INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN SPECIALIST SKILLS 02 RKL2006AD | CW1 ESSAY
Brianna Chan Qian Lin | 008T5721
This report looks into Zaha Hadid’s project works from her earlier and later part of her career. In addition, her early and later stage project, the Vitra Fire Station and the Leeza SOHO Tower respectively, are analyzed in detail; in terms of architectural and interior
design style, design concept, materials and lighting, space function,
ABSTRACT
sustainability, etc. for further discussion and evaluation. According to research, Zaha Hadid is well known for her deconstructivist designs, as she implements them into modern contemporary architecture. With this being said, the Vitra Fire Station and the Leeza SOHO Tower were both built in the deconstructivist architectural style, whereby the structure of the building comprises of non-rectilinear shapes. However, Zaha Hadid’s deconstructivist architectural designs have been developed from geometric elements to curve elements overtime, which can be evidently seen by the comparison between the Vitra Fire Station and the Leeza SOHO Tower.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1
Introduction…………………………………………8
Chapter 3
Later Stage Project…………………………..25
1.1
Zara Hadid……………………………………………...9
3.1
The Leeza SOHO Tower………………………….…26
1.2
Early Life & Career…………………………………...10
3.2
Building Exterior Analysis…………………………...27
1.3
Stardom & Notable Awards…………………....…….11
3.2.1
Architecture & Design Style…………….27
1.4
‘Queen of The Curve’………………………….……..12
3.2.2
Materials & Lighting……………………..31
Chapter 2
Early Stage Project……………………....……13
3.2.3
Sustainability……………………………..34
2.1
The Vitra Fire Station………………………………...14
2.2
Building Exterior Analysis……………………………16
2.3
3.3
Building Interior Analysis……………………………36 3.3.1
Interior Design Style……………………..36
3.3.2
Space Function…………………………..37
3.3.3
Materials & Lighting……………………..44
2.2.1
Architecture & Design Style……………..16
2.2.2
Materials & Lighting………………………17
2.2.3
Sustainability……………………………...18
Chapter 4
Discussion………………………………………..46
Building Interior Analysis…………………………….20
4.1
Project Similarities………………………………...…47
2.3.1
Interior Design Style……………………..20
4.2
Project Differences…………………………………..48
2.3.2
Space Function…………………………...21
Chapter 5
Conclusion………………………………………..49
2.3.3
Materials & Lighting………………………24 Chapter 6
Bibliography……………………………………...51
TABLE OF FIGURES Chapter 1
Introduction
Figure 1
Portrait of Zaha Hadid sitting on parametric bench……………………………………………………………………….9
Figure 2
Portrait of Zaha Hadid…………………………………………..……………………………………………………………9
Figure 3
Zaha Hadid’s early life and career photomontage……………………..………………..…………..…………………..10
Figure 4
Zaha Hadid’s stardom and notable awards photomontage…………………..……………..………………………….11
Figure 5
Zaha Hadid as ‘Queen of The Curve’ photomontage……………………..…………………..………………………...12
Chapter 2
Early Stage Project
Figure 6
Early representation of the Vitra Fire Station painting…………………………………………………………………..14
Figure 7
Conceptual painting of the Vitra Fire Station……………………………………………………………………………..14
Figure 8
Sketches of the Vitra Fire Station………………………………………………………………………………………….14
Figure 9
Study model of the Vitra Fire Station……………………………….………………….………………………………….14
Figure 10
Vitra Fire Station site plan…………………………………….…………………..…………………..……………………15
Figure 11
Exterior view of the Vitra Fire Station featuring its dynamically angled planes…………………..…………………..16
Figure 12
Exterior view of the Vitra Fire Station featuring its intersecting concrete planes……………………………………..16
Figure 13
Vitra Fire Station made of reinforced concrete walls and roof elements………………………………………………17
Figure 14
Ambient lighting is used for the Vitra Fire Station’s exterior…………………………………………………………….17
Figure 15
LED lighting installed on the ground adjacent to garage………………………………………………………………..17
Figure 16
Vitra fire station is made of sustainable reinforced concrete……………………………………………………………18
Figure 17
Large window panes help to maximize the amount of sun light that enters the interior……………………………..18
Figure 18
Sliding doors are opened to let air flow into the interior…………………………………………………………………18
TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 19
Vitra fire station cross sections…………………………………………………………………………………………….19
Figure 20
Interior view of the Vitra Fire Station designed in the modern contemporary interior design style………..........….20
Figure 21
Interior view of the Vitra Fire Station featuring its steel room dividers…………………………………………………20
Figure 22
Interior view of the Vitra Fire Station featuring its slanted planes……………………………………………………...20
Figure 23
Featuring the interior’s cantilevered staircase……………………………………………………………………………20
Figure 24
Upper and lower section of the Vitra Fire Station……………………………………………………………………..…21
Figure 25
Vitra Fire Station first floor plan……………………………………………………………………………………………22
Figure 26
Vitra Fire Station’s garage………………………………………………………………………………………………….22
Figure 27
Vitra Fire Station’s recreation court………………………………………………………………………………………..22
Figure 28
Vitra Fire Station’s fitness space…………………………………………………………………………………………..22
Figure 29
Vitra Fire Station’s freestanding lockers…………………………………………………………………………………..22
Figure 30
Vitra Fire Station’s changing rooms……………………………………………………………………………………….22
Figure 31
Vitra Fire Station’s second floor plan……………………………………………………………………………………...23
Figure 32
Vitra Fire Station’s club room………………………………………………………………………………………………23
Figure 33
Vitra Fire Station’s middle section of the club room……………………………………………………………………..23
Figure 34
Vitra Fire Station’s dining area……………………………………………………………………………………………..23
Figure 35
Vitra Fire Station’s rooftop terrace…………………………………………………………………………………………23
Figure 36
Reinforced concrete and metallic materials are used for the interior………………………………………………….24
Figure 37
Ambient light complements the modern contemporary interior design style………………………………………….24
Figure 38
Areas with large window panes require less artificial lighting…………………………………………………………..24
TABLE OF FIGURES Chapter 3
Later Stage Project
Figure 39
Rendered interior view of the Leeza SOHO Tower……………………….……………………………………………..26
Figure 40
Zoomed-in rendered view of the Leeza SOHO Tower………….……………………………………………………….26
Figure 41
Exterior view of the Leeza SOHO Tower………….………………………………………………………………………27
Figure 42
Zoomed-in view of the Leeza SOHO Tower’s facade………….………………………………………………………..27
Figure 43
The Leeza SOHO Tower truss & bridges structure………….…………………………………………………………..27
Figure 44
The Leeza SOHO Tower location plan………….………………………………………………………………………...28
Figure 45
The Leeza SOHO Tower site plan………….……………………………………………………………………………..28
Figure 46
The Leeza SOHO Tower scale 1:200 site plan………….……………………………………………………………….28
Figure 47
The Leeza SOHO Tower conceptual model………….…………………………………………………………………..29
Figure 48
The Leeza SOHO Tower structure diagrams………….………………………………………………………………....30
Figure 49
Structural system of the Leeza SOHO Tower………….………………………………………………………………...31
Figure 50
Tortional form of the Leeza SOHO Tower………….……………………………………………………………………..31
Figure 51
View of the Leeza SOHO Tower in the evening………….……………………………………………………………...31
Figure 52
The Leeza SOHO Tower’s LED signage………….……………………………………………………………………...31
Figure 53
The Leeza SOHO Tower building structure………….…………………………………………………………………...32
Figure 54
The Leeza SOHO Tower core structure………….…………………………………………………………………….....33
Figure 55
The Leeza SOHO Tower floor slab structure……….…………………………………………………………………….33
Figure 56
The Leeza SOHO Tower column structure……….………………………………………………………………………33
Figure 57
The Leeza SOHO Tower beam structure……….………………………………………………………………………...33
Figure 58
The Leeza SOHO Tower’s convex-shaped glass facade……….……………………………………………………....34
Figure 59
Double-glazed glass curtain façade with angled panes……….……………………………………………………......34
TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 60
Raw 3D model of the Leeza SOHO Tower……….………………………………………………………......................34
Figure 61
The Leeza SOHO Tower sustainability………….…………………………………………………….........................35
Figure 62
Interior view of the Leeza SOHO Tower……….……………………………………………………..............................36
Figure 63
Spiral and helix form with radial organization……….……………………………………………………………….......36
Figure 64
Skybridges in the Leeza SOHO Tower……….…………………………………………………………………………...36
Figure 65
The Leeza SOHO Tower space indication……….……………………………………………………..........................37
Figure 66
The double decker elevator system separates the odd and even numbered floors………………………………....38
Figure 67
The double decker elevator system splits into the low and high zone………………………………………………...38
Figure 68
The Leeza SOHO Tower typical office layout plan……….………………………………………………………...…....39
Figure 69
The Leeza SOHO Tower floor 2, 5, 10, 20 plan……….………………………………………………………………....40
Figure 70
The Leeza SOHO Tower floor 30, 40, 47 plan……….………………………………………………………………......41
Figure 71
The Leeza SOHO Tower section A-A……….…………………………………………………………………….……....42
Figure 72
The Leeza SOHO Tower section B-B……….……………………………………………………………………….…....42
Figure 73
The Leeza SOHO Tower elevation 1……….…………………………………………………………………….….…....43
Figure 74
The Leeza SOHO Tower elevation 2……….…………………………………………………………………………......43
Figure 75
Glass inner façade that faces the opposing side……….……………………………………………………….……....44
Figure 76
Marble flooring is used throughout the building’s interior……….……………………………………………………....44
Figure 77
Ambient lighting complements the modern contemporary interior design style……….………………………..…....44
Figure 78
The Leeza SOHO Tower floor 3 blow-up detail……….………………………………………………………………....45
Figure 79
Project similarities photomontage……….……………………………………………………………………………......47
Figure 80
Project differences photomontage……….………………………………………………………………………….…....48
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Zaha Hadid “The are 360 degrees, so why stick to one?” Name
Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid
Born
31 October, 1950 Baghdad, Iraq
Died
31 March, 2016 (aged 65) Miami, Florida, U.S.
Figure 2 Portrait of Zaha Hadid, 2016 photograph by Steve Double, source: Zaha Hadid Architects
Nationality
Iraq, United Kingdom
Siblings
Fulath Hadid, Haithem Hadid, Foulath Hadid
Parents
Mohammed Hadid, Wajiha al-Sabunji
Alma Mater
American University of Beirut (1968 - 1969) Architectural Association School of Architecture (1972 - 1977)
Occupation
Architect, Artist, Designer
Practice
Zaha Hadid Architects
Website
www.zaha-hadid.com
Figure 1 Portrait of Zaha Hadid sitting on parametric bench, 2016 photograph by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: Zaha Hadid Architects
“Architecture is like writing. You have to edit it over and over so it looks effortless.”
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Early Life & Career Zara Hadid began her studies at the American University in Beirut in 1968, whereby she
In the 1980s and early ‘90s, Zara Hadid
From
received a bachelor’s degree in mathematics. In 1972, she then traveled to London to pursue
was only known as a ‘paper architect’, as
the Encyclopedia Britannica Editorial Board
her studies at the Architectural Association School of Architecture. She met the architects, Elia
her designs were said to be far too
of Advisors from 2005 to 2006. In addition,
Zenghelis and Rem Koolhaas, while studying there, and worked with them later on at the
advanced to be built after the sketch phase.
she was made a Dame Commander of the
Office of Metropolitan Architecture. In 1979, Zara Hadid founded her own London-based firm,
However, with her incredible rendered
Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 2012.
known as Zaha Hadid Architects (John Zukowsky, 2021).
designs that were expressed in the form of
She
meticulously detailed colour paintings, the
universities, some of which included the
impression
Architectural
In 1983, Zara Hadid’s competition-winning submission for The Peak Leisure Club in Hong Kong gained international recognition. According to her design that was inspired by Kazimir Malevich and the Suprematists, it is a horizontal building that moves at a dynamic diagonal down the hillside site. Furthermore, Zaha Hadid used geometric shapes and forms to give the building a sense of fragmentation, instability and movement. Ultimately, this fragmented style led her to be grouped with the deconstructivist architects, a label that was popularized by the landmark exhibition, “Deconstructivist Architecture”, held at New York City’s Museum of
and
image
of
her
was
Zaha Hadid
also
taught
was a member
architecture
Association
at
School
of
many
of
heightened when her rendered designs
Architecture, University of Chicago, Harvard
were displayed as works of art in renowned
University, Yale University, and more (John
museums. Aside from designing buildings
Zukowsky, 2021).
and interior spaces, Zaha Hadid also designed
furniture,
bags,
jewelry,
and
footwear (John Zukowsky, 2021).
Modern Art in 1988 (John Zukowsky, 2021).
Figure 3 Zaha Hadid’s early life and career photomontage, 2022 photomontage by Brianna Chan
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Stardom & Notable Awards •
Zaha Hadid has won countless awards throughout her career, some of which included the European
Union
Prize
for
Contemporary
Architecture
(2003),
the
Japan
Art
Association’s Praemium Imperiale Prize for Architecture (2009), the Glamour Architect for the Architect-in-chief (2012), the Royal Gold Medal for Architecture (2016), and many more (John Zukowsky, 2021). •
In 2004, Zara Hadid became the first woman to receive the Pritzker Architecture Prize. "Without ever building, Zaha Hadid would have radically expanded architecture's repertoire of spatial articulation. Now that the implementation in complex buildings is happening, the power of her innovation is fully revealed.“, said Pritzker juror, Rolf Fehlbaum (NPR, 2004).
•
Zara Hadid received the Structural Steel Design Award in 2010 for her eye-catching dynamic and curvaceous roof structure of the London Aquatics Centre. According to the judges, they deemed the legacy roof of the London Aquatics Centre to be a “heroic engineering achievement”, and its “necessarily complex structure delivers the form and shape at the heart of what will become the emblematic and beautiful icon of the London 2012 Olympics” (Kelly Minner, 2011).
•
In 2010, Zaha Hadid was awarded the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Stirling Prize for the MAXXI: National Museum of XXI Century Arts in Rome, as she managed to captivate the juror with the uplifting and cavernous spaces she designed (archimagazine, 2010). Moreover, Zaha Hadid won a second Stirling Prize in 2011, as she was awarded £20,000 for her sleek structural design for the Evelyn Grace Academy in London (Kelly Minner, 2011).
•
In 2014, Zaha Hadid became the first woman that won the London Design Museum’s Design of the Year award, as she impressed the juror with her complexed and fluid design for the Heydar Aliyev Center in Baku (BBC News, 2016).
Figure 4 Zaha Hadid’s stardom and notable awards photomontage, 2022 photomontage by Brianna Chan
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Queen of The Curve
Figure 5 Zaha Hadid as ‘Queen of The Curve’ photomontage, 2022 photomontage by Brianna Chan Zaha Hadid was nicknamed the ‘Queen of The Curve’ for her elegant and curvaceous designs, as she used curves to push the boundaries of spatial configuration. Zara Hadid drew inspiration for her curvaceous designs from the forms of Arabic calligraphy, as a reference to her ancestry. In addition, she also wanted to make contemporary works that reinterpreted traditional and nonhierarchical spaces seen in Islamic architecture for modern times (Artnet News, 2018).
PAGE 12
CHAPTER 2 EARLY STAGE PROJECT
CHAPTER 2
EARLY STAGE PROJECT
The Vitra Fire Station Location
Weil am Rhein, Germany
The Vitra Fire Station, located in Weil am Rhein, Germany, is part of the Vitra Campus factory complex (Luke
Architects
Zaha Hadid, Patrik Schumacher
Fiederer, 2016). After a fire which occurred in 1981 established the need for one, the Vitra Fire Station was built
Architecture firm
Zaha Hadid Architects
within the factory complex to safeguard all Vitra buildings. Additionally, the Vitra Fire Station was Zaha Hadid’s
Developer
Vitra International AG
Year
1989 – 1993
Area
852m2
first major built project and international design work, in which it demonstrates her technique of combining polygons with triangular structures to create a sense of movement in her designs (WikiArquitectura, 2018).
Figure 8 Sketches of the Vitra Fire Station, 2010 sketches by Zaha Hadid, source: flickr
Figure 6 Early representation of the Vitra Fire Station painting, 1993 painting by Zaha Hadid, source: designboom
Figure 7 Conceptual painting of the Vitra Fire Station, 2016 painting by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: Archdaily
Figure 9 Study model of the Vitra Fire Station, 2016 model by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily
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EARLY STAGE PROJECT
Site Plan 1. ENTRANCE GATE 2. MAIN STREET 3. FIRE STATION 4. PROJECTED BICYCLE SHELTERS 5. NEW FACTORY BY ALVARD SIZA 6. PROJECTED PAVING AND FIRESTANDING WALLS 7. FACTORY BY NICHOLAS GRIMSHAW 8. FACTORY BY FRANK GEHRY 9. DESIGN MUSEUM BY FRANK GEHRY 10. NEW SEMINAR CENTER BY TADAO ANDO
Figure 10 Vitra Fire Station site plan, 1993 site plan by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: wordpress, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
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EARLY STAGE PROJECT
Building Exterior Analysis Architecture & Design Style Figure 11 Exterior view of the Vitra Fire Station featuring its dynamically angled planes, 2016 photograph by Christian Richters, source: ArchDaily 2022 modified by Brianna Chan Dynamically angled planes
The Vitra Fire Station is built in the deconstructivist architectural style, whereby dramatic geometry is implemented into the design to create movement and momentum for the
building’s structure. In addition, the building structure is composed of a series of dynamically angled planes to mimic a bird in flight (figure 11). Additionally, Zaha Hadid described the structure as an abstract design, as well as an extension of linear patterns from the surrounding vineyards and farmlands. Furthermore, the Vitra Fire Station’s obliquely intersecting concrete planes (figure 12), which forms and defines the street that runs through the complex, represents the earliest attempt to translate Zara Hadid’s
powerful conceptual sketches into an aesthetic yet functional architectural space (Luke Fiederer, 2016). The Vitra Fire Station gives off the impression and appearance of “frozen movement”. In addition, it is a fitting architectural mood for a fire station, as the design of the building Intersecting concrete planes
expresses that tension of being on the alert, as well as the ability to leap into action at any moment (Luke Fiederer, 2016). However, the Vitra Fire Station is now converted into an exhibition and event space to display the collection of Vitra Chairs (Wiki Arquitectura, 2018).
Figure 12 Exterior view of the Vitra Fire Station featuring its intersecting concrete planes, 2016 photograph by Christian Richters, source: ArchDaily 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
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EARLY STAGE PROJECT
Building Exterior Analysis Materials & Lighting The Vitra Fire Station is made out of a
Regarding the lighting used for the
series of linear reinforced concrete walls
building’s exterior, warm-white LED strip
and roof elements (figure 13), with the
lighting is used (figure 14). In terms of
programmes fitted into the interstitial
aesthetics, ambient lighting is used to
spaces in between. Exposed, cast in-situ
complement
concrete are used to retain the simplicity
contemporary
of its prismatic form and the abstract
Additionally, LED lights are installed on
aspect of the architectural concept, with
the ground adjacent to the garage to
special attention to the sharpness of the
help light up the road path at night
edges. As specified by Zaha Hadid, the
(figure 15).
visual purity of these elements must be strictly maintained. This means that roof cladding and edging are strictly avoided,
the
building’s
modern
architecture
style.
Reinforced concrete
Figure 13 Vitra Fire Station made of reinforced concrete walls and roof elements, 2016 photograph by Christian Figure 14 Ambient lighting is used for the Vitra Fire Station’s exterior, 2016 Richters, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna photograph by Christian Richters, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan LED lighting installed on the ground
as it would have caused a distraction from the
crisp
edges
of
the
concrete.
Therefore, the walls are either perforated,
Ambient lighting
slanted, or folded in order to meet the internal requirements for circulation and other activities (Luke Fiederer, 2016).
Figure 15 LED lighting installed on the ground adjacent to garage, 2016 photograph by Christian Richters, source: ArchDaily 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
PAGE 17
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EARLY STAGE PROJECT
Building Exterior Analysis Sustainability According to research, sustainable design is the approach to developing products and
services
environmental,
that social,
considers and
Figure 16 Vitra Fire Station is made of sustainable reinforced concrete, 2011 photograph by anonphotography.com, source: flickr, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
the
Reinforced concrete is not only a more environmentally
friendly
and
versatile
material (figure 16), but it is also a long Reinforced concrete
economic
lasting building material which has low
impacts from the initial phase through to
maintenance costs, high energy efficiency,
the end of life. In addition, sustainable
and durability in the face of natural and
design also aims to improve building
man-made disasters (Michael Collins,
performance environmental
by
reducing
impacts,
as
negative well
as
improving the health and comfort of
building
inhabitants.
Moreover,
create
resources,
productive
and
and
Figure 18 Sliding doors are opened to let air flow into the interior, 2016 photograph by designboom team, source: designboom, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
to
healthy
environments (U.S. General Services
window
panes
are
employed
throughout the building to maximize the
minimize waste, reduce the consumption non-renewable
Large
the
primary goals of sustainability are to
of
2003).
Figure 17 Large window panes help to maximize the amount of sun light that enters the interior, 2016 photograph by koishki, source: reddit, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
amount of sun light that enters the interior (figure 17). In addition, casement windows and sliding doors are installed to facilitate ventilation air flow into the interior (figure 18). Moreover, concrete can help to
Large window panes
absorb heat to keep the building’s interior
Administration, 2021).
cool
throughout
the
day,
whereas
overnight natural ventilation can be used to cool the concrete down and warm up the room space (Michael Collins, 2003).
Sliding door
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EARLY STAGE PROJECT
Section
SUN
WIND PATH
VEGETATION
Figure 19 Vitra Fire Station cross sections, 1993 cross sections by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: wordpress, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
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Building Interior Analysis Interior Design Style The interior space of the Vitra fire station is designed with a deconstructivist approach,
The structure of the building is divided in two and it creates a linear typology for an open
followed by the modern contemporary interior design style (figure 20). Similar to the
plan with interior lines that act as volumes and layers within themselves. Moreover, the
building’s exterior, dramatic geometry is implemented into the interior. The illusion of
building features steel room dividers that reinforce the appearance of spatial instability
depth is manipulated by placing slanted planes onto the edges of the wall, which makes
(figure 22). Furthermore, the overall effect of the overlapping concrete volumes create a
each room look even larger (figure 21). Hence, each feature of the interior adds to the
sensation of energetic and dynamic movement. Nevertheless, from the projecting roof to
feeling of movement by consisting of lines that run in a parallel manner. Furthermore,
the internal stair's cantilevered steps, mass is suspended on many scales (figure 23).
each element is also kept simple in terms of detail, with the elements being made up of
The upper and lower floors appear to slide past one another, with the upper dining area
volumetric prisms (designboom, 2013).
racing to a horizon line, while all lines meet at the centre of the area and entry (designboom, 2013).
Cantilevered staircase
Steel room divider
Slanted plane
Figure 21 Interior view of the Vitra Fire Station featuring its steel room dividers, 2016 photograph by designboom team, source: designboom, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan Figure 22 Interior view of the Vitra Fire Station featuring its slanted planes, 2016 photograph by Figure 20 Interior view of the Vitra Fire Station designed in the designboom team, source: designboom, 2022 modern contemporary interior design style, 2016 modified by Brianna Chan photograph by designboom team, source: designboom
Figure 23 Featuring the interior’s cantilevered staircase, 2009 photograph by Wojtek Gurak, source: flickr, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
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EARLY STAGE PROJECT
Building Interior Analysis Fire engine shed (1st floor) – This space is also known as the garage, whereby fire trucks are parked here.
•
Equipment room (1st floor) – This space is where all fire fighting equipment are stored at.
•
Recreation court (entryway) – This space is for fire fighters to do their outdoor activities and/or rest.
•
Fitness space (1st floor) – This space is for fire fighters to do their training exercise.
•
Freestanding lockers (1st floor) – This space is for fire fighters to place their belongings.
•
Mechanical room (1st floor) – M&E, electrical room and water pump room.
•
Men’s changing room (1st floor) – This space is for male fire fighters to change their clothing.
•
Women’s changing room (1st floor) – This space is for female fire fighters to change their clothing.
•
First aid area (1st floor) – This space is for injured or ill fire fighters who require emergency first aid.
•
Club room (2nd floor) – This space consists of a small dining area for staff to rest.
•
Rooftop terrace (2nd floor) – This space is for staff to enjoy the outdoor fresh air and sunshine.
1st Floor
•
2nd Floor
Space Function
Figure 24 Upper and lower section of the Vitra Fire Station, 2011 3D model by Kate Shea Han, source: wordpress, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
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EARLY STAGE PROJECT
Figure 27 Vitra Fire Station’s recreation court, Figure 29 Vitra Fire Station’s 2009 photography by Wojtek Gurak, freestanding lockers, source: flickr 2016 photography by Figure 28 Vitra Fire Station’s fitness space, Figure 26 Vitra Fire Station’s garage, 2016 designboom team, 2009 photography by Wojtek Gurak, photography by designboom team, source: designboom source: flickr source: designboom
Figure 30 Vitra Fire Station’s changing rooms, 1994 photography by EUmiesaward, source: EUmiesaward
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
ENTRANCE FIRE ENGINE SHED EQUIPMENT ROOM RECREATION COURT FITNESS SPACE
6. FREESTANDING LOCKERS 7. MECHANICAL ROOM 8. MEN’S CHANGING ROOM 9. WOMEN’S CHANGING ROOM 10. FIRST AID
First Floor Plan Figure 25 Vitra Fire Station first floor plan, 1993 first floor plan by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: wordpress, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
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EARLY STAGE PROJECT
Figure 32 Vitra Fire Station’s club room, 2006 photograph by Sandstein, source: Wikimedia Commons
Figure 33 Vitra Fire Station’s middle section of the club room, 2012 photograph by Marco, source: flickr
Figure 34 Vitra Fire Station’s dining area, 2021 photograph by The Arch Insider, source: The Arch Insider Figure 35 Vitra Fire Station’s rooftop terrace, 2003 photograph by Rory Hyde, source: flickr
11. CLUB ROOM 12. ROOFTOP TERRACE
Second Floor Plan Figure 31 Vitra Fire Station second floor plan, 1993 second floor plan by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: wordpress, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
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EARLY STAGE PROJECT
Building Interior Analysis Materials & Lighting Figure 38 Areas with large window panes require less artificial lighting, 2020 photography by Shreya Bansal, source: stir world, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
The modern contemporary design style was applied into the interior with a minimalistic
approach
to
main
the
aesthetic simplicity of the building – with
Reinforced concrete
Stainless steel
reinforced concrete walls and flooring, stainless steel dividers, white plaster ceiling, rough opening frames, polished aluminum sliding planes and guard rails (figure 36) – which nonetheless maintains Large window panes
a consistent language that gives meaning to the entire project (Wiki Arquitectura, 2018). Similar to the building’s exterior, warmwhite LED strip lighting is also used for the
building’s
interior.
In
terms
of
aesthetics, ambient lighting is used to
complement the modern contemporary interior
design
style
(figure
37).
Additionally, areas with large window
Figure 36 Reinforced concrete and metallic materials are used for the interior, 2016 photography by Christian Richter, source: Zaha Hadid Architects, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
Ambient lighting
panes do not require as much artificial lighting, due to the fact that large amount of sun light would shine into the interior
during daytime (figure 38).
Figure 37 Ambient light complements the modern contemporary interior design style, 2013 photography by dindin, source: dindin, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
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CHAPTER 3 LATER STAGE PROJECT
CHAPTER 3
LATER STAGE PROJECT
The Leeza SOHO Tower Location
Lize Business Financial District, Beijing, China
The 46-storey tall Leeza SOHO Tower is
Architect
Zaha Hadid, Patrik Schumacher
located on the Lize Road in south west Beijing, China. Hence, the Leeza
Architecture Firm
Zaha Hadid Architects
Developer
SOHO China
which harbors offices and retail spaces,
Project Director
Satoshi Ohashi
situated within the new business district
Structure
Bollinger + Grohmann
SOHO Tower is a mixed-used building
called the Lize Business Financial District (HAN Shuang, 2019).
China Academy of Building Research The Leeza SOHO Tower’s construction
Beijing Institute of Architectural Design General Contractor
China State Construction Engineering Corporation
Interior Contractor
Suzhou Gold Mantis Beijing Qiaoxin
Façade Contractor
Konstruct West Partners Kighton Façade
began in 2015, and the topping-out ceremony took place in September 2017. Subsequently, the tower was completed in Figure 39 Rendered interior view of the Leeza SOHO Tower, 2017 render by MIR, source: Archdaily
J+B Studios Architectural Design
Glass
Tianjin Yaopi
2019
and
received
the
Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED) Gold certification by the US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Yuanda Lingyun Lighting
November
(Design Build Network, 2021). Additionally, the Leeza SOHO Tower was reputedly one of Zaha Hadid’s last major
Stainless Steel
Beijing Huaxin Ocean
Elevator
Hitachi
Her
Fixtures
Kohler
developing public spaces as a way of
Year
2015 – 2019
Area
172,800m2
built project and international design work. early
kindling
life
career, and
when
she
community
began in
her
architecture, is thereby reflected in the tower (Joseph Giovannini, 2020). Figure 40 Zoomed in rendered view of the Leeza SOHO Tower, 2017 render by MIR, source: Archdaily
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Building Exterior Analysis Architecture & Design Style The 207m tall Leeza SOHO Tower contains the world’s tallest atrium, which measured up to 194.15m. The tower is built in the deconstructivist architectural style, whereby its structure’s shape and form embodies an irregularly shaped double helix which revolves around a central point in the atrium. Moreover, the opposing facades swirl in a gyrational turbulence, twisting with the same athletic torque which ancient sculptors carved in statues like the Vatican's Belvedere Torso and Laocoön (figure 41). In order to produce the tower's continuously curving curve, the architects staggered the curtain wall's glass modules to mimic scales on a fish (Joseph Giovannini, 2020) (figure 42). The atrium of the Leeza SOHO Tower’s is directly connected to the city’s transit network and new subway interchange station and the on Lize Road and Luo Tuo Wan East Road. On either side of the tunnel, the building is divided into two separate parts. The atrium connects the two sections from bottom to top, along with the distorted structural skeleton and bridge rings (figure 43). SECTION 1
Figure 41 Exterior view of the Leeza SOHO Tower, 2019 photograph by Hufton+Crow, source: Archdaily Staggered curtain wall
SECTION 2
Figure 42 Zoomed-in view of the Leeza SOHO Tower’s facade, 2019 photograph by Hufton+Crow, source: Archdaily, 2022 modified by Brianna
The trusses and bridges connect the two sections of the tower together
Figure 43 The Leeza SOHO Tower truss & bridges structure, 2017 diagram by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
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Site Plan
LINE 16 LEEZA SOHO
LINE 14
Figure 44 The Leeza SOHO Tower location plan, 2017 location plan by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
PARK
LEEZA SOHO
SITE PLAN
Figure 45 The Leeza SOHO Tower site plan, 2017 site plan by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
Figure 46 The Leeza SOHO Tower scale 1:200 site plan, 2017 site plan by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
The axis of the atrium at its base aligns with the subway lines (line 14 and line 16) that cross the site diagonally, thus the tower creates a 45 degrees turn in order to align the floors on the upper level with Lize Road's east-west and north-south axes (Design Build Network, 2021) (figure 45).
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Conceptual Model 2
1
Site flanked by subway lines and dissected by subway service tunnel. Building footprint centered on site.
3
Building footprint extruded up. Volume split along service tunnel.
5
4
Widening of crevasse to increase atrium volume, create views for offices and lift lobbies outwards. Bulge volume to maintain GFA and to create iconic silhouette.
Orientation of crevasse to align with East – West direction and Lize Lu by twisting top of massing.
6
Core offset growing upwards, leaving ellipsoid ‘imprint’ in façade surface, increasing GFA.
Carve out 4 conic volumes to balance GFA and to create additional view situations and increasing ground floor lobby space.
Figure 47 The Leeza SOHO Tower conceptual model, 2017 diagrams by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
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Structure Diagram
Exploded view of the building’s structure
Position of perimeter columns and atrium columns through floor slabs
Elements of the building structure – core, perimeter columns, floor slabs, atrium columns
Bending the building’s structure
Twisting the building’s section
Twisting the atrium’s structure
Tortional form of the building
Figure 48 The Leeza SOHO Tower structure diagrams, 2017 diagrams by Bollinger+Grohmann, source: Bollinger+Grohmann, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
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Building Exterior Analysis Materials & Lighting The structural system of the skyscraper was built using a combination of concrete and wide-flange steel (figure 49). Hence, the tower has four layers of steel, including a core tube wall, an outside frame steel framework, and a horizontal structure (Design Build Network, 2021). Moreover, the tower’s façade consisted of double-glazed glass with angled panes, arranged and built in a way to create a tortional form and to complement the deconstructivist design style (figure 50). Although no additional lights were installed onto the façade of the building, the interior’s lighting can help light up the entire tower during evening and night time (figure 51). Nevertheless, warm white LED strip lighting and spotlights and a cool white LED signage was installed to act as a wayfinding to the tower’s entrance (figure 52). Figure 50 Tortional form of the Leeza SOHO Tower, 2019 photography by Hufton+Crow, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan Figure 49 Structural system of the Leeza SOHO Tower, Tortional form 2015 photography by Yicheng Yang, source: Archinect News, 2022 Figure 51 View of the Leeza SOHO Tower in the evening, 2019 modified by Brianna photograph by Hufton+Crow, source: Wikiwand
Figure 52 The Leeza SOHO Tower’s LED signage, 2019 photography by Hufton+Crow, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
LED signage
Entire structure is made of steel and concrete, hence it comprises columns, beams, floor slabs, trusses and bridges, etc.
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Tower Structure
Figure 53 The Leeza SOHO Tower building structure, 2017 building structure details by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily
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Tower Structure Each section contains a main core which helps to keep the entire tower sturdy
8 arcs and offsets defining perimeter slab edge SECTION 1
SECTION 2
Figure 54 The Leeza SOHO Tower core structure, 2017 diagram by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
Figure 55 The Leeza SOHO Tower floor slab structure, 2017 diagram by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
Each section has 6 atrium columns and 10 perimeter columns
Structure of underfloor beams follow according to each floor slab
Figure 56 The Leeza SOHO Tower column structure, 2017 diagram by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
Figure 57 The Leeza SOHO Tower beam structure, 2017 diagram by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
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Building Exterior Analysis Sustainability The tower's curtain wall system and the convex-shaped glass façade work together to provide ventilation and natural lighting (figure 59). To limit heat movement across the
building, heat-insulating materials and double-glazing are utilized. Hence, the tower’s
Figure 58 The Leeza SOHO Tower’s convex-shaped glass facade, 2019 photography by Hufton+Crow, source: ArchDaily
double-glazed glass curtain façade with angled panes help to boost internal ventilation as well (figure 60). This is designed to maintain a decent and comfortable indoor climate
Figure 59 Double-glazed glass curtain façade with angled panes, 2019 photography by Hufton+Crow, source: ArchDaily 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
at all times, regardless of Beijing's changing weather conditions (ubm magazine, 2020). In addition, high-efficiency pumps and fans, heat-recovery systems, lighting and controls, chillers and boilers, landscape irrigation, a water-collection system, and lowflow rate fixtures are all included in the structure. To lessen interior air pollution, lowvolatile organic compounds (VOCs) were employed in the building. Through the airhandling system, high-efficiency filters are fitted to remove fine particulate matter of PM2.5. Additionally, in the design, construction, and operation of the skyscraper,
Staggered curtain wall
advanced 3D building information modelling (BIM) software was used (figure 61). The software keeps track of the building's environmental control and energy efficiency (Design Build Network, 2021). Raw model and massing
Figure 60 Raw 3D model of the Leeza SOHO Tower, 2015 model by Cosmoscube, source: Cosmoscube, 2022 modified by Brianna
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Sustainability
Figure 61 The Leeza SOHO Tower sustainability, 2015 diagram by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily
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Building Interior Analysis Interior Design Style The interior space of the Leeza SOHO Tower is designed with a deconstructivist approach, Spiral and helix form with radial organization
followed
contemporary
by
interior
the design
modern style.
Similarly to the tower’s exterior, turning the building 45 degrees created tortional
stresses which reflected on the interior’s facades (figure 62). Viewing up from the bottom of the Leeza SOHO Tower, a Figure 63 Spiral and helix form with radial organization, 2019 photography by Hufton+Crow, source: ubm magazine, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
spiral
and
helix
form
with
radial
organization can be seen (figure 63).
Due to the Leeza SOHO Tower’s twisting
Furthermore, the atrium is a vectorial form
and sculptural form, the tower’s atrium
that leads the eye up as the facades swell
serves as a public plaza for the new
Skybridge
and retreat with the push and pull of
business district, with all spaces linked
various
within the tower to provide a variety of
Therefore, the architects traced the turns
perspectives (HAN Shuang, 2019).
with fanning floor plates and leaning columns
Moreover, the skybridges on the tower’s
office
that
space
document
combinations.
the
vertical
topography of forces (Joseph Giovannini,
level 13, 24, 35 and 45 connect its two
2020).
sections together, as the glass curtain Figure 62 Interior view of the Leeza SOHO Tower, 2019 photography by Hitachi, source: Cision PR Newswire
façade
at
the
centre
marvelous
city
view
features (Design
Network, 2021) (figure 64).
the Build
Figure 64 Skybridges in the Leeza SOHO Tower, 2019 photography by Hufton+Crow, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
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Building Interior Analysis Space Function The Leeza SOHO Tower has 46 stories above ground and four levels below ground (figure 65). Hence, the tower includes 10,000m² of retail space, 480 car parks, 2,680 bicycle parking spaces, and electric vehicle charging stations. Moreover, the double decker elevator system is used, as odd and even numbered floors are separated (figure 66).
Furthermore, the elevator system splits into two zones – the low zone goes from level 1 to level 26, while the high zone goes from level 27 to level 45 (figure 67). Additionally, the Leeza SOHO Tower has complete 5G coverage, whereby 5G refers to the most advanced wireless technology for digital cellular networks (ubm magazine, 2020).
Figure 65 The Leeza SOHO Tower space indication, 2017 diagram by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily
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Elevator System
Figure 66 The double decker elevator system separates the odd and even numbered floors, 2017 diagram by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily
Figure 67 The double decker elevator system splits into the low and high zone, 2017 diagram by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily
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Plan
MULTIPLE UNIT PLAN
OPEN PLAN
FLOOR 15 TYPICAL OFFICE LAYOUT, SCALE 1:150
Figure 68 The Leeza SOHO Tower typical office layout plan, 2015 typical office layout plan by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
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Plan
FLOOR 2, SCALE 1:150
FLOOR 5, SCALE 1:150
FLOOR 10, SCALE 1:150
FLOOR 20, SCALE 1:150
Figure 69 The Leeza SOHO Tower floor 2, 5, 10, 20 plan, 2015 floor 2, 5, 10, 20 plan by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
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Plan
FLOOR 30, SCALE 1:150
FLOOR 40, SCALE 1:150
FLOOR 47, SCALE 1:150
Figure 70 The Leeza SOHO Tower floor 30, 40, 47 plan, 2015 floor 30, 40, 47 plan by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
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Section
Figure 71 The Leeza SOHO Tower section A-A, 2015 section A-A by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily
Figure 72 The Leeza SOHO Tower section B-B, 2015 section B-B by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily
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Section
Figure 73 The Leeza SOHO Tower elevation 1, 2015 elevation 1 by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily
Figure 74 The Leeza SOHO Tower elevation 2, 2015 elevation 2 by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily
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Building Interior Analysis Materials & Lighting Each half of the structure is served by its own core, allowing the two sides to
Figure 75 Glass inner façade that faces the opposing side, 2019 photography by Hufton+Crow, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
Figure 76 Marble flooring is used throughout the building’s interior, 2019 photography by Hufton+Crow, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
function as independent towers that are ringed connected by steel trusses to form a secure structural unit. Hence, each side has a glass inner facade that faces the opposing side (Joseph Giovannini, 2020) (figure 75). Similarly to the tower’s façade, steel and glass materials are used. In addition, marble flooring is used throughout the building’s interior (figure 76). The usage of reflective materials Marble flooring
create the illusion of making the interior look relatively larger as well. Additionally, warm-white LED strip lighting is used, as
Opposing glass facade
the ambient lighting complements the modern contemporary interior design style (figure 77).
Ambient lighting
Figure 77 Ambient lighting complements the modern contemporary interior design style, 2019 photography by Hufton+Crow, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
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Blow-up Detail RECESSED PANEL ALUMINUM CLADDING REINFORCED PANEL WELDED PANEL LIGHTING TRACK
ALUMINUM CLADDING
FIRE-RATED GLAZING
ALUMINUM CLADDING
FIRE-RATED GLAZING INTERIOR CLADDING
RECESSED PANEL ALUMINUM CLADDING REINFORCED PANEL WELDED PANEL LIGHTING TRACK
FIRE-RATED INSULATION WALL SLAB EDGE
ALUMINUM PANEL ON SUB-STRUCTURE
SLAB EDGE ABOVE
ALUMINUM CLADDING
Figure 78 The Leeza SOHO Tower floor 3 blow-up detail, 2015 floor 3 blow-up detail by Zaha Hadid Architects, source: ArchDaily, 2022 modified by Brianna Chan
PAGE 45
CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 4
DISCUSSION
PROJECT SIMILARITIES The Vitra Fire Station and the Leeza SOHO Tower were both designed with the deconstructivist approach, whereby the structure of the building comprises of
non-rectilinear shapes to create the illusion of distortion. In addition, the interior of the Vitra Fire Station and the Leeza SOHO Tower were both designed with the modern contemporary interior design style, by which materials including steel, aluminum, glass, concrete, etc. were used. Moreover, the design concept of The Vitra Fire Station and the Leeza SOHO Tower were derived from their respective site surroundings and history.
Figure 79 Project similarities photomontage, 2022 photomontage by Brianna Chan
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CHAPTER 4
DISCUSSION
PROJECT DIFFERENCES On the other hand, the main difference between the Vitra Fire Station and the Leeza SOHO Tower is that their deconstructivist approach was derived from
different design elements. The structure of the Vitra Fire Station comprises of geometric elements, while the structure of the Leeza SOHO Tower comprises of curve elements. Nevertheless, although both buildings implemented metallic materials into their design, the Vitra Fire Station is mostly made out of reinforced concrete planes to complement its simple design, while the Leeza SOHO Tower is mostly made out of double-glazed glass with angled panes to complement its intricate and tortional design.
Figure 80 Project differences photomontage, 2022 photomontage by Brianna Chan
PAGE 48
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
In
conclusion,
Zaha
Hadid
has
consistently used the deconstructivist architectural style throughout her career. However, it is evident that her design style has developed from geometric elements to curve elements overtime, which can be seen by the comparison between the Vitra Fire Station and the Leeza SOHO Tower. Nevertheless, Zaha Hadid’s use of unconventional and curved forms in her designs have inspired many other architects and interior designers to express and explore the radical freedom of shape and form, thus she deserved her earned title as the ‘Queen of The Curve’. The
CONCLUSION
artisanal quality of the buildings Zaha Hadid designed may be unexpected for a firm due to its technological and futuristic vision, yet bespoke attention to detail has always played a vital role in a firm’s work.
As a result, like so many of Zaha Hadid’s designs, will likely be regarded as timeless by future generations, leaving no doubt that Zaha Hadid's legacy lives on in both new and old works.
PAGE 50
CHAPTER 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 6
BIBLIOGRAPHY
References 1)
Zukowsky, J. (2021) Zaha Hadid [online] available from <https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zaha-Hadid> [13 February 2022]
2)
News, A. (2018) Why Zaha Hadid, Architecture's 'Queen of the Curve,' Is Poised to Speak to a Whole New Generation of Design Lovers [online] available from <https://news.artnet.com/art-world/architectzaha-hadid-legacy-1383145%C2%A0> [13 February 2022]
3)
NPR, T. (2004) Zaha Hadid Wins Pritzker Architectural Prize [online] available from <https://www.npr.org/2004/03/22/1781764/zaha-hadid-wins-pritzker-architectural-prize> [13 February 2022]
4)
designboom (2016) Zaha Hadid: A Timeline of Architectural Work [online] available from <https://www.designboom.com/architecture/zaha-hadid-timeline-career-projects-03-31-2016/> [13 February 2022]
5)
Zaha Hadid, A. (2010) Zaha Hadid Architects [online] available from <https://www.zaha-hadid.com/2010/07/08/structural-steel-design-awards/> [13 February 2022]
6)
Minner, K. (2011) Zaha Hadid Wins 2011 RIBA Stirling Prize [online] available from <https://www.archdaily.com/173789/zaha-hadid-wins-2011-riba-stirling-prize> [13 February 2022]
7)
archimagazine (2010) Zaha Hadid Architects Win RIBA Stirling Prize for MAXXI Museum, Rome [online] available from <http://www.archimagazine.com/azawinriba.htm> [13 February 2022]
8)
BBC, N. (2016) In Pictures: Zaha Hadid's Award-Winning Designs [online] available from <https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-34340233> [13 February 2022]
9)
Vogue, L. (2018) Zaha Hadid's Most Memorable and Inspiring Quotes [online] available from <https://www.vogue.com.au/vogue-living/design/zaha-hadids-most-memorable-and-inspiring-quotes/imagegallery/b92978d33fc292acc66edd1945b2d1bc> [13 February 2022]
10) Link, J., Mortice, Z., Wolf, M.de, and Jones, S. (2021) Architect Zaha Hadid Transformed Architecture with Her Designs [online] available from <https://redshift.autodesk.com/architect-zaha-hadid/> [13
February 2022] 11) Merriam, W. (2000) Deconstructivism Definition &amp; Meaning [online] available from <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deconstructivism> [13 February 2022] 12) James, T. (2022) Zaha Hadid Architects [online] available from <https://jamestaylor.design/Zaha-Hadid-Architects> [15 February 2022] 13) Fiederer, L. (2018) Ad Classics: Vitra Fire Station / Zaha Hadid [online] available from <https://www.archdaily.com/785760/ad-classics-vitra-fire-station-zaha-hadid-weil-am-rhein-Germany> [13 February 2022] 14) Arquitectura, W. (2018) Vitra Fire Station [online] available from <https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/vitra-fire-station/> [11 February 2022] 15) Reinforcing Steel Institute, C. (2022) Sustainability [online] available from <https://www.crsi.org/index.cfm/benefits/sustainability> [11 February 2022]
16) Collins, M. (2003) Thermal Mass of Concrete [online] available from <https://www.concrete.org.uk/fingertips-document.asp?id=591> [11 February 2022] 17) Li, S.R.X. (2017) Vitra Fire Station-Weil Am Rhein (D)-1993-Zaha Hadid [online] available from <https://visuallexicon.wordpress.com/2017/10/08/vitra-fire-station-weil-am-rhein-d-1993-zaha-hadid/> [11 February 2022] 18) designboom (2013) Zaha Hadid Celebrates 20 Year Anniversary of Vitra Fire Station [online] available from <https://www.designboom.com/architecture/zaha-hadid-celebrates-20-year-anniversary-of-vitrafire-station/> [11 February 2022] 19) Victor, S. (2018) Vitra Fire Station, the Phoenix of Architecture [online] available from <https://medium.com/@shawnvictor/vitra-fire-station-the-phoenix-of-architecture-11aead623fa3> [13 February 2022] 20) Alluring, W. (2017) Vitra Fire Station: [online] available from <http://www.alluringworld.com/vitra-fire-station/> [13 February 2022]
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CHAPTER 6
BIBLIOGRAPHY
References 21) General Services Administration, U.S. (2021) Sustainable Design [online] available from <https://www.gsa.gov/real-estate/design-construction/design-excellence/sustainability/sustainable-design> [11 February 2022] 22) The Arch , I. (2021) Vitra Fire Station: Zaha Hadid's First Project! [online] available from <https://thearchinsider.com/vitra-fire-station-by-zaha-hadid/> [13 February 2022] 23) Bansal, S. (2020) Revisiting Iconic Architect and Pritzker Laureate Zaha Hadid's First Major Project [online] available from <https://www.stirworld.com/inspire-visits-revisiting-iconic-architect-and-pritzkerlaureate-zaha-hadid-s-first-major-project> [13 February 2022] 24) dindin (2013) Vitra Fire Station - Zaha Hadid [online] available from <http://letitbig.blogspot.com/2013/12/vitra-vitra-fire-station-zaha-hadid.html> [13 February 2022] 25) Shuang, H.A.N. (2019) Leeza Soho / Zaha Hadid Architects [online] available from <https://www.archdaily.com/928726/leeza-soho-zaha-hadid-architects> [13 February 2022] 26) magazine, ubm (2020) Zaha Hadid: Her Last Building Design [online]available from <https://www.ubm-development.com/magazin/en/zaha-hadid-her-last-building-design/> [13 February 2022] 27) Network, D.B. (2021) Leeza Soho Mixed-Use Tower, Beijing, China [online] available from <https://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/leeza-soho-mixed-use-tower-beijing/> [13 February 2022] 28) Arquitectura , V. (2020) Leeza Soho, Beijing - Zaha Hadid Architects [online]available from <https://arquitecturaviva.com/works/leeza-soho-Beijing> [13 February 2022] 29) Giovannini, J. (2020) Leeza Soho Tower by Zaha Hadid Architects [online] available from <https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/14408-leeza-soho-tower-by-zaha-hadid-architects> [13 February 2022] 30) Stott, R. (2017) Zaha Hadid Architects Releases Images of Tower with the World's Tallest Atrium [online] available from <https://www.archdaily.com/805504/zaha-hadid-architects-releases-images-of-leezasoho-tower-with-the-worlds-tallest-atrium> [13 February 2022] 31) Alexander, W. (2011) Stunning Construction Photos of Zaha Hadid Architects' Leeza Soho Tower and Its Record-Setting Atrium [online] available from <https://archinect.com/news/article/150022375/stunning-construction-photos-of-zaha-hadid-architects-leeza-soho-tower-and-its-record-setting-atrium> [13 February 2022] 32) Cosmoscube, M. (2015) Leeza Soho [online] available from <https://cosmoscube.org/leeza-soho> [13 February 2022] 33) Zaha Hadid, A. (2019) Leeza Soho - Zaha Hadid Architects [online] available from <https://www.zaha-hadid.com/2017/02/16/construction-of-leeza-soho-reaches-level-20/> [13 February 2022] 34) bollinger, grohmann (2019) Leeza Soho [online] available from <https://www.bollinger-grohmann.com/en.projects.leeza-soho.html&gt; [13 February 2022]
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