The Dawn of Civilizations
Recreation in Early Civilizations Key Terms:
Recreation
Recreation became a part of civilizations when we began harvesting surpluses of food and we did not need as many farmers working in the fields. Recreation is activities that you do to relax or have fun. When humans were no longer required to work all day they needed something to do in their free time. Recreation allowed us to create luxury items and leisurely activities. Early civilizations used recreation to create sports and dances. For example, the Aztecs had a sport called tlachtli, the players would hit a solid ball with their knees, hips, and elbows and attempt to steer the ball into small hoops on the opponent's side of the wall. The game involved betting and would occasionally become violent. Recreation became a lasting necessity as civilizations continued to grow.
Dances and Music Begin to be Used as a Form of Recreation.
Humans Begin Creating Art and Pottery as a Form of Recreation.
Humans Created Sports and Competitions as a Form of Recreation.
Nowadays recreation has more variety than it did many years ago. Today, there are buildings called recreation centers that have pools, fields and courts for playing different sports. In certain aspects recreation in the present, has stayed the same to recreation in the past.
Sources
"Recreation." Dictionary of American History. 2003, William Arthur Atkins, "ReCreation." Encyclopedia of Occultism;Parapsychology. 2001, "recreation." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009, and "Recreation." -Ologies;-Isms. 1986. "Recreation." Encyclopedia.com. HighBeam Research, 01 Jan. 2003. Web. 02 Oct. 2015. "Recreation." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2015. "Tlachtli | Aztec Sporting Field." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. "Unlock the Past with Central Alberta Regional Museum Network (Culture and Recreation)." Unlock the Past with Central Alberta Regional Museum Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2015.
Becoming civilization oriented Producing consuming and trading was part of the life of dozens of humans from the beginning. It was meant as a purpose to acquire objects that were hard to obtain. Trading allowed for poor civilizations that had a common abundant material to trade for harder to get supplies. Eventually over the expanse( Something that is spread out)of the years humans started evolving into civilizations which lead to trading of more complex items of luxury like jewelry or shiny metals. So over time this aspect became more luxury based but it began with the need to trade. There were also certain items that were only common to certain regions of the world like flint stone, may be found in one place and unobtainable in the next, so therefore they could trade flint with knowledge on where the nearest largest food supplies were located. Humans knew that to survive they had to adapt, and a way they did so was by trading. To trade they had to produce this, it became part of civilizations so they could grow larger in acreage and grow prosperously( flourishing). To produce food they had to farm and domesticate animals this is where domestication of plants and animals comes into play. Plants allowed for large portions of food to be grown in a wide expanse, creating surplus amounts of food for the community. People at the same time were able to specialize on certain jobs, because of this excess of food, so trading became a good way to use job specialization( having a job to help the community because of an excess amount of food )to its fullest potential. It allowed for people that created objects like pottery and paintings to sell them for a known currency in the area, these objects could also be traded in nearby regions by merchants to expand the cities reaches. Overall humans are very resourceful( able to deal skillfully and promptly with new situations ) and know what they have to do to stay alive or to gain rarer objects.
Shows of early human lives Trade and consuming shows that humans are very flexible, and are made to adapt to the surroundings around them, to eventually get what they want. Humans were very resourceful, because they built rafts and ships to transfer goods and supplies that would benefit the land that they had settled on, then the ships would bring back the traded objects that were foreign to their tribes and communities. Merchants ( people who travel to trade objects all over the world)would travel aboard these rafts and sell these items for high values. Humans also produced multiple goods on a large scale, that covered large percentages of land. We grew basic fruits and vegetables at first, focusing less on meat, because it was harder to obtain, and the vegetables were able to feed more people at once. Vegetables also provided more nutrients for the human body to live off for long periods of time. If you think about it humans back then are like us in almost every way, even bone structure, so it makes sense that we would evolve to grow more food in better ways for the community. This aspect of farming and trading appeared approximately 10,000 years ago BP ( before present) in time. Over time the most common vegetables or crops were wheat to make bread, but it evolved and humans began to grow more modern complex vegetables in different environments. An example of different foods that were being grown were prunes, animals were also being domesticated, like camels to transport goods and horses to be ridden on, so overall humans adapted well to all the domestication of different plants and animals.
Timeline of farming When domesticated 20,000 years ago
What Dogs
Basic farming begins 12 years ago
Rice
11,000 years ago
Fig trees
10,000 years ago Wheat 9,000 years ago 8,000 years ago
Sheep,goats, and
Pigs and cattle Chickens Millet
7,000 years ago chickpeas
Potatoes, avocados, maize,
6,000 years ago pigs
Donkeys, Chili peppers, Watermelons, guinea
5,000 years ago Horses, Camels, Cats, Llamas, Horses, silkworms, Honeybees, and Pomegranates
Bibliography Spiky Rock Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. Necklace. Digital image. Digital Image. N.p., N.d. Web. N.p., n.d. Web. "HISTORY OF TRADE." HISTORY OF TRADE. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015.
Wheat. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web.
Wheat Farming. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web.
Pearson my World History
Evolution of Communication
Communication has been essential to mankind’s survival humans need to communicate, so it became part of civilizations otherwise it would have been impossible to warn of danger and pass record things. Communication in the Paleolithic Era was much less advanced than it was in later eras. Communication began with the onset of man Writing was invented 3,300 B.C. years ago in Iraq. It was invented a few hundred years later in Egypt. The Chinese invented paper in 200 B.C. The printing with blocks was invented by the Chinese in 200 A.D it makes duplicates of the book pages. Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in the 1400’s prints text or pictures. King Louis XI set up a mail service in 1477. Newspapers were invented in the late 1600’s.
Newspaper from 1779
Johannes Gutenberg
Section 2 In 1635 public mail was created, but it was expensive. In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, but it was not widely used until the 1900’s. Radios were used in the 1920’s when BBC began broadcasting. In the 1950’s, but the majority of households owned them in the late 1950’s. Landlines which were a telephone line that relied on underground cables to call became common in the 1950’s. Cell phones which were very expensive at the time became used in the late 1990’s. Today people text, email, and call to communicate.
1950’s landline
Sources Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. Epstein, Zach. "IPhone 6s: The 6 Most Exciting New Features Hitting Apple’s next IPhone." N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. "THE HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION THROUGH THE AGES." A History of Communication. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. "Marketing to Women: The Cellphone v. The Landline." The Lipstick Economy. N.p., 19 Aug. 2010. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. N.p., n.d. Web. "Printing-press - Moses Supposes:." Moses Supposes RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. "Writing in Ancient Egypt." Writing in Ancient Egypt. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. Epstein, Zach. "IPhone 6s: The 6 Most Exciting New Features Hitting Apple’s next IPhone." N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015.
Section 1 Early Tool Making Tools and other artifacts have evidence about how early
humans made things, how they lived, how they collaborated with their surroundings, and how they changed over time. Artifacts is something made or given shape by man. Tools also have evidence about the technologies, cleverness, mental skills, and modernization that were in the brains of early toolmakers. Modernization is a transformation from a society to a more modern society. The earliest toolmaking was discovered about at least 2.6 million years ago. The Early Stone Age began with a lot of the basic tools used by humans nowadays. It included hammers, sharp stone flakes, etc‌ By about 1.76 million years ago, early humans began to make handaxes and other large cutting tools especially for hunting.
Early man learning how to make tools
Early rock knives
Section 2 The Evolution of Tools All civilizations develop tools. By 200,000 years ago, the tools
began to get better.
During the later stone age, the fastness of innovation rose. Innovation is a new idea, device, or method. People started making tools with raw materials (bone, ivory, antler). Different groups of people used different tools for a lot of different purposes. After the Stone Age, came the bronze and iron age. Civilizations were now more adapted. The bronze age was covered roughly from 3500 BC or 2000 BC depending on the location. For example, in Africa, the era was during 3500 BC. An era is a fixed point in time from which a series of years is reckoned. Some tools during the bronze age were more complex and more structured. Then came the iron age, which was roughly 1400 BC, 1200 BC, or 600 BC depending on the location. For example, in Africa, it was 600 BC. Some tools that they used were hammers and shovels.
bronze tools
iron tools
Section 3 How it relates to us today Now, after millions of years we look back and see how early
tools eventually were made into the tools we use now. For example, maybe the knife that was made for hunting is now the knife we use in our everyday lives for cooking purposes. Some other tools that early men use are still the same and we still use them now.
EasyBib Works Cited Artifacts. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://static1.squarespace.com/static/52f57132e4b039b51c0f1763/t/54fb9eb0e4b04da0abe2346f/14257 76305136/mill-creek-culture-artifacts-560x375.jpg?format=1500w>. Bronze Age. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://mrdavey.wikispaces.com/file/view/bronze_age.jpg/245286697/505x249/bronze_age.jpg>. Early Knife. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://primitivepathways.com/image/cache/data/knives/100_64421280x720.JPG>. Early Tool Making. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://lithiccastinglab.com/images/flintknappinghisthabilissmall.jpg>. Iron Age. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://1216.virtualclassroom.org/images/iron6crop.jpg>. Knife. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.santafesharpeningservice.com/uploads/2/8/0/2/28028411/9412279.jpg>. Q, By Charles. "World's Oldest Stone Tools Predate Humans." LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 20 May 2015. Web. 02 Oct. 2015. <http://www.livescience.com/50908-oldest-stone-tools-predate-humans.html>. "Stone Age - History Dictionary." Stone Age - History Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2015. <http://www.emersonkent.com/history_dictionary/stone_age.htm>. Stone Tools. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942/F1.large.jpg>. "Stone Tools." Stone Tools. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2015. <http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/tools>. Stone Tools. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods>.
Chapter 1, Section T
The Dawn of Words to watch for: transportation, civilization, Transportation wheel.
Transportation is a huge part of our society today. But what was the beginning, the origin story behind cars or trains or boats? Transportation, or the movement of people, goods, or ideas, is thought to have begun before people became farmers.
Transportation for Civilization Transportation was a huge part of civilization, which is a complex society, and made our world how it is today. One and the easiest form of transportation was by the water. people made canoes to float along rivers. The earliest we knew of river travel is around 7500 B.C. Back in 7000 B.C., people in the north needed to walk long distances and carry more clothes and belongings because of the cold. The solution was to make blades called runners and attach them to the bottom of a slab of wood. This early form of transportation was called a sledge. This could support the weight of goods and people. It had to be pulled along by humans, but when animals were domesticated, such as oxen, this made the sledge more useful. Eventually though, the sledge was outclassed. Something new was invented that would change the course of history as we knew it. The wheel.
The Wheel
The wheel was originally just a wooden or stone circle, then it became more advanced by becoming hollow with spokes. The wheel revolutionized transportation. It could be attached to the sledge to make a more advanced version: the wagon. Information about the wheel has been dated all the way back to about 3500 B.C., and had since then evolved into what we today know as the wheel. land wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t the only way to travel. Several thousand years ago, people discovered a way to travel by water using a log, fire, a seashell/rock, and a whole lot of manual labor. The method was to set fire to a log for a while, then put it out. They would then spend a lot of time scraping away the ashes and burned wood to hollow out the tree trunk. This was a long process, but it was worth it.
Transportation in Society
More variables came into play with transportation as well, as things began to evolve into civilizations, and even before. Animals and the type of material transports were made of were some of these variables. When cities and civilizations were erected from the ground up, transportations began to be used for trade, to get around town, and maybe even to ride into battle. Horses were
ridden into battle, and also used as transportation. Food needed to be transported from the fields to the city, so transportation allowed for more food to be transported, which leads to a larger population. If transportation had not evolved as it had, civilizations may have stayed small, or not existed at all.
Timeline 7500 B.C.---canoe 7000 B.C.--- sledge 7000 B.C.---larger vessels for water travel created-ex. a raft 3500 B.C.--- first information about the wheel 3000 B.C.---wagon created 2000 B.C.---animals began to be used for transport 1672 A.D.---possibly the first steam powered car is invented 1783 A.D.--- first hot air balloons launched-first air travel 1886 A.D.---first car powered by an internal engine
Bibliography
Works Cited "Ancient Civilizations Map." Ancient Civilizations Map. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2015. <http://www.harappa.com/indus2/oldworld.html>. "The Egyptians - Farming." The Egyptians. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2015. <http://www.historyonthenet.com/egyptians/farming.htm>. "HISTORY OF TRANSPORT AND TRAVEL." HISTORY OF TRANSPORT AND TRAVEL. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2015. <http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab79>. "Shackleton Centenary Expedition." Shackleton Centenary Expedition. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2015. <http://www.jamescairdsociety.com/shackleton-news-104534.htm>. "Transportation | Technology." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2015. <http://www.britannica.com/technology/transportation-technology>. "Up with the Dawn." Flickr. Yahoo!, n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2015. <https://www.flickr.com/photos/23024164@N06/3267694739>.
Protecting and Conserving Protecting and conserving is a basic activity of civilizations.. It is important to protect and conserve a kingdomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s land, culture, way of life and its history. Protecting and conserving is important to civilizations because there needs to be people that protect their land by fighting like an army. For example, China built the Great Wall of China to protect, or to keep from harm or danger, from invasions. Some cultures conserve, to prevent the wasteful or harmful overuse of a resource, their history through the oral tradition. They used hieroglyphic writing, a system that employs characters in the form of pictures, on cave walls. This might show that early humans needed to be alert of danger to protect their land. Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s protection and conservation is different than back then in many ways. For example, today's army is different because now we have more advanced weapons and gear, it is more under control, and today there are more people to fight. Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s writing is different because now we developed from symbols to letters and numbers.
Sources
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"Hieroglyphic Writing." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2015.
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"What Does It Mean to "Extend an Olive Branch"?" WiseGEEK. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015.
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"10th Grade World History." Mr. Knoeckel's Social Studies Site! N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015.
Religion - Then/Now
Religion is the belief and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a God or goddess. There are many different types of religion now. There is Christianity, Muslim, Jewish, Buddhist, and more. You can also choose what religion you want to be. Now, most people do not believe in gods either. Back then, it was another story.
Religion is much different then when civilizations, or a complex society that has cities, an organized government, and workers with specialized job skills, were first created. When civilizations were first created, the king, and only the king, decided what religion your civilization was. Early civilizations near rivers believed in many gods. The gods that they believed in took both animal and human form. Some civilizations believed that all things possessed a spirit. Religion sometimes even brought as a result of trade.
Religion - Behavior/History
Religion affected early people in different ways. Because of religion, people changed their behavior. For instance, religious behavior may include spirituality, ritual, mythology and animism. Also, people that lived in different places, believed different things. Furthermore, civilizations that lived near rivers, may have believed in many different gods, and people that did not live in near rivers, may have believed in one god. It truly depends on the ruler.
This period of religious history began with the invention of writing around 4000 BCE. The prehistory, or time before writing, of religion relates to a study of religious beliefs that existed before written records. The timeline of religion is a comparative chronology, or the arrangement of events or dates in the order they occurred, of religion. The world's oldest religion still being practiced today is Hinduism, but the first records of religious practice come from Egypt.
Bibliography
N.p., n.d. Web. <http://i.ytimg.com.ipaddress.com/>. "Tags: Http://i33.tinypic.com/orp2l2.jpg." Image. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. "Commons:Upload." - Wikimedia Commons. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. "Employee Recognition and Rewards | Globoforce." Globoforce. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. Infoplease. Infoplease, n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. "Cache.desktopnexus.com." Cache.desktopnexus.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. "Mr. Knoeckel's Social Studies Site! - Home." Mr. Knoeckel's Social Studies Site! - Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. "John Stockmyer's Intro. Page." John Stockmyer's Intro. Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. "How Does All You Can Books Work?" UNLIMITED Audiobooks and EBooks. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. "Religion in the Ancient World." Ancient History Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015.
Recreation becoming Part of Civilization Key Terms Recreation Civilization Leisure
By 3,000-3600 to 1,800-2,000 from 1840 to present time has been accompanied by a drastic â&#x20AC;&#x153;repackingâ&#x20AC;? of leisure hours making it possible for new forms of leisure time, including the typically modern ideas of free evenings, the weekend, paid summer vacations, as well as a lengthy childhood. The history of recreation activity done for enjoyment when one is not working and leisure opportunity afforded by free time to do something is a, rich tapestry of people, places, events, and social forces, showing the role of religion, education, and government and the customs and values of different cultures, their arts, sports, and pastimes. Primitive Art
Recreation shows live of early humans At first tribal people do not make the sharp distinction between work and leisure that more technologically advanced societies do. Whereas the latter set aside different periods of time from work and relaxation. In ancient times humans did not have leisure time, because mostly what they were living for was survival and hunting. Then later in time by 5000 B.C. leisure time started happening. It first started in the Egyptian civilization, they started finishing their work earlier, there was specialization, and there was surplus. They had spear time and then they could relax and do what the wanted for fun. People then started making toys for children and started playing other fun activities.
Recreation time took hold The Egyptian culture was a rich and diversified one, it achieved an advanced knowledge of astronomy, architecture, engineering agriculture and construction. This civilization lasted from about 5000 B.C. well into the Roman era. The ancient Assyria and Babylonia had many popular recreations such as boxing, wrestling , archery, and a variety of table games. They lasted until 2900 B.C. until the invasion by Alexander the Great 330 B.C. Ancient Greece had a period called the Golden Age of Pericle from about 500 to 400 B.C., sports appears to have part of daily life and to have occurred mainly when there was large gathering of people, there was also musical events. In ancient Rome like the greeks the children had many toys, cars, dolls, houses, hobby horses, stilts and many sports. This civilization the stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced was by A.D 80.
Modern time and Ancient times Now in modern days the people will play sports such as basketball, baseball, tennis, gymnastics, lacrosse and more sports. Also back then in Ancient time the civilizations would also play sports in their leisure time same as modern times. Now we would play with better materials and maybe with different rules but same games. Also people nowadays would paint on big or small canvas , people back then would also paint but they didn't have the same supplies as us. For example back then people used to paint on rocks maybe by scratching the with some colors, but now we use canvases and acrylic, oil, watercolor, and so on. Also back then toys for the children were in style maybe the mother would have to make them or someone who was specialized in that. Nowadays we use factories to make millions of toys for our children. Ancient toys Modern toys
Citation "MLP:FiM Fashion Style Dolls (Obsolete 12/10/12)." Flickr. Yahoo!, n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. Web. 8 Oct. 2015. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Little_horse_on_wh eels_(Ancient_greek_child's_Toy).jpg>. Š Jones And Bartlett Publishers. Not For Sale Or Distributio. EARLY HISTORY OF RECREATION AND LEISURE (n.d.): n. pag. Early History Of Recreation and Leisure. Jones and Bartlett. Web. 2015. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Oct. 2015.
Ancient Religion Key Words -
Religion Historian
Religion in Civilization Religion is very important for civilization. Religion is a shared set of beliefs about the supernatural powers that created and ruled the world. Ever since civilizations formed religion has been present. Religion worked its way into civilization very quickly. Most rulers claimed that a God had given them the power to rule the civilization. Also, one of the most respected profession was to spread the word about their God and become a priest. Since then religion has stayed a major part of civilization even though the rulers no longer are very openly religious, but the leader of churches are still very influential people.
Early Beliefs Early peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s religions and ways showed historians many things. A historian is a person who studies the past. Religion showed that the early people could have believed in life after death. This was because they buried their dead and put flowers and goods in the grave. Also many of the men and women in the town believed that the God and Goddesses were controlling certain events that were happening in their lives. People were frightened of their Gods but also prayed to them hoing that they might protect them from harm. Religion was also used to keep people content. Priest would hold ceremonies and say prayers which made the town much more cheery. Lastly religion was used to set examples. People used religions to understand how they should treat one another.
Religion Over Time Revolution of Religion
Past to Present Nowadays, we still have religion and it is still huge in our world. Religion stayed with us throughout many years which is due in part to the fact that many people wanted something to believe in. They also saw that the way of life that these different religions were promoting was a good one and if something makes a person a better why wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t we hold on to it? We kept religion around it grew a lot. Religion never died out and now people will go to many lengths to worship. Religion was mostly passed down by generation.
Religion hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t evolved much. Most of the beliefs in religion stayed the same but one thing has definitely changed. That is the places that people practice their religions. Today many of the locations are very nice. People have made their worship places fancy with stained glass and other decorations. It the older times many people worshiped the Lord wherever they could with little decorations around them. In the past people didn't care so much were they worshiped their Gods. Now people dress up and look very fancy to worship their God.
Sou rce s Information:
1. "Origin of Major Religions." Origin of Major Religions. Web. 6 Oct. 2015. < http://www.sacred-texts.com/time/origtime.htm>. 2. Religion in the Ancient World." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Web. 6 Oct. 2015. < http://www.ancient.eu/religion/> 3. "Primitive Religion." Primitive Religion. Web. 6 Oct. 2015. < http://mb-soft.com/believe/txo/primitiv.htm>
Pictures: 4. "File:Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Randwick - Inside 1.jpg." Web. 6 Oct. 2015. <
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Our_Lady_of_the_Sacred_Heart_Church,_Randw >. 5. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 6 Oct. 2015. < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion> 6. "Ancient Egyptian Religion." Ancient Egyptian Religion. Web. 6 Oct. 2015. < http://www.historyembalmed.org/egyptian-mummies/ancient-egyptian-religion.htm>. 7. "List of Pre-Columbian Cultures." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 6 Oct. 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures>.
Aesthetics
What is Aesthetics? Aesthetics is the education of senses to recognize beauty. Aesthetics is simply art. Early Aesthetics Early People used aesthetics for many reasons. Reasons were to beautify cities, religious ceremonies, and as burial items. Aesthetics started when people began having surplus. Surplus is when people get more food than needed. Beautification of Cities The main purpose of aesthetics was to beautify cities. That means people started to take the work of aesthetics as a job. Aesthetics was a sort of public work as it helped the community by making the cities look good. Public works is one of the eight characteristics that make up a civilization. Aesthetics is all the works of art. It includes pottery, painting, and sculptures. Religious Ceremonies Not only was aesthetics used to beautify cities but it was also used for religious ceremonies. Religion was important in civilization because it was what people used to start a government. Religion is another of the eight characteristics of civilization Burial Items Aesthetics were used as burial items. As people today discovered this items in burial sites, it strengthened the theory that people believed life after death, which was a sign of them having religious beliefs. People today infer that early humans respected their dead because would make special items for their funeral.
Aesthetics
Aesthetics Today Aesthetics have not changed a lot from the past as we see it every day in modern life. Beautification of Cities Aesthetics are still been used today to beautify cities. An example is Key Biscayne. In Key Biscayne people still beautify the city by cleaning the city, putting lights around the city, or adding sculptures and putting art. Arts Aesthetics means art. Artists are making aesthetics. Most early aesthetics were made by the Romans and Greeks. Artists today are making aesthetics. Sculptures, drawings, pottery, and even street art are art. Aesthetics are all around us even if it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t feel like it is.
Bibliography 1. Andrea Masullo's Professional Art Education Portfolio. (n.d.). Retrieved October 2, 2015, from https://www.uvm.edu/~arted/AndreaMasullo/?page_id=857 2. Art and Aesthetics in Ancient Greece and Rome. (n.d.). Retrieved October 2, 2015, from http://www.uh.edu/~cfreelan/courses/GreekArtModule.html] Photos 1. The Fitzwilliam Museum : The Graves. (n.d.). Retrieved October 7, 2015, from http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/gallery/goldenfleece/explore/graves.html 2. Ancient Egyptian architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved October 7, 2015, from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture 3. Ancient Egyptian religion. (n.d.). Retrieved October 7, 2015, from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion 4. (n.d.). Retrieved October 8, 2015, from http://streetview.bg360.net/usa/florida/key-biscayne_miami-dade-county.php
Section 1
Tool making Key Terms: hunter-gatherers technology surplus specialization domesticate
T
ool making was used long before we have. Since about 2.5 million years
ago, early humans lived as hunter-gatherers, which means that they lived by hunting small animals and gathering plants. In this section, you will read about how early humans formed skills and developments to improve their chances for survival.
Tool Making
Tool making became a big deal to early humans throughout their lives. Without tool making, no one had a chance of survival, in fact, many groups appeared to die out for a time. About 2.5 million years ago in the Paleolithic Era, or Old Stone Age, early humans learned how to make tools out of stone. This became the first form of technology, tools and skills that people used to meet their needs and wants. They used stone blades, bone tools, spears to hunt animals and fire as main sources of technology during this time.
The Development of Tools To start, the tools used by humans were simple because of little amount of objects they owned. Split stones were used by tool makers for cutting meat, scraping animal skins clean or chopping down trees. Hunters made weapons from bones and antlers to tip spears and arrows. Because of this, they were able to start hunting big animals such as deer.
The Use of Fire During the Paleolithic Era, people began to use fire for technology too. Fire was used by the early hunter-gatherers to provide light, to cook plants or meat, keep warm, scare off animals, and having the ability to move. Without fire, it was impossible to live in places where it was too cold to survive. People were also able to adapt, or change their way of life to survive in a different environment. An important step in the use of fire was learning to control it. Once early humans developed a way to control fire, life was a lot easier for them in many ways.
Agricultural Revolution
During the Neolithic Era, or the New Stone Age people learned how to farm and they were able to settle in one place. This became the Agricultural Revolution because of the importance of the shift from hunting to farming. After the last Ice Age, temperatures increased and glaciers melted. Once plants and animals adapted to the new environment. Some large animals didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t survive the Ice Age, so hunters had to depend more on small animals or fish.
Surplus and Job SPecialization Because of all the forming humans used as new technology skills, families were able to raise a surplus, or more than they needed to feed themselves. Farming villages increased and supported many growing populations.
Surplus food led to some people not having to farm. People were able to succeed by specializing. Job specialization occurs when people spend most of their time working at a single job or craft. Job specializations led people to be able to trade the goods they made for the surplus food grown by farmers. Some jobs were skilled tool makers made polished axes and knives, potters shaped clay into bowls and weavers wove sheepâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wool into cloth.
Domestication of Plants and Animals Over time, people learned how to domesticate plants and animals, or changing the growth of plants or behavior of animals in ways that are useful to humans. The first animal humans used were wild wolves. They developed wolves into dogs in order to help them hunt, but also to provide company and protection. Another animal that was domesticated were goats. People used them as a source of milk and meat. Civilized societies then began to emerge around the globe. Human life as we know it started to flourish.
Reso urce s Works Cited
"First Technologies: Fire and Tools." Ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association, n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2015. "Home." WDARCY -. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2015.
"Indian-Ancient Wisdom." Indian Ancient Wisdom. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2015. "Pearson EText Sign In Page." Pearson EText Sign In Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2015. "Stone Age." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia, n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2015. "Stone Tools." Stone Tools. Smithsonian Institution, n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2015.
Chapter 5 Section 1 Producing,Consuming and Exchanging Key Ideas: c Farming started producing and consuming and trade and lead to surplus and job specialization. Key Terms: c Economy c Specialization People in the Agriculture Revolution worked on farms producing crops. Early people domesticated animals and plants. Groups were formed and civilizations were created and trading started. Producing, consuming, and exchanging became a big part of the economy. A economy is the system that a community uses to produce and distribute goods. Farming caused this aspect to become a part of civilization. Producing, consuming, and exchanging were very important in ancient time. This aspect suggests and shows that early humans that lived and produced different items traded the with other civilizations. The early humans and today's world still exchange produce and consume. Early humans had job specialization and farmed to produce food and items just like today. Early humans consumed many things that we still do such as corn, beans, meat, and other crops. Today we exchange things just as in the past, such as in trade. In some countries may produce different things than others so they trade resulting in a powerful economy. Producing became necessary when big civilizations were formed. More produce was required science the population was larger and more jobs had to be done. Job specialization was a big factor in producing. Specialization occurs when people spend most of their time working at a single job. More items were produced and consumed. Each group produced those goods and services that were necessary for survival. The group produced these goods by hunting and gathering. Job specialization depends on climate, so different places trade with other civilizations for different produce.
Farming in Mesopotamia
Today and The past Producing, consuming, and exchanging has changed from the past and is similar to the past in many ways. It is different from the past because of technology. Producing was all natural no chemicals farming and handmade items. Now we have pesticides and machines that produce food and items for people. It is similar because people still produce many items like in the early days. Consuming has changed from needs to wants. In primitive time people ate vegetables and meat no matter how they tasted because they needed to survive. Now people eat for pleasure and are constantly eating sugary foods. It is similar because many foods that were invented and eaten are used today. Exchanging has differed too. The difference is we use a currency now that in ancient times did not exited. Exchanging is similar too. Today countries trade items just like in early times. One country trades produce for others. This is my aspects similarities and differences from ancient times and modern times.
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Sources
Works Cited
"Free Image on Pixabay - Carving, Stone, Ancient, Culture." Free Photo: Carving, Stone, Ancient, Culture. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. Karpiel, Frank, Kathleen Krull, and Grant P. Wiggins. MyWorld History. Boston, MA: Pearson, 2012. Print. N.p., n.d. Web. N.p., n.d. Web. N.p., n.d. Web. "Presentation Name." Emaze Presentations. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2015. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015.
Ancient Educations Vocabulary Education
Education is the process of giving and receivingEducation, instruction to passScribe, on knowledge. Education was an important part of early civilizations and passed knowledge from Hieroglyphics, generation to generation.Ludus This taught farming and many other different kinds of skills that would be later needed to live. Signs show that education started in modern day Iraq with texts for mathematics in about 2000 B.C. Primitive people were smart because they realized that they could lay the path for future generations to carry on ways of life and tradition. Even today, children go to school to decide who they want to be and what they want to do when they grow up. Today knowledge is still passed down from generation to generation to enjoy a good life. In this lesson you will learn about the ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman education.
The Egyptians A lot of children in Egypt did not go to school. Boys and girls usually learned skills from their parents. Boys learned farming and other labors from their fathers. Girls learned sewing, cooking, and other house skills from their mothers. Boys who were part of a wealthy family went to schools and learned scribes. A scribe is someone who writes books or documents in hieroglyphics to record the past. Hieroglyphics were the form of writing that the Egyptians used. In Egypt, teachers were often harsh and beat trouble making boys. Back then, giving children physical punishment was very common. The boys who went to school learned many of the skills that we learn today such as reading, writing, and math.
The Greeks Similar to Egypt, in ancient Greece girls learned household skills, such as weaving, from their mothers. A lot of girls learned to read and write at home and learn how to perform household skills.. Boys were taught at home for the first five years of their lives. When they reached the age of six, they were sent to regular schools. Boys from rich families were taken to school by a slave to assure the safety of the child. Boys learned all the basic skills and even learned poetry and music. The Greeks also believed that physical education was important so boys did dancing and athletics to make them athletic and healthy.. Along with Egypt, most teachers were very strict and often beat their students. In Sparta, children were treated extremely harshly. When boys reached the age of seven, they were removed from their families and sent to live in barracks. They were treated terribly so they could grow up to be valiant soldiers. They were purposely deprived of food so they would have to steal. Stealing taught them to be stealth and cunning. They were whipped if they were ever found stealing or doing anything bad. The Romans In rich Roman families children were educated at home for their whole school career by a tutor. Not so wealthy boys and girls went to a school called a ludus at the age of 7 to learn to read and write and perform simple math. A ludus acted as a primary school until the age of eleven. Boys would later go to a secondary school where they would learn more advanced studies. The teachers were strict and beat the children for any wrong doings.
Wrap Up As can be seen with the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, students were beaten and treated very terribly by their teachers. In many civilizations only rich children went to school. Education was used to pass down knowledge from ages to ages, and has helped our society grow into what it is today. Today education is used to keep our civilization going and is one of the most important aspects of civilizations.
Bibliography "A BRIEF HISTORY OF EDUCATION." A History of Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2015. <http://www.localhistories.org/education.html>.
"Education in Ancient Egypt." Education in Ancient Egypt. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2015. <http://historylink101.com/n/egypt_1/a-education.htm>. "Roman Education - History Learning Site." History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2015. < http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/ancient-rome/roman-education/>. "ED416 - The Earliest Years." ED416 - The Earliest Years. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2015. <http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/ed416/ant1.html>. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta>. "Education Market Report 2009-2014 | Apps Run The World." Apps Run The World. N.p., 10 Sept. 2015. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. < https://www.appsruntheworld.com/education-market-report-2009-2014/>.
"2,000-year-old Youth Organization Was Established in Roman-occupied Egypt." Ancient Origins. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. < http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/2000-year-old-youth-org >.
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How Government Began
Governments, or a group of people who manage and organize cities, regions, and countries, have existed for more than 2,000 years and we still use them today. This probably means that the reasons that societyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s need a government have not changed. Once people began to farm and agriculture became more important, they no longer moved and the population grew. As the population grew, cities began to develop and civilizations emerged. Now people felt the need to have a government so they could be managed and organized. Government Symbol A lot of changes have occurred in government such as the strength in economy, a new way of viewing life, and politics. No two governments were alike. For example, there was a king in Macedonia and a king in Persia, but their cities were drastically different. In early Mesopotamia, the first real government was a monarchy, or a head of a state usually a king or queen. As organization became more complex so did religion, or a set of shared beliefs. Law Codes in Ancient Mesopotamia
Timeline ● First cities arise in Mesopotamia and River Valleys in Asia and Africa. (4000-3000 BC) ● Sargon of Akkad formed the first empire. (3000 BC) ● Babylonian Empire forms and Hammurabi becomes King. ● Hammurabi’s Code were laws that governed life. (2000 BC) ● Athens forms a democracy. (1000 BC) ● Roman Empire and Roman Constitution. (509 BC) ● Rise of absolute monarchies. (1000 AC) Hammurabi’s Code Map of Early Civilizations Government TodayGovernment today is totally different. Today, some big cities have more than a half-million people which means we need a larger government to manage all these people. Also, government today has altered many of the laws, or rules used to keep the society tamed, that were used during the first days of government. Now, Hammurabi's Code was the first written form of laws. Today most governments have a democracy, or a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives. Considering this, the city of Athens forms the first democracy which we still use.
Bibliography "Ancient River Valley Civilizations by Kristin Murphy." Ancient River Valley Civilizations. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. " Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2015. "History of the World's Government." History Of The World's Government Timeline. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2015. "No Sign." The Trackuttuz. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. "State Government - Jack H. - Kansas." State Government - Jack H. Kansas. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015.
Governing
Key Terms Civilizations Resources Technology
Key Ideas:
Mesopotamian
Started from farming, First City
Part of Civilizations Governing became part of the civilizations because everyone started settling in one place and someone had to make sure everything was working. Governing helped decide the maintaining of food, to see if we have surplus of food, what to build and to attack or not. If the governments was bad then the whole city wouldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve fallen. Governments were either the priests or the rulers, the highest class. They were the only one who were taught how to write at the time.
Governing How and Where it Started. It
started 3000 BCE in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers; which is now known as Iraq. It started near water because the first people to settle in one place where the farmers and they used the river water to water their plants. As everyone was living in one place, they needed someone to make the important decisions and that person had to be specialized in leadership.
Governing Life with and without Governing Governments were responsible of the society’s resources were there. Also, that everyone had the resources they needed to survive. A strong and organized governments could form an army for defense and/or expand his borders. As populations grew, governments became more difficult to maintain. They started to rely on large amount of people to help keep the society intact. Governments established law and order for the people and they controlled interactions with other cultures. The country would never grow as fast, everything would be slower because everyone had to agree with it. Everyone would be carefree as there wouldn’t be laws or there would be but there’d be no one to stop him. Technology wouldn’t be so advanced. If the village is dying of a disease or hunger no one would know what to do and they would start leaving and finding another village.
Governing Past and Present Governments hadnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t changed much from the early civilizations to today. Now most of the governments around the world are a democracies instead of the rulerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s son becoming the next government. We also have more people living in countries which now means we have to maintain better; the bigger the country gets the harder is to maintain so we have start having governors tjo take care of each state/city. We now have more advanced technology to take help us survive easier and everything is more expensive. Everyone gets paid to work. Nowadays it's more equal.
Citations Karpiel, Frank, Kathleen Krull, and Grant P. Wiggins. My World History. Boston, MA: Pearson, 2012. Print.
http://history.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/upload/upfiles/2010-12/15/dawn_of_civilization4c17b10
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