F C ) a ` ĿŬńŃ = ( ) aƄŮƄĿŬŀŇ = (C) a ŮĿŬŀŇ = 5 `Ƅ

C

F

C a : ^ ? 8 = F C `ƅƅƅ ĿŬņŁ = 5ł = ( ) a = ( F C ) aƄ ĿŬņŁ = ( ) aƄŮƄĿŬŁŃ = (C) a `

C

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ z& Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV lf i .& Ů C 9 (C) a ."r ŀł = ( F C ) a Ů ŀń = ( )a C i ^ / ‫ب‬

ƋlzzV k f lz .& Ů C i ^ / ‫أ‬

ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ ł = ( C) a Ɗi ^ / Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV U Ů U Ci ^ / (C) a 7& l_gy Xz^ lz Í ņ (C) a ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă ( ) a Ł ( C ) a , ńŁ = Ů ł= i ^r Ů {! Ů Ů C } = U z& z s;N 2# b kzN CV U i ^ / 10 ( ) a (C) a /

/

/

(!)a ."r ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ wV q& #j a g & r ŮĿŬŇń tr 7y y4zWb i ' f wV b F % #j a g & i ^ / ǶŐƒƃŻǨǤĝ ǶŒŐʗǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 10 Ɗ a g & ."r ĿŬŇ O¹ f lzj ' fĐ wV q& #j a g & r ĿŬň zB y2b i ' f ƋH[V zB y2b i ' f wV b Gb % #j ‫ب‬ ƋdZĔ wcN lzj ' fĐ .& wV b Gb % #j ‫أ‬ Ƌ O¹ f lzj ' fĐ wV b Gb % #j e.N ‫ﺟ‬ ľĄĿí

zB y2b wV b Gb % #j .& Ů y4zWb i ' f wV b Gb % #j .& C l_zb ĿŬŇ = ( E C) aƄƄŮƄƄĿŬň = ( ) aƄƄŮƄƄĿŬŇń = (C) a Ɗ is_zV ( F C) a = dZĔ wcN lzj ' fĐ .& wV b Gb % #j a g & ‫أ‬ ĿŬňń = ĿŬŇ - ĿŬň + ĿŬŇń = ( E C ) a - ( ) a + (C ) a =( F C) a ` e.Nr zB y2b i ' f wV q& #j a g & wkOy H[V zB y2b i ' f wV b Gb % #j a g & ‫ب‬ ( C - ) a t y4zWb i ' f wV q& #j zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

165

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

110


∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -

∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM

(5 y+f x ?^ qlf ) 6l ;lf m _ f

ĿŬŀ = ĿŬŇ - ĿŬň = (C E ) a - ( ) a = ( C - ) a ` ( E C) .'cb dg_f .& sor ( E C) = O¹ f lzj ' fĐ wV b Gb % #j e.N .& ‫ﺟ‬ ĿŬŁ = ĿŬŇ - ŀ = ( E C) a - ŀ= ( E C)a ` /

/

ǶŐˋģŐũ ńģLJŐʗƥŝ ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

/ ŮwcgN 2*Ē r Ůt2Kj go.& Ů ly1 *Đ @+;b e.[ y ^2;b t.& wV WzJr wcN as?'cb 11 wV % #kb a g & r ĿŬŅ wcgOb 1 *Đ wV q& #j a g & r ĿŬņń t2Kkb 1 *Đ wV % #kb a g & i ^ Ɗ a g & ."r 2f arĔ WzJsb m0o wcN as?'cb f @+: e.[ / V ĿŬń O¹ f ly1 *Đ Ƌ dZĔ wcN ly1 *Đ .& wV q& #j ‫ب‬ ƋH[V t2Kkb 1 *Đ wV q& #j ‫أ‬ ŻLjģŠ ƄŐǔƽŝ

o0b 1 f wV q[y2V 3sV a g & i qOf wW'> [b k zB y2b Y2Wb .& 1.f %2> ǶơģʞʵǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ q %2> f \W y do ĿŬń O¹ f lz 1 gb wV m3sV a g & i r Ů ĿŬň yĖ 1 f wV q[y2V 3sV a g & r Ů ĿŬņ Ƌ` " 27V ? a g &Đ espWf Pf \y2Wb 1.f

d>s r .Z j 2z_W r d' i ar & .k wV -1r f ` đF Pf <Z j Ƌ 'z'?b "Ė wb hpOf :ɸɸɸA h+ o ex * 11

ĿŬŁń = ĿŬń - ĿŬņń = ( E C)a - (C)a = ( - C)a ‫أ‬ ĿŬŇń = ĿŬń - ĿŬŅ + ĿŬņń = ( F C)a ‫ب‬ :2^ p 6 c[

Ɗi V q 'y2? 7& iĔ : K. [ŀ ŮĿ] ǽ ŀŬŀ = ĿŬń - ĿŬň + ĿŬņ = ( F C)a ŀ ň ŀ Ń = łŅ = ( )a Ů Ņ = (C)a 12

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ɗa g & 7& Ů 2f d^ wV tscOb q"sb wcN 2o Kb -.Ob L&sbr Ůlz zb f lz 2f hK kf -2j 2#& w[b 11 "Ń tr 7y r lf dZ ly2o Kb ly-.Ob Msg#f" is_y i .& :^% "2*Ē XOB ly-.Ob .& " is_y i .& : ^ ? 8 "Ł tr 7y ly-.Ocb \cGgb Y2Wb " is_y i .& ! : ^T 8 " ŀŁ lf 2 ^ ly-.Ob Msg#f " is_y i .& - : )^ I

&

ľĄĿí

łŅ = (U)i ŀ = Ņ = (C ) a` Ņ łŅ ŀ = Ņ = ( ) a` Ņ łŅ Ł = Ň = (!)a ` ň łŅ

ņ ŀ ŀ ŀ 2W> (Ǚu)ƅ Ň ( 1 )ƅ Ł (Ǚ&)ƅ Ł ( )ƅ Ń ( ) 13 Ł ņ ń 2W> ( ) ń (1) ŃĿ (Ǚ&) Ň ( ) 14

ŮŅ = (C) i ` { (ŀ Ůł) Ů(Ł ŮŁ) Ů(ŀ ŮŁ) Ů(ł Ůŀ) Ů (Ł Ů ŀ) Ů(ŀ Ůŀ)} = C :^% Ņ = ( ) i `

{(ł ŮŅ) Ů (Ņ Ůł) Ů(Ł ŮŃ) Ů(Ń ŮŁ) Ů(ŀ ŮŁ) Ů(Ł Ůŀ) } = : ^ ? 8

{(Ń ŮŅ) Ů (Ņ ŮŃ) Ů (ł Ůń) Ů(ń Ůł) Ů(Ł ŮŃ) Ů(Ń ŮŁ) Ů(ŀ Ůł) Ů(ł Ůŀ)} = ! : ^T 8

2W> = (-) a Ů z= - `

ŮŀŁ lf 2 ^ gpNsg#f i -.N 2pKy i l_gyĐ qj z& : )^ I

: 6" r 5 l

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ a g & 7& \ 7b a gb wV 12 " i yr 7 f i 2o Kb i -.Ob " .& :^% "{"r3 zj b zf2b wVr x-2V wbrĔ zf2b wV -.Ob " .& : ^ ? 8 p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

111

∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ Đ g & 7& _b r 1s?b P L&sbr Ů zb f 2f đ gK kf -s[j OGZ z[b 12 ƋH[V .& r 1s> 1spJ .& C :^% ƋdZĔ wcN lz 1s> 1spJ .& : ^ ? 8 a ƋH Cb lz 1s> 1spJ .& ! : ^T 8 a a a

ľĄĿí

Ů (] Ů] Ů=) Ů(= Ů] Ů=) Ů(] Ů= Ů=) Ů(= Ů= Ů= ) } = U Ů{(] Ů] Ů]) Ů(= Ů] Ů]) Ů (] Ů= Ů]) Ů(= Ů= Ů]) Ň = (U) i Ƌ H[V .& r 1s> 1spJ .& C aƄ:^% Ů {(= Ů] Ů]) Ů(] Ů= Ů]) Ů (] Ů] Ů=) } = C `Ƅ ł = (C) a `ƅƅł = (C)i a Ƅ Ň

a a

a

1s> đ r i 1s> f t ŮdZĔ wcN lz 1s> 1spJ .& a : ^ ? 8 {(= Ů= Ů=) Ů(= Ů= Ů]) Ů(= Ů] Ů=) Ů (] Ů= Ů= ) } = `ƄƄ ŀ = Ń = ( ) a ` Ń = ( ) i aƄƄ Ł Ň

ŀ -.Ob iđg'y iđ [ f i p"r is_y z' -2j 2#& hg> iđg'y iđ [ f i p"rr Ł -.Ob iđg'y iđ [ f i p"rr 2o Kb -.Ob L&sbr lz zb f lz 2f 2#'b 0o w[b Ůł -.Ob Ɗa g & 7& lz 2gb wV tscOb q"sb wcN ń ň ŀ ň Ł ł

z¹ br -¹ .N ly-.Ob Msg#f is_y i - ł lf dZ ly-.Ob Msg#f is_y i - ƋŃ 2 ^Ĕ wcN Msg#gb is_y i - ¶"

á°SGQó∏d äGOÉ°TQEG 0o w[b / b & {V \ 7b ly2g b d& ` đF wb cF q"sb wcN ly-.Ob Msg#f L&sbr lz zb f lz 2f 2#'b Ů C wV a g &Đ ."r h $ skb CV ^ lz 2gb wV tscOb $ skb CV Uđ * wcN .z^ b r hp " O f Pf ¶" Ů Ƌa g &Đ hzZr o-.N wV `b0^ lz b 'b wV

H Cb lz 1s> 1spJ .& ! a : ^T 8 ł = (!) a ` Ň

:á©FÉ°T AÉ£NCG

ł = (!) i a {(= Ů= Ů]) Ů(= Ů] Ů= ) Ů(] Ů= Ů=) } = ! ` ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

Ɗ z Ē Đ g &Đ 7& \ 7b a gb wV 13 Ƌ2 ^Ĕ wcN 1s> 1spJ .& : ^ ? 8 đ b zf2b {V q"sb 8Wj1spJ .& C : ^% ƋdZĔ wcN ^ 1spJ .& - : )^ I 1s?b lf t-2V -.N 1spJ .& ! : ^T 8 Ƌ _b lf -.Ob 8Wj tr 7y 1s?b lf -.N 1spJ .& ¶o : ( ^ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Ɗ wb b ar.#b 'Bsf hp j z r Ů Wc +f z7k" lf @+: ŁĿĿ 2C& 2g gb .& wV ƮǨņŭǨǤģś ƣģľŝƃĪĝ 13 Msg#gb

z7j2Wb .' y

y4zc#jĖ .' y

z 2Ob .' y

ŀŁĿ

Łń

Ńń

ńĿ

d"1

ŇĿ

ń

łĿ

Ńń

2f

ŁĿĿ

łĿ

ņń

ňń

Msg#gb

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

112

i3sb c g f 2^ ŀĿ q 8z^ lf 2^ '6 2# {V - ŀ Ɗi 1 N G+b lf -s6Ł Ů Cz ł Ů 2g& ń pkf h#'b r ł = (U) i Ů {5 Ů Ů%} = U Ɗ(z'?b l_br -s6 5 Ů Dz Ů 2g& wkO % z& ŀĿ = (U) i Ů{ 5 5 Ů Ů % % % % % } = U 1s?b lf p ^ .kN .&Ĕ hzo Wf DO wV Hc+b - Ł zcgOb 3sf1 e .+ 6 Ŀ y2 #b 1s?b wb zKWcb cz6s^ l a _: e .+ 6 dCWy kor ( .&Ĕ wcN

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

166


-

∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM (ɸ - ɻ) r 5 l &

Ů(ń Ů=) Ů (Ń Ů=) Ů łň Ů=) Ů (Ł Ů=) Ů (ŀ Ů=) } = U 2 Ů]) Ů (Ń Ů]) Ů (ł Ů]) Ů (Ł Ů]) Ů (ŀ Ů]) Ů(Ņ Ů=) { (Ņ Ů]) Ů(ń {(ń Ů=) Ů (ł Ů=) Ů (ŀ Ů=) } = { (Ņ Ů]) Ů ( Ń Ů]) Ů (Ł Ů]) } = { (ń Ů]) Ů(ł Ů]) Ů (ń Ů=) Ů (ł Ů=) } = ! { (Ņ Ů]) Ů (Ņ Ů=) Ů (ł Ů]) Ů (ł Ů=)} = { (ŅŮŅ) Ů (ńŮń) Ů (Ń ŮŃ) Ů (ł Ůł) Ů (Ł ŮŁ) Ů (ŀ Ůŀ ) } = 3 { (ł ŮŅ) Ů(ńŮŃ) Ů(ŃŮń) Ů (Ņ Ůł) } = z=! Ů(ŀŮł) Ů (łŮŅ) Ů(ł Ůń) Ů(łŮŃ) Ů(łŮł) Ů(ł ŮŁ) Ů(łŮŀ)} = { (ŅŮł) Ů(ńŮł) Ů(ŃŮł)Ů (ŁŮł) { Ńł ŮŁł Ůŀł ŮŃŀ Ůłŀ ŮŁŀ } = 4 {łŃ ŮŀŃ Ůŀł ŮłŁ ŮŀŁ Ů łŀ } = { ŀł Ů łŀ } =Ɔ ! {łŃ ŮŀŃ ŮŃł ŮŁł Ůŀł ŮłŁ ŮŀŁ ŮŃŀ Ůłŀ ŮŁŀ } =Ɔ {ŀŁ Ů Ņ ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ } = Ů {ŁĿ ŮŀŇ ŮŀŅ ŮŀŃ ŮŀŁ } = 5 {Ń Ůł ŮŁ Ů ŀ } = r Ů {ŁĿŮ ŀĿ } = - Ů {ŀń Ůň Ůł } = ! { (Ņ ŮŁ) Ů (ł Ůŀ) } = Ů ŅŃ = (U)i 6 { (Ň Ů Ň) Ů (ņ ŮŇ) Ů (Ņ ŮŇ) Ů (Ň Ůņ) Ů (ņ Ůņ) Ů (Ň ŮŅ) } = i zV k f i .& Ů C EC Ů= Ů]) Ů (= Ů] Ů=) Ů (] Ů= Ů=) Ů (= Ů= Ů=)} = U 7 { (] Ů ] Ů]) Ů ( ] Ů ] Ů=) Ů (] Ů= Ů]) Ů (= Ů] Ů]) Ů (= {(] Ů] Ů ]) Ů(] Ů] Ů=) Ů(] Ů= Ů]) Ů(= Ů] Ů])} = Ů= Ů=) Ů (] Ů] Ů=) Ů (] Ů= Ů ]) Ů(= Ů] Ů] ) } = {(= Ů= Ů=) Ů(= Ů= Ů]) Ů(= Ů ] Ů=) Ů (] Ů=) Ů (= Ů] Ů=) Ů (] Ů= Ů=) Ů (= Ů= Ů=) } = ! { (] Ů ] { (] Ů] Ů]) } = {(Ņ Ů]) Ů (Ń Ů]) Ů (Ł Ů] ) } = ‫ أ‬8 {(ń Ů=) Ů (Ł Ů=) Ů (ŀ Ů=) } = ‫ب‬

" MsZr e.N r MsZr " .& ‫ﺟ‬ ( EC)= F C = a z = E C iĔ U = /

/

/

-

∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM

Ɗ1 +gb @+;b 0o is_y i a g & ."r V zÊ s;N ly2B 'b .& 2z * / Ƌ y4zc#jĖ .' y d"1 ‫ب‬ Ƌ z 2Ob .' 2f ‫أ‬ Ƌ y4zc#jĖ r z 2Ob .' y ‫د‬ Ƌ z7j2Wb r z 2Ob .' y ‫ﺟ‬ Ƌ z 2Ob .' y Đ r y4zc#jĖ .' Đ 2f ‫ﻫ‬ ľĄĿí Ńń = " z 2Ob .' 2f " 1 +gb is_y i a g & ĿŬŁŁń = ŁĿĿ Ńń = " y4zc#jĖ .' y d"1" 1 +gb is_y i a g & ĿŬŁŁń = ŁĿĿ + ňń = " z7j2Wb r z 2Ob .' y" 1 +gb is_y i a g & ĿŬŅŁń = łĿŁĿĿ 2W> = (z) a = " y4zc#jĖ r z 2Ob .' y" 1 +gb is_y i a g & ń = " z 2Ob .' Đ r y4zc#jĖ .' Đ 2f " 1 +gb is_y i a g & ĿŬĿŁń = ŁĿĿ

ľĄ÷ Ņã Ľōîă

(١ - ٤) ‫ﺗﻤــــﺎرﻳــﻦ‬ -s6 z['b isb is_y .Zr Ůlzg#& .& M sj đ lf o1 z * qk_gyr z[& 2: wV b F R2y 1 Ƌ zj z b 2#;b XZsgb 0o wV kzOb CV dÍ f Ů zÊ k ½ r ƋlzyscOb gpzp"r wcN 2pKy f K&đfr -2j 2#& h -s[j OGZ [b 2# wV 2 Ƌ z Ē .&Ĕ lf đ^ Ê lzN h 2# b m0p G 2gb kzOb CV ^ ‫أ‬ Ƌƙw"r3 -.Nr ^ 1spJƚ .'b ½ Ƌƙł wcN g7[b d [y -.N 1spJƚ - .'b ½

Ƌƙt-2V -.Nr 1s> 1spJƚ C .'b ½ ƋƙŁ lf 2 ^ wbr -.N 1spJƚ ! .'b ½

ƋtscOb q"sb wcN 2o Kb -.Ob K&đfr lz zb f lz 2f -2j 2#& [b 2# wV 3 Ɗ zb b .&Ĕ lf đ^ Ê lzN Ƌƙň gpNsg#f ly-.N 1spJƚ .'b ½ ƋƙdZĔ wcN .& r 2f ł -.Ob 1spJƚ - .'b ½

Ƌƙlzyr 7 f ly-.N 1spJƚ C .'b ½ Ƌƙŀł gpNsg#f ly-.N 1spJƚ ! .'b ½

^ h Ů 2#: d_; U $ skb CV d f ƋlzWc +f lzgZ1 lf -¹ .N is^ {Ń Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ} e Z1Ĕ Nsg#f lf 4 Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ pkf lzÍ Nr U Ƌ yÊ -2V 2;Ob hZ1 is_y i .& ½ Ƌ yÊ -2V - &Ē hZ1 is_y i .& ½ Ƌ yÊ -2V 2;Ob hZ1 r - &Ē hZ1 is_y i .& - ½

Ƌ yÊ -2V lzgZ2b đ^ is_y i .& ! ½

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

113

∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

wcN d#7gb -.Ob L&sbr zÊ s;N .& r Z G '6 ŁĿ wb ŀ lf gZ2fr c g f Z G Ł p z[& 5 Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ ^ s'7gb Z G b "ŀŁ df sN lf df N d#7gb -.Ob " .& "ŀĿ lf 2 ^ r w"r3 d#7gb -.Ob " .& " ń ŮŁ ly-.Ocb XN Cf d#7gb -.Ob " .& - "ł wcN g7[b d [yr t-2V d#7gb -.Ob " .& ! "wbr d#7gb -.Ob " .& ¶o " ŀņ H ł - 5ńƅƅ ky gb \['y d#7gb -.Ob " .& r s'7gb Z G b - N Pf Ň wb ŀ lf gZ2fr c g f Z G Ň lz lf t2*Ĕ .O .& sb i Z G '6 6 Ɗ i ^ / r ? kzOb CV 2> kN -.N f Ů zj b Z G b '6 d Z Đ ¹ r "wbrĔ '7b wV -.Ob a f đ zj b '7b wV -.Ob " .& "ŀł lf 2 ^ ly-.Ob Msg#f " .& Ƌ`b/ 27V ? i zV k f i .& Ů C do Ů C lf đ^ Ê ^ d_; $ skb CV dÍ f _b r 1s?b P K&đfr zb f 2f đ -s[j OGZ [b 2# wV 7 Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ lzÍ N h Ůt2#: "2 ^Ĕ wcN lz ^ 1spJ " .& "dZĔ wcN lz ^ 1spJ " .& " đ b zf2b wV 1s> 1spJ e.N " .& "wbrĔ zf2b wV 1s> 1spJ " .& ! 2#'b tscOb q"sb wcN 2o Kb -.Ob r -s[kb OG[b tscOb q"sb K&đfr -2j 2#& h -s[j OGZ z[b 8 Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ ."r h t2#: d_; kzOb CV dÍ f Ů-2kb "t-2V -.Nr 1s> 1spJ " .& "w"r3 -.Nr ^ 1spJ " .& " H[V .'b MsZr " .& " MsZr e.N r MsZr e.N " .& ! " .'b MsZrr .'b MsZr " .& ¶o Ɗ GOgb "Ė lf 'z'?b "Ė 2 * Ɗso ń lf dZ t-2V -.N wcN as?'b a g & i V Ů .& r 2f hK kf -2j 2#& w[b / 9 ŀ ‫د‬ ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ ŀ ‫ب‬ Ł ‫أ‬ Ņ

ł

Ł

ń

-.Nr wbrĔ zf2b wV w"r3 -.N wcN as?'b a g & i V Ůlz zb f lz 2f hK kf -2j 2#& [b 2# wV 10 Ɗ so zj b zf2b wV wbr ŀ ‫د‬ ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ ŀ ‫ب‬ ŀ ‫أ‬ Ń

ň

Ņ

ł

Ɗi V 2C* 2^ ņ Ů 2g& 2^ ń Ů Cz 2^ ł q Yr.k> lf zÊ s;N 2^ '6 / 11 Ɗ so 2C* r Cz s'7gb 2_b is_ i a g & ŀ ‫د‬ ņ ‫ﺟ‬ Ł ‫ب‬ ŀ ‫أ‬ ŀń

ł

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

‫د‬ ‫ﻫ‬

Ɗ1 +gb @+;b is_y i a g & 7& \ 7b a gb wV 14 Ƌ zj gbĔ .' y ‫ب‬ Ƌ y4zc#jĖ .' y Đ ‫أ‬ Ƌ y4zc#jĖ .' 2f r z 2Ob .' y d"1 ‫د‬ Ƌ y4zc#jĖ r z7j2Wb .' 2f ‫ﺟ‬

Ł

167

‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺟ‬

ń

114


∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí -

∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM

i a g & i V Ů zÊ s;N Z G 2z * ň wb ŀ lf e Z1Ĕ dg' c g f Z G P7 wcN Yr.k> ts 'y 12 Ɗ so yÊ -2V gZ1 ¹ r ň -.Ob h7[y hZ1 s'7gb Z G b dg' ń ‫د‬ ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ ņ ‫ب‬ ŀ ‫أ‬ ň

Ł

ň

ł

( - C) a i V ĿŬŅ = ( )aŁ = (C) a Ů C i ^r Ů z s;N 2# b $ skb CV U lf lz .& Ů C i ^ / 13 Ɗtr 7y ĿŬŁ ‫د‬ ĿŬŃ ‫ﺟ‬ ĿŬł ‫ب‬ ĿŬŅ ‫أ‬

ŀł

ŀŁ

ŀŀ

ŀĿ

ň

a 7b hZ1

-

-

-

¶"

"Đ

ŀ ł

ŀ

= ( )a Ů Ł = ( C) a ‫أ‬ ŀ ŀ Ņ = (-)a Ů Ł ŀ Ł ł = (r)a Ů ł

ƊxscOb q"sb wcN -.Ob L&sbr ŀł ŮŀŁ Ůŀŀ ŮŀĿ Ůň ŮŇ - .NĔ qp"r wcN ^ hK kf -2j 2#& w[b 14 Ɗ zb b .&Ĕ lf d^ a g & 7& ‫أ‬ "Ƌwbr -.N 1spJ .&" ½

"Ƌt-2V -.N 1spJ .&" C ½

"ƋŀŁ lf 2 ^ -.N 1spJ .&" - ½

"Ƌw"r3 -.N 1spJ .&"! ½

"Ƌ.& r hZ1 lf is_f -.N 1spJ .&" r ½

"ƋlzgZ1 lf is_f -.N 1spJ .&" ¶o ½

ŀ Ņ

Ƌ(- E )a Ů Ů (r F ¶o)a Ů (! F C)a Ɗ 7& ‫ب‬

ŀ ŀŇ = ( ) a

Ɗi ^r Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV lf lzzV k f lz .& ŮC i ^ / 16 Ƌ( )a Ů(C)a 7& ĿŬŁń = ( - C) a ŮĿŬŅ = ( F C) a

ŀŀ ‫ب‬ ŁŃ = ( FC ) a / ŀł / ‫د‬ ŁŃ = ( E C) a

/

Ɗ z& Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV lf lz .& ŮC i ^ / 18 Ɗa g & 7& ƅĿŬŁ = ( E C)a Ůƅ( )ał = ( )a ŮƅĿŬŃ = (C)a Ƌ MsZr e.Nr C MsZr ‫ﺟ‬ Ƌ r C MsZr ‫ب‬ ƋH[V C MsZr ‫أ‬ /

7& Ƌ zÊ s;N .& r 2^ qkf '6 Ů 2W> ń Ů Z13 Ņ Ů 2g& Ń pkf qjscfr c g f 2^ q Yr.k> 19 Ɗ s'7gb 2_b is_ i a g & Ƌ 2W> Đr 2g& 7zb ‫ د‬Ƌ Z13 7zb ‫ﺟ‬ Ƌ 2W> r Z13 ‫ب‬ Ƌ 2g& ‫أ‬ Ƌ pzcN ir.gb -.Ob L&sbr zÊ s;N .& r Z G pkf '6 łĿ wb ŀ lf gZ2fr c g f Z G Nsg#f 20 Ɗdg' s'7gb Z G b is_ i a g & 7& ń wcN g7[b d [y -¹ .N ‫ب‬ ł wcN g7[b d [y -¹ .N ‫أ‬ ń r ł wcN g7[b d [y -¹ .N ‫د‬ ń r ł wcN g7[b d [y -¹ .N ‫ﺟ‬

115

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

= (¶o)a ŀ

, Ņ = (C)a 15

ĿŬłń = ( ) a Ů ĿŬŁń = (C) a 16

Ɗ."r ŀŃ = ( E C)a Ů łŇ = ( )a Ů ŀł = (C)a i ^r Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV lf lz .& ŮC i ^ / 17 ( E C)a ‫د‬ ( - C)a ‫ﺟ‬ ( F C)a ‫ب‬ ( C)a ‫أ‬ /

= (!) a

= (- E ) a ƅŀ= (r F ¶o) a ƅ ŀ= ( !F C ) a

Ɗ."r Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV {- Ů! Ů Ů C} = U i ^ / 15 ņ ŀŇ = (-)a = (!)a Ů( )a ł = (C) a i ^ / Ů ( )a Ů (C)a

/

14

ĿŬňń ‫ﺟ‬ ŀł ŀ łĿ Ů ŀń ł Ň

Ł ł

ĿŬŃń ‫ ب‬ƅƅĿŬŁ ‫أ‬

ŀ ŀ

Ł ń

17

‫ﺟ‬

ŀ ŀŁ = ( - C ) a

Ů Ņ Ů ł 20 ŀ

= (/C) a ‫أ‬

ł ŀŀ

18

Ń

Ů ń Ů ŀń Ů ŀń 19

ņ

ł

= (-)aƄƅ Ł = (!)aƄƅ Ň = ( )aƅƅ Ń = (C)a 21 ń ń ŀ ŀŇ ƅƅ łŅ ƅƅ Ņ 22 Ń

∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

Ɗ zb b .&Ĕ lf d^ a g & 7& Ƌ .& r 2f 4y g f -s[j PGZ đ z[b 21 ƋdZĔ wcN .& r 1s> 1spJ .& ½

Ƌlz 1s> r .& r 1s> 1spJ .& C ½

ƋdZĔ wcN lz zb f lz ^ 1spJ .& - ½

Ƌ2 ^Ĕ wcN 1s> 1spJ .& ! ½

a g & 7& Ů 2f d^ wV tscOb q"sb wcN 2pKy t0b -.Ob K&đfr lz 2f -2j 2#& [b 2# wV 22 Ɗ zb b .&Ĕ lf d^ Ň tr 7y lz zf2b wV ly-.Ob Msg#f .& ½

ƋwbrĔ zf2b wV Ń -.Ob 1spJ .& ½

ń xr 7y r lf dZ lz zf2b wV ly-.Ob Msg#f .& ½ P#;y hpkf Ů ?+: ŃĿ i ."r Ůt 2cb MđG 6 hpcg: ?+: ŅĿ lf is_ z s;N kzN Ƕơģš ƄǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 23 ¹ ¹ Ƌlzy- kb lf yÊ isO#;yĐ = +: Ň i r Ů g#kb t- j P#;y ?+: ŁŇr Ůađpb t- j ¹ ƊwO#;f lf 1 +gb @+;b is_y i a g & gV Ů kzOb - 2V lf zÊ s;N @+: 2z * / Ƌ O¹ f lzy- kb ‫ب‬ ƋdZĔ wcN lzy- kb .& ‫أ‬ ƋH[V lzy- kb .& ‫د‬ ƋH[V ađpb t- j ‫ﺟ‬ wcN 2o Kb -.Ob r -s[kb OG[b 2o Kb q"sb K&đfr hK kf -2j 2#& h -s[j OGZ [b 2# wV 24 7& Ƌ w"r3 -.N 1spJ .& Ů wbr -.Nr 1s> 1spJ .& so C i ^ / Ů-2kb 2#'b tscOb q"sb Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ lf đ^ Ê a g & 7& h Ů C lz .'b lf d^ É MsZr a g & O¹ f lz .'b MsZr ‫ب‬ dZĔ wcN lz .'b .& MsZr ‫أ‬ H[V lz .'b lf .& MsZr ‫د‬ H[V MsZr ‫ﺟ‬ wcN -.Ob is_y i a g & 7& ŮńĿ wb ŀ lf gZ2fr Ů c g f Z G ńĿ lf zÊ s;N .& r Z G '6 25 Ɗ s'7gb Z G b đf ^ O¹ 2f ‫ب‬ ņ -.Ocb ¹WN Cf ‫أ‬ ņ -.Ocb ¹WN Cf 8zbr Ůđf ^ O¹ 2f 8zb ‫د‬ đ ¹ ¹ f ^ O¹ 2fr ņ -.Ocb XN Cf ‫ﺟ‬ ĿŬŁŃ = ( - C) a Ů (C) a Ńń = ( )a ŮU z s;N 2# b $ sj CV lf lz .& ŮC i ^ / 26 ( F C) a Ů( F C) a Ů( ) a Ů( C ) a Ɗ ."r ĿŬŀń = ( C E ) a /

/

/

."sV Ůt2* ¹ G* Łń - y3 ^r Ů G* đ pkf ūŅĿ i ."sV Ů _b bĒ wcN ¹ G* ņń Y1 F ^ 27 i a g & ."r V Ů- y3r Y1 F G6 s q ^ h gf zÊ s;N G* 2z * / V Ů G* đ pkf ūŇĿ i Ɗ G+b 0o is_y Ƌ G+b ^ t0b so - y3 ‫ب‬ Ƌ G* đ ‫أ‬ Ƌ q ^ wV G* .Z Y1 F ‫د‬ Ƌq ^ wV G+y hb - y3 ‫ﺟ‬

ŀł

ĿŬŅ Ů ĿŬŃ Ů ŀń Ů ŀń 23 ņ ‫د‬ ŀŁ

ń ŀ Ł ƅƅ ŀŁ ‫ ﺟ‬ƅƅ ŀŁ ‫ ب‬ƅƅ ł ‫أ‬

ņ ‫ب‬ ńĿ = ( )a łņ ‫د‬ ńĿ = (-)a

ņ ńĿ = ( ) a ‫أ‬ ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ ńĿ = (!)a

24 25

( E C) a - ( )a + (C)a = ( F C) a a 26 ( ) a + [ ( E C ) a - (C) a ] = Ƅƅƅ (ɸ) ƅƅƅ ( ) a + ( - C )a = Ƅƅƅ (ɹ) ƅƅ(C ) a + (C - ) a = ( F C) a ` Cy ¹ i $ ky (ɹ) Ů (ɸ) lf (ɺ) (C )a + (C - ) a = ( )a + ( - C ) a Ɗi $ ky (ł) wV DysO b

ĿŬŅ = ( FC )a Ů ĿŬłŅ = ( )a Ů ĿŬŃń (C) a ĿŬņň = ( F C ) a /

/

( E¼ C)a 7& V ĿŬń = (¼ F¼ C) a ŮĿŬŇ = ( )a Ů ĿŬŅ = ( C )a ŮU kzN CV lf lz .& ŮC i ^ / 28 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

116

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

168


-

∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM (á©HGôdG IóMƒdG) áeÉY øjQÉ“

â d dTÐ

Êm\Aúm<

Êm\AÐ °<

ņń Łń ŀĿĿ

łĿ ń łń

Ńń ŁĿ Ņń

27

(‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ )اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬

:IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG Ɗ i V lz zb f lz 2f hK kf -2j 2#& [b 2# wV

Y1 F - y3 Msg#gb

ĿŬŅń = = G* đ G+b is_y i a g & ĿŬŁń = G+b ^ x0b so - y3 is_y i a g & ŁĿ ĿŬŁ = ŀĿĿ = q ^ {V G+y hb - y3 is_y i a g & ĿŬł =

Ɗso t2*Ĕ zf2b wV Ņ -.Ob r lz zf2b t.& wV ń -.Ob wcN as?'b a g & 2 ń ‫ﺟ‬ ŀ ‫ب‬ ŀ ‫أ‬

ŀ ‫د‬ ŀŇ

Ņń ŀĿĿ

łĿ ŀĿĿ

Ɗso zj b zf2b wV Ņ -.Ob r wbrĔ zf2b wV ń -.Ob wcN as?'b a g & 1 ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ ŀ ‫ب‬ ŀ ‫أ‬ łŅ łĿ ŁŃ

ŀ ‫د‬ Ņ

łŅ

Ņ

ŀŁ

Ɗso lz zf2b wV lzyr 7 f ly-.N wcN as?'b a g & 3 ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ ŀ ‫ب‬ ŀ ‫أ‬

ŀ ‫د‬ ŀŇ

Ņ

łŅ

ń

Ɗd [gb l d_; dcKgb 4#b lN 2 Oy t0b .'b 2 * Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV U lf i .& Ů C F F CƄ ‫ب‬ ( F C ) - UƄ ‫ أ‬4 C ( E C)Ƅ ‫د‬ ( F C) - UƄ ‫ﺟ‬ /

/

/

/

= q ^ G* .Z Y1 F is_y i a g &

/

C

F

/

: 6" r 5 l

/

/

a ŮU z s;N 2# b kzN CV lf lz .& ŮC i ^ / - ŀ Ł ŀ ł = ( E C)a Ů Ń = (C)

Ɗ lz z Ē lz b 'b wV ( )a ."r ƋlzzV k f lz .& ŮC Ɗ z¹ j C i ^ / ƊĐr a ŮU z s;N 2# b kzN CV lf lz .& Ů C i ^ / - Ł ń ŀ Ů ŀŁ = ( E C ) a Ů ŀŁ =( E C)

C

/

/

( E C)- UƄ ‫ب‬

F

F CƄ ‫ب‬

F CƄ ‫د‬

E CƄ ‫ أ‬5 ( F C)Ƅ ‫ﺟ‬

( E C)- ( F C)Ƅ ‫ أ‬6 ( F C) - UƄ ‫ﺟ‬

( E C) - UƄ ‫د‬

C

/

/

F

/

E CƄ ‫ب‬

( E C) - UƄ ‫ أ‬7 ( C - )F ( - C)Ƅ ‫ﺟ‬

/

( F C) - UƄ ‫د‬

Ů zj z 2#: d_; $ skb CV d f Ƌ lzWc +f lzgZ1 lf is_ y pkf d^ Ů- .N ŃłŁŀ -.Ob e Z1 lf is^ 8 Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ r $ skb CV ^ h Ƌ" zbrĔ - .NĔ Nsg#f " .& Ƌ"ł wcN g7[b d [ w b - .NĔ Nsg#f " .& Ƌ"ń r ł wcN g7[b d [ w b - .NĔ Nsg#f " .& ! Ƌ" 2;Ob XOB - &Ē p w b - .NĔ Nsg#f " .& is_y i a g & 7& ŮtscOb q"sb wcN 2o Kb -.Ob K&đfr Ů .& r 2f -2j 2#& [b 2# wV 9 Ɗ 2o Kb -.Ob ł wcN g7[b d [y yÊ -2V ‫ﺟ‬ Ņ df sN lf ‫ب‬ zÊ br ‫أ‬ p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

119

ŀ

( E C)a Ů ( )a Ů(C)a Ɗlf đ^ ."r Ń = ( F C)a : S 6f 2*yf }gR k Sf r 5 l f &

ņ

Ņ

ń

Ń

ł

Ł

ŀ

a 7b hZ1

¶"

-

¶"

-

¶"

"Đ

{Ńł ŮŁł Ůŀł ŮŃŀ Ůłŀ} = 8 {ŁŃ ŮŃŁ ŮŀŁ ŮŁŀ} = z=! {ŁŃ ŮŀŁ} = Ł ‫ب‬ ŀ ƅ ł ƅƅ Ł ‫ أ‬9

ŀ ‫ﺟ‬ Ņ

C= -C

z=C-

= FC

ĿŬł = ( E C) a

z = E C

C

= EC

ĿŬŃ = (C - )a ĿŬņ = ( F C) a ¶"

ĿŬł ( - C) a 2W> = ( E C) a ĿŬň = ( F C) a

-

/

Ł ł

169

= 5 z¹ j

ĿŬł = ( ) a 11 ŀ Ņ = 5 Đr ‫ أ‬12 ŀ ŀŁ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

=C- ½

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

=C- ½

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

= -C ½

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

= EC ½

Ɗi V C i ^ / ‫ب‬ = FC ½

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

= ( E C) ½

Ɗi V ĿŬŀ = ( E C) a Ů ĿŬń = ( )a Ů ĿŬł = (C)a i ^ / ‫ﺟ‬ = ( E C)a ½ /

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

/

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

= (C - )a ½

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

= ( F C)a ½

Ɗi V ĿŬŃ = ( )a ŮĿŬņ = ( C)a Ů z = E C i ^ / ‫د‬ /

/

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

= ( - C)a ½

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

= ( E C)a ½

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

= ( F C)a ½

H[V MsZr a g & Ů ŀŁ = (C)a Ů C i ^r Ů z s;N 2# b U kzOb CV lf lz .& ŮC i ^ / 11 Ƌ MsZr e.N a g & 7& ƋĿŬŁ xr 7y i ^r ŮU wcN V2Of a g & b - a Ů z s;N 2# b U kzOb CV lf lz .& ŮC i ^ / 12 ŀ = /( F C)a Ů5 = ( )a Ů Ů ŀ = (C)a ł Ł

10

= C-

∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

Ƌ z s;N 2# b U kzOb CV lf lz .& ŮC i ^ / 10 :=L + & b 3 3f R) n <' D&G ƊlzzV k f lz .& ŮC i ^ / ‫أ‬

‫ب‬

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

Ƌ C ½

Ƌi zV k f i .& ŮC ½

Ɗi ^ / 5 gzZ ."r ‫أ‬

Ƌ( E C)a ."r V ŀŃ = 5 j ^ / ‫ب‬ pc fr Ů z Ē .&Ĕ lf d_b yÊ 4f1 2z O HN Ů z s;N 2# b U kzOb CV lf lz .& ŮC i ^ / 13 ¹ Ɗl d_; Ƌ r C lz .'b t MsZr ‫ب‬ Ƌ MsZr e.N r C MsZr ‫د‬ ƋH[V go.& MsZr ‫و‬

ƋC .'b MsZr e.N ‫أ‬ ƋH[V .'b MsZr ‫ﺟ‬ Ƌ O¹ f lz .'b MsZr e.N ‫ﻫ‬

kzOb CV dÍ f Ů _b r 1s?b P K&đfr Ů zb f 2f đ gK kf -s[j OGZ [b 2# wV 14 Ɗ zb b .&Ĕ lf d^ a g & 7& h Ů zj z b 2#;b 2# b m0pb Ƌƙ2 ^Ĕ wcN lz 1s> 1spJƚ .'b ‫ب‬ zf2b wV q"sb 8Wj 1spJƚ - .'b ‫د‬

ƋƙH[V lz 1s> 1spJƚ C .'b ‫أ‬ Ƌƙ2 ^Ĕ wcN .& r ^ 1spJƚ ! .'b ‫ﺟ‬ Ƌƙ đ b

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

120


∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí F

(á©HGôdG IóMƒdG) áeÉY øjQÉ“

F

‫ب‬

ƋtscOb q"sb wcN 2pKy t0b -.Ob K&đfr lz zb f lz 2f -2j 2#& [b 2# wV 15

‫أ‬

13

Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ lf đ^ U kzOb CV d gy zÊ 6.ko đ_: h61 ‫أ‬ Ê qzcN 'Bsf ¹ ¹ ƋƙŅ lf 2 ^ r t-2V hpNsg#f ly-.N wcN as?'b ƚ C .'b ½

Ƌƙń H pNsg#fr Ł go.& ly-.N wcN as?'b ƚ .'b ½ Ƌƙlzyr 7 f ly-.N wcN as?'b ƚ ! .'b ½ ?wk f wk f zV k f ! Ů ŮC .&Ĕ t ‫ب‬

F

C FC

C /

‫د‬

Ƌ(! - )aƄŮƄ (! F C)aƄŮƄ(! E )aƄŮƄ( F C)a Ɗ lf d^ 7& ‫ﺟ‬ /

hZ2b K&đfr Ůađ&Ė Pf t2*Ē .O .& sb i Z G '6 Ņ wb Ł lf gZ2f c g f Z G 8g* 16 Ɗa g & ."r ƋlzgZ2b / k_ggb - .NĔ Pzg" lys_ b pzcN d#7gb Ƌ yÊ -2V -¹ .N 2;Ob hZ1 is_y i ‫ب‬

Ƌ zÊ br -¹ .N - &Ĕ hZ1 is_y i ‫أ‬

/

Ƌ yÊ -2V -¹ .N 2;Ob hZ1 r zÊ br -¹ .N - &Ĕ hZ1 is_y i ‫ﺟ‬

C

ǶũģŐƒ â d dTÐ

bw|XÌ

<íÚíÌ

<|K

ňŃ

ŀń

Ńņ

łŁ

ŀĿŅ

ŁĿ

Ņł

Łł

ŁĿĿ

łń

ŀŀĿ

ńń

?Ú ÒzgG

â d dTÐ

Ƌ z_y2f .z6 ‫ب‬ Ƌ z r1r r z 2N z7k" r/ ‫د‬

sCb r s?b Mr2;f Ar2N .& wV 18 Wc +f z7k" lf @+: ŁĿĿ 2C& e2pb 2z * / V Ů w Ē ar.#b (Bsf hpj z Z G \y2F lN zÊ s;N ly2B 'b .& Ƌ y1 ^0 4 " q'kgb hp > +b as*.b 1 +gb @+;b is_y i a g & ."r ‫أ‬ Ƌ zÊ r1r đ"1 ¹ Ƌ .z6 ‫ﺟ‬

F

Ɗi ^r Ů f z s;N 2# b kzN CV Ů{! Ů ŮC} = U i ^ / 19 (!) a Ů ( )a Ů ( C )a Ɗ."r V (!)aŀŁ = ( )aŀń = ( C )aŁĿ ¼

121

p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ f Kf b

¼

C

(C - ) F ( - C) ŀ Ń

C

( E C) -

‫و‬

ƋH[V C Wz'?b ‫أ‬

‫ﺟ‬

/

i 2[y = +: ň Ů Wz'?b i 2[y ŁŃ ŮC Wz'?b i 2[y ?+: Łņ i ."r Ů ?+: ńĿ lf kzN wV 17 ¹ ¹ Ƌ1 +gb @+;b 2[y i a g & ."r Ƌ zÊ s;N kzOb m0o lf .& r @+: 2z * Ƌ O¹ f lz Wz'?b ƋdZĔ wcN lz Wz'?b t.& ‫ب‬

C

(C - ) = F C F

ƼŨƜ

F

ŀ = (-) aƄƅ Ł

/

ņ = (!)aƄƅ Ň

‫ﻫ‬

C /

F C = ( E C) /

ł

= ( ) aƄƅ Ň = (C) a 14

C

zj b zf2b

‫أ‬

15

z

wbrĔ zf2b z = E C ‫ب‬

i zV k f i .& ŮC ` i zV k f i .& ! Ů C ` ŀ łŅ

z=!EC

= (! E ) a ŀ ň

= (! - ) a ŀň ‫ﺟ‬ Łń

ŀņ ‫ﺟ‬ łŅ = ( F C) a ŀ / Ł = (! F C) a Ł‫ب‬ ł ń ń ‫أ‬

16

ĿŬŃŇ ‫ ب‬ƅƅĿŬłŅ ‫أ‬

17

ĿŬŃŇ ‫ ب‬ƅƅĿŬłŅ ‫أ‬

18

ĿŬŇŁń ‫ د‬ƅƅĿŬńł ‫ﺟ‬ ń ‫ﺟ‬ ŀŁ = (!)a

ŀ ƅ ł = ( )a ‫ب‬

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

ŀ Ń = ( )a ‫أ‬

19

170


-

∫ɪàM’G ÜÉ°ùM ∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí

z = E C ` 2W> = ( E C ) a ( ) a + (C) a = ( F C) a

ĿŬŁ = ( ) a `

‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﻰ‬

:≈JCÉj Ée πªcCG

( ) a + ĿŬńń = ĿŬņń

= U $ skb CV i V tscOb q"sb wcN 2o Kb -.Ob K&đfr Ů .& r 2f hK kf -2j 2#& [b .kN ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = 2 ^Ĕ wcN 1s> 1spJ .& i V ŮtscOb q"sb K&đfr Ůlz zb f lz 2f zj.Of -s[j OGZ [b .kN ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = wbr -.N 1spJ .& i V gpkf d_b tscOb q"sb K&đfr -s[j OGZ h hK kf -2j 2#& [b .kN ly-.Ob Msg#f " .& i V Ů 2f d^ wV tscOb q"sb K&đfr lz zb f lz 2f hK kf -2j 2#& [b .kN ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = "ń tr 7y ly2o Kb .& i V Z G b wcN 2o Kb -.Ob K&đfr ŁĿ wb ŀ lf gZ2fr c g f Z G ŁĿ lf Z G '6 .kN ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ= " ł wcN g7[b d [y 2o Kb -.Ob ƚ lz 1s> 1spJ" .& i V Ů _b r 1s?b P K&đfr zb f 2f đ -s[j OGZ [b .kN ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ = "H Cb ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

= F C i V C i ^ / ‫ب‬ ĿŬņń = ( F C ) a = ( ) a ` ĿŬŁ = (C - ) a i ^ / ‫ﺟ‬ ĿŬŁ = ( E C) a - ( ) a ` ĿŬŃń = ĿŬŁń + ĿŬŁ = ( ) a

2 3 4 5 6

Ƌ ( C)a ."r V (C)a ł = ( C)a i ^r Ů z s;N 2# b $ skb CV U z& U C i ^ / 7 /

/

is_y i a g & ."r Ů zÊ s;N .& r Z G qkf '6 ŁĿ wb ŀ lf gZ2fr Ů c g f Z G ŁĿ q Yr.k> 8 Ɗ s'7gb Z G b wcN s _gb -.Ob

ŀŃ + ŀň = 7j2V r z6r1 lf ( 7b is_y i a g & ‫أ‬ ńĿ

ŀŁ -.Ob df sN lf ‫ﺟ‬

12

ŀĿ lf 2 ^ zÊ br ‫ب‬

Ņ wcN g7[b d [y ‫أ‬

ĿŬŅ = ( )a Ů ĿŬņń = (C)a Ů ĿŬŇń = ( F C ) a Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV U lf lz .& Ů C i ^ / 9 Ɗ."r /

ĿŬŅŅ =ƅƅƅ ŀņ + ŀň ńĿ

1

( F C ) a ‫ﺟ‬ /

/

( E C ) a ‫ب‬ /

( E C ) a ‫أ‬

MsZr .& a g & r Ů ( )a Łł = ( C ) a i ^ / V Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV U lf lz .& Ů C i ^ / 10

= 7j2V lf 8zb ( 7b is_y i a g & ‫ب‬

a g & ."r V ĿŬŅ tr 7y "dZĔ wcN go.& MsZr" .& a g & Ů ĿŬņń tr 7y 2 ^Ĕ wcN go.& Ɗ z Ē .&Ĕ ƋC MsZr e.N r MsZr ‫ﺟ‬ ƋH[V lz .'b .& MsZr ‫ب‬ Ƌ O¹ f gpNsZr a g & ‫أ‬

ĿŬņŁ =ƅƅƅ

( ) a ."r V ĿŬŃń =( F C)a łń = ( C) a i ^ / V Ů z s;N 2# b kzN CV U lf lz .& Ů C i ^ / 11 Ɗ z Đ Đ 'b wV /

ŀ= (U) a = 1r lf ( 7b is_y i a g & ‫ﺟ‬

ĿŬŁ = (C - )a ‫ﺟ‬

C ‫ب‬

i zV k f i .& ŮC ‫أ‬

Ů 7j2V lf ' 6 ŀŃ Ů zb Gy lf ' 6 ŀņ Ů z6r1 lf ' 6 ŀň lf is_f w& z6 !sV ǶũģŐƑǤģś ƤśƄǤĝ 12 ¹ ¹ ¹ Ɗ( 7b is_y i a g & 7& Ů zÊ s;N ho.& 2z *

2W> = (z)a = .kbso lf ( 7b is_y i a g & ‫د‬

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b 122 a g & Ů (C) a = LV 'gb 1sC& a g & i A2Wy 13 ( ) a = e Ob 2y.gb 1sC& lb 6 5 . & ĿŬņń = ( E C ) a Ů ĿŬň = ( ) a Ů ĿŬŇ = (C) a ` {Ņ Ůń ŮŃ Ůł ŮŁ Ůŀ } = U 1 ( - C )a = H[V LV 'gb 1sC& a g & - {(] Ů]) Ů (= Ů]) Ů (] Ů=)} = U 2 ĿŬĿń = ( E C ) a- (C) a = ( FC ) a = dZĔ wcN go.& 1sC& a g & - {(] ŮY) Ů(= Ůń) Ů(] Ůł) Ů(= Ůł) Ů (] ŮŁ) Ů (= ŮŁ)} = U 3 {(Ń Ůŀ) Ů(ł Ůł) Ů(ł ŮŁ) Ů (Ń Ůŀ)} = U 4 ĿŬňń = ĿŬņń - ĿŬň + ĿŬŇ = {ŀŇŮŀńŮŀŁŮňŮŅŮł} = U 5 ( E C ) a = Of go1sC& e.N a g & - ¶" {(= Ů = Ů]) Ů (= Ů] Ů=) Ů (] Ů= Ů=)} 6 ĿŬŁń = ĿŬņń - ŀ =

( F C ) a - ( ) a + (C) a = ( E C ) a 14 ĿŬŃ = ĿŬň - ĿŬņ + ĿŬŅ = ( E C ) a - (C) a = ( - C ) a = ( E C ) a - ĿŬŁ = ĿŬŃ - ĿŬŅ = ( EC ) a - ( F C ) a = (C - ) a + ( -C ) a - ¶" ĿŬń = ĿŬŃ - ĿŬň = ņ (C)a-ŀ ņ ( C)a ł = ( )a ł = ( ) a 15 C C ĿŬł = (C) a ` ( )ał - ł = ( )a Ł` ( ) ał = ( ) aŁ a ĿŬŅ = ( ) a `

ł Ń

ł

ĿŬŀń = ŁĿ = Ņ wcN g7[b -.Ob d [y i a g & ‫أ‬

8

ŀ ĿŬŁ = ń = ŀĿ lf 2 ^ z¹ br is_y i a g & ‫ب‬ Ņ ĿŬł = ŁĿ = ŀŁ -.Ob df sN lf is_y i a g & ‫ﺟ‬

/

171

7

}p #f Ǿ 52f hC[f ˝ mgSȞ h f1

ĿŬņ ‫ ﺟ‬ƅĿŬŃń ‫ ب‬ƅƅĿŬł ‫أ‬

9

ňŀ ‫ ﺟ‬ƄƅĿŬłń ‫ ب‬ƄƅĿŬŁń ‫ أ‬10 ĿŬńń = (C) a 11 ĿŬŃń * ń ĿŬņń = = ( F C ) a ł ƋlzzV k f lz .& Ů C i ^ / ‫أ‬


∫ɪàM’G ôĬñíĎĿí óĊ ăŎ Ŀí ≈ªcGôJ QÉÑàNG

Ƌ 7j2V lf 8zb ‫ب‬

Ƌ 7j2V lf r z6r1 lf ‫أ‬ Ƌ r1r lf ‫ﺟ‬

Ƌ .kbso lf ‫د‬

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um Ɓ 8h ³Ŧ Ŧ j ŦƁ Ŧ j Ŧ uj s P Daire, S. and other, Geometry U.S.A, prentice Hall P Edward D. Gaughan and others, (1982) Algebra, Second course 1982, Scott Foresman. P Eleanor Beoher and other, Advanced Algebra, U.S.A Prentice Hall P Ernest, H. Richard, P., (2005) and others, Introductory mathematical Analysis, Eleventh Edition, pearson, prentice Hall. P G.N YAkovlEv, (1982) Problem Book in High school mathematics, Mir Publishers, moscow. P George, B., Maurice, D., Joet, R(2011). thomas’ colulus, twelfth Edition. P J.F Talgert and H.H.Heng, (1992) Additional Mathematics, FiFth Edition, Longman ingapore publishers (Ptc) limited. P John J . Bradiy and other, Algebra, U.S.A, prentice Hall, Zolo P Larson, R.(2013). Precalculus, q the Edition, Brooks cole. P McGraw-Hill, (2005). Advanced Mathematical calconcepts: Precalculus with Applications, 1st Edition. P Randall I . Charles and others, (2010) Math Corse 3 . U.S.A, prentice Hall P Rayner, General D.(1984) Mathemematics, Revision and Practice, Second edition, oxford university press. P Stewart, J (2012) calculus: Early transcendentals P Sullivan, M.(1996). Mathematics: An Applied Apprach, 8th Edition, John wileyand sone, inc. P Sullivan, M., (2015) Trigonometry: A unit circle Approach, pearson education, Canda. P Vernon, C, Richard, A (2012) college Algebra and trigonometry .

‫ﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬R‫ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ا‬:‫ﺛﺎﻧ ًﻴﺎ‬ (http://geogebra.org/com) (http://www.pedowan.dk) (http:// www. phschool.com) www.NCTM.org http://www.keycurriculum.com/products/ sketchpad

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:7 + C P6 , A;( l&+8% : @ ^+ V> N8 h+L :7 + C P6 X8B% £ − ¥ £ − F 1L £ − £ , A;( l&+8%

/81¥ : 6 78¥ _5 , A;( l&+8% 4° ] 4°8_] , A;( l&+8% 4°8_] #°"1( , f81%

Ľîńøăśí

− w&; − MI -8 − ¦] ( _5 § # ")+ l&+8%

I _ 0 4°8_ V 1_ ¹ 4°8_] #°"1( , f81%

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

182


s9 Ŧ ŦŰ Ŧ `fi xlkj Ŧ ub: łœŎĸøĿí ðŔĿîēã

ĒœčĊøĿí õîŔĀŔ÷íÃēí

łŔŋîĴÎí

:%&%&/8 0 : A;^ :"o35 6 )8 !+ − '&$ /) − :^ 7) −& r8 4 +( −& r8 F3 8( −& r8 {> C 7 60 L : )N 0 :% &; :-%&M − 0 +8 "+8 − 7 −w -8iW :" : −w -8i] 40 _ 7 6 :7)P8) :"o35 0 − : I L783] :-%&M − : @ &-83] − V&P J _ − 05 :-8^) :"o35 ` 0 ,4 ( B Q LM8 /

I=? ) l ^8 ] "+ ( B −: 1B :-8^( −:)1- \> Y ' _ 6 {> " ' >

: )?0 :% &6 :%&%&/ 0 : A;i :"o3 − =? ) l ^8 ] − 0 +8 "+8 :M^ 5 0 {> + 0 C 7 0 L 7 !+ − : I L783] :-%&M I#WB^) _ − :^ 7) − > L8Y 0 :( .%> ) − :_&8-) I' _ :% A 6 ) &

183

mgSȞ b

−# L ) − 4 )8_ − C !_ J0 − w >05 0 w 1 FMf( − y8^ − :%c &( : c − # L " M > − M > − # + > : @ ^ : &N − + & ) − :+M − O 7 C P6 − :7 + C P6 − F 1 _ − _ − & &N_ − - ( _ − X &( _ − 0 " # ")+ − /81( _ − : 6 78( _ − _5


: g8 Ŧ tm s Ţ ūůsj

(‫)اﻟﺠﺒﺮ‬

(‫ول )ﻓﺼﻞ دراﺳﻰ أول‬A‫اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ا‬ :IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNCG :∫hC’G ∫GDƒ°ùdG : : T 4 Bi5 . .( : )% B^ 1

‫ﺟ‬

‫د‬

− − − −

‫أ‬

− −

‫ب‬

− − − −

− − − −

: · > |{| :7% L8) _ : )N( 2

‫د‬

· , · − − e

· , · − − e

‫ﺟ‬

·>{>·− ‫ب‬

{·} ‫أ‬

0 1 { q6 = Ł5

‫د‬

‫ﺟ‬

‫ب‬

ł

ł

a 3 ¯ ‫أ‬

Ɗtr 7 1s> H7 wV Łņ łsb 4

‫د‬

‫ﺟ‬

‫ب‬

¯ ‫أ‬ :»fÉãdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG

I A 3 . XL =b = h =737 V+ :DI & D<C =b 1

I B^ :( 3&) : ' X8 ‫أ‬

&I G/ 0 : ( ?0 ‫ب‬

− − − − −

I` a & z 0 :% &6 0 : ?0U A G _ .( : . ‫ﺟ‬ :ådÉãdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG

= { + − { Q-/ 8 { :) ?0[6 { = { y a ‫أ‬ · = |¯− {| :: +) _ : )N( ?0 ‫ب‬ :™HGôdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG ¯ = ¯ sb − ń ·

¯ sb : yL ‫أ‬ sb + ·

·

·

I &I G/ 0 : ( 3& .( O8783 0 − { = { G _ : 7/7( 3>

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

‫ب‬

184


: g8 Ŧ tm s Ţ ūůsj

(‫)ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ وﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎت‬

(‫اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ )ﻓﺼﻞ دراﺳﻰ أول‬ :á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG :IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNCG :∫hC’G ∫GDƒ°ùdG

C − {

= C i V Ń = ‫ﺟ‬

‫د‬

−{

·

É```¡f

!{

‫ب‬

‫ﺟ‬

¯· /

¯ − ¯{ É```¡f {· − { ' !{

‫ب‬ /

V _ + C _ ‫د‬

/

/

/

Ł+

¶"

V _ − C _ ‫ﺟ‬

V _ + C _ ‫ب‬

łŁ ‫ﺟ‬

c gb wV 3

V _ + C _ ‫أ‬ : 0 1

ŇĿ ‫د‬

2

Ł ‫أ‬

Ł ¶" C = ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ɗi V = = C i V ¶" C ? _ ? _ V _ C _ /

i ^ / 1 ‫أ‬

=

:% A : " 2 ‫د‬

=

· − ·{

− {

ń ‫ب‬

= É```¡f !{

4

− ‫أ‬

Ɗtr 7 h6ŀĿ Ů h6Ň Ů h6Ņ qNđB a sF t0b c gb 5r 2 2g w b 2 .b (G6 :_ 1( 5 Łh6 r ŀĿĿ

‫د‬

Łh6 r Łń

‫ﺟ‬

Łh6 r ŀŅ

‫ب‬

Łh6 r ň

‫أ‬

:»fÉãdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG : ! 1 {¯ − · + {

− { + { = É```¡f −{ !{

= É```¡f ‫ب‬ ' !{

‫أ‬

3 = ? , 3 · = V , 3 = C = 6 ? V C G" ) 6 :%0 U &L { ?0 2 :ådÉãdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG : ! 1 { _ + {

=

É```¡f

r

‫ب‬

{

!

cŅŃ = ( c) X ŮcńŇ = ( Cc) X Ůh6Ň = '¶" qzV t0b ¶" C

185

mgSȞ b

− −{ −{

=

É```¡f

!{

‫أ‬

c gb wV yr 3 2 ^ 5 zZ ."r 2


: g8 Ŧ tm s Ţ ūůsj :™HGôdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG : ! 1 ¯−{ + −{

¯−{ + −{¯

=

É```¡f

− ¯{ − {¯

‫ب‬

' !{

=

Ƌq'G6 & 7f ."r h lzZ 7b tr 7 f c gb i ¯ = ¶" & Ůh6ņ = ' Ů h6Ņ = ' C qzV

‫أ‬

c f ¶" C 2

(‫)اﻟﺠﺒﺮ‬

É```¡f

!{

(‫اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ )ﻓﺼﻞ دراﺳﻰ ﺛﺎﻧﻰ‬ :á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG :á«JB’G äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG :∫hC’G ∫GDƒ°ùdG

: 0 1% &^ 2( f 0 2( f .% / . − K = e G _ e :+ 88)" 1/ F3 1 K

ŀň ‫د‬

ŀĿ ‫ﺟ‬

ŀń ‫ب‬

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

ŁĿ ‫د‬

ŀń ‫ﺟ‬

K

= K q6 =

ń ‫أ‬ K

ŅĿ ‫ﺟ‬

: a 2

ŀĿ ‫ب‬ IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

ņĿ ‫د‬

Ł

− K

ń ‫أ‬ = ¯

ńĿ ‫ب‬

' ¯={

ŃĿ ‫أ‬

S

Ł

‫د‬

‫ﺟ‬

‫ب‬

3

Ņ

¯ =S

4

‫أ‬

:≈fÉãdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG V − :) ?0[6 : 1_ :+ 88( .( 0 _ V , , C , ¯ y a 1 III , , ,

I: 3 7A :+ 88) .( 05 0 _ :+L1 )N( ?0 2

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

186


: g8 Ŧ tm s Ţ ūůsj :™HGôdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG IIIIIIII + + + : 1/ :"1"18) 6 M3 8 / .( CF 8 05 F _ )N( ?0 1 I# "M7 ¯0 !) . .( "M7 0 ) C > .B)% :-%&I B 2

(‫)اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ واﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬

(‫اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ )ﻓﺼﻞ دراﺳﻰ ﺛﺎﻧﻰ‬ :á«JB’G á∏Ä°SC’G øY ÖLCG IÉ£©ªdG äÉHÉLE’G ø«H øe áë«ë°üdG áHÉLE’G ôàNG :∫hC’G ∫GDƒ°ùdG

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

Ł

‫د‬

¯

‫ﺟ‬

ŀ

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

0 1% = { 7 + { = { G _ : & r 4 +( 1

Ł- ‫ب‬

ŀ- ‫أ‬

= C 4 q6 · = V F C 4 , = V 4 0 6 78( _ V , C a 2

‫د‬

‫ﺟ‬

¯

‫ب‬

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

{

{

‫د‬

{

‫ﺟ‬

‫ب‬

= 5Ł

‫أ‬ E

{E

3

5 Ł ‫أ‬

= { 7 # 7 1 > /) X? ) N 5 M( − { = 7/7)" { )) A+7!% 8 :L? ) :%0 c { 4 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

r ‫ﺟ‬

r ‫د‬

r ‫ب‬

¯

: 0 1%

r ‫أ‬

:≈fÉãdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG = { 7 + { = { G _ : & r 4 +( ?0 1 , C 4¯ = V 4 :G _ l :7 + C P6 " :6&+( 4 )8_ : 4 , : @ ^ : &N8 :7 C P6 .( _ V , C 2 Ɗi ^ / ( ) a Ů ( C) a ."r ‫ب‬

187

mgSȞ b

ĿŬņŁ = ( F C) a i zV k f i .& Ů ‫أ‬


: g8 Ŧ tm s Ţ ūůsj :ådÉãdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG 7 · + { − ¯{ = { G _ : " # 7 1 > /) X? ) N ] M( { )) A+7!% 8 :%0 c { ?0 1 · , − :M-7 :G _ : @ ^ :7 C P6 .( . _ V ,C a 2 È = V E C 4

,

C 4 ¯ = C 4

,

È = V 4 :4 )8_ X1_

Ƌ MsZr e.Nr C MsZr e.N ‫ب‬

ƋH[V MsZr ‫أ‬

:™HGôdG ∫GDƒ°ùdG = " :+ ¯ , :M-7 7 V + { C + { = 7/7)" { )) ( a V ,C . 8 .( :) ?0 1 · 0 1

: ?0 2 { E ·

+ ¯{

+ { − ¯{

)

‫ب‬

5 E ( 5 – 5ł)5

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

‫أ‬

188


: g8 Ŧ tm s Ţ ūůsj ] ( " ] ,= 7-8%0 VWM =6&+% ( " c &8 I= 7-8% 0 = 6&+% 2B+ , A( , ( A+$ !/8 " VWM c;_ I A? :) äGQÉ¡e ≈∏Y õ«côàdG »a AGOC’G º««≤J ΩGóîà°SG :∫ÓN øe ∂dPh ,É«∏©dG ô«μØàdG F &B;( X M > !% C 5 - " c &8 F I @ 1)" ] _0

_ : ; ] ,# $ %& M( X M ( + : ; % / IF-6 @ 1) ΩÉ¡ªdG ¬Ñ°ûJ ≈àdG ᫪jƒ≤àdG ᣰûfC’G Ωób :∫ÓN øe ∂dPh ,á«eƒ«dG , l 9& MRCL =' &+ ' MC?H l #'$ :\B 1 K U

) 6 : 1%> 8 :M^ :A ^8( :M^ , f83 I -8 I "+8 [ 6 : )% -8 :M^ 5 , f83 A \ 8/% 8 :%> ; : " !;8 :+? & :% r8 % - I "+8 # ") [8 VWM :∫ÓN øe ∂dPh ,º««≤àdG äÉ«∏ªY »a ÖdÉW πc ∑ô°TCG

I A ) ~& " VWM M N^ Il 5 Q -/ 6 : > ^) " VWM M N^

‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ أداء اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت‬ :¬H ¥ƒKƒe º««≤J Ωɶf ôjƒ£Jh AÉ°ûfE’ äÉ¡«LƒJ I'&)81( : ") = w ( - , H &% M 0 C ^ s ? :L3 7( , 05 :" 7( , -8 # 0 h+ &AH

+ : +60 ' ? &Y # 0 &AH 0 ,= WM 0 "+)" =1; y 60 , A7 1/ 0 AL%&N :J&6 "+)" e 8 I. +( ) "+ ) 0 ( 81) :/ J & z # 0 7 # A ? 8 h+ . )"+) 7@W(U % . MP 7 0 I ( O( &L -8 \a ) > 8Y 7 ' ;( B 8 :å«ëH ∂aGógCG ≥≤ëj iòdG º««≤àdG êPƒªf ΩGóîà°SG

` M+%0 , A8( f83 8 "+8 w&M :+? &( .( % 8/( % + 0 &H7 ' 6 A7( ;81 8 @] I "+8 : ") : &30 :6 $E , ( 4 N( 6 :_ N7 F [ X M" .( % I &Y #] N( 6 V "M) . 1/8 % /

I:3 )"( : + 0 O@ 8 A " l> +8) -8 H .( ÜÓ£∏d á«HÉéjEG IôÑN º««≤àdG á«∏ªY øe π©LG :∫ÓN øe ∂dPh I -8" : 7( X 3 , f83 6 : $ %& A B( A 6 $&+% VWM" &6 & 6 I P65 C 5 t)1% ?

‫اﺳﺘﻄﻼع رأى اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ I`3 1_ ! 8 : f ;3 ፝ :(W M$ : 8 # > L+ .( '> L B v 3+ ? ^

tE k)I

tE ;w)

R) I# $ %& ' ( 6 É /"( B^ , - I @ 1) .( & _ 6 ' 1) \ 8_ : / ) M )? 6 ' @ 6 A # $ %& : H;" @ 1) A6

@ 1) H+( _ M M83

@ 1) _ 6 ' % ? # N &83 X%&N P6 # $ %& :3 > .( : A1 U L_E V J # $ %& ' ) H7( &86 :+8)( # $ %& -8

? a ) 0 ?`% :"P;) # $ %& ( I !; = )+% P;

F 0&^( J I# $ %& A 6 y( f83 0 ,:3> ) \> Y A83> ( 8 :M^ 5 h+L :)@ X8

189

mgSȞ b


: g8 Ŧ tm s Ţ ūůsj :‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ذاﺗﻰ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ‬ ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ Ɗ\y2Wb g6 y7 a ¯ &% -8 0 ,'> L+ " Q6 y7 a `8 )N) &% -8 F ,: 8 # > L+ .( '> L F ? & a @W( & z 7+ 0 , , f83 0 ,Q6 ] y7 a &% -8 0 , ( s _ Q6 ] y7 a &% -8 0 , ( Ë _ Q6

I`8 )N) J0 B ' _ 0 : N83 U _ I ) " QLM7 ] '> L+ y ;PB " g ib " g ib " g = Q ib ib R) = Q IIIIII : )N) C P ,

¯

I A . ;"B) , A) 0cN

,

¯

:)A) .( ~&r F ? )A6

,

¯

:)A) _ F ? )A6

,

¯

I &Y5 > B65 .( F ? +)83

,

¯

I:i ^) > B65 0 :+? > :% r (

,

¯

I:+ )N )+ c AN 6 0 +

,

¯

IQ 1 , .( A ; "B -83

,

¯

I: )N) " > B6 $&

,

¯

I:? / 7 h+L AP+ M( ) ;

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ y)"+ ,Q%&6 M( )+ 4WY .(

‫ﺳﺠﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ‬ :i+" 6 &$

_ 4 J " +F ( Q%&; C P ) J ,# /;! , > 0 , A ;" 8 :)A) 0 , %> 8 N3 ) Q%&6 B I:)A) U N E ' ;( A ?0 X 3 0 w&I & a I A ;" 8 :)A)" )? i+" D&5 @f

&9&

+ '

‫اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﺬاﺗﻰ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

Ɗ gpgb d. X? I t&E &5 c m'G ?=8)"+ ( ? A :? _ 6 y7 8 # 0 5 4 ( ?`") # ?=)"Z + y 0 _ 4 ( dK &5 +"I @AL =' R) l ፝ B5 jW I )+ C &? " > I )+ 6 C L L yMM Y F y7 zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

190


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: A"P6 8 # $ %&

: A " .%&)8 .( %c( \ 8_ 8 # $ %& # > A(

: A( f83 M M83 0 A87- 8 # $ %& # > A( :# $ %& 6 A " y"!_ 8 # 6 B)

‫داء ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬F‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ا‬ ^ I

n H k)I

:m M D&5 E I @A+ 2/ m$ 7& &) D $ ፝ B5 jW n H ;w) =b ;9b

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

I:% 7+ : [1) &-%

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

I 3> 0 40 ? {> %

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

I:J f = > L 0 =8-%&M 0 % ? .( : [1) !% M M81%

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

I' M+) # ( "+) > 0 A6 M M81%

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

ƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋƋ

I=7 : ?E XN% 4 1 > 0 A6 M M81% FM

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I: @ 1) /% D&) 5

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I /) y 6 )+ , -%

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I z 78 .%&YT M( )+%

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I: ? 8 0 : " ; y , f81%

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I:? / 7 ' 1) X"M%

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I:"o35 = ? 8 > L%

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I "1 0 = ? 8 N%

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I &Y F &I V&N%

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I&% -8 0 : 7 # $ %& , f81%

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I'& (0 &LJ F &AH%

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12 13

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exȚ Ǿ 52f hC[f - } 1Ț m;_f

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+[Cf

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3

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é g Y d é J Øn xÎ R rd Y îú êne UÐ oh@ Ò{LnS ë inS ê{ x

rd eUÐ Ð|w R

5 ŐŇŎŇîķ ıĎĬ÷ 6 ðŔĀĿí Ő÷Ċīîķ

ŏŗ ŁîńøĿí ðŔÿō pU g Y pxíÐÛ ÜnhS Øn xÎ R rd Y îú êne UÐ oh@ Ò{LnS ë inS ê{ x 7 õîĸŔòĤ÷ō i úŀüŃ ɸɹɾ - ɸɹɽ

rd eUÐ Ð|w R îńŌŔŀī _ 6 G" ( 5 , )8 X ?0 , X N , f81% : : T #] / 6 G" ) ɸɸɽ

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zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

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9

202


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ɼ-ɻ ɾ-ɽ

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ɸɺ - ɸɷ

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pad Y ÒÚ [= ph=n A p_=n Y Øí{A Y Øí{ Y Ø{L â e Y {@ x

ɹɾ - ɹɻ

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ɺɷ - ɹɿ ɺɼ - ɺɺ

ɸɺ ʘɾ

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pad Y Ú [= phH{fw p_=n Y Øí{A Y Øí{ Y Ø{L â e Y {@ x

iõŜĔŀĔøńĿíō îńŌŔŀī õîĸŔòĤ÷ō

8

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phinc UÐ pdcZeUÐ Yp]h UÐ ph>nh UÐ

9 10

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11

nghdL p]h = Ónbh ]>í º{_UÐ Ì{ Y æ}_ x

12 13

negfY T x}_> negfh= pSĆ_UÐí º hRÐ UÐí xØn UÐ Y T L pY{bY æ}_ x

hwÐ}= íÌ phRn Î ÞÐ B ëí{=

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1

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Ü Ü Ø oTÐzTÐ oa YX

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iĊĬĿí ãĊòŃ ıĎĬ÷ iĶŔijíŎøĿíō ľœĉîòøĿíō ņœĊĄĿí õíċ ôœĎĨŇō

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203

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phH{fw p_=n Y Øí{A Y fY }hQ Ø{L â e Y {@ x

ɼɹ - ɼɷ ʘɼɼ - ɼɺ ɽɷ - ɼɿ

5

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ɺɾ - ɺɽ ɺɿ ʘɺɹ ʘɹɺ ʘɸɾ

1 2 3 4

14

i ðÿŎŃ ĂŔĄě đäñ îŌŔŀī õîĸŔòĤ÷ō

3 iĵîĸøėří ıĎĬ÷ 4 Őij Ŋ÷îĸŔòĤ÷ō

ôŔēĊňŋ IJķíŎŃ ôĴŀøĈŃ ôŔ÷îŔăō


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5

ɿɿ

ph c_UÐ pb ZeUÐí Ync UÐ ê gaY æ}_x

6 7

ʀɷ

ph>ùÐ Ync UÐ {LÐ S æ}_ x

− ! , + + {

+

= { E { ໨

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ʀɹ ɾɺ ʘɾɹ

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− ! , + + V + {

={E +

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ng HÐÚØ > UÐ hwnaeUÐ dL p]h = ph>nhAí ph nxÚ Ónbh ]> ànZi

na Un=

8

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æ R h?{A Ñ º C º phýÐ ZL p=} > s>Ð i Ên\R æ phY d_e= ċ

ɸɸɸ

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ɸɸɸ

Ñ â Sí ê{L íÌ C â Sí ê{L n_Y h?{ UÐ â Sí ê{L ð

ɸɹɼ - ɸɹɹ

ıĎĬ÷ Īñî÷ iĵîĸøėří Őij Ŋ÷îĸŔòĤ÷ō ôŔēĊňŋ IJķíŎŃ ôĴŀøĈŃ ôŔ÷îŔăō

ng HÐÚØ > UÐ hwnaeUÐ dL p]h = ph>nhAí ph nxÚ Ónbh ]> æ}_ x

éne Aøn=

zyp #f }p #f \Cf ˝ } 1Ț m;_f ˝ k Sf F 6f b

1 2

ĞĬñ ıĎĬ÷ łŔŋîĴńĿí i ôŔëîĜăśí Ľîńļøēíō iĽîńøăśí ôēíčĉ îńŌŔŀī õîĸŔòĤ÷ō

3

204


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