Is This the Place? Bringing Green Burial to Shelburne, MA by The Conway School

Is This the Place? Bringing Green Burial to Shelburne, MA

By Dana Maple Feene y, Ellen Huffman, & Brad y Powe ll

F or Joy c e L andau & G raham L aw e s of S helburne, M as s ac hus etts Spring 2020

CONTENTS INTRODUC TIO N 1.

The Family & Project

2 .

Regional Context & Existing Conditions

What is Green Burial?

ANALYSIS 4.

Zoning & Legal Guidelines

Ecology & Wildlife

Vegetation

Circulation | Privacy & Use

Views & Noise | Sun & Wind

Soil Criteria

10.

Slopes & Drainage

11.

Character Zones

12 .

Summary

Sleeping in a Forest by Mary Oliver I thought the earth remembered me, she took me back so tenderly, arranging her dark skirts, her pockets full of lichens and seeds. I slept as never before, a stone on the river bed, nothing between me and the white fire of the stars but my thoughts, and they floated light as moths among the branches of the perfect trees. All night I heard the small kingdoms breathing around me, the insects, and the birds who do their work in the darkness.

DESIG N ALTERNATIVES 13.

Community Burial Ground

14.

Family Burial Ground

15.

Memorial & Wildlife Sanctuary

All night I rose and fell, as if in water, grappling with a luminous doom. By morning I had vanished at least a dozen times into something better.

FINAL DESIG N 16.

Final Design | “The Earth Remembered Me”

17.

South Meadow

20. Forest Trail 23. North Meadow 25. Plant Palette 26. Precedents 27. Next Steps | Conservation & Management 28. Cost Estimate | Works Cited

NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

IN T R O D U C T IO N | THE FAMILY & PROJEC T

DOES GREEN BURIAL FIT INTO FAMILY LAND? Joyce, Graham, and their two children moved to this 89-acre property in Shelburne, Massachusetts, about five years ago. The existing home, barn, and fragments of stone walls in the woods were left over from past owners who had farmed the land. The family converted the barn into an office and yoga studio where they see private clients. Shortly after moving in, Joyceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mother passed away and the experience that she had with the funeral process was not one that she would want her own children to go through. After discussing creating a green burial plot on their land for the family, they decided to explore the possibility of opening the land to the community for green burial. Because there are currently few places regionally that offer green burial (see Sheet 2), the family feels sharing their land for this purpose would be an especially meaningful contribution to the community.

are accessible to vehicles from the road. Inviting more people to the site would require enhancing circulation and accessibility and taking measures to protect fragile areas such as the beaver pond. This document attempts to balance the goals of conserving the land, preserving privacy for the family and their clients, and accommodating large numbers of people and smaller groups of visitors for green burial.

This document investigates how green burial could be possible on this land, and presents a design compatible with the familyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vision that also meets legal requirements. Before welcoming a greater human community to the land for green burial, it is important to consider the abundant natural community that already shares this land with the family. To name a few, the family has spotted over a hundred bird species on site; there is a large beaver pond and wetland with serene seating areas on banks peppered with wild flowers; and trails throughout the property offer a glimpse of the many corners of the woods abundant with forage and shelter for a diverse array of wildlife. The family would like to continue to steward the land in a way that protects the wildlife and integrity of the land as they convert part of it to a green burial. Although the family allows some neighbors to access trails throughout the woods, the family would like to maintain privacy for themselves and easy access to their home. Although the property is fairly large, only a few acres on the eastern portion

ABOVE: A birds-eye-view of the property in fall; in the center are the two beaver ponds, and to the right are the house and barn that the family converted into a yoga studio and home office. Photo: Courtesy of Joyce Landau RIGHT: Graham walks through the meadow, which is covered with wildflowers. sedges, grasses, birds, and insects. During nesting season (early spring-fall) such a meadow provides valuable habitat to ground nesting birds and turtles. NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

IN T R O D U C T IO N | REG IONAL C ONTE X T & E XISTING C ONDITIONS REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY The study site is located in Franklin County in western Massachusetts. Colrain Shelburne Road is a busy thoroughfare linking Route 2 to Vermont, and the site is only minutes away from Greenfield, Massachusetts, and Interstate 91. Therefore, though the site is very rural, it is within a 45 minute drive of several more densely settled cities and towns in western Massachusetts and southern Vermont. Despite its proximity to the towns of Greenfield, Shelburne, and Colrain, and its location on a main road, the site feels remote, set among wooded and hilly lots. Surrounding properties are mostly privately owned, many permanently protected by an Agricultural Preservation Restriction (APR), which limits development. Apex Orchards, a large apple orchard, is located across the road, and directly to the north lie three lots containing buildings used by the Vipassana Meditation Center. These surrounding properties already direct traffic to the area and it is not likely that significant increase in traffic would occur with the addition of a small burial ground. However, these properties also help preserve the rural character and the feeling of quiet and peace nearby.

240 COLRAIN SHELBURNE ROAD

Beaver Pond Meadow Barn

Current Entrance

House Newly Purchased Parcel

The site is a 89-acre residential parcel with a 6-acre beaver pond, a 77-acre mixed deciduous and evergreen forest, and a 6-acre meadow. An 870-foot gravel driveway leads visitors from the busy Colrain Shelburne Road up through the meadow and towards the house and barn. There are a total of four structures on the property. Two sheds and two large equipment pavilions provide storage space for wood and tools. The house stands on a tall hill overlooking the beaver pond. The barn is used as a workshop, office, and yoga studio with parking just outside. Trails run through the forest around the beaver pond. 85.5 acres of the forest is conserved under Chapter 61. The forest cover extends into the neighboring southern parcel. The parcel to the north of the meadow is zoned for residential use, though the house there is currently uninhabited.

MEADOW The gravel driveway divides the meadow into northern and southern halves. A gradual slope peaks towards the western edge and high points with exposed boulders are dispersed throughout. A variety of fruit trees, raspberry bushes, and other shrubs are planted across the meadow. A wetland lines both sides of the driveway and is partially covered by forest. The eastern edge of the meadow slopes steeply down to Colrain Shelburne Road. An electrical line runs underground along the northern edge of the driveway. A septic system sits just south of the house. A well is located ten feet west of the converted barn.

NEW PARCEL An abandoned parcel in the southeast corner was recently purchased by the family. Though no structures currently stand within the parcel, a graded gravel path and exposed earth are evidence of a previous driveway and home. A gravel path curves steeply up from Colrain Shelburne Road.

WHICH AREA IS MOST SUITABLE FOR BURIAL? The analyses that follow will investigate the entire parcel to determine which areas are most suitable for green burial by evaluating the vegetation and wildlife, state and local regulations, and the soil, slope, and drainage criteria required for burial.

RIGHT: A pearlescent sunrise over distant mountains viewed from the meadow. LEFT: Sunflowers face east in the meadow. NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

WHAT IS GREEN BURIAL? Although green burial is not a new practice, and has many different forms, the term describes a set of practices that are increasingly popular in the US and other countries. What is today known as green burial is a compilation of practices from cultures around the world and throughout time (Coutts et al).

of the environment, transitioning into a new phase of life. It is popular for people who have green burials to choose a tree to be planted at their grave. While conventional cemeteries hold valuable space for mourning and celebrating the lives of those past, it is critical in this era of a changing climate to re-evaluate every aspect of land use, including rethinking how we design burial grounds, and redesigning these spaces so they help heal the earth as well as help us heal from loss. Mt. Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, MA is one example of a cemetery that has begun planting native plants over traditional burial sites.

Conventional burial practices in the US are not only detrimental to the environment (Coutts et al. 1) but are also largely impersonal, expensive, and perpetuate a culture of discomfort that may make it difficult for some to emotionally process death. Green burial offers those grieving a more personal experience, and is less harmful to the environment. Green burial has many forms but generally it does not involve the use of toxic embalming fluids, treated wood caskets, concrete vaults, or heavy machinery for digging. Instead, green burial uses only non-toxic fluids or oils to treat the body, the dead are wrapped in a shroud or placed in an untreated wood or woven casket that will bio-degrade easily, plots may be dug by hand, and family and friends may participate in the burial process (The Green Burial Council: Cemetery Certification Standards). The Green Burial Council has created a set of guidelines for three types of green burial. Hybrid burial includes green burial practices but takes place within a conventional cemetery and may not include ecological assessment; natural burial requires an ecological assessment of the land and burial practices that do not disrupt the land; and conservation burial is natural burial that takes place in land set aside for conservation. In natural and conservation burial the number of graves per acre is limited to minimize disturbance on the land and natural communities. Whereas conventional cemeteries are typically covered in lawns, with few native plants, and carbon-intensive mowing, green burial grounds generally aim to preserve or restore native plant communities. Instead of being preserved, the body becomes part

Left: Conventional “lawn park” cemeteries are seeded with a mono-crop of grass. This one shows signs of soil erosion.. (Photo credit Arlington National Cemetery) Right: Carolina Memorial Sanctuary is one example of many green cemeteries throughout the country. As opposed to a conventional lawn-park cemetery native plant communities and wildlife habitat are protected. Instead of razing the landscape for burial, green burial can foster a thriving and beautiful natural oasis. (Photo credit Carolina Memorial Sanctuary)

CONVENTIONAL BURIAL

GREEN BURIAL

Wildlife habitat is less disturbed because digging is done by hand and no harmful sub stances are put in the land scape . G raves are marked with a head stone from a quarry

The bod y is placed in a wood caske t, which is treated with finish, or a stee l caske t, which often has stee l fittings. These com ponents are incredibly resource intensive to produce

In place of a head stone , a natural stone that fits the land scape or G PS marker (a me tal pin with the latitude and longitude of the grave) are used to identify the grave site .

At the burial friend s and fam ily can place flowers or evergreen branches in and around the grave .

3 ’-0 ’

4 ’-0 ’

A capped concre te vault some times surround s the bod y, which prevents biodegradation. C oncre te produc tion em its vast quantities of pollutants into the atmo sphere .

Bodies are em balmed with harmful chem icals then placed in a stee l or treated caske t. C hem icals and heavy me tals can leach into the earth. Em balm ing fluid s are harmful to funeral home workers. Em balm ing is a pure ly aesthe tic prac tice . (Roberts e t al)

NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

3’-4’ (on frost line to prevent shifting)

Bodies are placed in a bio degradable caske t, such as wicker or untreated wood , or are wrapped in a shroud .

G raves do not need to be as big , so the earth is less disturbed from digging 6’

ABOVE: GRAPHIC ADAPTED FROM THE ORIGINAL BY STEPHEN J. BEARD/ THE STAR

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

Nutrients from the bod y are broken down by decom po sers (bac teria and fungi) and re introduced to the nutrient c ycle

A NA LYS IS | ZONING & LEG AL G UIDELINES STATE LAWS, REGULATIONS, & GUIDELINES There is no Massachusetts law directly governing green burials and no state standards for green burial. In general, cemeteries are governed by Massachusetts General Law 114, particularly sections 1, 34, and 35. Section 1 requires that cemeteries must be formed as non-profit corporations by five or more individuals. Section 34 requires an individual desiring to establish a cemetery to obtain a permit from the local board of health. Section 35 states that no land used for human burial may be located such that water draining from the burial area will drain into water used as a public water supply. The state has published the following additional guidelines for towns receiving applications for green burials. These are not official regulations, laws, or requirements as of the time of this writing: • Evaluate local regulations and bylaws, as they may be more strict than state guidelines • Include state burial regulations (e.g, Section 35, above) • Require a site plan submission from the land owner that includes the proposed burial ground, property boundaries, setbacks, wetlands, and location of any public water supplies • Perform a geologic evaluation to assess estimated seasonal high groundwater level, soil description to four feet, depth to bedrock, flood zone locations, and slope • Consider cases of serious pathogenic diseases • Define locations of and setbacks from private wells • Define the maximum burial plot density • Consider provisions for variances in extenuating circumstances. DECOMPOSITION & WATER BODIES

Soil and water quality in groundwater and nearby surficial water bodies can be affected by the leaching of toxic substances used in conventional burial (e.g. formaldehyde, heavy metals in coffins, etc.). While green burial grounds pose a much lower potential risk of contamination, pathogenic contamination of soil and water is possible if the graves are too close to homes, wells, or surficial drinking water sources. The state recommends that the base of the graves be at least three feet above the limiting factor (i.e. water table or bedrock) to allow proper decomposition, and in a slope of no more than 33% in order to prevent the soil from eroding away from the body. The body should be covered by at least three feet of soil. Additionally, within a 750 foot setback from all wells, grave density should be limited to less than 50 per acre, and graves should be at least 300 feet from the well. Cemeteries located more than 750 feet away from any well may contain more than 50 graves per acre (Mass. Dept. of Public Health). WETLAND REGULATIONS

All site plans for new cemeteries in Massachusetts must be reviewed by the local Conservation Commission to ensure they are not violating setback regulations. Any new construction or removal of soil that takes place within a 100 buffer around any regulated wetland or within 200 feet of a river or stream front must be approved by the local Conservation Commission. State guidelines recommended that burial grounds be located at least 200 feet away from all wetlands, not only rivers, in order to assure rapid decomposition of the body and protect water quality.

LOCAL LAWS & REGULATIONS

ABOVE: A wetland sits next to the current driveway near Colrain Shelburne Road. Photo: Ellen Huffman BELOW: Salamander egg case. Salamanders are particularly sensitive to disturbances.

The Town of Shelburne has no laws directly governing green burial. The site is zoned as rural residential, a zoning district that does allow the creation of new cemeteries, pending approval by the Zoning Board and the Board of Health. New construction (e.g, of a parking lot or new buildings) must follow setback and other zoning requirements.

IMPLICATIONS Currently the site contains a private well located near the barn, now used as a studio, as well as a large wetland west of the house and two small wetlands in the meadow east of the house. Grave locations and density will be constrained by the buffers around the well and wetlands, as well as the property setbacks. Because virtually all of the eastern portion of the study site is within the 750-foot buffer around the well, any burial ground located here will be limited to fewer than 50 graves per acre. Given these legal restrictions, an estimated 200 graves total may be located within the 4 unrestricted acres. NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

A NA LYS IS | EC OLOG Y AND WILDLIFE Wildlife Corridor

Site Wetlands Rivers BioMap2 Core Habitat

437.5 875

1,750

2,625

Feet 3,500

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

The site is located within a large area of contiguous woodland (dark green on the map), between several large wetlands, and close to three large BioMap2 Core Habitat areas (see map on left). These areas, which are exemplary natural communites with diverse ecosystems, are critical for ensuring the long-term persistence of rare species. Because of its central location and the continuity of the woodland between these areas (shown by the dashed yellow arrow), the site may be serving as a wildlife corridor for species traveling between these wetlands or core habitat areas. Wildlife is abundant on the site, including birds, salamanders, frogs, snapping turtles and other turtle species, beavers, black bears, white-tailed deer, bobcats, red foxes, fisher cats, otters, and squirrels, among others. The north-east portion of the site includes land ranked as resilient by The Nature Conservancy (see map on right). Resilient areas contain many different micro—climates for a diversity of species, offering a potential buffer to the effects of climate change. Protecting the use of the site for wildlife, particularly in the resilient corridor, will be an important design consideration.

Black bear

Snapping turtle

Red salamander

Legend

Wood frog

Photo credit: Joyce Landau

Site Wetlands Rivers

Resilient & Connected Resilient Landscapes

437.5 875

1,750

2,625

Feet 3,500

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

100+ bird species identiﬁed on site

Legend

How will a green burial ground impact the birds? Chapter 61 Currently the site is enrolled in the Chapter 61 program, with a management plan that includes protection and improvement of bird habitat. Chapter 61 is a voluntary and temporary tax incentive for landowners in Massachusetts who are interested in protecting and improving the quality of forest on their land. A forest management plan, renewable every ten years, may include wildlife, aesthetic, and recreational goals in addition to timber management. If the landowner chooses to withdraw from the program and pursue a different use of the land, a penalty will be incurred; however, landowners may withdraw without penalty if the land use remains the same. Because the allowed uses of enrolled parcels are determined when the management plan is written, the site may need to be withdrawn from Chapter 61, or the plan modified, in order to allow a green burial ground to be established. However, if most of the woodland on site is minimally impacted, continued management of the timber may be possible, which would not incur a penalty.

The family is particularly interested in protecting the diversity of bird species that use the site, either year round or seasonally. Over a hundred species have been identified by the family on site, including many that may use the site for breeding. Increased human use and disturbance of the area may result in a decrease or loss of some of these species. Meadow species, in particular, may be sensitive to disturbances such as mowing and increased foot traffic, which may prevent them from nesting or using the meadow. Currently the meadow is mown once a year. If a green burial ground is created anywhere on this site, its creation and ongoing maintenance should attempt to minimize any disturbance and maintain as much habitat as possible.

Great Blue Heron

Barred Owl

Chestnut-sided Warbler

Photo credit: Wikimedia Commons NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

A NA LYS IS | VEG ETATION

C False Solomon’s Seal

Princess Pine

Christmas Fern

D Multiflora Rose

Much of the forest has a dense understory

Yellow Hawkweed

L J E

A I

D F G

Diverse vegetation surrounds the pond

Trees and dense shrubs block the meadow from the road

J Diverse flowers and grasses in the northern meadow

I South of the house the forest is less dense

The south meadow contains scattered trees and shrubs

Vegetation

Plant species seen on-site

Outside of the meadow, most of the lot consists of postagricultural forest, dominated by a canopy layer of white pines, hemlocks, oaks, and maples. The understory is composed primarily of beech and birch saplings, virburnum, and witch hazel, with a diverse herbaceous layer of fern and moss species and flowering plants. The meadow is composed of a mix of grasses and meadow flowers such as goldenrod. The beaver pond is surrounded by an extensive cattail wetland.

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

There are some invasive species on site, including multiflora rose, Oriental bittersweet, Russian olives, ailanthus, orange and yellow hawkweeds, and garlic mustard. These may have to be removed or managed to prevent their spread.

Implications For most of the site, burials may be limited by the challenges of dealing with tree roots. Cutting or damaging roots during grave digging may harm or even kill nearby trees. Increased nutrients in the soil from decomposing bodies has the potential to create shifts in vegetation near burials. A study performed in 2018 (Scelecz et al) showed that decomposing bodies caused significant increases in ammonium, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and nitrates in the first several months after the burial, and also caused a spike in pH, followed by a sudden drop. Plant species that are adapted to specific soil conditions may struggle to thrive with frequent shifts in soil nutrient levels. However, the diverse vegetation offers excellent wildlife habitat and may be valuable for conservation.

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Ailanthus (Ailanthus altissima) Apple (Malus spp) Bedstraw (Galium spp) Beech (Fagus grandifolia) Black birch (Betula nigra) Blackberry (Rubus spp) Bluet (Houstonia cyrulea) Bunchberry (Cornus canadensis) Canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense) Cattail (Typha spp) Cherry (Prunus avium) Chestnut (likely Castanea dentata x mollissima) Chickweed (Stellaria media) Christmas fern (Polystychum acrostichoides) Cinquefoil (Potentilla spp) Club moss (Lycopodiopsida spp) Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Duckweed (Lemnoideae spp) Elm (Ulmus spp) False solomon’s seal (Maianthemum racemosum) Goldenrod (Solidago spp) Hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula) Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) Honeysuckle (Lonicera spp) Maple-leaf virburnum (Virbunum acerifolium) Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) Moosewood (Acer pensylvanicum) Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis) Orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum) Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus) Ostrich fern (Matteuccia streutheopteris) Paper birch (Betula papyrifera) Partridgeberry (Mitchella repens) Pawpaw (Asmina triloba)

NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

G Staghorn Sumac

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Red maple (Acer rubrum) Plantain (Plantago spp) Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) Poplar (Populus spp) Princess pine (Lycopodium obscurum) Purple vetch (Vicia americana) Queen Anne’s lace (Daucus carota) Red clover (Trifolium pratense) Red oak (Quercus rubrum) Rhododendron (Rhododendron spp) Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) Sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis) Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) Sumac (Rhus typhina) Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) Water lily (Nymphaea odorata) White pine (Pinus strobus) Wild grape (Vitus spp) Wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca) Willow (Salix spp) Wintergreen (Gautheria procumbens) Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) Wood fern (Dryopteris spp.) Wood sorrel (Oxalis spp) Yellow hawkweed (Hieracium caespitosum)

Multiple unidentified species of grasses, lichens, fungus, and mosses. This is an incomplete list that includes a sampling of the total species present on site.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

A NA LYS IS | C IRC ULATIO N | PRIVAC Y & USE

CIRCULATION Walking trails through the woods

Gravel driveway to home and studio The road is busy, but as a major road, directly off Rte. 2, this makes the site easy to find for visitors The family home and yoga studio are situated east of the beaver pond. The family spends most of their time in this area, which was cleared out of the surrounding woods. They also spend time enjoying trails throughout the property, and walking to the beaver pond to enjoy the beautiful views. The trails are not paved or graded, and are mostly moderately sloped and moderately bumpy from roots. The family driveway goes from the east through the meadow to the home, and there is a second driveway on their newly acquired parcel in the southeast corner. The driveway sometimes serves as overflow parking for the yoga studio. Although there are no formal roads through the meadow, it is possible to drive

through with a car as long as the ground is firm and dry enough. There is no sidewalk along the road. The driveway to the new parcel leads to a flat area where a home once was, which is big enough for 10 cars. The western portion of the property is accessible by trails and now slightly overgrown roads that were built when the property was a farm but would now be difficult to drive on. The family does allow some neighbors to access the trails, but they are not built to accommodate many people, nor do they currently all meet ABA accessibility guidelines because they are slightly too steep, and not firm enough in some places.

PRIVACY & USE

Meadow is surrounded by forest, separating it from the road and the most private zone The family allows some neighbors to use the trails within the property

CAN PRIVATE PROPERTY WELCOME THE PUBLIC? The familyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main living space is the home and the area around it. Joyce works in the studio, where she sees private clients and teaches yoga classes. There are dense woods surrounding the home, interspersed with trails, but mostly serving as a quiet refuge for wildlife. The most special of the natural spaces on the property is the beaver pond which, but for a few of chairs on the banks where the family enjoys the views, is left to the beavers

NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

to decorate as they see fit. While hoping to share their land, the family does want to maintain a degree of privacy for themselves and clients who come to the yoga studio. The forest makes many area of the site feel removed and private. For example, the meadow is separated visually from the private zone by trees (slightly less so in winter without leaves). The trails do not cross through the private area, but some of them come very close to it.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

A NA LYS IS | VIEW & NO ISE | SUN & W IND

VIEWS & NOISE

Scenic viewpoint of the pond and wetlands

Trees along the road create privacy but permit a view to the east mountains across the street Colrain Shelburne road is noisy throughout the day from traffic DOES THE ROAD COMPROMISE PEACE IN THE MEADOW? One concern of the client is the consistent noise from traffic on busy Colrain Shelburne Road, which is audible from the house and eastward. There is a steep slope going up from the road, which is covered in trees, offering visual separation from the road and creating a sense that the cars are farther away that they are. There are some measures that would dampen the sound of the road, such as building a wall or creating a berm, but these interventions would be costly and alter the charming character of the property. It may be less intrusive to the natural, open feeling of the site to simply encourage the

tree growth on along the road to become more dense, adding to the feeling of separation. One consideration when increasing vegetation along the road is preserving the impressive views to the east. The trees along the eastern edge of the property create privacy while still permitting a view looking out from the meadow. The placement of vegetation, structures, and parking areas in the burial ground could also be such that the view is preserved. While there are impressive views overlooking the beaver pond from its bank, it is not visible from the rest of the site because of the dense woods, making it feel at once sheltered and open.

SUN & WIND Evergreen trees buffer winter winds

Meadow receives most sunlight

SUN, WIND, & SHELTER Most of the site is forested, which means much of the site is buffered from extreme winds and sun. Trees provide shade along paths, making them comfortable on hot days. Because of this deep shade, the possibility of planting in the forest is limited to shade-tolerant species. In contrast, the meadow is very open and receive nearly full sun in most seasons. In summer it could be quite hot, but on a calm

NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

winter day it can be comfortably warmer than the woods. Extra shade trees and benches could accommodate people walking through the meadow on hot days. These shade trees could be in areas not suited to burial (such as within the wetland buffer, or on a steep slope). In the winter months, the evergreen trees may buffer winter winds. It is unclear whether there will be burial in the winter when the ground is frozen (unless graves are dug ahead of time), but regardless, the burial ground would be open to the friends and family of the buried, so it is important to accommodate people in all seasons. BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

A NA LYS IS | SOIL C RITERIA SUITABLE SOIL CONDITIONS FOR GREEN BURIAL Decomposition is assisted by higher rates of aerobic activity in soil. Sandy loam provides moderately moist but well drained conditions that create a suitable environment for microbial life. Additionally, sandy loam soils tend to have higher pH levels, with is favorable for microbes that support decomposition. Decomposition rates also increase when bodies are buried closer to the surface where soil temperatures are warmer. When excavating graves, gravelly or cobbly soil is difficult to dig and increases the flow of nutrient runoff from decomposition, therefore soils with a smaller percentage of gravel and cobble are suitable for burial (University of Tennessee).

SANDY LOAM

FREETOWN MUCK

The following analyses will review soil conditions throughout the property to determine which area is most suitable for developing green burial grounds. SANDY LOAM

The USGS Soil Survey indicates that most of the soil on site ranges from fine sandy loam to coarse sandy loam, excluding soils in and around the beaver pond. Sandy loam typically features soil texture including approximately 60% sand, 10% clay, and 30% silt. Further testing is needed to determine the pH of the soil. ROCKINESS

Soils across the property are identified by the USGS Soil Survey as rocky to very rocky throughout, except for two areas, one in the northeastern corner and one on the southern border near the beaver pond. Bedrock or boulder outcrops are dispersed throughout the meadow and forest. Gravelly or cobbly soil may be present starting at least 4 inches below the topsoil, which suggests that there may be rapid drainage, limited microbial activity for decomposition, and difficulty digging. It is also possible that bedrock exists within 37 to 65 inches below the surface, which indicates that soil conditions may be too shallow for burial given the recommended 3-foot buffer between the base of a grave and bedrock (see diagram below). Soil pit tests conducted by Franklin County will determine specific areas that may or may not be suitable for burial based on the depth to limiting factors like bedrock or the water table.

NOT ROCKY

ROCKY TO VERY ROCKY

NATURAL GRAVE MARKER SUCH AS UNTREATED STONE PERSON BURIED IN SHROUD OR NATURAL COFFIN

GRAVES ARE DUG 3.5 TO 4 FEET DEEP MIN. 3 FEET FROM BASE OF GRAVE TO LIMITING FACTOR BEDROCK MAIN PATH 6’

PATH

TREE 2’

2’

4’

GRAVE 2’ 2’

4’

2’

EXCAVATION INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE GREEN BURIAL COUNCIL

“Conduct an inventory of plants and signs of animal use in the area. Carefully dig up native plants and transplant them to a nursery area until they are ready to be replanted

above the grave. If a grave is located near a tree, it may be possible to remove the top root mat layer intact, cut in rolls or squares, and carefully store it for reintegration when the final layer is reinstalled. It will not fit precisely because of the mound created, so be sure to install some edges adjacent to the existing root structure for better results as it knits itself back together over time. Lay a tarp on the ground beside the grave and create piles of soil separated according to its strata. The soil strata will be returned in the reverse order when the grave is covered. The piles of soil may be covered with greens or sheets to make the area more attractive to visitors. The grave must be at least 3.5 feet deep, 8 feet long, and 4 feet wide. The floor of the grave must be level to ensure the body lays flat and does not move during decomposition. A general rule is to dig as little as possible to accommodate the casket or shroud while still meeting the requirements for depth and width. The more soil removed, the more potential obstacles there are to overcome, and the greater the risk of the sides collapsing either naturally or due to a person’s weight. Wide boards may be placed around the outside edges, and covered with native greens if desired to prevent the sides from collapsing. Some soils may require that a plywood form be temporarily installed to keep the walls from crumbling, and can be removed once the body has been lowered. Winter snow burial is possible depending on frost levels and snow depth. The depth of frost may be reduced if snow comes before the ground freezes and then piles up to insulate, making it relatively easy to remove first the snow and then the frost layer. One method of opening the site is coal burning, where the grave is cleared of snow and half covered with the coals from a wood fire or briquettes. The coals are allowed to heat the ground, then moved to the other half while digging the thawed portion. This continues until the frost layer has been breached and loose soil is removed as usual. Other methods include digging the grave before the seasons change and the ground freezes or laying down a concrete curing blanket on the ground for several hours before digging.”

NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

A NA LYS IS | SLOPES & DRAINAG E SLOPES & DRAINAGE The property is hilly and has slopes above 15% throughout, particularly in the forest surrounding the beaver pond. These steep slopes direct water in sheets and streams towards the beaver pond. Water flows into the beaver pond from an unnamed brook in the north and from an unnamed brook in the west. Water settles in the beaver pond and is absorbed into the water table. Ultimately all water drains towards the Deerfield River and from there into the Connecticut River. The steep slopes and the presence of streams in some areas make much of the property unsuitable for burial. Steeper slopes increase the rate of erosion which increases the likelihood that bodies will become exposed. Additionally, if graves are placed within 200 feet of streams, high concentrations of nutrient runoff from decomposition could enter water systems. COLRAIN SHELBURNE ROAD

BEAVER POND

Compared to the forested areas in the western portion of the property, the meadow features slopes ranging from 2 to 10% with slower runoff traveling from a ridge on the western boundary of the meadow towards a wetland near Colrain Shelburne Road on the eastern boundary. Water flows from Colrain Shelburne Road into an unnamed brook in the north. Furthermore, the USGS Soil Survey suggests that the water table is likely more than 80 inches from the surface, which may mean that the water table is far enough below the surface for a burial site and the 3-foot buffer between the base of a grave and water table though, as discussed above, bedrock may be present as little as three feet below the surface. Soil percolation testing will verify which areas are suitable for burial by determining the rate that water drains from the soil and the distance to the water table.

OVERVIEW OF SOIL, SLOPES, & DRAINAGE ANALYSES Most of the property features sandy loam soil, which is a suitable for decomposition. However, the majority of the land is limited by gravelly or cobbly soil textures, steep slopes, and close proximities to wetlands and streams. These conditions indicate that most of the property is difficult to dig, prone to erosion, and prone to leeching nutrient runoff from decomposition. A closer investigation of the meadow revealed that its gradual slopes, light drainage sheets, and the depth of the water table make the area less prone to erosion and nutrient leeching. Although the meadow is still limited by rockiness of the soil, the depth to the bedrock, and its proximity to wetlands, it is the most suitable location for developing a burial ground. Soil pit and pH testing will identify the specific areas of the meadow that are most suitable for burial plots.

NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

A NA LYS IS | C HARAC TER ZONES

DE NS E W O O DL A N D

UPPER ME ADOW

Most of the lot, especially in the north and west, is thickly forested with dense undergrowth and rocky slopes. There are some trails through this area, which are also open to neighbors. Otherwise, this area is primarily undisturbed by humans since agricultural use was discontinued, and is used by numerous species of wildlife. This area is not suitable for burials and may be valuable to conserve.

The northern meadow is composed of grasses and meadow flowers, with some orchard trees. The top of the slope near the forest edge offers views of the mountains to the east. A row of stones marks the border with the lot to the north. This area offers excellent vistas and a peaceful feel; however, a visual buffer may need to be added on the north property line to block views from the neighbor’s house.

P R IVAT E ZO N E

LO W E R M E A D O W

Around the house and studio, the ground is primarily covered by lawn, a gravel driveway and parking lot, and flower gardens. The house sits on a knoll above a steep slope to the west, with expansive views of the pond and the wooded hills beyond. The private zone also includes several sheds used to store firewood or equipment, a secluded seating area downslope of the house at the edge of the beaver pond, and walking trails in the woods near the house. This area should be protected from public use.

South of the driveway the meadow is lower, with less of a vista and some road noise. However, the open space, dominated by meadow grasses and flowers as well as some trees, is secluded and sunny. Because the slope is gentle, existing mown trails could be made accessible with minimal grading and resurfacing, and easy access to sun and shade near the wood’s edge creates opportunities for gathering spaces suitable for use throughout the year.

O P E N W O O DL A N D

V IS UA L B U F F E R

South of the house the woods are open, with little understory and small clearings. The trees are of a similar age and widely spaced. Gradual slopes in the east become steep towards the pond to the west. This area may be suitable for graded walking trails and some forest burials due to its open nature. A vista of the pond could be included here while still preserving the family’s privacy.

A band of low trees and shrubs creates a visual buffer between the meadow and Colrain Shelburne Road along a steep bank. This area contains small wetlands. Increasing vegetation here, with a focus on dense evergreens and other shrubs, will help increase the visual buffering even farther while increasing diversity and wildlife habitat.

NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

A NA LYS IS | SUMMARY This ecologically diverse site offers potential for a range of experiences for visitors. Analyses suggest that the meadow is the most suitable location for a green burial ground. However, the meadow has some constraints, such as wet soils and legal requirements, that will shape design alternatives. Assets •

The meadow offers easy access from Colrain Shelburne Road, which links to major roads such as Route 2 and Interstate 91.

•

Because the meadow is flatter than most of the rest of the site, it is most likely to contain areas with a slope of less than 33%, which are suitable for graves.

•

Beautiful views of mountains to the northeast are visible from the north meadow.

•

The meadow is sunny and open, creating a pleasant environment for gatherings even on cold days.

•

Shady areas are available on the west, south, and east sides of the meadow.

•

Limiting burials to the meadow would preserve the wetland and most of the forest as wildlife habitat and minimize changes required to the Chapter 61 management plan.

•

Restricting the number of burials within the forest would also protect trees that may otherwise need to be removed or would be at risk of root damage from grave digging.

Constraints •

Wetland and well buffers cover almost the entire meadow, limiting the legally available space for graves to 2 acres.

•

Topsoil may be too shallow or too rocky for burial in some areas. Rocky soil may be challenging to dig, especially by hand, and shallow soil may not allow for the recommended three feet of soil between the body and the top of the bedrock or the water table.

•

Bands of slopes found on the meadow with grades of more than 33% are not suitable for burial, as erosion could cause the body to become exposed over time.

•

Seasonal water flow across the meadow may affect graves by causing bodies to shift or delaying decomposition.

•

Increased human presence in the meadow, as well as changes in maintenance, such as potentially more frequent mowing, may disturb species of plants or animals that rely on this habitat for breeding or foraging. Increased use could also impact the health of the wetland in the meadow.

•

Road noise from Colrain Shelburne Road may disrupt visitors’ experience.

Design Considerations The analyses suggest that a design may be able to meet the clients’ goals of establishing a green burial ground while conserving the ecological value of the site as much as possible. Additional considerations may also shape a green burial ground design. The family would like to create a space that is inclusive and welcoming to all faiths, while maintaining as natural an appearance as possible. Design alternatives, shown on the following sheets, will focus burials and human use in the meadow, while leaving most of the forest and wetland as undisturbed as possible and conforming to legal requirements. Designs will also attempt to create welcoming and meaningful spaces for visitors, both individuals and groups, while maintaining the privacy of the family. The final design takes into consideration the clients’ feedback on the design alternatives. Design details will address issues such as grave density, accessibility for foot and vehicle traffic, methods for digging graves, and the creation of sacred spaces that celebrate those who have passed.

NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

DE S IG N A LT E R NAT IV E I | C OMMUNIT Y BURIAL G RO UND

20 SPACES

OPEN-AIR SANCTUARY

A RESTING PLACE IN NATURE This community burial ground celebrates the beauty of the open meadow and seeks to place the maximum number of graves within four acres outside of wetland and well buffers in the northwest and southwest corners of the meadow. Approximately 50 burial sites may be sited within each acre for a total of 200. CIRCULATION

Fitting Tribute Funeral Services

PCCC

A two-way gravel driveway leads to a 20-car parking lot on the western boundary of the meadow. A small auxiliary parking lot increases ABA accessibility to the southern burial grounds. ABA accessible gravel paths meander through the burial grounds. Paths are lined with crushed gravel and are a minimum of 6 feet wide. Ceremonial carts may be used to transport the deceased to the grave site, which offers a special ritual for mourners as they prepare for burial in either the meadow or forest. GATHERING SPACE

The Cardinal’s Nest

PCCC

ADVANTAGES • Plenty of ABA accessible paths • Various settings for ceremony and ritual.

A wooden open air sanctuary provides space for ceremony and offers a panoramic view of the meadow. A vista point with a curved retaining wall frames views of mountains in the northeast. A small family plot in the northwest corner of the meadow offers private access from the residence. A memorial fountain masks road noise in the family plot.

• Honors the natural beauty of the current tall meadow.

VEGETATION

• Offers green burial to the greater community.

CONSIDERATIONS

The meadow grows tall and is mowed once per year. Evergreen shrubs and trees line the northern boundary of the meadow to buffer views of the neighboring parcel. Shrubs and trees wrap around the parking lot to offer a welcoming view as visitors drive up through the meadow.

• Soil conditions may limit total number of graves.

GRAVE MARKERS

• Wetland regulations limit location of graves.

Small brass discs labeled with the name, birth date, and death date of the deceased subtly mark the burial site with minimal disturbance to views of the meadow.

• Road noise may disrupt the tranquility of the meadow.

NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

DE S IG N A LT E R NAT IV E II | A FAMILY BURIAL G RO UND

AN INTIMATE FAMILY BURIAL GROUND The next alternative is a family burial ground. The Xâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s represent potential graves, of which there would be only about a dozen, far fewer than in the community burial scenario. The quiet beauty of the meadow is largely unchanged, but for a few plantings, paths that lead to the grave-sites, and a sitting area. Areas of the wildflower meadow are mowed annually (after nesting season) or less frequently to create a mosaic of different heights and types of growth. The paths are seeded with clover, which requires less mowing and once established would reduce the need to disturb the meadow habitat during the nesting season. Bird houses bring a sculptural element while marking the edge of the mown path. Grave sites are marked with natural stone, memorial fruit trees, or stone benches. Paths would be

open to friends and families visiting the graves. Wildflowers are seeded throughout the meadow, welcoming birds and pollinators. In a flat, elevated section of the meadow that already exists, a stone sculpture and bench create a place for gathering or reflection. This sculptural bench also provides a place for children to play and interact with the landscape. A few trees around the perimeter create a sense of enclosure, as well as shade. An advantage of having a family burial ground would be that there are far fewer managerial obligations, such as building and maintaining parking, book keeping, and establishing a nonprofit. It is less complicated legally to apply to create a family burial ground. There is also less concern about accommodating as many graves as possible in order to sustain the burial ground financially if it is just for family members. Without an official soil test and pit test, it is uncertain whether this property is actually suited to green burial. If the areas that are deep enough to dig graves are limited, the burial ground may not be able to sell enough plots to sustain itself as a community burial ground. NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

DE S IG N A LT E R NAT IV E III | MEMORIAL AND WILDLIFE SANC TUARY

A Memorial and Wildlife Sanctuary This design offers an alternative to establishing a traditional burial ground and instead creates spaces for urn burials, scattering of ashes, and memorial services.

Accessible parking and trails

A small amphitheater for memorials.

Benches provide resting places with scenic vistas.

Parking for 30 cars in the small lot to the southeast leads to an open air sanctuary and a welcome garden. Trails through the woodland south of the house and through the meadow are paved with crushed gravel, at least 6 feet wide, and graded to be accessible.

Gathering spaces and seating

A small amphitheater at the wood’s edge offers a space for memorial services. In the woods, smaller spaces create opportunities for group or individual reflection. In the meadow, benches offer a view over the trees of the distant mountains.

memorial options

An open air sanctuary leads visitors into the memorial ground.

Accessible forest trails lead to a view of the pond.

A curved retaining wall in the meadow (as seen below) contains niches for one to four urns. A path meanders to a memorial tree with a plaque that bears the names of those whose ashes have been scattered or buried elsewhere on site.

ADVANTAGES •

No regulations limiting burial of biodegradable urns or scattering of ashes.

•

Easier to dig a hole for an urn in rocky soil.

•

Gathering spaces could be used for memorial services or private reflection.

•

Meadow continues to provide habitat for birds and other wildlife.

CONSIDERATIONS •

Requires the use of cremation, an energy-intensive and polluting process.

•

Human ashes are high in minerals that may affect local ecosystems.

•

NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

F INA L DE S IG N | “THE EARTH REMEMBERED ME” The final design expands on the community burial alternative to include up to 200 graves in the meadow that are oriented along contour lines and located outside of wetland and well buffers, as well as walking trails to allow visitors to explore the property. This design maximizes the number of graves and creates access and parking for visitors while maintaining the family’s privacy as much as possible. The design focuses on preserving habitat for wildlife by attempting to minimize disturbances such as clearing, mowing, and access to the fragile wetlands areas.

Forest Trail: Walking Paths and Seating Areas A gently-sloped trail leads visitors past a gathering space at the edge of the woods through the trees south of the house. A set of stone steps links the two loops together. Small seating areas in the forest and on the bank of the pond offer opportunities for rest and reflection for individuals or small groups. The family’s privacy is protected with increased visual buffering in the forest.

North Meadow: Burial Ground and Additional Parking

DESIG N ELEMENTS South Meadow: Main Entrance and Burial Ground A parking lot with spaces for 16 cars, including two accessible spots, and welcome garden off the main entrance draw visitors into the burial ground. Grave sites (100 in total) are accessible via mown grass paths wide enough for a procession carrying a body. An open air sanctuary creates a space for memorial services.

A reconfigured driveway directs visitors to new parking lot in the north with eight spaces, including two accessible spaces. Gently-sloped paths , wide enough for a cart or burial procession, lead visitors to the 100 grave sites located in the meadow. A stone sitting circle surrounded by berry bushes and wildflowers allows visitors to enjoy the scenic vistas to the east.

North Meadow Sitting Circle & Garden Grave Sites and Paths

200’ Wetland Buffer

Tr e

300’ Well Buffer

100’ Wetland Buffer

Upper Parking Lot

Colrain-Shelburne Road

Wetland

Beaver Pond Reconfigured Driveway

Studio

Well

South Meadow 100’ Wetland Buffer

House

Sanctuary Parking Lot Grave Sites & Paths

Increased Understory to Enhance Visual Buffer Gathering Space

Welcome Garden Stone Steps

Upper Trail Loop with Seating Areas

Main Entrance

Lower Trail Loop Wetland Viewing Area

Forest Trail

NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

F INA L DE S IG N | SO UTH MEADOW Reconfigure

d Driveway

0’

ff e

Sanctuary

0’

Grave Sites and Paths

Gathering Space

Welcome Garden

Colrain Shelburne Road

ff e

Parking Lot

Main Entrance

CIRCULATION

Guests turn off of Colrain Shelburne Road into a driveway that winds through a three-tiered parking lot. 6-foot wide mown-grass paths lead up to an open-air sanctuary to welcome the bereaved and then through the burial ground to connect to burial plots. SANCTUARY

An open-air sanctuary with sail shades overhead offers space for large groups to gather and begin funeral rites for the deceased. A circular seating arrangement creates a sense of unity. VEGETATION

Existing meadow, shrub, and tree species are kept in place. Meadow seed mixes are added to the burial plot when the grave is re-covered.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

F INA L DE S IG N | SO UTH MEADOW ARRIVAL SEQUENCE 1. GRAVEL PAKING LOT

TIER 2

TIER 3

3. Dr

Colrain Shelburne Road

0’

ff e

100’ Buffer

Tier 1 features six spaces close to Colrain Shelburne Road. Guests walk up a series of thirty-three wooden steps and one hundred feet of gravel paths to reach the entrance of the burial ground. Tier 2 includes eight spaces shaded by a row of trees. Guests walk up the driveway to reach the entrance of the burial ground. Tier 3 includes two ADA-accessible spaces close to the entrance of the burial ground. A 6-foot wide gravel path leads from the parking spaces to the entrance. A pull-off allows guests to be dropped off near the entrance.

Off

St a i

Guests enter the burial ground through a gravel driveway circulating through a three-tiered parking lot totaling sixteen parking spaces.

2. CIRCULATION

1. TIER 1

Guests drive along a two-way driveway from the entrance to Tier 2 and drive on a one-way driveway through Tier 3. 3. WELCOME GARDEN

A woodland garden greets visitors as they enter the parking lot. Five hawthorn trees and a mixed understory of ferns and shrubs mimic the existing forest surrounding the parking lot.

SANCTUARY 100

1. SEATING & STAGING

’B uff er

Curved benches for up to 140 people face the deceased in the center of the sanctuary. Speakers address the bereaved from a podium that is moved aside when needed.

2. 1.

2. DECKING & SHADE SAILS

Wooden boards line the floor of the sanctuary and wooden posts secure white shade sails that cover guests from above. Permitting may need to be pursued with the Conservation Comission to build within the 100’ Wetland Buffer. 3. CIRCULATION & VIEWS

3. 4.

Guests travel with the deceased using a cart or a large sling along a 6-foot wide mown-grass path from the parking lot. A view of the northern meadow welcomes guests into the sanctuary as they find their seats. The procession walks north or south towards the burial plot. 4. VEGETATION

Currently established sumac trees enclose the sanctuary from the west and the southeast. Tall meadow frames the view of the northern field. Flowering shrubs line either side of the southern path to direct guests into the sanctuary.

“I SLEPT AS NE VER BEFORE , A STONE ON A RIVER BED, NOTHING BET WEEN ME AND THE WHITE FIRE OF THE STARS...” Sumacs and grasses cloak the m inimalist sanc tuary as a breeze wafts in the scent of the dam p meadow. The deceased rests for now under sail shades that float as cloud s above . The rich beauty of the meadow, with its soft layered tex tures of white and muted green, sanc tifies the funeral with profound sim plicity that only the natural world can achieve . Nothing lays be tween the deceased and the wondrous Earth to which they are re turning .

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

F INA L DE S IG N | SO UTH MEADOW BURIAL GROUND 1. GRAVES

100

’ Bu

One hundred graves are sited along contour lines outside of the 200-foot wetland buffer and measure 4’ x 8’ x 4’. There are at least four feet between graves as well as four feet betwen graves and paths (see Section AA below).

ff er

2. MAIN PATH

Six-foot wide, ABA-accessible mown-grass paths lead visitors from the parking lot to the sanctuary and around the burial ground to visit graves. Main paths are sited at least two feet away from trees and mown bi-weekly to ensure guests can locate visit graves consistently.

200’ B

3. AUXILLARY PATHS

uff er

Four-foot wide, mowed-grass paths lead visitors from the main path to each grave to enable guests to visit graves in more dispersed locations. Auxillary paths are sited at least two feet away from trees and mown bi-weekly to ensure guests can locate graves consistently.

A’ A

4. TRAIL

A four-foot wide, packed-earth woodland trail weaves through trees to offer reflective walking space and an additional connection from the parking lot to the burial grounds.

5. VEGETATION

Existing meadow, shrub, and tree species are kept in place. Meadow seed mixes are added to the burial plot when the grave is re-covered.

SECTION AA THE SO UTH MEADOW QUAKING ASPEN

SANCTUARY

APPLE

6’ MAIN PATH

2’

2’ 4’ 2’ 2’ 4’ 2’ PATH

GRAVE

6’ MAIN PATH

2’ 2’ 4’ 2’ 2’ 4’ 2’ 2’ 4’ 2’ GRAVE PATH

GRAVE

6’

2’ 2’ 4’ 2’

MAIN PATH

GRAVE

4’ 2’ 2’ 4’ 2’ PATH

GRAVE

6’

A’

MAIN PATH

“...BUT MY THOUGHTS, AND THEY FLOATED LIGHT AS MOTHS AMONG THE BRANC HES OF THE PERFECT TREES.” The gentle slope of the meadow hold s sumac and apple trees. A forest of maple , oak , and birch encom passes the burial ground , defining a stark contrast be tween the sunny fie ld and the dark wood s. G rassy paths wind around the meadow and through the forest as the bereaved move be tween light and dim spaces with thoughts of their loved ones. NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

F INA L DE S IG N DE TA IL | FOREST TRAIL A small gathering space with a stone bench, enclosed by quaking aspens, offers an open-air site for memorial services. Nearby, two weeping conifer trees mark the threshold to a forest trail, which winds through glades of ferns and woodland flowers, or between groves of

mountain laurel and witch hazel. Side paths lead to clearings designed for reflection and contemplation either for individuals or small groups, and a seating area with views south into the beaver pond. Stone steps curve down a steep slope, linking the two loops together.

Gathering Space A small seating area created by a low stone wall is enclosed by the shimmering leaves of four quaking aspen trees. Quaking aspens, a clonal species, will resprout easily if one trunk is damaged or must be removed. The low wall seats twenty people and is nestled under the edge of the forest behind, looking out and down over the southern meadow. Nearby, two weeping cypresses mark the threshold of the forest trail.

Left: Weeping cypresses form a gateway between the forest and the meadow. Right: A path of mown grass runs along a grove of aspens; a stone retaining wall serves as a bench for memorial services or other gatherings.

Increased understory to add visual buffer Increased understory to and add house visual buffer between trail between trail and house Spring Ephemeral Ephemeral Spring Garden Garden Gathering Space Solitary

Reflection Area Fern and Wildflower Fern Gladeand Wildflower Glade

Stone StoneSteps Steps Group Reflection Group Reflection Area Area Wetland Viewing Area

Reflection areas Two spur trails on the upper loop lead to small clearings designed for contemplation. The northern space is small and includes a single bench and a holy well, a water feature meant to invoke a feeling of sacredness. Azaleas add privacy as well as wildlife habitat. The southern space is large enough for four benches for group meditations or conversations. Nearby, an open glade of ferns and woodland flowers brightens the forest.

Left: A small space bordered by azaleas contains a single bench and a holy well. Right: A larger clearing, surrounded by a glade of ferns, has space for a group. Left: A holy well shaped of stone and blanketed with moss collects rainwater. Right: Carolina silverbells are covered in delicate bell-shaped flowers every spring

20 NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

F INA L DE S IG N DE TA IL | FOREST TRAIL Stone Staircase A steep slope divides the upper and lower trail loops. At the top of this slope, two curved stone benches offer a resting point for visitors continuing back to the meadow and serve as a threshold to the curved stone steps leading down to the lower loop. Steps are punctuated by wide landings to make the journey easier. From the benches, those looking east will see an open, sun-dappled glade of ferns and woodland flowers, planted to bloom from early spring into the end of summer. At the base of the steps, dense groves of maple-leaf viburnum and witch hazel draw visitors deeper into the forest.

Left: Benches mark the spur trail running down the slope to the lower loop. Above right: An open glade and stone benches invites rest and reflection. Below right: Wooden railings increase access on the stone steps for those with more limited mobility.

Increased understory to add visual buffer between trail and house Spring Ephemeral Garden Solitary Reflection Area

Gathering Space

Fern and Wildflower Glade

Stone Steps Group Reflection Area Wetland Viewing Area

Wetland Viewing Area At the tip of the lower loop a spur trail leads to a small flat space that holds two benches. Through the trees, a clear view of the southern end of the beaver pond is visible. Behind the benches, the addition of mountain laurel, which produces masses of white flowers in the spring, creates a sense of privacy and refuge for visitors.

Section Left: Witch hazels and a carpet of foamflowers direct walkers to a seating area with two benches near the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge. Right: From the benches visitors will see a clear view of the southern end of the beaver pond, including the active beaver lodge on the far bank. Photo: Ellen Huffman

21 NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

F INA L DE S IG N DE TA IL | FOREST TRAIL Preliminary Grading Plan The upper loop is graded to 5% or less. With a minimum width of four feet and a surface of crushed stone, this trail will be ABA accessible, allowing wheelchairs, strollers, and people with limited mobility to traverse this loop. Near the trailhead, a stone retaining wall acts as a bench for seating. Thirty-six stone steps allow visitors to access the lower loop down a steep slope of over 15% grade. Landings in between the steps are at least 5 feet long and recommended to be graded at a 2-5% slope to direct water off the trail.

Upper Loop

Lower Loop

The lower loop of the forest trail is built of packed earth, graded to 10% or less. Grade reversals and a cross-slope of 2-5% prevent water from running along the trail or pooling in flat areas. Any grading done within the 100foot wetland buffer will require a permit from the local Conservation Commission.

Above: Grade reversal, or a dip in the trail, shortens the length of water flow on the trail, helping prevent erosion. To be effective, grade reversals must have at least 4-6 inches of elevation change over 100 inches.

Right: Stone steps are graded to be 12” apart and 6” high. A wooden railing runs on the outside edge of each curve.

Construction Details CRUSHED STONE TRAIL

STONE STEPS WITH RAILING

DRY LAID STONE RETAINING WALL

TREE PLANTING SPECIFICATIONS

22 NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

F INA L DE S IG N | NORTH MEADOW

Berry bush and wild flower glade and winter garden

1 3 2

Stone sitting circle

200â&#x20AC;&#x2122; wetland

Burial area

buffer

Raspberries

Birch grove

100â&#x20AC;&#x2122; wetland buffer

8 Wetland

1. Fruit trees and bushes in the meadow provide flowers for pollinators and fruit for bird s and humans. These areas also do not need to be mown, reducing the amount of carbon em itted from maintenance . Fam ilies of the deceased may choo se to plant native trees over the graves. Because meadows require annual maintenance in this region which is naturally forested , creating an orchard may be an opportunity to transition away from mowing . 2 . In the burial area, there are 100 grave plots, all surrounded by fourfoot buffers. These buffers reduce the chance of an existing grave being disturbed by the digging of a new one . The paths are six fee t wide , which is wide enough for a group carrying a shroud or an cart carrying a bod y to move through. The buffers and paths all are wide enough to accom modate a m ini backhoe in case conditions are unsuitable for hand-digging a grave . 3. In the m iddle of the burial area there is a cluster of trees interspersed with low sculptural stone walls that may serve as benches. The stone walls allude to the agricultural history of the land scape which people may enjoy as a space for shaded reflec tion. or children may enjoy playing on. 4. A stone circle (made of stones from a fallen wall in the forest just be hind the tree line to the west) is a shaded gathering space . The stones are clo se enough that visitors may sit toge ther, and wide enough that people can take space for quie t reflec tion. The clearing around the circle is flat. Surrounding it is a glade of flowers and fragrant and flowering bushes. There are plants such as winterberry and red twig dogwood which remain colorful all winter. 5. Birch trees in a grove on the ed ge of the forest provide shade but do not block the view from the south meadow. With a low understory of ferns, NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

this area resem bles how many say the forests looked hundred s of years ago . The striking white trunks create contrast with the rest of the forest. These trees also create some visual separation be tween the burial area and parking lot. 6. The path connec ting the parking lot to the stone circle has m inimal slope , making it more accessible to mobility-im paired visitors. The winding nature of the paths allow the visitor to decide to go on an am bulatory journey, while their frequenc y also makes it easy to walk more direc tly to one destination. 7. Four-foot-tall stones stand on either side of the entrance to the meadow, creating a sense of entering a threshold into a sacred space . These stones at once are sculptural and fit into the natural land scape . 8. An auxiliary parking lot (the main lot is in the southeast corner) provides accessible spaces, hearse parking , and ve hicular access to the north meadow. While this parking lot is not large enough to accom modate more than seven cars, it does provide an alternative to parking along the fam ily driveway if a ve hicle does need to ge t clo se to the north meadow. 9. The fam ily driveway is slightly diverted from its original path, so that the natural tendenc y of visitors will be to drive to the parking lot and not the home . A sign at the turn off to the fam ily home will gently rem ind visitors that it is a private space . 10. A walking path be low the entrance to the fam ily driveway allows visitors to cro ss be tween the north and south meadow on foot. The path creates m inimal need to walk on the road and guides visitors away from the home .

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

F INA L DE S IG N | NORTH MEADOW

Stone wall

<<A ring of stones in the shade invites visitors to reflect on the beautiful landscape and within. Stones throughout the design are returned to the field from stone walls to which they were removed by farmers who cleared the land.

<<As visitors enter and exit the meadow, they pass a birch grove with tall, striking birches and a carpet of ferns. Within the grove are tall, sculptural pieces of rock. While large stones are a normal sight in cemeteries, here in the green burial ground they take on new meaning. Noticeable but still natural in appearance, these stones allude to both the ephemeral and lasting impact of humans on the natural landscape.

SECTION A-A THE NO RTH MEADOW

Forest

Meadow

Stone sitting circle

NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

Stone sitting circle

Sitting area & orchard

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

Burial area & paths

Forest

F INA L DE S IG N | PLANT PALET TE Plant Name Common Name

Size

Latin Name

→ Winter

(*indicates forest, otherwise for meadow)

OVERSTORY MIDSTORY OVERSTORYBB OVERSTORY fffff OVERSTORY UNDERSTORY OVERSTORY OVERSTORY

Notes

Pioneer

dicinal, prickly

Pollinator

Phase & Color

Benefits

Needs

Paper birch

Betula papyrifera

70-80′

Hawthorne

Crataegus coccinea

20-25' 20-25'

Quaking aspen

Populus tremuloides

25-55' 15-25'

Shagbark hickory

Carya ovata

70-90' 50-70'

Sassafras

Sassafras albidum

30-60 25-40'

Nootka cypress

Xanthocyparis nootkatensis "pendula"

20-35' 8-12'

Red Chokeberry

Aronia arbutifolia

6-10′

Sweet Pepperbush

Clethra alnifolia

6-10′

American elderberry

Sambucus canadensis

5-8'

Crab Apple

Malus "adirondak"

12-18' 6-10′

Beach Plum

Prunus maritima

3-18"

Spicebush

Lindera benzoin

6-12'

American Holly

Ilex opaca

12-30' 8-14'

Maple-leaf Virburnum*

Virburnum acerifolium

3-6'

3-5'

Mountain Laurel*

Kalmia latifolia

4-10'

4-8'

→ Bloom Time

→ Folliage→ Winter ⚈

⚈

O FACU

Pioneer

O FACU

Medicinal, prickly

MM, WD O FACU ⚈

⚈

O FACU

⚈

S, WM, F O FACW

⚈ ⚈

6-12' ⚈

⚈

⚈ ⚈

⚈

FAC+

Fragrant

D-W

FAC

Edible

UPL

Edible

Sandy

UPL

eastern morning sun

MM, WD O

FAC need M&F for berries

D, MM O O UPL

Evergreen

MM-W O O FACU

Hosts 68 species of butterflies and moths

Hamamelis virginiana

6-15'

12"

Fox Grape

Vitis labrusca

3-6"

6-8"

Joe-pye weed

Eutrochium pupureum

4-7"

2-4"

M-W

New Jersey Tea

Ceanothus americanus

to 3′

Yew

Taxus canadensis

24-36" 3-6'

Winterberry

Ilex verticillata

3-12'

Blood twig dogwood

Cornus amomum

5-6"

Wintergreen*

Gaultheria procumbens

Marginal Fern*

Dryopteris marginalis

18-24" 18-24"

Ostrich Fern*

Matteuccia struthiopteris

2-3'

Christmas Fern*

Polystichum acrosticoides

8-16" 12-24"

Rue Anemone*

Thalictrum thalictroides

4-8"

6-8"

Bloodroot*

Sanguinaria canadensis

4-8"

4-12"

Trillium*

Trillium erectum

8-14" 10-18"

Virginia Bluebell*

Mertensia virginica

12-18" 10-14"

Marsh Marigold*

Caltha palustris

12-18" 8-12"

Running Foamflower*

Tiarella cordifolia

3-12" 12-24"

Smooth Solomon's Seal*

Polygonatum biflorum

12-42" 16-24"

⚈

Pollinators

diff. selections avail.

affordable

O FACU

Fixes nitrogen

⚈

UPL

Winter interest

UPL

Winter interest

MM-D ☼ ☀ FACU Host to moth species

2-4'

M-W

O O FAC

Edible fiddleheads

MM-D

O O FACU

Winter interest

O O FACU

MM-W O O FACU MM

O O FACU

O O FAC

MM-W O O OBL MM ⚈

⚈

Bunchberry*

Plants that almost always grow in wetlands

8-16"

Chamaepericlymenum canadense FAC: Facultative species Plants equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands FACU: Facultative species Adiantumupland pedatum

Trellis/ lattiice

O FACU

Habitat

Maidenhair Fern*

O O UPL FAC

WetnessPhlox divaricata 'Blue Moon' 8-12" 8-12" Blue Moon Woodland Phlox*

2-5"

Very hardy

MM-W O O FACU

Trifolium repens

Varies

Edible

Forest edge O

American Witch Hazel*

New England Wetland Plants Wildflower Mixes

Adaptable

D ⚈

⚈

Pollinator

Weeping form, for entrance to forest trail

MM, WD O

Plants usually12-24" found in non-wetlands 12-24"

UPL: Obligate upland species Plants almost always found in non-wetlands or upland sites Larinem Park Stonecrop* 4-8" 12-18" Sedum ternatum "Larimen Park"

Dry

⚈ Shore ⚈

Wet meadow

Forest

Clay

Moist

Medium moisture

O O FACU Pollinator powerhouse

O O FACU

M-W

O O FAC

MM-W O O FACU

Wetness

Adaptable

OBL: Obligate wetland species

Plants that almost always grow in wetlands

Dry

Clay

Full sun

FAC: Facultative species

Plants equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands

Shore

Moist

Partial sun

Edible

FACU: Facultative upland species

Plants usually found in non-wetlands

Wet meadow

Medium moisture

Full shade

UPL: Obligate upland species

Plants almost always found in non-wetlands or upland sites

Forest

Edible

Habitat

Prefers wet soil

O O FACU

MM-W O O FACU

orm, for entrance to forest trail

Fragrant

D-O

White Clover

OBL: Obligate wetland species

Notes

Height Spread JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC INSECTS BIRDS MAM HABITAT SUN WET

For the holy well

Sun

Edible

rn morning sun

C limate C hange , Invasive Species & Pests

M&F for berries

Sun

Very hardy

Full sun

Partial sun

Climate Change Although Shelburne currently falls within hardiness zone 5b (based on the maximum and minimum temperatures), as average global temperatures change from ellis/ lattiice Pollinators climate change, that zone designation will become less stable. affordable Planting zones will shift north, so Shelburne will likely become xes nitrogen zone 6. As species currently at the southern end of their growing nter interest range die off because the temperature increases, other species nter interest will have to migrate north. Planting species that can thrive in a hotter climate could help the natural community adapt o moth species le fiddleheadsto changing temperatures. Unfortunately, climate change is nter interest not predictable; while it’s generally agreed upon that global temperatures will rise, climate change also causes out of season fluctuations in temperature. These fluctuations can be a problem when, for example, there is a frost after fruit trees have blossom, efers wet soil causing the blossoms to die, or when there is snow before trees ator powerhouse have lost their leaves, which hold extra snow and put too much weight on the trees.

Evergreen

s 68 species of rflies and moths

the holy well

are aFullvaluable food source; however it proved to out-compete shade O other plants and was later categorized as invasive. Methods for eliminating invasive species vary from dabbing herbicides to eating them (Japanese knot weed and garlic mustard, if harvested at the right time following guidelines from a credible source, can be delicious). On this site, it will be vital to monitor and manage invasive species.

Invasive Plant Species While there are many different understandings about what invasive species are and what should be done about them, it is commonly understood that there are now many non-native species that are out-competing native ones and threatening biodiversity. Invasive species take hold for a number of reasons including human development patterns that have degraded native soils and the seed bank, so only very aggressive plants can survive; in addition, humans ship plants all around the world, unintentionally or unthinkingly introducing species that will become invasive. Although invasive species threaten biodiversity (which is important to maintain the balance of an ecosystem) they are not necessarily all bad. For example, glossy buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula) was introduced by conservationists because it provides a dense, spike-armored shelter for small mammals to hide from predators, and its berries

Invasive Pests A third threat to the natural communities in this region are invasive pest insects. Like invasive plant species, invasive plants often stowaway on imported plants, cargo, or vehicles, and decimate native species. Often these pests will target and threaten specific species; the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), and the winter moth (Operophtera brumata) (Mass NRCS) are just a few of the growing list of invasive insects, blights, and pests afflicting Massachusetts. There are several strategies for combating these pests; however one thing that every home owner can do is plant species that are not currently afflicted. When the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) finally decimates the hemlock population, it will be important to have other species standing by to replace it so that invasives do not take over. One common mistake is to eliminate or harvest all of an afflicted species; when the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) trees were dying of chestnut blight, foresters attempted to salvage all of them for timber before they rotted; however doing so eliminated the chance that some chestnuts could have been resistant to the blight and persevered. While there are many potential management strategies, and it can be overwhelming to think of saving every species on one property, prioritizing and evaluating which management strategies are the most sustainable in a given situation can be a starting point in the fight against invasive species.

NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

F INA L DE S IG N | PREC EDENTS LE G E N D

Approximate location of cemeteries offering a green burial option, as well as many that do not.

GREEN BURIAL IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS Of the hundreds of cemeteries in western Massachusetts, only fifteen offer a green burial alternative, and none are exclusively green. Some of these cemeteries, such as the town cemeteries in Hawley, and the Jewish Community of Amherst Cemetery, may be open only to town residents or those of a particular faith. The Green Burial Council (GBC) offers certifications for cemeteries offering a green burial option. In Massachusetts, the only cemetery currently certified by the GBC is Mt. Auburn Cemetery, located in Cambridge. Though there are certified green burial grounds in nearby states, including New York, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania, which may draw residents of Massachusetts who are seeking a green burial, the desire to be buried near one’s home and family may mean that some people choose to have a conventional burial nearby, even if they would prefer a green burial. A new green burial ground in western Massachusetts might benefit local residents seeking a more environmentally friendly way to be buried.

NATIONAL PRECEDENTS Several green cemeteries nationwide provide models for developing conservation burial grounds: RAMSEY CREEK PRESERVE

• Established 1998 in Westminster, South Carolina. • First conservation burial ground in the country. • Protects land from development in favor of “creation of memorial landscapes/natural areas of high ecological quality and social value” (Ramsey Creek). (Photo and information courtesy of Ramsey Creek Cemetery.)

PRAIRIE CREEK CONSERVATION CEMETERY (PCCC)

• PCCC was founded in 2007 by a group of citizens who met once a month for three years. • They conducted research and decided to combine land conservation with natural burial practices. • The group worked with land conservation partner Alachua Conservation Trust to set aside a portion of the Prairie Creek Preserve site for conservation burial. • Graves are marked either by a brass disk with the name, birth date, and death date of the deceased or with a GPS tracker. (Photo and information courtesy of Prairie Creek Cemetery.)

FOXFIELD PRESERVE

• Established in 2008 in Ohio by The Wilderness Center, a nonprofit land conservancy. • Primarily a nature preserve, with some land set aside for burial. • Some graves are unmarked. • Plantings must be native species, and stones must have a natural appearance. • Disturbance is minimized by avoiding heavy machinery. (Photo and information courtesy of Foxfield Preserve.)

SANCTUARY AT THE BOROUGH

• Donation-based conservation burial ground in Abundance, North Carolina. • The organization is part of Sparkroot Farm, a community and cultural space that cares for goats and bees. • Their organization Heart2Heart offers healing services, such as massage, energy healing, and guidance for people preparing for death. • Burial ground is open to the public. (Photo and information courtesy of Foxfield Preserve.) NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

N E X T S T E P S | C ONSERVATION & MANAG EMENT CONSERVATION & FUTURE MANAGEMENT The primary characteristics of a conservation burial ground include minimal burial density within the cemetery, management of the land with defined conservation goals, and operation on protected land affiliated in some way with a land trust or nonprofit organization. Conservation easements are attained in partnership with land trusts that work to strictly protect land from development. A conservation easement is a “voluntary legal agreement between a landowner and a land trust or government agency that permanently limits uses of the land in order to protect its conservation values” (The Land Trust Alliance). Easements limit digging and the development of structures, paths, or roads, especially in ecologically sensitive areas. Most land trusts are not involved with the actual day-to-day operations of a cemetery, which must be operated as a nonprofit enterprise in the state of Massachusetts. The land trust’s level of involvement is determined by the initial agreement and may entail something as simple as annual monitoring or as elaborate as managing the property with the exception of the cemetery operation itself. Land trusts are easement holders or, in some cases, owners of conservation cemeteries. As easement holders, land trusts annually monitor the conservation values of the property and are not involved in management or decisionmaking. Some land trusts are owners and operators of conservation burial grounds, where they provide conservation management and property oversight. The land trust to cemetery relationship provides opportunities to increase public awareness of conservation needs plus an avenue for donor connection to the land in a meaningful way. LOCAL & ALTERNATIVE OPPORTUNITIES Franklin Land Trust and Kestrel Land Trust are two local entities who oversee conservation easements. At the time of this study, Franklin Land Trust did not consider a conservation cemetery to be missionaligned with their conservation goals. Kestrel Land Trust may be open to creating a conservation easement for a green cemetery especially if a larger portion of the property will be conserved, however their territory may not include Shelburne. The information in this plan may aid negotiations moving forward. In particular, the real estate value of the meadow may inform the investments required to move the project forward (see Development Plan right). Alternatively, a green cemetery could be developed as a natural burial ground that dictates conservation regulations in a deed restriction. Deed restrictions are private agreements listed in the deed that restrict the use of the land. While deeds have different legal ramifications than conservation easements, they can be used to protect land without creating a formal agreement with a land trust.

NEXT STEPS The site should be evaluated by a Certified Wetland Scientist to delineate boundaries of any wetlands (new or existing). A Certified Soil Evaluator should perform a site visit (similar to a Title 5 inspection for septic systems) to determine that the soil in the proposed location of the burial ground is appropriate for burials, including depth of bedrock and water table, soil profile description, and slope. A backhoe operator may need to be hired to assist in the evaluation.

DEVELOPABLE LAND This preliminary development plan shows developable lots on the site. Each lot adheres to local regulations and bylaws, with at least 250 feet of frontage on Colrain Shelburne Road, 86,000-square-foot minimum lot sizes, and structures and driveways that are outside of wetland buffers and zoning setbacks (25 feet along the front property boundary and 20 feet on the side and rear boundaries). This sketch could be used to determine the development value of the lot in order to establish a conservation agreement with a local land trust or other agency.

A site plan showing proposed burial ground, property boundaries and setbacks, buried utilities, and well and wetland buffers should be submitted to the local Board of Health. The proposed burial location should be reviewed by the local Conservation Commission to determine the next steps in the permitting process. New construction, such as parking lots, driveways, and signs, will need to be permitted by the Shelburne Zoning Board. Notification of the project should be submitted to abutting property owners. Construction or excavation (such as grading) within 100-foot wetland buffers will need approval from the Conservation Commission.

The meadow may be mown every one to three years.

MANAGEMENT SUGGESTIONS Currently, the meadow is mown once a year in winter or early spring to avoid disturbing nesting birds and to keep woody vegetation down. The majority of the meadow could continue to be maintained in this way, or even mown every 2-3 years. Paths to grave sites should be mown weekly or as needed to allow access for visitors. Wooden planks may be placed on paths to prevent soil compaction when vehicles drive on paths, particularly over tree roots within twenty feet of tree trunks. Reseeding of paths may be necessary after vehicular use to maintain vegetation. Removal of dead or dying trees and clearing of dense undergrowth around the forest trails will be necessary to maintain safe access. Gradually increasing native shrubs and wildflowers in desired areas will increase privacy for the family, maintain a diverse ecosystem, and enhance visual appeal for visitors. Felled trees could be mulched on-site or used to build grave markers, fences, or benches, or may be left to provide wildlife habitat.

Photo:EllenHuffman Gravel driveways, parking lots, and pathways will need to be weeded or sprayed to prevent plants from growing in. An edging material such as bricks or metal will help prevent weeds or grass from encroaching. Paths should be raked clean of debris frequently, and gravel should be replaced to prevent potholes or erosion every 1-2 years. Some areas in the green burial ground will need more intensive management, such as the gardens in the north and south meadows. These should be weeded and watered as needed; choosing native species suited to site conditions will reduce the maintenance required.

Packed earth trails should be regularly cleared of debris and inspected for signs of erosion. Regular regrading or filling may be required to maintain appropriate slope and management of water.

Invasive species, such as bittersweet, multiflora rose, and garlic mustard are present, though not widespread, on-site. These may be removed using mechanical methods such as digging or using chemical or biological methods. Best methods will vary depending on the type and prevalence of the species. Continued monitoring and removal will be necessary if the site is to remain free of invasive species. A consult with an invasive species specialist is recommended.

•

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

C O S T E S T IM AT E | C ONC EPTUAL DESIG N This chart reflects a range of estimates from low to high. The range will provide the clients with a rough estimate for the construction and installation of a green burial ground. Some costs are yet to be

determined. Costs will vary depending on the local materials used (if any), transportation costs, contractor pricing, and potential phasing of construction.

Column1

Column2

Column3

Column4

Column5

ITEM

UNIT

UNIT COST

QUANTITY

TOTAL COST

SF CY

$0.10-$0.15 $20-$30

20,550 380

$2,055-$3,085 $7,600-$11,400

Soil tests Grading Gravel driveway and parking lots Gravel pathway Packed earth pathway Stone steps Wooden steps Stair railings (wooden) Retaining wall bench

EA SF SF SF SF SF SF LF FF

$500-$1,500 $0.20-$0.30 $6-$8 $12-$15 $6-$8 $25-$35 $15-$18 $20-$50 $50-$60

1 20,550 12,500 1,600 1,400 100 200 125 90

$500-$1,500 $4,110-$6,165 $75,000-$100,000 $19,200-$24,000 $8,400-$11,200 $2,500-$3,500 $3,000-$3,600 $2,500-$6,350 $4,500-$5,400

LANDSCAPING Trees Shrubs Wildflower seed mixes

EA EA AC

$10-$20 $5-$10 $30-$50

20 480 4

$200-$400 $2,400-$$4,800 $120-$200

Open-air sanctuary

$30-$50

1250

$37,500-$62,500

Wooden bench

$300-$500

$1,800-$3,000

Stone bench

$750-$1,000

$1,500-$2,000

Wooden bench (from windfall)

$300-$400

Wooden trellis

$1,000-$1,500

$2,000-$3000

Water feature/holy well

$500-$750

Stone sculptures

Varies

TBD

Unknown

DEMOLITION Clearing/grubbing Excavation SITE PREPARATION AND IMPROVEMENTS

AMENITIES

SUBTOTAL Mobilization (1.5%) Taxes (6.5%) Contigency (20%) GRAND TOTAL

$175,685-$253,250 $2,640-$3700 $11,420-$15,195 $35,130-$50,650 $224,890-322,800

W O R K S C IT E D Coutts, Christopher, Carlton Basmajian, Joseph Sehee, Sarah Kelty, and Patrice C. Williams. “Natural Burial as a Land Conservation Tool in the US.” Landscape and Urban Planning 178 (2018): Sarah. “Information for local Boards of Health on home burials.” Mass.gov, 2020, www.mass.gov/info-details/information-for-local-boards-ofhealth-on-home-burials-and-green-burials “Issues to consider in preparing for the disposition of decedents.” Mass. gov, 2020, www.mass.gov/guides/issues-to-consider-in-preparing-fordisposition-of-decedents “Massachusetts General Laws c.114.” Mass.gov, 2020, www.mass.gov/ lists/mass-general-laws-c114 “Massachusetts law about burial, cremation, and funerals.” Mass.gov, 2020, www.mass.gov/info-details/massachusetts-law-about-burialcremation-and-funerals

•

NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY.

Roberts, Andrea L., Norman J. Johnson, Merit E. Cudkowicz, Ki-Do Eum, and Marc G. Weisskopf. “Job-Related Formaldehyde Exposure and ALS Mortality in the USA.” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 87, no. 7 (July 1, 2016): 786–88. https://doi.org/10.1136/ jnnp-2015-310750. “Shelburne zoning by-law.” Town of Shelburne, 2019, townofshelburne. com/files/AShelburne_Zoning_Bylaw_May_2019C.pdf Scelecz, Ildiko et al. “Soil chemistry changes beneath decomposing cadavers over a one-year period.” Forensic Science International, 286, 155, 2018, doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.02.031 Webster, Lee et al. “Start-up tips for green burial cemetery operators.” Green Burial Council, 2016, www.greenburialcouncil. org/uploads/1/2/4/2/124231485/start_up_tips_for_green_burial_ cemetery_operators.pdf

BRINGING GREEN BURIAL TO SHELBURNE, MA

Is This the Place? Bringing Green Burial to Shelburne, MA

Articles inside

Next Steps Conservation & Management

Memorial & Wildlife Sanctuary

Family Burial Ground

Precedents

Summary

Circulation | Privacy & Use

What is Green Burial?

Slopes & Drainage

Views & Noise | Sun & Wind

The Family & Project

Zoning & Legal Guidelines

Character Zones

Regional Context & Existing Conditions