2020 Urban Water Management Plan by cityofvallejo

CITY OF VALLEJO

2020 Urban Water Management plan FINAL | ADOPTED 10/12/21

PREPARED BY:

Table of Contents Executive Summary - Layperson’s Description…………………………………………………………………………………….ES-1 City of Vallejo Water System ................................................................................................................ ES-2 City of Vallejo’s Water Service Reliability ............................................................................................. ES-3 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1

Background and Purpose .................................................................................................. 1-1

1.2

Basis for Plan Preparation ................................................................................................. 1-2

1.3

Coordination and Outreach .............................................................................................. 1-3 1.3.1

Water Supplier Information Exchange .............................................................................. 1-4

1.3.2

Statutory Requirements for Notice ................................................................................... 1-4

1.4

UWMP Adoption ............................................................................................................... 1-4

1.5

Document Organization .................................................................................................... 1-5 Water Service and System Description ..................................................................................... 2-1

2.1

General Water Service Area Description .......................................................................... 2-1

2.2

Service Area Climate ......................................................................................................... 2-2

2.3

Projected Economic Outlook............................................................................................. 2-5 2.3.1

2.4

Current and Projected Land Use........................................................................................ 2-5 Current and Projected Connections .................................................................................. 2-8

2.4.1

City/Unincorporated Current and Projected Connections ................................................ 2-8

2.4.2

Vallejo Lakes Current and Projected ............................................................................... 2-10

2.5

Current and Projected Population .................................................................................. 2-11

2.6

Energy Intensity............................................................................................................... 2-13 Water Supply............................................................................................................................. 3-1

3.1

Water Supply Sources ....................................................................................................... 3-1

3.2

City of Vallejo’s City Service System (Fleming Hill WTP) ................................................... 3-3 3.2.1

SWP Participating Agency Contract with Solano County Water Agency........................... 3-3

3.2.2

City of Vallejo Permit (License 7848) ............................................................................... 3-10

3.2.3

Solano Project Supply ...................................................................................................... 3-13

3.2.4

City of Vallejo Lake Curry Supply (License 5728) ............................................................. 3-18

3.2.5

Solano Project Drought Agreement................................................................................. 3-20

3.2.6

Fairfield Exchange Agreement ......................................................................................... 3-20

3.2.7

North Bay Aqueduct Conveyance (pumping limits) ........................................................ 3-20

3.3

Vallejo Lakes Water System ............................................................................................ 3-21 3.3.1

Lake Madigan Pre-1914 Supply (S014535) ...................................................................... 3-22

3.3.2

Lake Frey Pre-1914 Supply (S014536) ............................................................................. 3-23

3.3.3

Green Valley Diversion Dam Pre-1914 Supply (S014537) ............................................... 3-23

3.3.4

Solano Project Tolenas Exchange Supplies ...................................................................... 3-25

3.3.5

Fairfield Wholesale Supply for Old Cordelia .................................................................... 3-26

3.3.6

Fairfield Emergency Supply Agreement .......................................................................... 3-27

3.4

Water Quality .................................................................................................................. 3-28

3.5

Planned Water Supplies .................................................................................................. 3-29

3.6

Water Transfers and Exchanges ...................................................................................... 3-29

3.7

Desalination..................................................................................................................... 3-30

3.8

Recycled Water Supplies ................................................................................................. 3-30

3.9

Climate Change ............................................................................................................... 3-31

3.10

Groundwater Supplies..................................................................................................... 3-31

3.11

Vallejo Municipal System Supply Reliability.................................................................... 3-31 Water Use ................................................................................................................................. 4-1

4.1

Current and Historic Water Demands ............................................................................... 4-2 4.1.1

Historic Water Use ............................................................................................................. 4-2

4.1.2

Other Water Sales .............................................................................................................. 4-3

4.1.3

Distribution System Losses ................................................................................................ 4-4

4.2

Compliance with 2020 Urban Water Use Target .............................................................. 4-4

4.3

Demand Management Measures ..................................................................................... 4-5 4.3.1

Water Waste Prevention Ordinances ................................................................................ 4-6

4.3.2

Metering ............................................................................................................................ 4-7

4.3.3

Conservation Pricing .......................................................................................................... 4-7

4.3.4

Public Education and Outreach ......................................................................................... 4-8

4.3.5

Programs to Assess and Manage Distribution System Real Loss .................................... 4-13

4.3.6

Water Conservation Program Coordination and Staffing Support ................................. 4-14

4.3.7

Other Demand Management Measures .......................................................................... 4-14

4.4

Forecast Future Water Demands .................................................................................... 4-15 4.4.1

Unit Water Demands ....................................................................................................... 4-15

4.4.2

Forecast Water Demands ................................................................................................ 4-16

4.5

Adjusting Single-Dry and Multiple Dry Conditions.......................................................... 4-17

4.6

Climate Change Considerations ...................................................................................... 4-18

4.7

Forecasting Water Use for the DRA and Annual Assessment ......................................... 4-19

4.7.1 4.8

Projecting Water Use for 5-year Drought Risk Assessment ............................................ 4-19 Projecting Disadvantaged Community Water Use.......................................................... 4-21

Water Service Reliability ........................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1

Five Year Drought Risk Assessment .................................................................................. 5-2

5.2

Long Term Service Reliability ............................................................................................ 5-2 5.2.1

5.3

Long Term Service Reliability ............................................................................................. 5-3 Annual Reliability Assessment .......................................................................................... 5-5

5.3.1

Normal Year Supply and Current Water Use ..................................................................... 5-5

5.3.2

Single Dry Year Supply and Dry-Year Current Demand ..................................................... 5-6

5.4

Water Supply Reliability Summary .................................................................................... 5-6 Water Shortage Contingency Plan ............................................................................................ 6-1

6.1

Water Supply Reliability Analysis ...................................................................................... 6-1

6.2

Annual Water Supply and Demand Assessment Procedures ........................................... 6-2 6.2.1

Analytical and Decision-making Processes ........................................................................ 6-3

6.2.2

Submittal Procedure .......................................................................................................... 6-3

6.3

Six Standard Water Shortage Stages and Triggers ............................................................ 6-4 6.3.1

6.4

Normal Water Supply Regulations .................................................................................... 6-4 Shortage Response Actions ............................................................................................... 6-5

6.4.1

Staged Response ................................................................................................................ 6-5

6.4.2

Response Action Estimated ............................................................................................. 6-12

6.4.3

Seismic Risk Assessment and Mitigation Plan ................................................................. 6-14

6.5

Communication Protocols ............................................................................................... 6-14

6.6

Compliance and Enforcement ......................................................................................... 6-15

6.7

Legal Authorities ............................................................................................................. 6-16

6.8

Financial Consequences of WSCP ................................................................................... 6-16 6.8.1

Water Fund Financial Monitoring .................................................................................... 6-17

6.9

Monitoring and Reporting............................................................................................... 6-18

6.10

Re-evaluation and Improvement Procedures ................................................................. 6-18

6.11

Plan Adoption, Submittal, and Availability...................................................................... 6-19

List of Tables Table 1-1: Public Water System Information............................................................................................ 1-2 Table 1-2: Public and Agency Coordination .............................................................................................. 1-4 Table 2-1: Known Development Assumptions ......................................................................................... 2-8 Table 2-2: City/Unincorporated Projected Connections ........................................................................ 2-10 Table 2-3: Vallejo Lakes Projected Connections ..................................................................................... 2-11 Table 2-4: City General Plan Area Population Projections (City plus Unincorporated areas – does not include Vallejo Lakes Area) ...................................................................................................................... 2-11 Table 2-5: Service Area (Vallejo City, Unincorporated and Lakes Areas) Population – Current and Projected.................................................................................................................................................. 2-12 Table 2-6: Energy Intensity – Total Utility Approach .............................................................................. 2-13 Table 3-1: City of Vallejo Table A PAC Allotments 2010-2020 (AFY) ........................................................ 3-6 Table 3-2: SWP Estimated Table A Deliveries from the 2017 and 2019 DCR (TAF).................................. 3-6 Table 3-3: City of Vallejo Assumed Future Table A Projected Normal Water Year Deliveries (AFY)....... 3-6 Table 3-4: SWP Allocation for a Simulated Five Consecutive Year Drought from 2021-2025 (AFY) ........ 3-7 Table 3-5: Future SWP Allocations by Year Type Through 2045 (AFY) ..................................................... 3-8 Table 3-6: City of Vallejo Historic SWP Carryover (AFY) ........................................................................... 3-9 Table 3-7: Future Available Table A Carryover Supplies from 2021-2025 (AFY) .................................... 3-10 Table 3-8: Projected Available Table A Carryover Supplies from 2025-2045 (AFY) ............................... 3-10 Table 3-9: Vallejo License 7848 (Vallejo Permit Water) use 2016-2020 (AFY) ....................................... 3-11 Table 3-10: Projected License 7848 Available Supplies from 2021-2025 (AFY) ..................................... 3-12 Table 3-11: Projected License 7848 Available Supplies from 2025-2045 (AFY) ..................................... 3-13 Table 3-12: Projected Monthly Supply Availability of License 7848 in Critically Dry Years (AF) ............ 3-13 Table 3-13: Solano Project M&I Entitlement Historic Water Use 2010-2020 (AFY)............................... 3-14 Table 3-14: Projected Solano Project M&I Entitlement Water Available from 2021-2025 (AFY) .......... 3-15 Table 3-15: Projected Solano M&I Entitlement Water Available from 2025-2045 (AFY) ...................... 3-15 Table 3-16: Solano Project Stored Water and Stored Water Use 2010-2020 (AFY)............................... 3-16 Table 3-17: Projected Solano Project Stored Water Available from 2021-2025 (AFY) .......................... 3-16 Table 3-18: Projected Solano Project M&I Carryover Water Available from 2025-2045 (AFY) ............. 3-17 Table 3-19: Tolenas Exchange Surplus (SID’s Solano Project Water Supplied to Vallejo to Balance the Exchange) (AFY) ................................................................................................................... 3-17 Table 3-20: Projected Tolenas Exchange Surplus 2021-2025 (AFY) ....................................................... 3-18

Table 3-21: Projected Tolenas Exchange Surplus 2025-2045 (AFY) ....................................................... 3-18 Table 3-22: License 5728 Water 2016-2020 (AFY).................................................................................. 3-19 Table 3-23: License 5728 Water Available from 2021-2025 (AFY) ......................................................... 3-19 Table 3-24: License 5728 Water Available from 2025-2045 (AFY) ......................................................... 3-19 Table 3-25: Vallejo Lakes System Pre-1914 Water Use 2010-2020 (AFY) .............................................. 3-24 Table 3-26: Projected Vallejo Lakes System Pre-1914 Water Available from 2021-2025 (AFY) ............ 3-24 Table 3-27: Projected Vallejo Lakes System Pre-1914 Water Available from 2025-2045 (AFY) ............. 3-24 Table 3-28: Vallejo Lakes System Water Supplies Provided By Solano Irrigation District (AFY) ............ 3-25 Table 3-29: Projected Tolenas Exchange Water Available from 2021 through 2025 (AFY) ................... 3-25 Table 3-30: Projected Tolenas Exchange Water Available from 2025-2045 (AFY) ................................. 3-26 Table 3-31: Vallejo Lakes System Supplies Provided by City of Fairfield from 2015-2020 (AFY) ........... 3-27 Table 3-32: Projected Vallejo Lakes System Supplies Provided by City of Fairfield from 2021-2025 (AFY) .............................................................................................................................. 3-27 Table 3-33: Projected Vallejo Lakes System Supplies Provided by City of Fairfield from 2025-2045 (AFY) .............................................................................................................................. 3-27 Table 3-34: Water Quality in the City of Vallejo’s Main System and Vallejo Lake System (2020) ........ 3-28 Table 3-35: SWP Table A Monthly Supply Availability With Management Constraints (AF) ................. 3-32 Table 3-36: SWP Table A Carryover from Previous Year (AF) .................................................................. 3-32 Table 3-37: License 7848 (AF) ................................................................................................................. 3-32 Table 3-38: Solano Project Participating Agency Contract with Management (AF)............................... 3-32 Table 3-39: Solano Project Carryover Management Summary (AF) ...................................................... 3-33 Table 3-40: Vallejo Municipal System Water Supply Management Summary (AF) ............................... 3-33 Table 4-1: Historic Retail Water Use (acre-feet per year) ........................................................................ 4-3 Table 4-2: 2020 Actual Wholesale Volumes ............................................................................................. 4-4 Table 4-3: Distribution System Loss: 2016 through 2020 ......................................................................... 4-4 Table 4-4: Gross Treated Water Supplied ................................................................................................. 4-5 Table 4-5: Demonstration of Compliance with 2020 GPCD Target .......................................................... 4-5 Table 4-6: 2016-2020 Average Unit Demand Factors – City and Unincorporated Area ........................ 4-15 Table 4-7: Forecast Water Demands (AFY) ............................................................................................. 4-17 Table 4-8: Single and Multiple Dry Year Demand Forecast (AFY) ........................................................... 4-18 Table 4-9: Forecast DRA Water Use for 2021 through 2025 (AFY) ......................................................... 4-20 Table 4-10: Estimated Low-Income Water Use Forecast (acre-feet/year)............................................. 4-21 Table 5-1: Five Year Drought Risk Assessment (AFY)................................................................................ 5-2 Table 5-2: Normal and Single Dry Year Water Supply and Demand through 2045 (AFY) ......................... 5-3 Table 5-3: Five Consecutive Dry Years Water Supply and Demand through 2045 (AFY) .......................... 5-4 Table 5-4: Normal Year Water Supply and Demand (AFY) ........................................................................ 5-5

Table 5-5: Single Dry Year Water Supply and Demand (AFY) .................................................................... 5-6 Table 6-1: 2020 WSCP Stages and Demand Reduction Targets ............................................................... 6-4 Table 6-2: WSCP Actions to Reduce Customer Use - Stage 1 .................................................................... 6-8 Table 6-3: WSCP Actions to Reduce Customer Use - Stage 2 ................................................................... 6-9 Table 6-4: WSCP Actions to Reduce Customer Use - Stage 3 ................................................................. 6-10 Table 6-5: WSCP Actions to Reduce Customer Use - Stage 4 ................................................................. 6-11 Table 6-6: WSCP Actions to Reduce Customer Use - Stage 5 ................................................................. 6-12 Table 6-7: WSCP Actions to Reduce Customer Use - Stage 6 .................................................................. 6-12

List of Figures Figure ES-1: City of Vallejo Water Service Areas ..................................................................................... ES-2 Figure 2-1: City of Vallejo Water Service Areas ........................................................................................ 2-2 Figure 2-2: Service Area Climate ............................................................................................................... 2-3 Figure 2-3: City of Vallejo Planned Land Use ............................................................................................ 2-6 Figure 3-1: Map Showing Key Features of City of Vallejo’s Water Systems ............................................. 3-2 Figure 3-2: Water Supply Infrastructure for the Vallejo Municipal System ............................................. 3-4 Figure 3-3: Place of Use of Vallejo License 7848 Water ......................................................................... 3-11 Figure 3-4: Water Infrastructure in the Vallejo Lakes System ................................................................ 3-22 Figure 3-5: Portion of Vallejo Lakes System Served by City of Fairfield ................................................. 3-26

List of Preparers Tully & Young, Inc. Gwyn-Mohr Tully, J.D. Greg Young, P.E. Kris Olof Galen Davis Dave Bolland Jingcheng Xu Jennie McCarl

City of Vallejo Dakari Barksdale, P.E. – Project Manager Pam Sahin – Administrative Analyst II (retired annuitant) Roger Judy – Administrative Analyst II (retired annuitant) Eric Jansen – Senior Engineer (retired annuitant) Melissa Cansdale, P.E. – Associate Civil Engineer

Zanjero Jim Crowley, P.E. Robert Heather Frank Lyles

This 2020 Urban Water Management Plan was prepared under the direction of a California licensed civil engineer.

Executive Summary Layperson’s Description After the devastating drought in the late 1970s, the California Legislature declared California’s water supplies a limited resource, subject to ever-increasing demands and that the long-term, reliable supply of water is essential to protect California’s businesses, communities, agricultural production, and environmental interests. The Legislature also recognized a need to strengthen local and regional drought planning and increase statewide resilience to drought and climate change. Thus, in 1983, the California Legislature created the Urban Water Management Planning Act (UWMPA). 1 The UWMPA requires urban water suppliers serving over 3,000 customers or supplying at least 3,000 acre-feet of water annually to prepare and adopt an urban water management plan every five years,2 and demonstrate water supply reliability in a normal year, single dry year, and droughts lasting at least five years over a twenty-year planning horizon.3 The UWMPA also requires each urban water supplier to prepare a drought risk assessment and water shortage contingency plan.4 And last, beginning in July 2022, each urban water supplier must prepare an annual water supply and demand assessment.5 The California Legislature asserts that aggregating all of these legal requirements at the urban water supplier level will improve local, regional, and statewide water planning and water resilience. At a practical level, the Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP) is the legal and technical water management foundation for urban water suppliers throughout California. A well-constructed UWMP will provide the supplier’s elected officials, management, staff, and customers with an understanding of past, current, and future water conditions and management. The UWMP integrates local and regional land use planning, regional water supply, infrastructure, and demand management projects as well as providing for statewide challenges that may manifest through climate change and evolving regulations. Thoughtful urban water management planning provides an opportunity for the supplier to integrate supplies and demands in a balanced and methodical planning platform that addresses short-term and long-term planning conditions. In brief, the UWMP gathers, characterizes, and synthesizes water-related information from numerous sources into a plan with local, regional, and statewide practical utility.

California Water Code Section 10610 et seq. (Chapter 1 added by Stats. 1983, Ch. 1009, Sec. 1). California Water Code Section 10610 et seq. 3 California Water Code Sections 10631-10635 4 California Water Code Sections 10632 5 California Water Code Sections 10632.1 2

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City of Vallejo Water System The City of Vallejo (“City”) is located at the crossroads of the North Bay Area in Solano County. The City is one of the oldest in California, serving as the State Capitol briefly in 1852-1853. It is home to the Mare Island Shipyard, which was active for over 100 years before closing in 1996, and has been named the most diverse city in the United States. The City provides water services to two geographically distinct service areas: the City of Vallejo jurisdictional limits and adjacent unincorporated areas (termed “Vallejo City Service Area”), and an area in the unincorporated western part of Solano County and southern Napa County, known as “Vallejo Lakes Service Area”. These two service areas together are referred to as Vallejo’s Municipal Water System in this UWMP. The City’s water service area is shown in Figure ES-1. The City also serves water supplies to Travis Air Force Base, City of American Canyon, and other areas outside the City limits. Details of these unique conditions are included in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. Figure ES-1: City of Vallejo Water Service Areas

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ES-2

The City of Vallejo has numerous water supply sources that serve its customers. The City’s diverse surface water supplies – derived from water rights and contracts – provide significant annual volumes of water that can be used to meet contractual obligations and end-user demands. The City’s water supplies are derived from the following four general surface water sources: Sacramento River watershed, including appropriative water right License 7848 and a contract with Solano County Water Agency for State Water Project (SWP) water supplies Solano Project from Putah Creek Watershed, which includes Lake Berryessa, Wild Horse Creek watershed through Lake Madigan, Lake Frey, and the Green Valley Diversion, and Upper Suisun Creek watershed through Lake Curry (future). All water supplies derived from these sources are collectively managed in order to best meet the City’s demands in different areas under changing hydrological, regulatory, and operational conditions, with each supply having unique provisions that impact their utility under varying regulatory and hydrological conditions. For example, all of the City’s water supplies may be reduced in dry conditions, but some of the water supplies allow for water storage in wetter conditions for the City’s use in dry conditions. These sorts of management provisions imbedded in each of the City’s water supplies must be carefully considered in order to improve the collective utility of all of the City’s water supplies. The City’s population has continued to grow and currently stands at about 125,000. Over the UWMP’s planning horizon through 2045, population in the City’s water service areas is expected to increase to over 150,000. This increase in urban population coupled with commercial and industrial users and several wholesale service contracts constitute the total water demand upon the City’s water supplies. The City currently produces just over 20,000 acre-feet of treated water annually to meet this demand, with additional raw water services to City and wholesale customers that can demand nearly 6,000 acrefeet per year (though the actual need varies each year). Chapter 4 provides the details regarding the City’s current and future water demands. The City is analyzing its water supplies in the context of the anticipated future growth, which is expected to increase total demand upon the City’s water supplies by 3,000 to 4,000 acre-feet by 2045. In this way, the City analyzes its current water demands and potential future water demands in order to assess how it must manage its water supplies to meet those demands. Comparing current and future demands with the City’s water supply portfolio illustrates the City’s current and future water service reliability.

City of Vallejo’s Water Service Reliability The City of Vallejo’s water service reliability hinges on the active management of the City’s water supply portfolio to meet its demands. More succinctly, even though the City’s total annual water supplies are enough to meet the City’s forecast annual water demands, the monthly availability of each supply must be actively managed to meet the City’s monthly water demands during the course of any given year. In addition, the allocated supplies must be even more astutely managed in order to provide sufficient water supplies to meet the monthly demands during extended dry conditions.

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The fundamental management tenet for the City’s water service reliability in dry periods is to preserve as much water supply during normal and wet conditions in order to make those water supplies available during dry conditions. The City’s supply contracts for water from the Solano County Water Agency and Solano Project System provide opportunities to forego a portion of a normal or wet year water supply so that this water supply can be accessed for use in dry conditions. These “carryover” provisions allow water to be stored in the Solano Project and State Water Project systems for use in subsequent years. Each year, the City looks to maximize its carryover water supplies in order to use those supplies during dry conditions. A second management principle for the City is to use supplies that would otherwise be lost if they are not used when those supplies are available. For example, in normal and dry year conditions, the City’s licensed water right 7848, often referred to as “Vallejo Permit Water,” is generally available throughout the water year. In dry years, the potential that the City’s water right license is curtailed during some months necessitates using the supplies to their fullest extent when they are available. In other words, the City should use this source of water when it is available because if this water source is not used, then it may not be preserved for other future uses (it is classified as “use or lose”). Last, the City should preserve other water supplies in its portfolio that have additional flexibility related to their potential delivery. For instance, in a normal or dry year, the City has access to its Solano Project and State Water Project water supplies in all months of the year, but it should plan to take these water supplies only when other water supplies become unavailable, or are insufficient to meet total demands. Managing the City’s water supply portfolio with these three management principles in mind, creates the water service reliability for the City to weather a drought lasting five consecutive years. Over the long term, the City’s water supply portfolio should be adequate to meet its potential long-term growth objectives with two caveats: (a) hydrological and regulatory conditions may change and impact the utility and availability of the City’s water assets throughout the City’s service areas; and (b) infrastructure and operational limitations will likely require further assessment in order to facilitate distribution of various assets throughout the City’s water systems.6 The City anticipates regularly revisiting its supply reliability determinations in preparing its annual assessments as well as in the context of providing water service to land use planning projects within the City’s service area boundary. The City’s long-term water service reliability considerations have three important components: (1) an increase in the annual total demand that the City’s water supplies will need to satisfy; (2) an increase in the monthly demands that will impact the City’s active annual water management; and (3) no increase in the City’s total water supply available in its water supply portfolio until 2040. All of these items are considered in the City’s water service reliability projections. The analysis in this 2020 UWMP contemplates all of these components in showing the City’s water service reliability through 2045 based on existing conditions.

As described in more detail in Chapter 3, for example, the City anticipates developing infrastructure to support deliveries of the Lake Curry water supply in the future even though the supply exists and is considered in future reliability determinations.

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In addition to these water service reliability considerations, the City also has updated its Water Shortage Contingency Plan (WSCP) to address any potential water shortage conditions. This updated WSCP allows the City to reduce the water demands on its water system in shortage or catastrophic outage conditions. The measures contemplated in the updated WSCP include typical dry condition water management actions – like mandatory outdoor irrigation during evening, nights, and early mornings – imbedded into six water shortage categories (up to 10%, 11-20%, 21-30%, 30-40%, 40-50% and over 50%). Importantly, in the event there were to be a catastrophic water outage in the City, water demands will be limited to use for health and safety purposes only. Combining the updated WSCP with the City’s active water management of its supply portfolio provides additional buffer against unpredictable water conditions. In summary, the City of Vallejo’s diverse surface water supply portfolio, its active management of its water supply portfolio, and its WSCP provide the City with stable and reliable water service to meet the City’s current and 2045 projected water demands. This supply reliability encompasses normal, single dry, and five consecutive dry year scenarios.

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Chapter 1 - Introduction

Introduction The City of Vallejo (“City”) is located at the crossroads of the North Bay Area in Solano County (“County”). The City is surrounded by water—San Pablo Bay to the west, the Carquinez Straight on its southern shore, and the southernmost section of the Napa River flowing through the City from the north. Vallejo is one of the oldest cities in California, serving as the State Capitol briefly in 1852-1853. It is home to the Mare Island Shipyard, which was active for over 100 years, closing in 1996. It has been named the most diverse city in the United States, based on census data, and the most diverse city in California. The City is home to many residential communities and supports large employers such as Kaiser Permanente and Six Flags Discovery Kingdom. The City’s overarching goal to “Propel Vallejo” includes: “focusing future growth to foster a vibrant Downtown/Waterfront District, strong job centers, livable neighborhoods, thriving neighborhood corridors, and retail/ entertainment clusters that draw visitors from the city and the region7.” Ensuring an adequate supply of water is available to serve the existing and future needs for the City’s residents and Commercial, Institutional and Industrial (CII) customers is a critical component of successful city planning. This Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP) draws on local, regional and statewide inputs to synthesize information from numerous sources into a reliable water management action plan designed to be referred to as management decisions arise and conditions change.

1.1 Background and Purpose The City has prepared this 2020 UWMP to comply with the Urban Water Management Planning Act (UWMPA) requirements for urban water suppliers. This 2020 UWMP addresses the City’s water management planning efforts to assure adequate water supplies to meet forecasted demands over the next 25 years. As required by the UWMPA, the City’s 2020 UWMP specifically assesses the availability of its supplies to meet forecasted water uses during average, single-dry and five consecutive drought years through 2045. Evaluating whether predicted future water demands can be met with anticipated supplies and assuring the availability of supplies in dry-year conditions are critical outcomes of this 2020 UWMP. The 2020 UWMP is an update to the City’s 2015 UWMP and presents new data and analysis as required by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) and the California Water Code (CWC) since 2015. The 2020 UWMP is also a comprehensive water planning document that describes existing and future supply reliability, forecasts future water uses, presents demand management progress, and identifies local and regional cooperative efforts to meet projected water use.

City of Vallejo General Plan 2040, August 29, 2017, http://propelvallejo.com/

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Chapter 1 - Introduction The UWMP is designed to be a valuable water management and planning tool to guide and inform the City’s managers, customers and the State of California about its water management practices. It reflects the City’s planning assumptions and goals and should be used in combination with other planning resources and documents over the UWMP planning horizon. The State of California’s drought vulnerability and the additional pressures of climate change and population growth have emphasized the importance of planning ahead to meet water demands with potentially at-risk water supplies. Such forward planning is an important outcome of the 2020 UWMP.

1.2 Basis for Plan Preparation The City of Vallejo operates Public Water Systems as described in California Health and Safety Code 116275. The City qualifies as both a Wholesale Water Supplier and Retail Urban Water Supplier as described in Water Code Section 10617, providing water for municipal purposes to more than 3,000 customers or 3,000 acre/feet of water per year. These qualifications require the preparation of an Urban Water Management plan every five years. The City owns and operates two water systems which are included in this plan. The Agency’s Public Water System detail is listed in Table 1-1. Table 1-1: Public Water System Information8 Public Water System Number CA4810007 CA4810021

Public Water System Name City of Vallejo City of Vallejo – Lakes System

Number of Municipal Connections in 2020 ~ 36,600 ~ 850

The State Legislature passed numerous new requirements since the 2015 UMWP which are detailed throughout this 2020 UWMP9. Major updates to the requirements are listed below along with a reference to the corresponding section in which they are addressed in this document. Five Consecutive Dry-Year Water Reliability Assessment: The Legislature modified the dry-year water reliability planning from a “multiyear” time period to a “drought lasting five consecutive water years” designation. This statutory change requires a Supplier to analyze the reliability of its water supplies to meet its water use over an extended drought period. This new requirement is addressed in Chapter 3—Water Supply, Chapter 4–Water Use, and Chapter 5— Water Service Reliability. Drought Risk Assessment (DRA): Due to the extensiveness of recent California droughts and the variability associated with climate change predictions, the California Legislature created a DRA requirement for UWMPs. The DRA requires assessment over a five-year period from 2021 to 2025 that examines water supplies, water uses, and the resulting water service reliability for five consecutive dry years. The DRA is addressed in Chapter 5— Water Service Reliability and Chapter 6—Water Shortage Contingency Plan. 8

Connection details derived from information available in June 2021 from https://sdwis.waterboards.ca.gov/PDWW/ 9 California Water Code Section 10608 to 10608.44; Section 10609 to 10609.38; Section 10610 to 10657

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Chapter 1 - Introduction Seismic Risk: Evaluating seismic risk to water system infrastructure and facilities and having a mitigation plan is now required by the Water Code. Incorporating the water system into regional or county hazard mitigation planning is an important aspect of this new statue. Seismic risk is addressed in Chapter 6. Water Shortage Contingency Plan: In 2018, the Legislature modified the UWMPA to require a Water Shortage Contingency Plan (WSCP) with specific elements. The WSCP is a document that provides a Supplier with an action plan for a drought or catastrophic water supply shortage. The WSCP is in Chapter 6 of this UWMP. Groundwater Supplies Coordination: 2020 UWMPs are required to be consistent with Groundwater Sustainability Plans following the 2014 Legislature enactment of the 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA). The City’s Groundwater Supplies are described in Chapter 3—Water Supply. Lay Description: A synopsis of the fundamental determinations of the UWMP is a new statutory requirement in 2020. This section of the UWMP is intended for new staff, new governing members, customers, and the media, and it can ensure a consistent representation of the Supplier’s detailed analysis. The Lay Description is provided as the Executive Summary.

1.3 Coordination and Outreach As required by the Urban Water Management Planning Act (UWMPA) the City has coordinated with nearby agencies while developing this UWMP in order to ensure consistency with other related planning efforts such as the City General Plan, Water Master Plan (WMP), and Groundwater Sustainability Plan (GSP). This requirement includes coordination with (a) water suppliers that share a common water source, (b) relevant water management agencies that affect the City’s water assets, and relevant public agencies that may have land use or other regulatory relationships with the City. The City has prepared this 2020 UWMP in coordination with regional water purveyors and has appropriately notified and coordinated with other appropriate local government agencies as listed in Table 1-2. The City participates in region-wide planning efforts as a part of the Solano County Water Agency (SCWA). Other SCWA members include the cities of Benicia, Dixon, Fairfield, Rio Vista, Suisun City, and Vacaville; the Solano Irrigation and Maine Prairie Water Districts; and Reclamation District 208. The City also coordinates with Travis Air Force Base, Vallejo Flood and Wastewater District, and the City of American Canyon. As stipulated in Water Code Section 10621(b), every urban water supplier shall conduct a public hearing in order to encourage active involvement from diverse elements of the community. The City sought public participation with a public hearing and appropriate notices as required by law. These coordination efforts and Statutory Requirements for Notice are also included in Table 1-2.

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Chapter 1 - Introduction Table 1-2: Public and Agency Coordination Coordinating Agencies Solano County Water Agency Solano Irrigation District Travis Air Force Base Solano County Vallejo Flood and Wastewater District City of Benicia City of American Canyon City of Fairfield City of Vacaville City of Dixon City of Rio Vista City of Suisun City Napa County Department of Water Resources General Public

Sent Copy of Draft UWMP X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Sent 60-Day Notice X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Notice of Public Hearing X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

1.3.1 Water Supplier Information Exchange Water Code Section 10631 requires wholesale and retail water agencies to provide each other with information regarding water supply and demand. Since the City receives water from a wholesaler and provides water to its wholesale and retail customers, it has coordinated on both sides with supply and demand information. The City of Vallejo is supplied water by the Solano County Water Agency and the Solano Irrigation District and wholesales untreated water to the City of Benicia, the City of American Canyon, and Travis Air Force Base.

1.3.2 Statutory Requirements for Notice The City provided formal written notification to Solano County that the City’s UWMP was being updated. In accordance with the UWMPA, this notification was provided at least 60 days prior to the public hearing of the plan as required by Section 10642 of the Water Code. Electronic copies of the final UWMP will be provided to the County no later than 30 days after its submission to DWR.

1.4 UWMP Adoption The City held a public hearing regarding its 2020 UWMP on October 12, 2021. Before the hearing, a draft was made available for public inspection at City Hall located at 555 Santa Clara St, Vallejo, CA 94590, and on the City’s website. Pursuant to CWC Section 10642, general notice of the public hearing was provided through publication of the hearing date and time in the local press as required under the UWMPA, and posting of the hearing at the City’s office. The City adopted this 2020 UWMP on October 12, 2021. A copy of the adopted 2020 UWMP will be submitted to DWR, provided to the County and the California State Library, and posted onto the City’s website.

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Chapter 1 - Introduction The City plans to submit all required documentation related to the UWMPA through the DWR submittal website soon after adoption, including the on-line submittal of information associated with the following DWR Excel workbooks: “FINAL Submittal 2020 UWMP Tables 05.20.2021.xls” “FINAL SBX7-7 Verification Form 04.02.2021.xls” “FINAL Energy Use Tables 05.20.21.xls”

1.5 Document Organization This UWMP is organized as follows: Executive Summary provides an overview of the purpose and findings of this 2020 UWMP. Chapter 1 establishes the basis for the UWMP, describes outreach activities and introduces the document organization. Chapter 2 provides a description of the City’s service area, demographic characteristics and climate, and describes the future population the City anticipates needing to serve; Chapter 3 describes the City’s current and future water supplies and the reliability of the supplies; Chapter 4 details the customer uses, including the past and future estimated uses, and describes the City’s past and on-going demand management measures; Chapter 5 presents projections of the City’s water system service reliability into the future, including an assessment of reliability if a drought occurred over the next five consecutive years; Chapter 6 is the City’s stand-alone Water Shortage Contingency Plan, incorporated as a chapter in this UWMP, but also available to be shared and utilized separate from the UWMP.

NOTE TO DWR: The City of Vallejo has written this Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP) primarily as a water resources planning tool to effectively manage water supply, reliability and demand. This UWMP also satisfies all the requirements of the Urban Water Management Planning Act (UWMPA). The body of the document provides narratives, analysis and data that DWR requests in its 2020 UWMP Guidebook, including changes to the California Water Code since 2015. Efforts have also been made to include enhancements to this document wherever possible as recommended in the 2020 UWMP Guidebook. To facilitate review by DWR for compliance with the UWMPA, data from the body of the document has been transferred into required DWR submittal tables consistent with the organization of the tables in Appendix E of the 2020 UWMP Guidebook. These tables are separately uploaded to DWR’s web portal. This UWMP has been reviewed for adequacy according to the UWMP Checklist as contained in Appendix F in the 2020 UWMP Guidebook.

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Chapter 2 – Water Service and System Description

Water Service and System Description The City of Vallejo provides water services to two, geographically distinct service areas: the City of Vallejo jurisdictional limits and adjacent unincorporated areas (termed “Vallejo City Service Area”), and an area in the unincorporated western part of Solano County and southern Napa County, known as “Vallejo Lakes Service Area”. These two service areas together are referred to as Vallejo’s Municipal Water System in this report. This chapter presents a description of the water system areas’ general infrastructure systems.

2.1 General Water Service Area Description The City of Vallejo is located approximately 30 miles northeast of San Francisco at the southern end of Solano County. The City’s water service areas are shown in Figure 2‐1 and encompass the city limits, “Unincorporated Vallejo” (i.e., the neighborhoods of Home Acres, Sandy Beach, and Starr Subdivision), and the Vallejo Lakes Service Area (the area in the adjacent unincorporated western part of Solano County and southern Napa County). The Vallejo Municipal Water System, comprising of both the Vallejo City System and Vallejo Lakes System, is approximately 31 square miles and includes predominantly residential and commercial users. Elevations in the existing service area range from approximately sea level to approximately 630 feet above mean sea level. The water system is owned and operated by the City and governed by a 7‐member City Council. The water system is operated and maintained by the Vallejo Water Department. The Vallejo Water system is comprised of three water treatment plants (WTPs): Fleming Hill WTP, Green Valley WTP, and Travis Air Force Base WTP. The Fleming Hill WTP is a conventional 42 million gallons per day (mgd) treatment plant with ozonation (pre and intermediate) that treats water supplied from Lake Berryessa (Solano Project) and from the Sacramento River Delta as delivered through the North Bay Aqueduct (NBA). Treated water from this plant is delivered to City customers. The Green Valley WTP was upgraded in 1998 and is a conventional 1.0 mgd plant that treats water from Lake Berryessa, Lake Frey, and Lake Madigan. Treated water from this plant is delivered to Vallejo Lakes Area customers. The City owns and operates the Travis WTP, a conventional 7.5 mgd plant with pre‐ ozonation. The distribution system and water storage facilities are managed by California Water Service.. The City water distribution system contains multiple pressure zones. Principal (transmission) water mains in the distribution system range in size from 14 to 24 inches in diameter. Most of the distribution grid piping in the older sections of the City range in size from 4 to 8 inches in diameter, while the newer areas are served by pipes 8 to 12 inches in diameter.

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Chapter 2 – Water Service and System Description Figure 2-1: City of Vallejo Water Service Areas

2.2 Service Area Climate The City of Vallejo experiences the Mediterranean Climate typical of the northern part of the San Francisco Bay Area, with cool, humid winters and warm, dry summers. The City’s Lakes service area is slightly more inland, experiencing slightly warmer conditions than described here for the primary City service area. The Oregon State University Prism Climate Group website10 maintains historical climate records for the past 38 years for Vallejo (1981-2019). On average, the coldest month of the year is January with a mean monthly temperature of 47.7 degrees Fahrenheit (F). The hottest month is August with a mean monthly temperature of 67.3 degrees F. The rainy season is from November to March, with an annual average rainfall of 21.2 inches. January is typically the wettest month with an average precipitation of 4.1 inches, while July is the driest with an average of 0 inches. The California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) website 11 tracks and maintains records of evapotranspiration (ETo) for cities across California, including the Carneros gage (Station 109) located approximately five miles northwest of downtown Vallejo. The Carneros Gage has been 10 11

https://prism.oregonstate.edu/explorer/) http://www.cimis.water.ca.gov

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Chapter 2 – Water Service and System Description recording ETo since 1993. ETo is a standard measurement of environmental parameters that affect the water use of plants. ETo is given in inches per month. Figure 2-2 presents the monthly average precipitation, ETo, and mean temperature. The figure indicates that like much of California, ETo is greatest during the summer months when temperatures are highest and rainfall is minimal, resulting in higher water demand. Figure 2-2: Service Area Climate

According to California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment, San Francisco Bay Area Region is already experiencing the effects of climate change in the form of warming average temperatures, less coastal fog, rising sea levels, coastal erosion, and severe droughts. These effects can be expected to continue and intensify in the decades to come. It is forecasted that high year-to-year precipitation variability will become more extreme, which will lead to an increased frequency of both very dry and very wet years which may have an effect on the City’s customer water needs.12. The City of Vallejo and surrounding areas have been threatened by floods in the past, such as overflows from the Napa River and insufficient flood control from the Lake Chabot Dam. Improvements were made to the Lake Chabot Dam in the early 1990s following a harmful 100-year flood event and the City is currently protected from Napa River flooding by a portion of Highway 37. The adjoining wetlands, known as White Slough, also contribute to flood protection for the City.

Ackerly, David, Andrew Jones, Mark Stacey, Bruce Riordan. (University of California, Berkeley). 2018. San Francisco Bay Area Summary Report. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: CCCA4SUM-2018-005.

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Chapter 2 – Water Service and System Description These flood control facilities may be at risk from climate change effects such as sea level rise and increased storm severity. Although aging levees are a concern in many parts of the Delta system, the City of Vallejo is not directly protected by levees. A levee failure could affect the portion of the City’s water supply that comes through the North Bay Aqueduct and some farmland surrounding Vallejo. Given Vallejo’s location adjacent to San Pablo Bay and the Carquinez Straits, it is vulnerable to sea level rise and coastal flooding issues. Mare Island in particular is vulnerable to sea level rise due to its low elevations. The magnitude of sea level rise is uncertain, but the median estimates are for approximately three feet (one meter) of sea level rise by 2100 along the California Coast.13 Under high‐end projections, the frequency of a 3-foot flood increases and the likelihood of at least one flood exceeding 6 feet is 100 percent. Within the City of Vallejo, 690 acres of land, 1,854 people, and $300 million in property are currently below 3 feet above mean high tide, and thus are potentially at risk of flooding if sea level rises as expected. If floods reached 6 feet above mean high tide, 5,431 people and $672 million are at risk. These climate impacts may drive changes in population growth and land use as vulnerable areas in the Bay Area region become uninhabitable, but the magnitude and timing of these changes remain uncertain. The region around the City, particularly the area north of Mare Island, contains aquatic habitats vulnerable to erosion and sedimentation. Erosion is expected to increase under climate change conditions and sedimentation is expected to shift, so habitats that are already sensitive to these issues may be additionally impacted by climate change. Additionally, the coastal areas surrounding the City may be impacted by the increased risk of storm surges due to sea level rise, impacting the coastal ecosystems. The Sacramento San Joaquin Delta is an ecologically sensitive estuarine habitat that is likely to be significantly impacted by climate change. The Delta relies on freshwater flows from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, which are likely to be impacted by the decrease in snowpack and shifts in snowmelt patterns. The Delta has been identified by the Endangered Species Coalition’s Top 10 Habitats Vulnerable to Climate Change, which points out that 12 of the original 29 indigenous Delta fish are either extinct or endangered (ESA, 2011). Specifically, salmon populations make their migration run through the Delta. Salmon require specific water temperatures and salinity levels to survive, so they are likely to be impacted by changes in the seasonal shifts and overall decrease of cold freshwater in the Delta. The Delta is also used for recreational, economic, and municipal purposes, so balancing these needs with ecological needs may continue to become more challenging as the changing climate creates shifts in freshwater flow patterns. There are many State and Federally Endangered and Threatened plant and animal species in Solano County. The climate change impacts most likely to affect these species are sea level rise, increased air and water temperature, increased carbon dioxide concentrations, and changes in precipitation patterns. The Solano Habitat Conservation Plan provides more details about these endangered species and how 13

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Chapter 2 – Water Service and System Description they are likely to be affected by climate change (SCWA, 2012). One of the sources of the City’s water supply, the Solano Project, is subject to quantified environmental flow requirements; water is released from Lake Berryessa to Putah Creek to maintain proper water quality and quantity for Chinook salmon and steelhead trout populations. Although these requirements have gone unmet in the past, they may be even more difficult to maintain in the future under climate change conditions. Wildfire is another climate hazard expected to become more frequent in the future. In 2020, the Hennessey Fire (LNU Complex) burned almost the entire shoreline of Lake Berryessa. Future fires will continue to threaten important water resources, disrupt water quality, and accelerate sedimentation in important water supply reservoirs. While the City of Vallejo Area is less likely to be directly threatened by a wildfire, portions of the Vallejo Lakes Area such as Green Valley, and the watersheds are in areas rated by CalFire as having High Fire Hazard.14

2.3 Projected Economic Outlook The economic outlook of the City of Vallejo is highly influenced by the regional economy of the San Francisco Bay Area, which has grown rapidly over the last decade. This economic growth has been distributed unevenly, however, with real incomes in Solano County declining over time as a result of relatively slow wage growth and increasing cost of living. Incomes for the highest percentile earners have grown much more rapidly than average incomes across most of the Bay Area, but this effect is less severe in Solano County. According to ABAG planning documents, rent and home prices have also grown more slowly in Solano County than the Bay Area as a whole, which makes Vallejo relatively affordable compared to neighboring communities. 15 During this same period, Vallejo’s unemployment rate was above that of Solano County, the Bay Area, and California as a whole. Vallejo’s economy has steadily grown since the Great Recession, with the largest sectors by number of employees being Healthcare and Social Assistance, Retail Trade, Accommodation and Food Services, Educational Services, Government, Arts and Entertainment, and Recreation. Major employers, such as Kaiser Permanente Medical Center and Six Flags Discovery Kingdom, play an important role in the local economy. In the next 20 years, major redevelopment projects in Vallejo are likely to have an important impact on the City’s economic outlook. Most of this redevelopment will be mixed-use infill concentrated in the City’s downtown, waterfront, along Sonoma Boulevard, the Solano County Fairgrounds, and Mare Island. The new rural residential/mixed-use development in the Vallejo Lakes Area of Middle Green Valley is also anticipated. These projects are discussed in more detail in the next section.

2.3.1 Current and Projected Land Use There are currently a variety of land uses in the City of Vallejo, with the majority of the City zoned for single-family residential use. Commercial and mixed uses are clustered in the City’s downtown, waterfront, and along Sonoma Blvd. Retail and entertainment land uses are mostly in the northern

14 15

https://www.solanocounty.com/depts/rm/planning/fire_hazard_severity_zones.asp https://abag.ca.gov/sites/default/files/complete_ceds_with_all_appendices.pdf

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Chapter 2 – Water Service and System Description portion of the City, including and adjacent to Six Flags Discovery Kingdom and the Solano County Fairgrounds. Mare Island contains a combination of mixed-use, industrial, and open space designations. There is a second industrial zone in the southern portion of the City, near Sonoma Boulevard south of Curtola Street. The portion of the Vallejo Municipal Water Service Area known as Unincorporated Vallejo consists primarily of single-family residential uses, with some small multi-family residential use, and is expected to remain so in future. The Vallejo Lakes Area is mostly rural residential. Figure 2-3: City of Vallejo Planned Land Use

The most significant land use changes expected in the service area over the planning horizon (20202045) are all associated with development projects, which are each discussed below. Priority Development Areas (PDA) are places identified by Bay Area communities as areas for investment, new homes, and job growth. Two PDAs exist within the City of Vallejo. The Vallejo Downtown and Waterfront PDA is a 149-acre area located in the City’s old downtown area and along the City’s waterfront. The PDA consists of residential and commercial development in the downtown and waterfront areas. This PDA is included in the 2013 ABAG projections cited by this UWMP and the City’s Housing Element. The second PDA is the Sonoma Boulevard PDA, which is a mixed‐use 75-acre corridor along Sonoma Blvd stretching from approximately Redwood Street down to Curtola Parkway. This PDA was submitted to ABAG in 2015 and so it is not currently included in the 2013 ABAG population projections. The land use changes associated with both of these PDAs involve mixed-use infill development to existing commercial areas. The Solano 360 Project, as currently conceptualized, is projected to consist of approximately 150 acres of entertainment and mixed‐use commercial development compatible with the adjacent Six Flags Discovery Kingdom on the site currently used for the Solano County Fairgrounds. More information regarding this proposed development can be found in the “Solano360 Specific Plan” prepared by Solano

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Chapter 2 – Water Service and System Description County. A variety of private and public funding sources will be necessary to support the future project. With the abolishment of redevelopment agencies, the funding of this project has been impacted. Average water demand for the Plan Area is estimated at 97.7 million gallons per year and up to 50 housing units are conditionally permitted (SWA Architects, 2013). The Solano360 Specific Plan was updated in 2013, but not likely included in the 2013 ABAG population estimates due to timing constraints of data availability. The City’s Housing Element (2015) includes this potential growth in its overall population, housing, and employment projections. Mare Island is the site of a decommissioned Naval shipyard that is currently in the process of being developed as a multi‐use community with a balance of industrial, office, commercial, residential, educational, recreation, cultural, and open space uses. This future development project consists of approximately 1,448 acres of Reuse Areas. Redevelopment is guided by the Mare Island Specific Plan, which was originally adopted in 1999, but has since undergone several revisions, most recently in August 2013. ABAG population estimates likely consider some redevelopment of Mare Island, but the extent and timing of such activities continue to evolve. The Mare Island development planning is currently being updated. Until that time, the City is using previous development water demand projections as a place holder, as further described in Chapter 4. The City also maintains a list of smaller development project submittals on what is known as the Value list. The City’s Housing Element (2015) includes this potential growth in its overall population, housing, and employment projections. The only major development in the service area outside of the City of Vallejo is the Middle Green Valley project, which is guided by the Middle Green Valley Specific Plan.16 This largely undeveloped agricultural area in the Vallejo Lakes Area is going to be developed for new rural residential uses, with small amounts of commercial land use. The design guidelines of the Specific Plan call for the construction of compact clustered neighborhoods while preserving as much agricultural land and open space as possible. The project has not been included in ABAG projections but the total water use and population for the project is included in the projections presented in Chapter 4. Based on the projected build-out timeline, it is assumed that the project will be completed by 2025. The specific plan’s estimates for the Middle Green Valley’s water use are included in the projections presented in Chapter 4 Water Use.17 There are other smaller known planned developments in the Vallejo Lakes Area. Housing developments include Biggs, Falls School, Tuscan Meadows, Tayler, and Woodcreek for a total of 107 planned dwelling units. Two non-residential developments include Mankas Corner Hotel/Center and Ruso Farm and Event Center. These potential developments are early in the planning stages, and therefore are included in the connection growth projections, but are not listed separately with expected construction dates.

https://www.solanocounty.com/civicax/filebank/blobdload.aspx?blobid=28750 The City anticipates serving the Middle Green Valley project and therefore includes the projected land use, population and associated water needs, but service will require the project to address infrastructure needs for conveyance of raw water and for water treatment capacity, and assure the anticipated water sources described in the specific plan are fully available to the City. 17

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Chapter 2 – Water Service and System Description Table 2-1 Summarizes the known planned developments and assumptions for use in projecting population and water demands. Table 2-1: Known Development Assumptions Development Downtown Specific Plan

Values List

General Overview 2,280 Housing Units 591,700 square feet commercial 1,250 Housing Units 562,000 square feet mixed use 50 Housing Units 330,000 square feet entertainment/mixed use Collection of smaller developments

Mare Island

Plans currently under development.

Middle Green Valley

500 Housing Units 18 acres non-residential

Vallejo Waterfront Solano365 Specific Plan

UWMP Inclusion Assumptions Included in GP and Housing Element growth rates Included in GP and Housing Element growth rates Included in GP and Housing Element growth rates Included in GP and Housing Element growth rates Previous “Lennar” WSA water demand projections used as proxy until new plans developed. Population estimated based on 1,400 Housing Units from previous “Lennar” plans. Listed as a separate element for demand customer/demand projections

2.4 Current and Projected Connections The City’s current General Plan was adopted in 2015. This UWMP utilizes the projected housing units and population from the General Plan for the City’s water service area within the City and the Unincorporated Areas (the “Vallejo City Service Area”) in Section 2.4.1 below. Water customers outside of the General Plan Area (i.e. the “Vallejo Lakes Area”) are addressed in Section 2.4.2 below.

2.4.1 City/Unincorporated Current and Projected Connections Water customer connections are projected for the Vallejo City Service Area (the City/Unincorporated service area) based on the following approach. Results are summarized in Table 2-2. City/Unincorporated Area residential projections assume the General Plan buildout for each respective type is reached in 2040, then constant through 2045. The General Plan and the water system have different definitions of single-family and multi-family. For the water system, multi-family connections often are one single water meter that feeds multiple dwelling units. Similarly, a single family connection may actually serve one unit of a duplex. Therefore, the number of single family and multi-family dwelling units from the General Plan will not match the number of single family and multi-family connections in the water system for this UWMP and other water planning documents. For projection purposes, the existing 2020 single family (SF) and multi-family (MF) connections are increased at 0.7 percent, the growth rate necessary to achieve the projected 2040 population identified in the General Plan (see Section 2.5. Population Projections). The Department of Finance (DOF) capita

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Chapter 2 – Water Service and System Description per combined residential connection of 3.62 persons/connection is applied to each residential connection (SF and MF) to determine population. The ratio of SF to MF connections is maintained throughout the projection period. The growth in housing units is equally distributed from existing 2020 values up to 2040 values. Non-residential connection projections assume a constant one percent (1%) annual growth. The various special planning areas will greatly affect the non-residential connection growth rates, and these should be updated as development projects are approved. As listed in Table 2-1, many of the proposed developments are included in the General Plan projections. “Other” accounts include construction and fire services and are projected to grow at 0.5 percent. The City maintains eight raw water customers including GVRD on Fairgrounds Drive, multiple properties along American Canyon Road, Syar, Blue Rock Golf Course, Hiddenbrooke Golf Course, Enos and Tobin, Andrews and Wallace, and Raymond. There is no growth projected for raw water connections. The American Canyon wholesale potable connections total four sites and include the high school (compound meter), Flosden/fairgrounds (compound meter), Montevino (compound meter), and Canyon Estates (compound meter). A new connection for American Canyon is anticipated in 2021 and will serve 35 single family units. All of these connections are operated under the wholesale agreement with City of American Canyon. The City conveys (wheels) raw water through its system to four agricultural customers in American Canyon including Hess, Sutter Homes, Jeager, and Fagundes/Maldonado, though these do not constitute a demand on the City’s water supplies. There is no growth projected for these connections. All of these connections are operated under the raw water agreement with City of American Canyon. The Mare Island development plan is currently being revised by a new developer. In order to complete this UWMP, the City is utilizing the development plans from the previous developer (“Lennar”) as a proxy placeholder for housing unit, population, and water demands. The number of residential connections is shown in Table 2-2 to project population in Table 2-4. Water demands are based on the total water demand projections from the Lennar plans, as discussed in Chapter 4. The projection assumes a constant growth rate starting in 2023 through 2045. These values should be updated once the new development plans are available.

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Chapter 2 – Water Service and System Description Table 2-2: City/Unincorporated Projected Connections Service Classification Single Family Multi-Family Commercial/ Institutional Landscape Other Treated (Construction/Fire) Other (raw) American Canyon (Wholesale Potable) American Canyon (Raw Wheeling Water) Benicia raw wholesale Travis AFB raw wholesale Mare Island Proxy Residential

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

32,205 2,086

Annual Growth Rate 0.7% 0.7%

33,348 2,160

34,532 2,237

35,757 2,316

37,027 2,398

1,805

1,897

1,994

2,096

2,202

2,315

485

510

536

563

592

622

431

0.5%

442

453

464

476

488

130

458

776

1,094

1,400

2020

Note: Projected residential connections for the water system have different definitions than the General Plan projected housing units.

2.4.2 Vallejo Lakes Current and Projected The Vallejo Lakes Area water demands can be described in two categories: existing area, and known developments. For the existing area, single family connection growth is assumed at 0.72 percent annually to include the known proposed projects and other infill. Commercial growth is assumed at 0.30 percent annually to include the known proposed projects. All other growth types are assumed at 0.25 percent annually to account for infill. Middle Green Valley is assumed to be fully built by 2025. The other smaller developments are incorporated into the general service area growth rate to be completed by 2045. Current and projected connections are presented in Table 2-3.

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Chapter 2 – Water Service and System Description Table 2-3: Vallejo Lakes Projected Connections Service Classification Single Family Multi-Family Commercial/ Institutional Landscape Other (treated) Middle Green Valley - Residential Middle Green Valley – Non-Residential

811 12 20

Annual Growth Rate 0.72% 0.25% 0.30%

4 7 --

0.25% 0.25% --

4 7 500

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

841 12 20

871 12 21

903 12 21

936 13 21

970 13 21

2.5 Current and Projected Population 2020 population analysis for the City and unincorporated area utilizes the California Department of Finance (DOF) data. The 2020 DOF reported population for the City is 119,063. The 2020 population for the Vallejo unincorporated area is estimated by multiplying the number of unincorporated residential connections (937) times the capita/connection of 2.82 persons per household (as provided by 2020 DOF data for unincorporated Solano County), totaling 2,642 people. Summing, the total 2020 served population for the City and Vallejo unincorporated area is 121,705. Population projections rely on the General Plan projections and additional population from the identified developments throughout the City’s water service area as described below. General Plan population projections are based on housing unit projections with assumed person/household values as listed in Table 2-4. Table 2-4: City General Plan Area Population Projections (City plus Unincorporated areas – does not include Vallejo Lakes Area) 2015 Baseline Value

2040 Buildout Projection

Population

117,918

142,744

SF Housing Units MF Housing Units

33,245 11,653

35,911 17,339

Item

Notes Based on housing units 2.94 cap/DU 2.58 cap/DU

The population projections for the General Plan Area, which is the same area as the City and Unincorporated service area, were calculated from the General Plan projections of housing units and applied capita/dwelling unit for each housing unit type, respectively. For population projections, the total General Plan population is utilized for the City and unincorporated service area. Population projections for the Mare Island development use the proxy projected number of residential connections times the General Plan single family unit rate of 2.94 persons/dwelling unit. These values should be updated once the new development plan is submitted.

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Chapter 2 – Water Service and System Description In the Vallejo Lakes Service Area, most accounts are single‐family residential customers, with a small number of multi‐family residential connections. In order to estimate the Vallejo Lakes Service Area population in 2020, the number of residential connections was multiplied by the number of persons per household. Based on the 2020 DOF data for unincorporated Solano County, there are approximately 2.82 persons per household. As of January 2020, there were 811 single family residential connections, so it is assumed approximately 2,287 people were living in single family residences in the Vallejo Lakes Service Area. There are 12 multi-family connections serving several multi-family housing developments including Willota Oaks (33 DUs), Gordan Valley Mutual Water Association (15 DUs), Twin Creeks Condos (39 DUs), Spurs Trail (20 DUs), Spurs Ranch Association (16 DUs), and seven other connections (21 DUs). In total there are 144 multi-family dwelling units. Assuming 2.82 capita per household, there were approximately 406 people living in multi-family residences, as of January 2020. When summed together, the total estimated 2020 population for the Vallejo Lakes Service Area is 2,693. For the Vallejo Lakes Service Area, future population projections utilize the projected number of connections and the same 2.82 persons per household based on 2020 DOF data for unincorporated Solano County. The Middle Green Valley development projects 500 new dwelling units. Population projections also assumed 2.82 capita/dwelling unit for a total of 1,410 people. Served population projections are summarized in Table 2-5. Table 2-5: Service Area (Vallejo City, Unincorporated and Lakes Areas) Population – Current and Projected Population Served General Plan Area (includes City of Vallejo and Unincorporated Vallejo City of Vallejo Unincorporated Vallejo Mare Island Subtotal Vallejo City System Vallejo Lakes Area Middle Green Valley Subtotal Vallejo Lakes System Total:

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2020

2025

2030

126,965

132,225

-121,705 2,693 --

Included in GP above Included in GP above 537 127,502 2,782 1,410

Included in GP above Included in GP above 1,432 133,657 3,578 1,410

2,693

4,192

124,398

131,694

119,063 2,642

2035

2040

2045

142,744

Included in GP above Included in GP above 2,326 139,810 4,378 1,410

Included in GP above Included in GP above 3,221 145,965 4,477 1,410

Included in GP above Included in GP above 4,116 146,860 4,579 1,410

4,988

5,788

5,887

5,989

138,645

145,598

151,852

152,849

137,484

2-12

Chapter 2 – Water Service and System Description

2.6 Energy Intensity Among the statutory changes enacted with new requirements for 2020 UMWPs, an urban supplier shall provide “Energy Intensity Reporting”. Energy Intensity is defined as the total amount of energy expended in kilowatt-hours (kWh) by the urban water supplier on a per acre-foot (AF) basis to take water from the location where the urban water supplier acquires the water to its point of delivery. The City is utilizing the Total Utility Approach. This method sums the annual energy consumed for all water management processes, divided by total volume of water in acre feet. These processes include extraction, diversion, conveyance, placement into storage, treatment, and distribution. The total energy intensity is reported in Table 2-6. Table 2-6: Energy Intensity – Total Utility Approach Sum of All Water Management Processes Volume of Water Entering Process (acre-feet) 16,385 Energy Consumed (kWh) 16,560,630 Energy Intensity(kWh/acre-feet) 1,011

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply

Water Supply The City of Vallejo has numerous water supply sources that serve its customers. The City’s diverse surface water supplies – derived from water rights and contracts – provide significant annual volumes of water that can be used to meet contractual obligations and end-user demands. However, the details imbedded in each water right and contract impact the monthly availability of each supply source in different locations throughout the City’s service area. This constrained availability requires the City to carefully manage its water supply portfolio in order to have sufficient water supply available to meet demands in all of its service areas in extended drought periods. Furthermore, as noted below, the City’s water supply portfolio has additional administrative matters that require resolution in order to support the long-term reliability projections. This section details the City’s water supply portfolio and identifies the key components within each water asset that impact the City’s long-term water supply reliability. The City has a large water service area boundary that extends beyond the City limits. The water service area boundary essentially contains two water systems – the Vallejo City System/Vallejo City Service Area that delivers supplies derived from the Fleming Hill Water Treatment Plant and the Vallejo Lakes System/Vallejo Lakes Service Area that delivers water from the Green Valley Water Treatment Plant. The City also serves water supplies to Travis Air Force Base, American Canyon, and other areas both inside and outside the City’s service area boundary (like the City of Fairfield through the Fairfield Exchange Agreement described later in this chapter). Figure 3-1 shows the City’s primary water service areas (the Vallejo City System and the Lakes System), the City of Vallejo’s boundary, Old Cordelia (part of Vallejo Lakes Service Area), and Travis Air Force Base.

3.1 Water Supply Sources Chapter 3 describes the City of Vallejo’s existing and planned water supplies. The City’s water supplies are derived from the following four general surface water sources: •

Sacramento River watershed,

•

Solano Project from Putah Creek Watershed, which includes Lake Berryessa,

•

Wild Horse Creek watershed through Lake Madigan, Lake Frey, and the Green Valley Diversion, and

•

Upper Suisun Creek watershed through Lake Curry (future).

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply Figure 3-1: Map Showing Key Features of City of Vallejo’s Water Systems18

All water supplies derived from these sources are collectively managed in order to best meet the City’s demands in different areas under changing hydrological and regulatory conditions. Solano County Water Agency (SCWA) administers the Sacramento River and Solano Project supplies on behalf of the City. The City’s Sacramento River watershed water supplies are derived from two sources – an appropriative water right license and a contract with Solano County Water Agency for State Water Project (SWP) water supplies. These water supplies are diverted from the Sacramento River watershed at the North Bay Aqueduct – an SWP facility located in Barker Slough. The water supplies from the Sacramento River watershed that are conveyed through the North Bay Aqueduct (NBA) serve a significant portion of the City’s wholesale and retail water demands in normal years. The supply source for the Solano Project is Lake Berryessa. Lake Berryessa is located in the Vaca Mountains in Napa County and formed by Monticello Dam. Lake Berryessa is a multi-purpose lake that, combined with the Putah Diversion Dam and other associated infrastructure, makes up the Solano Project – a federal water project operated by the United States Bureau of Reclamation. 19 Solano Project water is transported to the City’s facilities through the Putah South Canal and provides a varying percentage of the City’s total consumption depending on hydrological and regulatory conditions. The City has a Participating Agency Contract with SCWA for Solano Project water supplies. The City’s Wild Horse Creek Watershed water assets include several pre-1914 appropriative water rights for water diversion and storage. These water assets are managed collectively in order to best utilize the 18

System boundary from DWR Public Water System Boundaries shapefile. Old Cordelia is a subarea of the Vallejo Lakes Service Area. 19 https://www.usbr.gov/projects/index.php?id=421

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply existing reservoir capacity and supply reliability. More specifically, the three separate pre-1914 appropriative water rights are captured and stored in Lake Madigan and Lake Frey for eventual diversion at the Green Valley Diversion Dam for treatment and delivery to the Lakes Area. The City also has an unwritten exchange arrangement with Solano Irrigation District for the City to provide raw water to the Tolenas area in exchange for SID providing raw Solano Project water to the Lakes system. This exchange agreement generally results in some additional Solano Project supply available to the Vallejo City System in the following water year. Lastly, the City has an agreement with the City of Fairfield to serve Old Cordelia, a portion of the Vallejo Lakes Service Area that is located within the City of Fairfield. The City of Fairfield supplies treated water via master meters and the City of Vallejo operates and maintains the distribution system within Old Cordelia. Water from the Upper Suisun Creek watershed is diverted and stored in Lake Curry. The Lake Curry supplies are not currently used due to lack of conveyance facilities to deliver Lake Curry water to the City of Vallejo. All of the City’s water supplies derived from its water rights and contracts are described in more detail in the sections below.

3.2 City of Vallejo’s City Service System (Fleming Hill WTP) The City of Vallejo’s water system is a complex and interconnected mix of sources that has both raw and potable transmission infrastructure. The Vallejo City System (City System) has access to raw water supplies from both the Sacramento River watershed and the Solano Project. The City System treats raw water supplies at the Fleming Hill Water Treatment Plant, and delivers the potable water to the City of Vallejo, some small outlying areas that are not within the City Limits, and to American Canyon in Napa County. The Vallejo City System treatment plant and transmission pipelines are shown in Figure 3-2.

3.2.1 SWP Participating Agency Contract with Solano County Water Agency The California State Water Project (SWP) was created in 1957 following the devastating floods that inundated great portions of the Sacramento Valley. In 1960, under the Burns-Porter Act (also known as the California Water Resources Development Bond Act), the SWP was funded for construction and most facilities were completed by 1973. The State Water Project (SWP) is the largest state-built, multipurpose water project in the country. Today, the SWP includes 28 dams and reservoirs, 26 pumping and generating plants, and approximately 660 miles of aqueducts. The primary water source for the SWP is the Feather River, a tributary of the Sacramento River. The water flowing in the Feather River is captured by the SWP in Oroville Dam and reservoir. Storage released from Oroville Dam flows down the Feather River and then the Sacramento River until it reaches the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (Delta). The SWP diverts, stores, and distributes water to 29 agricultural and urban suppliers throughout Northern, Central and Southern California. Approximately 70 percent of the SWP supply is contracted for urban uses and 30 percent is contracted for agriculture. The diversion rights are based upon State Water Resources Control Board issued appropriative water rights with 1927 priority dates.

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply Figure 3-2: Water Supply Infrastructure for the Vallejo Municipal System20

The total planned annual delivery capability of the SWP and the sum of all contractors’ maximum Table A amount was originally 4.23 million acre-feet. The initial SWP storage and conveyance facilities were designed to meet contractors’ water demands with the construction of additional storage facilities planned as demands increased. However, few additional SWP storage facilities have been constructed since the early 1970s and a portion of the original conveyance design was never completed. SWP conveyance facilities were generally designed and have been constructed to deliver Table A amounts to all contractors. The maximum Table A amounts of all SWP contractors now totals about 4.133 million AF.21 The Solano County Water Agency (SCWA) is one of the 29 water suppliers that executed a State Water Project Contract with the California Department of Water Resources. The original contract was signed in 1963 and includes numerous amendments. In 2003, DWR and SCWA signed another agreement that attempted to aggregate all of the amendments that were added to the 1963 contract. However, DWR disclaims legal validity of the consolidated document by stating that: [the 2003 document] is intended only to provide a convenient reference source, and the Department of Water Resources is unable to provide assurances that this integrated version accurately represents the original documents. For legal purposes, or when precise accuracy is required, users should direct their attention to the original source documents rather than this integrated version.

System boundary from DWR Public Water System Boundaries shapefile. Old Cordelia is a subarea of the Vallejo Lakes Service Area. 21 The Final State Water Project Delivery Capability Report, DWR, August 2020 at page 21.

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply As such, the 1963 Contract and its amendments should be consulted when assessing SCWA’s SWP water assets. The City derives a portion of its water supplies from the SWP contract between SCWA and DWR. Importantly, entire portions of SCWA’s SWP contract are fully incorporated into the City’s Participating Agency Contract. As such, the City is bound by the qualifying language contained in SCWA’s SWP contract that affects supply allocations in the City’s Participating Agency Contract. In 2013, the City and SCWA entered the “Participating Agency Contract” superseding the 1985 contract and its amendments that identifies the rights and obligations of the City and SCWA as it relates to SWP water assets. The City’s current SWP-based water supplies are derived from its 2013 Participating Agency Contract (2013 PAC) with SCWA.

City of Vallejo Table A Allocation The 2013 PAC grants the City a Table A amount of 5,600 acre-feet annually. This allocation represents the maximum amount of water that is available to the City through this water agreement, with the exception of City’s License 7848 which will be addressed later. The 2013 PAC also recognizes that SCWA’s SWP contract may be subject to shortages that require all participating agencies to reduce water supply deliveries that are derived from SCWA’s SWP contract. As such, the 2013 PAC allocates proportionate water supply shares in times of shortage. The City’s share is 13.3 percent of the total SWP annual allocation to SCWA. 22 The primary source of the SWP water for the City’s Table A amount is Lake Oroville. However, additional SWP facilities – including San Luis Reservoir, located south of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Reservoir – also contribute to the City’s ability to utilize SWP water assets. Since 2010, the City has received the following allotments listed in Table 3-1 under its 2013 PAC. Except in 2017, for the last 10 years the City’s Table A allotment has been reduced by DWR based on modeling forecasts related to snowpack and actual runoff in the CVP and SWP systems.

Future SWP Allocations and Long-Term Reliability DWR notes that it is less likely that 100% allocation years will occur on a regular basis in the future based upon climatological conditions and regulatory requirements in the San Francisco Bay-Delta. In August 2020, DWR finalized the “2019 SWP Delivery Capability Report” (DCR) that outlined the probable future water supply allocations for the SWP system. The DCR showed variations in future Table A deliveries based upon hydrological and regulatory conditions. These conditions are summarized in Table 3-2 below.

22Participating

Agency Contract Between Solano County Water Agency and the City of Vallejo, dated December 10, 2013 at Table C.

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply Table 3-1: City of Vallejo Table A PAC Allotments 2010-2020 (AFY) Table A Allocation 2,800 4,480 3,640

% Allocation 50% 80% 65%

City use 1,876 1,367 1,407

Travis 924 845 0

Total Use 2,800 2,212 1,407

2013

1,960

35%

2014

280

2015

1,400

25%

2016

4,200

75%

1,237

163

1,400

2017

5,600

100%

2,377

423

2,800

2018

2,800

50%

2019

4,760

85%

1,497

2020

1,680

30%

Year 2010 2011 2012

Table 3-2: SWP Estimated Table A Deliveries from the 2017 and 2019 DCR (TAF)23 Dry Periods Year (Values in T-AF)

Long Term Average

Single Dry Year (1977)

2 Year Drought (1976-1977)

4-Year Drought (1931-1934)

6-Year Drought (1987-1992)

6 Year Drought (1929-1934)

2017 Report

2,571

62%

336

1,206

29%

1,397

34%

1,203

29%

1,408

34%

2019 Report

2,414

58%

288

1,311

32%

1,228

30%

1,058

26%

1,158

28%

As shown in Table 3-2, DWR’s long-term average reliability shows a downward trend from 62% in the 2017 SWP DCR to 58% in the 2019 DCR. However, as a result of the North of Delta Settlement (December 31, 2013), the North of Delta (NOD) allocation should be larger than the identified reliability described in the 2019 DCR. 24 Specifically, the NOD allocation should increase the future annual Table A allocation by approximately 10%. Accordingly, the City will incorporate the NOD allocation bump in considering its long-term water supply availability. Table 3-3 depicts the City’s Future Table A Projected Normal Year Water Year Deliveries. Table 3-3: City of Vallejo Assumed Future Table A Projected Normal Water Year Deliveries (AFY) Year Normal Year

Table A Allocation 3,808

% Allocation 68%

The 2017 and 2019 DCR depict the single driest year as 1977 with an 8% allocation estimate in 2017 and a 7% allocation estimate in 2019. The single lowest historical SWP allocation occurred in 2014 at 5% as 23

The Final State Water Project Delivery Capability Report, DWR, August 2020 at page 30 with values in thousands of acre feet per year (TAF/Yr). 24 The NOD Settlement represents a solution to NOD water issues resulting in as much as a 10% increase in water supplies above the SWP statewide predicted average.

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply shown in Table 3-1. Although the City anticipates the NOD allocation applying in critically dry years, out of an abundance of caution and in accordance with the 2021 SWP allocation, the City will assess a critically dry year at 5% allocation. In less dry years, however, the City will increase this baseline number by 10% to account for the NOD bump per the 2013 Settlement. The DCR also identifies various drought periods for purposes of characterizing SWP allocation percentages that would accompany those drought periods. The allocations over the course of the historical drought periods are not representative of the City’s drought planning efforts. In order to best represent a viable future five-year drought scenario, the City will use the following drought characterization for its short-term and long-term planning, incorporating both the 2021 critical year allocation and the NOD Allocation adjustment: year 1 at 45%; year 2 at 30%; year 3 at 5%; year 4 at 15%; and year 5 at 30%.25 This characterization adequately represents a drought over a five consecutive year period. Table 3-4 shows the Table A allocation over five consecutive dry years from 2021-2025. It is important to note that the Table A allocation available to the City does not need to be used in the identified year as it could be carried over for future year uses as part of the City’s long-term water management (described in more detail in Section 3.11 of this Chapter). In this management scenario, this 2020 UWMP identifies fifty percent of the City’s Table A allocation will be designated as Carryover so as to best manage the entire water supply portfolio. As such, we have noted two columns in Table 3-4 – one for actual Table A allocation and one for the managed allocation that more aligns with Vallejo’s actions in the context of a five year drought. Managed (used) allocation does not include carryover water. Table 3-4: SWP Allocation for a Simulated Five Consecutive Year Drought from 2021-2025 (AFY) Used Allocation

Total Allocation

Percent Allocation

Normal

1,904

3,808

68%

Single Dry Year

140

280

2021

1,260

2,520

45%

2022

840

1,680

30%

2023

140

280

2024

420

840

15%

2025

840

1,680

30%

Multi-Year Drought

Table A Allocation

Year Type

Table A supply reliability has also been examined over the broader planning horizon considered in this 2020 UWMP. Table 3-5 shows the normal year, single dry year, and five consecutive dry years planned SWP Table A Allocation for the City of Vallejo through 2045 assumed in this study for analyzing water supply reliability.

Technical Memorandum (April 2021 Revision) “SCWA Water Supply Reliability”, Kennedy/Jenks Consultants at page 6.

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply Table 3-5: Future SWP Allocations by Year Type Through 2045 (AFY) Table A Managed Allocation

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

Actual Allocation

Normal

1,904

3,808

Single Dry Year

140

280

Year 1

1,260

2,520

Year 2

840

1,680

Year 3

140

280

Year 4

420

840

Year 5

840

1,680

Multi-Year Drought

Year Type

The characterizations of the City’s SWP Table A Allocation long-term reliability reflect numerous hydrological and regulatory issues that inform the DCR modeling, are reasonable assessments related to SWP system management, and reflect the City’s local conditions. Long-term hydrological and regulatory issues that affect the water management include the Bay-Delta Water Quality Control Plan, the Coordinated Operations Agreement, the Delta Biological Opinion, modifications to San Luis Reservoir, SWP Seismic considerations, DWR’s Emergency Planning, and assessments related to the City’s local conditions and climate change. These issues are all considered in the City’s planning incorporated into its supply characterizations in this 2020 UWMP.

Table A Carryover Supply The City’s PAC contract allows it to forego use of its allocated SWP Table A supply and retain a portion of that allocated supply in storage for future use. This retained supply is termed “Carryover” and is governed under Article 56 of SCWA’s SWP contract. Carryover water is water that is released from Oroville Dam and reservoir, re-diverted at the Delta, and then stored in San Luis Reservoir – an offstream reservoir located just outside the City of Santa Nella at the junction of Interstate 5 and California State Highway 152. San Luis Reservoir is jointly owned and operated by the state and federal governments and all SWP contractors may use the storage facility to manage Carryover water supplies. In short, the San Luis Reservoir receives, regulates, and stores exported water derived from the State Water Project and Federal Central Valley Project. The amount of water that the City may carryover in any given year is subject to a set of rules that implicate all SWP contractors throughout California. In brief, the City delivers its Table A supplies to Carryover in San Luis Reservoir with an expectation that it will be able to divert all or a portion of these supplies in a subsequent year. In the event that water supplies are abundant, San Luis Reservoir may “spill.” When San Luis Reservoir reaches a “spill” stage, DWR releases the City’s Carryover in accordance with the aforementioned rules as they apply in the context of all entities with stored water in San Luis Reservoir. Nevertheless, the City generally retains a portion of its Table A Allocation as Carryover in any given year and continues to maintain a Carryover balance. Table 3-6 shows the City’s Carryover balance from 2010 through 2020.

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply The City will have access to its Table A Carryover supplies in future years based upon the hydrological and regulatory conditions. The Table A Carryover supplies result from a number of variables that are both tied to the SWP Table A annual percent allocation, operations in San Luis Reservoir, and water supply management by the City and SCWA. The City conservatively estimates that its future Carryover supplies will equate each year to approximately one-half of its Table A Allocation. Thus, in a normal year, the City expects the carryover supply to be approximately 1,904 acre-feet, which is 50% of the normal year allocation. As shown in Table 3-3, the normal year allocation is assumed to be 3,808 acrefeet (68% of the 2013 PAC amount of 5,600 acre-feet). In a single dry year, the Carryover supply is expected to remain at 1,904 as a remnant of a previous normal year storage action. Table 3-6: City of Vallejo Historic SWP Carryover (AFY)26 Year 2010

Carryover 53

Used 53

2011

2012

2,268

449

2013

4,052

2014

7,871

1,142

2015

7,197

6,355

2016

2,249

2017

2018 2019 2020

4,200 2,800 4,200

118 0 0

However, Carryover supply decreases over time as it relates to the previous year’s Table A Allocation. Thus, for five consecutive dry years, the pattern for Carryover would be 50% of the previous year’s Table A Allocation. Importantly, however, the City will manage these supplies over the five-year drought planning horizon to satisfy the City’s demands in light of other constraints on other water resources. 27 This analysis is more fully vetted in Section 3.11 of this Chapter as well as Chapter 5. Table 3-7 shows the representative Table A Carryover supplies in normal, single dry, and five consecutive dry years from 2021 through 2025. Table 3-8 shows the representative Table A Carryover supplies from 2025 through 2045 assumed for this study.28

Data from Annual Solano County Water Agency State Water Project Water Use Report (NBA) Carryover supplies in the State Water Project system are managed to address water supply shortages when direct diversion rights are insufficient to satisfy demands. Moreover, the Carryover supplies may have applicability over the course of many years after they are designated for carryover. 28 The Carryover amount in each year is a maximum of 50% of the previous year’s Table A Allocation noted in Tables 3-4 and 3-5, but may be shown as less in Table 3-7 and 3-8 to reflect the City’s discretion to use Carryover throughout a 5-year drought to balance other supply constraints. 27

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply Table 3-7: Future Available Table A Carryover Supplies from 2021-2025 (AFY) Table A Allocation

Year Type

Amount 1,904

Single Dry Year 2021

1,904

Multi-Year Drought

Normal

1,904

2022

1,200

2023

840

2024

200

2025

420

Table 3-8: Projected Available Table A Carryover Supplies from 2025-2045 (AFY)

Multi-Year Drought

Table A Carryover

Year Type

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

Normal

1,904

Single Dry Year

1,904

Year 1

254

Year 2

1,200

Year 3

1,140

Year 4

1,000

Year 5

970

3.2.2 City of Vallejo Permit (License 7848) The City of Vallejo holds State Water Resources Control Board issued appropriative water right License 7848.29 License 7848 (often referred to as “Permit Water”) allows the City of Vallejo to divert up to 31.52 cubic feet per second (cfs) from January 1 through December 31 each year from the Sacramento River (at Barker or Lindsey Slough). At the 31.52 cfs diversion rate, the total annual volume available for diversion and use under this license is 22,819 acre-feet. This total annual volume is subject to some reduction as described below, after Table 3-9. License 7848 also has a relatively senior priority date of February 2, 1948 and has an expansive place of use that goes far beyond the City of Vallejo’s city limits. Figure 3-3 shows the authorized place of use of License 7848. Importantly, the place of use under License 7848 does not encompass all areas served by the Vallejo Lakes System. For example, most of the Vallejo Lakes System is outside the place of use of License 7848 as well as some areas served by the Vallejo City System within American Canyon City limits. These important characteristics help frame the utility of License 7848 for the City’s current and future uses.

This water supply is often referred to as “Vallejo Permit” supply but it has graduated from SWRCB’s permit stage and is a licensed water right. In this 2020 UWMP, it is called “License 7848”.

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply Figure 3-3: Place of Use of Vallejo License 7848 Water30

Table 3-9 shows the City’s use of License 7848 water from 2016 through 2020. This use included potable service within the Vallejo City System as well as water deliveries to areas like Travis Air Force Base and portions of the City of American Canyon. Table 3-9: Vallejo License 7848 (Vallejo Permit Water) use 2016-2020 (AFY)31

Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Vallejo License Allocation 17,287 17,287 13,207 17,287 13,287

Vallejo City System (inc. American Canyon) 5,602 4,640 11,474 7,552 10,197

Travis Use 647 605 1,637 1,457 1,920

Total Use 6,249 5,245 13,111 9,009 12,117

On November 15, 1985, Solano County Flood Control and Water Conservation District, the previous name of Solano County Water Agency, signed Amendment 10 to its State Water Project contract with the California Department of Water Resources. 32 Article 2 in this Amendment added Article 26.1 to SCWA’s SWP Contract and addressed the transportation of the City of Vallejo’s Permit Water (now 30

System boundary from DWR Public Water System Boundaries shapefile. Permit place of use from map on record with SWRCB dated 5/21/1951. Old Cordelia is a subarea of the Vallejo Lakes Service Area. 31 Reported use for various water supply sources has been updated since the City’s 2015 UWMP. Updated data is from SCWA Solano Project annual reports. 32 State of California the Resources Agency Department of Water Resources Amendment No. 10 to Water Supply Contract Between the Department of Water Resources of the State of California and the Solano County Flood Control and Water Conservation District, November 15, 1985.

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply License 7848). Article 26.1(b) affirms the City’s maximum diversion rate of 31.52 cfs, but reduces the annual quantity available for diversion through the North Bay Aqueduct from 22,819 acre-feet to 17,287 acre-feet. Thus, although the City continues to preserve all 22,819 acre-feet of License 7848, the current long-term available supply coming into the City’s service area is 17,287 acre-feet. City of Vallejo has brought this discrepancy to the attention of the State of California and SCWA. It has yet to be resolved. Another aspect of License 7848 is the potential that it is subject to curtailment when the hydrological conditions in California render junior water rights unavailable for direct diversion and use. In 2015, all water rights in the Sacramento River watershed were curtailed with priority dates as early as 1905 – the first time on record for such a curtailment. Thus, in the single driest year on record (2015), License 7848 was unavailable for diversion for nearly 5 full months – from June through October. In order to properly characterize the hydrological uncertainty associated with License 7848 and propose a conservative water supply analysis, we characterize the projected License 7848 supply as unavailable from June through September in critically dry years. In the analysis below, License 7848 is curtailed in the single dry years and years three through five of a five year drought. In those critically dry years, the City may still divert the maximum amount available pursuant to the 31.52 cfs diversion rate in all months except those where the right is curtailed (assumed to be June – September). Thus, maximizing the diversion rate of 31.52 cfs in the 7 months where the supply is available, results in a maximum monthly diversion of 1,938 acre-feet in January, March, May, and December, a maximum monthly diversion in February (without leap year) of 1,751 acre-feet, and a maximum monthly diversion in April and November of 1,876 acre-feet.33 Table 3-10 shows the future availability of License 7848 in a normal, single dry, and five consecutive dry years from 2021 through 2025. Table 3-11 shows the future availability of License 7848 through 2045, and, although also potentially constrained, the City anticipates clarifying the availability of the entire secured right of 22,819 acre-feet per year, thus the values are still constrained compared to the maximum available but vary from the forecast for the next 5 years. Table 3-10: Projected License 7848 Available Supplies from 2021-2025 (AFY)

Multi-Year Drought

Table A Allocation

Year Type

Amount

Normal

17,287

Single Dry Year 2021

14,696 17,287

2022

17,287

2023

14,696

2024

15,193

2025

15,193

Water under License 7848 may be available for public health and safety use at approximately 55 GPCD even if right curtailed with approval from appropriate regulatory entities.

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply Table 3-11: Projected License 7848 Available Supplies from 2025-2045 (AFY) Vallejo Permit

Year Type

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

17,287

15,196

Year 1

17,287

Year 2

17,287

Year 3

17,122

Year 4

17,084

Year 5

16,784

Multi-Year Drought

Normal Single Dry Year

Although the annual supply availability depicted in Tables 3-10 and 3-11 indicate that significant volumes of License 7848 are available for use by the City, a monthly assessment of the supply availability shows an entirely different picture. Table 3-12 below shows the conservatively assumed monthly supply availability for License 7848 in a single critically dry year that may occur in the next 5 years. This total supply is shown in the “single dry year” and also for year 3 in Table 3-10. Table 3-12: Projected Monthly Supply Availability of License 7848 in Critically Dry Years (AF) 34 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

1,938

1,751

1,938

1,876

1,938

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

1,441

1,876

1,938

14,696

This monthly supply availability is further assessed in the context of all of the supplies available to the City in the total monthly supply availability tables in Section 3.11 later in this chapter.

3.2.3 Solano Project Supply The City of Vallejo holds a contractual right to receive allotments from the Solano Project as a Participating Agency of the SCWA (SP Contract). Vallejo’s SP Contract was renewed on March 2, 1999 and provides for the delivery of up to 14,600 acre-feet of water each year.35 The SP Contract is derived from Solano County Water Agency’s contract with the United States Bureau of Reclamation for the water supplies derived from the Solano Project.36 Moreover, SCWA’s Reclamation contract is tied to a joint SWRCB Appropriative Water Right License 13876 with a priority date of 1945 that provided the foundation for diversions from the Putah Creek watershed into Monticello Dam and Putah Diversion

The October value depicts less than 31 days of full diversion to reflect restrictions that could continue into October from the June through September assumed curtailment conditions. 35 Vallejo assigned 150 acre-feet of its Solano Project contract to Vacaville. 36 Renewal Contract Between the United States and Solano County Water Agency Providing for Project Water Service, contract number 14-06-200-4090, March 1, 1999 (Renewal Contract).

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply Dam.37 As such, the City’s SP Contract incorporates some terms and conditions that are included in License 13876 and SCWA’s Renewal Contract. Section 8 of the SP Contract addresses water shortage conditions. In times of shortage, all Solano Project Participating Agency contractors would have their water supplies reduced in proportion to their entitlement from the Solano Project system. Section 3 of the SP Contract identifies Vallejo’s entitlement as 7.67% of the total water supply of 192,350 acre-feet of total annual yield in a normal year. Thus, if the total Solano Project annual yield is reduced to 90% (173,115) in a given year, then the supply available to the City would be approximately 13,278 acre-feet (7.67% of 173,115 acre-feet). Historically, the lowest percentage allocation in the Solano Project occurred in 2014 and 2016 with a 91.5% SP yield resulting in reductions in available supply to 13,500 acre-feet per year. Table 3-13 below shows the City’s SP Contract entitlement, the allocation, and total use. Table 3-13: Solano Project M&I Entitlement Historic Water Use 2010-2020 (AFY)38 Year 2010 2011 2012

Entitlement 14,600 14,600 14,600

SP Contract Allocation 14,600 14,600

Use 1,260 2,655

14,600

1,774

2013

14,600

1,335

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

14,600

13,500 14,600 13,500 14,600 13,600 13,600 14,600

0 0 152 8,707 1,122 7,959 1,406

14,600 14,600 14,600 14,600 14,600 14,600

The historical record indicates that the supply available under the City’s SP Contract is rarely reduced, and, if it is reduced, the maximum allocation reduction is less than 10%. Thus, in order to provide a conservative approach to the long-term dry year planning for the City, we use 100% allocation in a normal year and a 90% allocation in most dry years.39 Table 3-14 shows Vallejo’s annual SP Contract water available supply projected for normal, single dry and five consecutive dry years through 2025 and Table 3-15 shows the supply availability from 2025 through 2045. The City’s SP Contract supplies depicted in the table may be managed so as to use a reduced supply. Moreover, these tables assume

Water Right License 13876 was jointly held by the Solano Project Member Agencies: Solano County Water Agency, Solano Irrigation District, Maine Prairie Water District, City of Vacaville, City of Fairfield, City of Vallejo, City of Suisun, California Department of Corrections, and the Regents of the University of California. The right allows for 948,337 acre-feet to be collected to storage from November 1 through May31 each year with a maximum withdrawal of 360,699 in any year. 38 The City’s Solano Project allocation is reduced by 150 acre-feet each year because of the City’s contract with the City of Vacaville. 39 Although 91.5% is the more likely amount, for ease of rounding 90% is used in this UWMP.

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply that 50% of the supply is moved to Solano Project Stored Water (described below) in order to handle future dry conditions. The annual allocations of the City’s SP Contract water are available to the City to flexibly access during different times of year. As such, the City may use this water supply on an annually managed pattern that maximizes the supply utility under various hydrological and regulatory conditions. Table 3-14: Projected Solano Project M&I Entitlement Water Available from 2021-2025 (AFY) Year Type

Allocation

Managed Amount

Normal

14,600

7,300

Single Dry Year

13,410

6,570

2021

14,600

7,300

2022

13,410

6,570

2023

13,410

6,570

2024

13,410

6,570

2025

13,410

6,570

Multi-Year Drought

Solano Allocation

Table 3-15: Projected Solano M&I Entitlement Water Available from 2025-2045 (AFY)

Multi-Year Drought

Solano Managed Allocation

Year Type

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

Actual Allocation

Normal

7,300

14,600

Single Dry Year Year 1

6,570

13,140

7,300

14,600

Year 2

6,570

13,140

Year 3

6,570

13,140

Year 4

6,570

13,140

Year 5

6,570

13,140

Vallejo’s Solano Project Stored Supplies Section 11 of the SP Contract allows Vallejo to store water in Monticello Reservoir for use in a future water year to the extent storage space is available and the storage will not impact the delivery of water to another participating agency. This provision allows the City to manage its excess SP Contract allocation and store that water for potential use in future years with dry conditions. In the event that Vallejo has stored water in the Solano Project and hydrological conditions cause Monticello Reservoir to spill or release water, then the stored water supplies of all of the participating agencies are released in proportion to the amount of water stored. As such, Vallejo may lose its access to stored water supplies when surplus water conditions exist in the Solano Project. Table 3-16 shows Vallejo’s total stored water and stored water used from 2010 through 2020. Note the “Stored Water” column represents a supply available to be used at the beginning of the identified year and then the amount used.

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply Vallejo’s total SP Contract water that may be put into storage is a function of the water supply needs in the year that the water will be stored. For example, if the City only needs 30% of its SP Contract water in a normal water year, then it may store 70% of its SP Contract water for use in a subsequent year. For ease of planning, it is assumed that the City would store 50% of its SP Contract water in each year. Thus, in a normal year it would store 50% of 14,600 acre-feet of available entitlement or 7,300 acre-feet and in dry years would store 50% of the 90% allocation or approximately 6,570 acre-feet of its annual entitlement. These storage numbers are used to create a management scenario that can be used to address dry year shortage conditions where other water supplies become unavailable (like License 7848). Table 3-17 shows the normal year, single dry year, and five consecutive dry year projected stored supplies available to the City through 2025. Table 3-18 shows the projected stored supply availability from 2025 through 2045. Table 3-16: Solano Project Stored Water and Stored Water Use 2010-2020 (AFY) Year 2010

Stored Water 10,839

Use 10,839

2011

10,839

9,902

2012

12,346

11,342

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

19,551 16,216 13,734 19,304 13,348 5,599 0 6,181

9,596 14,776 7,984 10,561 3,508 5,173 42640 6,181

Table 3-17: Projected Solano Project Stored Water Available from 2021-2025 (AFY) Solano Carryover

Amount

Normal

7,300

Single Dry Year 2021

7,300

Multi-Year Drought 40

Year Type

2022

7,300

2023

6,570 6,570

2024

6,570

2025

6,570

426 acre-feet of water was used in Jan of 2019 which is within the 2018 water year for Solano Project Purposes.

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply Table 3-18: Projected Solano Project M&I Carryover Water Available from 2025-2045 (AFY)

Multi-Year Drought

Solano Carryover

Year Type

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

Normal

7,300

Single Dry Year Year 1

7,300

Year 2

7,300 6,570

Year 3

6,570

Year 4

6,570

Year 5

6,570

Vallejo’s Tolenas Exchange with Solano Irrigation District for Additional Solano Project Supplies The City has an exchange arrangement with Solano Irrigation District (SID) where the City provides water service to Tolenas in exchange for SID providing Solano Project water to the City’s Lake System. The utility of the exchange arrangement as it applies to the Lake System is described in Section 3.3 of this Chapter. Normally, the Tolenas exchange is unbalanced where the City provides more water to Tolenas than it needs for its uses in the Lake System. When the exchange is out of balance, SID provides the Vallejo City System with an amount of Solano Project water that equalizes the unbalanced exchange. Thus, the City has an additional Solano Project water supply available for its use provided by SID. Table 3-19 shows the Tolenas Exchange Surplus Supply available to the City in the last five years. Tables 3-20 and 3-21 show the anticipated availability of this surplus supply in the future. However, even though available, the City does not include the Tolenas Exchange Surplus supply in the reliability assessment detailed in Chapter 5. This is a conservative assumption that allows the City to assess water supply reliability absent this surplus. Table 3-19: Tolenas Exchange Surplus (SID’s Solano Project Water Supplied to Vallejo to Balance the Exchange) (AFY) Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Tolenas Exchange (to Vallejo City System) 264 234 239 167 186

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply Table 3-20: Projected Tolenas Exchange Surplus 2021-2025 (AFY)

Multi-Year Drought

Tolenas Year Type Normal Single Dry Year 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Amount 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

Table 3-21: Projected Tolenas Exchange Surplus 2025-2045 (AFY) Year Type

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

Normal

150

Single Dry Year Year 1

150

Year 2

150

Year 3

150

Year 4

150

Year 5

150

Multi-Year Drought

Tolenas

3.2.4 City of Vallejo Lake Curry Supply (License 5728) The City possesses State Water Resources Control Board issued appropriative water right license 5728 in the Suisun Creek drainage (License 5728). License 5728 allows the City to divert seven (7) cubic feet per second of water from Suisun Creek to its storage reservoir (Lake Curry) from January through December for a total volume of 5,400 acre-feet per year. The maximum amount of water that may be stored in Lake Curry is 10,700 acre-feet with radial gates down and the maximum withdraw from storage in any one year is 3,380 acre-feet. Total use of the water supply may not exceed 5,058.9 acre-feet combining both the direct diversion component with stored water use. The safe yield from Lake Curry is 2,950 acre-feet per year with the radial gates up. Division of Safety of Dams (DSOD) has required that the radial gates not be used until repairs are made. The City has historically diverted, stored, and used the water supply under License 5728 by delivering the supply to a water treatment plant near Lake Curry. That water treatment plant has subsequently been decommissioned and the City is not taking water supplies for current use from the supplies it has diverted to storage on the system. Table 3-22 shows the water diversions to Lake Curry from 2016 through 2020. 41

Diversion numbers approximated based upon most recent data.

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply Table 3-22: License 5728 Water 2016-2020 (AFY) Diversion to Storage 5,059 5,059 5,059 5,059 5,059

Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Used 0 0 0 0 0

The City anticipates using License 5728 water supplies in the future in the Vallejo City System. As such, Table 3-23 shows the water supplies diverted to storage and available for use from 2021 through 2025 and Table 3-24 shows the water supplies potentially available from 2025 through 2045. Water supplies are projected to be unavailable from this source until 2040. The characterization of this supply for future use is described in Section 3.11 of this Chapter. Table 3-23: License 5728 Water Available from 2021-2025 (AFY) Diversion to Storage

Amount

Normal

Single Dry Year 2021

Multi-Year Drought

Year Type

2022 2023

0 0

2024

2025

Table 3-24: License 5728 Water Available from 2025-2045 (AFY)

Multi-Year Drought

Diversion to Storage

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Year Type

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

Normal

2,950

Single Dry Year Year 1

1,500

Year 2

1,500

Year 3

1,500

Year 4

1,500

Year 5

1,500

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply

3.2.5 Solano Project Drought Agreement In 1999, the City signed an agreement called the “Solano Project Members’ Agreement as to Drought Measures and Water Allocation” (Drought Agreement). The Drought Agreement addresses the storage and use provisions in the Solano Project under certain storage conditions in Lake Berryessa. The Drought Agreement provides the City with additional water supply protection in the event that there is a significant water shortage condition. Specifically, the City may have opportunity to purchase Solano Irrigation District water supplies so long as the procedural requirements are followed where SID would fallow land and make water available to the City. Although the Drought Agreement further insulates the City from drought conditions, the Drought Agreement is considered a supply that would be accessed in only the most drastic situations and is therefore, not included in the supply reliability assessment for this 2020 UWMP.42

3.2.6 Fairfield Exchange Agreement The City of Vallejo and the City of Fairfield entered an exchange agreement (Fairfield Exchange Agreement) in 1993 to further improve the water supply availability of both agencies. Vallejo agreed to provide Fairfield two units of water supply derived from License 7848 in exchange for one unit of Fairfield supply derived from Fairfield’s Solano Project water assets. Fairfield receives an increased supply of water and Vallejo receives a supply that can be stored for use in future years and is typically higher in quality. This 2-for-1 exchange acts as both a supply and demand in the City of Vallejo’s system. On the demand side, Vallejo may choose to provide License 7848 water to Fairfield under this exchange arrangement to best meet Vallejo’s short-term and long-term water management objectives. On the supply side, Fairfield will then provide one-half of the amount provided by Vallejo as a new supply for Vallejo derived from the Solano Project. Although this 2-for-1 water exchange is available to the participating agencies, we do not characterize the supply from the Fairfield Exchange Agreement in addressing the City’s supply conditions for the reliability analysis in this 2020 UWMP.

3.2.7 North Bay Aqueduct Conveyance (pumping limits) The North Bay Aqueduct (NBA) is an infrastructure component of the State Water Project. The NBA extends for 27.6 miles from Barker Slough in the Delta to the end of the Napa Pipeline, providing water supplies to Napa and Solano Counties. The NBA was designed to deliver 175 cubic feet per second (cfs) of water, but construction constraints limited the delivery to 142 cfs. The Barker Slough Pump Station in the Delta was designed to deliver a total of 113 million gallons per day (mgd), but pump limitations to this pumping occur from biofilm growth. Moreover, Longfin Smelt issues – a federally listed endangered species under the federal Endangered Species Act – may also limit flows from 130 cfs to 50 cfs under certain conditions. DWR delivers Sacramento River watershed water derived from SWP facilities and water rights to SCWA which then delivers water to SCWA’s Participating Agencies. The relevance of the pumping limitations at Barker Slough may impact the City’s License 7848 under certain conditions.

Drastic conditions may occur where Sacramento River water supplies and Solano Project water supplies appear insufficient to serve the needs of the City and its service area in critically dry conditions.

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply As noted in Section 3.2.2, SCWA incorporated Article 26.1 into its SWP contract with the State of California. This Article allows Vallejo’s License 7848 diversion of 31.2 cfs to be incorporated into the total diversions in the NBA. Both the City’s 2013 PAC water supply and License 7848 water supply come through the NBA. As described above, NBA diversions have both regulatory and technical limitations. Article 12(f) of SCWA’s State Water Project Contract – which is incorporated by reference into the 2013 PAC – established the priorities to utilize available capacity in the NBA. The designated water delivery priorities are as follows: 1. Project water 2. Interruptible water under Article 1(jj) 3. Project water “not delivered”43 4. Carryover water 5. Non-project water to meet annual entitlements 6. Additional interruptible water in excess of annual entitlements for that year 7. Additional non-project water in excess of annual entitlements for that year These priorities are important to consider in light of the shared use of the NBA among water purveyors in both Napa and Sonoma counties. Vallejo’s Permit has priority on par with Project water.

3.3 Vallejo Lakes Water System The City of Vallejo’s second potable water service area is located outside the City of Vallejo city limits. The Vallejo Lakes Water System (Vallejo Lakes System) lies in the hills west of the City of Fairfield and north of the City of Vallejo. The City of Vallejo maintains three Pre-1914 appropriative water rights in the Lakes System that allow the City to divert, store and use water from the Wild Horse Creek watershed. These rights constitute a portion of the water supplies for the land developments in the Vallejo Lakes System service area. The City also uses water supplies in this system derived from the Tolenas Exchange with Solano Irrigation District. The Lakes System pre-1914 appropriative water rights and the Tolenas Exchange supplies are delivered to the Green Valley Water Treatment Plant for eventual delivery for potable uses to end users in the Vallejo Lakes System. A portion of the Vallejo Lakes System (referred to as “Old Cordelia”) is supplied by the City of Fairfield. The City of Fairfield supplies treated water via master meters and the City of Vallejo operates and maintains the distribution system within Old Cordelia. The precise locations of the water supply deliveries from the Vallejo Lakes System are shown in Figure 3-4. From a management perspective, the City operates all of its pre-1914 appropriative water rights collectively to optimally serve the Vallejo Lakes System. As such, the 43

Project water “not delivered” is defined as: “In the event of any discontinuance or reduction of delivery of project water… the Agency may elect to receive the amount of annual entitlement which otherwise would have been delivered to it during such period under the water delivery schedule for that year at other times during the year or the succeeding year….” At Article 14(b) DWR and SCWA Agreement (2003)

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply characterization of these water assets is combined in this assessment to better track the City’s Vallejo Lakes Water System management actions. The City may also have access to other water supplies in the Lakes System that are derived from its rights and contracts that primarily serve the Vallejo City System. Although there is an existing infrastructure intertie that could convey water between the systems, this intertie will likely require improvements to expand its utility in order to convey Vallejo City System supplies to meet future demand conditions in the Lakes System. Thus, although the supplies can be made available between the two systems, the supply availability assumes static hydrological and regulatory conditions as well as an improved conveyance intertie and delivery infrastructure. Figure 3-4: Water Infrastructure in the Vallejo Lakes System44

3.3.1 Lake Madigan Pre-1914 Supply (S014535) The City of Vallejo holds a pre-1914 appropriative water right to water from the Wild Horse Creek watershed to divert and store water in Lake Madigan for eventual delivery into the City’s Lake System. The City filed Statement of Water Diversion and Use (Madigan SODU) claiming this water right in January of 1996 and was issued the claim number S014535. The Madigan SODU states that the water right has a priority date of 1911 and that the City may capture 1,744 acre-feet of water from Wild Horse Creek for storage behind Lake Madigan Dam. The City has continually diverted and used the water supplies identified in the Madigan SODU since the original diversion in 1911. The City will continue to use water from Lake Madigan to meet current and future uses in the Lakes System through 2045. The water supplies used from Lake Madigan have not

System boundary from DWR Public Water System Boundaries shapefile

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply varied based upon hydrological conditions in the watershed. The natural supplies in the Lakes System have some water quality conditions that make treatment of the Lake Madigan supplies difficult without blending the supplies with alternative sources. Accordingly, and as described elsewhere in this chapter, the City works with its neighboring agencies to augment the Lakes System supplies in order to improve efficiencies in the Lakes System treatment process.

3.3.2 Lake Frey Pre-1914 Supply (S014536) The City of Vallejo holds a pre-1914 appropriative water right to water from the Wild Horse Creek watershed to divert and store water in Lake Frey for eventual delivery into the City’s Lake System. The City filed Statement of Water Diversion and Use (Frey SODU) claiming this water right in January of 1996 and was issued the claim number S014536. The Frey SODU states that the water right has a priority date of 1901 and that the City may capture 1,075 acre-feet of water from Wild Horse Creek for storage behind Lake Frey Dam. The City has continually diverted and used the water supplies identified in the Frey SODU since the original diversion in 1901. The City will continue to use water supplies from Lake Frey to meet its demands through the 2045 planning horizon considered in this 2020 UWMP. The natural supplies in the Lakes System have some water quality conditions that make treatment of the Lake Frey supplies difficult without blending the supplies with alternative sources. Accordingly, and as described elsewhere in this chapter, the City works with its neighboring agencies to augment the Lakes System supplies in order to improve efficiencies in the Lakes System treatment process.

3.3.3 Green Valley Diversion Dam Pre-1914 Supply (S014537) The last water supply on the Wild Horse Creek system is a pre-1914 appropriative water right for direct diversions from the creek for delivery to the City’s Green Valley Water Treatment Plant. The City filed Statement of Water Diversion and Use (Green Valley SODU) claiming this water right in January of 1996 and was issued the claim number S014537. The Green Valley SODU states that the water right has a priority date of 1893 and that the City may divert 1,050 gallons per minute of water from Wild Horse Creek at the Green Valley Diversion Dam for delivery to the Green Valley Water Treatment facilities. The City has continually diverted and used the water supplies identified in the Green Valley SODU since the original diversion in 1893. As a matter of practical system operations, the City releases supplies captured in Lake Madigan, Lake Frey, and the Green Valley Diversion Dam for use at the Green Valley Water Treatment Plant. Collectively, the diversions from this system are generally less than the historical supplies that are captured and stored. Moreover, the supplies available have historically been sufficient to meet dry year demands in the Vallejo Lakes System area. Table 3-25 shows the last 10 years historical use from the City’s water rights on the Vallejo Lakes System.

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply Table 3-25: Vallejo Lakes System Pre-1914 Water Use 2010-2020 (AFY) Green Valley Diversion 130 98 95 123 100 30 113 75 40 88 49

Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

The City will continue to use water from the Vallejo Lakes System pre-1914 appropriative water rights to meet current and future uses. For purposes of project planning, the City will assume the use of approximately 100 acre-feet of available supply from the Vallejo Lakes System water rights through 2045 in all year types. Table 3-26 shows the future water supplies available from 2021 through 2045 and Table 3-27 shows the future water supplies available from 2025 through 2045. Table 3-26: Projected Vallejo Lakes System Pre-1914 Water Available from 2021-2025 (AFY) Green Valley Diversion

Year Type

Amount 100

Single Dry Year 2021

100

Multi-Year Drought

Normal

100

2022

100

2023

100

2024

100

2025

100

Table 3-27: Projected Vallejo Lakes System Pre-1914 Water Available from 2025-2045 (AFY)

Multi-Year Drought

Green Valley Diversion

Year Type Normal Single Dry Year Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5

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2025 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

2030 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

2035 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

2040 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

2045 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply

3.3.4 Solano Project Tolenas Exchange Supplies As noted in Section 3.2 above, the City has an exchange arrangement with Solano Irrigation District (SID) where the City supplies water from its Sacramento River watershed water assets (SWP PAC and License 7848) to serve the demands in Tolenas and SID provides Solano Project water for use in the Vallejo Lakes System. SID has provided the annual volumes of water into the Lakes System from 2016 through 2020 shown in Table 3-28. Table 3-29 shows the anticipated water supplies from the Tolenas Exchange Arrangement from 2021 through 2025 in normal, single dry, and five consecutive dry years. And Table 3-30 shows the Tolenas Exchange Arrangement supply availability from 2025 through 2045. However, since this is a simple exchange, it does not provide an augmenting supply for the City and therefore is not included as a unique and additive supply to the City’s total portfolio. Table 3-28: Vallejo Lakes System Water Supplies Provided By Solano Irrigation District (AFY) Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Tolenas Exchange (to Vallejo Lakes System) 246 292 270 280 263

Table 3-29: Projected Tolenas Exchange Water Available from 2021 through 2025 (AFY)

Multi-Year Drought

Tolenas

Year Type

Amount

Normal

300

Single Dry Year 2021

300

2022

300

2023

300

2024

300

2025

300

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300

3-25

Chapter 3 – Water Supply Table 3-30: Projected Tolenas Exchange Water Available from 2025-2045 (AFY) Year Type

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

Normal

300

Single Dry Year Year 1

300

Multi-Year Drought

Tolenas

300

Year 2

300

Year 3

300

Year 4

300

Year 5

300

3.3.5 Fairfield Wholesale Supply for Old Cordelia The City of Vallejo has a water supply contract with the City of Fairfield to supply water to a small portion of the Vallejo Lakes System called Old Cordelia subarea. The City of Fairfield supplies treated water via master meters and the City of Vallejo operates and maintains the distribution system within Old Cordelia. Figure 3-5 shows the Old Cordelia subarea. Table 3-31 shows the supplies made available under this contract from 2015 through 2020. Table 3-32 shows the supplies that are anticipated to be available under the City of Fairfield contract from 2021 through 2025 and Table 3-33 shows the supplies anticipated to be available under the contract from 2025 through 2045. Figure 3-5: Portion of Vallejo Lakes System Served by City of Fairfield

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply Table 3-31: Vallejo Lakes System Supplies Provided by City of Fairfield from 2015-2020 (AFY) Fairfield Wholesale 20.6 20.6 20.1 17.3 15.6 17.5

Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Table 3-32: Projected Vallejo Lakes System Supplies Provided by City of Fairfield from 2021-2025 (AFY) Fairfield Wholesale

Year Type

Amount 25

Single Dry Year 2021

Multi-Year Drought

Normal

2022

2023

2024

2025

Table 3-33: Projected Vallejo Lakes System Supplies Provided by City of Fairfield from 2025-2045 (AFY)

Multi-Year Drought

Fairfield Wholesale

Year Type

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

Normal

Single Dry Year Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Year 4

Year 5

3.3.6 Fairfield Emergency Supply Agreement On August 1, 2020, the City of Vallejo and the City of Fairfield entered the “Agreement for Emergency Potable Water Service Between the City of Fairfield and the City of Vallejo.” This Agreement provides a backup water supply to the Vallejo Lakes System in the event of an emergency that prevents the use of pre-1914 appropriative water rights and other supplies earmarked for use in that system. The Agreement essentially states that City of Fairfield will provide treated water to Vallejo Lakes System so long as the City of Vallejo provides the raw water to City of Fairfield for treatment. Thus, this particular agreement allows the City of Vallejo’s water supplies to reach the Vallejo Lakes System via treatment at Fairfield’s facilities. Since this Emergency Supply Agreement is activated in “emergency conditions” it is not incorporated into the supply and reliability assessments for the Vallejo Lakes System.

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply

3.4 Water Quality The City provides water to its customers that meets all state and federal drinking water standards. The City’s raw water supplies that serve the Vallejo City System and Vallejo Lakes System have varying degrees of water quality issues that are fully addressed at the City’s treatment facilities. Moreover, the City blends sources of water as necessary in order to help reduce treatment costs associated with supplying water through its water systems. Table 3-34 shows the water quality standards and the City’s 2020 reports related to meeting those standards in both its Main System and Vallejo Lakes System. Table 3-34: Water Quality in the City of Vallejo’s Main System and Vallejo Lake System (2020)

Water Quality Standards

Goal Level

Max Level

Vallejo City Service Area

Vallejo Lakes Service Area

Range

Average

Range

Average

Primary Standards Fluoride (natural) (ppm)

.44-.79

0.76

ND-.1

0.1

Total Coliform (units)

0.019

n/a

Chlorine (ppm)

ND-2

0.85

ND-1.57

0.59

Bromate (ppb)

0.1

ND-1.1

n/a

Trihalomethanes (ppb)

n/a

16-57

14-76

Haloacetic Acids (ppb)

n/a

7-25

5.9-17

Copper (ppb)

0.3

1.3

n/a

0.11

Lead (ppb)

0.2

n/a

1.4

n/a

Sodium

n/a

Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/L) Hardness as CaCO3 (grains/gal) Secondary Standards

n/a

66-166

125

34-169

136

n/a

3.9-9.7

7.3

2-9.9

7.9

Aluminum (ppm)

n/a

0.2

.06

n/a

Chloride (ppm)

n/a

500

8.3-28

9.9

17-89

Odor (units)

n/a

ND-1.6

ND-2

E.C. (µS/cm)

n/a

1600

210-410

320

180-520

380

Sulfate (ppm)

n/a

500

19-43

1-18

TDS (ppm)

n/a

1000

120-250

160

140-270

200

Radium (pCi/L) Gross Alpha (pCi/L)

Lead, Copper, Hardness

ND = Not detected; n/a = not applicable

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply

3.5 Planned Water Supplies Other than plans to install infrastructure to allow access to supplies at Lake Curry, the City of Vallejo does not have plans at this time to augment its water supply portfolio. The water rights and agreements in place allow flexibility in meeting system challenges and water supply contingencies.

3.6 Water Transfers and Exchanges The availability of conveyance facilities from the Sacramento Watershed via the North Bay Aqueduct and from the Solano Project through Lake Berryessa and the Putah South Canal allow for a variety of short-term or long-term water transfer or exchange opportunities. Such transfers or exchanges might occur with other SCWA members, other NBA users like Napa County, other SWP contractors in California, water right holders in the Sacramento River watershed, or Solano Project members. The City of Vallejo has already engaged in numerous local transfers and exchanges. For instance, as described in Section 3.2.6, the City entered a water exchange arrangement with the City of Fairfield to exchange two units of License 7848 water for one unit of Fairfield’s Solano Project water. License 7848 water cannot be stored, but Solano Project Water can. Solano Project water is also easier to treat as it is better quality. These sorts of existing exchanges may produce future exchanges that further augment the City’s water supply portfolio. There are potentially other water transfer and exchange options available to the City that may be used at some point in the future. Below are a couple examples: Storage Exchange with Solano Project Water – The City may opt to exchange a portion of its Solano Project water supplies – annual allocation or stored supplies – for alternative supplies that could be used to serve other portions of its system. For example, if the City’s License 7848 water supply were to be curtailed, the availability of an alternative Sacramento River watershed source of supply may be necessary to meet the demands associated with the License 7848 supply. Conjunctive Use Management Actions – Several of the SCWA’s Solano Project and North Bay Aqueduct members have access to groundwater resources in Solano and Napa counties. The City could pay these users to access their groundwater resources in times of water shortage in exchange for delivery of allocated surface water assets coming through the North Bay Aqueduct or Solano Project. In return, the City could offset groundwater uses in times when it has surplus water deliveries from the Sacramento River watershed or Solano Project by delivering those surplus supplies to areas that would normally access groundwater. In short, the net water withdrawals from the groundwater basin would be equalized through the sharing of both types of water assets in times of shortage and surplus. The general types of transfers or exchanges that the City can continue to use, if needed, are summarized below: •

Long-term transfers make water available through multi-year contracts that convey a specific amount of water to the purchaser each year. The specific conditions depend on the agencies involved and contract terms.

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply •

Spot Transfers make water available for a limited duration (typically one-year or less) through a contract executed during the year of delivery. The City could use surplus water assets in one year to potentially augment supplies in dry conditions.

•

Option Transfers are multi-year contracts that allow the purchaser to obtain a specified quantity of water at some future date at its option. They usually require a minimum payment for water even if the water is not needed in a given year in order to cover the value of the option. An option or “take” price is established in years water is drawn.

•

Storage Agreements allow one entity to lease or purchase storage in another entity’s surface or groundwater storage facility. The City may look to offer its storage rights to another SWP contractor so as to preserve more SWP supplies and generate revenue for the City.

•

Water Exchanges are agreements that allow two agencies to exchange water from one source for water from another source, typically during the same year. Exchanges can also occur with the same source where one agency exchanges its right to take water at a given time from the source with another agency, and then can take the water from the source at another time. Exchanges can also involve storage agreements.

3.7 Desalination Desalination involves removing salts and impurities from seawater or non-potable surface water or groundwater using treatment technologies such as reverse osmosis membranes or distillation methods. Desalination facilities are costly to construct and operate relative to the City’s current supply sources. There are also significant environmental and permitting issues associated with the water intake and with disposal of brine from the treatment process. The City currently does not have any plans for implementing desalinated water. However, the City’s proximity to brackish and salt water sources could make desalination a viable water option in the future if costs can be controlled.

3.8 Recycled Water Supplies The City of Vallejo does not use recycled water supplies in its service area. Although there are de minimis amounts of recycled water that are used for landscape irrigation, the supply is limited to the immediate vicinity of the wastewater treatment plant. As such, recycled water supplies are not included in the City’s water supply and reliability analyses in this 2020 UWMP. Vallejo Flood and Wastewater District (VFWD) provides all wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal services for the City of Vallejo and in the unincorporated areas served by the City’s water assets. VFWD’s system consists of a wastewater treatment plant that treats flow averaging from approximately 8 to 10 million gallons per day (mgd). The treatment plant consists of conventional secondary treatment and eventual discharge into the Carquinez Strait. VFWD collected nearly 3 billion gallons of wastewater from the UWMP service area in 2020. VFWD has investigated developing tertiary treated recycled water supplies that could be used in neighboring areas, including potentially the City of Vallejo’s water service area, but those supplies are estimated to be

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply overly expensive for current actions.45 Accordingly, until the tertiary treatment could be developed with VFWD, the City of Vallejo’s access and ability to serve customers with recycled water supplies is not feasible.

3.9 Climate Change While the California Water Code does not prescribe specific climate change planning and management measures for water suppliers, it does emphasize that climate change is appropriate to consider when assessing drought risk assessment, water conservation and use efficiency, and demand management and supply – both in an historical and future-projection context. The City’s 2020 UWMP has incorporated climate change considerations into its water supply analysis, water demand analysis, water supply reliability assessment and water shortage contingency plan. The characterizations are imbedded into the characterizations of supply availability in normal, single dry, and five-consecutive dry year periods as well as the changes in demands that may result from climatological changes in those same periods. Moreover, the climate change characterizations are incorporated into future projected conditions through the 2045 planning horizon.

3.10 Groundwater Supplies The City does not have any groundwater supply sources and has no present intent to develop groundwater supplies in the foreseeable future.

3.11 Vallejo Municipal System Supply Reliability The purposes of this section are to present the current and projected water supplies for the City of Vallejo and assess those supplies’ reliability under certain hydrological and regulatory conditions. The City is in the unique position of having significant water assets that can be made available on an annual basis but constraints on those water assets make them less reliable on a monthly basis, especially in drought conditions. The following tables represent the overall water supply availability of the City of Vallejo in light of monthly demands. In other words, the supply picture identified in the tables below represent a realistic water demand pattern and a management structure for all water assets to satisfy the monthly demand. Long-term future demand assessments are characterized elsewhere in this chapter. Tables 3-35 through 3-39 show monthly supply availability of water supplies available in the Vallejo Municipal System from the primary surface water supply assets. Table 3-40 summarizes the supplies, also including water available from the Lakes System pre-1914 water rights and the City of Fairfield Exchange.

https://www.vallejowastewater.org/167/Recycled-Water

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply Table 3-35: SWP Table A Monthly Supply Availability With Management Constraints (AF) Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

Normal Year

159

1,904

Single Dry Year

140

2021

105

1,260

2022

840

Multi-Year Drought

Table A

2023

140

2024

420

2025

840

Table 3-36: SWP Table A Carryover from Previous Year (AF) Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

Normal Year

159

1,904

Single Dry Year

159

1,904

2021

159

1,904

2022

100

1,200

2023

840

2024

140

200

2025

420

Multi-Year Drought

Table A Carryover

Table 3-37: License 7848 (AF) Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

Normal Year

1,441

17,287

Single Dry Year

1,938

1,751

1,938

1,876

1,938

1,441

1,876

1,938

14,696

2021

1,441

17,287

2022

1,441

17,287

2023

1,938

1,751

1,938

1,876

1,938

1,441

1,876

1,938

14,696

2024

1,938

1,751

1,938

1,876

1,938

1,876

1,938

15,193

2025

1,938

1,751

1,938

1,876

1,938

1,876

1,938

15,193

Multi-Year Drought

License 7848

Solano Project

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

Normal Year

608

7,300

Single Dry Year

548

6,570

Multi-Year Drought

Table 3-38: Solano Project Participating Agency Contract with Management (AF)

2021

608

7,300

2022

548

6,570

2023

548

6,570

2024

548

6,570

2025

548

6,570

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Chapter 3 – Water Supply

Solano Carryover

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

Normal Year

608

7,300

Single Dry Year

608

7,300

Multi-Year Drought

Table 3-39: Solano Project Carryover Management Summary (AF)

2021

608

7,300

2022

548

6,570

2023

548

6,570

2024

548

6,570

2025

548

6,570

Table 3-40: Vallejo Municipal System Water Supply Management Summary (AF) Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

Normal Year

2,975

35,695

Single Dry Year

3,253

3,066

3,253

3,191

3,253

1,315

1,455

1,315

2,756

3,191

3,253

30,610

2021

2,921

35,176

2022

2,706

32,592

2023

3,103

2,916

3,103

3,041

3,103

1,165

1,305

1,165

2,606

3,041

3,103

28,941

2024

3,068

2,881

3,068

3,006

3,068

1,130

1,190

1,270

3,068

3,006

3,068

29,078

2025

3,138

2,951

3,138

3,076

3,138

1,200

3,138

3,076

3,138

29,718

Multi-Year Drought

Total City Supplies

The City of Vallejo also has supplies available to serve the Lakes System. These supplies are derived from its pre-1914 water rights, the Tolenas Exchange Arrangement, and the City of Fairfield water supplies. The annual quantity for the pre-1914 water rights and the City of Fairfield exchange are included in Table 3-40 (to be conservative, the Tolenas Exchange Agreement Surplus supply is not included, see Table 3-20 and 3-21). As described previously (see Chapter 3.3), the estimated supply for the Lakes System is conservative, reflecting recent use rather than reflecting the larger quantities potentially available under the various water rights and arrangements. The City will pursue further investigations regarding increased use of the pre-1914 water rights and improved reliability of surplus supplies through the Tolenas Exchange Arrangement. These will be important factors to support longterm reliability for the Lakes System as this region experiences growth (as described further in Chapter 4). Finally, the City has existing infrastructure that can facilitate delivery of water supplies otherwise primarily dedicated to the City Service system into the Lakes System, providing additional reliability and redundancy. For these reasons, the supplies primarily directed to the Lakes System are included in the annual Vallejo Municipal System summary values provided in Table 3-40.

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Chapter 4 - Water Use

Water Use Understanding water use characteristics is essential to enable the City to reliably and cost-effectively manage its water supplies to continue to meet customer needs. This chapter characterizes the City’s retail and wholesale customer water needs – current and forecast over the next few decades. Wholesale customers are provided treated or raw water through contracts with other water agencies who provide the retail service to their customers. Characteristics such as how water uses vary among different land use classifications, throughout the year, and under differing hydrologic conditions, all help with that understanding. A thorough characterization and analysis provides a realistic prediction of future water use based upon the City’s past and current water use, in addition to considerations of anticipated growth, new regulations, changing climate conditions and trends in customer water use behaviors. A thorough analysis examines each water use sector for a variety of factors, then aggregates the information into a comprehensive projection of customer water use that becomes the foundation for integration with the City’s water supplies (see Chapter 3) to assess long-term water system reliability (see Chapter 5). Several legislative changes were enacted since the City completed its 2015 UWMP. The new requirements must be addressed in the City’s 2020 UWMP in addition to completing requirements from the prior statutory language. While there have been many changes, the critically important items the City must address are highlighted below: Provide quantified distribution system losses for each of the 5 preceding years. [CWC 10631(d)(3)(A) and (C)] Include a drought risk assessment (DRA) for a drought period that lasts five consecutive water years, starting from the year following the assessment, which would be 2021 for this round of UWMPs. The DRA requires a comparison of water supplies with total projected water use. Therefore, the City must produce a projected water use for the years 2021 through 2025 as part of the water use projections up to 2045. [CWC 10635(b)] Conduct an annual water supply and demand assessment on or before July 1 of each year (following adoption of its 2020 UWMP) where the annual assessment includes current year unconstrained demand. The City will consider “unconstrained demand” as the expected water use in the upcoming year, based on recent water use, before any projected response actions it may trigger under its Water Shortage Contingency Plan (see Chapter 6). [CWC 10632.1]

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Chapter 4 - Water Use This section presents information on the City of Vallejo’s water use, including past, current, and projected demands. This section is organized as follows: Section 4.1: Current and Historic Water Demands – This subsection presents data reflecting the City’s residential and non-residential customers for 2016 through 2019 as well as the actual 2020 water use and presents the City’s distribution system losses for this same period. Section 4.2: Compliance with 2020 Urban Water Use Target – This subsection documents the derivation of the 2020 GPCD value and comparison to the 2020 GPCD target. Section 4.3: Demand Management Measures – This subsection provides a narrative description of each water demand management measure implemented by the City over the past five years, and describes the City’s planned measures for the foreseeable future. Section 4.4: Forecast Future Water Demands – This subsection presents the derivation and results of future water use forecasts for potable and non-potable water within the City’s service area, including land-use classifications, unit demand factors, and estimation of distribution system losses. This subsection also estimates the variations in customer water use the City should expect during years with low rainfall as well as discusses longer-term climate change considerations. Section 4.5: Adjusting Single-Dry and Multiple Dry Conditions – This subsection focuses on the subset of the customer water use forecast that is necessary for completing the 5-year Drought Risk Assessment (DRA) and defining the “unconstrained demand” for purposes of the City’s annual water supply and demand assessments. Section 4.6: Climate Change Considerations – This subsection briefly discusses the potential effect of a changing climate on the water use forecast. Section 4.7: Forecasting Water Use for the DRA and Annual Assessment – This subsection presents the adjustments made to the water use forecasts for purposes of performing the DRA and the Annual Assessment whereby the values are used in Chapter 5. Section 4.8: Projecting Disadvantaged Community Water Use – This subsection presents the estimated water use necessary to meet lower income household demands, pursuant to California Water Code 10631.1.

4.1 Current and Historic Water Demands The City has been serving water to approximately 37,800 customer connections for the past several years. The current customers, their recent and expected water use trends, and the City’s on-going demand management efforts targeting these customers provide a foundational basis for this UWMP’s water use forecast to 2045. The actual water use in 2020 is the basis for determining the City’s compliance with its 2020 gallons per capita per day (GPCD) target established in its 2015 UWMP. This subsection presents this relevant information.

4.1.1 Historic Water Use Table 4-1 lists the water demand per customer category from 2016-2020. The City’s water demand has historically been primarily attributed to residential use, with approximately 66 percent of all water produced serving residential demands. In 2020, 52 percent of water produced serviced single-family

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Chapter 4 - Water Use residences and 14 percent served multi‐family homes. Commercial demands (which includes institutional and industrial demands) is the next largest water user, at 18 percent in 2020. Table 4-1: Historic Retail Water Use (acre-feet per year) Classification

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

Single Family 6,719 6,954 7,024 6,824 7,550 Multi-Family 1,819 2,088 1,812 1,813 1,906 Commercial/ Institutional 2,222 2,229 2,352 2,330 2,330 Landscape 1,169 1,243 1,275 1,298 1,275 Other Potable 21 65 24 18 14 Other Raw 697 900 743 706 712 (irrigation/construction) Total: 12,647 13,479 13,230 12,989 13,787 Note: Table lists retail customer meter demands only and does not include wholesale or non-revenue water.

4.1.2 Other Water Sales The City sells treated and raw water to other customers on a wholesale basis as summarized in Table 4-2 and listed separately in this section to identify each 2020 wholesale volume used in the 20x2020 compliance analysis in Section 4.2. The City maintains treated and raw water connections with City of American Canyon which are metered for the water sold to City of American Canyon. The City also delivers raw water to a small group consisting of four agriculture/vineyard customers. These connections are covered under the wholesale agreement with the City of American Canyon. The customer only pays Vallejo for pumping costs associated with the transfer. Napa County credits the City of Vallejo via a water swap managed by the Solano County Water Agency. This contract requires the City provide up to 2,074 AF of treated water annually (assuming Base Agreement and Options 2 and 3), 500 AF annually of raw water, and another 500 AF annual of emergency raw water. The contract does not allow for restrictions or reductions. For demand projection purposes, the full 3,074 AFY is assumed. The City has a contract to sell raw water to Benicia. This contract requires the City to provide up to 1,100 AF annually with no restrictions or reductions. The contract currently expires in 2025. For conservative planning purposes, it is assumed the contract will be extended through renegotiations and the full 1,100 AFY is assumed. As part of an existing contract, the City owns and operates a 7 mgd water treatment plant located at Travis Air Force Base. Operation and maintenance of the distribution system is conducted by Cal Water. The City also provides the raw water supply for the treatment plant. The agreement, dating back to 1953, has been updated and amended multiple times. The agreement does not specify a maximum supply amount, but the City assumes an upper limit of 3,069 AFY (1,000 million gallons) under the current agreement and treatment capacity.

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Chapter 4 - Water Use Table 4-2: 2020 Actual Wholesale Volumes Retail Point City of American Canyon treated water connections City of American Canyon raw water City of Benicia raw water Travis Air Force Base treated water Total:

2020 Volume, AF 163 62 0 2,178 2,403

4.1.3 Distribution System Losses The City loses water through its distribution system for a variety of reasons. Quantifying amount and reasons helps the City focus its efforts on reducing water loss. Since 2016, the City has been required to quantify its distribution system losses using the American Water Works Association Method (Title 23 California Code of Regulations Section 638.1 et seq.). The City submits its water loss report annually by October 1 of each year for the prior year’s estimated system losses. Copies of the City’s submittals for the last five years are available through DWR’s reporting portal. 46 Table 4-3 presents the percent loss findings from each annual report. The audit reports separate losses between “real” and “apparent”. Real losses are water that exits the system through leaks, spills, or other unmetered uses, and is approximately 75 percent of the total water loss. Apparent losses result from inaccurate metering or billing, and account for approximately 25 percent of the total loss. Table 4-3: Distribution System Loss: 2016 through 2020 Year 2016 Distribution 20% System Loss Note: Year 2020 is estimated

2017

2018

2019

2020

Average

19%

21%

20%

4.2 Compliance with 2020 Urban Water Use Target Pursuant to California Water Code Section 10608.24(b)47, the City must demonstrate its 2020 water use met the gpcd target adopted in its 2015 UWMP. As set forth in the 2015 UWMP, the City’s 2020 gpcd target was established as 124 gpcd, derived as the “gross water use” divided by the population during a defined baseline period, and reduced pursuant to one of four methods defined under California Water Code Section 10608.20(b). The City’s 2020 actual gpcd must use the same methodology to derive “gross water use” for 2020, then divide by the estimated 2020 population presented in Chapter 2. As presented in the City’s 2015 UWMP, the City selected Urban Water Use Target Method 1, 80 percent of base daily per capita water use, resulting in a 2020 target of 124 gpcd. The actual 2020 gpcd is calculated as the gross water use divided by the served population. The City’s gross water supplied for

46 47

https://wuedata.water.ca.gov/awwa_plans 10608.24. (b) Each urban retail water supplier shall meet its urban water use target by December 31, 2020.

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Chapter 4 - Water Use its served population considers its direct customers, as well as unique wholesale deliveries as presented in Table 4-4. The raw water deliveries are not part of this calculation, as it is only for treated water customers. The resulting gross water supplied to City retail customers in 2020 was 16,239 acre-feet. As shown in Table 2-6, the City’s served population in 2020 was estimated to be 124,398. This results in a calculated 2020 compliance value of 117 gpcd, which is less than the established target. Thus, the City is in compliance with CWC Section 10608.24(b) and has met its 2020 GPCD Target. The important compliance calculation parameters are summarized in Table 4-5. Table 4-4: Gross Treated Water Supplied Category Fleming Hill WTP production American Canyon treated wholesale

2020 Value, AF 15,974 AF 163 AF

Fleming Hill subtotal: Green Valley WTP production Purchased from City of Fairfield

15,811 AF 411 AF

Vallejo Lakes System subtotal: Total Gross Water Supplied:

428 AF 16,239 AF

17 AF

Assumptions/Notes Production larger than retail meter usage due to nonrevenue water Portion of potable water that is wholesaled to American Canyon

Fairfield supply supplements Green Valley WTP supply

Table 4-5: Demonstration of Compliance with 2020 GPCD Target 2020 Gross Water Supplied 2020 Population 2020 Actual GPCD 2020 Target GPCD Compliance Achieved?

16,239 AF 124,398 117 gpcd 124 gpcd Yes

4.3 Demand Management Measures This UWMP provides a narrative discussion of the water demand management measures the City has implemented, is currently implementing, and plans to implement. The historic and on-going measures can help the City understand the effectiveness of managing existing customer uses so as to help guide refinements, emphasis, or augmentation that will help position the City to best meet its to-beestablished water use objective.48 Demand management measures (DMMs) are water conservation measures or management methods which reduce water use, thereby reducing water supply needs for the City. As a participating member of the Solano Project, the City is required by the U.S Bureau of Reclamation (Bureau) to report its

Beginning in 2023, all urban water suppliers will be required to begin reporting their use compared to a “Water Use Objective” that is being established pursuant to the recently enacted California Water Code Section 10609.20.

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Chapter 4 - Water Use conservation measure results. The City’s demand management measures are highlighted in this subsection. There are six Foundational measures that must be implemented per Water Code: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Water Waste Prevention Ordinances Metering Conservation Pricing Public Outreach and Education Programs to Assess and Manage Distribution System Real Loss Water Conservation Program Coordination and Staffing Support

4.3.1 Water Waste Prevention Ordinances The City Council adopted a Wasteful Water Prohibition Ordinance on March 7, 2006. This ordinance was updated in 2010, and then again in March, 2015 when new drought restrictions, enforcement, and penalties were added. The relevant ordinances include Chapter 11.54 – Wasteful Water Use Prohibition Ordinance and Chapter 16.71 – Water Efficient Landscape Requirements of the City’s municipal code. The ordinance provides for City staff to respond to complaints of water waste, or observed water waste. A phone hotline and an internet‐based reporting program, “SeeClickFix”, are available for the public for reporting water leaks and waste. In responding to observed water waste, City staff may visit or call customers to inform them of their wasteful activity and request that the activity be corrected. Follow‐ up visits are made to assess whether the water wasting activity has ceased. Notices are tracked for repeat “offenders.” Repeat water waste violators may be fined $200 for a second violation and $500 for a third violation. City staff maintains a log of advisories and actions taken. This ordinance is enforced at all times, with additional restrictions during water shortages. Prohibitions at all times include: Gutter flooding Single-pass cooling systems for new connections Non-recirculating systems for all new conveyor car wash systems Use of hose for washing cars, boats, trailers and other vehicles without a nozzle Use of hose to wash sidewalks, walkways, driveways, parking lots, or other hard surfaced areas without a nozzle, unless the washing is required for health reasons Outdoor irrigation that causes runoff for more than 15 minutes Allowing potable water to escape from breaks within the customer’s system for more than 36 hours after notification or discovery of the break Decorative water fountains without water recirculation Use of potable water for construction, compaction, dust control, street sweeping, or building wash down where non-potable or recycled water is available Use of nonrecirculating systems in new conveyor car wash facilities Additional prohibitions listed in the Water Shortage Contingency Plan include: Limits on outdoor irrigation with potable water during the daytime hours and daily restrictions Outdoor irrigation that causes runoff

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Chapter 4 - Water Use Washing sidewalks and driveways with potable water Using potable water in a fountain or decorative water feature Outdoor irrigation within 48 hours of measurable rainfall Serving drinking water other than upon request in eating or drinking establishments Failing to provide the option to not have towels and linens laundered daily in hotels and motels Limits to outdoor irrigation daily schedules In addition to the Wasteful Water Prohibition Ordinance, the City adopted an ordinance in March of 2010 incorporating the State Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance requirements for new development. The requirements are detailed in Chapter 16.71 of the City’s municipal code. The ordinance was updated in February 2016, as required to maintain consistency with state regulations. The City will continue to enforce its Wasteful Water Prohibition Ordinance and update the Ordinance as needed.

4.3.2 Metering All of the City’s existing accounts have been metered for the past ten years and all new connections are metered. There are no known unmetered accounts in the City’s system. All accounts are billed by volume of use. In the future, the City will continue to meter all new connections and investigate efforts to improve water use accounting and tracking including, retrofitting mixed‐use commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII) accounts with dedicated landscape meters, submetering existing and future multi‐ family residential developments, and increasing dedicated landscape metering.

4.3.3 Conservation Pricing This DMM is complete. The City undertook a rate study in 1999 which considered uniform, inclining block, and seasonal rates. The current rate structure has an inclining block rate structure for single‐ family residential water usage and a uniform water rate per hundred cubic foot for multi‐family residential and non‐residential usage. All customers pay a fixed fee service charge. Upon adoption of the rate structure in 1999, the fixed portion of bills dropped and variable water use charges were increased, providing more incentive to save water and money. In 2017, the City of Vallejo raised its water rates and scheduled additional rate increases at the pace of inflation, but preserved the overall rate structure that had been in effect since 1999. An inclining block rate structure is considered a water conserving rate structure by providing a negative pricing signal as each unit of water consumed beyond the first-tier rate allotment carries an additional incremental cost. The City’s volume charge is per one hundred cubic feet (ccf) and is applied to two rate blocks for single family customers in the Vallejo service area as follows: i.

0‐2,200 cubic feet, and

ii.

Over 2,200 cubic feet

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Chapter 4 - Water Use The City has maintained a two-tiered inclining block rate structure since 1999 (including through the 2017 – present rate increases) and will continue to use its inclining block rate structure in the future. Since 2019, the City offers a Water Rate Assistance Program for low-income water customers. As of May 2020, 222 water customers are participating.

4.3.4 Public Education and Outreach The City of Vallejo conducts a variety of Public Education and Outreach programs designed to reduce water use.

Residential Water Survey Program Residential water use surveys in Vallejo are conducted for single family homes by a program jointly sponsored and administered by the Solano County Water Agency (SCWA) and the retail agencies’ Urban Water Conservation Committee. The City of Vallejo began participating in the regional program in Fiscal Year 2008/2009. SCWA performs the majority of residential surveys during the warm weather months, and City staff performs the surveys as time permits during periods when the SCWA program is not available. SCWA provides program oversight and tracks the number of surveys offered, as well as the number of surveys performed. The surveys include: An interview with the homeowner A 3-year historic water use report and analysis An irrigation system check for malfunctioning sprinkler heads or other system parts A review of irrigation scheduling and recommendations Water budget recommendations Leak investigations Providing homeowners with information about rebate programs offered including turf replacement, high-efficiency toilets, high-efficiency clothes washers, and weather-based irrigation controllers Providing high efficiency showerheads and low flow faucet aerators In addition: hose timers, moisture meters, hose nozzles, shower times, and toilet leak dye tablets are available upon request. The program focuses on the highest residential water users by sending letters to the top 20 percent of water users each year. The surveys are also provided as a customer service to homeowners requesting a survey.

Residential Plumbing Retrofit Program The City offers the following listed measures to assist its residential water customers: Residents participating in the residential survey program receive high-efficiency showerheads and aerators at the time of their surveys.

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Chapter 4 - Water Use Since 2000, the City has provided high-efficiency showerheads, bathroom and kitchen aerators, soil moisture meters, water timers, water hose flow meters, hose nozzles, education materials, and more to water customers upon request and at community events. The City will continue to distribute high efficiency showerheads and aerators upon request, at community events, and when conducting residential surveys. The PG&E Energy Savings Assistance (ESA) program, while primarily focused on reducing electricity use, does include some water efficiency components. Vallejo has participated in the ESA program through its wholesaler, SCWA, since 2016. The program provides low-income households with no-cost energy efficiency services that includes toilet dye tab testing and the replacement of eligible high water use toilets.

Large Landscape Conservation Programs and Incentives Since 2018, the City has shifted to the Waterfluence program, which helps large commercial and public landscape sites monitor and improve irrigation efficiency. It is a web-based program that provides a centralized location for stakeholders to better understand, prioritize, communicate, and act on solutions to improve irrigation efficiency and landscape appearance. Commercial and public irrigation sites frequently have multiple stakeholders interested in the site, including property managers, property owners, HOA board members, and contracted landscapers. The website allows managed access to stakeholders to view actual water use and compare it against a budget benchmark calculated based on site-specific characteristics and real-time weather. As of January 2021, the City of Vallejo has 70 sites using this efficiency tool including: 33 schools, 32 Parks, 3 HOAs, and 2 Commercial sites responsible for nearly 250 acres of irrigated landscape. In addition to programs aimed at large landscapes, since 2017 the City has also provided a Low Water Use Landscape Assistance Program to disabled and low-income seniors. This program allows these seniors to have their existing lawn/sod removed and replaced with a custom low water use landscape.

High-Efficiency Device Rebates The City has participated in a clothes washer rebate program through its wholesaler, SCWA, since 2010. The program currently provides between $50 and $150 rebates for clothes washers purchased within the service area receiving water supplied by SCWA. The new clothes washers must meet specified water efficiency standards to qualify, and the amount of the rebate paid depends on the water efficiency of the washer model purchased. The rebate amounts may vary from year to year and customers are encouraged to contact the local electrical utility for additional rebates. The City participated in a regional high‐efficiency toilet retrofit program, which began in 2007 and ended in 2015, which was managed by the Solano County Water Agency. The rebate offered per toilet was up to $100. A similar program is now being offered by the state, specifically for low-income residents. SB407 mandates that after January 1, 2017 all buildings with inefficient pre-1994 plumping fixtures must be replaced when transferring the ownership of a real estate property. This means that toilets that use

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Chapter 4 - Water Use more than 1.6 gallons per flush, showerheads with flows in excess of 2.5 gallons per minute, and faucets with flows in excess of 2.2 gallons per minute will need to be changed. Other rebate programs offered by the City to improve water efficiency include: Smart Irrigation Controllers (2009 to Present) Turf Removal–Cash for Grass (2010 to Present) Pool Covers (2016 to Present) Laundry-to-Landscape Components (2016 to Present) Hot Water Recirculating Components (2016 to Present) Rain Barrels (2016 to Present) Rain Sensors (2016 to Present)

Public Information Programs The City has expanded its public information program since the 1980’s. Current program elements include purchasing and providing educational materials, newspaper display ads and public information notices in Spring Home and Garden newspaper inserts, and TV‐based water savings tips at Earth Day, during Water Awareness Month, office and library displays (adult and children’s), and other events, such as Kaiser Hospital’s Earth Day, Public Works’ Week, and Fix‐a‐Leak Week. Financial support is provided annually for the Vallejo Downtown Earth Day event, the California Water Awareness Campaign and Loma Vista Farm. While in-person activities in 2020 were impacted by cancellations due to the COVID-19 pandemic, additional public outreach activities conducted each year typically include: Distribution of multiple water savings‐related articles including Sunset Magazine’s “Water & Energy Savings in the West,” “How to Water Your Garden,” and “Water‐Wise Gardening for California” through utility offices, at community events and upon request. Water staff (administrative, billing, meter, maintenance) answered customers’ questions on leaks and reducing water use. Annual City‐sponsored workshops in partnership with local businesses and cities, known as Water‐Wise Gardening. Each year since 2006, a series of workshops provide hands‐on training at a garden site. The workshops are taught by business professionals, educational consultants, and Master Gardeners. In 2014 and 2015, Bay‐Friendly Landscaping and Gray Water workshops were also added. Workshop class attendance averages between 50 and 60 students. Water conservation web page link at: www.vallejowater.org. Partnerships with Loma Vista Farm, Vallejo Flood and Wastewater District, Valcore Recycling, East Bay Municipal Utility District, City of Benicia, Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E), and Lowes and Home Depot Home Improvement Centers. Water Conservation presentations to HOAs, and various professional and civic groups are routinely performed throughout the year. Middle and High School teachers, and community groups are encouraged to schedule a guided tour of the Fleming Hill water treatment plant on an ongoing basis.

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Chapter 4 - Water Use A highlight of the City’s public outreach is the Water-Wise Landscape Workshops, which consist of experienced landscape professionals presenting to residential water customers interested in reducing water consumption around the home. The program typically consists of a series of two or three, 2-hour, residential landscape training sessions focused on implementing water-wise landscape principles and concepts geared toward the goal of using less water while keeping lawns and gardens healthy. The City also participates in a regional public information program through the SCWA’s urban water conservation committee. Regional information and outreach include: Climate-appropriate demonstration garden at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom Park in Vallejo Public service radio announcements with drought messaging Water Conservation web page link at www.solanosaveswater.org Advertising published in local newspapers for Water-Wise gardening workshops

School Education Programs The City has its own school education and outreach program and participates in a regional program through the SCWA’s regional school education and outreach program. The City’s program consists of in‐ classroom presentations, field trips, sponsoring teacher training workshops (outlined in the public information section, above) and provision of educational materials. Feedback forms are distributed during teaching and outreach sessions. Returned surveys are reviewed and program changes are made to improve customer satisfaction. The City also participates in the implementation and planning of the regional education program through the Solano County Urban Water Conservation Committee. The regional program consists of: In-classroom presentations taught by professional Water Education Specialists High school video contest Bookmark art contest School assembly programs by professional agencies like Zun-Zun and Rock Steady Juggling Providing educational materials to schools Attendance at regional and state-sponsored water education conferences “Project Wet” teacher training workshops are offered once or twice a year and financial support is provided for teacher participation. These workshops have trained teachers to incorporate interactive water education activities in the classroom. Beginning in 2012, the City partnered with the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation and School District officials and began sponsoring watershed field trips to Lake Berryessa, Dunnell Nature Park, Rockville Hills Regional Park, Loma Vista Farm, and both the City’s drinking water and wastewater treatment facilities. The City funds the bus travel and coordinates visits with each field trip destination’s staff. The City also provides two student internship programs to provide high school students with exposure to public service in the water sector, professional development opportunities, and mentorship. The School District Summer Intern Program began in 2015 and provides water workplace training and career guidance and mentorship to 12 students each summer during a 10-week intern program. The New Dawn Summer Youth Employment and Internship Program began in 2019 when the Vallejo Water

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Chapter 4 - Water Use Department entered into a 2-year agreement with New Dawn Vallejo Community Corporation. This second program is designed to provide local students with meaningful work-based learning opportunities that expand understanding of public service and organizational procedures, processes, and structure.

Conservation Programs for Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional (CII) Customers The City has participated in regional CII programs through the Solano County Water Agency’s Urban Water Conservation Committee. Since 2007, through SCWA’s CII program, commercial water customers have been offered a free water survey to determine the efficiency of their existing facility. Typically, the surveys included irrigation system audits as well as audits of indoor water fixtures and appliances. More information about irrigation surveys performed for CII customers can be found in the Large Landscape Conservation Programs and Incentives section of this chapter of the UWMP. During the surveys, surveyors installed faucet aerators and high efficiency showerheads, ensuring immediate water savings. Initially, pre‐rinse spray valves were installed as well, however, because of the previous efforts by PG&E and other local programs, it was found that most restaurants had their pre‐rinse spray valves retrofitted to efficiency models. After each survey was completed, a report was generated and provided to the customer, which included an inventory of water‐using fixtures and appliances, recommendations for improving water efficiency at the site, and estimated water savings to be realized from implementing those recommendations. Those sites found to have pre‐1992 toilets were also offered participation in a direct installation program of high‐efficiency toilets (HET) and high‐ efficiency urinals (HEU). Surveys continue to be conducted as a customer service, as well as a required basis for participation in CII rebate programs. Surveys are offered to customers requesting a survey, customers requesting participation in HET and HEU installation, and those participating in rebate programs. SCWA has conducted random reviews of water use for CII customers before and after receiving a water use survey. The program appears to be effective at reducing water use, particularly for those sites where surveys act as incentives for rebates or direct installation of HETs and HEUs. In response to changes in the BMPs, the Solano County Urban Water Conservation Committee developed a “Water Savings Incentive Program.” This program has been designed to provide CII customers with assistance in upgrading fixtures, appliances, and irrigation systems for greater efficiency. The assistance comes in the form of rebates for equipment and control systems. This program is in addition to the HET, HEU, and weather‐based irrigation controller rebate programs. The key element of the Water Savings Incentive Program is flexibility. Rather than being limited to the specific items typically rebated, such as toilets, urinals, or irrigation controllers, a water customer can make water efficiency repairs and/or upgrades to existing irrigation systems and apply for rebates for equipment based on specific‐site conditions. At the outset of the program, the committee chose to focus its outreach efforts on schools, parks and other public properties, although commercial accounts could also participate. However, participation has been limited. The challenge facing program implementation is that the rebates apply to parts and equipment only, and not to labor. Although outreach to schools and other public facilities in the City’s

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Chapter 4 - Water Use service area has been conducted, the requirement that the participating water customer provide or pay for the involved labor has been a limiting factor.

Wholesale Agency Programs The City is a wholesale water supplier to the Cities of American Canyon and Benicia, but does not provide a wholesale agency assistance program since each of the cities has prepared an Urban Water Management Plan and is running its own water conservation program. In addition, the City operates the Travis Air Force Base Water Treatment Plant on behalf of the U.S. Air Force, but has no responsibility for the distribution system and no influence over end users on the base. City staff also work with the SCWA, the regional wholesaler. The City contributes funds to SCWA, and reimburses some of the joint program expenditures on a proportional basis.

Local Partnerships with Community Businesses Since 2006, the City has partnered with the following local businesses to promote various aspects of water efficiency and conservation: Kaiser Hospital – Conservation booths, 2016 Lowes Home Improvement – Landscape Workshops, 2015 – 2016 UC Master Gardeners – Landscape Professionals, 2006 – present Loma Vista Farm Recreation Facility, 2007 – present Sustainable Solano, 2015 – present Vallejo Flood and Wastewater, 2006 – present Vallejo Watershed Alliance Partner, 2005 – present Valcore Recycling Vallejo – Earth Day partner, 2006 – present Civic Engagement Presentations at City Hall, 2017 Vallejo Earth Day Events, 2006 – present High School Science Fair Judging, 2017 Public Works Community Outreach Events, 2013 – 2019 HS Engineering Academy Board Presentations, 2017 Solano County Youth Mentoring Program, 2019 – present Cal Maritime Outreach Events, 2018 – 2019 Mid-City Nursery –Landscape Professional, 2017 – 2018

4.3.5 Programs to Assess and Manage Distribution System Real Loss The City reviews its water system statistics and continues to make progress in collecting the data needed for a full system water audit using the American Water Works Association (AWWA) Water Loss Control Committee’s water audit software. Leak detection equipment with “dataloggers” has been purchased and training offered to staff. Water main repairs are ongoing. The City’s program consists of the following actions: Ongoing water meter calibrations Advising customers whenever it appears that leaks exist on the customers side of the meter

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Chapter 4 - Water Use Performing distribution system detection when warranted and cost effective Repairing leaks when found. Effectiveness is measured by monitoring the change in the percent of unaccounted water for the entire water system. Between the years 2005 and 2010, unaccounted water was reduced from 22 percent to 14 percent of gross water use. This is equivalent to a reduction of 732 MG per year. Water loss between 2010 and 2015 remained nearly constant, slightly increasing from 14 percent to 16 percent of total water use and remaining around 950 MG to 960 MG. Water loss rose from 2015-2020, averaging 20 percent of total system supplies over this period. The majority of this loss is believed to be real loss, as opposed to apparent loss. A formal Water Loss Committee chaired by Water Engineering with members from Distribution Maintenance, Water Billing, IT, Operations, and Water Administration, was formed in December 2015 to complete a comprehensive system‐wide water loss analysis and make recommendations for reducing apparent water losses. The City will continue to work to reduce real and apparent water loss in the future.

4.3.6 Water Conservation Program Coordination and Staffing Support The City has a Water Conservation Coordinator who spends an average of 30 ‐ 40 percent time on water conservation. An analyst position, which provides staff support to the Water Conservation Coordinator in addition to other duties, was filled at the end of 2005 and continues to be filled full‐time. A student intern is periodically assigned to the water conservation program to assist with various program duties. At times, the student intern position has been funded by the SCWA and reimbursed by the City. The Water Conservation Coordinator develops and manages the conservation program and DMM implementation. The Coordinator is also responsible for preparing and submitting an annual implementation status report to the Bureau. Other duties of the Coordinator include: communication and promoting water conservation issues; coordinating City conservation programs with other City divisions; preparing annual and multi‐year water conservation budgets; monitoring program impacts and recommending improvements. The Coordinator is responsible for training support staff and managing the efforts of consultants and contractors contracted to the City to implement conservation measures under the City’s water conservation program. The position also coordinates preparation of the City’s UWMP and the Water Management Plan updates for adoption by the City Council and submittal to the California Department of Water Resources and the Bureau, respectively. The above enumerated duties and responsibilities are performed either directly by the Water Conservation Coordinator or are delegated to support staff with oversight and direction provided, as needed.

4.3.7 Other Demand Management Measures The City will continue to expand its programming and participate in new regional water conservation pilot program efforts that use and incorporate new Water Smart technologies, such as the California Water Efficiency Partnership and DWR’s Irrigation Area Analysis Program. In an effort to demonstrate the City’s continued commitment to improving drinking water efficiency well into the future, beginning in 2019 the Vallejo Water Department became a dues-paying member and joined the California Water Efficiency Partnership (CalWEP), a chapter of the Alliance for Water Efficiency. In September 2019, the

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Chapter 4 - Water Use City of Vallejo co-hosted, along with CalWEP, a Qualified Water Efficient Landscaper (QWEL) training session for the entire Bay Area. Vallejo Water participates in DWR’s Irrigation Area Analysis Program, which is a state-wide pilot program to help develop and test the WaterView web-based water efficiency portal. The WaterView platform was developed by Eagle Aerial Solutions at the request of CalWEP members to have tools and enhanced data to meet the efficiency and allocation requirements established under new California legislation, SB606 and AB1686. WaterView is used to analyze total water allocation at the parcel level, in compliance with the new DWR standards. A total of 19 water agencies, including the City of Vallejo, were hand-picked for the program to provide an analysis of different climates and landscapes.

4.4 Forecast Future Water Demands Projected water demands include the City’s retail and wholesale customers, and water losses further separated into existing and infill customers, proposed developments, and wholesale customers.

4.4.1 Unit Water Demands Demands are calculated by multiplying the projected connections (presented in Section 2) times a unit demand factor. The average unit demand factors between 2016 to 2020 for each customer category are presented in Table 4-6. Table 4-6: 2016-2020 Average Unit Demand Factors – City and Unincorporated Area Customer Category Single Family Multi-Family Commercial/ Institutional Landscape Other Potable Other Raw

Unit Demand Factors, AFY/DU or Connection 0.21 0.91 1.28 2.6 0.07 104.4

The single-family unit factor of 0.21 AFY/DU is low for the Bay Area. Using the General Plan estimate of 2.94 capita/DU, it equates to 64 gallons per capita per day, including outdoor landscaping. The new State-mandated Water Use Objectives assign 55-50 gpcd for just indoor use. The City believes this low unit factor could be a result of inaccurate metering. For this UWMP, the single family unit demand factor is assumed to 0.3 AFY/DU, which is similar to values for neighboring water agencies. The City will be installing advanced metering infrastructure to increase metering accuracy and to provide real-time water use. The State is developing overall water budgets that include residential indoor and landscape usage, as well as non-residential allowances. These Water Use Objectives are to be finalized by 2023 and will become the new reporting standard. Once finalized by the State, the City should re-evaluate its current water use and projected water demands per the detailed requirements. The current five-year average

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Chapter 4 - Water Use unit demand factors for the other customer categories are used in this UWMP, but it is recognized they may change in the near future per the Water Use Objectives. Water loss is applied to the treated water customer portion of the demands and is assumed to decrease from 20 to 15 percent by 2035 and 10 percent by 2040 as the City further implements it’s unaccounted for water program. Wholesale delivery projections depend on each respective contract. The following assumptions are made for each wholesale projection: City American Canyon wholesale treated – 2,074 AFY (Base Agreement and Options 2 and 3) City of American Canyon raw – 500 AFY plus 500 AFY emergency for a total of 1,000 AFY City of Benicia – assume constant value of 1,100 AFY Travis Air Force Base – assume 3,068 AFY (1,000 million gallons) AFY per Travis AFB Contract Modification P00025, though there is no maximum volume identified Specific demand assumptions for each proposed development identified in Chapter 2 include: Mare Island – the total water demand from the “Lennar” Water Supply Assessment of 3,153 AFY is used as a proxy demand until the new development plans are submitted Middle Green Valley – the total current projected water demand from the developer is 283 AFY and is assumed to be fully built by 2025. 49

4.4.2 Forecast Water Demands Water demands for each category are forecast through 2045 in Table 4-7 using the projected number of connections (Table 2-3) and assumed unit demand factors (Section 4.4.1).

The City will require the Middle Green Valley project to address infrastructure needs for conveyance of raw water and for water treatment capacity, and assure the anticipated water sources described in the specific plan are fully available to the City prior to service.

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Chapter 4 - Water Use Table 4-7: Forecast Water Demands (AFY) Service Area

2025

2030

10,004 1,953 2,379 1,303 29 2,074 411 3,216 21,369

10,360 2,022 2,500 1,369 30 2,074 1,097 2,954 22,406

252 35 48 3 0.5 283

Water Loss Total Lakes:

City/Unincorporated Treated Water Service Single Family Multi-Family Commercial/ Institutional Landscape Other City (treated) American Canyon Wholesale Treated Mare Island Proxy Water Loss Total City Treated: Lakes Treated Water Service Single Family Multi-Family Commercial/ Institutional Landscape Other (treated) Middle Green Valley Development

Total Treated: Raw Water Service City Raw American Canyon wholesale raw Benicia wholesale raw Travis AFB wholesale raw Total Wholesale Raw: Grand Total:

Demand 2035

2040

2045

10,727 2,094 2,627 1,439 31 2,074 1,782 2,805 23,579

11,108 2,168 2,761 1,513 32 2,074 2,468 3,008 25,132

11,108 2,168 2,902 1,590 32 2,074 3,153 2,095 25,122

261 36 48 4 0.5 283

271 36 49 4 0.5 283

281 37 50 4 0.5 283

291 37 51 4 0.5 283

118

111

105

100

740 22,108

744 23,150

748 24,328

752 25,885

766 25,889

835 1,000 1,100 3,068 6,003 28,111

835 1,000 1,100 3,068 6,003 29,153

835 1,000 1,100 3,068 6,003 30,331

835 1,000 1,100 3,068 6,003 31,888

835 1,000 1,100 3,068 6,003 31,892

4.5 Adjusting Single-Dry and Multiple Dry Conditions The demand forecasts presented above represent expected water needs under normal hydrologic conditions. To credibly forecast potential maximum future water use, the forecasted normal-year water uses must be modified to reflect anticipated increases in demand during drier conditions. Conservative modifications to the forecasted normal year water use to more likely reflect use conditions during drier years are warranted to help adequately address water service reliability in Chapter 5. For purposes of this UWMP, the following adjustments are made. It is noted these assumptions assume no drought stage or demand reduction measures are in place. Single dry year: Landscape irrigation needs would increase to reflect the generalized earlier start of the landscape irrigation season due to limited rainfall in the single driest year. Since this increase only applies to the outdoor portion of a customer’s use, a simple adjustment factor of five percent is applied to the total normal-year forecasts to conservatively reflect the expected increase in demand for water for landscaping. Only a slight increase in demand is reflective of

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Chapter 4 - Water Use the City’s existing low unit demand factors. The low single family unit demand for projections of 0.3 AFY/DU assumes existing outdoor irrigation usage is minor compared to total indoor demands. Therefore the increase in outdoor demands during a dry year will be low compared to the indoor demand, and hence only a five percent increase is assumed. Multiple dry years: During multiple dry years, demands are also expected to increase similar to the single dry year. For multiple dry year conditions, the single dry year demand is held constant in each of the subsequent years. American Canyon wholesale contract – the contract allows for restrictions of the treated water supply in line with any potential restrictions placed on City of Vallejo customers. Therefore, these demands are included in the City’s demands when evaluating demand reduction requirements in the Water Service Reliability Assessment in Chapter 5. It is conservatively assumed the 1,000 AFY of raw water does not include reductions, and therefore maintained at 1,000 AFY for all drought scenarios. City of Benicia – It is conservatively assumed no reductions to contract supply and therefore the full 1,100 AF of raw water is assumed. Travis AFB - It is conservatively assumed no reduction to contract supply and therefore the full 3,068 AF of treated water is assumed. These assumptions are applied to the annual demand values below in Table 4-8. A closer assessment of the correlation of monthly water use by customer type to rainfall and temperature will help the City improve water use forecasts to assure the effects of climate change are adequately being reflected in water service reliability analyses. This type of an assessment will be made easier once new meters are installed and meter data can be collected on a monthly timestep. Table 4-8: Single and Multiple Dry Year Demand Forecast (AFY) System Component

Demand 2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

20,260

21,349

22,580

24,210

24,201

City Raw Water

835

Vallejo Lakes American Canyon Wholesale Treated American Canyon Wholesale Raw Benicia Wholesale

776

781

786

791

805

2,074

1,000

1,100

Travis AFB Wholesale

3,068

Total Water Demands

29,113

30,207

31,443

33,079

33,083

City Treated Water

4.6 Climate Change Considerations Including climate change into a water use analysis aids in understanding the potential effects on longterm reliability, which in turn, allows the City to proactively begin planning appropriate responses. For example, hotter and drier weather may lead to an increased demand in landscape irrigation and

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Chapter 4 - Water Use agricultural irrigation especially during spring and fall months, increasing the pressure on water supplies that may have availability restrictions during these periods. This potential is reflected in the consideration of the dry year(s) demand increase of 5 percent that is used for the water service reliability analysis, as discussed previously. Whether the elevated single dry year water forecast becomes more akin to the “normal” demand will become more apparent as the City continues to assess monthly water use trends throughout its service area.

4.7 Forecasting Water Use for the DRA and Annual Assessment The California Legislature created two new UWMP requirements to help suppliers assess and prepare for drought conditions: the Drought Risk Assessment,50 and the Annual Water Supply and Demand Assessment.51 These new planning requirements were established in part because of the significant duration of recent California droughts and the predictions about hydrological variability attributable to climate change. The Drought Risk Assessment (DRA) requires assessing water supply reliability over a five-year period from 2021 to 2025 that examines water supplies, water uses, and the resulting water supply reliability under a reasonable prediction for five consecutive dry years. As a slight variant, the Annual Water Supply and Demand Assessment (Annual Assessment) undertakes a similar analytical exercise as the DRA but uses actual, and not hypothetical, conditions anticipated for the particular upcoming water year. The Annual Assessment is further detailed in Chapter 6, the Water Shortage Contingency Plan.

4.7.1 Projecting Water Use for 5-year Drought Risk Assessment A critical component of new statutory language for the 2020 UWMP cycle is the requirement to prepare a five-year DRA using a supplier-defined hypothetical drought condition expected to occur from 2021 through 2025. This drought condition is meant to allow suppliers to test the resiliency of their water supply portfolio and their Water Shortage Contingency Plan actions to meet severe conditions. DWR recommends that suppliers first estimate expected water use for the next five years assuming no without drought conditions (also known as unconstrained demand). These estimates would then be adjusted to estimate the five-years’ cumulative drought effects. If normal water use includes water conservation programs, either currently implemented or planned for implementation, estimated water use values would incorporate the effect of those conservation programs when reporting projected water use. Total water use for 2021, for example, is developed by modifying the water use representation for “current” conditions (see Table 4-6) taking into consideration the anticipated factors affecting water use, with each subsequent year further adjusted, as appropriate. Adjustments year-to-year reflect several factors the City anticipates may occur, including increases from growth. To make these adjustments, the difference in annual water use between the “current” condition and the forecast use in

50 51

California Water Code Section 10635(b) California Water Code Section 10632.1

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Chapter 4 - Water Use 2025 is prorated equally across each of the years 2021 through 2025, so that the same 2025 forecast water use is matched. With an initial annual estimate, each year is further adjusted to reflect anticipated increases in the “unconstrained demand” during a single dry year. As noted previously, this is reflected by applying a 5 percent increase to the total estimated demand. Table 4-9 presents the DRA demand forecast per the City’s water demand categories. Table 4-9: Forecast DRA Water Use for 2021 through 2025 (AFY) Demand System Component

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

19,700

19,800

19,900

20,000

20,495

City Raw Water

877

Vallejo Lakes Treated American Canyon Wholesale Treated American Canyon Wholesale Raw Benicia Wholesale

417

507

597

687

777

2,074

1,000

1,100

Travis AFB Wholesale

3,068

Total Water Demands

28,236

28,426

28,616

28,806

29,391

City Treated Water

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Chapter 4 - Water Use

4.8 Projecting Disadvantaged Community Water Use Pursuant to CWC Section 10631.1, retail suppliers are required to include the projected water use for lower income households in 2020 UWMPs. Per California Health and Safety Code Section 50079.5, a lower income household has an income below 80 percent of area median income, adjusted for family size. For purposes of this UWMP, annual median income was derived from 2019 U.S. Census Bureau and determined to be about $71,300 for the City.52 Therefore, 80 percent of this is estimated to be about $57,000 per year. According to the referenced Census data, approximately 37 percent of the households earn at or below this 80-percentile income. For purposes of estimating the future water needs, 37 percent of the total City single-family, multifamily, and the Mare Island demands from Table 4-7 are presumed to represent disadvantaged households. Applying this condition to the forecast water use for the entire City results in the estimate provided in Table 4-10. Table 4-10: Estimated Low-Income Water Use Forecast (acre-feet/year) 2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

City Single Family

10,004

10,360

10,727

11,108

City Multi-Family

1,953

2,022

2,094

2,168

411

1,097

1,782

2,468

3,153

12,368

13,479

14,603

15,744

16,429

4,576

4,987

5,403

5,825

6,079

Mare Island Total: Low-Income Water Use Forecast (at 37%)

This data is from the Household Income in the Past 12 Months (In 2019 Inflation-adjusted Dollars) American Community Survey 1-year estimates. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/16000US0681666-vallejo-ca/

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Chapter 5 - Water System Reliability

Water Service Reliability This chapter provides the City’s water system reliability findings as required under Water Code Section 10635 and provides reliability information that the City may use in completing an annual supply and demand assessment pursuant to Water Code Section 10632.1. Assessing water service reliability is the fundamental purpose for the City in preparing its 2020 UWMP. Water service reliability reflects the City’s ability to meet the water needs of its customers with water supplies under varying conditions. The City’s UWMP considers the reliability of meeting customer water use by analyzing plausible hydrological variability, regulatory variability, climate conditions, and other factors that impact the City’s water supply and its customers’ water uses. The reliability assessment looks beyond the City’s past experience and considers what could be reasonably foreseen in the future. Moreover, the analysis posits that active supply management will be integral to the City’s long-term water reliability. This chapter synthesizes the details imbedded in Chapters 3 and 4 and provides a rational basis for future decision-making related to supply management, demand management, and project development. This chapter presents three system reliability findings: Five Year Drought Risk Assessment: The 2021 through 2025 Drought Risk Assessment (DRA) for the City’s service area. Long-Term Service Reliability: The reliability findings for a Normal Year, Single Dry Year, and Five Consecutive Drought Years in five-year increments through 2045. Annual Reliability Assessment: The reliability findings for an existing condition for both a Normal Year and Single Dry Year that can inform an annual supply and demand assessment for 2021 or 2022. In short, through active management, City has reliable annual water supplies available for its service area through 2045 during normal conditions, though it will need to actively manage these supplies to reliably meet month-by-month customer demands during multi-dry periods. Under single-dry and multiple dry year conditions, supplies are projected to just meet unconstrained demands when assessed on an annual basis. The City’s Water Shortage Contingency Plan (WSCP) would be triggered to address any shortcomings identified in a particular year, based upon the Annual Assessment detailed in Chapter 6.2.

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Chapter 5 - Water System Reliability

5.1 Five Year Drought Risk Assessment The Drought Risk Assessment is a new requirement for the 2020 UWMP cycle. The DRA requires a methodical assessment of water supplies and water uses under an assumed drought period that lasts five consecutive years. The City has a unique water supply portfolio. The City currently has access to multiple sources of supply and each source has unique attributes that affect reliability under various hydrological and regulatory conditions. These supply sources are further complicated by the carryover and storage provisions available to some of the water assets. This diverse water supply portfolio creates a water management structure that requires careful consideration of hydrological, regulatory, and institutional variability. Specifically, some water assets are particularly susceptible to drought while other water assets have varying degrees of reliability based upon regulatory constraints and historical water use. Nevertheless, the City has organized and continues to coordinate its water portfolio management to optimize water supply reliability in the event of a severe drought. Table 5-1 below shows the City’s DRA that integrates all of its supplies for 2021 through 2025 as described in Chapter 3 and reflects the dry year unconstrained water uses described in Chapter 4. As the table shows, the City has surplus water assets available on an annual basis under its prescribed water management protocol, although some months may be further constrained, depending on the month-to-month and year-to-year management of available water supplies. The City is separately evaluating these monthly supply management opportunities to assure water service reliability throughout all months under multiple constrained conditions for all of its retail and wholesale treated and raw water customers. Table 5-1: Five Year Drought Risk Assessment (AFY) 2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

Supply

35,176

32,592

28,941

29,078

29,718

Demand

28,236

28,426

28,616

28,806

29,391

Difference

6,940

4,166

325

272

327

5.2 Long Term Service Reliability The Urban Water Management Planning Act directs urban water purveyors to analyze water supply reliability in a normal, single dry, and five consecutive dry years over a 20-year planning horizon. The 2020 UWMP Guidebook recommends extending that period to twenty-five (25) years to provide a guiding document for future land use and water supply planning through the next UWMP cycle. The following subsections describe the long-term water service reliability for the City through a 25-year planning horizon.

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Chapter 5 - Water System Reliability

5.2.1 Long Term Service Reliability The City’s long term service reliability reflects the recommended 25-year planning horizon anticipating a normal, single dry, and five consecutive dry years from 2020 through 2045.

Normal and Single Dry Conditions 2025-2045 The City’s future water supplies in normal and single dry conditions reflect the same hydrological, regulatory, and institutional criteria described in previous sections. In normal years, supplies are generally constrained only by their express limiting features. In dry years, additional hydrological, regulatory, and institutional issues will constrain the availability of water. However, future water supplies remain relatively constant as average demands grow over time. All of this information is described in detail in Chapters 3 and is reflected in the tables below. The City’s future water demands in normal and single dry conditions through 2045 reflect the same considerations described in previous sections of this chapter. In normal conditions, demands tend to reflect anticipated uses based upon normal hydrological conditions. But in dry conditions, demands increase to reflect dry conditions and additional application of water for outdoor irrigation. Future water demands are generally predicted to increase as land uses and populations within the City’s service area grow. All of this information is detailed in Chapter 4 and reflected in the numbers shown in the tables below. Table 5-2 shows the normal year and single dry year supplies and demands in 5-year timesteps from 2025 through 2045. Notably, based upon the ability to manage the unique water supplies, the City anticipates having adequate supplies to meet unconstrained demands through this UWMP’s planning horizon. However, this will require the City to closely monitor and manage supplies during wet conditions to maximize carryover opportunities, as well as optimally manage supplies during conditions when various supplies are constrained. Any actual shortage condition would trigger the City’s WSCP (see Chapter 6) to appropriately modify supply and demand conditions. Table 5-2: Normal and Single Dry Year Water Supply and Demand through 2045 (AFY) Normal Year Supply Demand Difference Single Dry Year Supply Demand Difference

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2025 35,820 28,111 7,709

2030 35,823 29,153 6,670

2035 35,825 30,331 5,494

2040 38,778 31,888 6,890

2045 38,780 31,892 6,888

2025 31,585 29,113

2030 31,588 30,207

2035 31,590 31,443

2040 33,093 33,079

2045 33,095 33,083

2,472

1,381

147

5-3

Chapter 5 - Water System Reliability

Five Consecutive Dry Years 2025 – 2045 The City defines a drought condition lasting five consecutive years as one that constrains the City from obtaining some of its water supplies in its water supply portfolio due to hydrological, regulatory, and institutional constraints. These conditions include more restrictive regulatory constraints on its water rights and constrained conditions defined by the City’s water supply contracts. The restrictive conditions manifest in changes to the availability of the City’s water assets during different periods in a given year but keep the annual volumes above the annual need. Moreover, these restrictive conditions may also impact the increased uses of available supplies in the future that are associated with land use and population growth. These conditions are described in significant detail in Chapter 3 and reflected in the tables below. Five consecutive dry year demands include the anticipated demands based upon historical trends in water usage in drought conditions by the City’s customers. Demands in extended dry conditions may increase as hydrological conditions generate additional customer uses for outdoor irrigation. As droughts persist, however, demands may decline as the realistic constraints on supply availability are realized at the customer level. Out of an abundance of caution to evaluate whether supplies are available to meet projected demands, the potential decreasing demand pattern is not reflected in this future reliability assessment. The gradual increase in demands also account for reasonable water conservation measures derived from improved efficiencies in indoor fixtures, improved management of outdoor landscape irrigation, and a general awareness of the value of long-term water conservation at the consumer level. In addition, the future dry conditions reflect increased land use and populations that would rely upon available supplies. These variable conditions are described in detail in Chapter 4. Table 5-3 below shows the annual water supply and demand conditions for the City’s service area in five consecutive dry years from 2025 through 2045.

Year 5

Year 4

Year 3

Year 2

Year 1

Table 5-3: Five Consecutive Dry Years Water Supply and Demand through 2045 (AFY) Supply Demand Difference Supply Demand Difference Supply Demand Difference Supply Demand Difference Supply Demand Difference

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2025 33,526 29,113 4,413 32,592 29,263 3,329 31,667 29,413 2,254 31,769 29,563 2,206 31,859 29,713 2,146

2030 33,529 30,207 3,322 32,595 30,357 2,238 31,670 30,507 1,163 31,772 30,657 1,115 31,862 30,807 1,055

2035 33,531 31,443 2,088 32,597 31,543 1,054 31,672 31,643 29 31,774 31,743 31 31,864 31,843 21

2040 35,034 33,079 1,955 34,100 33,080 1,020 33,175 33,081 94 33,277 33,082 195 33,367 33,083 284

2045 35,036 33,083 1,953 34,102 33,083 1,019 33,177 33,083 94 33,279 33,083 196 33,369 33,083 286

5-4

Chapter 5 - Water System Reliability Notably, supplies are nearly exhausted beginning in year 3 of a drought around 2035. Varied management of the City’s supply assets to manage during these conditions will be extremely important. This extreme multi-year drought scenario helps the City evaluate actions it may need to undertake to assure customer water service reliability and to prepare customers for potential demand reduction circumstances.

5.3 Annual Reliability Assessment The City may consider current supply and demand conditions and perform an annual water supply and demand assessment (Annual Assessment) pursuant to Water Code Section 10632.1 to evaluate realtime or near-term circumstances that are different than the DRA scenario. This assessment would evaluate actual current water supply and use conditions. For purposes of this UWMP, the “current” water use conditions as described in Chapter 4 are compared to the availability of the City’s existing water supplies as described in Chapter 3. Two scenarios are illustrated for the City’s service area: Normal Year condition: reflecting the availability of supplies under normal conditions and the “current” water uses Single-Dry Year condition: reflecting the availability of supplies under a severe, single-dry year and elevated “current” water uses reflecting increased demands expected in a single dry year.

5.3.1 Normal Year Supply and Current Water Use The City defines a normal year condition as one that allows the agency to obtain water supplies from all sources in its water supply portfolio under normalized conditions. These conditions include normally anticipated regulatory constraints on its water rights and limited constrained conditions for its water supply contracts. These conditions are described in significant detail in Chapter 3 and reflected in the monthly supply determinations shown below. Normal year demands include the anticipated demands based upon historical trends in water usage in non-drought conditions by the City’s customers. Demands in normal conditions generally are lower in the wetter months and higher in the drier months. These demands may fluctuate over time as land uses and populations change within the City’s service area. The monthly demands also account for reasonable water conservation measures derived from improved efficiencies in indoor fixtures, improved management of outdoor landscape irrigation, and a general awareness of the value of longterm water conservation at the consumer level. These demand conditions are described in Chapter 4 and reflected in the reliability assessment shown below. Table 5-4 below shows the normal year water supply and demand conditions for the City’s service area. Under normal conditions, the City has surplus water in all months. Table 5-4: Normal Year Water Supply and Demand (AFY) Normal Year Supply Demand Difference

Current 35,695 26,824 8,871

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Chapter 5 - Water System Reliability

5.3.2 Single Dry Year Supply and Dry-Year Current Demand The City defines a single dry year condition as one that constrains the City from obtaining some of its water supplies in its water supply portfolio due to hydrological, regulatory, and institutional constraints. These conditions include more restrictive regulatory constraints on its water rights and significantly constrained conditions for its numerous water supply contracts. The restrictive conditions manifest in changed availability of some City water assets in various months. These changed monthly water supply conditions are described in detail in Chapter 3. Single dry year demands include the anticipated demands based upon historical trends in water usage in drought conditions by the City’s customers. Demands in dry conditions may increase in the normally wetter months as reduced rainfall generally results in additional customer uses for outdoor irrigation. These conditions are described in detail in Chapter 4 and reflected in the demand tables below. The analysis uses the “current” water use, adjusted as described in Chapter 4. Table 5-5 shows the single dry year water supply and demand conditions for the City’s service area. Table 5-5: Single Dry Year Water Supply and Demand (AFY) Single Dry Year Supply Demand Difference

Current 30,610 28,236 2,374

5.4 Water Supply Reliability Summary The City has a diverse and robust water supply portfolio. When evaluated on an annual basis, these supplies are generally capable of meeting the forecast water demands throughout the Vallejo Municipal Service area in normal years from 2020 through 2045 with active management of its supply portfolio. Importantly, as noted in Chapter 3, the supply reliability has assumptions related to future hydrological, regulatory, and infrastructure conditions that will require further assessment in light of proposed land use plans and the City’s water management. More specifically, the City intends to utilize interties between the City’s two water systems as the Lake Curry supply becomes available and as the Middle Green Valley specific plan progresses. However the details of such plans will require the City to take additional steps to address operational and financial considerations. During single-dry and multiple-dry years, depending on how the City manages its supply assets, demands may come close to exhausting supplies, which would trigger the City’s WSCP. The projected conditions and prediction of any shortfall will be evaluated at the beginning of each year under the City’s newly adopted Annual Assessment procedures (see Chapter 6.2). And these annual supply reliability determinations will also need to consider future management and infrastructure changes. The City’s diverse water supply portfolio requires coordinated water management between the City and its contract partners in order to render the supply reliable through 2045. The City recognizes month-tomonth demand requirements may challenge water supply availability in any given month under some

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Chapter 5 - Water System Reliability hydrologic conditions. These circumstances require a more detailed evaluation of supply management scenarios and opportunities. The City will continue to evaluate monthly supply and demand conditions to assure long-term customer reliability throughout the year.

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan

Water Shortage Contingency Plan This Water Shortage Contingency Plan (WSCP) addresses the requirements in Water Code Section 10632 of the Urban Water Management Planning Act (The Act). The WSCP is incorporated into the 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP) and used by the City of Vallejo to respond to water shortage contingencies as they may arise. This WSCP consists of the following required elements: 1. An analysis of water supply reliability 2. Procedures for conducting an annual water supply and demand assessment 3. Six standard water shortage levels corresponding to progressive ranges of up to 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 percent shortages and greater than 50 percent shortage 4. Shortage response actions that align with the defined shortage levels 5. Communication protocols and procedures 6. Customer compliance, enforcement, appeal, and exemption procedures 7. A description of legal authorities 8. A description of financial consequences 9. Monitoring and reporting requirements 10. Reevaluation and improvement procedures 11. Special Water Feature Distinction 12. Plan Adoption, Submittal, and Availability This WSCP is a stand-alone plan, that may be adopted independently from the UWMP and may be amended or refined and readopted as needed over coming months and years independently from the UWMP (see section 6.12 Plan Adoption, Submittal, and Availability, below).

6.1 Water Supply Reliability Analysis As part of the City’s UWMP, reliability planning was conducted to evaluate the City’s ability to meet demands. Two separate efforts were conducted to characterize both long- and near-term reliability

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan scenarios. The Water Reliability Assessment is conducted for a normal year, single dry year, and a drought lasting five consecutive years, and is used to evaluate long-term supplies with demands over the next 25 years, in five-year increments. The Drought Risk Assessment assumes the occurrence of a drought over the next five years, and aims to assess the City’s near-term reliability. Results from the Water Reliability Assessment indicate the City’s will only have slight surplus supply in a few extreme drought conditions. If supplies are ever projected to be inadequate in a given year, the shortfall will be identified early during a calendar year based upon the Annual Assessment procedures described in the following section and will appropriately trigger the City’s WSCP as necessary.

6.2 Annual Water Supply and Demand Assessment Procedures The City conducts an annual analysis of supply and demand projections to help inform water resources management decisions for the coming year. The analysis incorporates numerous data sources used as evaluation criteria to project probable demands and supply availability for the coming year. Sources to consider include, but are not limited to: • •

•

Projected weather conditions o Precipitation versus historical on monthly basis Projected Unconstrained Demand53 o Production versus historic on monthly basis o New customer growth o Identify artificially supplied water features separate from swimming pools and parks o Water Use Objective tracking Projected Supply Availability o State Water Project Allocations (Table A Allotments) o Dry-Year Water Bank Balance o License 7848 “Permit” Water o Solano Project Water o Lakes Frey and Madigan Surface Water o Lake Curry – License 5728 (future)

The general procedure for identifying a shortage condition is listed below. A shortage percentage is calculated by dividing the difference in supplies and unconstrained demand by the total unconstrained demand. Current year conditions and dry year conditions are calculated separately, pursuant to CWC §10632. The City may modify this process based on available data, significant events, process restrictions, or other external factors that may impact the process.

53For

the purposes of this WSCP, unconstrained demand is defined as the expected demand, based on applicable data, without shortage response actions.

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan

6.2.1 Analytical and Decision-making Processes The City of Vallejo plans to conduct its Water Supply and Demand Assessment (WSDA) according to the following timeline and process: March/April/May

Begin assessment by City Staff

May/June

Present assessment to City Council

Submit WSDA to DWR in advance of July 1 deadline The City of Vallejo will prepare its WSDA using the following key data and analytical methods: Compile existing weather data to characterize past 12 months conditions. Considering recent conditions and available forecasts, select a projected dry year scenario from the historical record of allocation and availability for each source. For instance, the dry year scenario would consider the following: - Wholesaler declaration during most recent single dry year event - Table A allocations during most recent single dry year event - Available carryover in all water assets - Potential for SWRCB curtailment based upon hydrology and runoff predictions Estimate unconstrained City demands based on recent and representative customer use data. Develop unconstrained demand to reflect recent use patterns (unit factors for each customer type) and anticipated customer growth of the City’s retail customers for the coming year. Assess the City’s wholesale customer projections for current year and dry year scenarios, incorporating current contractual obligations. Assess the City’s supply from Wholesale Suppliers for current year and dry year scenarios, incorporating current contractual provisions. Identify any shortfall in projected supply and anticipated demand. Identify and incorporate any applicable constraints (infrastructure, regulatory, etc.) regarding availability of supply. Compare projected supplies with anticipated City demands. Develop, analyze, and propose water resource management strategies to address the projected demand to supply comparison, including reference to the water shortage stages identified in this WSCP. Present to City Council Annual Water Supply and Demand Assessment (and resulting conservation stage declaration, if applicable).

6.2.2 Submittal Procedure The City of Vallejo will submit its WSDA to DWR via email by June 15th each year, but in no case later than July 1 each year. At the time of DWR submittal the City will also notify the City of Benicia, the City of American Canyon, Solano County Water Agency, the public, and other stakeholders concerning the results of the WSDA and where it is available for review.

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan

6.3 Six Standard Water Shortage Stages and Triggers The City employs a six-stage water-shortage response plan which is triggered at prescribed levels. Water-shortage stages are monitored, reported, and acted upon according to the plan set out in this WSCP for each water supply condition for each stage. Each stage consists of specific prohibitions, regulations, penalties, and/or rate structure to encourage the appropriate level of conservation. Stages V and VI are most restrictive primarily due to the landscape irrigation component, which prohibits irrigation of any decorative landscaping. Under drought conditions, the City does not anticipate having to implement any conservation level above Stage II unless mandated or suggested by the State. Conservation Stages V and VI are prepared to meet emergency conditions brought about by catastrophic events. Table 6-1 displays the WSCP Stages the City may enact based on supply shortage conditions. Table 6-1: 2020 WSCP Stages and Demand Reduction Targets Stage Number Stage 1

Stage Title Water Alert

Supply Shortage Condition Up to 10%

Stage 2

Moderate Shortage

Up to 20%

Stage 3

Severe Shortage

Up to 30%

Stage 4

Critical Shortage

Up to 40%

Stage 5

Shortage Crisis

Up to 50%

Stage 6

Emergency Shortage

Greater than 50%

The following subsections and tables present information on the City’s supply scenarios, including Normal Water Supply and the six water shortage stages. Results from the annual Water Supply and Demand Assessment are used to declare a respective shortage stage.

6.3.1 Normal Water Supply Regulations The City’s water supply and distribution system is able to meet all the water demands of its customers in the immediate future. Regulations for Normal Water Supply, pursuant to the City’s Municipal Code 11.54.030 (Regulations and restrictions on water use) are applicable to all stages and include the following: A. To prevent the waste and unreasonable use of water and to promote water conservation, each of the following actions is prohibited, except where necessary to address an immediate health and safety need or to comply with the term or condition in a permit issued by a state or federal agency: 1. The application of potable water to outdoor landscapes in a manner that causes runoff such that water flows onto adjacent property, non-irrigated areas, private and public walkways, roadways, parking lots, or structures;

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan 2. The use of a hose that dispenses potable water to wash a motor vehicle, except where the hose is fitted with a shut-off nozzle or device attached to it that causes it to cease dispensing water immediately when not in use; 3. The application of potable water to driveways and sidewalks; 4. The use of potable water in a fountain or other decorative water feature, except where the water is part of a recycling system; 5. The application of potable water to outdoor landscapes during and within 48 hours after measurable rainfall; 6. The serving of drinking water other than upon request in eating or drinking establishments, including but not limited to restaurants, hotels, cafes, cafeterias, bars, or other public places where food or drink are served and/or purchased; 7. The irrigation of potable water of landscapes outside of newly constructed homes and buildings in a manner inconsistent with regulations or other requirements established by the California Building Standards Commission and the Department of Housing and Community Development as adopted by the city; 8. Allowing potable water to escape from breaks within the customer’s plumbing system for more than thirty-six hours after the customer is notified or discovers the break; 9. The use of potable water for construction, compaction, dust control, street or parking lot sweeping, or building wash down where non-potable or recycled water is available in sufficient quantities; 10. The use of single-pass cooling systems; 11. The use of non-recirculating systems in new conveyor car wash facilities. B. To promote water conservation, operators of hotels and motels shall provide guests with the option of choosing not to have towels and linens laundered daily. The hotel or motel shall prominently display notice of this option in each guestroom using clear and easily understood language.

6.4 Shortage Response Actions The WSCP is required to identify locally appropriate shortage response actions that align with the defined shortage stages and include demand reduction actions, supply augmentation actions, system operational changes, and mandatory prohibitions against specific water use practices that are in addition to state-mandated prohibitions and appropriate to the local conditions. For each response action the WSCP is to provide an estimate of the extent to which the gap between supplies and demand will be reduced by implementation of the action.

6.4.1 Staged Response The City of Vallejo has grouped the actions to be taken during a water shortage condition into six stages, providing flexibility to address water shortages up to and in excess of the 50 percent shortage level condition. The following is an overview of the staged response the City could follow during a given water shortage condition including sequential stages (1-6) based on shortage severity, relative supply conditions for each stage, and percent shortage reduction levels. The stages would be implemented

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan based on specific conditions and need to meet water service and system revenue requirements. A water shortage declaration would be made by resolution of the City Council, delegating to City Officials the authority to make decisions regarding the need to change water shortage stages. Alternatively, an authorized government official or state agency may issue water use reduction mandates, which would be implemented by a resolution of the City Council to activate an appropriate water shortage stage. The actions to be undertaken during each stage cannot be implemented until necessary Council approvals have been executed. Shortage response actions that may be implemented in each stage include, but are not limited to, the following: Stage 1 (0 to 10 % shortage) – Stage 1 is a “Water Alert” where voluntary conservation is encouraged. The drought situation is explained to the public and governmental bodies. The focus is on customers with high per capita water usage to achieve proportionally greater reduction than those with low use. The activities performed by the City during this stage include, but are not limited to: Public information campaign consisting of distribution of literature, speaking engagements, website and social media updates, bill inserts, and conversation messages printed in local newspapers. Irrigation restrictions prohibiting landscape irrigation between 9:00 am and 6:00 pm. Maintaining a Conservation Hotline, water users can contact the City for tips and techniques to reduce water use. Provide conservation kits. Stage 2 (10 - 20 % shortage) – Stage 2 is a “Moderate Shortage” and will be implemented if the Stage 1 restrictions are deemed insufficient to achieve necessary demand reductions due to water supply shortages or to achieve identified water usage goals established by an authorized government agency or official. Stage 2 will include all actions undertaken in Stage 1. In addition, the City may propose voluntary conservation allotments and/or require mandatory conservation rules and implement drought water surcharges per Section 11.48.056 of the Vallejo Municipal Code. The severity of actions depends upon the percentage of shortage and customer response. The level of voluntary or mandatory water use reduction requested from the customers is also based on the severity of the supply shortage. The activities performed by the City during this stage include, but are not limited to: All measures implemented in Stage 1. Limit irrigation to 3 days per week. Prohibition of water use for ornamental ponds and fountains. Decrease system flushing frequency. Implementation of water waste patrols. Stage 3 (20 - 30 % shortage) – Stage 3 is a “Severe Shortage” that requires water allocations and mandatory conservation. Stage 3 will be implemented if the Stage 2 allocations and drought emergency surcharges are deemed insufficient to achieve reductions due to water supply shortages or to achieve identified water usage goals established by an authorized government agency or official. The activities performed by the City during this stage include, but are not limited to:

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan All measures implemented in Stages 1 and 2. Prohibit vehicle washing except at facilities that recycle water. Restrictions on Irrigation to 2 days per week. Flushing of sewers and hydrants in emergency or essential operations only. Moratorium of new water services other than developments that have a development permit approved or is included in the General Plan Stage 4 (30 - 40 % shortage) – Stage 4 is a “Critical Shortage” that includes all steps taken in prior stages regarding allocations and mandatory conservation. Stage 4 will be implemented if the Stage 3 allocations and drought emergency surcharges are deemed insufficient to achieve required reductions due to water supply shortages or to achieve identified water usage goals established by an authorized government agency or official. The activities performed by the City during this stage include, but are not limited to: All measures implemented in Stages 1-3. Restrictions on Irrigation to 1 day per week. Prohibition of water use for cooling mists. Stage 5 (40 - 50 % shortage) – Stage 5 is a “Shortage Crisis” that includes all steps taken in prior stages regarding allotments and mandatory conservation. This stage will be implemented in the event that the source of supply is severely curtailed to the level that requires each customer to restrict their water use for only human health and safety purposes. 54 The activities performed by the City during this stage include, but are not limited to: All measures implemented in Stages 1-4. Prohibition of all landscape and pasture irrigation. Increased water waste patrols. Stage 6 (greater than 50 % shortage) – Stage 6 is an “Emergency Shortage” condition that includes all steps taken in prior stages regarding allotments and mandatory conservation. This stage will be implemented in the event that the source of supply is severely curtailed to the level that requires each customer to restrict their water use for only human health and safety purposes. The activities performed by City during this stage include, but are not limited to: All measures implemented in Stages 1-5. Prohibition of all water use except as required for health and safety. Tables below detail stages and actions.

When water supplies are limited and only available for health and safety purposes, the State Water Resource Control Board will allow the City to provide the equivalent of 55 gallons per capita per day for all customers. The source(s) of the water will be determined and based upon approval from appropriate regulatory entities, even if the City’s water rights are curtailed.

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan Table 6-2: WSCP Actions to Reduce Customer Use - Stage 1 Up to 10% Supply Shortage Actions include regulations from Normal stage plus those listed below. When implemented as a whole program, these actions together are expected to eliminate up to a 10 percent gap between supplies and demands. Customers - Actions to Reduce Demand up to 10 Percent • Reduce total water use by 10%. Contact the City/Department for tips and techniques to reduce indoor and outdoor water use. • No hose washing of sidewalks, walkways, driveways, parking areas, patios, porches or verandas, except flammable or other similarly dangerous substances may be washed from said areas by direct hose flushing for the benefit of public health and safety. This prohibition shall not apply where hosing of sidewalks or driveways is required by law. • No customer shall sprinkle, water, or irrigate any shrubbery, trees, lawns, grass, ground cover, plants, vines, gardens, vegetables, flowers, or any other landscaped or vegetated area between the hours of 9:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. Such watering shall not be in excess of needs nor be of a manner that allows water to flow into streets. Watering by hand shall be allowed. • Any use of water from a fire hydrant, except for fire protection purposes, is prohibited unless authorized by the City. • Water efficient plumbing fixtures, water efficient appliances, and high efficiency irrigation techniques, such as drip irrigation, are encouraged. • It is encouraged to mow less frequently allowing grass to grow longer, inducing hydration. • It is encouraged to check the soil moisture in the root zone to determine when irrigation is required. City Actions • Communicate mandatory reduction targets to customers. • Leak repair receives higher priority. • Increase drought awareness through additional public outreach measures that notify public and customers of declared stage, requirements, and available conservation program support. • Maintain a water conservation hotline. • Provide free water conservation kits to customers. • Provisions of the Drought Surcharge (Stage 1 – 10% Supply Shortage) may be implemented by the City. • Increased monitoring of customer use data. • Accelerate infrastructure repairs and improvements that increase overall system efficiency.

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan Table 6-3: WSCP Actions to Reduce Customer Use - Stage 2 Up to 20% Supply Shortage Actions include regulations from Stage 1 plus those listed below. When implemented as a whole program, these actions together are expected to eliminate up to a 20 percent gap between supplies and demands. Customers - Actions to Reduce Demand up to 20 Percent • Reduce total water use by 20%. Contact the City/Department for tips and techniques to reduce indoor and outdoor water use. • No customer shall permit measurable water to leak from any facility on their premises such that water flows onto adjacent property, non-irrigated areas, or hardscapes (private and public walkways, roadways, parking lots, or structures). Such facilities shall include sprinklers and irrigation systems, faucets, toilets, water heaters, or any other fixture used in providing water service. Any leak shall be repaired as soon as possible and leaking systems shall not be turned on or restored to service until repairs have been completed. • Reduce watering time; tolerate some plant wilting. • Water use for ornamental ponds and fountains is prohibited. • Landscape, pasture, common areas, and street median irrigation shall be limited to a maximum of three days per week, when necessary. Customer shall not irrigate between the hours of 9:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. Applicable Customers

Irrigation Schedule

Street addresses ending with odd number

Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays

Street addresses ending with even number

Mondays, Wednesdays, and Friday

Common areas and street medians

Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays

City Actions • Provisions of the Drought Surcharge (Stage 2) may be implemented by the City. • Decrease system flushing frequency. • Implement water waste/use patrols.

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan Table 6-4: WSCP Actions to Reduce Customer Use - Stage 3 Up to 30% Supply Shortage Actions include regulations from preceding stages plus those listed below. When implemented as a whole program, these actions together are expected to eliminate up to a 30 percent gap between supplies and demands. Customers - Actions to Reduce Demand up to 30 Percent • Reduce total water use by 30%. Contact the City/Department for tips and techniques to reduce indoor and outdoor water use. • Automobiles or equipment shall be washed only at commercial establishments that use recycled water or reclaimed water. • Flushing of sewers or fire hydrants is prohibited except in case of an emergency and for essential operations. • Landscape, pasture, common areas, and street median irrigation shall be limited to a maximum of two days per week, when necessary. Customer shall not irrigate between the hours of 9:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. Applicable Customers

Irrigation Schedule

Street addresses ending with odd number

Tuesdays and Saturdays

Street addresses ending with even number

Mondays and Fridays

Common areas and street medians

Mondays and Fridays

City Actions • Provisions of the Drought Surcharge (Stage 3) may be implemented by the City. • No commitments will be made to provide service for new water service connections unless the City’s Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (WELO), found at: https://www.cityofvallejo.net/city_hall/departments___divisions/planning_and_development_service s/planning_division/water_efficient_landscape_ordinance___w_e_l_o_, is followed and the plans have been approved by the City building department. Any authorized landscape for new connections is subject to all restrictions set forth in applicable WSCP stage.

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan Table 6-5: WSCP Actions to Reduce Customer Use - Stage 4 Up to 40% Supply Shortage Actions include regulations from preceding stages plus those listed below. When implemented as a whole program, these actions together are expected to eliminate up to a 40 percent gap between supplies and demands. Customers - Actions to Reduce Demand up to 40 Percent • Reduce total water use by 40%. Contact the City/Department for tips and techniques to reduce indoor and outdoor water use. • Application of potable water to outdoor landscapes during and within 72 hours after measurable rainfall is prohibited. • Water shall not be used for cooling mists. • Landscape, pasture, common areas, and street median irrigation shall be limited to a maximum of one day per week, when necessary. Customer shall not irrigate between the hours of 9:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. Applicable Customers

Irrigation Schedule

Street addresses ending with odd number

Tuesdays

Street addresses ending with even number

Mondays

Common areas and street medians

Fridays

City Actions • Other actions as identified specific to the shortage condition.

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan Table 6-6: WSCP Actions to Reduce Customer Use - Stage 5 Up to 50% Supply Shortage Actions include regulations from preceding stages plus those listed below. When implemented as a whole program, these actions together are expected to eliminate up to a 50 percent gap between supplies and demands. Customers - Actions to Reduce Demand up to 50 Percent • Reduce total water use by 50%. Contact the City/Department for tips and techniques to reduce indoor and outdoor water use. • All Landscape and pasture irrigation is prohibited. City Actions • Determine feasibility of producing unused supplies (Lake Curry, Permit Water, Table A Carryover, etc.). • Increase water waste/use patrols.

Table 6-7: WSCP Actions to Reduce Customer Use - Stage 6 Greater Than >50% Supply Shortage Actions include regulations from preceding stages plus those listed below. When implemented as a whole program, these actions together are expected to eliminate gaps between supplies and demands. Customers - Actions to Reduce Demand greater than 50 Percent • Health and safety use of water only. City Actions • Other actions as identified specific to the shortage condition. • Activation of additional water service connections to the City will not be allowed. • Declare Water Shortage Emergency in accordance with Section 350 of Division 1, Chapter 3 Water Shortage Emergencies of the California Water Code.

6.4.2 Response Action Estimated The following table presents the individual estimated demand savings of each response action based on common industry ranges. Actual savings will likely vary greatly based on external influences, shortage stage level, and general customer understanding of drought severity. It is assumed the savings estimates are not additive, but when implemented together as a program with all the actions in each respective stage, they will assist in eliminating an identified supply to demand shortage gap.

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan Table 6-8: Shortage Response Action Measures Estimates Stage

Shortage Response Action

Customer – Asked to reduce total water use by 10%. Customer – No hose washing of sidewalks, walkways, driveways, parking areas, patios, porches or verandas, except flammable or other similarly dangerous substances may be washed from said areas by direct hose flushing for the benefit of public health and safety. Customer – Prohibited from irrigating between 9:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. Customer - Any use of water from a fire hydrant, except for fire protection purposes, is prohibited unless authorized by the City. Customer – Use of water for construction purposes such as consolidation of backfill, unless no other source of water or method can be used, is prohibited. Customer – Water efficient plumbing fixtures, water efficient appliances, and high efficiency irrigation techniques, such as drip irrigation, are encouraged. Customer – Mow less frequently allowing grass to grow longer, inducing hydration. Customer – Check the soil moisture in the root zone to determine when irrigation is required. City – Leak repairs receives higher priority. City – Increase drought awareness through additional public outreach measures that notify public and customers for declared stage, requirements, and available conservation program support. City – Maintain a water conservation hotline. City – Provide free water conservation kits to customers. City – Accelerate infrastructure repairs to increase overall system efficiency City – Provisions of the Drought Surcharge (Stage 1) may be enacted. City – Increased monitoring of customer use. City – Accelerate infrastructure repairs and improvements that increase overall system efficiency. Customer – Reduce total water use by 20%. Customer – No customer shall permit water to leak from any facility on their premises. Any leak shall be repaired as soon as possible and leaking systems shall not be turned on or restored to service until repairs have been completed. Customer – Reduce watering time; tolerate some plant wilting. Customer – Water use for ornamental ponds and fountains is prohibited. Customer – Landscape irrigation restricted to three times per week upon schedule outlined in WSCP Stage 2. City – Provisions of the Drought Surcharge (Stage 2) may be enacted. City – Decrease system flushing frequency. City – Implement water waste/use patrols. Customer – Reduce total water use by 30%. Customer – Automobiles or equipment shall be washed only at commercial establishments that use recycled water or reclaimed water. Customers – Flushing of sewers or fire hydrants is prohibited except in case of an emergency and for essential operations. Customer – Landscape irrigation restricted to two times per week upon schedule outlined in WSCP Stage 3. City – Provisions of the Drought Surcharge (Stage 3) may be enacted.

1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 2 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 3 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+

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Potential Shortage Gap Reduction up to 10% 0 – 1% 1 – 3% 1 – 2% 0 – 2% 0 – 2% 1 – 3% 0 – 1% 0 – 3% 3 – 5% 0 – 1% 0 – 3% 0 – 5% 1 – 3% 0 – 3% 0 – 5% up to 20% 0 – 3% 1 – 4% 0 – 2% 3 – 8% 2 – 4% 0 – 3% 0 – 2% up to 30% 0 – 1% 0 – 2% 4 – 9% 3 – 5%

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan Stage

3+ 4 4+ 4+ 4+ 5 5+ 5+ 5+ 6 6+ 6+ 6+

Shortage Response Action City – No commitments will be made to provide service for new water service connections unless the City’s WELO is followed and the plans have been approved by the appropriate building department(s). Customer – Reduce total water use by 40% Customer – Application of potable water to outdoor landscapes during and within 72 hours after measurable rainfall is prohibited. Customer – Water shall not be used for cooling mists. Customer – Landscape irrigation restricted to once per week upon schedule outlined in WSCP Stage 4. Customers – Reduce total water use by 50%. Customer – All landscape and pasture irrigation is prohibited. City – Determine feasibility of producing unused supplies. City – Increase water waste/use patrols. Customer – Health and safety use of water only. City – Other actions as identified specific to water shortage condition. City – Activation of additional water service connections to the City will not be allowed. City – Declare Water Shortage Emergency in accordance with Section 350 of Division 1, Chapter 3 Water Shortage Emergencies of the California Water Code.

Potential Shortage Gap Reduction 3-6% Up to 40% 1 – 4% 0 – 1% 10 – 20% Up to 50% 20 – 30% varies 0 – 3% >50% Varies 0 – 4% varies

6.4.3 Seismic Risk Assessment and Mitigation Plan In 2020, the City conducted a Risk and Resilience Assessment for its water system. The Risk and Resilience Assessment identified hazards and risks that may have the potential to impact the City’s ability to deliver water to its customers. The Risk Assessment included evaluations from Solano County’s Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, and identified and evaluated the potential for seismic risk to the City.

6.5 Communication Protocols Communication protocols for the WSCP include public outreach and notification to entities within the City’s Service Areas upon a change in stage declaration. Information shall include the appropriate shortage response actions for the declared stage. Such communication will be delivered by direct-mail or email, City web-site, and media outlets. Other regional agencies and suppliers, including Solano County Water Agency (SCWA), cities of Benicia and American Canyon, and Travis Air Force Base will be notified of the identified shortage. The City will also coordinate with the cities of American Canyon and Benicia, Napa and Solano counties, and Travis Air Force Base, to declare a local emergency with respect to anticipated water supplies and demands in the event conditions necessitate.

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan

6.6 Compliance and Enforcement Enforcement measures under Normal Water Supply are pursuant to Section 11.54.060 (Enforcement and Penalties) of the Vallejo Municipal Code (VMC), while enforcement measures under the six water shortage stages in the WSCP are pursuant to Chapter 1.15, Administrative Citations, VMC. A. For a first violation, the customer shall receive a notice of violation. B. For a second violation, the customer shall receive an administrative citation with a fine of two hundred dollars. C. For a third violation, the customer shall receive an administrative citation with a fine of five hundred dollars. D. Administrative citations shall be issued pursuant to Chapter 1.15 (Administrative Citations). Any party may contest a violation of this WSCP pursuant to the City’s Municipal Code 1.15.90 (Hearing request). A. Any responsible person receiving an administrative citation may contest that there was a violation pursuant to this chapter [Administrative Citations] or that he or she is the responsible person and may request a hearing as follows: 1. A request for hearing form shall be obtained from the department specified on the administrative citation. The form shall include a section permitting a brief statement outlining the responsible person's basis for contesting the citation and for the provision of an address at which notice of any additional proceeding, correspondence or the decision of the hearing officer may be received. This request shall be filed with the director of such department within fifteen days of the effective date of the citation together with an advance fine deposit or a request for an advance fine deposit waiver pursuant to Section 1.15.100. 2. Only after a completed request for hearing form has been filed with the director, and the responsible person has submitted the advance fine deposit or has obtained an advance fine deposit waiver shall the director set the date, time and place for the hearing. The hearing shall be set for a date not less than fifteen days nor more than sixty days after the director received the request and the advance fine deposit or an approved waiver. 3. The responsible person requesting the hearing shall be notified by first class mail and certified mail, return receipt requested, of the time and place set for the hearing at least ten days prior to the date of the hearing. The notice shall be sent to the address provided on the request for hearing form by the responsible person requesting the hearing. Service shall become effective on the date of first class mailing. Failure of the responsible person requesting the hearing to receive such notice shall not affect the validity of any proceedings taken. 4. The responsible person requesting the hearing or the director may request one continuance, but in no event may the hearing be continued more than thirty days after the date of the originally scheduled hearing unless the hearing officer finds circumstances warrant a longer continuance not to exceed ninety days after the date of the originally scheduled hearing.

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan 5. Any documentation, other than the administrative citation, which the director submits to the hearing officer shall be served on the responsible person, at the address provided on the request hearing form, at least three days before the hearing. 6. After the advance fine has been paid, the remaining fifty percent of the fine shall be paid to the director by the date of the hearing. B. The failure of any responsible person to file a request for hearing in accordance with the provisions of this section shall be deemed to have waived his or her right to an administrative hearing.

6.7 Legal Authorities The City was incorporated on March 30, 1868. As a public entity, the City is authorized to “adopt and enforce a water conservation program to reduce the quantity of water used by those persons for the purpose of conserving the water supplies of the public entity” (CWC §375). For the ordinance or resolution regarding the adoption of a conservation plan, the ordinance/resolution is made effective upon adoption (CWC §376). Further, the CWC grants powers to the City in Article XI, Section 7 of the California Constitution where it states, “A county or city may make and enforce within its limits all local police, sanitary and other ordinances and regulations not in conflict with general laws.” The aforementioned powers derived from the City’s organizing and power granting statutes are in addition to general powers granted to water distributors in CWC §§350-359. CWC §350 authorizes the governing body of a distributor of a public water supply to declare a water shortage emergency whenever it finds and determines that the ordinary demands and requirements of water consumers cannot be satisfied without depleting the water supply of the distributor to the extent there would be insufficient water for human consumption, sanitation, and fire protection. Upon a finding of such an emergency condition, the distributor can adopt such regulations and restrictions on the delivery and consumption of water as will conserve the water supply for the greatest public benefit, with particular regard to domestic use, sanitation, and fire protection (CWC §353). The regulations and restrictions remain in force and effect until the supply of water available for distribution within such area has been replenished or augmented, and restrictions may include the right to deny new service connections and discontinue service for willful violations (CWC §355 and §356). The City will also coordinate with the City of Benicia, City of American Canyon, Travis Air Force Base, and Napa County and Solano County for the possible proclamation of a “local emergency” under California Government Code, California Emergency Services Act (Article 2, Section 8558).

6.8 Financial Consequences of WSCP The City understands the potential for decreased revenues and increased costs during prolonged water shortage conditions. The decreased revenues can be expected due to a reduction in water sales. FY 2019-2020 retail volumetric sales were approximately 61 percent of total operating revenue in the City and Lakes systems. Assuming a reduction in sales commensurate with the particular WSCP stage declaration, a decrease in total City and Lakes operating system revenues in the range of 6 – 30 percent may be expected, in the absence of a drought surcharge.

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan Additional monitoring, public outreach, and enforcement is expected to increase total costs to the City in declaring a water shortage. These additional efforts are prioritized for current staff, and other normal work efforts and projects are delayed or reassigned. If conditions warrant, the City will seek the assistance through additional staffing and/or third-party service providers. These costs depend on the level of support and will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

6.8.1 Water Fund Financial Monitoring The City maintains seven separate funds for the water system, known collectively as the Water Enterprise Fund for purposes including water efficiency projects, drought response, rate stabilization, and water loss programs. The collective unencumbered, fund balance constitutes an available operating reserve which can be drawn upon, as needed, in accordance with the City’s budget processes. More specifically, the Rate Stabilization Fund, with $2.5 million available as of June 30, 2020, is available to augment the operating budget during a period of revenue shortfall to meet bond requirements for debt service coverage ratios. Budget allocations are approved annually by the City Council. The City’s Water Conservation Program’s annual funding can be increased to expand water efficiency and drought response programs. The City operates its own programs and participates and cost shares in regional programs administered by the Solano County Water Agency. In addition to the Water Fund, the City may enact a range of management and financial resources depending on the specific situation that include: Drought Surcharge Capital project deferment Operational and maintenance expense deferment Increased revenues from penalties And others as identified As the Water Fund offers a mechanism for the City to maintain financial stability during shortage conditions, monitoring of the Water Fund is critical to the City’s ability to assess financial impacts brought on by such shortage conditions. For Normal Supply Conditions, water revenue figures will be provided quarterly for review by department and division heads. The Water Director will be provided with monthly reports to ensure adequate revenue is being collected to meet existing and projected budgeted needs. During Stage 1 (10 percent supply shortage) through Stage 4 (40 percent supply shortage, water revenue figures will be provided monthly for review by department and division heads. The Water Director will be provided monthly reports to ensure adequate revenue is being collected to meet existing and projected budgeted needs. If revenues are projected to be inadequate, recommendations will be presented to the City Manager for corrective actions to be taken. Such actions may include increases or decreases in the service charge and/or the consumption charge, including implementation of a Drought

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan Water Surcharge (Section 11.48.056 VMC) to ensure adequate funds are collected to maintain the financial stability of the water fund. During Stage 5 (50 percent supply shortage) and Stage 6 (>50 percent supply shortage), water revenue figures will be provided monthly/bi-weekly for review by department and division heads The Water Director will be provided monthly/bi-weekly reports to ensure adequate revenue is being collected to meet existing and projected budgeted needs. If revenues are projected to be inadequate, recommendations will be presented to the City Manager for corrective actions to be taken. Such actions may include increases or decreases in the service charge and/or the consumption charge, including implementation of a Drought Water Surcharge (Section 11.48.056 VMC) to ensure adequate funds are collected to maintain the financial stability of the water fund.

6.9 Monitoring and Reporting In addition to the plant production data, the City anticipates the ability to monitor customer use through real-time metering in the near future after the automatic meter infrastructure (AMI) program is implemented. Data collected from the real-time meters will allow tracking of water demands during a declared shortage stage. The ability to track performance metrics allows refinement and enhancement of the WSCP by providing valuable data, including information on customer use and system loss. The real-time monitoring offers insight on the efficacy of a declared shortage stage and associated shortage response actions. Reporting on the implementation of the WSCP is conducted by the Water Director. Specifically, at regularly scheduled City Council meetings, City staff may update the City Council with information on the performance of the declared shortage stage. The City will report on the implementation of this WSCP as specifically required by the State.

6.10 Re-evaluation and Improvement Procedures The City’s WSCP is an adaptive plan that allows for active refinement to particular shortage conditions. The general procedures for refinement are presented below. For each shortage response action, compare expected results with actual shortage response and identify any shortfall or over achievement. Revise expected reduction for a specific shortage response action based on updated information. Assess the aggregate expected reductions (from revised shortage response actions) for each shortage stage. Revise stage declaration or modify stage shortage response actions to balance demands with supplies. The procedures presented above will be relied upon during all shortage stage declarations, ensuring an adaptive WSCP, capable of being relied upon under various circumstances, is produced.

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Chapter 6 - Water Shortage Contingency Plan

6.11 Plan Adoption, Submittal, and Availability The WSCP (including subsequent updates) shall be adopted in accordance with standard City procedures, including requirements for public participation (public hearing), and approval by City Council. Upon adoption, the WSCP will be submitted to DWR no later than 30 days after and made available on the City’s website. The City adopted its UWMP and WSCP by a resolution. The Resolution authorizes the implementation and enforcement of this WSCP, which is included in the 2020 UWMP.

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