IVILIZATIONS EN BASIC ACTIVITIES IN CIVILIZATIONS
Recreation Key Terms:
leisure ~ interdependent ~ tlachtli
R
ecreation and leisure started because the use of tools increased man's ability to complete work in less time. There was then more time for leisure, the use of free time for enjoyment. The less hours that someone had to work, the more leisure time they had. Leisure was spent in many different ways throughout civilizations.
Beginning of Recreation and Leisure
T
he beginning of recreation dates back to A.D. 80, which was the first century. Surplus and job specialization led to the beginning of recreation and leisure. As people started to specialize in different fields, they became interdependent, which means that people started to depend on other people to survive. This gave more people leisure time because other people were already giving and making the necessities to survive. Work was only done when needed. However, leisure was more commonly seen in the high class because they had people to work for them.
â—? people working on a farm
Pastimes and Recreation in Ancient Civilizations
T
hroughout many civilizations , people spent their leisure time and recreation differently. Some examples of recreation were wrestling, gymnastic exercises, ball games or just games, the arts, pottery making, bead and jewelry making, and swimming. Games often started as religious rituals. Also, in many games, a rubber ball was used. A game where the rubber ball was used was called "tlachtli." Tlachtli was a game similar to basketball. At the time this game was invented there was a major increase in sports. When a game was no longer useful, the game would become a kind of sport that would teach people strategy and skill. All of the arts were a kind of recreation that was for either religious rituals or entertainment. Pottery was used for decoration and a way to express culture. It was a time for leisure because it was fun to make things out of clay. Women usually beaded and made jewelry and it was also a recreational activity. To do all of these activities, a person needed leisure time.
Recreation in Ancient Greece
I
people playing the game of tlachtli
n ancient Greece, recreation leisure started with many physical recreation sports. Later on, the Olympics started in Greece. Some of the activities they did were wrestling, gymnastic exercises, ball games, practiced the arts, and swimming.
Recreation in Ancient Rome and Egypt
R
ome was a place that used sports to keep bodies strong and their spirits
courageous. The citizens of ancient Rome played many of the sports that ancient Greek citizens did. Such as, wrestling, the arts, and swimming. Additionally, ancient Egypt also had some of the same recreational activities like Greece and Rome. These activities were wrestling, gymnastic exercises, ball games or just games, the arts, and swimming. In contrast, ancient Egypt played many of these sports as a part of education. All of these ancient civilizations used their leisure time to do many recreational activities. However, most all civilizations had different meanings for doing these activities.
Recreation Today
R
ecreation has lasted for many years and to this day recreation and leisure are still very common in every part of the world. From A.D 80 to present day, recreation has been around. It will continue to grow throughout society. The sports that are played now all came from ancient civilizations. For example, basketball is a sport played now that originated from tlachtli. Nowadays, sports are played for fun and also competitively. In the early 1800s, professional sports began. There are now different leagues of sports that play against each other, and get paid to play. Not only was recreation for fun and a way to spend leisure time, but now people are able to get paid to have fun. In addition, another way people spend their leisure time is by relaxing. On Saturday and Sunday, most people do not have to go to work or school because it is the weekend. On the weekend, people spend their time relaxing or having fun. This weekend is two days of just plain leisure. Thankfully, long ago ancient civilizations discovered recreation and leisure because without recreation, life would be very boring.
Works Cited
"Early History of Recreation and Leisure." Https://prezi.com/c9axgjlwkah6/early-history-of-recreation-andleisure/. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Oct. 2015. Š Jones And Bartlett Publishers. Not For Sale Or Distributio. "Early History and Recreation of Leisure." EARLY HISTORY OF RECREATION AND LEISURE (n.d.): n. pag. Http://www.jblearning.com/samples/0763749591/49591_ch03_mclea n.pdf. Web. "Kraus' Recreation and Leisure in Modern Society." Google Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2015. "Tlachtli." Http://pslc.ws/macrog/exp/rubber/aepisode/tlachtli.htm. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2015.
Early Tools Early developed tools were as simple as a stick or a rock to poke or throw at.There were tools for hunting, cooking, farming, sewing,and pretty much anything you can think of. The first tools ever recorded were about 3.3 million years old so that indicates that we started realizing that tools helped us survive and made it easier to live. Some of the many tools that were used for carving were, ax, adz, and chisel these tools were makeshift and looked not much alike to the ones we have now. The chisel could have been only a small pointed rock to carve out a bone or tusk. A tool is an implement or device used directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired formâ‚ . Tools have many uses, but the main ones were Hunting, and Farming.
Tools for Farming Farming was very important during the Neolithic era because it allowed people to settle in one place and not worry about when their next meal is or if they will get a next meal. One of the oldest places recorded to have been a settled place was Mesopotamia. Since farming was so efficient people wanted to be able to farm better and quicker, so they started developing better farming tools. One tool that was very helpful for farming was the Scythe, the scythe was used to cut down wheat or other soft crops, another well developed tool was the seed drill, the seed drill was normally attached to a horse or cow and it would have sharp ends in order to be able to make multiple holes for the seeds.
â‚ . Richard S. Hartenberg
Hunting Tools Hunting was essential to mankind during the neolithic era although they had farming they still needed protein and meat. The most important essence for hunting was trial and error, trial and error allowed them to evolve their weapons and to make them stronger and more efficient. One tool that was very important to the hunting success rate was the Bow and Arrow, the bow was very essential because instead of throwing spears and relying on your strength all you had to do was pull the string back, aim, and release and the arrow would fly towards the target. One variation to the bow was the blowgun, many people didn’t believe in the blowgun at first but when they found out that it was very light weight and easier to use they started using the blowgun. The bow was meant for larger and stronger game while the blowgun was used for rodents or birds
When Tools Became an Aspect of Civilization Tools became an aspect of civilization because when people started finding out that tools made life easier people started accepting these tools and started making them better, thinner, more efficient, stronger, lighter, and smaller for easier carrying. Tools are important in a civilization because if tools were not accepted as an aspect of civilization people would probably not survive in the harsh environments and harsh conditions.
What Tools Show about Early Man Tools were very obvious to your job. For example if you had a rake or a seed drill you would have been a farmer, if you had a bow or a spear you would have been a hunter or a soldier to protect the civilization. Tools showed what your profession was or what you did another example would be a needle, if you had a needle you would have been a weaver. Tools were very symbolic and very showing of who you were. If you worked as a farmer but also liked to hunt you would have varied tools and people would kind of be confused on what your profession was so tools were very showing.
When Early Man start Using Stone Tools Early man was very ingenious and resourceful and used everything from a kill or a tree. Early man started using stone for their advantages about 2.6 million years ago and started experimenting their many uses. When early man found out all the uses of a kill like of a deer they started making tools out of the bones or bait out of the eyes and cartilage. Stone tools really revolutionized how early man lived and what their day was like.
Connections between Now and Then Some connections are that we are still trying to make our tools better and more efficient. Early man tried using the nature to their advantages like using cows for the seed drill and horses/donkeys for transportation. Modern man is still trying to find a way to use less resources for the machine but still as efficient or maybe even more efficient. Some other connections are the tools that demonstrate who we are because if early man has a hunting rifle or a shotgun early man might be a hunter or a soldier.
Resources "The Oldest Stone Tools Yet Discovered Are Unearthed in Kenya." Smithsonian. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. "Primitive Technology, Traditional Skills and Hand-Made Tools." Primitive Technology, Traditional Skills and Hand-Made Tools. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. "Antique Farm Tools - Introduction (home-page)." Antique Farm Tools Introduction (home-page). N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015.
Frank Karpiel - Kathleen Krull - Grant P.Wiggins Pearson - 2012
How Transportation became part of Civilizations: Transportation became a huge aspect for early civilizations. The reason transportation became an aspect for early civilizations like Mesopotamia is because it made longer journeys shorter and shortening the lengths of work like farming. For example these long journeys consisted mostly of trading, which contains a lot of objects and people walking by foot could not take all the items needed and would get very tired. So, as a solution to this problem, we began domesticating animals. These animals included the donkey, oxen, and horse. The better or more suitable animal to sustain domestication would be the oxen or donkey because they were slower animals and easier to stop if they were to go out of control. These animals connected to a carriage, which was able to be created by the invention of the wheel would lug the the items and people to trade to other civilizations from far away. Another way transportation was important was because the animals that were domesticated could haul large farming tools as well. Being able to do this, these animals took the farmer's large pile of workload and accomplished it quicker. Also in desert type of regions it was best to domesticate a camel because they can survive months without water or food. Ongoing an important part of transportation is that it lead to being able to go on water too. The first water transportation was a canoe and was used to go up and down rivers to fish. The canoe was steered by paddles. This was made by carving out large tree trunks.
What Aspect showed about Early Peoples life: Transportation reflected on what early man did. For example when early people first started using the creation of the wheel it was used to make life easier for farming. Like how the domestication of animals were allowed to pull the farming tools with the creation of the wheel to pull it across the farm lands and smooth out the soil. Later when early man started getting more experienced with the creation of the wheel they started using it to trade with other civilizations. While doing this, this made the civilization interdependent, or when other civilizations depend on each other for things necessary for survival.
When was Transportation first used: The first transportation using the wheel was first used in 3500 BC. The first transportation using the domestication of animals was used in 4000 BC.
Connections To Modern Man Today: There are many connections that the Early man created that modern man expanded on. For example canoes for modern man today are boats with gasoline engines. The invention of the wheel that created the carriage is known as the car today. On going oxens that lugged around large farming tools then, is now taken care of by electronic machines today. The creations of early man are great impacts in our lives and is used for everyday lifestyle like the wheel!
Early Transportation Pictures:
Bibliography: "Transportation and Public Transit | An Online Lesson | Early Transportation." Transportation and Public Transit | An Online Lesson | Early Transportation. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2015. <http://www.transitpeople.org/lesson/early.htm >. "A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRANSPORT." A History of Transportation. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2015. <http://www.localhistories.org/transport.html>. "Domestication." National Geographic Education. N.p., 14 Apr. 2010. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. < http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/domestication/>. "Google Images." Google Images. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2015. < https://images.google.com/>. Transportation and Public Transit | An Online Lesson | Early Transportation. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.fofweb.com/History/HistRefMain.asp? Bellis, Mary. "The History of Transportation." About.com Inventors. About.com, 17 June 2015. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. < http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_history_of_transportation.htm >. "HISTORY OF THE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS." HISTORY OF THE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. <http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab57>.
The Dawn of Civilization What is trade?
Trade
Trade is when people exchange something for something else. A long time ago, people used to trade. They used to exchange something they had a lot of to something they did not have and needed. We still trade now. It is believed that trade existed since The Stone Age. A resource was also a source of trade. Egypt is believed to have traded materials used to create jewelry since 3000 BCE. A resource is a supply of something that can be used as needed. Example of a long ago trade: The Sumerian civilization traded with the Harappan Civilization Example of a trade now: Miami trades oranges to cherrys with Washington.
How was trade used? In early civilizations, trade was used to get things your civilization did not have and exchange it for something you had a lot of. A civilization is a complex society that has cities, a weel-organized government, and workers with specialized jobs and skills. Trade was very essential for survival and comfort. For example, if a civilization has a lot of corn, and does not have any beans because the area cannot grow beans, then that civilization would attempt to trade the corn for a civilization that has a lot of beans and has no corn. The culture of lives of early people were very different than ours. Some people still live like they did. Our world still has farmers like before. The culture of early civilizations were hard. People had to work in a very young age, farmers had to farm, and sewers had to sew. Everyone had a job. Now not everyone has to work. Most people have to work for money so they will have a good comfortable life, but it is not like the early civilizations. The people who worked in the early civilizations did not earn much. Everyone shared what they did and got. The city's economy was usually good depending on the well-organized governments and monarchs. Wealth was not as important, only for the kings and high social classes. A social classes are groups of people that occupy different levels in the society depending on how wealthy or knowledgeable they are. There is the low, medium and high social classes. The low social class are slaves, the medium are workers such as bakers, sewers, etc, and the high social class are the kings and priests.
This is the first trade route found. It was found in the 3rd millennium BCE. The Sumerian Civilization (Mesopotamia) traded with the Harappan Civilization (Indus Valley.)
The Dawn of Civilization Trade Trade Timeline: This timeline represents early civilizations.
This trade route represents the routes of the early civilizations when trading.
The past of the early civilization trades has not changed much until now. Trade has not evolved a lot. Now we trade with a country something we have a lot of to something we do not have. We can also trade with friends. Trading is much easier than before. The transportation makes everything faster. Before, people would have to walk all the way to the place they wanted to trade. Now we have airplanes, cars, boats, and more.
Trade now - online
Trade then - walking
The Dawn of Civilization Trade
Works Cited
"Ancient Civilizations: Start Here." Start Here. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2015. "Dawn of Civilizations Unit Task (1)." Issuu. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2015. "Pearson Sign In." Pearson Sign In. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2015. "Î&#x2014; TradeNOW @reloadgreece.com | Enjoy Trading." Enjoy Trading. N.p., 02 Dec. 2013. Web. 11 Oct. 2015. "Vers Un Monde Du Troc - by Philippe Merlant Et Patrick Viveret - Monnaie Locales Et Lien Social." Vers Un Monde Du Troc - by Philippe Merlant Et Patrick Viveret - Monnaie Locales Et Lien Social. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.
Aesthetics Ever since the beginning of early civilizations humans have appreciated beauty. All over the world people can find examples of early aesthetics. From the Egyptian pyramids to the Mayan temples we can find examples of aesthetics. Aesthetics has been around since the beginning of early civilizations. But there was no real word created for aesthetics until the Greeks came up with the word in the late 18th century. Aesthetics is a set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty, especially in art. So aesthetics can range from artwork, to the jewelry, and to the building constructed. Map of Mesopotamia
Aesthetics in Ancient Civilizations Aesthetics can range from artworks, to jewelry, and to buildings constructed. As early civilizations began to develop people began to make their cities look beautiful. Also how big an beautiful your castles and cities were showed a sign of power and wealth. So kings began coming up with things to make their cities beautiful. For example they began to carve the wood columns. As people began to figure out new materials, castles became larger and more grand. Map of Mesopotamia The first large civilization, Mesopotamia, was a huge city. Mesopotamia was located in between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. Being located between these two rivers created extremely fertile soil. So most people were farmers until they began to build up a surplus. People began to specialize on one job so soon people began finding more materials, like clay. So clay became a very popular material to use and mold into whatever people needed. Other than clay people began finding alternatives to sheep's wool and different materials for decoration such as gold. The most important material for the Mesopotamian civilization was clay. These people used clay for many things most being making clay pots to store things in. These pots were mostly decorated to be made pretty. This shows one example of aesthetics, the potteryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s decor. Another example of aesthetics in Mesopotamia was the use of flax textiles. Flax textiles are textiles made from a wool, linen like material. These textiles were sometimes dyed to make patterns. The textiles were used for clothing mostly creating colorful robe like clothing. This is an example of aesthetics in Mesopotamia because it shows the way people decorated clothes to make beautiful adorned patterns. Mesopotamian Flax Textiles
Pottery
Aesthetics In Constructions! Not only is aesthetics in pottery and fabrics but also in constructions. Kings and rulers had their castles built to their liking. What this means is they made them beautiful. Once gold was discovered kings had statues built of this material to show their wealth and power. Seeing this aspect taking place so early in human history people can believe that this suggests humans have always had an eye into making things look beautiful. Humans have always looked to have the best of the best and wanting to live in the best conditions. So what this means is that humans have always looked into the beauty of some things. Even in ancient Egyptian pyramids show the inspire people to times when there was no technology to appreciation towardsimages those dead. This is make things beautiful by going into google or when people an example of aesthetics because of the lived in small huts made of mud and straw. Humans have always just design of the pyramid making it such a had this natural liking to beautify things of fordead themselves, clothing beautiful reminder pharaohs. and pottery, as well as their society's, buildings and temples.
Aesthetics Today! In our society today we have many more aspects of aesthetics. Ranging from art to buildings to technology. As humans have progressed in time more things have been discovered aesthetics isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t limited to just construction textiles and clay. But now humans have all sorts of things requiring designs. In today's society aesthetics can be the modern building covered in glass or it can be the designs of the new technology, making it more beautiful and versatile. Since people now have more easily available things they can design more extraordinary things. But this doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t mean that all the pottery and temples Mesopotamians designed isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t as incredible. These people being able to create such incredible things at such an early period in history just because they wanted to make things look nice shows true human ingenuity throughout history. Footnotes: Grand: Something large, impressive. Flax Textiles: A type of fabric used to substitute wool. Ingenuity: the quality of being clever, original, and inventive.
Sources
Ancient Babylonia - History of Babylonia. (n.d.). Retrieved October 8, 2015. Automatic Bibliography Maker. (n.d.). Retrieved October 8, 2015. Ancient Mesopotamia. (n.d.). Retrieved October 8, 2015. Bennett, L., & Education, I. (2013). Pearson my world social studies. Boston, Mass.: Pearson.
Evolution of Primitive Tools
The oldest stone tools, known as the Oldowan Toolkit, consisted of many different kinds of fascinating tools. One tool was the handaxe (shown above). The handaxe was used to cut meat and firewood. Tools have changed greatly over time, ranging from sharp rocks all the way to diamond tipped electric screwdrivers. Below is a timeline of the evolution of man made tools. Stone hammers and pokers-->sharpened sticks (to be used as spears)-->stone spears-->bone and ivory tools-->copper tools-->iron tools-->steel tools-->guns-->electric tools-->hardened electric tools (like diamond tipped screwdrivers).
Different kinds of stone tools
There were many different kinds of stone tools. Stone tools was what made man survive for thousands, if not millions of years. Tools varied from hammers to spears: Pokers: used to jab at prey. Spears: came much later after pokers, but were used for the same purpose. Hand axes: used to crush things and to create firewood. Flint: used to start fires. Shovels: were used to scoop up many different things, ranging from water to dirt. Wheel: came much later, but changed life forever. People could now build wagons and chariots to move cargo and people to different locations. It also made construction and trade much easier.
References
"Early Stone Age Tools." Early Stone Age Tools. September 28, 2015. Accessed October 06, 2015. http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/tools/early-tools. Q, Charles. "Human Evolution: The Origin of Tool Use." LiveScience. November 11, 2009. Accessed October 07, 2015. http://www.livescience.com/7968-human-evolution-origin-tool.html Photos: http://www.kcmsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/reference-check.jpg http://i.livescience.com/images/i/000/019/545/i02/35386.jpg?1314810164 http://sensiblesurvival.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/022bflint2bclose-up.jpg http://www.clipartlord.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/spear2.png http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/assets/img/full-size/pharaoh-chariot-merl.jpg http://www.stonestructures.org/assets/images/Worked-Stones-2.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flint_hand_axe.JPG http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/origins/images/acheulean9b.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Arrow_east.svg/2000px-Arrow_east.svg.png http://www.acefixings.com/components/com_virtuemart/shop_image/product/06a54db57496f1f69d022a70c3db683e.jpg http://www.britishmuseum.org/images/axe_l.jpg http://www.veteransnewsnow.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Homo-sapien.jpg http://www.simpleapply.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/tools.jpg https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/91/ea/86/91ea86984f7804fa62bc91803bad9736.jpg
Primitive Education Education is one of the most import factors in a civilization. Today, people think of education as math or english, but it was much more than that in early times. When civilizations just started developing, humans needed to be taught how to farm or trade. This was a primitive form of education. Early man also developed writing and languages which allowed them to share knowledge through speaking and books. Today, most people do not like to study or do homework, but back then, all anyone ever wanted was to be rich with knowledge. The more knowledge you would have, the more power you would gain. The people with the most knowledge would become kings, emperors, or priests; raising their social class.
Developing Education Education has developed a lot since the beginning of civilization. Our society has changed and people now do not need to learn how to farm or survive. Before, early humans would have to learn how to farm, hunt, make tools, and survive. People with low social classes didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have as much freedom. They were not educated if they had a low social class. Today people have more freedom and in every country, almost everyone has an education. Now the most common curriculum is to learn math, a language, science, history, and art.
Writing tablet from Sumer1
1. Sumer- One of the earliest civilization established. It was located in the Middle East.
Education in Different Civilizations Some of the most well known civilizations in history were the Egyptians and the Romans. They each had very well developed education, but their ways of teaching are all different. The Egyptians had a very good system of writing, math, and astronomy. Egyptians used a system of symbols called hieroglyphics to help communicate. Hieroglyphics are pictures of real or celestial things for example a picture of an eye will most likely represent the word “eye”. The language was easy for the most part, but it took a while to decode everything. The symbols created a story depending on what and where they were placed. Math and astronomy were strong factors in Egyptian education. Egyptians could calculate angle so perfectly that the three Pyramids of Giza line up exactly to the Orions Belt. Even being able to build the Pyramids of Giza with such precision showed how math was a very strong component for the ancient Egyptians. The Roman Empire was one of the strongest empires in history. The Roman people were not only 3 strong, called Roman Numerals. Roman Numerals 2 but very well educated. They came up with a number system were similar to the number system today. For example the letter “I” represented the number one and two I’s represented the number two and so on. The number system also uses subtraction and addition. For example the number four is “IV”. The V stands for 5 and if there is a smaller number in front, you must subtract it from the larger number (5-1=4 or V-I=IV). The Roman people did not only have a very good number system, but they had an exceptional writing system also. The language they spoke was Latin. Latin is also similar to English because they each have the same alphabet except different words. The Egyptians and Romans were both very educated and well developed, but they each had different writing and numbers.
1. Eye of Horus- The Eye of Horus represents “the all seeing
eye” or “god”. 2. The Pyramids of Giza- The Pyramids of Giza were built by the ancient Egyptians for the Pharaoh Khufu. They were so good in astronomy and math that they built the pyramids just like the Orion’s Belt. 3. Orion’s Belt- The Orion’s Belt is a string of three stars that are part of the larger constellation, Orion.
Eye of Horus
1
Resources "hieroglyphic." Hutchinson Encyclopedia. 2011. eLibrary. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. "Roman Numerals." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2015. Web. 8 Oct. 2015. Karpiel, Frank, Kathleen Krull, and Grant P. Wiggins. My World History. Boston, MA: Pearson, 2012. Print.
Protecting and Conserving Key Terms: Fertile
Agriculture
Culture
Religion
Parchment
Protecting Early civilizations needed to protect and conserve their lands, culture, way of life and their history in order to stay on planet earth and survive. In order to protect their lands, early civilizations had to find ways to be able to defend them whenever their lands were attacked. Early farming villages were usually founded next to rivers or river valleys because the land there was rich in nutrients, or fertile. Also, farming villages could have built some sort of crudely made wooden palisades to protect their village if they were also next to a forest. They also could have built fences around their crops to have a basic barrier. When the first civilizations started looking at other ways to support their economy other than just agriculture, which is the practice of farming land, they found that they would have to protect their new interests and take advantage of what they specialized in producing or harvesting. The first and easiest way to protect a civilizations interests would be to force people from their kingdom to defend against enemies that came. Another way some early civilizations cities could defend their self was if they built walls around the city. An example of this is the ancient sumerian city of Uruk. Uruk was founded somewhere around 5000 BC, supposedly by King Enmerkar. It was around 3100–2900 BC that the city’s 5½ mile long wall was built to protect it from other city state’s armies as the other rulers began to grow power hungry. Also, in order to protect the city’s culture, or the way of daily life in a city or area, it’s religion, and other interests, there would have to be wars. Wars would become a constant in human history as time progressed forwards.
An artist’s conception of Uruk
Conserving In order to conserve a civilization’s own culture, history, religion, or traditions, a civilization could have engraved drawings in pottery, buildings, and rocks and then place them in special places to their beliefs. Most early on civilizations conserved their religion, or belief in a holy figure, and their As well as that, they may have also inscribed runes on pieces of wood or crude parchment, which is a rough type of paper made from pressed animal skins. These then could have display them in public works or kept them in temples and libraries. Although inscriptions on wood would have been easy to do, wood rots over time which would mean that any attempts to conserve something on wood would end up failing and forever be lost. Another early way civilizations could have information passed down was through oral tradition and stories. An example of an ancient story is shown as the Epic of Gilgamesh which was said to be a history of a king named Gilgamesh and his travels. With the emergence of religion, civilizations started to build buildings such as temples and praying shrines to preserve their religion and the jobs of preaching the religion to people to make it widespread was given to priests and other religious members. Certain civilizations made great temples to show as a beacon of their religion and so then made many engravings in the walls and perhaps ceilings of the temples. Another example of a civilization that conserved the history through a documentation of a past conflict that was inscribed on tablets and stone was the people of Sumer.
Tablet that has the Epic of Gilgamesh
Reading Check In what ways could early civilizations conserve their history?
The documentations are known as Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta and document a series of conflicts that happened because of land and one of the civilizations greed for land.
Emergence of Protection and Conservation The emergence of civilizations came with war and fighting over resources and land. With that also came the realization that there was a need for ways to protect and conserve a civilizations lands, people, and histories. The time when civilizations started building walls and armies to protect their cities and lands came around the year 2500 BC that were made out of mud, sand, and brick. One of the first cities to have true walls was the ancient city of Uruk in Mesopotamia. Walls started becoming more and more common along with the rise of armies and wars. Also to have a better chance at being able to successfully defend a city, ranged weapons, such as bows, became more powerful as more advanced designs appeared. Conserving laws, rules or religious works and great stories was usually the main item that was conserved from inscriptions in buildings or rocks. This was because those were really the only things that needed to be conserved at the time of early civilizations. Only later on in did cities and civilizations start conserving art and music and poetry
Ruins of the Great Wall of Uruk
Today Today, most nations maintain a standing military for defense and or peacekeeping, mainly such as the U.S. or U.N. of their country or another country. Also since the discovery of gunpowder, the age of walls ended and it now meant that the destruction of cities was more likely from bombardment and then capture by the enemy. Also, time capsules around the world have been made and they carry history and data of the past. History is now taught in schools as well as recorded in books and computers. Most wars nowadays are to suppress terrorism and not over land as much as before.
U.N. Peacekeeping troops
Timeline on the development of early methods for protection and conservation
c. 3800 BC Ur is founded c. 3500 BC People first start recording events c. 3000 - 2316 BC First armies allow for the Sumerian Empire 8000 - 6500 BC Settled farming emerges
c. 5000 BC Uruk is founded c. 7500 BC First cities are founded in Mesopotamia
634- 562 BC Walls of Uruk built
c. 3200 People start recording history c. 4500 BC Walls start rising up around students
1044 AD Gunpowder created; Walls become useless
Works Cited Morillo, Stephen. "War and Peace--Overview." Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History, Second Edition. Ed. William McNeill. Great Barrington: Berkshire Publishing Group, 2011. Credo Reference. Web. 6 Oct 2015. "Alphabet." The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide. Abington: Helicon, 2015. Credo Reference. Web. 6 Oct 2015. Architecture. (2015). In Columbia University & P. Lagasse, The Columbia Encyclopedia. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Retrieved from http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/columency/architecture/0 Army. (2008). In Philip's encyclopedia. London, United Kingdom: Philip's. Retrieved from http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/philipency/army/0
"Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History." Uruk: The First City. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Oct. 2003. Web. 07 Oct. 2015.
Primitive Government Primitive Government In ancient civilizations, societies were highly complex. Because of their complexity, there had to be order and people to control society, which led to government. All governments were led by rulers, such as Gilgamesh, one of Mesopotamia’s kings. Accompanying rulers were priests and nobles. They all made up the highest group in society. This group was had the richest and most powerful people in society and had jurisdiction over the community. The government had either little or a lot of contact with other governments and the outside world. India, China, and Native Americans had little or no contact with the outside world. Other civilizations, such as Rome, Greece, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, fought each other to gain land and power. Governments also achieved many different things other than land and power. In Persia and Rome, many roads were built so that they could visit faraway places. Mesopotamia made the famous laws of Ur-nammu and Hammurabi. China’s first emperor, Qin Shi Huang, started the construction of the Great Wall of China.
Ancient Rome
Julius Caesar
The greatest sign of how powerful a government was was their territory’s size. During this time, the Chinese and the Romans conquered the most land. The greatest leaders ruled over Rome. Constantine I, Julius Caesar, and Augustus are the most famous of them all. Caesar was the most famous one. He conquered a vast area; had explorers go to Britain and Germany, which was never heard of at the time; and took over Rome as a dictator. Augustus was Rome’s very first emperor. He avenged Julius Caesar’s death. Constantine I made a second capital in Constantinople. This made the empire split into two. All of the Roman emperors show how great the Roman empire and its government were.
Qin Shi Huang Emperor Augustus
Sumer and its Laws An important part of government was law. Laws are the rules that define the economy. The most famous laws are the laws of Ur-Nammu and Hammurabi. These laws were created by the Sumerian nobles and kings. The nobles and kings also chose how to please their gods and declared war on other civilizations. The Sumerians didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t write down their laws, but instead, they expected their people to learn and know them. If the king passed a law, everybody was expected to be informed of it and to obey it. In Sumer, there would be consequences if you broke a law. The consequences differentiated according to how bad the offense was.
Kublai Khan
Ancient China
Laws of urnammu and hammurabi
During the Stone Age, China was just a few farming villages. The small villages had the biggest and strongest men in charge. This way of government then developed into having chieftains. But by the time of the Shang Dynasty, 1800 B.C., China had already unified into a large empire. An emperor or an empress ruled over all of China. These emperors also ruled many smaller kings, who controlled sections of China. The kings ruled powerful lords, and the lords ruled over farmers. The lords, like other government officials, collected taxes from the farmers. Some of the taxes were passed down to the kings, who passed some of it to the emperors. By 200 B.C., emperors suddenly gained much more power and control over the government. Then the emperors decided to choose governors and judges themselves instead of local kings. They chose out the smartest men and made them governors. The emperors decided to keep track of the taxes and how much everybody pays. The Chinese government used these taxes to fights wars, build canals for irrigation and transportation, and for trade. Trade became very important in China once the Silk Road became popular. China fought even more wars and became even bigger than before. Then the Song dynasty collapsed, and the Mongols invaded China from the north. Kublai Khan, the leader of the Mongols, then created his own government in China. Kublai Khan put his own people to work in the government instead of Chinese. He made a lot of good ideas for China, such as to use cotton instead of hemp for clothing. A plague took over and the Mongol Empire collapsed, causing the Ming Dynasty to take over and to return to the original way it was, except for the fact that Muslims continued to work in the Chinese government.
Primitive Government Timeline Humans farm and domesticate Laws develop to keep order First form of government is village council Big cities are constructed Civilizations develop Sumer is created
Homo Sapiens develop Farming Villages are created Government Begins Surplus occurs which leads to specialization Cities have complex government Egypt is created Indus is created
Qin Shi Huang unified China Mayan civilizations begins Sumer becomes Babylonia Israel develops Greece is created Fall of Babylon Fall of Greece Egypt falls Byzantine Empire begins Aztec empire starts
Laws of Hammurabi are made Rome is created Persia is created Construction of Great Wall begins Terracotta Army construction begins Roman Empire falls Byzantine Empire falls
Inca empire starts
Maya falls Machu Picchu is built
China falls Aztec falls
Inca Empire falls End of primitive civilization
Works Cited
"Ancient Mesopotamia for KidsGovernment." The Unusual Government of Ancient Mesopotamia. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. <http://mesopotamia.mrdonn.org/government.html>. "A Brief History of Government." A Brief History of Government. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2015. "Chinese Government." Ancient China Government. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. N.p., n.d. Web. N.p., n.d. Web. N.p., n.d. Web. N.p., n.d. Web. N.p., n.d. Web. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Oct. 2015.
Early Civilizationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Government Complex Governments Key Terms Surplus- an excess supply of something Resources - materials that can be both natural and man-made City-States- an independant state that includes Law Code- a written set of laws a city and its territory Rule of Law- States that all people no matter how powerful have Satrapies- provinces to obey the rules set by the government Beuracracy- system of officials that help run Dynasty- chain of rulers form the same family the government Legalism- a strong leader and legal systems are needed to create Democracy- a form of government in which social order the people hold the power Parliment- group of people who make the laws for a country
City Councils
Government changed greatly as farming villages turned into prospering civilizations. City councils were often the form of governing is small villages. There would be a group of people who would decide and judge the actions of the village and its individual members. These councils often used the village traditions to determine what was good or bad.
Complex Government As these villages had more and more surplus, the became large civilizations with many cities. These governments had to be much more sophisticated in order to keep order in cities with thousands of people. These governments had to be able to manage all the resources in the city. This included food, water, and traded goods. Governments also had to form an army in order to defend border and sometimes, conquer more land. They also determine a lot of the economy. Finally, governments are in charge of social works. Governments often had public officials to help carry out these tasks.
The Ancient Civilizations of Mesopotamia and Babylonia The civilization of Mesopotamia was located in the Middle East in between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Mesopotamia was made up of mostly city-states. These city-states made up the civilization and were linked together by shared customs such as their scripts, gods, and attitude towards women. Southern Mesopotamia would later be conquered and become Babylonia.
Map of Babylonia
Map of Mesopotamia
The First Kings As city-states started fighting against one another in order for power. Priests who were in charge of the cities could often not control the people which led to the development of kings. Usually, a priest would sent the best man to lead the army when there was a war. However, as soon as the war ended, the person was expected to give his or her power up and resume an everyday life. Some of these men did not wish to give up their power and became the first kings.
Example of what Mesopotamian King might look like
Kings and Laws Kings needed support and respect from the people in order to stay in power. To do this, the kings needed to befriend the priests since religion was of great importance among the people. The king had to make sure priests had many rights and sufficient power. The priests would then announce the people that god had chosen the king to rule the city. The king and priest would perform religious rituals together and eventually, the king started taking many of the priests’ jobs. The king was now able to hire workers and work as the judge. Eventually, rulers started writing all the laws into a law code. Ur-Nammu was the first king to make a law code. Another famous law code is known as Hammurabi’s code. Hammurabi was the first king to try to organize and write down all of Babylonia’s rules. Hammurabi not only started Babylonia but put the rule of law in motion. His law code included about 300 laws.
Hammurabi’s Code
Ur-Nammu Law Code
Evolution in Governments After Babylonia Governments have greatly evolved after the Mesopotamians. After the kings such as those in Babylonia, other kings started dividing empires into satrapies.
Darius, Persiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s king created curency to
help unify Persian economy. Since then, governments have created their own kinds of currency. Governments later started founding people to explore unknown land, such as the Phoenicians. Kings later realized that a bureaucracy made it easier for them to manage their kingdoms. The Egyptians collected taxes from farmers, kept some of those goods, and gave the rest to the pharaoh and people who helped him.
Darius Roman officials
Greek assembly
Then the concept of a dynasty occured. Power was passed on through generations. Rulers were hungry for more power and called themselces emperors. In order to keep his people together, Emperor Qin of China made a system of language with standard charachters. This has helped form chinese written language today. Qin rulers beleived in the concept of legalism, a strong leader and legal systems are needed to create social order. The ancient greeks were governed by an aristocracy.( rule by the best people) Eventually, the Greek people started ruling themselves. Hence, the first democracies. The Greek also created juries and archons, or nine judges chosen randomly. The Romans created a constitution. They separated the powers amoung different people who each had different jobs. They had magistrates to enfore law, a senate to help pass laws, and an assembly who helped the magistrates and the senate.
Governments Today
The queen of England with members of its parliment
Todays governments vary with each country. Borders have been established and alliences exist between countries. There are democracies where the people govern, aristocracies which are ruled by the wealthier and more educated people. There are also dictatorships where one person rules the country although, they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t usually admit they are dictators. A comon form of government in the world today is a parlimentary monarchy. This means there is a queen or king who does not play an important role in political issues while a parliment, makes the decisions necassary to lead a country. Those are just some of the most common examples of government in our world today.
Works Cited
"The Ancient City." Ancient History Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Oct. 2015. "Image." N.p., n.d. Web. "Image." N.p., n.d. Web. "Image." N.p., n.d. Web. "Image." N.p., n.d. Web. "Image." N.p., n.d. Web. <http://westerncivfinal.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/4/0/5140962/7337440.jpg?373>. Karpiel, Frank, Kathleen Krull, and Grant P. Wiggins. MyWorld History. Boston, MA: Pearson, 2012. Print. "Mesopotamia." Ancient History Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Oct. 2015. "Sumer." Ancient History Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Oct. 2015. "Types of Government." Types of Government. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. <http://depts.alverno.edu/dgp/GEC/Types%20of%20Government.html>.
Communication
Communication was a very important aspect in civilizations. People needed a way to describe ideas and thoughts to each other, so they could all survive and work together. People also needed a way to get information across to each other, so people could have more knowledge about what is happening in the world and in their surroundings. The earliest form of communication was early humans making hand symbols to one another to go hunt, or to pack up to go somewhere else. This occurred during the Paleolithic area.
After that about 100, 000 years ago, when homo sapiens first appeared on Earth, they started to make a spoken language. At that time there were also another relative to the modern human, which was the neanderthals. The homo sapiens could actually make words with their mouths, but the Neanderthals could not.
This is an example of Cuneiform. It is Hammurabiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Code, which is a set of rules to follow in society. It also states the punishments, if the people don't follow the rule. It in now located in the Louvre.
This is a skeleton of Lucy. She is one of the oldest humans found, She would have also used hand motion to communicate to other humans.
On the left is a homo sapien, and on the right there is a neanderthal. Then, the next form of communication was a written language. The first written language was in a civilization called Sumer. Sumer was the earliest civilization. Their form of writing was called Cuneiform. It was written by using triangular shapes stamped into clay tablets, and each different combination stood for something.
Communication
After people could write and talk, there needed to be a way to get information across from one person to another, even through long distances. In the Persian empire, ruler Darius, came up with a solution to this problem. He created a postal system. He set up postal station on a 1, 500 mile long road called the Great Royal Road. People on horses would bring the messages from one station to another, until it got to its location. Most messages would take three months to send, but is was the most efficient medium, at that time, to send messages.
After the postal system was invented, people got creatine on their ways of communicating with each other. Here is a timeline showing the most important inventions of communication, that lead up to how we communicate today:
1941
First electronical tvâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s made available to the public (black and white)
Communication 1983
1984
1994
Apple First WWW is released by Macintosh American gov. making cellular released phone communication at light speed. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ worked in In early times, the technology was was very slow, and it had not evolved a lot US yet. When paper was first invented people probably thought it was the best invention that was ever made, and some people saw all the problem with it. Those people wanted to change it, and they made the primitive invention into word processor, like google docs, so we can write neater and faster, than with paper.
When news paper was first invented, it was a good way to get information that is happening around the world. Sometimes it took long to deliver, and events that were on the newspaper would already be outdated. People took it to the internet to put information and events that would usually be on newspapers. They put it on there so people could access it whenever they wanted and it could be posted immediately so people could access it right after that event happened, or even during it.
Communication People communicated in order to spread information across to one another, or to keep track of records. In current day that could be magazines, or newspapers, but at the time of early humans, they had to write it down, or say it to one another.
One example of this is television. People in modern society have this for entertainment purposes, but back when the television first came out, it was used to communicate the news to the viewers that were watching it. People wanted to know what was going on in the world so they would be prepared if that event was coming to where they were located, or so they know what other people are talking about when they talk about occurring events.
Map of where the Persian Empire was located
Old television As said before, the first postal system was used in Persia to send letters or information from one place to another. People wanted to send information from one place to another, so if anything important happened in their lives and their relative or someone they knew lived far away and did not hear of the news by word, they had to have send a letter to get that information across.
Works Cited
Bellis, Mary. "The History of Communication." About.com Inventors. About.com, 17 June 2015. Web. 04 Oct. 2015. <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_history_of_communication.htm >. Karpiel, Frank, Kathleen Krull, and Grant P. Wiggins. MyWorld History. Boston, MA: