Aspects of Civilizations- Period 6 2017

Ten Aspects of Textbook Civilization Julia Bueno

Tools - A History Before developing stone tools, humans used rocks or sticks that they found in their environment to throw at animals as a primitive weapon. The creation of tools shows humanity’s ingenuity and ability to adapt.

Early Tools

A tool is a handheld device that assists someone in doing a task. Tools have been a part of human culture since before Homo Sapiens arrived on Earth. The earliest example of tools is the Oldowan Toolkit. Dated to around 2.5 million years ago, the Oldowan Toolkit is comprised of early examples of tools, such as choppers, which were used to scrape meat off the bones of animals that humans hunted. Most of the tools were used in hunting and butchering animals, but others could have been used to cut plants and even some workshopping.

Early tools had serrated edges and were usually large and cumbersome. As tools developed, they gradually began to have points and could be fashioned into spears and bows and arrows. At this point in history, tools were mostly used for hunting or gathering and had broad, generalized usage.

Effect of Farming on Tools During the Neolithic Era, humans developed farming, which had a massive impact on tools. To be able to do farming tasks, humans developed tools such as sickles to cut grass. Around this time, humans discovered bronze, an alloy or mixture of tin and copper, and entered the Bronze Age. Using metals to create tools has multiple advantages: tools could now be sharper and lighter, could be molded into different shapes, and are shock resistant. The issue was bronze is not abundant, so metal was expensive and reserved for the rich and powerful. With the discovery of iron, which starts the Iron Age, metal goes into the hands of all the people and completely replaces stone as the main material for tools.

Paleolithic Tools

Mesolithic Tools

Neolithic Tools

Tools during the Iron Age As civilizations began to form, each civilization created their own tools to meet the needs of their people. The Ancient Egyptians, who lived along the coast of the Nile River, created tools that helped them farm their fertile land. They also developed papyrus and writing tools to make records. Even though the Greeks and the Romans were not known for creating new tools, they did develop new forms of arms and armour, such as better breastplates and shields. Greek shields are known for their fanciful designs, while the Romans created new weapons such as the pilum, which is a form of a javelin.

Tools After the Fall of the Roman Empire Even though the fall of the Roman Empire brought Europe into the Dark Ages, people still continued to create new tools. For example, it was after the fall of the Roman Empire that the Chinese developed the magnetic compass. The compass would later become essential for travelers, who used it to navigate their way. The Chinese also invented gunpowder. The Chinese realized around 900 AD how gunpowder can be used as a weapon. Guns and cannons are thus created, which leads to armour and swords becoming useless as a form of weaponry.

Also, the spinning wheel was invented, and this lead to the start of spinning, which affected how clothes were made.

The Industrial Revolution During the Industrial Revolution, which occurred in the 18th century, tools changed drastically. Factories sprang up everywhere and people moved out of the fields and into cities to work in them. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most items were created at home using basic tools such as the spinning wheel and iron or steel farming tools. With the Industrial Revolution, large, specialized machines did the jobs that these hand tools once did. On the other hand, the Industrial Revolution introduced other tools such as steam powered trains and boats, which changed transportation drastically.

Iron Age Tool

Middle Ages Tool

Industrial Age Tool

Modern Tools Modern tools are mostly power based. This adds the advantage that any person, regardless of strength or size, is able to use an electric screwdriver. The material that tools are made of has also changed. Stainless steel is a popular material because it contains 10% chromium, unlike regular steel, which makes it more rust resistant. This is especially popular for items such as cutlery, which are exposed to constant moisture due to cleaning. The most influential tools now, though, are electronics. Computers, phones, and smartwatches have become an integral part of society, with electronics companies worth billions of dollars.

Tools and Civilization Tools have always been a part of civilization. Without tools, in fact, civilization would not have started. Without the development of farming tools, for example, humans would not have been able to create a surplus of food. It is a surplus that allowed a larger population. A larger population made villages and cities. And as more cities are created, they grouped together to form the first civilization.

Modern Tools

Picture Citations Car. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2017. <https://pixabay.com/p-1317645/?no_redirect>.

Computer. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2017. <http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/pictures/160000/velka/ordinateur-de-bureau-pc-1456070535WEH.jpg >.

Iron Age Tools. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2017. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Iron_Age_knives_from_Belarus.jpg>.

Industrial Age Ship. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2017. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Princess_Sophia_%28steamship%29_%28ca_1912 %29.jpg>.

Mesolithic Tools. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2017. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Mesolithic_adze_%28or_axe%29_%28FindID_2845 48%29.jpg>.

Middle Ages Tools. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2017. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Viking_swords_at_Bergen_Museum.jpg>.

Modern Tool. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2017. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Hand_tools.jpg>.

Neolithic Tools. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2017. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg>.

Oldowan Tools. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2017. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Pierre_taill%C3%A9e_Melka_Kunture_%C3%89thio pie_fond.jpg>.

Research Citations "Bronze Age Materials." Ancient Craft - Bronze Age Technology. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2017. <http://www.ancientcraft.co.uk/Archaeology/bronze-age/bronzeage-tech.html#tools>.

Buchanan, Robert Angus. "From the Middle Ages to 1750." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 27 Feb. 2017. Web. 30 Oct. 2017. <https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology/From-the-Middle-Ages-to-1750>.

Groeneveld, Emma. "Stone Age Tools." Ancient History Encyclopedia. N.p., 21 Dec. 2016. Web. 25 Oct. 2017. <https://www.ancient.eu/article/998/stone-age-tools/>.

Hartenberg, Richard S. "Hand Tool." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 23 Dec. 2015.

Web. 25 Oct. 2017. <https://www.britannica.com/technology/hand-tool#toc39194>.

History.com Staff. "Industrial Revolution." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009. Web. 02 Nov. 2017. <http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution>.

Karpiel, Frank, et al. My World History. Pearson Learning Solutions, 2015.

Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History. Stone Tools | The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program, Smithsonian Institute, 1 Mar. 2010, humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/stone-tools.

"Tool." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2017. <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tool>.

Citations for Cover Early Telephone. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2017. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/1896_telephone.jpg>.

Early Tool. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2017. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Blombos_point.JPG>.

Earth. Digital image. Pixabay. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2017. <https://pixabay.com/p-23546/?no_redirect>.

Greek Helmet. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2017. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Greek_helmet-MGR_Lyon-IMG_9724.jpg>.

Pyramids. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2017. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/1024px-All_ Gizah_Pyramids.jpg>.

Sumerian Writing Tool. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2017. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/P._Oxy._I_29.jpg>.

Transportation. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2017. <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Likoni_Ferry_early_1950s.jpg>.

Recreation-Refreshment of strength and spirits after work; a diversion Recreation started when civilizations started to develop, they began to appear because of all the free time, caused by surplus of food. When people started to settle down and grow into civilizations there was a great farming industry leaving enough food for everyone and people could not spend their day doing nothing, so they started to play games create music and draw art.

Recreation became part of a civilization when people started to settle down and grow into cities because there was so much food that not everyone had to farm or hunt so people started painting and playing so music and sports were born.

Some of the first signs of ancient recreation were the oldest board games to have been found is from 3500 BC and 3100 BC, what they found was a chess like board. Archaeologists also found 25 flutes in Africa that are 7,000 to 9,000 years old and six of them were intact and are believed to be the oldest instruments.

Early recreation connects early humans to today's economy in multiple ways. The fact that they had so many sports already shows similarities to today, because of all the sports we have today. A lot of the sports that were played then are still played today, or are similar to the ones that are played today.

Also artwork and jewelry that are found to have been part of the ancient community are being kept in museums.

Recreation has revolutionized over the years, It has gone from playing board games on clay boards, to wood. It has gone from playing with a ball, to playing competitive soccer.

It has gone from humming and hitting rocks, to making music, to advanced instruments and written songs, and it has gone from standing still for hours to get a portrait painted, to just taking a selfie with your phone.

Recreation Timeline Meso- Around 10,000 BC In Mesopotamia people were hard workers, but they still make time for play. The ancient Sumerians played with board games, the games were usually made out of clay. One game was called 20 squares, it was a race across the squares using dice. The rules of these games are not clear, but what is clear is that these early people invented board games.

Egypt-2040-1782 BC Many of the toys of young Egyptians were similar to today's action figures and dolls. Egyptologist, Rosalie David notes that young children played with dolls in cradles; animal toys, including crocodiles with moveable jaws; puppets, including dancing dwarfs; rattles and tops; and miniature weapons

China-around 5983 BC The 25 flutes that were mentioned earlier were found in China showing one of the first musical instrument sightings, six of them were intact and are believed to be the oldest instruments that work.

Greece-776 BC The olympics started in Greece.

Rome- 264 BC Some of the first Gladiator combats took place in rome, Decimus Junius Brutus Scaeva staged it in honor of his dead father.

Modern- 1835-now The most popular way to spend time now is on electronics, for example computers, televisions, phones, and social media. A modern schedule now is wake up, go to school, go home, watch tv ,do hw, watch more tv, and then go to bed.

Recreation in Ancient Egypt Competitions: Gladiators (Latin gladiatores) were professional fighters in ancient Rome who fought against each other, wild animals, and slaves, sometimes to the death, for the entertainment of spectators. These fights took place in arenas in many cities during the Roman republic and the Roman Empire.The word comes from gladius, the Latin word for a short sword used by legionaries and some gladiators.

First recreational sports: Egyptian kings are frequently depicted at the hunt, but common people are seen in rowing competitions, water-jousting, competitive races, playing handball, and high-jumping competitions among other sports. These were all played in the same way they are in the present day.

Recreation in Ancient Rome Competitions: Gladiators (Latin gladiatores) were professional fighters in ancient Rome who fought against each other, wild animals, and slaves, sometimes to the death, for the entertainment of spectators. These fights took place in arenas in many cities during the Roman republic and the Roman Empire.The word comes from gladius, the Latin word for a short sword used by legionaries and some gladiators.

First recreational sports: Boxing and wrestling were two of the first sports played, they were generally enjoyed by roman boys and were practiced in a center field of a roman baths. These helped build strength and stamina. Since there were no boxing gloves for protection, boys would wrap their hands in layers of cloth.

Lives of early humans: Athletics and physical fitness played an integral role in the lives of Egyptians of any age. Sports were a part of the king's coronation, celebrations of military victories, religious ceremonies, and festivals.

Most popular recreational sport: Two of the most popular sports in ancient Egypt were field hockey, and archery, these were popular because they helped with aim and focus.

Who got to do these sports and activities: While physical exercise was important for royalty, it was not limited by social status. Descriptions of sports indicate that people at every level of society enjoyed them and played often.

Lives of early humans: Even though much of ancient Roman life revolved around work and business, there was also time available for leisure. Ranging from swimming to playing board games to attending theatre performances, athletics and forms of entertainment enjoyed by Romans in ancient times were not much different from those that exist today.

Most popular recreational sport: Swimming was one of Roman boys favorite activities it was widely practiced in the Tiber River, next to the Campus Martius.

Most Roman baths also included plunge pools, in which swimming was enjoyed. Some women also knew how to swim in ancient times.

Who got to do these sports and activities: Once culture and architecture started to grow in economies only the richest people got to do sports and own art.

Mrs. Salup 11/6/17

Catalina Vallejo Period 6

Citations

Websites: ● "Recreation." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017. ● "Athletics, Leisure, and Entertainment in Ancient Rome." Ancient History Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017. ● "Athletics, Leisure, and Entertainment in Ancient Rome." Ancient History Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017. ● "Ancient Egyptian Recreation Part 1." Egyptian Recreation Sports Activities Usekh Sportsman Tombs Temples. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017. ● "Games, Sports & Recreation in Ancient Egypt." Ancient History Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017. ● "Recreation." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017. ● Ancient Roman Recreation & Sports - Crystalinks. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017. ● Ancient Roman Recreation & Sports - Crystalinks. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017. ● "Primary History - Ancient Greeks - The Olympic Games." BBC. BBC, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

Images: ● Nikiteev. "Vector Sketch Flute." Depositphotos. Depositphotos, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017. ● (patrimonio)https://stockfresh.com/gallery/patrimonio, Aloysius Patrimonio. "Two Boxers Match Overhead Black and White Stock Photo © Aloysius Patrimonio (patrimonio) (#505258)." Stockfresh.

Stockfresh.com | Royalty Free Stock Photos, Graphics and Vector Illustrations Https://stockfresh.com, 17 Nov. 2010. Web. 06 Nov. 2017. ● Bioraven. "Soccer Ball." Depositphotos. Depositphotos, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017. ● "Ancient Mesopotamia Unit Test." ProProfs. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017. ● "Egypt Tours & Travel." Egypt Tours & Travel | Intrepid Travel US. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017. ● Chan, Michelle Jana. "China Travel Operators." The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 05 Feb. 2016. Web. 06 Nov. 2017. ● "Anny Tzotzadini." Greek News from Canda. N.p., 17 July 2010. Web. 06 Nov. 2017. ● Planet, Lonely. "Rome Travel." Lonely Planet. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017. ● Francesquini, Maria Sueli Camargo. "Fontes/ Chafariz." Pinterest. N.p., 18 Jan. 2015. Web. 06 Nov. 2017. ● "Cloaked in Tradition." 403 Forbidden. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

History of Ancient Governments from past to present End of World Agricultural Revolution- First Governments formed, 12,000 BC

Phoenician Civilization, around 2750 BC

Ancient Egyptian civilization, 3100 BC

Roman Empire Peak, 117 AD at five million plus square miles

753 BC- Roman Kingdom founded, which would later turn into a republic and then into a massive empire.

Fall of the Western Roman Empire, 410 AD

Fall of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman empire 1453 AD

Start of the French Revolution, 1789

War 1 in 1918, which ended the Austrian, German, and Ottoman Empire and the beginning of Fascism

German Unification in 1871, which created which is now known as modern day Germany

How did Governments form?

Ancient governments first formed during the agricultural revolution. This happened because more food was able to be grown and harvested, that created a surplus, which allowed more people to settle in one area. This led to people creating governments to protect and maintain settlements. The first governments were monarchies, which means to be led by a king.

How do Ancient Governments affect the world today?

Ancient Governments affect the world today in many ways. The ancient monarchies that ruled ancient empires affected our present world today, as monarchies have been relevant throughout time to the present. Some countries today that are monarchies are the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, and the Netherlands. The ancient governments of Rome and Greece also influence our world greatly, more than any other type of government. Democracies are now the dominant force of government and have allowed for equality and the end of tyranny.

Ancient theocracies have also affected our world greatly, as they allowed for the spread of religions and religious ideas, and also religious cultures. Some theocracies today are the Vatican City and Iran.

Research “The Development of Agriculture.” Genographic Project, genographic.nationalgeographic.com/development-of-agriculture/.

History.com Staff. “Ancient Egypt.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancient-egypt.

“Phoenicia.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, www.ancient.eu/phoenicia/.

“Roman

Kingdom.” Roman Kingdom: The Epic Guide. | Know the Romans,

www.knowtheromans.co.uk/Categories/RomanKingdom/.

All That Is Interesting on June 20, 2013. “The Roman Empire At Its Peak.” All That Is Interesting, 1 Sept. 2017, all-that-is-interesting.com/height-roman-empire-map.

Karpiel, Frank, et al. MyWorld History. Pearson, 2012.

“The Fall of the Roman Empire.” Ushistory.org, Independence Hall Association, www.ushistory.org/civ/6f.asp.

History.com Staff. “Byzantine Empire.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2010, www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/byzantine-empire.

History.com Staff. “French Revolution.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/french-revolution.

“Higher Bitesize History - Bismarck and Unification : Revision.” BBC, BBC, www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/nationalism/unification/revision/1/.

“World War I Ends.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/world-war-i-ends.

Images “Free Images : Structure, Monument, Column, Landmark, Facade, Place of Worship, Government,

Basilica, Washington Dc, Roman Temple, Classical Architecture, Ancient Roman Architecture, Gov, Us Supreme Court Building 6000x4000.” Free Images : Structure, Monument, Column, Landmark, Facade, Place of Worship, Government, Basilica, Washington Dc, Roman Temple, Classical Architecture, Ancient Roman Architecture, Gov, Us Supreme Court Building 6000x4000 - 1393069 - Free Stock Photos - PxHere, pxhere.com/en/photo/1393069.

upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Trilla_del_trigo_en_el_Antiguo_Egipto.jp www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=0ahUKEwiEtfzL5p3XAhVTzGMKHQorCagQjB wIBA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Ff%2Ffe%2FHohenzollern_Reichsw appen_Kleines.png&psig=AOvVaw1mpCAEch-GQsMJ-9LHgANA&ust=1509640322266242. c1.staticflickr.com/7/6057/6262125702_a086dd49f1_b.jpg.

Aesthetics

From the beginning of advancing civilizations, aesthetics from the concept of beauty have been created into works of art, for appreciation from the artistic side of human beings.

The word itself Aesthetics is one of the branches of philosophy that deals with the concepts of beauty and art. The word aesthetics comes from the Greek word “aisthesis.” Although, in specifics, the word “aesthetics” was first used in 1735 by a German philosopher named Alexander Baumgarten.

Ancient Aesthetics Aesthetics first formed in Earth’s first civilization, Mesopotamia located in present-day Turkey. Inhabitants of this culture lived on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates River due to its fertile soil that provided resources. From the abundance of these resources came job specilization and leisure time.This led to the makings of the first forms of art; pottery and sculptures. These forms of art were developed through shaping clay ,then baking it, leading to pottery, and carving into stone for sculpturing. These works of art were made to their desired shapes, were purposed for beauty, as well as developed skill in forming these types of art. Sculptures were mainly depicting animals and humans. Humans were depicted with observing eyes and men, in particular, were sculpted with long beards on their chins , whereas animals were depicted in a powerful way to worship spirit beliefs. Gods and Goddesses were also sculptured to represent the people’s religion.

Aesthetics at this time was formed to make pottery as well as sculpturesor religious purposes, remaining with the aspect of beauty.

Aesthetics- Construction and Architecture From Pottery/Sculptures to Architecture As pottery in Mesopotamia began Aesthetics, it led to a new form of it: architecture. Architecture is the art or practice of designing and constructing buildings. As civilizations were starting out, construction for the people was needed for development. Later on, when civilizations were steadily formed, came more construction . This represented beauty and emotions through the conceptual designs made of construction. Architecture can be made of bricks, clay, sand, rock, wood, twigs and leaves. Ancient Architecture not only served to express beauty and art but also power. Ancient architecture took dozens of years to build, and consisted of many hours of work from the laborers to accomplish.

Ancient Architecture- An example of ancient architecture in aeshtetics are the Mesopotamian ziggurats (pictured below). A ziggurat is a rectangular stepped tower (in ancient Mesopotamia), sometimes surmounted by a temple. These structures were designed in a rectangular form and were composed of brick with a shrine on the top of the ziggurat. These buildings were carefully designed, demonstrating the civilizationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mathematical skills. This work of beauty was purposed for many things with its complex design such as courtyards for ceremonies, banquet halls, administrative buildings, granaries, and workshops. In other words, these ziggurats were where the main activites of administrative and economic occurings took place. It is a great example of aesthetics with its profound structure, representing greatness and beauty.

Another example of ancient architecture are the Great Pyramids of Giza, which is one of the seven wonders of the world, located in Egypt near modern-day Cairo. The talles pyramid was built in honor of three noble Egyptians: Cheops, Chepren, and Mycerinus, as each pyramid represents each one of these people. The pyramid is of solid mass and was used as a monument for the civilization of Ancient Egypt and was also used to store the dead inhabitants of the civilization. The structure held a record for tallest building made with human hands for about 3,0000 years. The triangular structure expresses magnificent beauty as well.

Aesthetics Nowadays

Aesthetics in the Present- As civilizations have grown and become more complex since the birth of these societies, so has aesthetics. Today, architecture has taken a more modern approach using glass and new geometric designs that express all types of beauty. Architecture has also advanced in height, creating a new atmosphere of complexity civilizations. One example of these structures is the national landmark of France, the Eiffel Tower located in Paris. The Eiffel Tower was built to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. Not only was the landmark built to celebrate France’s freedom, but the Eiffel Tower was also built to signify the nation’s industrial skill worldwide. The structure was to some, unconsidered a form of art,. Although, others at the time saw a structure of beauty and glory. This landmark highlights the modern meaning of aesthetics, showing its different responses to the human mind’s opinion standards of beauty.

Aesthetics Then vs. Now- Aesthetics remains with the same concepts of beauty, expression, and art, aesthetics then to now differs in many ways. For example, the Great Pyramids of Giza, took about twenty years to build. To contrast the Eiffel Tower in which took a mere two years to build through the complex techonology that has allowed for architecture to advance. Also, the size of these structures dating back centuries tend to be smaller in size than structures nowadays. To exemplify, the Great Pyramids of Giza has a height of 455 feet whereas the Eiffel Tower has a height of 984 feet. In addition, these works of standing art are composed of different materials then as to today. The Eiffel Tower is composed of iron, which has better durance structure-wise, and the Great Pyramids of Giza are composed of sorts of stones. Therefore, ancient aesthetics compared to aesthetics nowadays differ in many ways.

Mesopotamia first emerges: begins Ziggurats were the evolution of Great Pyramids built in aesthetics Mesopotamia were built 5000 BC

2630 BC

2000 BC

Timeline Christ is born

AD 1

The Eiffel Tower was built AD 1887

Today

Works Cited Research"Aesthetic." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. Aiste Celkyte. "Ancient Aesthetics." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. IEP, n.d. Web. "Ancient Mesopotamia for Kids Art." Ancient Mesopotamian Art, Music, Craftsmen - Mesopotamia for Kids.

N.p., n.d. Web. "Ancient Mesopotamia Pottery." Ancient Mesopotamia Pottery,rock,potters Wheel,Pinch Potting, Slab Building. Ancient Mesopotamians, n.d. Web. "Lloyd, Seton H.F. "Mesopotamian Art and Architecture." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 11 Sept. 2017. Web. "Mesopotamian Art (c.4500-539 BCE)." Mesopotamian Art. Mesopotamian Art, n.d. Web. "Mesopotamian Art." Mesopotamian Art | Essential Humanities. Essential Humanities, n.d. Web. "Mesopotamian Maps." Mesopotamian Maps by History Links 101. History Link, n.d. Web. Palermo, Elizabeth. "Eiffel Tower: Information & Facts." LiveScience. Purch, 28 Sept. 2017. Web. PhD, Marcelo Guimarães Lima. "Art and Civilization." Introduction to the History of Art. Art History Part 1, 01 Jan. 1970. Web. "Philosophy 101." Evolutionary Philosophy. N.p., n.d. Web. Samuels, A. J. "Aesthetics of Beauty and Power: Ten Maya and Aztec Sites in Mexico." Culture Trip. The Culture Trip, 23 July 2013. Web. Sircello, Guy. "Aesthetics." OpenAM (Login). Scholastic Grolier Online, n.d. Web. PicturesBoundless. "Mesopotamia." Mesopotamia | Boundless Art History. Lumen Learning, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

Civilization." Wikimedia. Wikimedia, n.d. Web. "Colorful." Pixabay. Pixabay, 2017. Web. "Eiffel Tower." PixaBay. Pixabay, n.d. Web. "El Castillo." Wikimedia. Wikimedia, n.d. Web. Fischer, Mark. "Pyramids of Giza." Flickr. Yahoo!, 24 Mar. 2016. Web. "Great Pyramid of Giza." Ancient History Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. "Shiva Pashupati." Wikimedia. Wikimedia, n.d. Web. Ugc. "Pyramid of Kukulcan at Chichen Itza." Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura, 15 July 2009. Web. "Mesopotamian Zurrigatt." Wikimedia. Wikimedia, n.d. Web.

Recreation The Beginning Recreation is something done for pleasure or to relax, or activities in general The very beginning of recreation was thought of after there was a surplus of tools and food for farming. As farming began, people began to settle down in one place in order to grow crops. This led to new tools being made, job specialization. Since not as much work was needed to be done, people began to get leisure time. This soon leading to the idea of recreation. No one knows exactly when recreation began, but all that is known is that it became popular in A.D. 80. As recreation became popular, more and more types of recreation were being made. Some include, wrestling, gymnastics, weights, swimming, and horseback riding. As a matter of fact, all of the first recreation are still done today.

Where Recreation Began Recreation began in three different places, Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, and the Ancient Rome Civilization.

Those are not some of the most popular places where they occurred. The two of the three most popular civilizations where recreation occured are Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece. Although, Ancient Rome was the place to be when it came to recreation.

A bowl made by Lydos This is a dyed ball the showing different recreation Ancient Egyptians in Athens, Greece used for juggling

First Multi-Note Instrument Recreation is not only sports, it is also includes musical instruments. The flute dates way back as the first multi-note instrument.

From 1986-1987, Archaeologists found 25 flutes at the early Neolithic site of Jiahu in Henan Province, China. The flutes were 7,000-9,000 years old, and made out of bone with seven holes. The scale of the flutes were correlated to a similar Western eight note scale. The flutes are thought to be part of the communities everyday lives, or for religious rituals.

These are 6 of the 25 first multi-flute instruments found.

Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt, was one of the earliest locations to have recreation, yet also one of the most favored. In fact, swimming was the most popular recreation there. Swimming was the only recreation that both girls and boys would take part in together, as children were taught to swim at an early age as well. This love for swimming soon led to Ancient Egypt being known for their recreation of swimming and boating. Although, swimming was the only sport both girls and boys did due to the fact girls and boys were separated. Each had their separate recreation to do. Boys participated in wrestling, rowing, boxing, as well as other playing competitive team sports such as field hockey. While girls did juggling, gymnastics, and gymnastic dance. Other than for enjoyment, recreation was also part of the different King's coronation, celebrations of military victories, religious ceremonies, and festivals. Archeologists inferred that board games were very popular based on the amount they found while excavating.

Ancient Greece Greece is one of the countries that everyone knows when it comes to sports. Gymnastics was the most popular recreation there. Once young boys turned the age of seven, they were required to begin learning gymnastics. Although, girls did not do it at This is a drawing of the Egyptians rowing a boat for fishing and swimming. the time because men were at a higher rating.

Separation was not based on gender, but it was based on social class. Only the wealthiest got to take part in recreation, while the poor had to do most of the labor. As well as other people of upper class, including soldiers, athletes, artists, and statesmen.

This rule soon changed, and everyone of every social class got to take part in this during various religious festivals. In these competitions during the festivals, was music, poetry, theater, gymnastics, and athletic The Arrephoria in Athens, where only competition. priestesses and a maximum of four girls participated in the games

Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a place with multiple popular recreation. To exemplify, there was horseback riding, swimming, wrestling, running, and hunting/fishing. Wrestling was practiced in a center field of Roman baths. It improved overall fitness, and stamina. As well, hunting and fishing were the oldest popular recreation in Ancient Rome. Boys often accompanied their fathers to hunt or fish. All recreation were open to anyone, but people did not use this to their advantage. Boys did all of the sports, while the girls did things like farming, baking, building, and selling/trading goods.

Continuedâ&#x20AC;Ś.

All citizens were required to fight in wars, so there was mostly only sports for recreational purposes. The Romans held many competitions, but the most important were the ones after a military triumph/success. This competition was held in honor of the God, Jupiter.

The Roman Colosseum The Roman Colosseum, a famous landmark, was made in 80 C.E. to host public entertainment events. These events include gladiator fights, wild animal hunts, and public executions.

Right after construction finished, for 100 days, there were gladiator battles. They often began with the gladiator in a chariot procession, surrounded by trumpets. Professional beast killers took part in the animal hunts. Dangerous animals like lions, elephants, hippopotamuses and bulls were killed. Or defenceless animals like deer, ostriches, giraffes and even whales were ut.

Luckily, Emperor Honorius ended these games in 404 CE. Today it is a sight to see for tourists visiting Rome.

Recreation Today

The Olympics

From 776 BCE, in honor of Zeus, during the first full moon after the summer solstice was the first Olympics. It took place in Olympia, Greece. To begin, all athletes and officials swore an oath stating that they will follow the rules of the competitions, and compete with honour/respect.

The women were not allowed to watch or participate, but young girls were allowed in the crowd. For the first 12 Olympics, the only game competed was the stadion foot race/running race.

A unique fact is that in long jump, competitors would use weight in order to get that much farther.

The prizes were a victory crown made of wild olive leaves and an olive branch to each event winner.

The more modern Olympics that we know today began in 1896, in Athens, Greece. Today, countries all over the world train in order to compete in the olympics

Today, recreation is still a big part of peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lives.

In fact, today there are still many of the first sports, yet more evolved. For example, gymnastics. All over gymnastics competitions are being held, with new equipment still being made. The most popular recreation still done today, is the Olympics. Almost every country in the world competes in this world-wide competition.

Although today, people have become more interested in digital technology, rather than recreation.

First Olympics 776 BCE

A.D.80 Recreation became very popular

The Roman Colosseum

Original Colosseum games were stopped 404 CE

80 C.E. The Roman Colosseum was made

Modern Olympics began 1896

1986-1987 Archeologists found the first-multi note instrument

Works Cited Research Roman Daily Life - Ancient Roman People for Kids, www.historyforkids.net/roman-daily-life.html.

“Ancient Greek Religion.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, www.ancient.eu/Greek_Religion/.

“Athletics, Leisure, and Entertainment in Ancient Rome.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, www.ancient.eu/article/98/athletics-leisure-and-entertainment-in-ancient-rom/.

Author: Department of Greek and Roman Art. “Athenian Vase Painting: Black- and Red-Figure Techniques | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art.” The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/vase/hd_vase.htm.

“Colosseum.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, www.ancient.eu/Colosseum/.

“Definition of ‘Recreation’ - English Dictionary.” Recreation Definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary, dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/recreation.

Works Cited Photos “Olympic Games.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, www.ancient.eu/Olympic_Games/.

Orbitlab. “Arrephorion.” ACROPOLIS RESTORATION SERVICE, www.ysma.gr/en/arrephotion.

“Games, Sports &amp; Recreation in Ancient Egypt.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, www.ancient.eu/article/1036/games-sports--recreation-in-ancient-egypt/. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kotinos_light_background.jp g/1200px-Kotinos_light_background.jpg http://cdn.history.com/sites/2/2015/03/hungry-history-vomitoriums-fact-or-fiction_Corbis-E. jpeg

Image of the Great Wall of China

Protecting and Conserving People began to protect themselves a long time ago. In China, they began to use protection in the third century B.C.E. They did this by building the Great Wall of China. They felt that they were in need of protection because they were constantly afraid of invasions from the Barbarians.

However, while they might have built this, later they discovered that it was not effective because the Barbarians were still able to attack them.

In other places like Babylon, King Hammurabi created the Hammurabi Code. The Hammurabi Code was a book of rules created by the king and anyone who broke any of the rules had to be punished. He did this to protect his people from their neighbors and to keep sanity in the village.

Image of the Hammurabi Code Fun Fact: The Great Wall of China is 5,500.3 miles long, and is so long that it is the only man made thing visible in space.

Protecting and Conserving- Modern Day Nowadays, for protection there are militaries, along with body guards, security, video cameras, alarms and many other things. Here in America, there is the Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, Army, Coast Guard, Police, FBI along with many other things. They all protect America. In England, there is the Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, Coast Guard and a few others.

Protection is a key feature for any village, town, city, country, or any other place. Protection is important because it protects the citizens and helps stop bad things from happening. Protection has evolved a lot since people first started protecting themselves. They have evolved because people have evolved and people realized that what they were doing was not effective, take the Great Wall of China for example. When building it they thought that the Barbarians would not be able to get through it, yet they did.

Protecting and Conserving Timeline 1900 B.C.E.

2613-2181 B.C.E.

In this year, the Assyrian Empire fell. Up until 612 BCE they had the best military force at their time. They were great because their military was professionally trained, iron weapons, sophisticated engineering skills, good tactics, and complete ruthlessness.

This was the time of the Old Kingdom in Egypt. They had one strong leader who controlled the army. The king was the leader and he lead them into battle. At this time, they were constantly at war.

4000 B.C.E. 3000 B.C.E. The Chinese did have an army, however, they did also build the wall of China to keep the Barbarians out. They believed that the wall would be effective, yet it wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t.

Greek Warfare: They had an army who were very good.

They believed that war was a necessary evil of the human condition.

3000 B.C.E. Roman Empire was ruling at this time. They had a great military for their time.

Current Time Now we have militaries and police and many other things that protect us, including technology.

Works Cited Information “Beginnings and Early Civilizations (10,000- 1000 BCE).” Your Page Title, Https://Highered.mheducation.com, highered.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/0809222299/45391/WHistory1.html.

Cartwright, Mark. “Ancient Greek Warfare.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, 17 May 2013, www.ancient.eu/Greek_Warfare/. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China.

Mark, Joshua J. “Assyrian Warfare.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, Ancient History Encyclopedia, 11 Aug. 2014, www.ancient.eu/Assyrian_Warfare/.

Pictures “Seal & Motto.” FBI, FBI, 3 May 2016, www.fbi.gov/history/seal-motto.

The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “Code of Hammurabi.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 18 Jan. 2017, www.britannica.com/topic/Code-of-Hammurabi.

“Great Wall of China.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Oct. 2017, Stacey, Ben. “Logos.” Pinterest, Pinterest, 22 Apr. 2013, www.pinterest.com/pin/144255994286963632/.

Transportation: Movement from one place to another.

Pesse canoe

Transportation

When did transportation begin to have an affect on humanity?

What people believe to be the first form of transportation was the boat. Early manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s boat was simply a log of which had been dug out. This boat is believed to have been developed around 8,000 BCE. Scientists named the boat the Pesse canoe.

Transportation around the globe Throughout the world different forms of transportation were discovered at different times. In Mesopotamia the first wheel was made (3,500 BCE), in Rome the first roads were created, these roads were all straight because that made it easier to travel by horse and carriage so the driver would not have to steer the horse as much. The very first road was called via appia. In Scandinavia, Vikings built long, fast boats, these were called dragon ships or long ships.

The first signs of longships was around 500 to 300 BCE. In China, water, like in all other early civilizations, was the first means of travel, not on foot. The Yangtze river was a great waterway used to travel by early man.

Later on in 486 to 484 BCE, the grand canal was built. The mere purpose of the grand canal was for transportation. Early manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development of transportation came from all of the world and not merely one single place.

Transportation The Wheel The wheel is thought to have been invented around 3,500 BCE. Throughout the ages the wheel has evolved in many ways. The first sign of this was around 3,200 BC when mankind began using the wheel for transportation, creating carts and chariots, for the original purpose was for pottery. Although the actual wheel was developed in 3,500 BC, the idea of the wheel goes back to Paleolithic ages, back then logs were used to move heavy objects like boulders. The boulder would be pulled on logs as people brought the logs from the back of the boulder to the front.

Transportation throughout the ages

Throughout time man has developed transportation, and has developed movement in many ways. As humankind lives on they create more efficient ways to transport bigger loads. Early man started this evolutio in many places like Greece, Mesopotamia, and Rome. Through this time man has managed to develop transportation by plane, animal, boat/ship, car motorbike, bicycle. These forms of transport are constantly used in the everyday world

Works Cited Research Group, JPS Design. “Planes, Trains and Automobiles: The History of Transportation.” Car Insurance Www.lelandwest.com, www.lelandwest.com/planes-trains-automobiles-the-history-of-transportation.cfm.

Raiciu, Tudor. “History of the Wheel.” Autoevolution, 2 June 2009, www.autoevolution.com/news/history-of-the-wheel-7334.html.

“Roman Roads.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, www.ancient.eu/article/758/roman-roads/.

Vaucher, Jean. History of Boats, www-labs.iro.umontreal.ca/~vaucher/History/Prehistoric_Craft/.

Drents Museum. “Boomstamkano Van Pesse, Drents Museum.” Wikipedia, upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Boomstamkano_van_Pesse%2C_Drents_Museum%2C_1955-VIII -2.jpg.

“Primary History - Vikings - Vikings at Sea.” BBC, BBC, www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/vikings/vikings_at_sea/.

Jong Wha, Lee. WHKMLA : The History of Transportation in China, Korean Minjok Leadership Academy, Nov. 2008,

Images www.zum.de/whkmla/sp/0910/romulus/romulus1.html#I. http://s4.thingpic.com/images/vJ/AoZzovBS9M2Ns8hTvs9M82VM.jpeg https://www.flickr.com/photos/kevinmgill/7369771816

The Assyrians Military - Of or relating to soldiers, arms, or war. Started around 1000 B.C.E Standing army - One made up of professional soldiers whose only job is to fight.

Let’s start off with the basic questions, who was the first military? The answer is placed in simple research, the Assyrians. The early Assyrians were a warrior society. Every young man was expected to train as a warrior and be ready to fight. As the Assyrian Empire grew, they built a standing army. A standing army is one made up of professional soldiers whose only job is to fight. The Assyrian soldiers were trained in siege warfare, battle tactics, and hand-to-hand combat. Every spring, the Assyrian army would launch a battle campaign. They would conquer rich cities, expanding the Assyrian Empire, and bringing back wealth to the king. It is estimated that the size of the Assyrian army at its peak was several hundred thousand soldiers.

This is a drawing of an Assyrian warrior.

“Assyria.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, www.ancient.eu/assyria/.

Alexander The Great You may be asking, what does he have to do with the military? Actually, a lot. Here is some information about him: He was a Macedonian king, Alexander the Great, (356-323 B.C.) was born to parents King Philip II and Queen Olympia. Tutored by Aristotle, the prince took charge of the Companion Cavalry at age 18 and aided Philip in defeating the Athenian and Theban armies at Chaeronea. After the death of his father, Alexander garnered the support of the Macedonian Army and eliminated his enemies to become king and leader of the Corinthian League. Alexander went on to conquer Persia and Egypt, his kingdom ranging from the Mediterranean to the border of India. Once he ascended on the Macedonian throne, Alexander quickly disposed of all of his domestic enemies by ordering their execution. But soon he had to act outside Macedonia. Philipâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s death caused series of rebellions among the conquered nations and the Illyrians, Thracians, and Greeks saw a chance for independence.

Alexander acted swiftly. He forced his way into Greece despite the roads leading to the country being blocked by the Thessalonians.

As soon as he restored Macedonian rule in northern Greece, he marched into southern Greece. His speed surprised the Greeks and by the end of summer, 336 BC they had no other choice but to acknowledge his authority.

This is an Alexander The Great statue from the Hellenistic era, British Museum

Alexander the Great (Alexander of Macedon) Biography, www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/AlexandertheGreat.htm

Civilizations Ancient Mesopotamia By 853 B.C.E, the Assyrians had already taken over Mesopotamia. They were the first of many militaries, Mesopotamia was the base to many militaries that made huge differences in their time. Here are some examples: Assyrians, Babylonians Parthians, China etc.

Ancient Egypt The ancient Egyptian military, like all armies, was a product of the society that created it. Although it was not militarily innovative itself, Egyptian society could be very conservative. The Egyptian military readily adapted enemy weapons and technologies, becoming a powerhouse of the ancient world and one of the great military forces of history.

Ancient China The ancient Chinese river valley civilization was engaged in military activity since the dawn of warfare. They are one of the world's oldest and largest civilizations, forming around 6000 BC. Eventually they formed cities and began to conquer one another. However, recorded military activity was first recorded by the Xia Dynasty when writing was developed based on Sumerian script.

The ancient Chinese were involved in frequent wars of unification, expansion and defense of their territories.

Ancient Greece The Spartan City state produced what is probably the most iconic military in ancient history. The ancient Spartan warriors are known for their bravery, professionalism and skill, a reputation that has been well deserved. .Spartan political power peaked from the 6th to 4th century (BC;) however Spartan military power had its roots much earlier.The evolution of the Spartan army began during the Mycenaean age (1600 BCE to 1100 BCE), a time in Greek history when tactics were simple.

Ancient Rome During the early republic, the Roman state grew exponentially in both size and power. Though, the Gauls sacked and burned Rome in 390 B.C., the Romans rebounded under the leadership of the military hero Camillus, eventually gaining control of the entire Italian peninsula by 264 B.C. Rome then fought a series of wars known as the Punic Wars with Carthage, a powerful city-state in northern Africa.

Modern-Day (US) The United States Army is the main ground-force of the United States. The Army's main function is to protect and defend the United States by way of ground troops, armor (tanks), artillery, attack helicopters, tactical nuclear weapons, etc. The Army is the oldest U.S. Military service, officially established by the Continental Congress on June 14, 1775. This slide has shown how much military has evolutionized. It has been passed from protecting grain, to protecting millions of people.

Powers, Rod. “US Military 101 - Organizational Structure and Roles.” The Balance, www.thebalance.com/u-s-military-101-3331988.

“Ancient Military: Civilizations.” Ancient Military, www.ancientmilitary.com/ancient-china-military.htm.

Mark, Joshua J. “Mesopotamia.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, Ancient History, 2 Sept. 2009, www.ancient.eu/Mesopotamia/.

Timeline 1000 B.C.E

Assyrians

1600 B.C.E

Greece Military

356 B.C.E

Alexander The Great

2017

Modern Day Military

Mrs. Salup 11/5/17

Natalia Meza

Citations

Period. 6

“Assyria.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, www.ancient.eu/assyria/. (Picture + Information) Alexander the Great (Alexander of Macedon) Biography www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/AlexandertheGreat.htm (2 Pictures + Information) Powers, Rod. “US Military 101 - Organizational Structure and Roles.” The Balance, www.thebalance.com/u-s-military-101-3331988. (Picture + Information) “Ancient Military: Civilizations.” Ancient Military, www.ancientmilitary.com/ancient-china-military.htm. (Information) Mark, Joshua J. “Mesopotamia.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, Ancient History, 2 Sept. 2009, www.ancient.eu/Mesopotamia/. (Information) “Military Colours, Standards and Guidons.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Oct. 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_colours,_standards_and_guidons. (Picture)

Education Introduction to Education In civilization, education is a very important factor. Education creates job specialization and social classes. Education has changed a lot since it first started. Now, people think that education is only english, math, history, and science but for early man it was much more. They learned about agriculture, trade, and writing. Nowadays, most of society does not like to study or do homework.

Also, someoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s social class doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t depend on how much knowledge they have, it mostly depends on how much money they have. For early man, learning was very important for them. Everyone wanted to learn. Their social class didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t depend on money, it depended on the education they had because whoever had a good education became a leader of the civilization such as a king, priest, or emperor.

Schools To become a king, priest, or emperor, young kids went to a school to learn everything they needed to know. Before schools started, parents would teach their children the basics of writing, how to continue their families' job specialization, how to survive, and traditions.

In the earliest schools, children learned to how to make cuneiform marks and the general knowledge of scribes. The oldest school that mankind has discovered was made by the Sumerians in the mid-4th millennium B.C. Schools came to be because priests and kings realized the need for educating scribes. It was very hard to learn cuneiform writing, and therefore, most people took twelve years to learn it. Boys in Sumeria were seven or eight years old when they started going to school. Early man and man now both record business records, inventories, observations of daily life, religious hymns, poems, stories, palace orders and temple records. Nowadays, it is required by the law to go to school until 12th grade. Adults that have gotten at least a Bachelor's Degree in education teach students about science, history, math, and how to write. In some schools, there are other classes such as drama, art, dance, world languages, etc. Schools throughout the years have not changed that much, but there are a few differences.

Civilizations Education developed and changed throughout many civilizations. Education started in Mesopotamia and then came Egypt and China, Greece, Rome, and the latest form of education takes place in modern day. In every civilization, some things were similar but some things were distinct. The two major civilizations for education out of these are Rome and Egypt.

Major Civilizations The most well known civilization in history were the Egyptians and the Romans. They both had very developed ways of teaching things, yet their methods for education are for distinct.

Egyptians in the Egyptian Empire used a system of symbols called hieroglyphics to help communicate. Hieroglyphics are symbols of real or celestial things. For example, a picture of an eye will most likely represent the word eye. The language was easy for the most part, but it took a while to decode everything. The pictures created a story depending on what and where they were placed next to. Math and astrology were strong factors in Egyptian education. Egyptians could calculate angles so perfectly that the three Pyramids of Giza line up exactly to the Orions Belt. Being able to build the Pyramids of Giza with such precision showed how math was a very strong component for the ancient Egyptians.

The Roman Empire was one of the best built empires in history. The Roman people were very well-rounded. They were strong and very well educated. They came up with a system of numbers called Roman Numerals. Roman Numerals are similar to the number system today. For example the letter “I” represents the number one and two “I”'s represents the number two and so on. This number system also uses subtraction and addition. For example, the number four is IV. “V” stands for 5, and if there is a smaller number in front, you must subtract it from the larger number (5-1=4 or V-I=IV). The Romans not only had a good number system, but they they also had an outstanding writing system. The language spoken by the Romans was Latin. Latin is like English since they each have the same alphabet. Even though they have the same alphabet, their letters make different words.

The Romans and Egyptians were both exceptionally taught and very developed, yet they each had distinctive writing and number systems.

Orion’s Belt and the Great Eye of Horus

Roman Empire and Egyptian Empire

Timeline

https://time.graphics/line/b6cd0e4bcd90dd99f4d765a187d19330

Citations Research Pearson Sign In, sso.rumba.pearsoncmg.com/sso/login?profile=eb&service=https://k12integrations.pearsoncmg.com/ca/dashboard.htm&EBTenant=gs-fl.

Study.com, Study.com, study.com/qualifications_for_being_a_teacher.html.

The History of Education, history-world.org/history_of_education.htm.

“Education and the Internal Clash of Civilizations.” – ABC Religion &amp; Ethics (Australian Broadcasting Corporation), 15 Feb. 2011, www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2011/02/16/3140392.htm.

“Gallery: How Did the First Humans Live?” Khan Academy, www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/big-history-project/early-humans/how-did-first-humans-live/a/gallery-how-did-the-first-humans-live.

“Mesopotamian Education and Schools.” History, 25 May 2017, www.historyonthenet.com/mesopotamian-education-and-schools/.

Timeline. A History of Education Timeline, www.tiki-toki.com/timeline/entry/56733/A-History-of-Education-Timeline/#vars!date=2161 BC-09-17_13:21:12!

Citations Photos Ancient Scripts: Sumerian, www.ancientscripts.com/sumerian.html.

“15,225 Production Line Cliparts, Stock Vector And Royalty Free Production Line Illustrations.” 123RF Stock Photos, www.123rf.com/clipart-vector/production_line.html?sti=lrgfdwdpivusty1hzc|.

17904, ku2raza|Vector ID. “Recreation, Sport and Entertainment Icons Vector Clipart Image #17904 – RFclipart.” RFClipart, RFclipart, 31 Aug. 2013, rfclipart.com/recreation-sport-and-entertainment-icons-17904-vector-clipart.html.

“455 Free Illustrations: Butterflies, Nature, Landscapes.” Butterflies, Nature, Landscapes - Free Illustrations on Pixabay, pixabay.com/en/photos/butterflies/?image_type=illustration&cat=nature.

“68 Free Images - Photos, Illustrations, Vector Graphics: Health, Education.” Health, Education - Free Pictures on Pixabay, pixabay.com/en/photos/health/?cat=education.

Big, Smith. “Software In Education Is Something That Is Constantly Being Revised.” MyVenturePad.com, 19 June 2017, myventurepad.com/software-education-something-constantly-revised/.

Brown, Bruce. “Teachers Increasingly Rely on Crowdfunding for Classroom Supplies.” Digital Trends, 5 Sept. 2016, www.digitaltrends.com/web/teachers-crowdfunding-school-supplies/.

“Egyptian Empire.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, www.ancient.eu/Egyptian_Empire/.

“The Eye of Horus.” The Eye of Horus ***, www.landofpyramids.org/eye-of-horus.htm.

“File:BlankMap-FlatWorld6.Svg.” File:BlankMap-FlatWorld6.Svg - Wikimedia Commons, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BlankMap-FlatWorld6.svg.

“Florida Water Tropical Fort Lauderdale Waterfront.” Free Photo Florida Water Tropical Fort Lauderdale Waterfront - Max Pixel, maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com/Florida-Water-Tropical-Fort-Lauderdale-Waterfront-1604481.

“Free Image on Pixabay - Communicate, Communication.” Free Vector Graphic: Communicate, Communication - Free Image on Pixabay - 2028004, pixabay.com/en/communicate-communication-conference-2028004/.

“Roman Empire.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, www.ancient.eu/Roman_Empire/.

“Silhouette Black Symbols Religion Ethics Morals.” Free Photo Silhouette Black Symbols Religion Ethics Morals - Max Pixel, maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com/Silhouette-Black-Symbols-Religion-Ethics-Morals-1321398.

“Social Studies Objectives - 2nd Quarter.” Mrs. Day's Class - Social Studies Objectives - 2nd Quarter, day.cmswiki.wikispaces.net/Social Studies Objectives - 2nd Quarter.

“Tools Clip Art.” CLKER FREE Clipart, www.clker.com/clipart-tools-12.html.

WHI | Get lost in what you love. “KEMET: The Pyramids Align with the COSMOS(How Is This Possible If Space Discovery(NASA) Did Not Start until the 20th Century?)...Perhaps a Dosage of LIES Passed off as Education and His-Story.....!:” We Heart It, weheartit.com/entry/group/85914036. }}, {{ comment.nameFull. “Transportation Vector Clip Art Set.” Creative Market, 23 Oct. 2014, creativemarket.com/ameyraut/13631-Transportation-Vector-Clip-art-set.

Ancient Education Key Ideas

Key Terms

E

●

Education then versus now

●

Differences in education worldwide

●

Sumerian

●

Sadyodwahas

●

Bramhavadinis

ducation, or the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction,

especially at a school or university had a huge affect on civilizations that were growing. In the very beginning, parents taught their kids about survival. Then, this developed. Education first started in Mesopotamia. Then came Egyptian/Chinese education. After that came Greece education. After, Greece education was created, then came the roman education and that leads us to modern day education. Education began in Mesopotamia and Mesopotamia Egypt around 2000-4000 B.C. Writing was created in Mesopotamia.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, kids were taught by one teacher in one room. One teacher taught grades one through eight. The room was heated by a single wood stove. The young kids would sit in the front of the room while the oldest sat in the back. Today, kids are put in classes, in specific levels that they are challenged to do their best. Each level/grade level has its own teacher and room today. School days were about 132 days and today they are about 180. There were no pens or pencils, they used chalk. Some kids needed to memorize the teacher's lesson for the day and recite in in front of the whole class. Today, kids take notes when a teacher is giving a lesson.

When the kids are in a line and someone steps out, the student got detention, or suspension, or even lashing. Today, kids step out the line all the time and are only told to get back in. No lunch was provided by the school, even if families had the money for it. Kids brought their lunches to school in metal pails. Every student drank water from a bucket filled by the older boys using the same tin cup.

Education in different parts of the world Egyptian Education Education in Egypt was only for families that were wealthy and had boys. Boys usually started school at the age of 7 and they were taught to read and write as well as mathematics. Egypt had classrooms that were set up very similar to today's ,and there were inscriptions on the walls about the rules for behaving properly in class. Boys started school around the age of seven. By this time, they had tables and the students did not have to sit on a stool.

This picture represents little kids being taught by one teacher in the front of the room.

Reading check In a brief paragraph, how has education developed since the beginning till now?

Mesopotamian Education Education in Mesopotamia is very important. They taught students reading and writing. Schools were mostly connected to temples. The schools were run by priests.

Some schools were designed for specific talents, such as ‘scribes’. These were the people that would have the job of writing all of the history, letters and all communications. Scribe students would spend hours writing and re-writing the hundreds of symbols that made up the Egyptian words. Students did not always like doing the work, and when they skipped school, they were punished. Most education came from the students parents. Boys were taught about trading while the girls were taught by their mother household responsibilities including cooking, and sewing. If a boy failed to do what he was supposed to, he would be sent out of the village and need to set up a new life for himself somewhere else. When boys started school, they learned Egyptian literature. These were called ‘wisdom texts’ and included many of the lessons on the way to grow up to be something good. Most students wanted to be so successful to be accepted to the royal palace, the temples or army, a government job, tax assessor, or even medicine with the priests. It was rare for someone to become that successful. Girls received education from their mothers. Girls in the royal family received just as much education as the boys did. The children of royal families and the high officials and nobles had the opportunity to attend the Prince’s School. The school taught reading and writing and the Hieroglyphs, history, mathematics, geometry, geography, cartography (study of maps), science, ceremonial dance and music, astronomy, medicine, astrology, and religious training.

Indian Education

Roman Education

The poor in Ancient Rome did not receive a formal education, many still learned to read and write.The rich were well taught and education was very important to them. Some rich families had their kids be tutored at home privately. Only boys went to school. If a student got a question wrong, they would be lashed.There were two types of schools.

The first type of school was for younger children aged up to 11 or 12 where they learned to read and write and to do basic mathematics. For writing, they used a stylus and a wax tablet. Older children would go to more advanced schools where they did specific studies on topics such as public speaking. Girls rarely went to these schools. As they were allowed to get married at the age of 12, Greek Education whereas boys had to wait until they were 14 to get The Greeks main focus is not only about culture but exploring new ideas. They believed that the men should get married. Students worked all seven days of the week. an excellent education and strive to be successful in all subjects. In school, students needed to know how to read the Greek city-states, except for Sparta, children were trained in music, art, literature, science, math, and politics.

They learned how to play a musical instrument, usually the flute or the lyre. They also learned about poetry. They learned how to debate and how to give a persuasive speech.

After high school, they attended military school, where they learned to be good warriors. Girls did not go to school. Girls were taught at home by their mothers. But, if their mother could read and write, they taught their girls how to do the This picture represents boys being same, as well as teaching them how to cook, sew and run a taught in Greece. household.

In India, people are divided into different social classes.The high class/most honorable were the Brahmins. The low class are called the outcast. Jobs that people would be are soldier's, business people, and farmers. Sons would follow the fathers footsteps and soon would be able to continue the job. Students with high class families learned about Hindu religion. The purpose of education is help to young women and men grow up to be successful and to provide good training in their religious duties. There were two classes of educated women, Sadyodwahas– who prosecuted studies till their marriages and Bramhavadinis who did not marry and pursued their studies throughout their lives.

Graduating as a Student

Chinese Education

Many schools ended in eighth grade.

Back then, if you wanted to graduate, you had to take a final exam. Today, if you want to graduate you have to pass many exams that are given throughout high school and schools end in 12th grade.

Chinese education was divided into official school education and private school education. Official school education. It aimed to train talent of various kinds for the ruling classes, whose rise and fall was related to social and political developments in ancient China. Private school education. Ancient private schools education was first initiated by Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) and had a great influence on the Chinese people. The ancient Chinese believed it was a waste of time to educate a girl because their opinions did not matter. Girls could be taught at home, but even that was rare. Education for boys was really important. When they were young, boys learned their numbers and directions like North, South, East, and West. They also learned to respect and obey adults. When they got older, wealthy boys learned from a master, which is like your teacher.

Trade

Birth of Agriculture The Neolithic era is known to be the birth of agriculture.

People were not only hunting and gathering but starting to grow their own food. It was the end of the ice age then came the Neolithic era .There was hot weather, which means new plants will be grown, and new animals were to be seen which helped greatly with agriculture. People realized that if you spread seeds on the ground new plants would grow for the next year. Before agriculture, people would migrate to find food and water. With agriculture people had a reliable food source for up to a year.

They began to live in settled communities, and grew crops or raised animals on nearby land. They built stronger, more permanent homes and surrounded their settlements with walls to protect themselves. They produced more food than they needed and were able to feed non-farmers such as craft workers and traders. The farmers exchanged their food for various kinds of useful or decorative goods. Domestication is the process of making wild plants and animals more useful to humans, through selective breeding. Farmers select and plant only the best seeds from their last crop.

Reading check What did students need to do to graduate school back then?

The first long-distance trade occurred between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley in Pakistan. Long-distance trade, in these early times was limited almost exclusively to luxury goods like spices, textiles and precious metals. In Ancient times trading was not easy. If there was something in your town that was not made or hered, you would trade with another town that had what you wanted with something they wanted. People learned to trade by when they did not have something they wanted, they realized that other people had it, so they started to trade.

Ancient Writing The invention of writing in the mid-4th millennium B.C. made kings and priests realize the need for educating scribes.

At first, the writing was simple pictograms, but it gradually developed into cuneiform, wedge-shaped marks inscribed on clay.

Schools taught the students about writing.

Students learned the complicated cuneiform script by constant practice on their clay tablets. A teacher would write a sentence on the tablet. The student was then to copy the sentence repeatedly until he got it right with no errors.

This picture represents the prehistoric writing system.

With the invention of writing, the Sumerians began to record everything they saw. Things like business records, inventories, observations of daily life, religious hymns, poems, stories, palace orders and temple records.

Education came to civilization for the purpose of training the scribes, a person who writes books or documents by hand as a profession and helps keep track of records. People documented things such as business records, inventories, observations of daily life, religious hymns, poems, stories, palace orders and temple records.

In conclusionâ&#x20AC;Ś without education, it would be very hard for people to grow up to be successful and knowledgeable. As you can see, education in different parts of the world are similar.

However, they are unique in their own ways. Education made life much more complex.

People learned about agriculture, which helped them have a reliable food source. People were taught about trade to be able to get things they did not have. Today, students no longer have to learn from a scribe or use styluses because of the advancement of technology. Overall, education made life easier back then, and still makes life easier today, and will in the future.

Assessment 1)How did people learn about agriculture?

2)How did people learn to trade?

3)How did people learn about writing?

4)What did people record with the invention of writing?

5)Why did education come to civilization?

Citations Works Cited Pictures genographic.nationalgeographic.com/development-of-agriculture/.

Google Search, Google, www.google.com/search?q=ancient%2Bgreek%2Beducation&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_6pT5 2JnXAhVBi1QKHZbtC_wQ_AUICigB&biw=1042&bih=619#imgrc=qifxQEXtyFXX3M: Google Search, Google, www.google.com/search?q=education%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bpast&client=safari&rls=en&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X &ved=0ahUKEwjXt9L1wqjXAhVl64MKHezpBVIQ_AUICigB&biw=965&bih=655.

Google Search, Google, www.google.com/search?q=landscape%2Bphotography&tbm=isch&source=lnt&tbs=sur%3Afc&sa=X&ved=0ahUKE wiP-pfMqarXAhWBZiYKHYqICFYQpwUIHQ&biw=935&bih=643&dpr=2#imgrc=H_BX3m9dcKFW0M: Google Search, Google, www.google.com/search?q=landscape%2Bphotography&tbm=isch&source=lnt&tbs=sur%3Afc&sa=X&ved=0ahUKE wiP-pfMqarXAhWBZiYKHYqICFYQpwUIHQ&biw=935&bih=643&dpr=2#imgrc=iDjHdsTlFm6cxM: Google Search, Google, www.google.com/search?q=landscape%2Bphotography&tbm=isch&source=lnt&tbs=sur%3Afc&sa=X&ved=0ahUKE wiP-pfMqarXAhWBZiYKHYqICFYQpwUIHQ&biw=935&bih=643&dpr=2#imgrc=ld8ci8z2ID9knM: Google Search, Google, www.google.com/search?q=landscape%2Bphotography&tbm=isch&source=lnt&tbs=sur%3Afc&sa=X&ved=0ahUKE wiP-pfMqarXAhWBZiYKHYqICFYQpwUIHQ&biw=935&bih=643&dpr=2#imgrc=rPh-IpbkO0Z-eM: Google Search, Google, www.google.com/search?q=landscape%2Bphotography&tbm=isch&source=lnt&tbs=sur%3Afc&sa=X&ved=0ahUKE wiP-pfMqarXAhWBZiYKHYqICFYQpwUIHQ&biw=935&bih=643&dpr=2#imgrc=rPh-IpbkO0Z-eM: Google Search, Google, www.google.com/search?q=landscape%2Bphotography&tbm=isch&source=lnt&tbs=sur%3Afc&sa=X&ved=0ahUKE wiP-pfMqarXAhWBZiYKHYqICFYQpwUIHQ&biw=935&bih=643&dpr=2#imgrc=sebIhABuCZNxnM: Google Search, Google, www.google.com/search?q=landscape%2Bphotography&tbm=isch&source=lnt&tbs=sur%3Afc&sa=X&ved=0ahUKE wiP-pfMqarXAhWBZiYKHYqICFYQpwUIHQ&biw=935&bih=643&dpr=2#imgrc=uuxqpvy5N_MaAM: Google Search, Google, www.google.com/search?q=landscape%2Bphotography&tbm=isch&source=lnt&tbs=sur%3Afc&sa=X&ved=0ahUKE wiP-pfMqarXAhWBZiYKHYqICFYQpwUIHQ&biw=935&bih=643&dpr=2#imgrc=xsmzr9dO8ntRUM: Google Search, Google, www.google.com/search?q=landscape%2Bphotography&tbm=isch&source=lnt&tbs=sur%3Afc&sa=X&ved=0ahUKE wiP-pfMqarXAhWBZiYKHYqICFYQpwUIHQ&biw=935&bih=643&dpr=2#imgrc=-yzpXMfzWxSPlM: Google Search, Google, www.google.com/search?q=landscape%2Bphotography&tbm=isch&source=lnt&tbs=sur%3Afc&sa=X&ved=0ahUKE wiP-pfMqarXAhWBZiYKHYqICFYQpwUIHQ&biw=935&bih=643&dpr=2#imgrc=ZSAZ15LkXjuxKM:

Research greece.mrdonn.org/education.html. history-world.org/history_of_education.htm. ithihas.wordpress.com/2013/08/28/ancient-indian-education-system-from-the-beginning-to-10th-c-a-d/.

“Roman Education.” History Learning Site, www.historylearningsite.co.uk/ancient-rome/roman-education/. www.britannica.com/topic/education/Education-in-the-earliest-civilizations. www.google.com/search?q=ancient%2Beducation%2Bin%2Bindia&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6nLLJ2J nXAhXpgFQKHS49AaMQ_AUICigB&biw=1042&bih=619#imgrc=by4IPDcWu57qmM: www.google.com/search?q=ancient%2Beducation&rlz=1C1CAFB_enUS698US759&tbm=isch&source=lnt&tbs=sur%3Afc&s a=X&ved=0ahUKEwiahZXN6JjXAhWH4CYKHfYTBdoQpwUIHQ&biw=1280&bih=928&dpr=1#imgrc=GARiu652 7S845M: www.google.com/search?q=prehistoric+writing&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjurqfN6qjXAhVJ_4MKHYt QAmsQ_AUICigB&biw=970&bih=642#imgrc=xildYhcdLdmgjM: www.historyonthenet.com/mesopotamian-education-and-schools/. www.indianetzone.com/39/education_ancient_india.htm.

Communication During the Early Years

Cave art was the start of communication. Man used the walls of their caves to paint or draw animals that they killed and eaten to thank their religious god for something they got to eat. The materials of the paint that early man used was their natural environment and used leftover tools that had broken from using the tools many different time that the man used before hand .

Man used their voices to communicate in some way or another trying to understand each other. The Phoenicians created the first alphabet so they could follow a specific order of how to communicate with their community.

Communication during Modern Times

In today's society the cities are filled with people especially kids that have their faces in their phones. The economy is all in some sort of electronical device. Most of the communication is through text so the children in the society canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t talk to the people that they text, therefore the children do not talk to people that they text.

Social media fills todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s society making the people believe that they have real friends and they do not. In reality they could not talk to the people in real life like they can talk through social media.

Technology can be used for good. For example, families that are living far away from each other can keep in touch to know what is going on with each other. People can use apps that can allow them see each other on their own device and talk about their day with their family that lives far away.

Timeline

Early Man communicated through verbal use and signals

Archeologist found tools that they believe were used by the Parison of that time to create art

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing. Lorem ipsum dolor sit.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing. Lorem ipsum dolor sit.

4,000 Ancient Times

A.D./C.E

B.C./B.C.E

Their home caves were used to represent of what they were feeling or what they did that day in their life Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing. Lorem ipsum dolor sit.

2017 Bigger/Modern Day

The most modern idea for Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, technology in the society consectetur adipiscing.

Loremin dolor sit.

2017, is ipsum the Iphone X or some Iphone 10 like the people might call it.

Research:

Works Cited

History of Graphic Communications: History of Graphic Communication 30,000 BC - 1000 AD, moodle.etcportal.org/mod/book/view.php?id=2027&chapterid=21.

Pearson EText Sign In Page, view.etext.home2.pearsoncmg.com/ebook/launcheText.do?values=bookID::2314::platform::1033::fromloginpage::N:: invokeType::lms::launchState::goToEBook::platform::1033::RUMBAUserID::ffffffff597b48b32b68e91652b7beb2::g lobalBookID::CM92677374::userID::7993406::scenario::7::scenarioid::scenario7::courseid::1231124::sessionID::Lak qr96_smVZjM4CUenRf7HcUZHNSqBZ::smsUserID::12530514::hsid::65434932af05f38674b0098598979420.

The Phoenicians, history-world.org/phoenicians.htm.

“History of Communication from Cave Drawings to the Web.” Creative Displays Now, www.creativedisplaysnow.com/articles/history-of-communication-from-cave-drawings-to-the-web/.

“History of Communication from Cave Drawings to the Web.” Creative Displays Now, www.creativedisplaysnow.com/articles/history-of-communication-from-cave-drawings-to-the-web/.

Pictures: “History of Writing.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Oct. 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_writing#/media/File:Tableta_con_trillo.png.

Lebanon, LBCI News. “[VIDEO] Easter Eggs: An Ancient Phoenician Tradition.” Lebanon News, Breaking News, 4 Oct. 2015, www.lbcgroup.tv/news/d/blog-news/209682/video-easter-eggs-an-ancient-phoenician-tradition/en.

“Phoenicia.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, www.ancient.eu/phoenicia/.

“Snapchat - Android Apps on Google Play.” Google, Google, play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.snapchat.android.Robot Check, www.amazon.com/High-Resolution-Adaptive-PagePress-Cellular-Connectivity/dp/B00IOYAM4I. “Facebook.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 5 Nov. 2017, simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook.

Fesenko, Kirill. “Ornament 1: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic.” Pinterest, 7 Mar. 2013, www.pinterest.com/pin/111604896988189613/?lp=true.

“Free Image on Pixabay - Instagram, Symbol, Logo, Photo.” Free Illustration: Instagram, Symbol, Logo, Photo - Free Image on Pixabay - 1581266, pixabay.com/en/instagram-symbol-logo-photo-camera-1581266/.

Before Communication The very first forms of communication were things such as grunts, which eventually led to tribal languages and cave paintings. These methods were used until around 3500 B.C.E. (Before Common Era), when a newer and better method was invented.

New Forms of Communication are created Around 3500-3000 B.C.E. is when a new era of communication began. Around this time is when cuneiform was created, a system of writing by ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia. The language consisted of “pictographs,” showing expressions and represented word-signs. Later on, phonograms, or “word-concepts,” were added into the language. This language was used globally by all, mainly because of trade; the people needed to communicate properly, and they decided to have one specific language in order to do so.

As time passed, cuneiform continued to develop more and improve. There was more complexity to it. The written language was further refined through the rebus, which expressed more of grammatical expressions, rather that pictorial ones. As time continued to pass, eventually, it improved to the point where emotional expressions were created. This marked the beginning of Hieroglyphics, around 2920 B.C.E.-2575 B.C.E.

Hieroglyphics During this time occurred very little change in cuneiform; as a matter of fact, Hieroglyphics were an add-on to the cuneiform written language.

Hieroglyphics were the complex expressions used to show emotions and specific actions. There were as few as 700-800 expressions, which, of course, continued to expand as time passed. Not very many people used these Hieroglyphics, and it was only used in Egypt. Some point after

100 B.C.E. was the marking of the end of cuneiform, and the beginning of an alphabetical script.

Phoenician Alphabet The Phoenician alphabet was a very big change with written languages as cuneiform died out. It consisted of 22 characters in its alphabet. This was the very first alphabet to be widely used by humans. It is developed from the Proto-Canaanite alphabet (from

the 15th century B.C.E.). As everyone used the cuneiform script before, everyone eventually went on to using the Phoenician alphabet to communicate. The earliest evidence of the Phoenician alphabet dates back to possibly 1000 B.C.E. The Phoenician alphabet never necessarily died out, as it is used today in Lebanon, Syria, and Israel.

The language spread around the Mediterranean (particularly to Tunisia), southern parts of the Iberian peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal), Malta, southern France and Sicily, and was spoken by all of the countries until the 1st century C.E (Common Era).

Many New Languages Even though the Phoenician alphabet never actually died out, it was the root to many brand new languages that are used today, such as Greek, which led to the creation of Latin, then English and Spanish. Communication has a very long history from where it had begun, and has created very many, different unique languages that many of the different countries have of their own.

Timeline of Communication Cuneiform died out, and the Phoenician alphabet was created

3500-3000 B.C.E. Cuneiform was created Before 3500 B.C.E. Cave Paintings

2920-2575 B.C.E. Hieroglyphics were added to cuneiform

Around the 7th Century B.C.E. The Greek language eventually led to the creation of Latin Around the 8th Century B.C.E. Greek alphabet is created

Around 1100 A.D. Spanish and English were created and are both common languages spoken today

Works Cited Attanatta. "Spanish-Alphabet." Flickr. Yahoo!, 18 Apr. 2017. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

Borri, Anaïs. "Seven Big Banks Join Forces to Build a Blockchain Platform for Trade."

FintechAge. N.p., 30 Jan. 2017. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

"Cuneiform." Ancient History Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

"Egyptian Hieroglyphic Alphabet." Discovering Ancient Egypt. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

"Phoenician/Canaanite ." Phoenician Alphabet and Language. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

Webmaster-. Egypt Ancient, Hieroglyphics. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

Picture Citations Works Cited "Advice to Young Athletes: A Variety of Sports Is the Spice of Life." Military Health System. N.p., 25 Sept. 2017. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

Borri, Anaïs. "Seven Big Banks Join Forces to Build a Blockchain Platform for Trade."

FintechAge. N.p., 30 Jan. 2017. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

"Federal Government of the United States." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 31 Oct. 2017. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

"Free Image on Pixabay - Arrangement, Butterfly, Aesthetics." Free Illustration: Arrangement, Butterfly, Aesthetics - Free Image on Pixabay - 2775274. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

"Free Image on Pixabay - Books, Study, Literature, Learn." Free Photo: Books, Study, Literature, Learn - Free Image on Pixabay - 2158737. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

"Free Image on Pixabay - People, Men Women, Crowd, Hands." Free Photo: People, Men Women, Crowd, Hands - Free Image on Pixabay - 2599550. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

"Free Image on Pixabay - School, Board, Languages." Free Illustration: School, Board, Languages - Free Image on Pixabay - 1063556. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

What is Transportation?

An essential element of civilizations is transportation.

There are many different forms of it, some more useful than others, but they all serve the same purpose. Transportation is moving things or people from place to place.

Why is Transportation Essential?

Transportation is essential because without it humans would not have an efficient way of moving goods or people.

Humans would not only have to walk everywhere, but also carry everything themselves.

What Were Some of the First Forms of Transportation?

Sailboats, wagons, and animals were some of the first forms of transportation. Sailboats would sail through canals and rivers carrying supplies, goods, and/or people. Four wheeled wagons transported goods and were usually pulled by an animal. Animals were mostly used to pull wagons and move people.

These forms started at different times, but were used often and met the needs of people living in ancient civilizations.

What was the Most Used Form of Transportation?

The most used form of transportation in ancient civilizations was animals for carrying people or to pull four wagon carts. The reason for animals being the most used form of transportation is because animals were easy to domesticate, so it was more convenient than other forms of transportation.

How Did Transportation Benefit Civilizations?

Transportation benefited civilizations because it made life easier. With easy methods of traveling, carrying goods and moving people became more efficient.

What Does Transportation Suggest About Early Civilizations?

Transportation suggests that early man was resourceful because they used the animals to their advantage by having them pull carts and wagons to save their strength.

Transportation Timeline Animals carry

Traveling by

people

river or

(unknown)

waterway (10

Motor vehicles such as cars (1900)

Century BCE)

Using wagons or Walking from place to place (unknown)

Planes (1903)

Bicycles (1790)

carts

Trains and

(3500 BCE)

railroads (1860)

Works Cited "Transportation." Encyclopedia Americana. Scholastic Grolier Online, ea.grolier.com/article?id=0390770-00. Accessed 30 Oct. 2017.

Stover, John F. "Transportation." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia.

Scholastic Grolier Online, gme.grolier.com/article?assetid=0293690-0.

Accessed 30 Oct. 2017.

"Transportation, U.S. Department of." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia.

Scholastic Grolier Online, gme.grolier.com/article?assetid=0293700-0.

Accessed 31 Oct. 2017.

Boiarskii, Adolf-Nikolay Erazmovich. “A Chinese Official’s Horse-Drawn Cart.” WDL RSS, National Library of Brazil, 1 Jan. 1875, www.wdl.org/en/item/1928/.

“The Egyptian Navy II – New Kingdom Period – Organization.” Weapons and Warfare, 23 Nov. 2015, weaponsandwarfare.com/2009/10/16/the-egyptian-navy-ii-new-kingdo m-period-organization/.

“Working Carts and Wagons.” Working Carts and Wagons : The Colonial Williamsburg Official History & Citizenship Site, www.history.org/foundation/journal/spring09/carts.cfm.

Government

Key terms Democracy- government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.

Monarchy- a state or nation in which the supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in a monarch.

Totalitarian - of or relating to a centralized government that does not tolerate parties of differing opinion and that exercises dictatorial control over many aspects of life.

Birth of government The first semblance of government began once humans started to live in villages. The people that lived there needed something to maintain order and manage their resources. This led to the first kind of government: village councils. They made several decisions like when to harvest crops. The first widespread government started in Sumer.

Primitive Government The first prominent government was Sumer. Sumer had kings that would govern each city. They eventually had taxes and scribes that would keep meticulous records. Rulers would also take on the role of chief priests. They had a city council that could veto the king's decision.

Early Laws Hammurabi's code was the first legal codes made by the Babylonian king, Hammurabi.These laws were based off of the Babylonian class system. The best way to describe them are consequential laws . For example, if a doctor killed a rich man he would have his hands cut off.

If he killed a slave, the punishment would only be financial compensation because the person who died was only a slave.

Ancient Egypt Ancient Egyptâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s central government was established in 3150 BCE. It was a theocratic monarchy. The ruler was supposed to represent the gods will with their laws and policies. In the beginning of Ancient Egypt's history the government was lead by a king whoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s second in command was called a vizier. The king would make pronouncements, decree laws, and commission building projects. The re were many government jobs like scribes, town mayors, and eventually a police force. Egypt followed this basic structure until 30 BCE, when its current leader, Cleopatra, died and the country was annexed by Rome.

Greece A big change in government was Ancient Greece, which was a republic. It was a center of philosophy, education and technological advancement. It created the term “democracy” which directly translations to power of the people . In Ancient Greece any male over the age of twenty could vote to determine their leader. The Ancient Greeks would have monthly meeting in which any person over the age of 20 could speak. Greece’s political advancements has created the government that most countries now use. Democracy allowed the Greeks to be the scientific power that allowed it to create siege engines that could compete with siege engines of the Middle Ages.

Rome Rome’s government started out as a monarchy. There were a series of seven kings who ruled rome from 753 BCE to 510 BCE. They were of different favorability but in the end, both the wealthy and the poor resented the monarchy and dethroned the current leader, Tarquinius Superbus. After the monarchy had fallen, a republic was established. In the beginning, the republic was ruled by two consuls who were elected by the senate. The commoners, or plebs, had no say in the choice. This eventually changed and the plebs elected their own representative in the senate. In 27 BCE ,Julius Caesar conquered the Roman Republic and founded the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire government was best described as an autocracy. The Roman empire lasted for hundreds of years and conquered a large portion of Europe.

While its government has been different throughout its history, Rome’s government kept it relevant and powerful through its very long existence

Modern Government Government today is very complex and complicated. Most modern governments have several branches and thousands of employees. One type of modern government is a democracy. A typical democracy has a elected president and a parliament. The power is split between the parliament and the president who only rules for a limited amount of time. They make many decisions like how to spend a country's budget. An alternate form of government is a totalitarian state. A totalitarian government is a government that is ruled by one all-powerful dictator. They make all the decisions in the nation. Most totalitarian nations are very militaristic and focus most of their policies on that trait.

How Government led to Civilization

Government provided order. It allowed cities to be formed because the rulers of the government could keep order. With a centralized government the cities could do many things like: make public works,train an army, and impose laws. All of these things led to civilizations.

100,000 BCE Homosapiens develop

!0,000 BCE

Farming villages developed: 6,000 BCE More complex government emerges 4,000 BCE 2000 BCE 1,000 BCE Rome rises with monarchy 500 bCE Babylon falls 1 CE

1776 CE

What did Government Show about the Time Period Early government shows that when it was easy for people to take power, they did. Without other governments to keep early government in line, they could do many thing now considered immoral today.

Humans began farming Primitive government began

Differences between Ancient and Modern Government

First Cities developed

Modern government and ancient government have both similarities and differences Sumer rose

Modern

Ancient

Sumer becomes Babylon

Less religion based

More religion based

Greece rises with republic

More democratic

More autocratic and monarcatic

Bigger: more workers and positions

Smaller: power was in the hand of a select few

Rome becomes a republic Greece falls to Rome Rome becomes an empire after Julius Caesar takes over USA is created

Citations--- information Works Cited

The Founding, www.roman-empire.net/founding/found-index.html.

“Ancient Greece.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, www.ancient.eu/greece/.

“Dictionary.com.” Dictionary.com, Dictionary.com, www.dictionary.com/.

“History of the World's Government.” History Of The World&#39;s Government Timeline | Preceden, www.preceden.com/timelines/42677-history-of-the-world-s-government.

History.com Staff. “Code of Hammurabi.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/hammurabi.

Karpiel, Frank, et al. MyWorld History. Pearson, 2012.

“Social, Political, and Environmental Characteristics of Early Civilizations.” Khan Academy, www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/birth-agriculture-neolithic-revolutio n/a/why-did-human-societies-get-more-complex.

“The Sumerians of Mesopotamia.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, www.ancient.eu/article/37/the-sumerians-of-mesopotamia/.

Citations--- pictures Team, The Community Times. “The Community Times Team.” COMMUNITY TIMES, 17 Oct. 2016, communitytimes.me/egypts-higher-education-scene-public-vs-private-universities/.

Ancientmesopotamians.com, ancientmesopotamians.com/ancient-mesopotamian-tools.html.

“Culture Infograph for S.S.” Create Infographic - Sign In, infograph.venngage.com/p/206172/culture-infograph-for-ss.

Ancient Roman Transportation - Crystalinks, www.crystalinks.com/rometransporta Doyle, Alison. “These Are the Communication Skills Employers Look For In Employees.” The Balance, www.thebalance.com/communication-skills-list-2063779.

Battle-Merchant, Swords. “Diverse.” Mittelalter Shop Battle-Merchant - Schwerter, Kettenhemden, Helme, Kleidung, Schaukampf, Mittelalter, Mittelalterzelte, www.battlemerchant.com/Greeks-Romans/Literature/Ancient-warfare-magazine-Vol-IV-2-Blockade-and-assault::3049.html?M ODsid1=be3637b83f07aef3759 “Ancient Greece.” Ducksters Educational Site, www.ducksters.com/history/ancient_greek_government.php.

“Religion.” Religion - New World Encyclopedia, www.newworldencyclopedia.org Ancient Roman Recreation & Sports - Crystalinks, www.crystalinks.com/romerecreation Abrams, Amah-Rose. “Scientists Discover Secret Behind ‘Mona Lisa’ Smile.” Artnet News, Artnet News, 3 Nov. 2016, news.artnet.com/art-world/secret-behind-mona-lisa-smile-discovered-326770.

“Life in a Wet Rice Farming Village.” Heritage of Japan, 8 Aug. 2014, heritageofjapan.wordpress.com/yayoi-era-yields-up-rice/the-advent-of-agriculture-and-the-rice-revolution/life-on-a-wet-rice-far ming-village/.

History.com, A&E Television Networks, www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancient-egypt/pictures/egyptian-relief-sculpture-and-paintings/front-view-of-the. goodsonmwg. “Development of Ancient Greek Government.” YouTube, YouTube, 26 Apr. 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzKYTLvA2Ek. “Julius Caesar.” Ancient Rome, thedevelopmentofrome.weebly.com/julius-caesar.html.

“Sumer.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 6 Nov. 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer.

Trading Trading - Trade is the process of which people sell, buy, or exchange objects.

Trading was first in the form of barter. Barter is a trading of goods and no money is traded. Trading started in Mesopotamia because people did not have the goods and items needed to farm. So, some Mesopotamians traveled to different places and traded their surplus, or excess, for what they needed.

People used rivers and major canals to transport their goods They loaded the goods onto barges, or large rafts. Workers pulled the barges through the water from the land using ropes. International trade started in 3000 BCE. Egypt Ancient Egypt was a country which is rich in many natural resources but still relied on trade for necessary goods and luxury. Trade began in the Predynastic Period in Egypt and continued through Roman Egypt. For most of its history, ancient Egypt's economy functioned on a barter system without cash.

It was not until the Persian Invasion of 525 BCE that a currency and cash trade was created and instituted in the country. Before this time, trade flourished through an exchange of goods and services based on a standard of value both sides considered fair.

Imports & Exports China China traded many things and was involved in many tradings and exchanges. They traded many things and figured out trade routes with other countries.

One of the main ways the Chinese traded was using the Silk Road. The Silk Road was a trading route from china to eastern Europe. It helped to generate trade and commerce between a number of different kingdoms and empires. Lots of goods traveled accross the Silk Road to other places, things like silk, medicines, pottery, gunpowder, rugs, grapes, paper, etc. The silk road is many roads and routes leading to other countries.

What they Traded

The Chinese exported and sold teas, salts, sugars, porcelain, and spices. Most of what was traded was expensive luxury goods. This was By the time of the First Dynasty, international trade because it was a long trip and merchants didn't had been initiated with the places of Levant, Nubia, and Libya. Also, Egypt had a trading colony in Canaan, have a lot of room for goods. They imported, goods like cotton, ivory, wool, gold, and silver.

Syria, and Nubia. The Egyptians had graduated from building papyrus reed boats to wooden ships that How They Traded were sent regularly to Lebanon for cedar. People traded their goods by donkeys, boats, foot, etc.

Tradesmen traveled in larger caravans, and they

Trading And they traveled with many guards.

Traveling in the caravans with guards prevented people and bandits from stealing the goods. On land people traveled by camel for transport their goods, because much of the road was through dry or harsh land.

Who They Traded With China traded with India, West Asia, the Mediterranean, and Europe, they exported mostly silk to these places.

Greece The Ancient Greeks did not have fertile lands but they did have the ability to take what they could from the land and use their natural resources to their advantage.

What They Traded The ancient greek traded cereals, olives, wine, figs, eel, pulses, honey, cheese, meat (especially from sheep and goat), tools, pottery, perfumes, Attic and Corinthian wares.

How They Traded The cities of Ancient Greece first traded with each other and traded within the cities in Greece and out of each city.

International trade came to be when the Greeks became brilliant sailors. They traded across the Mediterranean Sea, and the Aegean Sea. They sailed across these seas and traded their goods.

Who they Traded With The Ancient Greek traded with present day Italy, Germany, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the US, the UK, and Romania. They imported and obtained exports from these places.

Rome Trade was very important to Ancient Rome. The empire cost lots of money to import and export.

What they traded Ancient Rome traded beef, corn, glassware, iron, lead, leather, marble, olive oil, perfumes, purple dye, silk, silver, spices, timber, tin and wine. Their main trading partners were Spain, France, the Middle East and North Africa. Britain exported lead, woollen products and tin.

In return, it imported from Rome wine, olive oil, pottery and papyrus. British traders relied on the Romans to provide security within the Empire.

Trading How they Traded Ostia - The most important port was Ostia. Ostia was the nearest major port to Rome, and was situated at the mouth of River Timber and was only 15 miles away from Rome itslef. Most imports and exports arrived and left from port Ostasia.

The Romans traded goods through their Empire. By importing goods from other countries and places they increased their standard of living and were than able to have many more luxuries. They mostly used the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea to receive imports and send away exports.

Who They Traded With

Rome's main trading partners were in France, Spain, the Middle East and North Africa, and Britain.

Modern Today, trading is very different than it was in the ancient times. Nowadays, people can go online, on the internet, and decide what they would like to buy. Online you can put in your credit card information and it will arrive at your house in less than a month. We can also go to a grocery store and choose foods we would like. The United States is partners with China, Canada, Mexico, and Japan. They send cargo ships and fly in planes the things that they are exchanging.

Timeline

Citations Research “Ancient Rome and Trade.” History Learning Site, www.historylearningsite.co.uk/ancient-rome/ancient-rome-and-trade/.

“Change Over Time and Trade - Fertile Crescent Trade: Williams 8-3.” Google Sites, sites.google.com/a/iolani.org/fertile-crescent/change-over-time-and-trade.

“China.” OEC - China (CHN) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners, atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/chn/.

“Four Major Ways International Trade Has Changed over the Past One Hundred Years.” Trade Ready, 23 Oct. 2017, www.tradeready.ca/2015/trade-takeaways/four-ways-international-trade-changed-one-hundred-y ears/.

“How Did Trade Change over the Years?” Toplogistic's Blog, 8 Mar. 2010, toplogistic.wordpress.com/2010/03/08/how-did-trade-change-over-the-years/.

“International Trade.” Our World in Data, ourworldindata.org/international-trade.

Swift, Chris. “Top Ten Most Traded Commodities | Rogers Family Company.” Rogers Family Coffee, 7 Aug. 2017, www.rogersfamilyco.com/index.php/know-top-ten-traded-commodities/.

“Timeline.” The British Library - The British Library, Http://Www.bl.uk/Copyrightstatement.html, 3 Apr. 2006, www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/timeline/timeline.html.

“Trade Timeline.” Trade Timeline - Ancient History Encyclopedia, www.ancient.eu/timeline/trade/.

“Trade.” Dictionary.com, Dictionary.com, www.dictionary.com/browse/trade.

Citations Photos “C-46 Cargo Planes.” c-46 Cargo Plane, historylink101.com/ww2-planes/aa-c-46.htm.

“Container Ship.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Oct. 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ship.

“The History of Shipping — Part 3: Cargo Planes.” Pallet Inverters and Material Handling, phsinverter.com/the-history-of-shipping-cargo-planes/.

“Indus Valley,Harappan Civilization.” Pinterest, www.pinterest.co.uk/kathyrndawson/indus-valleyharappan-civilization/?lp=true.

Merlinlinehan. “Five Great Trade Routes From History.” Rising Powers, 28 Jan. 2016, rising-powers.com/2013/02/24/five-key-trade-routes-from-history/.

ThingLink. “Silk Road by Michele Jackson.” ThingLink, www.thinglink.com/scene/535132824387190786.

“Trade Route.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 21 Oct. 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_route.

“Triangular Trade Routes - Lessons - Tes Teach.” Tes Teach with Blendspace, www.tes.com/lessons/jdP4eZI2srHLSw/triangular-trade-routes.

Tools What Tools are The definition found online is â&#x20AC;&#x153;A device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function.

The Beginning: Tools were a massive improvement to economy and the evolution of humans.

Tools were first invented in the hunter gather period also known as the Old Stone age. The Old Stone age was a period where food was very crucial and where predators roamed. The Old Stone age took place 2.5 million years ago in Africa where hunting and gathering took place. These man needed something to help them hunt and complete tasks in life. They soon discovered how rock could help them complete these tasks. Tools were then created.

Early Tools The first material tools were made of were chopped up stones. Stones were a great natural resource because they were hard and sharp and very easy to find. As time progressed, hunters and gatherers began using animal bone and antlers.

Farming Tools

The hunters and gatherers using tools in The Old Stone Age

Farming evolved from the domestication of plants and animals. The tools that farmers used were axes and sickles. The axe was used to cut down trees for more farmland. An axe was also used to clear up an area to make it fertile. There were also all kinds of food mashers and mixers.Axes was a great tool and always had the head (used to cut things) and a handle(for grip). The axe was usually made out of wood and was quite small.

The stones used for the stone tools

1

Tools The Sickle The Sickle has a long and interesting history. The sickle was first made of stone and flint. During the bronze age, bronze sickles were created. Bronze sickles were lighter than stone sickles and had a sharper edge. The sharper edge could help cut things.

During the iron age, iron sickles were invented. Iron sickles were even stronger because of the creation of iron. Iron was the strongest material and the best for harvesting plants.

The Bronze Age The Bronze age took place after the Stone age.

During the bronze age, bronze was created.

Bronze was a very strong material and was much stronger than copper. Bronze was created by creating a mixture of both copper and tin.

Many tools were created in the Bronze age.

These tools were weapons and armor like swords and shields. Other tools like the sickle were made of Bronze. Bronze was a great material for many tools.

The Iron Age The iron age took place after the Bronze Age. During the Iron Age, iron was invented. Iron was much stronger than bronze and a better material for making tools.During the iron age, the tools that were made included plows axes and sickles. The tools were more agricultural.

2

Tools Civilizations Tools have changed through civilizations in many ways. Egyptians used copper, bronze, gold, and stone to create their sculptures and statues. Egyptians also used dried bricks or old rock to create their pyramid and tombs. Egyptians created many cool structures that can be displayed in certain museums. The The tools used by the Greeks and Romans were mainly copper and metal to make weapons and armour.

Cannons, Catapults, daggers, and strong armour were all created. These tools were all created because Greece and Rome went through many wars and battles.

Tools Today Tools have changed in modern times in many ways.Tools have changed over time by being made of more advanced materials. New and strong materials have made tools stronger. Tools are mostly made out of sterling silver or metal.

They usually have sharp edges and are used to cut things. In modern times we have tools that give us more of a luxury but really most tools still cut things just like back then.Tools still complete tasks that we need today. Some newer tools are scalpels that help doctors or technology like computers and phones. Overall tools have changed over the years but something's about tools have stayed the same.

3

Civilizations Tools have changed through civilizations in many ways. Egyptians used copper, bronze, gold, and stone to create their sculptures and statues. Egyptians also used dried bricks or old rock to create their pyramid and tombs. Egyptians created many cool structures that can be displayed in certain museums. The The tools used by the Greeks and Romans were mainly copper and metal to make weapons and armour.

Cannons, Catapults, daggers, and strong armour were all created. These tools were all created because Greece and Rome went through many wars and battles.

Tools Today In modern times we have tools that give us more of a luxury but really most tools still cut things just like back then.Tools still complete tasks that we need today. Some newer tools are scalpels that help doctors or technology like computers and phones.

Paleolithic Era ● ●

Bronze Age

Stone Tools Tools were used to cut things

● ●

●

●

Bronze was created Swords and Weapons were made

Neolithic Era: Farming ●

Civilizations B.C

Farming tools evolved from domestication Axes and Sickles were used

●

Egyptians used dried bricks to make their Pyramids Greeks used tools to make weapons

Iron Age ● ●

Modern Era 2017 ● Technology is a big tool used Iron was created ● More advanced materials Iron was used for agricultural tools

Reflection Tools have changed in modern times in many ways.Tools have changed over time by being made of more advanced materials. New and strong materials have made tools stronger. Tools are mostly made out of sterling silver or metal. A similarity between tools back then and tools now is that most tools still cut things and complete tasks.

References Images :Google Explore Images on slides AR500 Armor, www.ar500armor.com/.

“Farm Tools | Amish Farming Tools at Lehman's.” Lehman's, www.lehmans.com/category/farm-tools.

The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “Bronze.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 27 June 2017, www.britannica.com/technology/bronze-alloy.

Karpiel, Frank, et al. My World History. Pearson Learning Solutions, 2015 “History of Farming.” Ancient Farming - History of Farming - Quatr.us, 1 Websites: Apr. 2017, quatr.us/economy/farming/.

Karpiel, Frank, et al. My World History. Pearson Learning Solutions, 2015.

The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “Tool.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 22 June 2016, www.britannica.com/technology/tool.

Ancient Architectural Aesthetics Vocabulary: Aesthetics: A set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty, especially in art.

Architecture: The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings.

B.C.E: Before Common Era Ziggurat: Huge staircases of mud-brick Acropolis: A citadel or fortified part of an ancient Greek city, typically built on a hill.

Dugong: Structural element of interlocking wooden brackets Corinthian: A style that using ornate bases for pillars Comprehension Questions Ionic A style that makes a column slimmer and straighter.

1. What materials did people in Sumer, The Basics: Mesopotamia, Uruk, and Catalhoyuk use to build?

What are Aesthetics?

2. What building style is unique to ancient China?

3. What part of a temple did the Aesthetics is the appreciation of nature or beauty in all art.

Mesopotamians believe would appease the gods?

What time period did aesthetics start and stop?

4. What are the 4 style of architecture that the Greeks and Romans used?

Aesthetics date back to early man in prehistory in the form of cave painting 5. What techniques did the Greeks and and carvings in weapons. The first date that has been dictated for Romans use to make their temples Aesthetics in architecture is 5000 B.C.E. Aesthetics has never stopped as it appear perfect?

6. How is an ancient chinese dwelling set is still something we do and use in modern day life. up?

7.

What was the first pyramid? Who was Where did Aesthetics start? it built for? Time?

8. What purpose did the holes in roof Aesthetics did not start in one specific place as every form of early man serve in Ancient Catalhoyuk/Uruk. created some form of art out of nature. It is different in every destination as 9. What monuments came in each of the it is an expression of culture.

Kingdoms of Egypt?

10. What defines Aesthetics today. (In your own opinion.

Why are they an important part of civilizations?

Aesthetics are an important part of civilizations because because it shows the culture of the people, what they believe in and how they lie their everyday lives

2630 B.C.e

3500 B.C>E

3000 B.C.E

27 B.C.E

1046 B.C.E

2017

Ancient Uruk and Catalhoyuk One of the most remarkable features of the architecture of these ancient civilizations is the fact that they have no streets. The reasoning behind this is that they need more farming space as they were one of the first populous cities. Houses were built nearly on top of one another and to get places, one would have to walk on top of the roofs. To get into a house, there were ladders and an opening at the top for entry and exits. Not only did the opening at the top serve as an entrance but for ventilation and allowed the cool air to settle as a natural air conditioning. Ovens were placed on the roofs, most likely to be used as a communal space. Wooden support beams were used as the base for these â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;cellsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and they were covered in mud or clay. The inside of the homes, however, are intricately decorated with complex depictions of ceremonies, hunts, as well as landscapes and much more, that took nearly every inch of wall space.

Ancient Sumer and Mesopotamia Big substantial buildings started in this area around 3500 B.C.E. Around these cities there was next to no building stone in that area so most of the buildings were made of mud brick or fired clay. This early in history, the people had no idea how to make a room without having the roof cave in. This meant that room was very small with almost no space in them since the walls were very thick and the roof very thin so it would be stable. Huge temples were built to worship the gods and leave sacrifices. Ziggurats were built on the sides of these temples, it was believed that the bigger and the higher each ziggurat was, the more the gods would be appeased. To adorn the plain components of the buildings small, intricate, carving was made on the walls. They used special techniques with the shadows to make these patterns more interesting and the buildings less boring. Palaces, similar in design to the temples, were built for kings and high priests. Commoners lived in simple reed huts made of plant fibers woven together.

ANcient Egyptian Aesthetics The pyramids and the Sphinx of Giza are predominantly the most recognizable feature or symbol of ancient Egypt. Yet they are not the height of ancient Egyptian architecture, simply the most well-known. Egyptian architecture did not rise to become what we know today until about 2600 B.C.E. The first burial pyramid, Djoserâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pyramid, was built around 2667 to 2648 B.C.E, for the Pharaoh, Djoser. It is often called the step pyramid because of its appearance of stairs later, in the Old Kingdom, they developed straight sided pyramids. In The Middle Kingdom, while pyramids we still being built, temples were what fascinated the people.

Huge temples with obelisks decorating the exterior and 3D statue on the interior spread across the Deir El-Bahari region. In the new kingdom came the Luxor Temple Complex and the Temple Complex Of Amun-Ra. Both are religious sites with churches, shrines, marketplaces, and many other religious buildings. But what is truly fascinating about it the pictures of Egyptians and hieroglyphs that adorn nearly all the wall, depicting prayers and sacrifices. Nearly all iconic Egyptian sites have this kind of decoration on the interior.

ANcient Chinese Aesthetics The unique Chinese architecture was a long time in the making, in the years of 16th century BC - 771 BC. Yet this is not is surprising considering that their specific styles are not found anywhere else in the world. The frames of the houses are mainly timberwork and stone.

They used rammed earth techniques for extra stability and the bucket search for extra space.

The houses were centered around a courtyard which served the main centerpiece of the household. The main home and the gate faced north and south of the courtyard. Less important buildings were on the left/right and east/west sides of the courtyard. A Dugong found in nearly all ancient Chinese homes is not found anywhere in the world. Glazed ceramic tile is preferred for the roof, but if none was available thatch was the next option. Doors typically faced south to keep out cold north winds.

Another trait that is unique to China is that walls donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t bear the weight of the house. If the walls collapsed the house would still stand. Decor reflects the culture and imagination of the Chinese people. The figures and shapes that adorn rooftops and walls all hold a special meaning and reflects on their complex handicraft.

Ancient Greek and Roman Aesthetics Ancient Greek architects and buildings used Doric, Ionic and Corinthian styles to build their great temples and influenced the styles that the Romans used, Tuscan, and Composite. Temples were made of-of a floor and roof and pillars to hold it up. The base of these buildings was wood and then covered in marble, which the Greeks and Romans were fond of using in their amazing temples. Every building that they created told a story or narrative in their decor.

The most famous of the temples today were built using the Composite and Ionic orders.

Most of these temples were built on the many acropoli in these two great civilizations for a belief that they would be more clear, or closer to, the gods. One thing that is apparently about their architecture is that they have to be admired from afar. One way that they did this is to make pillars slightly slanted, and thickening some pillars so that from a distance it would appear completely uniform and perfect. On the pillars themselves, they used minute acroteria so they would be more beautiful. This decor was often specific to the god or goddess that the temple was dedicated to.

Modern Day Aesthetics Styles used in Modern day architecture emerged around the 20th century and became popular around WWII. It uses new technology in the construction world, which consists mainly of glass, reinforced steel, and concrete. The main desire of this style was to reject the old and come up with something that was new and functional. This revolution began with the discovery that plate glass and cast iron could make a building, lighter, taller and most importantly, stronger. When the cast plate glass process was invented it allowed building to have very large windows.

Even whole walls made of them. Now Americans have developed a love for white or fake wood, minimalist and modern-looking homes with large windows in nearly every direction. More and more of these homes are being built and sold every day. In Miami, FL a 700 sq foot home with almost these exact specifications was being sold for 640,000$. In 2017 aesthetic is not typically used to describe architecture but refers to how humans judge objects and picture according to their beauty.

Citations Duran, Amelia. “10 Must See Ancient Greek Temples.” HeritageDaily - Heritage & Archaeology News, Heritage Daily, 17 Oct. 2017, www.heritagedaily.com/2014/07/10-must-see-temples-in-greece/104070.

Press, Photograph by Cordon, et al. “Standing Tall: Egypt's Great Pyramids.” National Geographic, National Geographic Partners, 24 Jan. 2017, www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2017/01-02/egypt-great-pyramids-giza-plateau/.

Hojnicki, Carrie. “50 Modern Buildings That Changed the World.” Architectural Digest, Weebly, 16 Sept. 2015, www.architecturaldigest.com/story/modern-architecture-design-museum.

Grace, Zoe. “The 6 Greatest Ancient China Buildings.” China Whisper, Wix, 25 Jan. 2015, www.chinawhisper.com/the-greatest-ancient-china-buildings/.

Johnson, Emma. “Ancient Uruk.” Uruk - Ur - The Great Ziggurat - Crystalinks, Weebly, 16 Mar. 2016, www.crystalinks.com/uruk.html.

Newton, Alexa. “Sumer.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, 2010, www.ancient.eu/sumer/.

Miller, Grayson. “Chinese Architecture Styles.” Ancient Chinese Architectural Styles, Building Categories, 11 Sep. 2013, www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/architecture/styles/.

Allsop, Laura. “Plans to Restore Crumbling Colosseum Cause Rumblings in Rome.” CNN, Cable News Network, 6 Jan. 2012, www.cnn.com/2012/01/06/world/europe/rome-colosseum-restoration-plan-protests/index.html.

Owl Black Follow. “Greek and Roman Architecture.” LinkedIn SlideShare, 23 Mar. 2014, www.slideshare.net/Niiiiku/greek-and-roman-architecture.

Luis, Laura. “Uruk.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, www.ancient.eu/uruk/.

Chris, Isabela. “Egyptian Architecture.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/art/Egyptian-architecture.

Khan. “Çatalhöyük (Article) | Neolithic Art.” Khan Academy, Khan Academy, 12 Oct. 2011, www.khanacademy.org/humanities/prehistoric-art/neolithic-art/a/atalhyk.

Allsop, Laura. “Plans to Restore Crumbling Colosseum Cause Rumblings in Rome.” CNN, Cable News Network, 6 Jan. 2012, www.cnn.com/2012/01/06/world/europe/rome-colosseum-restoration-plan-protests/index.html.

Owl Black Follow. “Greek and Roman Architecture.” LinkedIn SlideShare, 23 Mar. 2014, www.slideshare.net/Niiiiku/greek-and-roman-architecture.

Luis, Laura. “Uruk.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, www.ancient.eu/uruk/.

Chris, Isabela. “Egyptian Architecture.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/art/Egyptian-architecture.

Khan. “Çatalhöyük (Article) | Neolithic Art.” Khan Academy, Khan Academy, 12 Oct. 2011, www.khanacademy.org/humanities/prehistoric-art/neolithic-art/a/atalhyk.

The Early History of Religion and Philosophy Religions and philosophies have been an integral part of civilization for thousands of years. Before the use of writing, there were no primary sources..

Due to this, anthropologists, archaeologists, and historians must infer from the ancient artifacts that they discover.

Earliest Findings Evidence from the La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 skeleton(about 50,000 years old)that was found in France points to the neanderthals being the first hominid species to have religious beliefs. Numerous burial sites which were used as far back in the past as the Middle Paleolithic, have been found across Europe. They were constructed before any trace of early man in the area.

1

The Far Reach of Religion With the advent of multiple religious beliefs across the globe, it is believed that each prehistoric and ancient faith developed in many regions at various times.

Before language(both written and vocal), the spread of complex thoughts was virtually impossible. Aside from drawings, gesticulations, and other obscure forms of communication, people could not teach one another. This matter likely restricted the ability of the neanderthals to discuss topics pertinent to animism.

The invention of language allowed for the efficient transmission of in-depth concepts such as religion and mythology.

Mesopotamian Religion The Mesopotamians held a polytheistic belief system over thousands of years; they additionally believed in the afterlife. Mesopotamian religion began with the Sumerians, assimilated and developed by the Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. In comparison with those of other civilizations at the time, Sumer’s major religious beliefs “were set in stone”. Over time, they changed little.

Religious texts, written in cuneiform and later languages such as Old Babylonian, were inscribed upon clay tablets and stone steles. The majority of the myths, epics, king lists, incantations, hymns, and rituals were stored in the ziggurats of Nippur. Being one of the oldest cities in the region with the patron god Enlil(god of the wind), Nippur was a well-respected city which control of represented divine power.

Mesopotamian religion was mainly practiced within temples around one’s city. The common rituals included daily sacrifices(especially of food), purification rituals, and wearing of religiously significant amulets. Ziggurats were large and elaborate temples dedicated to a city’s patron god. Interestingly, it was usually only priests who were given admittance to the temple. Inside, they would provide daily offerings of food and other amenities in order to honor the gods. Two other less significant areas of a ziggurat included storerooms and priest accommodations.

Roman Religion The First Religious Rituals

The Romans originally had their own few gods(such as the Capitoline Triad) but later included the majority of the Greek pantheon. Furthermore, each god represented a human characteristic(hatred, The oldest evidence of a religious creativity, jealousy). In a move which would probably practice was a burial site which quicken the end of the Western Roman Empire, the housed a neanderthal skeleton. It peoples which they subjugated were not forced to dated back approximately 50,000 convert to the Roman religion. Due to this, every years. Careful examinations religion–even if diminutive–affected the beliefs of revealed that little exposed Romans. environmental damage had Mythology was not one of the best areas of the occurred. This signaled a prompt Romans; although they assimilated many Greek gods burial. into their own religion, they did not produce a large amount of mythology to go with those gods. As a result, Roman gods were barely personified.

Early Mythology The first recorded mythology was that of the Sumerians who lived in Mesopotamian city-states. Sumerian gods were numerous; the polytheistic worshippers wrote many myths and tales. Two notable stories include the /Enuma Elish/ and /Epic of Gilgamesh/. Many of the stories are intricate, drawn out, and have a complex plot.

For example, the /Epic of Gilgamesh/ is presented as being more than 20,000 words in length.

Egyptian Religion Emerging approximately 6,000 years ago, the involute religion of the ancient Egyptians was, in effect, almost completely their culture. It encompassed much of the aspects of life which one would often find nonreligious(like medicine or psychiatry). A major constituent in the religion was the vast mythology that told its story. In contrast with the Mesopotamian Religion, Egyptian gods were given deeper backstories and personalities.

Combined with the Egyptian story of the worlds creation(established from “swirling waters of chaos stretching into eternity”), the myths personified and gave caring manners to the gods. As time went on, their religion and mythology gradually yet greatly changed. Unfortunately, Egyptian religion virtually disappeared along with region’s when the Egyptian empire collapsed.

Greek Religion Although the Greeks were as polytheistic as the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, subtle distinctions set them apart. Greek religion was practical yet well-composed and extremely creative. Gods were anthropomorphized, prayed to, set in countless myths and tales, and respected. In a number of cities and city-states, a mild form of henotheism was practiced where a few gods took precedent and were worshipped much more than they normally would be. Of course, this was done in exchange for things such as protection and food safety. In The Iliad and the Odyssey, two monumental works of Greek literature, illustrated the happenings between men and gods. Unlike in Egyptian religion and mythology, the gods and events of Greek religion rarely changed with time.

A possible result of the Greek Empire’s reign over vast swathes of land is that nearby religions would be influenced by its own popular beliefs.

Established Religion begins to take shape(Mesopotamian Religion Mesolithic/Neolithic | | Upper Paleolithic First burial sites/signs of religion

| Bronze Age - Modern Day Egyptian Religion, Roman Religion, and Greek Re develop until they die out

Works Cited Baines, John R. "Ancient Egyptian Religion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 10 Oct. 2017. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

Carr, Karen. "Greek Religion - Ancient Greece — Quatr.us Study Guides." Quatr.us Study Guides. N.p., 13 July 2017. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

Horn, Adam T. "Professor Rethinks Origins of Religion | News." The Harvard Crimson.

N.p., 10 Feb. 2010. Web. 05 Nov. 2017.

Jacobsen, Thorkild. "Mesopotamian Religion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 07 Mar. 2016. Web. 05 Nov. 2017.

Mark, Joshua J. "Mesopotamian Religion." Ancient History Encyclopedia. N.p., 22 Feb. 2011.

Web. 05 Nov. 2017.

Peoples, Hervey C., Pavel Duda, and Frank W. Marlowe. "Hunter-Gatherers and the Origins of Religion." SpringerLink. Springer US, 06 May 2016. Web. 05 Nov. 2017.

"Professor Rethinks Origins of Religion | News." The Harvard Crimson. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2017 "Rituals, Worship and Festivals." Ancient Mesopotamian. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

Than, Ker. "Neanderthal Burials Confirmed as Ancient Ritual." National Geographic.

National Geographic Society, 04 Oct. 2017. Web. 05 Nov. 2017.

The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Nippur." Encyclopædia Britannica.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 01 Apr. 2016. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

Wasson, Donald L. "Roman Religion." Ancient History Encyclopedia. N.p., 13 Nov. 2013.

Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

"Ziggurat Of Ur." Khan Academy. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Art of Mesopotamia." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 03 Nov. 2017. Web. 06 Nov. 2017.