Trade Trade is the action of exchanging one item or service for another. Trade has played a major part in the development of culture and civilizations throughout history. Trade allows countries or communities to trade in order to acquire items they need, such as food or clothing, without having to create or grow it themselves. Today, trade is a necessity because it allows countries to get the materials they need and to exchange their surplus of food or other products for those items. Without trade, every country would have to provide everything of need for their people, instead of trading for those things.
Detail from Diego Rivera’s murals in the National Palace in Mexico, showing the native people using corn as currency
Bartering Bartering was the first form of trade in human history. It has been going on since long ago, and led to the eventual invention of currency and organized trading. Bartering began in 6000 B.C. among Mesopotamian tribes, and spread from there to Phoenicia, which is currently where north Israel, Syria, and Lebanon are located.
Job specialization was made possible because of bartering, due to the fact that those specialists did not grow their own food. They depended on trade to eat. As the invention of money spread worldwide, bartering did not stop, in fact, it became more organized and official once currency was introduced. During the time of the Roman Empire, bartering continued despite the presence of money, and the salary of soldiers was paid in salt. Salt at the time was very valuable, and the soldiers could barter for goods with the salt instead of using money. At the time of the Great Depression in the U.S., people began to barter once again due to the lack of money. They bartered to get food and clothing. Egyptian painting of harvesting wheat
Egyptian Bartering The Egyptians did not use official currency until very late in their civilizations, so they relied mostly on bartering to attain the goods they needed. The most common item that was used for trade in Egypt was wheat, the staple food of that area at the time. Since the harvest of crops was usually very plentiful each season, wheat banks were invented, where farmers could deposit their wheat and withdraw when needed. These banks were some of the first banks that operated the way modern banks do today. The banks would demand payment every time that someone withdrew wheat.
The First Currency The first non official currency was created in China in 1,100 B.C. Since in that time in that area, people bartered using weapons in order to acquire food, people began forging miniature replicas of those weapons. A few centuries later, once it was concluded that having tiny, very sharp objects in one’s pocket is a very painful and annoying experience, the Chinese decided on the round shape of a coin. Those coins are the oldest recognizable coins, but they are not the oldest minted coins, for they were not made in a mint. The first minted coins were invented in Lydia, which was located in current western Turkey. The coins were made out of electrum, a combination
of gold and silver that occurs naturally, and they were first minted in 600 B.C. The coins were minted with certain symbols on them that represented the value of the coin. Some symbols that were put on the coins were snakes and owls. The last Lydian king, Croesus, minted the first gold coin in history.
Greece The main ancient Greek currency was the silver drachma. Each coin had a stamped symbol on it, and the Greeks began creating the drachmas in 600 B.C. The original value of one drachma was a handful of arrows. Drachmas ceased to be an official and legal form of money in 2002 in Greece after the Euro became the main form of money. Coins from ancient Lydia, made of electrum and stamped with a mold
First Paper Money
get the energy and manufactured products that they do not or cannot provide themselves.
Egypt
2,000 years after the first recognisable coins were made, the first paper money was created in China during the Song Dynasty. The paper money was invented because during that time, businesses were thriving and coins were running out. Each bill was called a guan, and its value was equivalent to that of 1000 copper coins in 1380. However, inflation occurred a few centuries later. By 1535, one guan was worth only 0.28 of a copper coin.
International Trade Trade across nations is necessary for countries to thrive. Many strong countries trade in order to
In ancient Egypt, trading between countries helped the country become one of the strongest nations of the time. There were trade routes leading to Egypt from all over the world. The Egyptians exported luxury items that were crafted by the skilled job specialists, such as linen, papyrus, and gold jewelry. Other things including dried fish and ox hides were exported. The goods that were imported to Egypt were mostly raw materials that the craftsmen made into luxury items.
United States The United States of America has one of the most complex trading systems in the world. It exports include cars, refined petroleum,
planes, helicopters, spacecraft parts, and vehicle parts. Its imports are also cars and refined and crude petroleum. Other imports are computers and vehicle parts.
What does Trade Show Us? Trade in a whole shows humans today about the lives of early humans. It shows us that although they were not as advanced as we are today, they still had analytical minds that could solve many problems. Trade exhibits the fact that the lives of early humans were more organized than many perceive, and only a few thousand years before the common era, humans began to trade. They constantly innovated the trading system, which evolved into international
A man working with pipes controlling the flow of crude petroleum
trade and into the development of money.
Why is Trade Important? Trade is a necessity in a fully functioning society. It has kept the economies of ancient and modern countries and communities operating. Trade is one of the major aspects of a civilization because it allowed job specialization to emerge, and it lets countries trade their surplus of food or other goods for another country’s resources. Trade allows countries to have a variety of resources available to the public, and many items from all over the world accessible to everyone.
Theme Trade has been a constant in civilizations for thousands of years, and it has allowed for nations and countries to survive and thrive. Trade connects the humans of thousands of years ago to the humans of today. Since trade is a custom in society that has been upheld for thousands of years, it bonds early humans to modern Homo Sapiens through the common experience of buying or exchanging items. Trade is one of the few things that has continued and survived through the millennium, and it has forever changed the customs and behaviors of the humans of the world.
The Pyramids of Giza in Egypt, which was one of the largest trade centers in the ancient world
Admin. Chicago-Skyline-2. Digital image. Green Curtain Events. N.p., 17 Nov. 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. Ancient China. Digital image. CrystalLinks. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. Ancient Ruins Mexico. Digital image. Latin Odyssey. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. Aztec Calendar. Digital image. Diffen.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. Budd, Owen. Lascaux Cave Paintings. Digital image. Quora.com. N.p., 28 Aug. 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. Girin, Bruno. The Famous Pyramids of Giza. Digital image. Ancient-Egypt-Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. Egyptian Relief Sculpture and Paintings. Digital image. History.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. Eileen. Golden Head of a Pharoah. Digital image. The Cat's Pajamas. N.p., 13 Oct. 2010. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. Parthenon in Athens. Digital image. National Geographic Kids. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. Red, White, and Blue + Christian. Mud Brick Houses. Digital image. EgyptSearch.com. N.p., Feb. 2011. Web. 8 Nov. 2016. Stonehenge. Digital image. History.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. View of Machu Picchu. Digital image. Machupicchuviajesperu.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2016.
"Ancient Egyptian Money,Economy,Barter System,Coins,The Deben." Ancient Egyptian Facts. N.p., 2016. Web. 04 Nov. 2016. Ancient Egyptians Harvesting Grain. Digital image. Mummies2Pyramids. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. Anderson, Kelly. "Barter System History: The Past and Present." Mint. N.p., 15 Dec. 2014. Web. 04 Nov. 2016. Beattie, Andrew. "The History Of Money: From Barter To Banknotes." Investopedia. N.p., 29 Dec. 2015. Web. 04 Nov. 2016. Boeykens, Coralie. "Paper Money, a Chinese Invention?" Paper Money, a Chinese Invention? —. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Nov. 2016. Cook, Jim. Detail from Diego Rivera Murals at the National Palace. Digital image. Cook J Mex. N.p., 24 Oct. 2012. Web. 3 Nov. 2016. Donn, Lin. "Paying for Goods." Ancient Egypt for Kids. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Nov. 2016. Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Drachma." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 04 Nov. 2016. Hemingway, Sean, and Colette Hemingway. "Ancient Greek Colonization and Trade and Their Influence on Greek Art." The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. N.p., July 2007. Web. 04 Nov. 2016.
"History of Money." History of Money. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Nov. 2016. The Kind of Crude Oil Produced in Nigeria. Digital image. Investigroup. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2016. "List of Currencies of the World." Countries of the World. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Nov. 2016. Shandruk, Walter M. Obverse Head of Roaring Lion Right, Knob with Multiple Rays on Forehead. Digital image. ForumAncientCoins. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2016. Ten Facts About the Colosseum. Digital image. National Geographic Kids. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. "Trade in Ancient Egypt." Eternal Egypt . N.p., 2005. Web. 04 Nov. 2016. "United States Economy." OEC. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Nov. 2016.
Recreation One of the features of a civilization is recreation. Recreation is something people do to relax or have fun. Because of the discovery of farming, early man did not have to stay in one place to get their food. Also, because of the discovery of farming and staying in one place, there were job specializations. This aspect of civilization made it so that the people who were good at farming farmed, the people who were good at hunting hunted, and the people who were good at building built. For the people who did not have to work, or people who were not working at the time, there was recreation.
How Recreation Became a part of Civilization Different
types of recreation include hunting for fun, shooting with a bow and arrow, and drawing. These aspects, and recreation as a whole became a part of civilizations mainly because of the ancient Romans. They all loved recreation and the whole idea of it, but, they believed, that only upper class citizens should have time for recreation while all of the other citizens had to work.
Recreation This is the Roman Colosseum. Its construction started in the year 70.
How Recreation was used in Civilizations The The Romans built the Colosseum for recreation. It let the higher class citizens watch people and animals kill each other. It became a big part of civilizations because many people, low, middle, or high class got involved in it. Job specialization caused some people to have time to have fun
Greeks, however, believed that recreation should be used for fun, not death. They also believed that it should be available for every class. The Olympics came from this idea; that anyone can participate in recreation.
Romans built Colosseum in 70 AD for fighting
Greeks built Parthenon for Olympics in 776 BC
Since the 1970s, many people used electronics to have fun
Many parks started being built in the late 1700s for children
Recreation How Recreation is today Recreation used to be playing outside or taking a hike somewhere in the woods. Nowadays, people play video games, watch television, or text with their friends. Since the rise of digital technology and handheld devices, the majority of recreation is on some sort of electronic.
This is a computer from the 1940s that was bigger than a classroom
Citations ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Belmont, Antoinette. Woods. Digital image. Pinterest. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. Cave Painting. Digital image. Pinterest. Https://www.pinterest.com/pin/327496204129484157/, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. "From Dart to Arrow." Texas Beyond History. N.p., 1 Oct. 2001. Web. 8 Nov. 2016. "The Historical Development of Recreation." The Historical Development of Recreation. Lethbridge College - Educational Enhancement Team, 12 Aug. 2014. Web. 03 Nov. 2016. History.com Staff. "Egyptian Pyramids." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009. Web. 09 Nov. 2016. "Jones & Bartlett Learning." Jones & Bartlett Learning. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Nov. 2016. Kaster, Carolyn. Barack Obama. Digital image. TVN. AP Picture, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. "Parthenon: Gallery of Images." Parthenon: Gallery of Images. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2016. "The Penn Museum." The Games. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Nov. 2016. Rivera, Audrey. Bones. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. "Ten Facts About The Colosseum!" National Geographic Kids. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2016. "3.2 First Generation Electronic Computers (1937-1953)." 3.2 First Generation Electronic Computers (1937-1953). N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. "Top 10 Tallest Space Rockets." Yaooke. Yaooke News, 17 July 2016. Web. 9 Nov. 2016.
Becoming Part of Our Civilization Transportation was created to get from one place to another. As technology improved, so did transportation. The reason transportation became part of our civilizations was because it was convenient. People were always going somewhere, if it was going to work or visiting someone‌ etc. Not only is transportation used people but for goods too. As trading became more popular, transportation did too. Transportation includes things such as cars, planes, bikes, trains, and even spaceships. People all around the world need a way to trade, without going through too much trouble. Transportation is the solution to that problem. Today, we can order things from the other side of the world! This has been a great success in our life. The reason this has become a lasting necessity is because we have always needed transportation. Since transportation is so important in our lives, some people spend their lives trying to make it better, be either improving it, or creating new things.
The use of Transportation It all began with the wheel. Being created for specifically one purpose that invention has been one of the greatest creations we have ever made. The first wheel ever made was made up of solid pieces of wood lashed together. After hundreds of years, and much improvement people started to use wheels as a form of transportation. We used it in multiple ways. The most popular use of transportation was the bicycle. Being introduced in 1817, the bicycle has helped us greatly in the evolution of transportation. Although before the bicycle came things such as horses, wooden ships, and sailboats, the bicycle has been the most outstanding of them all. Although the ships and boats have had a big advancement too, the bicycle is way more convenient when it comes to human transportation. Before, the boat’s main use was for transporting goods, as well as people, although not many people traveled by sea. With the bicycle, people would use it for almost anything. If it was to deliver something, go to a friend’s house, go to work.. etc. In the end, all the things that we have created and improved have been for a reason, and has turned out to be successful.
Timeline ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
4,000BC-3,000BC -- Horses were domesticated. 3,500 BC -- The wheel was invented in Iraq. 3,100 BC -- The sailing boat was invented in Egypt. 1,600 -- Goods begin to be transported by horses and ships. 1,635 -- The beginning of Royal Mail. 1,663 -- The first turnpike road was opened. 1,817 -- The Bicycle was invented. 1,863 -- The first underground railway is opened in London. 1,885 -- The car in invented by Karl Benz 1.903 -- Planes were invented
The evolution of transportation Most people believe it all started with the wheel, but it actually began with animals. The animals that were used the most were horses and donkeys. Being able to travel long distances and be able to carry a decent amount of weight, these extraordinary animals were a huge part of our transportation. Around 3,500 BC the wheel was created. Although it was not used for chariots. Their first use was to serve as Potter’s wheels in Mesopotamia. After a long 300 years, they were first used for chariots. This was a huge advancement in our evolution of transportation as we were now able to travel longer distances, with more security and protection. We used these chariots for a long time, and as we were kept improving our trade, and began to make trades with countries who were far away, transportation remained useful and still remains as one of people’s biggest needs. Before, wheels were made of solid pieces of wood lashed together, and as they kept improving, people created better and more convenient wheels which has resulted in the rubber wheel we use today.
References ● ●
● ●
●
● ●
“A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRANSPORT.” A History of Transportation, www.localhistories.org/transport.html. Gambino, Megan. “A Salute to the Wheel.” Smithsonian Magazine, Smithsonian, www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/a-salute-to-the-wheel-31805 121/?no-ist. Lambert, By Tim. “A Timeline of Transportation.” A Timeline of Transportation, www.localhistories.org/transporttime.html. “The Evolution of Transport.” Submit Infographics, submitinfographics.com/all-infographics/the-evolution-of-transport.htm l. “The Evolution of The Wheel.” www.123rf.com/photo_7060199_illustration-showing-the-evolution-ofthe-wheel-starting-from-a-stone-wheel-and-ending-with-a-steel-.html. “Transportation.” www.workitdaily.com/career-transportation-management/. “Dawn of Civilizations.” Study.com, Http://Study.com/Academy/Course/History-112-World-History-I.html.
What is Government? By Constanza Capriles Government is a way to make civilizations organized and safe. It consists of a group of people that put order and make laws of a civilization. This way the community is safe and organized. To be more precise, government sets and administers public policies, institutions, political power, and laws within a state. Government is separated into political parties. Each political party runs for government to achieve control of the country. The people of the country have the right to vote for the party that they think would be the best choice. Although not all countries let the people vote. There are countries in the world that have communist presidents, or presidents that are not willing to let the people vote in order for them to stay in possession of their position in the presidency and also for the people to follow their orders. The United States of America is not a communist country. In fact, the government of the US is organized and fair. The American Government is organized into three branches, the executive branch, the judicial branch, and the legislative branch. The head of the executive branch is the president. The president elects 15 secretaries to be the head of 15 departments. All the department together are called the Cabinet, including the president. These departments are in charge of specific tasks, like education and treasury, so the executive branch passes out the laws. The Judicial Branch is separated into three major courts, the Trial court, the Appellate court, and the Supreme court. The Supreme Court is the major court. There are nine justices in the Supreme Court elected by the president, once elected they serve for life. The goal of this branch is to protect the constitution.
The Legislative Branch is the lawmaking branch of the American Government. It is made up by two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The head of the branch is the vice president and the senate. Do not get confused, not all countries have the government separated into this branches, keep in mind that this is how the government of the United States is organized.
This is the building in which the Senate and the House of Representatives work in.
Reading Check 1. 2.
What is government? Why do we need government?
History of Government Before having government, there were kings. Kings started when humans started fighting with other humans to win over land. People had to have a leader, someone to tell them what to do, how to do it, and that is how the first king was elected. The leader became the king and people had to do as the king pleased. After having kings people started getting tired of not having a stand or a voice in the election of their king, so they created a system called the Ancient Greek Democracy. Then after the Ancient Greek Democracy people created monarchies. Monarchies are a way of government, but with a monarch in charge. Monarchies started in the 4th century, when people were able to vote for their leaders. Monarchies changed the way of life for many cultures. As a matter of fact, monarchies changed culture and institutions.
The Ancient Greek Democracy Ancient Greeks started the Ancient Greek Democracy in the year 507 B.C. The Athenian leader Cleisthenes is believed to have introduced this democracy. The system allowed the people of the city to choose who they wanted their leaders to be. Not only did they have a stand on the leader, but they also had the right to vote of whether they should go to war or not.
3000 B.C Humankind had kings
The decision was not made by the king or queen, but by the people. Although not everyone could vote, the majority of voters were male landholders. Nonetheless it was a dramatic shift. The Greeks were voting. If they chose to go to war they would have had a chance to win, even though they were outnumbered, they would be fighting for their home, for their families, for themselves, but if they would have chosen to not go to war the Persians would have gained control over their home. They had everything at stake. Imagine what would have happened if the Greeks would not have had that experiment of voting, the people of the country might not have a voice in the huge decision the king would make, we may even still have monarchies. Even after the democracy, most countries were ruled by monarchies, until 1870 when we created the organized system of government. Some countries now days may still have monarchies, but they also have a government, so they are not as powerful as before.
507 B.C. The Ancient 4th century 1870 Monarchies Greek Democracy Monarchies Start end and government starts starts.
Citations
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. "The Functions of Political Parties." The Functions of Political Parties. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2016.
"Monarchy." - New World Encyclopedia. N.p., 13 Nov. 2014. Web. 09 Nov. 2016.
Mankind The History Of All Of Us. Dir. History.com Staff. Perf. Brian Williams, Dr. Hunt, Mark Frauenfelder, and Prof. Henry Louis Gates Jr.,. Mankind The History Of All Of Us. History, 23 Dec. 2012. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. David W. Cooney. Distributism Basics. Digital image. Ethika Politika. N.p., 28 Aug. 2014. Web. 10 Nov. 2016.
Intro to Education The pace of modern life, the need to understand almost instantly, can seriously damage our chances of understanding anything properly. If someone were asked quickly what education means, they would probably say ‘teaching’ or ‘schools’. Throughout history, education has been an untamed, undisciplined, unorganized, unpolished, everyday activity. It was, and is, an integral part of everyday life, initiated as and when was required. Schooling, on the other hand, is a relatively recent human invention.
Historically, it is the domesticated offspring of earlier educational practices. Its domestication and refinement have largely been the responsibility of socially developed civilizations. As a result, the practices of schooling are fenced in and nourished by a complex network of rules and regulations.
Primitive Education The term education can be applied to primitive cultures only in the sense of enculturation, which is the process of cultural transmission. Nevertheless, certain things are practiced commonly within cultures. Education shows that hunter-gatherer’s lives were mainly focused on survival. In their villages for farming, it showed that survival was not the only purpose of their lives, and that people needed to know other things.
Early Humans Education first started around the middle east. It was mainly used for the rich and the higher classes. It was important because it taught priests and kings how to read and write. Education has existed from the beginning of life since it is such an important key aspect in survival. Early humans realized that education made them smarter and gave them knowledge.
Evolution Education is designed to guide children in learning a culture, molding their behaviour in the ways of adulthood, and directing them toward their eventual role in society. When writing was developed about 5,200 years ago, education has been much like education today except for the fact that today, everybody is required to go to school. Over five thousand years ago, people living in Mesopotamia developed a form of writing to record and communicate different types of information. Over time, the need for writing changed and the signs developed into a script we call cuneiform. Cuneiform: is a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia. It was writing in the form of symbols.
Resources “Education.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online, Encyclopedia Britannica, www.britannica.com/topic/education. “Education.” World Eras. Ed. John T. Kirby. Vol. 3 Roman Republic and Empire, 264 B.C.E. 476 C.E. Detroit: Gale, 2001 Fied.education. “EDUCATION IN PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES.” Foundations of Education: 1 Jan. 1970, fiededucation.blogspot.com/2009/03/education-in-primitive-societies.html. “The History of Education.” The History of Education, history-world.org/history_of_education.htm. “Education | Global Partnership for Education.” Education | Global Partnership for Education, www.globalpartnership.org/education. Society, National Geographic. “Civilization.” National Geographic Society, 9 Oct. 2012, nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/civilization/. "North Brevard History - Titusville, Florida." School History. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2016. "For Students - Miss Bennett's 2nd Grade Classroom." For Students - Miss Bennett's 2nd Grade Classroom. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Nov. http://www.heliotricity.com/historyofwriting.html
Becoming Part of Civilization Transportation became a part of civilization when the population grew greater. When the population started to rise more people needed transportation. First people started to walk everywhere. Once the invention of the wheel people started to create things using the wheel. A wagon was the first things that were used with the invention of the wheel. In 3500 BC is when the wheel was invented. After that transportation started to grow and many other inventions started to rise the population and use of transportation.
Early Civilizations The people in the early civilization were the founders and creators of the best use of transportation that we still use today. The wheel is very influential in what we have today transportation wise. The airplane, car, trains and many others still have the wheel. The wheel is now more advanced but is now still using the same design as the ancient wheel. The early civilizations covered wagon is very influential. Some people think that the covered wagon was the start and the heart of the what we have now car. Some people say the design of the first motorized car came from the covered wagon. The wagon had many features of the car today. It had two seats up front and some room in the back to store things. It also had the design of the wheel and had 4 like the cars today.
The Evolution Process Transportation plays a big role in the technology and now almost every person has one form of it. The earliest transportation source that we have is the donkey. The domestication process of the donkey began in 4000 bc in Asia and The Egyptians. The donkeys main use was the transportation of people and agricultural goods. The next evolution step is the best use of transportation that is still being used today, the wheel. The wheel was invented in which is now Iraq. At first wheels were made of solid pieces of wood lashed together to form a circle but after 2,000 BC they were made with spokes.The wheel is very influential into the society in transportation. The Dugout Canoes are the next best transportation process. They started in 3000 bc and they made travel easier along the watrer. The dugout canoes were the first use of transportation for good and people along the water and rivers. The next use of transportation started in 1000 bc with the wooden ships. These ships made it easier ans safer that the dugout canoes. These ships made transportation of people and goods. The ships are igger and can transport more things.
The Evolution Process The next use of transportation started in the early 12th century. This transportation was the covered wagons. The pioneers were the first to use these wagons going to California for gold. The next transportation was in 1783. In 1783 the hot air ballon was invented. The hot air balloon was the first safe transportation of flight. This balloon made travel easier for flight. The next use of transportation was invented in 1790. In 1790 the bicycle was invented. The bicycle was affordable for people and made it easy. The bike was small so it was easy to transport and for people to ride. In 1863 the underground railroad wa invented. This railroad made transportation a lot faster. The train could take cargo and people into a different city in hours. This railroad was a big step up in technology.
Transportation Today Transportation is very different today that what we had a while ago. Now we have cars, planes, trains, and many more. All of the things that we have today relay and still use the invention of the wheel. Both cars, trains, and planes all have wheels on it. Transportation today is more efficient that it was back then. The cars, trains, and planes were invented a long time ago but now we have faster stronger and more durable uses of technology. The plane was invented in 1911 but look at what we have now. The plane is stronger and faster which means it can transpprt people and cargo faster. The transportation today is much better than it was a long time ago. The new transportation is a better way to live and survive,
Citations
"Department of Transportation." Department of Transportation. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. @Dreamstime. "Transportation Icons." Transportation Icons Royalty Free Stock Photos. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. "Jksafelogistics | Domestic Transportation Services." Jksafelogistics | Domestic Transportation Services. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. "Past and Present Forms of Transportation Timeline." Timetoast. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. "Transportation 29204." Transportation Traffic. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016.
Definition of Religion Religion is the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods. Religion became a major aspect because humans had to have an explanation for what happens around the world. Humans tried to make the world make sense. This forced them to use supernatural beings with incredible powers to explain the world to their children. People wondered why the sun goes down or why it rains and that was a mystery back then so they had no explanation. This caused the formation of religion and the belief in gods that have powers beyond imagination.
History of Religion ● Started with simple burial practices which shows humans believed in life after death. ● Humans then started believed in spirits that exist in nature which is also known as animism ● People used to justify political power using religion ● Started making detailed figures of deities ● Civilizations like Egypt and Greece worship many different gods and started making many myths about them that explain how the world works ● Some civilizations made sacrifices for their gods. ● During the Middle Ages, Mysticism, or the belief of one God, was made more popular ● During the modern era, Christianity spread to Sub-Saharan Africa, Australia, and the Americas ● Recently, Russia, China, and other Communist countries are anti-religion
Modern Religion
Religion has dropped in importance in recent years. Many communist nations are officially anti-religion as they see that religion is a distraction from life. Many Christian people are very lackadaisical about going church and only go when it is an important holiday or occasion. Many governments no longer forces one certain religion on their civilizations. There are still strong believers but there are just not as many out. Some religion extremists are now using violence to try to convert people to their religion. These terrorists believe that their religion is the one true religion and anyone who doesn’t agree should be killed. This doesn’t mean that religion is bad now or anywhere near that. It gives people a drive in life and can gives a spark of happiness in people’s life.
Types of mythology
Polytheism: The belief of multiple gods Pantheism: The belief the God is everything and is all around them. Monotheism: The belief that there is one all-powerful God.
Religion in Ancient Civilizations Ancient civilizations used religion to justify political power. The rulers of many civilizations would either be worshipped as a god or a descendant of a god. This would give them unchallenged power over their country as the citizens believe that the leader is flawless and a god. The civilizations also used religion as an explanation for feats of nature. Back then, there was no explanation to why it rains or “what are those white things are in the sky?�. It gave humans a sense of enlightenment when they could say to their children that the gods were at work. Every natural phenomenon had a reason for happening and every story had a meaning. One other purpose for religion is to give people a drive in life. Many people would go on with their life just so they could get to the afterlife they believed in. They would be good and obey the rules so they would not be punished when they died. Religion was a major part of the ancient lifestyle and many people relied on it to get through their daily life.
Citations @ahencyclopedia. "Religion in the Ancient World." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 02 Sept. 2009. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. "Religion Timeline." - Ancient History Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. "Religion Clichés: #1 and #2." Bulletin for the Study of Religion. N.p., 08 Sept. 2014. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. "Religions of the World." Emaze Presentations. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. Http://www.youtube.com/channel/UClhP_XuAo53aJK6nDB OiWRQ. "Maya Civilization." YouTube. YouTube, 29 July 2015. Web. 09 Nov. 2016. "History of Religions." : Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2016. "What Is Religious History?" History Today. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2016. "Greek Mythology." Pinterest. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2016. Egyptian Pharaohs Facts for Kids." Egyptian Pharaohs Facts for Kids. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. "
eople of the Paleolithic Era, or Old Stone Age were major hunter gatherers. About 2.6 million years ago they began to create some of the first technologies, tools. These inventions were a major help to these early humans. About 10,000 years ago, life began to change. They began to realize that they needed to have some privacy and be able to protect their belongings. This is when they began to create tools, to guard all of their belongings. This process of development came about over a 2,000 to 4,000 year period. This was great history and has had a huge effect on our economy today. During this revolution, life advanced throughout. We began to settle in one place rather than going off to hunt in distinct environments. This was difficult for us, therefore we began to create tools to protect ourselves from others, coming to take our food. This is when we began to protect our belongings. Tools also gave us power and strength. By creating tools, we were able to hunt more food, to eat. We were insanely successful, after the creation of this amazing technology, tools.
he early men created many useful tools using distinct materials. Equipment, what early hunter gatherers used to create some of the first technologies, were all formed by something magical known as nature. Some authentic materials, used galore were steels, metals, flint,s bronzes, stones, irons, golds, coppers, silvers, barleys, branches, and many more. Every material had one specific use that was extremely useful for one specific tool though. Some authentic materials like steel, metal, flint, bronze, stone, iron, gold, copper, silver, barley, and branches were all used to create knives, which would cut through materials, to create more tools.
These knives were very useful during the Old Stone Age. A bow was also one of the most useful tools made. This was first created, using a branch and a piece of a horse's tail, to create a bow. Then, we would use one of our knives as a bow, to use as a bow and arrow. This tool was used (and is still used now) to shoot at animals, to eat as food and to protect ourselves from other living things like animals and people. The handaxe was also created during the Old Stone Age. The pre-historic tool, the handaxe was created using stone, flint, or rocks. The early humans would create a handaxe by simply carving into a stone with a sharp stick. It was used to cut different materials. All of the tools created during this time served a major purpose.
Copper 4,200 years ago BC, Copper began to be used to make weapons similar to weapons created by gold. They were just slightly more significant than golden tools.
Gold 6,000 years ago BC, the Stone Age man began to use gold for creating tools. One tool made of gold is a sword. These are used for protection. We rarely use swords today.
The Evolution of metals Lead 3,500 years ago BC, we discovered led and used it to create tools like axes. We still use them a little now.
Silver 4,000 years ago BC, we began to use silver to create multipurpose tools like hammers. We still use hammers now.
Iron 1,500 years BC, iron was first used and it can be used to make an arrow. We do not use bows or arrows a lot anymore.
Bronze 700 years ago BC, bronze was first used. It can be used to create a whistle. We still use whistles and we have always used them to make noise and get peoples attention.
Mercury 750 years BC, Mercury was discovered. We used it to make tools to chop grains. We do not still use them now.
References Https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0 %BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_(1).jpg. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2016. Https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rhodesian_Men.jpg. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2016. "HubPages." HubPages. HubPages, n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2016. "Infographic: History of Metals Timeline." History of Metals Timeline Infographic. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2016. "Infographic: History of Metals Timeline." History of Metals Timeline Infographic. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2016. "Infographic: History of Metals Timeline." History of Metals Timeline Infographic. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2016. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2016. "Pearsonschool.com: MyWorld History: A World History Curriculum by Pearson." Pearsonschool.com: MyWorld History: A World History Curriculum by Pearson. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Nov. 2016. "Prehistory of France." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 08 Nov. 2016. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History. "Early Stone Age Tools | The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program." Early Stone Age Tools | The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. Smith, 01 Mar. 2010. Web. 03 Nov. 2016. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History. "Handaxe and Tektites from Bose, China | The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program." Handaxe and Tektites from Bose, China | The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. N.p., 01 Mar. 2010. Web. 08 Nov. 2016. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History. "Human Evolution by The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program." Human Evolution by The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. N.p., 01 Mar. 2010. Web. 08 Nov. 2016. "What Are Some Important Facts of the New and Old Stone Ages?" Reference. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Nov. 2016.
Aesthetics of Civilizations What is an aesthetic? An aesthetic is a set of principles underlying and guiding the work of a particular artist or artistic movement. Most sacred architectures are churches or holy places like this one.
The history of architecture traces the changes through various traditions, regions, and trends. The main important parts of architecture is civil, sacred, naval, military, and landscape architectures. When architecture started, designing and constructing buildings always had taken a grand part in the history of art. Some religious buildings were designed with aesthetics in mind. They were built to please the gods as well as people to have them serve as a public function to have people visit. Visual arts and major arts are incorporated with public buildings.
Aesthetics of Civilizations Two important functions on architecture: Early architecture had two very important functions. The first was to create power and raise security. That was extremely important because back then people wanted to seek power. Powerful architectures and buildings created a huge impact on people. The second important function was to please the gods. Early people were extremely religious and they used to make many sacrifices to their gods or people that they believed in.
St. Peters Basilica Church and the Colosseum are both very powerful architectures that impressed the gods and seeked power.
Timeline: Egyptian Architecture Pyramids
Sumerian Architecture Ziggurats
Mesopotamian Architecture
Modern Architecture Tall buildings like the Empire State Building
Citations Architecture. Digital image. Angelfire. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. Colosseum. Digital image. History. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2016. Empire State Building. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. "History of Architecture (3,000 BCE - Present) Evolution of Building Design." Architecture, History: Evolution of Building Design. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Nov. 2016. "HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE." HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Nov. 2016. Mesopotamian Art. Digital image. Essential Humanities. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. Nela Arias Mission. Digital image. Kalu.info. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. Reigali, Justin Cardinal. "Sacred Architecture." The Institute for Sacred Architecture. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2016. The Smallest Sovereign State – Vatican. Digital image. World for Travel. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2016.
What is Communication? Key Ideas: - what is communication - how it is used today - how it became an important role in the development of the first civilizations Communication is the process of someone using sound to exchange information to a receiver. The receiver can respond to the sender and engage in a conversation. Communication allows someone to exchange ideas and thoughts. Communication is a necessity because without it, humanity would have no religion, engage in common conflicts, and people would not be able to express oneself and give their ideas to change their lifestyle. Oral tradition was another major part. Oral tradition required communication to function and teach generation after generation the dangers of the world to stay safe from predators.
Written Communication Using voice is not the only way to communicate. Writing is also very important. Without writing, religion would most likely not exist because religious books such as the Christian Bible and the Torah. Another example is when trading using ships. Writing was used when marking the contents of a vessel for trade and making sure the correct things were on the ship. Letters were another extremely important way of communication. Letters allowed communication of long distances even if it meant taking a long time. Letter were used when the U.S. were attempting to break Britain's hold on the colonies. Politicians used letters to communicate and exchange private information without the knowledge or consent of Great Britain.
Early Communication One of the earliest forms of communication is Cuneiform. This language was discovered by Gunter Dreyer along the Fertile Crescent. The Fertile Crescent starts from the Persian Gulf and covers Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel. The Fertile Crescent is marked as the birthplace of agriculture and writing. Gunter discovered clay tablets with strategically placed markings forming a weird language. The clay tablets dated back to about 3200 - 3000 B.C.E.
How Was Communication Used Trading played an important role in the development of the first civilizations. For people to know what was in a certain vessel sent off for trade, they used writing to take note of what contents the ship contained. That way, the receiver knew what was in the ship and can make a proper trade and send another vessel back.
Cuneiform is used as first language
Latin Is Developed English is Developed
Writing is used to record items on ships The Bible is Written Alexander Graham Bell invented the phone
3000 B.C.
6th Century
7th Century
17th Century
1611
1875
Communication Today Communication has improved immensely over the years. Hundreds of new languages are being developed and many more religions have come to be. The cell phone was a big advancement to communication. Like letters, cell phones allowed long distance communication. The difference was that it occurred in seconds. Cell Phones have allowed people halfway across the world to communicate at the push of a button. Communication has gone from writing on clay tablets to technological miracles like the cell phone allowing communication from long distances as easy as pushing a few buttons.
Citations Works Cited 2011-2016, (c) Copyright Skillsyouneed.com. "What Is Communication?" -
Verbal, Nonverbal & Written. Skills You Need, 2011. Web. 03 Nov. 2016. @ahencyclopedia. "Cuneiform." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 28 Apr. 2011. Web. 08 Nov. 2016. @ahencyclopedia. "Fertile Crescent." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 02 Sept. 2009. Web. 08 Nov. 2016. "Ancient Near East: Just the Facts." Ancient Near East Just the Facts. Just The Facts, 21 Apr. 2012. Web. 08 Nov. 2016. Apple. Identify Your IPhone Model. Digital image. Identify Your IPhone
Model. Apple, 2010. Web. 9 Nov. 2016. By Using This Site, You Agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. "List of Religious Texts." - Wikiquote. Wikiquote, 21 Aug. 20. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. "HISTORY OF WRITING." HISTORY OF WRITING. History World, 2010. Web. 03 Nov. 2016.
What is Education? Education is knowledge, skill, and development gained from study or training. It's also the process of teaching or being taught something.
Education in Early Civilizations Education became one of the most important aspects of civilizations. Few children went to school in Egypt. Most boys followed their father's roles. As most Egyptians tilled the land, most boys became farmers, learning skills by working alongside their fathers in the fields. The much smaller number of craftsmen similarly learned their crafts at their father’s sides. In Egypt's strictly stratified society, most boys pursued the occupation of their fathers and women stayed at home to maintain the household. Government offices were also often passed from father to son. There were some schools in ancient Egypt, but only a few and very small number of children attended them. All the pupils were boys, mostly boys from the families of scribes In these schools boys learned to read and writes to become scribes and priests.
When was Education brought into civilizations The first schools were started by the Sumerians in southern Mesopotamia. The invention of writing in the mid-4th millennium B.C. made kings and priests realize the need for educating scribes. At first, the writing was simple pictograms, but it gradually developed into cuneiform, wedge-shaped marks inscribed on clay. The wedge shapes were due to the triangle-shaped tip of the stylus, a reed used as a pen. With the invention of writing, the Sumerians began to record everything they saw: business records, inventories, observations of daily life, religious hymns, poems, stories, palace orders and temple records. Teachers taught the boys reading, writing, math and history. Depending on their future employment, students not only had to learn literacy and numeracy, but to be familiar with a wide variety of subjects, including geography, zoology, botany, astronomy, engineering, medicine and architecture. While schools were reserved only for the elite and wealthy, students had to work hard to learn the skills of a scribe.
Education Timeline Formal education was attained through attendance to a public school or was provided by a hired tutor. Informal education was provided by an unpaid teacher, and occurred in a non-public setting. Education was an essential component of a person’s identity.
mid-4th millennium B.C
2nd century AD.
5th century BCE
Education first started when the sumerians started teaching kids in Mesopotamia
The Roman education system was based on the Greek system – and many of the private tutors in the Roman system were Greek slaves or freedmen.
Education, Then and Now Education in early civilizations were the stepping stones in which later civilizations built their knowledge upon. Both Today and thousands of years ago, Students learned and grew up to become important people because they were educated. No longer do students today have to learn from a scribe or use a stylus because of technology advancing and the technological innovations we learned from older civilizations. We came up with the pen because of experience with the stylus and scribes that were used in older times.
Resources
Works Cited By the Eleventh Century, Cathedral Schools Evolved into Universities. Students Studied Medicine and Law; Later Theology and the Philosophy Became Important Disciplines. Art and Architecture Reached New Peaks. "Educational Anthropology." Pinterest. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Nov. 2016. "Education and Schools Chronology: Ancient Civilizations." School Education Chronology Ancient Civilizations. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. "Education in Ancient Greece." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2016. "Education in Ancient Rome." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2016. "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Nov. 2016. "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2016. "Mesopotamian Education and Schools." HistoryOnTheNet. N.p., 26 Sept. 2014. Web. 14 Nov. 2016.
Aesthetics What is Aesthetics? Aesthetics in ancient civilization included pottery,body art, jewelry, and architecture. Aesthetics is a set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty. To make ancient cities beautiful, they would create architecture.
Why is it used? Art and Architecture “reflects the society that creates them.� For example, Greek art would emphasize the accomplishments of humans. Architecture was used for gatherings. It was also used for protection and security of certain treasures.
Why is it a necessity? A building is needed to provide protection for religious statues. Later this led to building temples. This helped develop areas. Developing the area was necessary in order for an area to become a city.
How did early civilizations use it? In the Middle Kingdom stone and other materials would be used to make temples and monuments which they believed was the home of Gods and Goddesses.
Why did they like it? Architecture helped develop areas. Greek architecture majorly contributed to the development of Western civilization. “Greek architecture is still copied today.� For example the supreme court has similarities to Parthenon, an ancient greek building.
Architecture today Architecture has evolved with technology and so has the materials used to create it. Technology and building techniques have advanced into modern architecture.
Evolution of Architecture circa 2050 BC - 1800 BC
Egypt Pyramids Mesopotamia Ziggurats
Modern
Greece
10 millennium bc- 6 century bc 8-5 century bc
Citations @ahencyclopedia. "Ancient Egyptian Architecture." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 18 Sept. 2016. Web. 03 Nov. 2016. @ahencyclopedia. "Greek Architecture." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 06 Jan. 2013. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. @ahencyclopedia. "Mesopotamia." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 02 Sept. 2009. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. "Ancient Greek Art & Architecture." Ancient Greek Art & Architecture. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. "Art and Architecture." Ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association, n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. "BEGINNINGS AND EARLY CIVILIZATIONS (10,000–1000 BCE)." Your Page Title. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2016. Dickenson, |. Christopher. "Monuments of Roman Greece." Monuments of Roman Greece. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2016. "Empire State Building Dedicated." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2016. "High School Engineering/Engineering in Ancient Civilizations." Wikibooks, Open Books for an Open World. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2016. Https://www.facebook.com/NBCNews. "Unions Appear Headed for Supreme Court Loss." NBC News. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2016. "Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut." Temple of Queen Hatshepsut. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Nov. 2016. "Ancient Greek Architecture Facts for Kids." Ancient Greek Architecture
With the rise of villages, the true monster of humanity came out, greed. Instead of farming, many people just killed farmers and ate their crops. To protect themselves, villages banded together because there is strength in numbers. Due to the large numbers of many villages combined many raiders were discouraged from attacking. This had an unfortunate side effect: creating large-scale conflicts that just grew and grew. If one army grows another will to. Another side effect of this was the decrease in famine. When one village was experiencing a food or water shortages other villages could pitch in, assuming the same kindness would be returned at a later date. This essentially created a “debt bank.� If everyone is in debt to everyone, it created a sense of unity and no one wants to leave. This created a bunch of villages that were really just one village with many sub-rulers, eventually, one ruler would take the place above them and rule not a bunch of villages but a city.
With villages coming together to form cities/city-states, civilization began. When the cities grew their enemies grow to. Because of the increasing number aggressors towards early cities, city states hat to raise standing armies. With standing armies came people who devoted their lives to fighting and protecting their homeland. In itself, it was kind of like a specialization of labor, but instead of producing saddles or tools, soldiers would produce results, they either beat the enemy and gained land or lost to the enemy and lost land. These armies grew larger and larger in in turn needed more and more food. Fortunately, Food was in surplus which could supply the army. The food wasn’t just used for feeding the army, it was also used to keep the public at peace.
Today we have much more protection, and supplies. Nowadays, protection doesn’t always come in the shape of force or in armies. Some protections like Human rights are controlled by not an army but peacekeepers, and international support or anger. We also have much more civil protections due to the police and the rules the govern and are governed by. But war is not unheard of, we have much larger scale armies, with better technology do to this. All through hunger and thirst has not been eradicated from the earth, we do have an abundance of food in many first-world countries such as the US. Wit Walmart and Mc. Donalds it has become apparent that farming subsidies, the chemicals, and unnatural ways we get food are incredibly effective in gathering resources. Also, there are many international efforts in supplying food in waters to those in need. Nowadays we have the means to end famine and thirst but because the way wealth is managed the true barrier is wealth.
They also had walls to protect against constant invasion
Bibliography
Works Cited "Ancient Civilization and the Bible/Diana Waring." Pinterest. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. "Ancient ROman Sports." ANCIENT ROMAN SPORTS. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. "History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. "Ancient Walls." By Alimuse on DeviantArt. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. "China to Survey Ancient Villages -- China.org.cn." China to Survey Ancient Villages -- China.org.cn. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. "China to Survey Ancient Villages -- China.org.cn." China to Survey Ancient Villages -- China.org.cn. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. "Ancient Cities | Ancient City Guide." Ancient Cities | Ancient City Guide. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016.
Hays, Jeffrey. "FOOD AND WINE IN ANCIENT GREECE." Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. The Independent. Independent Digital News and Media, n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. The Independent. Independent Digital News and Media, n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. Nolan, Hamilton. "The Constitution: Old Bull? ." Gawker. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. N.p., n.d. Web. N.p., n.d. Web. "| The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)." PSI. N.p., 07 Oct. 2014. Web. 10 Nov. 201http://webworld.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/cd/pdf/history_future_
shared_water_resources/water_management_early.pdf
Recreation ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
Started in AD 80 Large scale slaughter and killing of humans and animals Was thought of because people had more free time, no more nomadic lifestyle Job specialization was the first idea for recreation People did what they were good at, which is in a way recreation Lead to slow improvements on the subject BEGINNING OF RECREATION Before the Colosseum in Ad 80, people in early cities made tapestries, pottery, and farmed for fun. It was what they liked to do A little bit later in history, people came up with the idea of currency. Rich people had more free time because they had people working for them Many sports started coming to play in early society such as wrestling, and a primitive form of basketball The sport was called tlachtli, instead of using hands like in basketball, they used legs and hips to hit the ball into a centered hoop in the court.
Recreation Recreation is something people find fun or entertaining. It is used to pass the time. Some examples of recreation are sports,
video games, reading, and writing. It started with the Neolithic Era.
The Beginning of Recreation Recreation started with the beginning of civilizations and job specializations. When people got to choose what they did for a living. People liked what they did, which made it, relatively, recreation. Women had fun making pottery, drawing, while men usually farmed or hunted. Of course, jobs were not fully fleshed out, but people still did not know what it was like to have today’s jobs.
Ancient Greece
Early South America
Ancient Greece used the Colosseum to entertain its people. As many people know, the Colosseum was where man faced beasts and monsters for entertainment. The most common showdown was a man against a lion. Many weapons were created out of this activity and it showed people could be heartless.
Before Ancient Greece, Early South Americans invented sports. Their most common one was “tlachtli�. It was a primitive form of basketball. Instead of having two hoops, there was only one in the middle of the court. Natives used their knees, hips, and feet to hit the ball into the centralized objective.
Timeline Job Specialization in Early Civilizations Neolithic Era
Sports in Early South America 2000 B.C
Use of public shows in Colosseum AD 80
Arcades were made and led to videogames and digital entertainment 1980
Movies, cars start getting common 1950s
Relating Primitive Recreation to Today’s Recreation today is something very different than recreation centuries ago. Now, many people stare at screens, play many different versions of sports, and run around for fun. Humans today really do not know what it would be like living in an Early Man’s environment. It would be a lot tougher and would require more willpower.
WORKS CITED Kraus, Richard G. Recreation &Amp; Leisure in Modern Society. Sudbury, MA, Jones and Bartlett, 1998. “Therapeutic Recreation Timeline: Beginning to 1885.” Therapeutic Recreation Timeline: Beginning to 1885, www.recreationtherapy.c om/history/rthistory1.htm .
● ● ●
People in early villages also practiced warfare for fun (for some reason) In North America, Native American boys were taught how to survive unarmed and unclothed Girls were taught art and how to sew
What is written Communication? Written communication involves any type of message that makes use of the written word. Written communication is the most important and the most effective of any mode of business communication. Examples of written communications generally used with clients or other businesses include: Email. Internet websites.
How is written communication used? Written language is used to mark contents of storage vessels and to record trade. It recorded history, such as what the great kings and rulers of land had done. Thus providing a systematic way of communication.
How has written communication affected early man? Writing has affected early man by giving the chance to have important information be passed around and used in beneficial ways. Such as telling stories to entertain, giving advice on which land to grow crops on and how to keep them in good edible shape.
How was written communication first created? Written was first created as a bunch of hard to read symbols. This was called Cuneiform. The image shown below in an example of Cuneiform. This was very hard to read, understand, and write. This made it easier for the lower class to not understand what was happening in the upper class. Only priests and kings, or leader might’ve known how to read it.
What does this show about the people then? This shows evolution of the people from the New Stone Age. It also shows that people have become smarter
Forms of written Communication (Timeline) Cuneiform - 3,500 BC 2600 BC - Scribes employed in Egypt. 2600: Scribes employed in Egypt. 2400: In India, engraved seals identify the writer. 2200: Date of oldest existing document written on papyrus (a material prepared in ancient Egypt from the pithy stem of a water plant)
How has written communication changed from then to today? Written Communication is used in many different ways today. In the past the people used their technologies to carve hieroglyphics into stones and cave walls. Now we have evolved through time and so has written communication. Written communication is now through the internet, emails, texts, and paper like letters. This helps get information around. In the past, there was a very hard way to send information. The other type of communication is spoken communication which made everything much more simple and easy.
Citations "History of Writing." History of Writing. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Nov. 2016. @ahencyclopedia. "Writing." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 28 Apr. 2011. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. Millard, A. R. (1986). "The Infancy of the Alphabet". World Archaeology. 17 (3): 390–398. doi:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979978. Olivier, J.-P. (1986). "Cretan Writing in the Second Millennium B.C". World Archaeology. 17 (3): 377–389. doi:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979977 "Ancient Scripts: Timeline." Ancient Scripts: Timeline. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2016.
Tool Making What is a tool? An implement, especially one held in the hand, as a hammer, saw, or file, for performing or facilitating mechanical operations.
The Stone Age The Stone age began 25,000 to 50,000 years ago in East Africa. During this time early man created weapons by sharpening rocks. They used these tools to defend themselves from animals and other clans. They made tools such as axes, daggers, spears, scrapers, needles, and fishhooks. When making these tools, they sometimes used fire to shape them. During the Stone Age, the growth of agriculture begins. early man began to settle down, and stay in one place. When early man begin to start farming, they invent the plow which helps prepare the soil for planting. When the plow was invented man begin to start using animals for farming.
Tool Making Neolithic Era The Neolithic Era began during 4,,500-2,000 BC. During this era,, stoneworking begins and metal is discovered. Man began to start making tools using polished rocks. This was a new step in tool making. They also began to start using tools such as axes, and chisels, The three types of tools that they used include core, flake, and blade.
Current Tools Tools have evolved since the beginning of time. They have evolved into power tools, which makes it easier to drill holes into the ground and into walls. When bigger and better tools were invented, bigger structures were able to be built in a shorter period of time. These tools have changed the way we live today.
Timeline The first Tool was invented
Sharpened Polished rock Power tools rock tools are tools are being were being used used invented
2.5 million years ago
25,000-50,000 4,500-2,000 years ago BC
1895
Resources 1.8, By. "Early Human Evolution: Early Human Culture." Early Human
Evolution: Early Human Culture. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2016. "The Definition of Tool." Dictionary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2016. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. "First Technologies: Fire and Tools." Ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association, n.d. Web. 03 Nov. 2016. "Hand Tool." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 03 Nov. 2016. "Neolithic." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2016. "Neolithic." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2016.