Coast Portraits. Resources and strategies in territorial architecture

COAST PORTRAITS RESEARCH AND STRATEGIES IN TERRITORIAL ARCHITECTURE

COAST PORTRAITS RESEARCH AND STRATEGIES IN TERRITORIAL ARCHITECTURE Leibniz Universität Hannover Regionales Bauen und Siedlungsplanung Seminararbeit Sommersemester 2016 / 2017 Ana Julia Kleba, Beatrice Rezzani

INDEX Patterns 2

Coastal Energy 10

Portraits 18 Context

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Mapping

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Scenarios

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References

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Ana Julia Kleba ( 10010102) Beatrice Rezzani ( 10004140) Coast Portraits.

Research and strategies in territorial architecture

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Leibniz Universität Hannover Fakultät für Architektur und Landschaft Institut für Entwerfen und Städtebau Universitätsprofessur für Regionales Bauen und Siedlungsplanung Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Univ. Jörg Schröder Arch. Emanuele Sommariva Ph.D.

index

Sommersemester 2017

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Chapter one | Patterns

In order to introduce the study of the coastal region and its urbanism, it was first made an analysis of the patterns present in these places and how urbanism has developed historically, along the changes related to the relation of the population with the sea. Since the sea ceased to become mysterious and unknown, providing discoveries of new lands, new trade, coastal cities have gained economic prominence and importance, mostly developing from the coastline.

Throughout history, people have settled on coasts to take advantage of the amenities the oceans offer – a food supply, a source of transport, a defensible position and a healthy location.

Since then, the sea has assumed several different roles, such as transportation and source of food and spices.

All these functions gave a very special value to the coastal area, making it a valued and appreciated place However, as coastal cities grow, they become detached from their environmental surroundings, while still requiring services from their local ecosystem. The demands placed on the host ecosystem threaten the viability of the cities themselves. Today, it is estimated that almost 50 per cent of the world’s coasts are threatened by development-related activities. Municipal, industrial and agricultural wastes and run-off, as well as atmospheric deposition, affect the most productive areas of the marine environment, including estuaries and near-shore coastal waters. Physical alterations to the coastal zone also threaten the marine environment.

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C H A P T E R

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Abb. 1 „Patterns“ cover

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Chapter one | Patterns

P A T T E R N S

The sea has always been an inspiration for several artists, and is represented in several paintings, such as Monet‘s L‘Aiguille et la falaise d‘Aval (1885). Before becoming an object of tourism, the population saw the sea and the beach as a dirty space, where the sewage and garbage were thrown. In more recent times, after the sanitation of the cities, the beaches became leisure places, and the sea bath became popular. Since then, the beaches and coastal cities have gained the function of leisure and tourism, attracting people from outside mainly in the summer months.

Apparently, one out of five people choose to live in a city that is located beside water. Perhaps it’s because it provides a sense of nature, or because it connects us to the surrounding world.

Abb. 2 Coastal atmosphere

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Whatever the reason, there has always been a link between economic activity and the openness that waterfronts can provide to cities. Yet many cities around the world do not capitalise on this to spark revitalisation.

Successful waterfront redevelopment in cities such as London and Baltimore contain an element of public space that attracts people to spend time by the water. If you mix this with highend residential and commercial property you can ensure the economic sustainability of the project. And if you add in cultural activities and retail, you get the perfect mix to ensure a healthy development.

Chapter one | Patterns

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Borders.

The coast is always a border between town and sea, between land and water. It always presents itself as the limit of a city, or continent, and what separates it, but at the same time provides connections with maritime transport.

Travel.

Cruises, boats, all are means of transportation that develop along with tourism, providing pleasure alog thewater and locomotion.

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Leisure.

Especially in the summer, spending a period on the beach has become a popular activity and loved by all.

This place offers a lot of laisure possibilities, such as relax, sunbathe, swim, etc.

Tourism.

Tourism in the sea is an activity that has grown considerably in recent years, being a source of income for several coastal cities and bringing a massive movement of people to these places, which end up developing other leisure activities to entertain tourists, such as restaurants and parties.

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Sport.

The sport in the water, such as surfing, diving, snorkeling, canoeing, jet skiing, windssrfing, etc, have the advantage of being possible all year round, and is also a big factor in the attraction of people to the water.

Abb. 3 The boarders Abb. 4 Leisure on the coast Abb. 5 Seaside and sport

.8 Abb. 6 Travelling Abb. 7 Tourism and sea side Abb. 8 Nutriment and life

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Chapter one | Patterns

Nutriment and Life.

Another important thing we can take away from water is food. Both small-scale and large-scale fishing boats bring food to the coast, which is distributed throughout the continent.

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Chapter one | Patterns

The urbanization of coastal zones has divided them into two main categories: Coastal areas characterized by high density of land uses and those with low building and population density. Their main difference lies in their economic performance.

A new urban sprawl is normally developed, spatially following in a linear direction from the coast. This phenomenon is a direct effect of the improvement of transport systems, the increase of living standards and the importance of tourist activities and has led to negative effects on coastal biodiversity, a steady increase on demands for water resources and an increase of waste production and pollution. Urban sprawl has also negatively affected the urban coast’s quality of life, creating a population density that leads to problems concerning employment and exploitation of natural resources.

Each City urbanism development has a pattern that depends on the City context. Large cities, small towns, touristic or not, industrial poles or nature reserves, all these factors reveal what will be necessary for the city infrastructure, and what care should be taken to preserve the waterfront. In many cases, it is possible to notice the repicability of the road grid and uses patterns on coastal cities.

The waterfront will always be the most disputed place, with commercial and tourist activities: restaurants, hotels, commerce in general. In the case of portual cities, the waterfront is where the industrial and productive area of the ​​ city is located. In most cases, as it moves away from the coastline, the city becomes less dense and it turns slowly into the more residential area.

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Abb.9 Replicable patterns Abb. 10 Barcellona grid reuse

here we wamt to show how thie human intervation can deeply change the apppereance of the coast line.

The coast of Portofino in Italy has undergone extreme changes with the construction of houses in the coast, which in addition to presenting a risk to people due to soil instability and slope of the ground, damages the natural fauna and flora of the region.

For many, the area is the backdrop for the transformation of old fishermen‘s houses and farm buildings into luxury seasonal residences, for the use of terraces as gardens, and where the evident abandonment and marginalization of industrial architecture and the „natural“ landscape cause Hydrogeological instability.

In the same time that it creates wonderfull places for living and increase the tourism, it is cleas the damage and impact that this kind of construction causes in the nature and lanscape.

Also, the danger that it offers to the people who habit thease areas with an unstable ground. .11

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The second exemple is the most dramatic one: huge artificial system along the bay of arabic countries.

From a small undeveloped region on the shores of the Arabian Gulf in 1950, Dubai became a fast-growing modern city, a popular destination for tourism and a major economic centre. After years of implementing development plans and policies, Dubai aims to become a ‘Smart City’ ahead of hosting of the 2020 World Expo.

Dubai’s skyline is the most sparkling in the Middle East.

But down on the ground, the environmental problems of a quickly erected city built on sand look a lot less alluring.“ Growth has been so intense and enormous, but people forgot about the environment,” said Jean-François Seznec, a Middle East expert and professor at Georgetown University in Washington. “The attitude was, business comes first. Now, they are seeing increased problems, and they realize they have to be careful.” .12

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3Abb. 11 , 14 Portofino, Italy, before and after human print Abb. 12, 15 Dubhai, Emirates, before and after human prin Abb. 13, 16 Fiords, Norway, before and after human prin

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Abb. 3 Bildbeschriftung

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Chapter one | Patterns

The last case of human print along the coast line is the most positive one: how human beings can survive on the eartgh without using the sustence that came from it? Of course is impossible. That´s why in this case we find a fishers village along the Fiords.

Norway has a different background on the environmental impact of human intervention. It happens in a more subtle way, being not so aggressive to the nature.

This shows how it is possible to modify a place without assaulting it. Sustainability should be a fundamental principle for all development in Norway.

The government‘s strategy confirms that a policy for sustainable development must be based on the principles of equitable distribution, international solidarity, the precautionary principle, the polluter-pays principle, and the principle of common commitment.

M A U N S E L L N A V A L F O R T S

S E A U R C H I N E M B R Y O N

The Maunsell naval (sea) forts, built in the Thames estuary and operated by the Royal Navy, were to deter and report German air raids following the Thames as a landmark, and attempts to lay mines by aircraft in this important shipping channel.

The stages involved in sinking a naval forthe locations of the seven Maunsell Forts off the east coast of England This artificial naval installation is similar in some respects to early „fixed“ offshore oil platforms.

It consisted of a rectangular 51 by 27 m reinforced concrete pontoon base with a support superstructure of two 18 m tall, 7.3 m diameter hollow reinforced concrete towers, each roughly ; overall weight is estimated to have been approximately 4500 tons.The twin concrete supporting towers were divided into seven floors, four for crew quarters;[the remainder provided dining, operational,

The sea urchin embryo follows a relatively simple cell behavioral sequence in its gastrulation movements. To form the mesoderm, primary mesenchyme cells ingress from the vegetal plate and then migrate along the basal lamina lining the blastocoel. The presumptive secondary mesenchyme and endoderm then invaginate from the vegetal pole of the embryo. The archenteron elongates and extends across the blastocoel until the tip of the archenteron touches and attaches to the opposite side of the blastocoel. Secondary mesenchyme cells, originally at the tip of the archenteron, differentiate to form a variety of structures including coelomic pouches, esophageal muscles, pigment cells and other cell types. . A number of experiments have established that these morphogenetic movements involve a number of cell autonomous behaviors plus a series of cell interactions that provide spatial, temporal and scalar information to cells of the mesoderm and endoderm.

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M A U N S E L L L U X U R Y H O T E L

The processes that determine the development and structure of tidal salt marsh communities have exercised ecologists for almost a century.

Their early interest was probably engaged by the obviously strong influence of the physical environment, both because of the extreme nature of the intertidal environment for plants and also because of the intimate involvement of physiographic processes. ince the earliest days of saltmarsh ecology, physico-chemical factors related to elevation have been invoked to explain patterns of distribution.

The dominant halophytes are essentially land plants that occupy physiologically adverse environments by virtue of adaptations to salinity, submergence, hypoxia and tidal scouring.

A London creative firm, Next Big Thing, has published a brochure with renderings of how the project, simply called The Maunsell, might look in an effort to lure investment and developers to itThe Maunsell Forts, once linked by perilous walkways which have since collapsed into the sea, were decommissioned by the Ministry of Defence in 1956.

One of them, Nore Fort, was demolished as a hazard to shipping in 1959 and another, Shivering Sand, lost one of its towers after a ship collided with it in 1963.

It is believed the forts are no longer owned by anyone, however they exist on land owned by the Crown Estate.

Any effort to redevelop them would require the consent of the Crown, the Maritime Marine Organisation and the Port of London Authority.

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S A L T M A R S H E S P A T T E R N S

Chapter one | Patterns

Cerdà’s eye was as careful as it is fascinating. His was the first meticulous scientific study both of what a modern city was, and what it could aspire to be – not only as an efficient cohabiting space, but as a source of wellbeing .

He calculated the volume of atmospheric air one person needed to breathe correctly. He detailed professions the population might do, and mapped the services they might need, such as marketplaces, schools and hospitals.. Eixample remains a prominent part of Barcelona’s image today: the octagonal blocks, chamfered in the corners, were his unique idea to deal with traffic, allowing drivers to see more easily what was happening to the left and right. Cars hadn’t even been invented yet – but when Cerdà discovered railways

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.20 Abb.17 , 21 Maunsell, forts, North England Abb. 18 Seashells

Abb. 19 Barcellona, Spain. CerdĂ Example Abb. 20 Marismas de Cadiz, Spain

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As living beings, we need energy. Man, has learned to gain strength for his livelihood over the centuries, and nowadays he is even more demanding.

Cities, infrastructure, roads, houses, single flats, food production. To do all this, energy is needed in order to live a decent living standard, in a word of electricity. Today, however, our planet also requires a rematch.

We can no longer rely on methods of dispersing heatpower production, that is, non-renewable. Powers all over the world are trying to hijack trends in encyclical production in the field of renewable energy. Surely the easiest and fastest way to produce clean energy comes first from the sea. Our first ally and vital resource.

This power resource is known as Marine energy or marine power also known as hydroelectricity. that is also sometimes referred to as ocean energy, ocean power, or marine and hydrokinetic energy, so it can be refers to the energy carried by ocean waves, tides, salinity, and ocean temperature differences. The movement of water in the world’s oceans creates a vast store of kinetic energy, or energy in motion. This energy can be harnessed to generate electricity to power homes, transport and industries.

The term marine energy encompasses both wave power from surface waves, and tidal power obtained from the kinetic energy of large bodies of moving water.

Offshore wind power is not a form of marine energy, as wind power is derived from the wind, even if the wind turbines are placed over water. The oceans have a tremendous amount of energy and are close to many if not most concentrated populations. Ocean energy has the potential of providing a substantial amount of new renewable energy around the world.

The oceans represent a vast and largely untapped source of energy in the form of surface waves, fluid flow, salinity gradients, and thermal. Thanks to the new studies today is possible to produce this energy in many different way and using multiple aspects of this blue resource.

Here we have the most important trends: Wave power converters in open coastal areas with significant waves. Tidal turbines placed in coastal and estuarine areas. In-stream turbines in fast-moving rivers. Ocean current turbines in areas of strong marine currents.

Ocean thermal energy converters in deep tropical waters.

Particularly in our study, we have decided to concentrate on the most important methods of energy production that involve more or less indirectly the coasts.

We have just talked about the production of hydro power, but it does not mean that the coasts, the sea are connected to the theme of energy only by means of water. Ineffective the first study we did was inherent to offshore wind plants, the second related to tidal power.

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C H A P T E R

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Chapter two | Coastal Energy

C O A S T A L E N E R G Y

Offshore wind power refers to the construction of wind farms in bodies of water to generate electricity from wind. Unlike the typical usage of the term „offshore“ in the marine industry, offshore wind power includes inshore water areas such as lakes, fjords and sheltered coastal areas, utilizing traditional fixed-bottom wind turbine technologies, as well as deeper-water areas utilizing floating wind turbines Which are the advantages of this technology?

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Chapter two | Coastal Energy

Offshore wind speeds tend to be faster than on land . Small increases in wind speed yield large increases in energy production: a turbine in a 15mph wind can generate twice as much energy as a turbine in a 12-mph wind. Faster wind speeds offshore mean much more energy can be generated. Many coastal areas have very high energy needs. More of the half of the population on the earth lives in coastal areas , with concentrations in major coastal cities. Building offshore wind farms in these areas can help to meet those energy needs from nearby sources.

Moreover they create jobs; and they do not emit environmental pollutants or greenhouse gases . Otherwise Offshore wind farms can be expensive and difficult to build and maintain. In particular, is very hard to build robust and secure wind farms in water deeper than around 60 m).

Wave action, and even very high winds, particularly during heavy storms or hurricanes, can damage wind turbines. The production and installation of power cables under the seafloor to transmit electricity back to land can be very expensive.

Effects of offshore wind farms on marine animals and birds are not fully understood, on the other way offshore wind farms built within view of the coastline up to 20 km offshore, depending on viewing conditions may be unpopular among residents, and may affect tourism and property values.

Offshore wind power can help to reduce energy imports, reduce air pollution and greenhouse gases (by displacing fossil-fuel power generation), meet renewable electricity standards, and create jobs and local business opportunities

Abb.23 Future Offshore Windfarm

OFFSHORE WINDS FARMS HIGH PRODUCTUBLE TIDAL CYCLES VARIABLE SPEED TURBINES HELPS FACILITIES INTEGRATIONS LIFESPLAN 120 YEARS

114 wind turbines were fully grid connected, totalling 511 MW in 4 wind farms. 182 turbines were erected in four wind farms in the first half of the year. Some have been gridconnected, some have not. The average size of wind turbines installed in the first half of 2016 is 4.8MW, or 15% larger than over the same period last year. Seven projects, worth, reached Final Investment Decision in the first half of 2016. This will finance 3.7 GW of new capacity, a doubling from the first half of 2015.

WIND POWER TECHNOLOGY THE NORTH SEE LICENSED WINDINFARMS

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SUPPLIES ENOUGH ELECTRICITY TO POWER

Fosen Vind DA builds Europe‘s largest land-based wind power plant in central Norway. About 11 billion kroner will be invested in six wind farms totaling 1000 MW. Construction work started in April 2016 and all the parks will be completed by 2020.

OF ROADS TO BE CONSTRUCTED

ACTUAL WIND FARM AREAS DUTCH COASTS

Chapter two | Coastal Energy

FOSEN VIND, NORWAY EUROPE'S LARGET ONSHORE WIND PLANT

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.25 Abb.24 Actual Wind Farms plant along Dutch coast Abb. 25 Fosen Vind, Norway, Statkraft Company‘s project Abb.26 Illigal wind farm plants along the DUtch coast.

HABITABLE WIND FARMS ON THE COAST OF HOLLAND What is a 21st Century Energy Landscape?

The first exemple of renvable alternative solution is an energy-generating kite farm on a public beach in Abu Dhabi. The park is organized and designed to respond efficiently and creatively to climate. The intention is that the park serve as a barometer of regional weather events. Weather Field is simultaneously a public space, a dynamic energy icon, and a public weather service. The field is a registration of daily weather events including weather events such as Shamals winds, dense fog, and sandstorms, among others. Except for the posts that tether the para-kites, the ground and aquatic ecology is undisturbed. Tethered to flexible posts, 200 para-kites would use the innovative Windbelt generator to convert wind into enough electricity to power more than 600 homes. The eco-park allows people to interact with energy production in several different ways, ranging from the predictable to the extreme. A homeowner can choose to buy the energy from a kite, and as a kind of thankyou gift he or she will also receive a live feed of the beach views from the para-kite sent to a monitor in the home — a living landscape painting, if you will.

How does it work?

The para-kite is a hybrid of a parachute, a kite, and a glider. It is equipped with a series of hollow air chamber cells along its length, which allows it to become airborne and remain aloft in sufficient winds. As wind passes through the air cells, it encounters a series of non-turbine energy harvesting Windbelts™ along the depth of the chamber. The belts thin profile converts “aerolastic flutter” to AC power within the para-kite’s chambers. Only low to medium air movement is necessary for this technology to still have significant impact. The Windbelt™ generates AC power down the suspension lines to the supports posts. From there, electricity is carried in series to a step-up transmission station on site, before being fed into the high voltage power grid to the southeast. The side trim of the para-kites is equipped with light-weight magnetic strips. Para-kites can be aggregated and clustered to maximize a response to each weather condition. For example, during the Shamals wind, which can last up to 5 days continuously during the summer months, the para-kites gather in clusters of 5-6 in order to maximize harvest.

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IVY SOLAR PATTER FACADE SYSTEM

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Chapter two | Coastal Energy

Scientists at Princeton University could achieve major gains in light absorption and efficiency of solar cells after being inspired by the wrinkles and folds on leaves. The team created a biomimetic solar cell design using a relatively cheap plastic material that can generate 47 percent more electricity than the same type of solar cells with a flat surface. The team used ultra-violet light to cure a layer of liquid photographic adhesive, alternating the speed of curing to create both shallower wrinkles and deeper folds in the material, just like a leaf. From this technology sciencist provide a new system for generate energy in the houses of everyone.

The name of this new idea is Solar Ivy, is a spectacular system of thin, fluttering solar panels that generate energy by sparkling in the sunlight. The wind and solar power generating photovoltaic leaves can be easily integrated on the side of a building to produce energy. The concept, consists of a layer of thin-film material on top of polyethylene with a piezoelectric generator attached to each leaf. When the sun is shining or the wind is blowing, energy is being generated via Solar Ivy. he Solar Ivy system is modular in nature and made up of ‘bricks’ of 5 leaves which may be scaled to any size necessary. A strip of Solar Ivy is capable of generating 85 Watts of solar power. The advantage of this type of system is that it may be easily mounted on a vertical wall due to its light weight. Another ingenious attribute of Solar Ivy is that its light-sourcing leaves are not static, allowing them to move around and catch the sun from many directions. Due to the organic shape of each panel, they look and act like real leaves, providing a more authentic climbing ivy aesthetic. Moreover this technology is not polluted and it can be smartly integrated with the architecture appearance of the building.

Abb.30,31,32 Murtada Alkaabi, panel wind harvesting façade system Abb. 37,38,39 Land Art Generator Initiative (LAGI) exhibition in Glasgow, Scotland.

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HABITABLE WIND FARMS ON THE COAST OF HOLLAND

Over the years, we see that there is increasing interest in wind energy. However, governments concentrate only on the functionality of wind power systems. Therefore, these systems became bigger in size and more expensive. At the same time citizens show little interest in wind energy because of the remote localisation of wind farms and the reputation to be unsuitable for habitation and recreation. In recent years little progress is made to address this issue in order to create cheaper, eye catching and more efficient wind energy systems. The philosophy behind this project is that architecture should not only focus on designing buildings, but also focus on combining sustainable energy and habitability, to create a sustainable way of living in the future. This is excatly what this project aims to achieve: to let people experience the benefits of the wind energy in a sustainable living environment by combining habitability (architecture) and a new wind energy system (technology) The ‘ammophila’ designed by murtada alkaabi is a wind farm that can also be used for habitation. the volume consists of demountable panels, making it possible to use the building for different purposes, while a moving façade creates a continuous curtain affect throughout the day. the project is based on combining processes for generating sustainable energy with viable options for living – envisioning a future where the two are seamlessly integrated. the concept differentiates itself from other wind power design as it has the potential to serve as an architectural landmark as well, using the one structure to serve multiple purposes.

Project Title: Ammophila: habitable wind farms Architect: Murtada Alkaabi – designer at To Create Gross Floor area: The project is flexibel.

Location: Coast .33

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The Land Art Generator Initiative exhibition in Glasgow is a clear example of how art and green power can be two elements perfectly joint together. Also the landscape is a great protagonist of this combination. On display at LAGI Glasgow there were a series of designs for a proposed renewable energy project targeted for the banks of two intersecting canals in the city in the Port Dundas area. The creations were developed collaboratively by agencies in Scotland as well as from other countries, demonstrating something of a global partnership in support of renewable energy projects—with a certain aesthetic flair, of course.

The LAGI Glasgow exhibition demonstrates three distinct and unique designs that employ renewable energy generation without sacrificing eye appeal. Each more fantastic than the one before, the installations pay homage to the site’s natural surroundings, while incorporating some of the latest evolutions of clean energy technology, such as bladeless (or “vortex” style) wind turbines. Air, water, and light are all treated as sources of potentially endless value, within clean energy projects designed and executed by multidisciplinary teams from multiple continents.

Some of these creations are sparkling, flowreshing: Watergaw’ is a hydropower installation comprised of water-callers and wind-callers, representations of natural features at the exhibition site; Wind Forest The artificial forest will transform 100 Acre Hill into a wind energy farm, sporting 100 4 kW single bladeless wind turbines, in three distinct groves, each painted in a slightly different shade pulled from the palette of the surrounding landscape.

Chapter two | Coastal Energy

GLASGOW ENERGY LANDSCAPE DESIGN

Abb.27, 28, 29 Paisajes Emergentes r, energy-generating kite farm, Abu Dhabi Abb. 33, 34, 35, 36 Solar Ivy (or SMIT Grow) i system of fluttering solar panels

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Globally, the number of great inland flood catastrophes during 1996–2005 was twice as large, per decade, as between 1950 and 1980, while related economic losses increased by a factor of five. Socio-economic factors such as economic growth, increases in population and in the wealth concentrated in vulnerable areas, and land-use change were significant contributors. Floods have been the most reported natural disaster events in many regions, affecting 140 million people per year on average. Because flood damages have grown more rapidly than population or economic growth, other factors must be considered, including climate change. The weight of observational evidence indicates an ongoing acceleration of the water cycle. The frequency of heavy precipitation events has increased, consistent with both warming and observed increases in atmospheric water vapor.

Abb.37 Image depicting inundation scenario in 2030 when sea level has risen one meter.

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Chapter two | Coastal Energy

new orleans

TIDAL LAGOONS MODERATE PRODICTUBLITY LOW FLRXIBILITY NOT RAMPING UP POWER DESCAMPING POWER LIFESPLAN 22 YEARS

TIDAL EBERGY, FLOATING TURBINS TECNNOLOGY

The first kind of technology that we choose to analazyed is the tidal wave power.

In order to create amd generate hydroelectricity the sciencist of the our century started to use the power and positive aspects of the water movement.

Nowdays there are two main way to generate this kaind of energy, both of them are equally useful and productive even if the barrier technology is more dangerous for the oceanic fauna and ecosystem.

The turbine has a four quadrant operation, which means it has four main, active, operating modes: forward turbining; reverse turbining; forward pumping; and reverse pumping.

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The turbine can also be used in ‘sluice mode’ at very low heads to adjust lagoon levels. As with all conventional hydropower plants, utilises the head difference between the upstream and downstream (inlet and tailwater) water levels to generate power. The higher the head, the greater the potential energy.

SWAN SEA TIDAL LAGOON, ENGLAND

TURBINE SECTION

Due to the incredible tides on the West Coast of Britain, by keeping the turbine gates shut for just three hours, there is already a 14ft height difference in water between the inside and the outside of the lagoon. Power is then generated as the water rushes through 200ft long draft tubes, rotating the 23ft diameter hydro turbines.

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Chapter two | Coastal Energy

The project was awarded a Development Consent Order in 2015 and is primed for construction. It will comprise 16 hydro turbines, a six mile breakwater wall, generating electricity for 155,000 homes for the next 120 years.

CAPACITY 240 MW OUTPOUT FOR YEAR 400GWH AREA OF 11.5 KMQ WALL LWNGHT 9.5 KM LIFESPLAN 124 YR 150000 HOMES POWERED .41 Abb.40, 42 Tidal energy generator: floating turbines Abb. 41, 44, 45 Tidal Lagoon technology: barrier and museum Abb.43 Tidal energy generator: underwater kites turbines

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Bulb turbines are commonly used in conventional run-of-river hydro projects which experience a low head range and varying flow conditions Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon will be the world’s first tidal lagoon power plant.

A tidal lagoon is a ‘U’ shaped breakwater, built out from the coast which has a bank of hydro turbines in it. Water fills up and empties the man-made lagoon as the tides rise and fall. We generate electricity on both the incoming and outgoing tides, four times a day, every day.

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Chapter three | Portraits Barcelona

Barcelona has always been known as the city born from the Cerda Regulatory Plan, the Example, born in 1919 after a series of economic and urban vicissitudes.

What does the Barcelona plan mean today, what it means to live in a city whose rigid structure doesn’t allow any kind of breath to those who live it and to those who visit it. What happens to a metropolis of similar size when it’s forced to grow tight in a shy flap of land between sea, coast and mountains? Recently, many scholars and urban planners have been interrogated on this subject. Particularly, the Spanish architect and urbanist Marcel Gausa, teacher at the University of Barcelona, asked himself and to his team of Master students, what could be a possible future which allow the city to expand and grow over time. This investigation has far-reaching roots, begins in the alleys and in the systematic analysis of the physiology of the city.

A city that is based on a constant, orthogonal form, made of insulates that do not change either in shape or size and are the semantic matrix of the city's urban soil.

Over the course of the last century, the built ground has undergone changes although remaining faithful to the original form of the plan. Deep changes occurred within these building conglomerates: superstructures, canopies, blocks of blocks with other buildings, etc The texts that we analazyed propose several tips on how to change and work on existing internal features in the territory to increase its intrinsic potential. Both of them are from the architect Gausa who suggest different solution and methods.

Its orthogonal mesh made of Manzanas (insulated) is crossed by connecting strings: beyond the Ramblas we recognize a system of strings, connecting ropes that connect sea, coast and mountains. This vertical dimension is predominant with respect to the horizontal trend that characterizes other maritime cities such as Genoa, GOA, the Italian twin city, which with its urban structure (albeit on a smaller scale), its history and its port identity can to be entirely compared to Barcelona.

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Chapter three | Portraits Barcelona

M u l t i Ramblas TITLE:

B ar c el l o n a, m e t r o p o l i s t u r i s t i c a y e u r o p e a

Multiramblas. BCN 6T. Territorio-Turismo. Tiempo-Tecnologia. Talento-Tolerancia.

AUTHOR:

Gausa, Manuel Bianchini, Silvia Falcon, Luis

EDITOR:

Published by Intelligent Coast

Multiramblas, 6TS Barcelona is a research produced by a “Intelligent Coast” for DHUB – Design Hub of Barcelona, Institute of Culture of City of Barcelona.

The research aims to re-think, first, the role of Las Ramblas in Barcelona as “trademark” of space and of urban tourism in the city.

The analysis of Las Ramblas as a great public space, a paradigm of Mediterranean travel, the crossroads of streams, events – and of interests – locals and globals and focal point between the central city and the sea, enabling, the same time, to create a reading of second level with the new role of public space in the contemporary city, as a system on “network” of relations and articulation.

YEAR OF PUBLICATION 2009 PLACE

Barcellona, Spain.

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Spanish, Catalàn .47

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Gausa, Manuel with thecontibution of differnet authors

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Published by List-Lab

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Italia, Spanish

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BCN GOA presents 20 readings (19 +1) for 2 cities and urban areas of their respective twentieth-century extensions, Eixample Cerda in the case of Barcelona and Foce in the case of Genoa.

Rational urban fabrics, the results of industrial development at the end of the nineteenth century, conceived for the efficiency that guarantees their reticular geometry and that today open to new interpretations associated with more variable, integrated (and infiltrated) geometries in their own textures .

The research takes as a starting point the reformulation of the concepts of mobility and connectivity in the contemporary city and its connection with a new ecological sensitivity to the recovery of public space and the integration of landscape and green in the city.

YEAR OF PUBLICATION 2012 PLACE

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Chapter three | Portraits Barcelona

Barcelona, Genova. New multistring centraities.

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B a r c e l on a

OLD TOWN

LA RAMBLAS DE CATALUNA

LA DIAGONAL

LA DIAGONAL

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E x a m p l e s Cerda‘s plan

DISTRICT LA FOCE Abb.49 Barcellona, Lagenplan and Cerdà‘s plan Abb.50 Genova, Lagenplan and district La Foce buildings‘ shape.

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Chapter three | Portraits Barcelona

G e n o v a

OLD TOWN

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A compact system, a mosaic fixed to a city composed of layers, layers and multiple layers that promote a new dynamic city structure, a new lively kaleidoscope city. The orthogonal mesh made of Manzanas (insulated) is crossed by connecting strings: beyond the Ramblas we recognize a system of strings, connecting ropes that connect sea, coast and mountains. Thus, the urban mesh follows Gausa the new metropolitan urban planning program as BCN and GOA. .52

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Chapter three | Portraits Barcelona

The district, whose size doesn’t exceed that of 3 Barcelona’s manzanas- acts as a hinge between two genuinely different genres and has been subjected to readings and experiments by the Genoese University (also enclosed in this text). Another point of discussion is the reclamation that must also go through urban recycling: the dense city doesn’t require a massive destruction and rebuilding, but only re-elaborations that look outside of the isolation, along the edges and in the streets, creating a new way of viability system. Also channelling successfully tying some buildings to the external road system in order to strengthen and increase the quality and identity of the context.

Abb.51 Barceona, old town trasformation along the years Abb.52 Cerdà‘s Examples, block building evolution until today Abb. 53 Genova, trasformation of the harbours along the years.

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Th e Si x T E R R T O U T I T E C N T A L T O L E

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The author bets on this street, as well as other streets perpendicular to the sea, as important elements structuring the city.

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I T O R R I S M O L O G E N R A N C

Providing horizontal and diagonal connections between the streets, it creates a network of flows that connect important characteristics: commercial, institutions, leisure, productivity and knowledge.

Analysing the city conformation, it is observed that Barcelona is situated between two limiting elements: on one side the sea, on the other the mountains.

Therefore, it takes the sea as the main element of contemplation and as the starting point. In the urban plan, the perpendicular streets make its connection with the city. To connect these streets, and the different parts and city functions, the horizontal and diagonal streets. connect the coast with the residential, commercial and productive fabric of the city lines.

Y M E Y T E

These synthesize the 6 factors of excellence of the innovative metropolis, the 6 T’s. The Author also presents a study called “Cities of the Dream”, analysing the elements that have made a city attractive to tourism, comparing the major tourist cities with their most important attractive elements.

GOA

M u l t i string

Gausa proposes a functional equation: redefining the viability + reconsidering the public space + introducing the green factor + social interaction.

Nerveless, what about green spaces? BCA has two large parks, green basins that cover a peripheral role: re-naturalization passes through linear parks and blocks in parks (gardens strewn along existing paths) creating a discontinuous green. This intervention is also applicable in the Genoese context even if in a different way: in : Genoa courts and blocks have different shapes and sizes, which makes these indoor gardens more accessible: they should become the core of a new reformulation of urban green.

Recently, many scholars and urban planners have been interrogated on this subject.

Particularly, the Spanish architect and urbanist Marcel Gausa, teacher at the University of Barcelona, asked himself and to his team of Master students, what could be a possible future which allow the city to expand and grow over time.

This investigation has far-reaching roots, begins in the alleys and in the systematic analysis of the physiology of the city. A city that is based on a constant, orthogonal form, made of insulates that do not change either in shape or size and are the semantic matrix of the city‘s urban soil.

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The public relational space that arises from the reinterpretation of the pavement: a fabric that induces pause and reflection, more enjoyment than quick movement,

Chapter three | Portraits Barcelona

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Abb.54 Street Puzzle Barcelona Abb.55 Genova, Master project for Re-vitaizing th cdistricy la Foce.

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Chapter four | Context Andalucia 24

The context we choosed to study is placed in the State of Andalucia, in Spain.

The name „Andalusia“ is derived from the Arabic word Al-Andalus The region‘s history and culture have been influenced by the native Iberians, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Vandals, Visigoths, Byzantines, Jews, Romani, Muslim Moors and the Castilian and other Christian North Iberian nationalities who reconquered and settled the area in the latter phases of the Reconquista.

This amazing region located in oine of the most beautiful countries of the world is Counting with a population of 7 million inhabitants and an area of 87.300 km sq, it is located in Spain south and west coast.

The autonomous community of Andalusia was established by the statute of autonomy of December 30, 1981. Its government consists of an executive council, headed by a president, and a unicameral parliament.

The capital is Sevilla.

The region of Andalucia is composed of eight provinces, stretching from the south-east to the south-west of the country, each one named for its capital city: Cadiz, Cordoba, Jaen, Huelva, Almeria, Malaga, Granada and Seville.

Andalusia ranks first by population among the 17 autonomous communities of Spain. The population is concentrated, above all, in the provincial capitals and along the coasts, so that the level of urbanization is quite high; half the population is concentrated in the 28 cities of more than 50,000 inhabitants.

The population is aging, although the process of immigration is countering the inversion of the population pyramid.

Once Spain´s poorest region, is now one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe, thanks to its sandy beaches, countryside,mountain ranges and historycal monuments.

The geostrategic position of Andalusia in the extreme south of Europe, providing (along with Morocco) a gateway between Europe and Africa, added to its position between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, as well as its rich deposits of minerals and its agricultural wealth, have made Andalusia a tempting prize for civilizations since prehistoric times. Add to this its area of 87,268 square kilometres (33,694 sq mi) (larger than many European countries), and it can be no surprise that Andalusia has figured prominently in the history of Europe and the Mediterranean.

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Chapter four | Context Andalucia

MAIN CITIES AND RIVERS

ANDALUCIA-CADIZ

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AGRICOULTURE LIVESTOCK

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Abb.57 Andalucia and Cadiz, topography map Abb.58 Andalucia, main rivers , cities and economy datas.

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TOPOGRAPHY In the last years Spain has been forced to live within its means and state spending has been slashed to control the soaring budget deficit. Like many European countries, Spain has found that it can no longer afford to pay the high social security benefits that its citizens have become accustomed to in the last few decades and this continues to be one of the most pressing concerns of the current government – together with revamping the antiquated labour laws which stifle small business incentive.

About economy, in this proper area, the motor that drives Andalucia’s excellence: tourism. The service sector dedicated to tourism is responsible for a high percentage of job creation and also accounts for a substantial part of the GDP of Andalucia. Whether it is sun and beach tourism, like the tourism dedicated to golf or rural tourism, this has made this economic sector the principal source of income for more and more families.

The Bay of Cadiz used to be a shipbuilding centre, but since the 1990s economic activity has shifted to support services for the oil and gas industry. Situated on the bay are the Spanish-U.S. air and naval base at Rota, from which a pipeline carries oil to other U.S. bases in central Spain as well as to the nearby naval station at San Fernando. Oil is also carried to the arsenals, or dockyards, of La Carraca, just northeast of San Fernando, to San Carlos in Cádiz, and to Matagorda in Puerto Real.

In this map we also highlied the main rivers: one fo them like Rio Guadalquivir and others are the most populose and can be also sailing by the boats from the ocean. Other ones, as for istance rio Iro or Rio Tinto are not so big but areimportant resources for fishing and torurism items.

Chapter four | Context Andalucia

ROADS AND NATIONAL This slide shows us the general otlook ofPARKS the region divided in the different municipalities.

Later we will focus on the province if Cadiz, located on the coast line ate the extreme west of the coast. In this case we want to highlight this cities even if it´s not the capital of the region.

The most important city ( econoomically and politically speaking) is Sevilla, a huge town located in the innerland. By the way the most famous cities are places along the shores.

The province of Cadiz is located in the south-west coast of Spain. In our cut, we have also the cities of Puerto de Santa Maria, Rota and Chipiona on the north, and San Fernando, Chiclana de La Frontera and Santi Petri on the south. The main big cities of the region are Cadiz, Jerez, and the big city of Sevilla on the near. The cities along the coastline are not so expressive in terms of population, Cadiz has only 118 thousend inhabitants.

Even so, It is one of the the most important cities of the region, playing a big economic role because of it´s Harbour. Close but separated from the coast, there is Jerez, with a population of 213 thousand, and the next big city is Sevilla, with almoast 700 thousand inhabitants.

Andalusia is further divided into 774 municipalities , which are the basic territorial entity of Andalusia, each of which has legal personhood and autonomy in many aspects of its internal affairs. At the municipal level, representation, government and administration is performed by the ayuntamiento (municipal government), which has competency for urban planning, community social services, supply and treatment of water, collection and treatment of waste, and promotion of tourism, culture, and sports.

ECONOMY

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JEREZ DE LA FRONTERA

AERONAUTICS AUTOMOTIVE

CADIZ

TOURIMS SHIPBUILDING

CONIL DE LA FRONTARA

ECONOMY

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What about the tipography of the place?

FAs we can see from the soil level maps this area has a complicated ground condction. Being located at the extreme border of Europe, doesn´t help.

Placed between two continents this area has always suffered for geological items: tidal movements, the moving of the Europian, African and Atlantic plate under the ocean and consequently the numerous eartquakes.

Mountain ranges affect climate, the network of rivers, soils and their erosion, bioregions, and even human economies insofar as they rely on natural resources. The Andalusian terrain offers a range of altitudes and slopes. Andalusia has the Iberian peninsula‘s highest mountains and nearly 15 percent of its terrain over 1,000 metres . The picture is similar for areas under 100 metres (with the Baetic Depression), and for the variety of slopes.

Andalusia is home to the hottest and driest summers in Spain, but in the west, weather systems sweeping in from the Atlantic ensure that it is relatively wet in the winter, with some areas receiving copious amounts.

Contrary to what many people think, as a whole, the region enjoys above average yearly rainfall in the context of Spain.

The Atlantic coast is overwhelmingly beach and gradually sloping coasts; the Mediterranean coast has many cliffs, above all in the Malagan Axarquía and in Granada and Almería. This asymmetry divides the region naturally into Upper Andalusia (two mountainous areas) and Lower Andalusia (the broad basin of the Guadalquivir).

Lower Andalusia, the Baetic Depression, the basin of the Guadalquivir, lies between these two mountainous areas. It is a nearly flat territory, open to the Gulf of Cádiz in the southeast. Throughout history, this has been the most populous part of Andalusia.

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As we can see in the map, the road system connects the most important cities and the most important Harbours. Comming from the continent, crossing the land, the big cities and national parks, going till the coastline.

Transport systems are an essential structural element of the functioning of Andalusia. The network facilitates territorial coordination, economic development and distribution, and intercity transportation.

In urban transport, underdeveloped public transport systems put pedestrian traffic and other non-motorized traffic are at a disadvantage compared to the use of private vehicles. Several Andalusian capitals— Córdoba, Granada, Cadiz and Seville—have recently been trying to remedy this by strengthening their public transport systems and providing a better infrastructure for the use of bicycles There is a modern road system and the motorways, highways and roads of the region cover more than 24,000 kms.

Andalucia is also known as “the bridge between two continents” or “the gateway to Europe”. It is the place where the Atlantic Ocean meets the Mediterranean and the nearest meeting point of Europe and Africa .Fifty percent of Andalucia is mountainous with one-third above 600 metres and 46 peaks are higher than 1,000 metres. There is also a train line that connects the city of Sevilla to the Cadiz Harbour, transporting people and products.

Andalusia has six public airports, all of which can legally handle international flights; however the Málaga Airport is dominant, handling 60.67 percent of passengers and 85 percent of its international traffic a nd the Jerez Airport 7.17 percent, so that these three airports account for 87.96 percent of traffic.

TOPOGRAPHY

Chapter four | Context Andalucia

ROADS AND NATIONAL PARKS

Abb.59 Andalucia, main connections andnational parks Abb.60 Andalucia, topography map

meters metersofof hight hight on on the thesea sea DEMOGRAPHY

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Abb.61 Province of Cadiz; density of each municipality Abb. 62 Province of Cadiz; settlements and municipal boarders

The population is concentrated in the provincial capitals and along the coasts, so the level of urbanization is high.

According to a 2016 census estimate, the population of the city of Cádiz was 118.919 (the second most populated of the province after Jerez de la Frontera with 212.830 inhabitants), and that of its metropolitan area was 629,054. Cádiz is the seventeenth-largest Spanish city. In recent years, the city‘s population has steadily declined; it is the only municipality of the Bay of Cádiz (the comarca composed of Cádiz, Chiclana, El Puerto de Santa María, Puerto Real, and San Fernando), whose population has diminished. . mong the causes of this loss of population is the peculiar geography of Cádiz; the city lies on a narrow spit of land hemmed in by the sea. Consequently, there is a pronounced shortage of land to be developed.[citation needed] The city has very little vacant land, and a high proportion of its housing stock is relatively low in density.[citation needed.

The older quarters of Cádiz are full of buildings that, because of their age and historical significance, are not eligible for urban renewa The population has traditionally been concentrated in the large rural towns from which agricultural labourers commute daily to work on the surrounding estates, or cortijos, but in modern times the population has been concentrated more in the provincial capitals. From the Baetic Cordillera eastward, small villages predominate wherever water is available.

On the coast is possible to notice a seasonal increased of the population on the summer months, from June to August, when the number of tourists is higher because of the weather.

Chapter four | Context Andalucia

The population is concentrated in the provincial capitals and along the coasts, so the level of urbanization is high.

At the beginning of the 21st century, statistics show a slight increase in the birth rate, due in large part to the higher birth rate among immigrants.The result is that as of 2009, the trend toward rejuvenation of the population is among the strongest of any autonomous community of Spain, or of any comparable region in Europe 5.35 percent of the population of the area were born outside of Spain.

This is a relatively low number for a Spanish region, the national average being three percentage points higher. The immigrants are not evenly distributed among the Andalusian provinces: Almería, with a 15.20 percent immigrant population, is third among all provinces in Spain, while at the other extreme Cadiz is only 2.07 percent immigrants and Córdoba 1.77 percent. The predominant nationalities among the immigrant populations are Moroccan and British (15.25 percent across the region The population of western Andalusia has traditionally been concentrated in the large rural towns from which agricultural labourers commute daily to work on the surrounding estates, or cortijos, but in modern times the population has been concentrated more in the provincial capitals. From the Baetic Cordillera eastward, small villages predominate wherever water is available.

On the coast is possible to notice a seasonal increased of the population on the summer months, from June to August, when the number of tourists is higher because of the weather.

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RIVERS

MAIN CITIES

Geogrphically talking the western coast of the region of Andalucia is really DEMOGRAPHY interesting.

The main rivers that cross the region are the Guadalquivir River, which passes through the city of Sevilla and flows north of the city of Chipiona.

The Guadalquivir is the only large navigable river in Spain. It involves a rich variety of plants and animal life, and its irrigation capacity supports the abundant agriculture of Andalusia. In an extension of 657 kilometers, ending in the Atlantic Ocean, it passes through Seville in the middle of its way, and becomes an attraction for local tourism, next to Donana National Park.

Further south is the Guadalete River The Guadalete River is a river located in the Spanish province of Cadiz, rising in the mountains of Grazalema at an elevation of approximately 1000 m and flowing for more than 172 km to the bay of Cadiz in El Puerto de Santa María, south of the city of Cadiz.

Another river on the south is the Barbate River. Is a coastal river in southern Spain. It flows into the Atlantic Ocean at Barbate (the town after which it is named) in the province of CádizThe Barbate begins in the northern foothills of the Sierra del Aljibe, at an elevation of 920 metres (3,020 ft) above sea level.

By the way rivers are not only a natura, or geographical elemets, most of them in the area or cadiz can be used for tourism and sport activities.

Follow the River Guadalquivir from Seville passing fields of cotton and rice and the Donana Park, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. Sail along the coast to visit Cadiz, with its gold-domed Cathedral, and perhaps Jerez, renowned for its sherry, flamenco and dancing horse In the puicture abice we didn´t only select the main rivers but also some of the greater wetlends ( very important item in our project) appears.

-25HAB 50/25AHAB100/50HAB200/100 HAB 400/200 HAB1000/400 HAB+ 1000 HAB

Abb.63 Cadz Main rivers and waterlands Abb.64 Cadiz, groundlevels map

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The Iberian Peninsula is separated from the rest of Europe by the Pyrenees, a mountain chain older than the Alps, with several three-thousanders, in former SETTLEMENTS times hard to surmount. The area along Iberia‘s northern Atlantic coast, with the regions of Galicia, and the northern parts of Asturias, Cantabria and the Basque Country is known as Green Spain, because of its wet and temperate oceanic climate that fosters the growth of pastures and forests.

The center of the Iberian Peninsula is dominated by a vast high plateau, the Meseta Central, with elevations from 600 to 760 m, which slopes gently to the west. In the center of the Meseta, running diagonal towers the Sistema Central, a system of mountain ranges, most prominent the Serra de Estrla, the Sierra de Guadarrama and the Sierra de Gredos.

Highest mountain on the peninsula is Mount Mulhacén with 3,478 m, located in the Andalusian Sierra Nevada.

Major rivers are the Guadalquivir, the Tejo/Tagus river, the Douro and the Ebro river The Bay of Cádiz is 7 miles (11 km) long and up to 5 miles (8 km) wide, indenting the coast of Cádiz province, in southwestern Spain. It receives the Guadalete River and is partially protected by the narrow Isle of León, on which the major port of Cádiz is located.

Other ports along the bay include Rota to the north, El Puerto de Santa María to the northeast, Puerto Real to the east, and San Fernando to the south. The harbours along the bay thrive as commercial centres serving the rich agricultural hinterland; transoceanic vessels call mainly at Cádiz. Salt, obtained by evaporation of seawater, is used to prepare fish caught offshore for export.

As the map shows, the topography is very flat on the coast region, around the natural parks and cities, as it moves into the land, there are some mountains, where the main Rivers are born.

Chapter four | Context Andalucia

meters metersofof hight hight on on the thesea sea

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TOPOGRAPHY

LAS SALINAS Salt extraction has been, along with inshore fishing, the most traditional use of the Bay. The technique of salt production has remained almost intact for centuries: seawater driven by the tide enters through a system of feed pipes and gates through successive ponds until the warm winds of Levante and the fort Insolation causes intense evaporation and the crystallization of the salt in the salinas.

lLAGUNA DE JELI is located in the province of Provincia de Cádiz and the Andalucia region, in the southern part of the country, 500 km south of the capital Madrid. Laguna de Jeli is 47 meters above sea level. The highest point nearby is 87 meters above sea level, 1.1 km northeast of Laguna de Jeli. The area around Laguna de Jeli consists mostly of agricultural land.

RIO SAN PEDRO Paleocauce of the river Guadalete, is 25 km long separated of this by the hand of the man. It is located in the province of Cádiz. Crosses the north of the latter and then serves as a division between Puerto Real and El Puerto de Santa María until its mouth in the Bay of Cadiz, at the tip of the Saboneses. In its route it borders the neighborhood to which it gives name.

RIO GUADALETE pertaining to the Atlantic slope of Andalusia. It is born to the north of the Sierra de Grazalema (in the Peñón Grande1) and flows into El Puerto de Santa María, in the bay of Cadiz. its tributaries and its basin supply irrigation water to an extensive river and is also the source of drinking water for approximately one million people.

RIO IRO I t has a low slope, since it saves a height of less than 30 m in a course of more than 15 km. It is of saline character and it develops almost entirely in a vega of coluvial origin.

Its name seems to be derived from the one of Liro or Tire, because the city by which it runs for the most part, was founded by Phoenician tyrios.

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BAHIA DE CADIZ is the entree that the sea makes in the coast next to Cadiz. The municipalities whose terms delimit the arch of the bay are Rota, El Puerto de Santa Maria, Puerto Real, San Fernando and Cadiz. In it flows the river Guadalete, the Iro and the river Salado de Rota.

Much of the bay is protected under the legal figure of the Natural Park of the Bay of Cadiz. 111 km2 until Rota) 26km2 (hasta Puente Carranza)

Chapter four | Context Andalucia

RIVERS ZOOMS

Bahía de Cádiz Natural Park (Parque Natural de la Bahía de Cádiz) is a 10,522-hectare (26,000-acre) natural park located in the province of Cádiz (Andalusia, Spain). It was established in 1989.

Located at the mouth of the Guadalete river, it consists of marshland, beaches, reed and sand dunes. It has many types of shrubs and bushes, and ocean pine.

Recreational activities include bird watching, sailing, windsurfing and hiking.

It has been designated a Site of Community Importance.[4] Animals that can be found include solan goose, stork, cormorant, great crested grebe, seagull, flamingo, tern, sea eagle and avocet. The park is a Special Protection Area

The island of Trocadero is a small Spanish island located in the bay of Cadiz, in the province of Cadiz (autonomous community of Andalusia). It belongs to the municipal term of Puerto Real and has been protected since 1989 as a Natural Site.

The island has been an important area of commercial traffic since ancient times.

It was also used to repair ships. Finally, the Fort of San Luis, in the extreme south of the island, was part of the defenses of the Bay of Cadiz.

The fort, now in ruins, was taken by French troops of the Holy Alliance on August 30, 1823, during the Battle of Trocadero, which gives name to the famous Trocadero Square and the Trocadero Gardens, which are located In the 16th arrondissement of Paris, on the banks of the River Seine and on the other side of the Eiffel Tower. With this name it tries to commemorate the French victory over the liberals, when taking the fort of San Luis, located in the mentioned Island of the Trocadero (Puerto Real), 31 of August of 1823.

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Sancti Petri is an area of marshes located near the village and the beach of the same name in the municipality of Chiclana de la Frontera (Cádiz province), Spain.

They belong to the whole of the Natural Park of the Bay of Cadiz. It is known that the marshes of that area comprised by what is now the natural park helped to restrain the French since they were not accustomed to move by them.The beach of Sancti Petri is in the municipality of Chiclana de la Frontera, in the province of Cádiz.

In front of this beach you can see the castle of Sancti Petri, where it is said that there was the temple of Melkart or Hercules of Cadiz; And the tip of the Boquerón, both belonging to the neighboring municipality of San Fernando. At its back are the salt marshes of Sancti Petri and the village of the same name.

This beach undergoes constant remodeling to preserve the natural heritage.

Currently has the Q of Tourist Quality, which makes it a beach that meets the guarantees for the enjoyment of its visitors

Chapter four | Context Andalucia

NATIONAL PARKS

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The existence of port activity in the Bay of Cadiz dates back to 1104 A.C., .

Since then the concept of the port and maritime traffic has greatly evolved, but the essence is still the same: a maritime fishing bay that was born and has grown rocked by the to-ing and fro-ing of the sea.

El Puerto de la Bahía de Cádiz is a complex formed of 5 ports: Cádiz dock, Cabezuela-Puerto Real dock, the dock of Zona Franca (Cádiz) and the harbour’s dock of Santa María. Its privileged location, with a permanent connection with Tánger and the Canary Islands, turn it into one of the most referenced docks in Spain.

Cadiz, Puerto Real and El Puerto de Santa María are the three municipal districts in which the four commercial docks and two fishing ports that rely on the Port Authority are located, and which are complemented by repair centres and naval construction, off-shore and aeronautics, as well as water sport complexes.

Because of its geographical position, between the two great flows of European-African and American-Mediterranean sea traffic, the Port of the Bay of Cadiz has situated itself as the Southern Port of Europe. Connected to land by road and rail access, and only 40 kilometres from Jerez Airport, the port infrastructures of the Bay of Cadiz offer the best conditions as regards connectivity.

Nowdays the area around Cadiz is the heart of the sherry country, and the famous sherry towns of Jerez and Sanlucar de Barrameda are within easy reach for those who wish to sample this typically Spanish aperitif.

There are numerous options for cruising yachts seeking a sheltered berth along this coast, in the Rio Guadalete up to the modern, purpose-built yacht harbours of Puerto Sherry and Chipiona and the commercial harbours of Barbate and Algeciras.

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The main cities of the province of Cadiz, beside of Cadiz, itself, are Jerez, Chiclana, Puerto de Santa Maria and San Fernando.

Jerez or Jerez de la Frontera, is the unofficial capital of the province. The city serves as the main hub of transport with regular train and bus services to cities across the country. There are also regular train and bus services to Jerez from Cadiz. Chiclana is located 20 kilometres from Cádiz, and borders the towns of San Fernando and Puerto Real to the north.

El Puerto de Santa María is 10 km north east of Cádiz across the bay of Cádiz and was made famous for having been the port from which Columbus sailed on his second voyage to the Americas. People visit the town mainly because of the beaches, as well as the bullfights held at the arena during the summer.

San Fernando is the next city after leaving Cadiz. The city also uses the name „La Isla“ (The Island), however, the city is no longer an island, but a peninsula, as it has been connected to the mainland. The people from San Fernando are locally known as „Cañaíllas“ or „Isleños“.

A well as in this area the main industry is tourism, mainly from non-coastal Spanish cities, Germany and the UK. Its once-important shipbuilding industry is now in crisis due to competition from South Korea and China..The primary industry is related with the naval sector and the coatruczion of sherries. Not only industry bit mainly economy related with the seaside: The province of Cádiz has many kilometers of beaches and the highest number of Blue Flags of all coastal provinces in Europe. B Some of these beaches are relatively wild and far from big urban areas. One of the attractions of the area is its contrast to the mass tourism on the Mediterranean coast. There are extensive nature reserves in the region and the unspoilt feel of the area is heightened by the presence of wild animals including cows and horses on many stretches of beach.

HARBOURS- NAVAL ROITS- FISHING PROTECTED AREAS

Chapter four | Context Andalucia

MAIN CITIES

Abb.64 Cadiz, main harbours location Abb.58 Cadiz, main Harbours and naval routes. .

STREETS- WATER-BUILT AREAS NOVO SANCTI PETRI is a resort town in the municipality of Chiclana de la Frontera in the province of Cádiz, Andalusia, southwestern Spain. It lies along the Playa de la Barrosa to the south of the main town of Chiclana.[1] It is known for its high number of golf courses and hotels, covering an area of about 4000 hectares. The municipality contains the largest number of hotel beds in the province of Cadiz and the Costa de la Luz and has about 20 luxury hotels which are 4 or 5 star. Notable golf courses include the 36-hole Club de Golf Novo Sancti Petri, Lomas de Sancti Petri. It also includes the Barceló and Sancti Petri Spa Resort.

CONIL DE LA FRONTERA onil is a small locality of 20000 inhabitants located between Chiclana de la Frontera and Vejer de la Frontera, in the Atlantic frame of the province of Cadiz.

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PUERTO DE SANTA MARIA is a municipality located in the autonomous community of Andalusia. El Puerto de Santa María is located on the banks of the Guadalete River in the province of Cadiz. The city of El Puerto de Santa María is located 10 km north of the regional capital of Cadiz and is known for being the port from which Colombo left for its second trip to the Americas.

Jerez de la Frontera is in fact the center of the production of wines with "calificada" designation of origin. Andalusia produces about 10% of the wine produced in Spain

Chapter four | Context Andalucia

It is a small fishing village that throughout its history since the time of the Phoenicians grew up in front of the sea. Fishing and tourism today are its main source of wealth. In recent years, tourism has given it another boost to the growth of Conil de la Frontera, thanks to its coastline with 16 km of different beaches and a wide range of different accommodation, and nowadays it has more than 350 bars and restaurants.

STREETS- WATER-BUILT AREAS CADIZ the oldest continuously inhabited city in Spain and one of the oldest in western Europe, was founded by the Phoenicians. has been a principal home port of the Spanish Navy since the accession of the Spanish Bourbons in the 18th century.

The older part of Cádiz within the remnants of the city walls is commonly referred to as the Old Town ). It is characterized by the antiquity of its various quarters (barrios), among them El Pópulo, La Viña, and Santa María, which present a marked contrast to the newer areas of town. While the Old City's street plan consists of narrow winding alleys connecting large plazas, newer areas of Cádiz typically have wide avenues and more modern buildings.

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CHIPIONA According to the 2012 census, the city has a population of 18,849 inhabitants, but this amount increases greatly during the summer holiday period. The town covers an area of 33 km². Being in the lower valley of the River Guadalquivir it is very flat with a maximum terrestrial height of 4 metres.

It is bordered on the north-west by Sanlúcar de Barrameda and on the south-east by the port of Rota.

It is the town of birth of singer Rocío Jurado and where her body now rests.

Chipiona is also home to the tallest lighthouse in Spain and the third tallest lighthouse in Europe.

The town is also well known for several varieties of Moscatel.

Chapter four | Context Andalucia

PUERTO REAL is a seaport in Andalusia, in the province of Cádiz.

As of 2010, it had a population 40,667.

The town is located on the northern shore of the inner lobe of the Bay of Cádiz, on the site of the ancient Roman settlement of Portus Gaditanus. An ancient trading post, it is probably the oldest settlement on the Bay of Cádiz. It owes its modern name to the fact that it was rebuilt in 1488 by Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.

Puerto Real boasts public squares and broad streets; it also has a town-hall building and a 16th-century church, which was constructed in several styles (Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque).

STREETS- WATER-BUILT AREAS CHICHLANA DE LA FRONTERA . In 1877, the municipality's population was 11,677; n 2012, it was 81,473. It has a surface area is 203 square kilometres (78 sq mi) and a population density of 401 inhabitants / km². The average elevation is 11 metres above sea level. The economy depends largely upon modern industry, especially salt processing and tourism, and the municipality is known for its beaches such as the 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) long Playa de la Barrosa, hotels and golf courses in the resort of Novo Sancti Petri.

The municipality contains the largest number of hotel beds in the Province of Cádiz and the Costa de la Luz.

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ROTA It is located near the city of Jerez de la Frontera and is 36 kilometers away from the provincial capital, Cadiz. In the year 2009 had 28,516 inhabitants, with a density of 339.44 inhabitants / km ². and the Association of Municipalities of the Lower Guadalquivir that comprises municipalities of Northwest Coast of Andalusia.

Located along the Bay of Cádiz in the Atlantic Ocean, it is halfway between Portugal and Gibraltar, is predominantly a tourist town, a vacation/holiday destination for travelers from all over Europe.

During the low season, its main business activity is the fishing industry. In the municipality is located the Naval Station Rota, which is the largest source of employment to the municipality. It also served as a transoceanic abort landing site for the Space Shuttle program.

Chapter four | Context Andalucia

SAN FERNANDO It is home to more than 97,500 inhabitants.

The city also uses the name "La Isla" (The Island).

The people from San Fernando are locally known as "Cañaíllas" or "Isleños".

In history, the city played a paramount role when in 1810 during the French occupation led by Napoleon, San Fernando and Cádiz were the only parts of Spain which did not surrender to the French.

The Cortes Generales met in the Comedy Theatre (nowadays known as the Real Teatro de las Cortes) and started the preparation for the first liberal constitution of Spain, which was approved in the neighbouring city of Cádiz in 1812.

Chapter five | Mapping Cadiz 36

The project area we decide to focus on is closely related with the area of Cadiz. This big and old town is the main city of our cut, also with the area of Rota, Conil de la Frontera, Puerto Santa Maria and Jerez de la Frontera.

Cádiz is a province of southern Spain, in the southwestern part of the autonomous community of Andalusia.

It is the southernmost part of mainland Spain, as well as the southernmost part of continental Europe.

It is bordered by the Spanish provinces of Huelva, Seville, and Málaga, as well as the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, the Strait of Gibraltar and the British overseas territory of Gibraltar. The province encompasses 44 municipalities; besides its capital, other important cities are Jerez and Algeciras. (See the list of municipalities in Cádiz.).

There are officially six traditional or touristic comarcas (provincial areas or counties) in the Province of Cádiz: The province of Cádiz has many kilometers of beaches and (as of 2005) the highest number of Blue Flags of all coastal provinces in Europe. Some of these beaches are relatively wild and far from big urban areas. One of the attractions of the area is its contrast to the mass tourism on the Mediterranean coast. There are extensive nature reserves in the region and the unspoilt feel of the area is heightened by the presence of wild animals including cows and horses on many stretches of beach.

The main industry is tourism, mainly from non-coastal Spanish cities, Germany and the UK. Its once-important shipbuilding industry is now in crisis due to competition from South Korea and China. There are factories of Airbus and Delphi. It also exports sherry as well as alimentary products.

The Costa de la Luz has traditionally been a popular destination for Spaniards wanting to enjoy the beach while avoiding the stifling heat of the Mediterranean Coast, although until recently this largely unspoilt Atlantic coastline was little known to foreign visitors. One of the factors that brought the region to the attention of foreign holidaymakers was the growing realisation that its Southern reaches are one of the world‘s best locations for wind sports.

Tarifa, located on the Strait of Gibraltar at the southernmost point of mainland Europe, has become Europe‘s foremost kitesurfing destination due to the area‘s unique wind phenomena, reliably sunny summer weather and the variety of beaches at locations such as Los Canos de Meca, Bolonia, Punta Paloma and, most famously, Playa de Los Lances where in the summer months you will often see over 1,000 kites in the air.

The local economy has benefited significantly from the wind sport explosion: there are more than 50 kite schools in Tarifa and hundreds of shops, bars and hotels serving the many thousands of kitesurfers who visit every year.

Not only tourism but also lot of natural areas. Some of these park are covering the largest sourfaces of the province.

1

C H A P T E R

F I V E

Abb. 65 „Mapping“ cover

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Chapter five | Mapping Cadiz

M A P P I N G C A D I Z

In the centre of the Atlantic coast of the province, on a large wetland, is the Bahía de Cádiz Natural Park. There are still almost intact areas such as the Marismas de Sancti Petri and the Trocadero Island, declared Natural Sites. Around them, Phoenician and Roman remains were found, such as the Temple of Hercules on the Island of Sancti Petri, and the old port in the Caño del Trocadero, linked to trade with the Indies. And the important strategic and defensive value of this area influenced the early appearance, 3,000 years ago, of human settlements in the Bay, which have bequeathed an exceptional heritage of old fortifications The marshes are the stars of the natural area and here there are plants such as saltmeadow cordgrass, , according to water levels.

The vegetation also invades the dunes, stabilising them as they move further from the coast. Examples of these dune species. In the surrounding area there are stone pines and shrubs that survive stoically in the salt-rich soil.

Remaining woodland such as the Algaida Pine Wood gives an idea of the dense pine forest that used to run between El Puerto de Santa María and Puerto Real. The area is extended between the river Guadalquivir and the Coast line of Conil de a Frontera. In this wy make it a privilege setting to observe the birds that migrate between Europe and Africa.

This is home to some of Spain‘s largest colonies of little tern, black-winged stilt and avocet. On the beaches, you can see northern gannet, cormorant, yellow-legged gull and waders such as oystercatchers, as well as sanderling, bar-tailed godwit, little tern and Kentish plover. Other residents are the elegant flamingo and the osprey.

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In the layer Settlements we recognised different kind of human insediaments. First of all the main town, almost harbours. Of cours eyhe most important is the one of Cadiz which is among the oldest settlements in Spain, founded about 1100 BC by the Phoenicians and one of the country’s principal ports ever since . Its greatest period, however, and the era from which the central part of town takes most of its present appearance, was the eighteenth century. Then, with the silting up of the river to Seville, the port enjoyed a virtual monopoly on the Spanish-American trade in gold and silver, and on its proceeds, were built the cathedral – itself golden-domed (in colour at least) and almost Oriental when seen from the sea . Perhaps this is due to its reassuring shape and compactness, the presence of the sea, and the striking sea fortifications and waterside alamedas making it impossible to get lost for more than a few blocks.

Another interesting kind of town are the inland pueblos blancos (white towns) are well known for their unique beauty and spectacular settings - invariably hilltop locations, with the white houses around a ruined castle. These pueblos blancos in Cadiz are testament to the towns´ significant past as settlements built to defend the respective territories of the Christians and the Muslims and have the suffix „de la frontera“.

Lot of these settlements are old harbours, other like Sancti Petri or Rota are really young towns. Because of the intense landscape and nature presence in this area, these settlements are disconnected, puzzled and distant from each other. Is difficult to think at this insediaments like a unique coastline.

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Chapter five | Mapping Cadiz

In the map of infrastructures, we Enlighted the main components of the system of transport and communication that characterized the entire region. It means: harbours, main roads, railways and airports.

Cadiz, Puerto Real and El Puerto de Santa María are the three municipal districts in which the four commercial docks and two fishing ports that rely on the Port Authority are located, and which are complemented by repair centres and naval construction, off-shore and aeronautics, as well as water sport complexes. Because of its geographical position and the intense sea traffic, the Port of the Bay of Cadiz has situated itself as the Southern Port of Europe.

What about roads. Roads represent the main means of transport chosen by people in Spain to travel around the country, and recently a number of major strategic road corridors have been completed. In addition, one of the largest and most spectacular works of engineering built anywhere in the world was finished and opened to traffic: the new Bridge over the Bay of Cadiz. To increase the use of motorways, improve business competitiveness and, in particular, improve driving conditions, road safety and avoid congestion on sections of conventional highway, a series of toll discounts were established and a pilot scheme was promoted to encourage the voluntary diversion of heavy goods traffic on certain sections of motorway.

Also airtraffic is a huge item nowdays. For istance in this area the wost important stopt is Jerez Airport is located in the city limits of Jerez de la Frontera, in the province of Cadiz, 8 kilometres to the northeast of Jerez. Many bus lines connect the airport with the city centre of Jerez de la Frontera and the city of Cadiz as well as with the villages of El Puerto de Santa María, Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Chipiona and the area of Costa Ballena, in Rota.

Also train connection is well provided.

Abb.66 Infratructures detail, Conil de la Frontera Abb.67 Cadiz, green areas map Abb.68 Cadiz, zoom, settlements

HARBOURS

AIRPORT

BOAT ROUTES

NATIONAL PARKS/ PROTECTED AREAS

COAST LINE

SALINES

INDUSTRIAL AREAS

MAIN CITIES

TOURISM SETTLEMENTS

INFORMAL AGRICOUTURE SETTLEMENTS

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Chapter five | Mapping Cadiz

COAST LINE

MAIN ROADS

.69 Cadiz, map of local patterns

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Chapter five | Mapping Cadiz

CATEGORIZED LOCAL PATTERNS

PATTERNS: SETTLEMENTS: INFRASTRUCTURES.: LANSCAPE:

PUERTO SANTA MARIA

SETTELMENT CABO ROCHE SMALL STREETS BEACH, VEGETATION

NATURE

MARISMAS DE SANTI

PATTERNS: SETTLEMENTS: INFRASTRUCTURES.: LANSCAPE:

LAS SALINAS PUERTO DE SANTA MARIA PUERTO SHERRY PARQUE DUNAS SANT ANTON AND RIO GUADALETE

BOARDERS

CONTRAST CONTIL DE LA FRONTERA CITY RIVER, FARMS

PATTERNS: SETTLEMENTS: INFRASTRUCTURES.: LANSCAPE:

PATTERNS: SETTLEMENTS: INFRASTRUCTURES.: LANSCAPE:

DISTRICT LA MATA CITY OF LA ROTA HARBOUR MUD OF RIVER ARROYO DEL SALADO AND MUD SEASIDE

CHIPIONA: CORRALLES

PATTERNS: SETTLEMENTS: INFRASTRUCTURES.: LANSCAPE:

CORRALS RESERVE CHIPIONA FARO DE CHIPIONA LONG SANDY BEACH,

MARSHES SAINT PETRI, CHICLANA DE LA FRONTERA CANALS NATURAL PARK

ROTA: CORRALLES

CONTIL DE LA FRONTERA

PATTERNS: SETTLEMENTS: INFRASTRUCTURES.: LANSCAPE:

ROTA: LA MATA

PATTERNS: SETTLEMENTS: INFRASTRUCTURES.: LANSCAPE:

LA MARISMAS CADIZ AND PUERTO REAL PUENTE DE LA COSTITUTION AND PUENTE DE JOSE LEON PARQUE NATURAL DEL TROCADERO

PATTERNS: CORRALS RESERVE SETTLEMENTS: LA ROTA INFRASTRUCTURES.: PUERTO DEPORTIVO DE LA ROTA AND MILITARY NAVAL BASE SPORT CENTER LANSCAPE: LONG SANDY BEACH, PINAR DE LA ALMABRADA

Chapter five | Mapping Cadiz

PATTERNS: CONTRAST SETTLEMENTS: CONTIL DE LA FRONTERA PATTERNS: INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURES.: CITY SETTLEMENTS: ROTAFARMS LANSCAPE: RIVER, INFRASTRUCTURES.: AIRPORT LANSCAPE: INDUSTRIAL CITY

CABO ROCHE

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SETTLEMENTS

COSTA BALLENA

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LARGE SCALE: CADIZ AND GIBILTERRA

Chapter five | Mapping Cadiz .71 Abb.70 Project area, south of Spain Abb. 71 Project area, 50x10 km zoom cut

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50

X1

0K

M

The area we choose is a long stream of coastline around the bay of Cadiz, between the cities of Conil de la Frontera ( one of the pueblos blancos) and Rota. We choose this region because of the deep presence of landscaping positive aspects and potentialities and because of the particular coast line shape, and melting connection between human settlements and natural environment.

Appropriately christened the Costa de la Luz (Coast of the Light), the Atlantic shoreline of Cadiz province have many wild and windswept beaches, with its strong winds making Tarifa the foremost windsurf and kitesurfing site in Europe. Considerable stretches of the coast are particularly noteworthy for their wealth of wildlife, including the extensive Bahía de Cádiz Natural Park, covering the beaches and wetlands of Cadiz Bay; the Estrecho Natural Park along the Strait (Estrecho) of Gibraltar from Algeciras to Bolonia, including a significant marine section; and the Breña and Marismas de Barbate Natural Park, the coastal cliffs and pine forest between Los Caños de Meca and Barbate as well as Barbate´s saltmarshes. Being so close to the Strait of Gibraltar means that the province is an ideal place for birdwatching during periods of migration between Europe and Africa, and whale watching. The age-old practise of almadraba tuna fishing is practised on this coast.

SPORT HARBOURS AND LIGHT HOUSES

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What about the economy, especially on the fish commerce along the coast.

The expansionary fishing cycle ends at the end of the Seventies in all Spain.

The expansion of the exclusive national fishing areas, when three-quarters of the Andalusian fleet catches were carried out on external fishing grounds, the sharp increase in fuel prices and the depletion of resources forced a traumatic reconversion of the sector.

The a sector experienced a strong expansion and the other fishing modalities maintained their ascending rhythm. In those years at the beginning of the century, more than twenty trappings settled on the coast. Those that remained, less and less, joined their fate in a real emporium that operated and which came to employ almost 6,000 workers A good example was the fishing port of Cadiz one of the main centres of Andalusian fishing, was finally endowed in the 1930s with a specific port equipment, later expanded. The construction of important fisheries infrastructures would still be delayed in the Andalusian ports, with great progress since the end of the fifties and in the sixties in important outbreaks such as Barbate, Algeciras, Almería or Huelva.

Of course also economy is involved in this item especially when the tones of seafood must be sell to support the economy. That‘s why along the coast during the last centuries plenties of fish merket have been placed close to the old towns, mostly in really strategic points.

Moreover some of them are still active today! One of the most famous in this area is of course the Centrale Fish Market of Caidiz, but also the Market De la Isla Cristina and de la Isantilla. All of them have a similar appearance: sourranding by white stones walls, enclosed in a antique atmosphere, being the last exeples of a lost epoque.

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A marina or dock or embarcadero is a place on the coast or on the banks of a navigable river specially built for mooring sport and recreational craft.

The main sustainment for this area is, and has been for thousands years, the sea and the commerce that came from it.

During the nineteenth century, maritime navigation experienced a profound transformation marked by the great increase in international trade, technological development, especially the rapid introduction of steam propulsion from the middle of the century, and the execution of important works in The ports in line with the new demands of maritime traffic, which in many cases converted into authentic ports what were formerly mere anchorages.

Today these harbours are also known as Marinas or Embarcaderos. It means that ship owner or big companies can attracted their boats, veils and yachts in this precise area. Consequently, the port authority can help and take care of the harbour traffic and provide all the necessaries to these guests. On the other way, it is also a positive entrance for the local economy. Only in the province Cadiz today we can count more than 14 Marinas.

The region includes lighthouses .

The word for a lighthouse is faro in Spanish, but its use is generally restricted to the larger coastal light stations. Smaller lighthouses are called balizas (beacons). The navigational lights in Spain are the responsibility of the national port authority, Puertos del Estado, but many of them are operated and maintained by regional port authorities. The Comisión de Faros, founded in 1842 to build and maintain Spanish lighthouses, is now an advisory panel

Chapter five | Mapping Cadiz

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MAIN FISHING HARBOURS AND FISH MARKETS

Abb.72 Cadiz, sport harbours and light houses Abb.73 Cadiz,, fish harbours and markets along the coast

FISHING TYPES IN THE MAIN HARBOURS

SAILING ROUTS AND FISHING QUANTITY IN THE MAIN HARBOURS

SANLUCAR CHIPIONA ROTA PUERTO SANTA MARIA

CADIZ

CONIL

BARBATE .66

The consumption of fish in the nineteenth century remained relatively low in Spain, and the factor of religious tradition due to the precariousness of the Conservation and means of transport. In the twentieth, however, there is a strong expansion of consumption of seafood, as well as of extraction, crops and imports, to make our country one of the main fishing powers in the world, and one of its main markets. In the second half of the twentieth century the social and economic landscape was transformed into many aspects. With regard to the fishing sector, it involves the expansion of fish consumption habits to the entire population, which contributes to the improvement of the standard of living, extractive capacity and a complex infrastructure that allows fresh sale throughout the territory. By the way Cadiz, the capital of the Atlantic ports in the 18th century acquires a landscape characterized by Castles and Bastions which make for a singular horizon. Cadiz would come to posses 160 of these vantage points from which the ships could be seen arriving from America.

In this region is possible to descover unpredictable panoramas , also thanks the sailing routs An exemple is the Almadraba Tuna Tour combines hands-on knowledge of this artisan fishing method through tours of the almadrabas of Barbate and Zahara de los Atunes, while experiencing the landscape of this section of the coast, which runs from Cabo de Trafalgar to Punta Camarinal.

The word almadraba comes from Arabic and means the place to strike or fight.

It is a fishing art used by the Phoenicians . It consists of setting a maze of nets along tuna routes, normally located near the coast from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean from April to June.

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The fish and the seafood is very extended all along the Andalusian coast, being perhaps one of the main tourist attractions in Andalusia for the tourist that visits it for the very first time. The confectionary has been enriched over the centuries with a strong Andalisian influence in the use of almonds and honey.

It’s typical to eat ‘churros’ in the mornings or try out the traditional Christmas cakes called ‘polvorones or mantecados’.

Partculary the quantity of fishing is changed among the years. In the last century more than 60 % of captured fish was of the muluscus family. It is a conseguence of the huge surface of territory covered by the marshes and the ecosystem that characterized the Bay of Cadiz.

The variety of ecosystems present in the bay results in a huge range of animal life in the park. Being a must step on the route of migratory birds, the natural environment is enhanced by the presence of flamingos, waders, and the largest colony of terns of Spain.

Among the mollusks are coquina of mud, coquina of sand , chiral, lapa cockle oysters, the knife ,the burgaillo and clams The fish are mostly marine-dependent species, which pass some stages of their life cycle in the marsh, but which return to the sea for adult life.

They reproduce near the coast (although outside of the bay), they put planktonic eggs and they use the pipes of the salt marsh as zone of breeding of their juveniles entering the estuaries in a state of little advanced somatic development, generally in phase of postlarva. Only some fish such as the silverfish and the piranha (can be considered sedentary species.

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Chapter five | Mapping Cadiz

MULLUSCUS FISH SELLFISH

Abb.66 C adiz, fishing reserves and sea products Abb.67 Cadiz, main sailing routs around the coastline.

ZOOM:

HARBOUR CONNECTIONS NORTH TORURISM ON THE SEASIDE

ZOOM:

HARBOUR CONNECTIONS CENTER

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HARBOUR CONNECTIONS

HARBOUR CONNECTIONS SOUTH

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Chapter five | Mapping Cadiz

ZOOM:

Abb.68 C adiz, green beaches map Abb.69 Cadiz, main sharbours connections in the three zooms areas

EXISTING WIND OM SHORE FARMS

ANCIENT ENERGY MILLS IN THE BAY LA RABIA 13 generators MONTAMARTA 3 generators

PUERTO DE SANTA MARIA CHORREADORS ALTOS 11 generators LO OLIVILLO 16 generators LOS ISLETES 16 generators BOLANOS 12 generators DONA BENITA CUELLAR 16 generators ALIJAR 16 generators JEREZ 22 generators

PUERTO REAL

CADIZ LA CASTILLANA 21 generators CORTIJO DE GUERRA 1 15 generators CORTIJO DE GUERRA 2 17 generators

ATLANTIC OCEAN

LAS VEGAS 10 generators LA RABIA 13 generators

SAN FERNANDO

LA VICTORIA 12 generators

SANCTI PETRI

TEJONERO 21 generators

Spain has become a wind-energy powerhouse. With 9,000 megawatts of installed capacity, Spain ranked second in the world in 2005 in total installed capacity, behind Germany (16,000 megawatts) and ahead of the United States (6,500 megawatts). Furthermore, Spanish companies, both turbine manufacturers and wind-farm operators, are among the leaders in the global wind-power market. Some examples are Gamesa Eólica (world‘s second largest turbine manufacturer), Iberdrola (world‘s largest wind-farm owner and operator) and Acciona Energía (world‘s largest wind-farm builder and developer).

What‘s more, from the dense industrial base already present in Spain, many companies have sprung up to develop technologies befitting the needs of the wind industry, in fields such as composites, steel, electrical components, and wind-data loggers.

With 30 percent annual growth in the sector, and a clear commitment from the Spanish government to encourage private investment, technological advances, and grid development, Spain is poised to continue this trend toward powering its economic and technological growth with the strong winds that sweep over the country‘s mountains and plains.

Wind energy in Spain has now entered a dynamic phase where the serious challenges that arise when wind energy becomes one of the main energy supply technologies need to be met. Current policy direction signals how an intermittent power source can be integrated into the electricity market in significant quantities. Predictability is the key to address intermittency at large penetration levels. A new Electricity Act established a „Special Regime“ for renewables, including wind, with guaranteed access to the grid and a premium payment for generated powe

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Tidal mills were the main industrial activity in the Bay of Cadiz for centuries.

They were the last step in the production of salt and flour made by grinding grains. They were installed along the shallow channels, called ¿caños¿, around the Bay, where the frictional and geometrical effects are very strong.

The authors have analyzed the propagation of the semidiurnal tidal waves along the Caño de Sancti Petri and the available tidal power in the area.

The ancient tidal mills were located where the available tidal potential energy is highest, which ensured productivity for grinding salt and wheat in ancient times. Some considerations about the possibility of installing tidal power plants in the Bay of Cadiz now are given, which show that it could be a real and renewal alternative source of energy for the area.

It is an accepted view that the Romans contribution to technology was largely in the field of practical application104. One of the best illustrations of this, certainly most relevant to this study, is their demonstrable exploitation and application of water-power. Although the above analysis has been supported by numerous references of Roman water-mills a brief overview would not be inappropriate.

We have a steadily increasing corpus of Roman water-mills from archaeological sites in many Roman provinces providing evidence that their diffusion around the Mediterranean and into Northern Europe had probably occurred by the first century AD. By theway what is important is the existence of a tidal power strong enough to allowed a cinetical work using only the change of the level of the water in the lagoon. Accoding to recent studies is also possible to create a tidal movement between the area of sancti petri, Zaporito and La Carraca.

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Chapter five | Mapping Cadiz

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Abb.69 a Ancient Energy Mills Map Abb.69 b. Main wind farms in cadiz province

THE COSTAL ASPECTS ALONG THE YEARS

SEDIMENT MOVEMENT

FUTURE ENERGY

HUELVA 84 GENERATOR TURBINS

LAND COSTA DE LA LUZ 124 GENERATOR TURBINS

BAY OF CADIZ

LA CARRACA SANDY MUD MOVEMENT COADIZ I E IV 34 GENERATOR TURBINS

ZAPORITO MUD MOVEMENT

SAND

BANCO DE TRAFALGAR 82GENERATOR TURBINS

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FUTURE OFFSHORE WIND FARMS

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A new study shows as an hydrodynamic model was applied to Ca´diz Bay to study the influence of sediment load on tidal dynamics. The sediment load eVect is represented parametrically as a dependence of the drag coeffiient on the relative settling velocity (the ratio of the settling velocity of suspended particles to the bottom friction velocity) and the relative friction velocity.

The aim is to shows that the latter is responsible for small local changes of the amplitude and phase of tidal elevation and the maximum depthaveraged tidal velocity, the result counting in favour of the conventional approach whereby the influence of sediment load on tidal dynamics.

As has been shown from a comparison of the model predictions with and without allowance for the sediment load eVect, it is responsible for small local changes of the amplitude and phase of tidal elevation and the maximum depth-averaged tidal velocity for the M2 constituent in Ca´diz Bay. This bay is not exceptional in that the changes reflecting the influence of sediment load on tidal dynamics are less pronounced there than somewhere else.

Therefore it is plausible that similar small changes of tidal characteristics have to be typical of other bays and estuaries.

When the model predictions for tidal elevation are compared with the tide-gauge and bottom pressure data obtained in the framework of this programme, it has been found that their correspondence is reasonable but not as good as that reported in other shallow water tidal modelling investigations. There are certain reasons for this. . For instance, almost perfect agreement between the predicted tidal elevations and the available measurement data in Ca´diz Bay.

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Wind energy in Spain is a good item.With an increase of installed power of 38 MW in 2016, wind energy has been the second source of electrical generation in Spain in that year. Spain is the fifth country in the world in terms of installed wind power after China, the US, Germany and India.

Installed wind farms have a capacity of23,026 MW by 31th of December 2016 generally w ind energy was the system´s second technology in 2016, with a generation of 47,319 GWh, and a cover of the electrical demand of 19,3%. According to the recent datas 22,468 people work in the sector in all the country. The industry exports technology worth 2.9 billion euros per year.

The future of wind energy in Spain presents some hope; 2016 is expected to be a more promising year after the tough situation experienced in the recent times. The new regulations to promote wind energy in the Canary Islands and on the Spanish mainland indicate a clear change in the government‘s position about wind energy. These regulations will continue the auction program for new wind capacity in Spain in 2016 and wind is cost competitive. In addition, electricity interconnection capacity is increasing, especially with the European power system, France, and with the Balearics Islands. This should gradually allow installed wind power capacity to increase on the Spanish mainland with guaranties.

Regarding the current Spanish wind turbine manufacturers, the trend is to establish merges between different players in order to be more competitive in the future global market. (Acciona Wind and Nordex, Gamesa, and Siemens Wind). In the future, the new challenges will be addressed by the suppliers.

FIN SEDIMENTS TRANSPORT PATHS DURING THE TIDAL CURRENTS GENERATE HUGE SAND MOVEMNET AND CHANGE THE COSTAL ASPECTS ALONG THE YEARS

Chapter five | Mapping Cadiz

SANTI PETRI

Abb.69 c Future energy potentials along the bay Abb.69 d. Map of the sedimnt movement in the bay

In our research we decided to proceed in a deeper way. As we know our project area was a cut of land of 10x50 km, and it‘s a quitehuge area to focuse on. That‘s why here we desplay three differnet zooms areas. Each one of the area is a piece of land and sea of 15x5 km which aloow us to have a closer look on these complicate landscape and territory. For each one of these zoom we made a metodichal analysis that icludes: landscape, settlements, infrastructures and patterns. The layer patterns includes all the particular situation, ecosystem and human solution that characterized the territory in a peculiar way.

48

Chapter five | Mapping Cadiz

.70

Abb.70 Project area: the three zooms

.71.a

SETTLEMENTS

Old town of Cadiz San Fernando Jerez de la Frontera

.71.b

INFRASTRUCTURES

New bridge or the city of Cadiz Harbour motorway to Sevilla .71.c

LANDSCAPE Natural Park la Bahia, Las Marismas Isla del Trocadero

LOCAL PATTERNS

49

Salinas Lagoon Marshes Mills

Chapter five | Mapping Cadiz

.71.d

Abb.71 a,b,c,d. Mapping of Cadiz amd marshes zoom

.72.a

SETTLEMENTS Rota Puerto de Santa Maria Chipiona

.72.b

INFRASTRUCTURES Airport Jerez Naval Base Motorway to Portugal .72.c

LANDSCAPE

Natural Park Reserves Public urbans parks

LOCAL PATTERNS

50

Corrals Coast Line Fields settlements

Chapter five | Mapping Cadiz

.72.d

Abb.72 a,b,c,d. Mapping of Rota adn Puerto Santa Maria zoom

.73.a

SETTLEMENTS Conil de a Frontera Sancti Petri Ciclana de la Frontera .73.b

INFRASTRUCTURES Autovia de la Luz Motorway to the south .73.c

LANDSCAPE Natural reserves Coastline

LOCAL PATTERNS

51

Marshes seaside fields for coltivation

Chapter five | Mapping Cadiz

.73.d

Abb.73 a,b,c,d. Mapping of Conil de la frontera zoom

52 Chapter six | Scenarios

After a thorough research into the area concerned, we investigated individual elements, economy, commerce, tourism and other aspects related to landscaping and conformation of the territory. We have devoted ourselves to the formulation of possible future projects that involve The whole flap of the ground.

As a mainly coastal landscape, of course, we have decided to turn to the marine conetsto, to the fauna and to the ocean flora, not to stay connected to the theme of clean coastal energy with which we started our study.

However, the proposed urban planning measures do not have a radical change, but they are gradual approaches, thought in the era of time that would lead to a better living standard and an increase in the economic sector of the region.

Anyway, what a Urban Scenario is?

Convetionally is a multi-strategic plan applicable on a larger scale that allowed to changed more or less deeply the appirence or the social condition of a therritory acting on: Human Relations: takes place inside walls, while people dream about the old streets, now under a huge construction mass.

There’s no reason for people to leave their houses when the city is so disorientating and technology allows for easy virtual relationships.

The human kind is transformed into an efficient machine by the environment that surrounds them.

Deconstruction: is the new system that allows to reconnect with it´s essence again. The freedom of deconstruction has been given to metropolitan citizens with an attempt to recover the public exterior space once lost. Public democratic space must rule in order for the city to bread.

The voids re-connect the relation between earth and sky, man and nature. They must be respected as such so their contemplation can bring back some peace of mind and recover the essence of architecture.

The grid can be now re-discovered within the under layers uncovered as archeological discoveries.

The city is lived and seen from a different perspective, allowing people to reconnect with their own routes.

In our project we decided to show two different scenarios. For these experiments we mainly used the knowledge and data we acquired during the Mapping phase.

In the first scenario we are dealing with‘zoom ‚areas, that is, three narrow areas that we have studied more closely by knowing aspects related to landscape, settlements, infrastructures and patterns.

The second scenario, on the other hand, extends to a whole design area. Interesting aspect: the two scenarios are closely related to each other, the second one exists thanks to the first one. They are designed to lead to a collaboration and a rediscovery of the region‘s identity without ceasing to try to improve and look to the future.

1

C H A P T E R

S I X

Abb.73 „ Scenarios „cover

53 Chapter six | Scenarios

S C E N A R I O S

SCENARIO I TIDAL ENERGY ON THE COAST

The first scenario we focused on concerns primarily the three areas related to previously made zooms. The first, known as an area one located to the north of the region comprising the coastline of Rota, with its port and the city of Chipiona. In this area there are interesting elements of high landscape value such as the coral reef or the various naturalistic entities that are protected by recent laws.

In addition, not only reserves for corals but also for fish are present in that area. Just as a protected area is the bahia of cadice whose landscape and environmental importance, rich in flora, fauna and history, is a unique ambience. Lastly, zoom is on the southern part, with the conil of the Frontera tourist region, where the landscape value is not well felt, but paid off by the very high number of bathers and foreigners coming from all over the world.

Especially the theme of the three environments and always the connection between: water, energy, tourism.

This is declined differently depending on the peculiarity of the territory, the environment, the coastal features, the tourist trends and its inhabitants. In general, the project plans to exploit the latest technologies for the production of hydroelectric power in order to support econimically and energetically the solutions and innovations made throughout the territory by these projects.

CADIZ SAPUERTO REAL ROTA

CENTRE: TIDAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY MARSHES RESERVES HERITAGE FARYBOATS

.75

Abb.74 Scenario I: the three locations Abb.75 Tidal technology type 1: floating turbines Abb.76 Tidal technology type 2: Barrieras tufbines

SOUTH: TIDAL LAGOON TOURISM AND SPORT BAY

.74

.76

54 Chapter six | Scenarios

NORTH: TIDAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CORALS RESERVES

CONIL DE LA FRONTERA

SCENARIO II C O S T A L TRAM LINE

.77

Important infrustructure: the airport close to la rota ring lot of people everyday from all the countires.

The first stop of the new tram line is this base.

TRAM LINE

first new layer of infra structure: new rays wich will bring tourist and local inhabitan ts along the coast line. This tram is powered throught electiv energy procou ced by the tidal systems.

Abb.77 Scenario II: the trime line and linear park

BIKE SHARING

Biking is a important activity wichgo at the same timw with the green areas in order to create a new leasure and healty system of connection.

PORT CONNECTION

Better and faster c o n n e c t i o n between the harbours in order to inprove the comunication and link differnebt areas nad allowed tourist to reach the cruises an fairy boats fastly.

LINEAR PARK

Linear parks and greenways accounted for roughly 60% of all physical activities can help remove up to 50% of pollutants and 75% of sediments before they reach the waterway.

55 Chapter six | Scenarios

AIRPORT

TIDAL ENERGY ON THE COAST

The area design shows that it is possible to combine elements of a different nature along the coastal line and clean energy production using the sea level variation. In this case, the turbines used are inserted along the cadice bay, each of which allows to produce an amount of energy to support the production of electricity in the inland.

The propose a new process of tourist and environmental revitalization of the marismas and the Cadiz Bay. First of all, through the establishment of two different ferry lines: a tourist dedicated to discovering the lagoon and the ancient landing points within the canals and above all of the ancestors of technology that exploits the propensity: the water mills. The second line of the boat, on the other hand, connects between small parts of the city, human settlements that are fragmented and far apart due to the lagoon shape of the territory Third, the revitalization of this particular area also leads to an increase in tourist points of interest and hence a greater need for new hotels and refreshment points due to abandoned spaces due to un-living and excessive humidity. In addition, the surrounding natural reserves must also be improvised for the city‘s sudden expansion. There are instances where nature and man are separated by a thin edge, line, or a clot of earth. Our proposal is to mitigate this gap by protecting the forests and natural areas that are located and disseminated around the lagoon area.

.78 Abb.78 Vision of Scenario I in the area of Cadiz

56 Chapter six | Scenarios

SCENARIO I

TIDAL LAGOON WITH FLOATONG PLATFOR TECHNOLOGY

FAIRY BOATS ROUTS - TOURISM HERITAGE ROUTE

NATURAL RESERVES PROTECTION

INCREMENT OF MARHES TOURISM: NEW HOTELS AND INFO POINTS

Abb.79 Plan for Scenario I in the area of Cadiz

57 Chapter six | Scenarios

- SETTLEMENTS CONNECTIONS ROUTE

SCENARIO I TIDAL ENERGY ON THE COAST

The second area of the scenario is located in a northern position, we are talking about the zoom cut ariund the area of Rota, the Airport of Jerez and the city-harbour of Chipiona. This part of the coastline is located in front of another important landscape element; the estuary of the river Guadalquivir. Immediately close to this territory there is the Natural Park la Donana: it’s a really lively and peculiar environment characterized by the movement of the sands and mud that swished from the ocean to the river and in the opposite way.

As consequence of the transport of these micro-organism and different salts, along the border of Chipiona there is a really well known and beautiful Corals Reserve.

From the seaside of the city s possible to slightly see the marine corals immediately under the ocean surface.

As consequence of these elements in this part of the first scenario the propose is to use, as well as in the other cases, the tidal technology to produce energy for the city sustainment. The technology we chose used the floating platforms and turbines located along the seaside since the coastal environment is characterized by the presence of the corals cultivation. Anyway there is not risk of contamination or causing damage to the ocean flora and fauna.

On the other hand, not only corals reserves but also fishing protected areas are included in the scenario in order to increase and promote the local tourism and commerce and to guarantee the correct respect for seafood treaters.

Abb.80 Vision of Scenario I in the area of Guadalquivir Estuario

58 Chapter six | Scenarios

.80

TIDAL LAGOON WITH FLOATONG PLATFOR TECHNOLOGY

CORRALS NATURAL RESERVES PROTECTION OF CORRALS COLTIVATIONS PROTECTED RESERVES FOR FISHING

59 Chapter six | Scenarios

INCREMENT OF FISHING MARKETS ALONG THE BAY

Abb.81 Plan for Scenario I in the Guadalquivir Estuario

SCENARIO I TIDAL ENERGY ON THE COAST

60 Chapter six | Scenarios

.82

Abb.82 Vision of Scenario I in the area of Conil de la Frontera

TIDAL LAGOON WITH TURBINE TECHNOLOGY

INCREMENT OF SPORT ACTIVITIES INSID THE BARRIER IMPROVEMENT IN THE TOURISM VILLAGES ALONG THE COAST

The last scenario cut, is concerning the meridional area of the region. Is the most touristic part, which in the last ten years has seen grow up and evolved new touristic and leisure centres. Some of them are simply sort clubs, resorts, marinas yachting or similar location that survive only due the tourism economy during the high seasion when lot of visitors and rich owners come from all over the world, and from the inner land too.

One of the most famous examples id the Nuevo Pueblo de Sancti Petri, a huge and well known golf- resort which became fortune of this huge area.

On the other way this areas are also really dry and they lack of a deep identity. The main affluence is only during the spring and the summer, and the inner lands are almost empty of used only for cultivation and agricultural employers.

For this reason we decide to give a more characteristic appearance to this part of the long cut: the tidal technology that we choose to apply in this case is not based on the floating turbines technique, like in the two previous cases, but on the technology of the barricade. The barrier infect is able to protect the area close to the seaside and create a specific environment that before was not able to exist. Moreover this artificial bay is able, firstly to use the tidal difference of the sea-level to create clean energy, and secondly is a kind of new water-oasis that in this case would become a sport lagoon. Based on the starter project of the Seaswan Bay in England this lagoon would be a great attraction for all the sea-sports addicted, providing all the kind of activities and leisure connected to a eco-friendly seaside tourism.

In this way no only the ecosystem but also the economical and social appearance of the area would be positively affected: new piers, more marinas and well furnished docks and, moreover also a new seaside road which links different main cities with the main beaches along the coast-shore.

Abb.83 Plan for Scenario I in the area of Conil de La Frontera

61 Chapter six | Scenarios

PROTECTION AND ICREMENTION OF THE GREEN BEACHES

SCENARIO I TIDAL ENERGY ON THE COAST

Andalucia has many extensive and ecologically important areas of marshes and wetlands, which attract thousands of birds. Since Andalucia is located at the crossroads of Europe and Africa, these places are also crucial for migrating birds to stop off and feed on their long journeys, and as breeding sites.

A substantial stretch of the Atlantic Costa de la Luz is dotted with tidal marshes, the largest being the Guadalquivir delta. This has created one of Europe´s largest wetland areas, the vast Doñana National Park. West of Huelva is the region´s second most significant area of its kind, the Marismas del Odiel Natural Area and, near Portugal, is another coastal salt marsh, the Marismas de Isla Cristina Natural Area. South of Cadiz is the Bahía de Cádiz Natural Area, encompassing salt pans, salt marshes and beaches.

The Mediterranean coastline has fewer coastal wetland sites, which are much smaller and often surrounded (and encroached upon) by agricultural activities, such as the Albuferas de Adra Natural Reserve, which is bordered by the plastic greenhouses commonly seen on the Almeria coastline. It faces the Guadilquivir River and Doñana National Park where the beach runs all the way to the modern family resort of Matalascañas. Near the Portuguese border, the busy fishing port of Isla Cristina is a summer resort with sandy beaches and a popular destination for holidays in the Costa de la Luz. The Doñana National Park, at the heart of the Costa de la Luz, is a protected wetland with flamingos and Iberian lynx Other wetlands, like the Laguna del Conde and the Laguna de Zóñar in southern Cordoba province, provide refuges for wildlife, especially as havens for rare and endangered birds. In recent years conservationists have carried out a successful project to increase numbers of the white-headed duck, which used to be extremely rare.

This articular aspect allowed us to propose a deeper intervention Our idea was to proomote the replication and re-application of the same model of scenario -specifocally the scenario in Bay of Cadiz where we can find the conurbation between a new tidal technology and the esistence of a natural wetland contest: the marshes.

That can explain why in this map we highlighted all the potential humid areas wich already host a protected area along the coast of Andalucia.

Each one of these natural reserves could be a potential new scenario to recreate the same conition of the project that we proposed.

Abb.84 Map of replicable place of scenario I in Cadiz area

62 Chapter six | Scenarios

.84

.85

.86

Abb.85 Electrucuty for the city: how is used the energy from the lagoon Abb. 86 Tram line fwith the energy of the tidal plants

63 Chapter six | Scenarios

As previously mentioned, one of the goals of this scenario is the ability to electronically and economically support the cities subject to it. For example, one of the biggest users of this renewable energy produced by marine technology installed in the three points along the coast and the city. The various urban centers near the coastline are fueled with the public part of the electricity generated by the various tidal lagoons. This proposes a new example of positive energy reuse that does not only serve to grow economics in terms of sustainability, but is implicitly enforced in the lives of all days, also raising awareness of public opinion. Another positive aspect of this scenic scenario is the existence of a coastal transhipment line that will unite and connect the entire city. This coastal line joining the various pĂźiu‘noite beaches and participating cities does not originate in a single phase but grows and extends over time.

However, this railway line does not exist but is closely connected and powered by the hydro-energy produced by the tidal lagoons. We will more closely understand how this idea works in the second scenario: For now we only give some data on the energy production capacity that characterizes the same tidal lagoons.How is it possible: this is explained by a matzemathical programme and simulation made by the Professors of the University of Victoria , Canada.

The costs and benefits of incorporating tidal power into an electricity grid depend not only on the costs of installing, operating and maintaining the individual turbines, but also on how the entire generating system is affected by the tidal generated power penetration . Following a similar methodology as studies of wind power , they found how t use a mathematical linear programming model to determine the impacts of integrating tidal power along with wind power into electricity grids.

The velocity of the moving water is the dominating factor determining how much power an underwater turbine can generate and thus locations known for their strong currents should be the focus of resource exploitation.

To determine the actual power at the specific sites, we extract only a fraction of the available kinetic energy, bay the way this number is mire then enough fort he city soustente.

SCENARIO II TRAM LINE ON THE COAST

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64 Chapter six | Scenarios

C ADIZ NE W TR AM LINE

Abb.87 Vision of Scenario II in the City of Cadiz

As noted in the maps, the coastal and touristic towns of the Bay of Cadiz do not have a road system that connects them along the coastline, they can count with only small, unconnected roads along the towns. The Highway is far from the main cities and also from the sea.This situation makes the connection between the tourist spots and commercial areas difficult, and calls for a more qualified transport infrastructure for the area.

The second scenario is a train line connecting the main cities of the Province of Cadiz, and seeks to accompany the waterfront. With this kind of transport, we can connect the main economic points: ports, airports and industrial poles, as well as the main tourist attractions: beaches, ancient monuments, salines and marshes. When an infrastructure of this size is installed, it is necessary to also think of the greater movement of people by the localities, more pollution and greater demand for energy. This demand can be met by the generation of tidal energy, proposed in the first scenario.Also, in order to be able to insert a large infrastructure along the waterfront, it is necessary to think about the requalification of the beaches and the coast lines, with the installation of a linear park along the coast, protecting the vegetation and the natural parks.

In the map below, the main connection points of the train line are highlighted: Rota and its airport and port, Port of Santa Maria, Cadiz and its port, next to the old city, which is an important tourist point, and Conil de La Frontera , A city of small size, but that receives enough tourists.

To be able to built this whole train line, it is necessary to divide the construction in a few parts. First, with improving the green areas along the coast and preparing the roads for the future train track. For the train line, the installation has to begin on connecting the bigger cities and its other means of transports, for example ports and airports. And then, later, get also a local public transport for the cities. In the end, it will be possible to have the whole coast connected and preserved.

ROTA

PUERTO DE SANTA MARIA

Abb.88 Map of tram line in the second scenario

CADIZ

CHICLANA DE LA FRONTERA

CONIL

DE

LA

FRONTERA

65 Chapter six | Scenarios

.88

SCENARIO II TRAM LINE ON THE COAST

The idea of the linear park is to start on the areas between the main cities and in the borders of the natural parks, totaling 45 kilometers.

In 10 years, it will be possible to advance into the urbanized area, making some interventions on the settlement that are too close to the waterfront, and preparing the cities with the tram stops and connections to the beaches and touristic areas, after this step, the linear park covers already 65 kilometers fo the coastline.. In the end, it will provide a clean waterfront and a proper infrastructure to receive the tram line, protecting the national parks from the urbanization and pollution, but at the same time providing an infrastructure that will help with the tourism and the economic activities.

5 YEARS

5 YEARS

.89

TOT: 45 KM

10 YEARS

TOT: 65 KM

TOT: 90 KM

Abb.89 MapScenario II: evolution of the Linear Park

66 Chapter six | Scenarios

20 YEARS

The first part of the tram line connects the city of Rota, where the airport is located, with the city Chiclana de La Frontera and Conil de La Frontera, on the south. Passing through the main cities or the entrance to the main cities.

The second part, planned for 10 years, enters the city of Cadiz and connects the most important places of the region, the national parks, and the harbours, going till Chiclana de La Frontera. In Cadiz, in additional to connecting the city to other locations, it is possible to have a public transport that goeas around the city, serving also for the local inhabitants. The same happens in Chiclana de La Frontera, where the tram crosses the city from south to north, from the coast to the city center.

In the last part, it will be possible to cross the marshes and enter with the tram in all the cities. This way, in the end, we obtain a connection that goes from north to south in a bigger scale and in a faster velocity, and another route inside the cities, with a slower velocity and serving as public transport for them.

5 YEARS

.90

LINE 1

10 YEARS

LINE 1

LINE 2

LINE 1 LINE 3 LINE 2 Abb.90 MapScenario II: evolution of the Tram Line

67 Chapter six | Scenarios

20 YEARS

TOURISM

CONECTION HARBOUR

BEACH nature Abb.91 Zoom Scenario II in Cadiz Old town

future

public transport INFRASTRUCTURE sustainability

68 Chapter six | Scenarios

old town

TOURISM

CONECTION SMALL CITY

BEACH nature Abb.92 Zoom Scenario II in Nuevo pueblo Sancti Petri

future

public transport INFRASTRUCTURE sustainability

69 Chapter six | Scenarios

HOTELS

P.2 Coastal Cities (http://www.coastalwiki.org) P.4 Connectivity / The key to successful waterfront development? (http://thoughts.arup.com) P.5 Coastal Cities (http://www.coastalwiki.org) P. 7 Dubai Faces Environmental Problems After Growth (http://www.nytimes.com) ‘Dubai: Between Smartness and Identity’ by Jameel Karaki, MSc student (http://blogs.conted.ox.ac.uk) Main themes and sectors addressed in the national State of Environment report (https://www.eea.europa.eu) P.11 Marine energy. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_energy) P.12 Offshore wind power From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_ wind_power) ; What are the advantages and disadvantages of offshore wind farms? (https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/faq/what-are-advantagesand-disadvantages-offshore-wind-farms).

P.13 Fosen Vind (https://www.statkraft.com/about-statkraft/Projects/norway/fosen/) P.14 ABU DHABI / Weatherfield ( http://www.luiscallejas. com/ABU-DHABI-Weatherfield) Energy-Generating Kite Park Offers Extreme Green Parasailing ( http://inhabitat.com/energy-generating-kite-park-offers-extreme-green-parasailing/) Abb. 30,31,32 Murtada Alkaabi Develops a Brilliant Wind Harvesting Facade for Coastal Urban Buildings (http:// www. inhabitat.com).

‘Solar Ivy’ Photovoltaic Leaves Climb to New Heights ( http://inhabitat.com/solar-ivy-photovoltaic-leavesclimb-to-new-heights/).

Leaf-Mimicking Solar Cells Generate 47% More Electricity by Megan Treacy (@mtreacy) April 30, 2012 (https://www.treehugger.com/solartechnology/leaf-mimicking-solar-cell-generates47-more-electricity.html).

Abb.37,38,39 LAGI Glasgow showcases new energy art designs along Scotland’s canal banks. ( http:// www. inhabitat.com)

70 References

R E F E R E N C E S

71 References

P.15 Habitable Wind Farms on the Coast of Holland Design: Murtada Alkaabi – designer at To Create, 20.05.2014 ( https://www.e-architect.co.uk/holland/ habitable-wind-farms-on-the-coast-of-holland) Energy-Generating Kite Park Offers Extreme Green Parasailing (http:// www. inhabitat.com).

‘Solar Ivy’ Photovoltaic Leaves Climb to New Heights, ( http://inhabitat.com/solar-ivy-photovoltaic-leavesclimb-to-new-heights/) LAGI Glasgow showcases new energy art designs along Scotland’s canal banks(http://inhabitat.com/ lagi-glasgow-showcases-new-energy-art-designsalong-scotlands-canal-banks/).

P.16 Modern Day Climate Change ( http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/global_warming/modern_day_ climate_change.html) P.17 An iconic, world-first infrastructure project in South West Wales ( http://www.tidallagoonpower.com/ projects/swansea-bay/) P.20 BCN-GOA Barcelona- Genova, New Multistring Centralities (https://architizer.com/projects/bcn-goabarcelona-genova-new-multistring-centralities/) MULTIRAMBLAS BARCELONA MAR (http://www.listlab.eu/en/shop/libri/multiramblas/) P.22 Abb. 53 ANTICA FOCE NOTIZIE STORICHE SULLA ZONA DELLA FOCE PRIMA DEL XV SECOLO ( http:// anticafoce.blogspot.de/2014/11/notizie-storichesulla-zona-della-foce.html) P.24 Andalucia - Introduction. (http://www.andalucia. com) Rivers of Andalucia. (http://www.andalucia.com) P.26 Municipalities and local entities, Anadlucia ( https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Symbols).

Rivers of Andalucia. (http://www.andalucia.com).

P.27 Andalucia Information (https://www.propertyshowrooms.com) P.28 Government and politics, Andalucia (https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Government_ and_politics).

Demographics, Cadiz ( https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/C%C3%A1diz#Demographics).

DISCOVER THE 10 MARKETS WITH THE FRESHEST PRODUCE IN ANDALUCIA, FuerteBlog, 24.10.2014 (http://blog.fuer-

tehoteles.com/en/top-ten/markets/).

72 References

P.29 Bay of Cadiz (https://www.britannica.com) Topographic Map of the Iberian Peninsula, Major Geographical Features of the Iberian Peninsula (http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/Iberian-Peninsula-topographic-map.htm).

Cruise Andalucia in Spain from Seville from Blue Water Holidays ( http://www.cruisingholidays.co.uk/river/spain/).

P.32 The largest and most unbelievable harbours in Spain http://barcelona-home.com/blog/largest-unbelievable-harbours-spain/).

Main Cities of Cadiz (https://cadiz.costasur.com) Port Authority (https://www.puertocadiz.com) South West coast of Spain from World Cruising Wiki (http://www.cruiserswiki.org/wiki/SW_Spain).

P.37 Province of Cádiz, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia,(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_C%C3%A1diz).

P.38 Port Authority - Welcome by osé Luis Blanco Romero, Chairman of the Port Authority of the Bay of Cadiz (https://www.puertocadiz.com/opencms/PuertoCadiz/en/menu/autoridad/) .

Infrastructure and Transport, La Moncloa, 26.01.2017 (http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/ spaintoday2015/infrastructure/Paginas/index. aspx#roads).

WELCOME-NATURE PARK BAHIA DE CADIZ, Ventana del visitante, ( http://www.andalucia.com/environment/protect/cadiz.htm) .

Provincia de Cadiz. Costa de la Luz (http://www.andalucia.com/costa-de-la-luz/cadizprov.htm).

P.43 PUERTOS Y NAVEGACIÓN SIGLO XX, Atlas de la Historia Economica de Andalucia, (https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadisticaycartografia/atlashistoriaecon/atlas_cap_50.html).

Lighthouses of Spain: Western Andalusia, Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, (https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/lighthouse/ adlw.htm).

LA PESCA A FINALES DEL SIGLO XX, Atlas de la Historia Economica de Andalucia, ( https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadisticaycartografia/atlashistoriaecon/atlas_cap_23.html).

73 References

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Almadraba Tuna Tour, Gastronomy Gourmet, Cadiz Turismo, (http://www.cadizturismo.com/gastronomia/rutas-gastronomicas/?set_language=en) .

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The Influence of Sediment Load on Tidal Dynamics, a Case Study: Ca´diz Bay by O. Alvareza, A. Izquierdoa, B. Tejedora, R. Man˜ anesa, L. Tejedora and B. A. Kagana, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science (1999), 48, 439–450 Article No. ecss.1998.0432 , available online at http://www.idealibrary.com P.50 Urban Scenario, Cityvision, by S. Ferreira Rodrigues Pereira - M. Franco Sêrro Caiado (http://www.cityvisionweb.com/competition/f8n3s9/).

P.62 Costa de la Luz travel guide – golden beaches, horse ballet and the birthplace of flamenco, Hotels.com ( https://uk.hotels.com/articles/ar000340/costa-dela-luz-travel-guide-golden-beaches-horse-balletand-the-birthplace-of-flamenco/).

Landscapes - Marshes and wetlands (http://www.andalucia.com/environment/marshes.htm).

P.63 The Economics of Tidal Stream Power by Boronowski S., Monahan K. and van Kooten G.C., University of Victotoria, Canada, ( http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/ bitstream/44260/2/403.pdf ). eco