V O LU M E 16 N O 6 SE PTE MBE R 2018
IN THIS ISSUE
W I NT E R F E E D IN G
Tips for dealing with potential forage shortages CM06_cover.indd 2
PA IN RELIEF
M ILKIN G E QUI PMENT
Appropriate use offers more than improved cow welfare
Dynamic-testing update and the latest robotic trend 20-09-18 15:10
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CO NTENT
FEATURES
5 9 15 19 29 31 41 42
Cow Talk Value added: cross-country running Roger Evans CRV Avoncroft Breeding Information ForFarmers Nutritional News/ Thompsons Nutritional News NMR Dairy Management News Business update: milk price Events and contacts REPORT
10 Investing in the latest technology is paying dividends for one Leicestershire-based herd BREEDING
12 Breeding data and herd management join forces 34 Get a better grip on fertility FEEDING
16 Facing up to silage shortfall/ Making the most of forage
Sue Staples “We had our Johne’s ‘watch list’ down to one page” 10
Editor Rachael Porter Looking forward to winter?
W
inter housing is looming on some units, although many are still enjoying the benefits of an extended grazing season and, possibly, even taking a final cut of silage. Maize harvest is also in full swing in many parts of the UK – much earlier than usual, due to the prolonged hot summer. Despite a late flush of grass growth, this winter’s ration will prove something of a conundrum for many producers who are faced with a shortage of forage. So we have some timely pointers on how to bolster low forage stocks and balance what is, on the whole, good quality silages that are in the clamp, to maximise milk production and safeguard cow health and fertility. The important link between the latter two parameters is underlined by two vets in our article on page six. This takes a closer look at why disease can impact on reproductive performance and, more specifically, how. And there’s also some advice on how to counter this and protect cow fertility.
Staying with cow health, we’ve an article on pain relief on page 38. This takes a closer look of the additional benefits of administering NSAIDs to cows, aside from reducing pain and inflammation. Recovery rates and long-term outcomes can be considerably improved and other production diseases, particularly post calving, can also be avoided. We spoke to two leading cattle vets to find out more. Our adding value column features a business that’s well known for it’s diversifications. We find out more about its latest ‘cross-country running’ venture on page nine. And our other regular column, written by Roger Evans, reflects on the summer and ponders on what this could mean for farm-gate milk prices as we head into 2019. AHDB Dairy analyst Patty Clayton also shares her thoughts and prediction on milk prices for the next few months. It seems that the news for dairy producers is positive – for the short-term at least. Take a look at page 41 to find out more.
Main article Health & fertility
Special Milking equipment
Health Pain relief
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The true impact of disease on cows’ reproductive performance
Robotic systems for larger herds and the importance of dynamic parlour testing
NSAIDs not only offer pain relief but also better longterm outcomes
COW MAN AG E ME N T
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C O W
TA L K
Tackle weeds in new-sown leys Making sure new-sown leys are kept weed-free this autumn will pay dividends next spring, as it will allow grass to grow to its full potential for grazing and cutting. So says Corteva agriscience’s Andy Bailey, adding that there’s been a lot of reseeding recently, following the wet spring and dry summer, which
highlighted the worst performing fields and reduced overall grass growth on many farms. “Investing in a reseed is not cheap and tackling weeds early is easier and less expensive than waiting to do it next year,” he says. “Weeds will germinate in almost all new leys. Some annual weeds,
like fat hen, may well be killed by frost. But others – like chickweed, mayweed and perennial seedling docks and thistles – will survive the winter.” Control weed seedling in new swards by applying a herbicide, such as Envy, during the autumn can pay dividends. This product can be sprayed by qualified operators until the end of November. “Young weeds are growing strongly now as the soil is warm and moist,” adds Mr Bailey. “Once most of the weeds have four to six leaves it will be a good time to spray, as this is a good indication that most have germinated. Ideally there should be between seven and 10 days of good weather after spraying to ensure good control.”
Oral supplement reduces discomfort at drying off An oral mineral supplement to help support the drying off process in dairy cows was launched at UK Dairy Day 2018. Bovikalc Dry, from Boehringer Ingelheim, has been developed to support the natural decrease in milk production at the end of a lactation cycle. Reduced milk production helps to reduce milk congestion in the udder, and any discomfort associated with this. The product contains the anionic salts ammonium chloride, calcium chloride and calcium sulphate. Cows should be given two boluses, which dissolve within 30 minutes in the rumen, where the anionic salts are released and absorbed. The dry period is a crucial rest period in a
dairy cow’s lactation cycle, giving the udder the opportunity to repair and regenerate between lactations. But the drying-off process can be a difficult, uncomfortable and stressful period, according to the company. Cows may still be producing considerable amounts of milk and the accumulation of milk in the mammary gland can lead to udder distention and engorgement. Discomfort from udder distension during drying-off may cause reduced lying time, with cows resting for shorter periods in an attempt to relieve pressure on the udder. It is also a high risk period for mastitis, particularly in high yielders. Cow welfare can be improved at drying
off with attention paid to reducing pain from udder engorgement, and monitoring for signs of mastitis with early intervention where infections are present.
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COW MAN AG E ME N T
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M A I N
A RT I C L E
Data shows increase in days to fi
Focus on cow health to Two cattle vets reiterate the importance of focusing on cow health when looking to safeguard and improve herd fertility. text Rachael Porter
B
oth producers and vets have long known that there’s a strong link between herd health and fertility. Any stress on the cow – be that from disease or lameness, poor nutrition or even a difficult transition period – will all have an impact on her ability to get back in calf, on target. “If producers want to stack the fertility deck in their favour then they need to make sure their cows are healthy,” says NMR vet Karen Bond, who has taken a closer look at the link between the two. There’s no doubt that poor health does have an impact on fertility. Any stress on the cow, particularly if it’s as a result of disease or another health issue, will impact on her fertility. For a sick cow, reproduction is not key to ‘survival’ – her physiological priorities are fighting disease and healing. “Disease results in inflammation – be that the udder with mastitis or the foot with lameness. And inflammation is a stress on the cow,” she explains. “If the cow feels sore or unwell, meaning that she’s less able to graze or walk to the feed fence, this will then reduce her feed intake – creating nutritional stress. “And all these factors combined will have an impact on embryonic development and maternal recognition of pregnancy.”
long enough or spending adequate time at the feed fence – will also see an increase in the intervals to first service and conception and conception rates will also be lower. The number of services to achieve a pregnancy will also increase.”
Risk factors Vet Robert Smith, from the University of Liverpool, agrees that it’s important to manage and reduce the risk factors for poor fertility, which include disease. “Not least because these cows also respond poorly to fertility treatments when vets and producers intervene,” he says. “Lame cows, for example, don’t respond well to progesterone synchronisation.” He explains that, during trials, the probability of a pregnancy following such treatment for cows with good locomotion (scoring 1) was high. Around 306 cows with locomotion score 1 responded to progesterone synchronisation treatment and 263 held to service. “The same can’t be said for cows scoring 3 for locomotion. Just 39 responded and only 32 of those cows became pregnant. Lame cows not only fail to respond to the hormones, but also the quality of the egg produced is poorer.”
Fertile herd: healthy cows will typically have fewer fertility issues
Clinical mastitis Mastitis – both clinical cases and sub-clinical disease – has an impact on fertility. Clinical cases, particularly in early lactation when most incidents occur, will result in increased intervals to both first service and conception. “The number of services per conception also increases, as does the spontaneous abortion rate in early pregnancy. The pregnancy rate for these cows will fall and producers are more likely to cull a cow due to fertility issues if she’s had clinical mastitis in her most recent lactation,” says Dr Bond. Cows with sub-clinical mastitis or high somatic cell counts (SCCs) also experience a ‘dip’ in their fertility. “It can have an impact on the timing of their ovulation, with many experiencing irregular returns to oestrus and, again, a reduced pregnancy rate.” The key issue with lameness, inflammation aside, is the impact that it has on the nutritional status of the cow and her body condition score. “Cows that lose condition due to lameness – they’re not grazing for
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days to first service and conception
h to safeguard fertility Other work has shown that cows with high SCCs also take longer to ovulate compared to cows with lower SCCs. “The average number of days from prostaglandin treatment to ovulation was around 4.6 days for cows with a SCC below 100,000 cells/ml,” he says. “The average was 5.5 for cows with a SCC of more than 100,000 cells/ml. And the more health problems the cow has the less likely she is to respond to prostaglandin synchronisation.”
Preventative approach Professor Smith adds that pregnancy losses in cows that have PD’ed positive are also higher in diseased cows. With this in mind, Dr Bond says that to improve fertility producers shouldn’t forget the influence of cow health. “When it comes to clinical mastitis, producers should aim to minimise the number of cases, particularly in the month following conception. And they should also treat with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug to reduce the likelihood of abortion by limiting the severity and duration of the inflammation. “As for lameness – the focus should be on minimising
the negative energy balance that can occur when a cow is less able to graze or stand at the feed fence. Prevention is always best and rapid detection and treatment of lameness is vital.” Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is another disease that can have a significant – and serious – impact on herd fertility. “It will vary from cow to cow, depending on the time of infection,” says Dr Bond. “But typically the number of days open and the number of services to conception will increase. The rate of abortion and early embryonic deaths will also rise, as will still births and neonatal deaths. So, in terms of fertility, BVD is devastating. “So detection and early removal of PI animals from the herd is vital. And vaccination can be well worth the investment for herds with BVD.” Neospora is another disease that can have a considerable impact on herd fertility. “Biosecurity can help here – both introduced cattle and dogs play a part in Neospora issues on farm. And, again, producers must detect cattle that are Neospora positive as soon as possible. They should be managed or culled, accordingly, and producers should certainly avoid breeding replacements from them and perpetuating the problem.” l
COW MAN AG E ME N T
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VA L U E
Name: Herd size: Location: Adding value:
A D D E D
Steve & Joe Hook 80 cows Hailsham, East Sussex Cross-country running
Hailsham
Steve Hook: “We want people to reconnect with farming and the land”
On-farm ‘muddy’ run text Rachael Porter
T
he ‘Mad Marsh Run’ is the latest offering from Hailsham-based dairy business Hook & Son. It’s a physical challenge that allows people to see the beauty of East Sussex’s Pevensey Levels. Milk from the family’s 80-cow organic herd has been processed and sold direct to the public for many years and Steve took a starring role in an award-winning documentary – ‘The Moo Man’ – released in 2012, which put the herd on the map. He says that this is yet another diversification that he hopes will further increase the business’ profile and bring in some additional income. The additional income, he says, will go towards funding work to control floating pennywort on the farm’s extensively managed land. “It’s an invasive species that’s a problem in some of our ditches. We’re in an SSSI and we have to take steps to control it and that’s expensive.” That said, it’s not just about generating additional income for the business:
“We also want to bridge the gap between farming and the countryside, and the public. This event offers people controlled access to our farm.” He hit on the idea of a farm running event, of sorts, at the Muck & Grassland Event in 2017. “I was in the NFU tent, talking about possible diversifications and ways to give people greater access to our farm so we could showcase what we do,” he says. Someone mentioned the Wolf Run, which is held on a farm in Warwickshire. Steve was intrigued and went away to do some more research. “I decided that we could do something similar, but use the natural obstacles on our unit – rather than building artificial ones.” We’ve got water features aplenty, including ditches, ponds and bogs: “Just the sort of thing to provide a challenge for cross country runners. But, because we’re in an SSSI, I also knew that I had to get Natural England on board.” He says that it has been supportive. “It did express some concerns, but we’ve
mitigated them. And this year’s event is a trial ‘run’. We’re allowed to sell a maximum of 800 tickets and, if it goes well for us, and NE is also happy that there’s been no impact on the environment, then we’ll hold a ‘mad marsh run’ every year. We also plan to create a calendar of other running events.” He and son Joe, who is organising October’s 10K run, envisage organising three two-day events on three weekends each year. Costs include additional insurance for the event, toilets, and post-run cold showers. “We also have to have marshals and first aiders – we’re hoping most of those will be there in a voluntary capacity,” explains Steve. Each ticket costs £15 if pre-booked online – or £20 on the day – and all participants must sign a carefully worded disclaimer too. So, will Steve be taking part? “Absolutely not. But Joe will and I’ll be cheering him on,” says Steve.
COW MAN AG E ME N T
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H E R D
R E P O RT
Parlour-based tech for monitoring health and fertility aids trouble-free expansion
Sue & Martin Staples A new parlour, more cows, and continuous disease monitoring are contributing to a strong and sustainable dairy business that’s fit for the future Herd size: Average yield: Milking parlour: Average SCC:
Aiming for an ‘all-green’ future Loughborough
Investing in the latest technology and disease monitoring is paying dividends for one Leicestershire-based herd.
180 cows 6,000 litres 24:24 herringbone 163,000 cells/ml
I
ncreasing cow numbers, installing a new parlour and continuing to wage war on Johne’s disease all contributed to a busy few years for Leicestershire-based producers Sue and Martin Staples. They run their 180-cow herd of pedigree Guernseys and Jerseys (60 and 120 head, respectively), plus 100 followers, at
We find out more about its recent expansion and a long-term commitment to tackling Johne’s disease. text Rachael Porter
Burton on the Wolds, near Loughborough, with help from Martin’s brother Dave and Martin’s son William. Sue milks every evening and other day-to-day management tasks shared between them all, as well as two relief milkers. The herd calves from April through to December. “It’s good to have a four-
month break from calving, not least because it means that we can thoroughly wash, disinfect and ‘rest’ the calving pens and calf housing facilities,” says Sue. Pneumonia was also proving to be problematic, so avoiding calving at the height of calf pneumonia season was
Good grazers: the pedigree Jersey and Guernsey herd is turned out to grass in February, if conditions allow
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Monitoring activity: pedometers assist with heat detection
another benefit of making this switch – almost 20 years ago. “And now, even though we begin calving in late spring, we still vaccinate all calves to protect them against respiratory disease. It’s so simple to do and well worth the investment. It’s an insurance policy and it saves on vet costs and labour, as well as reducing antibiotic use and ensuring that our young stock get off to the best possible start.”
Extended grazing The herd is managed on a conventional system – strip grazed during the spring and summer and housed during the winter. “But our grazing season is extended,” says Sue. “Depending on the weather and grass growth, cows can be turned out as early as February and can remain out, part time, until Christmas. That’s just one of the benefits of running a Channel Island herd – they’re hardy breeds and good grazers.” The milkers are always buffer fed during the summer, but this year they were back on the full winter TMR by July when the severe drought halted grass growth. “And they’ve been on it ever since – we’ve never had a summer like it,” says Sue. “We grow wheat on the unit, which is usually harvested for grain. But we’ve had to sacrifice all 14 hectares of it to make wholecrop wheat, to see the herd through the winter. We’ve never had to do that before.” The ration currently comprises grass and maize silage, as well as wholecrop wheat and fodder beet – the Staples grow five hectares each year for winter feeding – as well as a protein blend. “This year’s fodder beet crop isn’t looking great, thanks to the weather, but the maize looks OK. We’ll have to wait and see and balance the ration
Modern parlour: it takes fewer than two hours to milk the herd
accordingly, if quality or yields are compromised,” adds Sue. The herd is currently averaging around 6,000 litres, at 5.29% butterfat and 3.88% protein and a somatic cell count of 163,000 cells/ml. Milk is sold to Arla, on a solids contract. The TMR supplies maintenance plus 18 litres and individual cows are topped up to yield in the 24:24 herringbone milking parlour with an 18% protein concentrate. The parlour is another recent investment, installed just eight years ago and replacing a 12-unit abreast system. “It takes fewer than two hours for one person to milk the herd now. It’s fully automated, with auto ID and pedometers that monitor activity and assist with heat detection. That said, it took us longer to adjust to the new set up than it did the cows.”
Herd expansion Other things have changed too. Cow number have almost doubled during the past five years. The business bought more land surrounding the farm, taking the total hectarage to 170, which allowed the Staples to expand the herd by around 80 head. “We hope to be up to 200 milkers by the end of 2019,” says Sue. “But it depends on how things pan out – namely how many replacement heifers we have coming through during the next 12 months.” Heat stress has had a significant impact on the herd this summer: “Hot weather doesn’t usually bother Guernseys or Jerseys, but this year has been an exception,” says Sue. “They’ve shown signs of heat stress and have actively sought shade, which we’ve not seen before. Going back to the winter ration early also unsettled them.” She believes that this is why, after many years of Johne’s disease testing and
monitoring, they’ve recently seen a spike in ‘amber’ cows. “We did have our Johne’s’ ‘watch’ list down to just one page – that’s four ‘red’ and six ‘amber’ cows. But our most recent milk-test screening, through NMR’s HerdWise, has seen quite a few more cows come back as ‘amber’. And I really do think it’s the result of heat and nutritional stress during the past few months.” Sue says that, for her, this underlines the need to continually test and monitor the herd. “We know it’s there and that a cow can ‘fight off’ the disease if she’s healthy and stress-free. But we also know that factors, such as nutritional stress or a difficult calving – anything that knocks her back – can ‘trigger’ Johne’s if she’s carrying it.”
Johne’s prevention Sue is eager to carry out another milk test soon, to see how the herd is holding up. “And I’m hoping that some of those ‘amber’ cows have returned to ‘green’.” In the meantime, she and Martin and the team will continue to adhere to Johne’s prevention protocols – namely culling red cows as soon as possible and calving ‘amber’ cows away from the rest of the herd and ensuring that their calves receive colostrum – usually frozen for the purpose – from ‘green’ cows. “We are getting on top of the disease, but we’ll never be rid of it,” says Sue. “For us it’s about continual monitoring and minimising risk. If we ever got to the point of all cows testing ‘green’, we’d still milk test. This recent period of stress and ‘spike’ in ‘amber’ cows underlines that it’s an insidious disease, which lurks under the surface. When it’s so easy to carry out Johne’s testing – using milk recording samples – and relatively low cost to do, why take the risk?” l
COW MAN AG E ME N T
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B R E E D I N G
Breeding data and herd management join forces
Key to unlocking herd potential lies in the detail The latest NMR breeding system can turn genetic or genomic data into useful management information on a herd-by-herd basis. This opens the door to more reliable and faster herd genetic progress and will, in turn, make a valuable contribution to herd profitability. text Karen Wright
E
xactly how much producers use breeding indices varies. Some still view it as a specialist area and leave a lot of the decisions to their breeding advisers. “There’s no harm in this,” says NMR’s breeding services manager Nick Kirby. “But a little more understanding and embracing the data can go a long way. I would encourage all producers to look at the information they receive, either through their milk records or
genomic services, or both,” he adds. His first ‘stop’ is the £PLI (profitable lifetime index). “This takes account of the key traits that affect the cow’s profitability across her lifetime, such as production, fertility, udder health and lifespan. “£PLI is tried and tested. It has been updated in line with the dairy industry requirements and, since its introduction, it has been a significant step forward in
Nick Kirby: “It’s worth ‘lifting the lid’ and looking closely at PTAs”
selecting animals for breeding and in helping to progress the profitability of our herds. AHDB Dairy has also recently developed related indices for springand autumn-calving herds. “It’s a great initial screen. As a rule of thumb, you would breed from your highest ranked £PLI animals.”
Genetic report: an example of the information generated by inGENEious
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CC VOO EW EWTM M EA EALNNTAAG JGAEEN M MUEEA NNRTTI SS1EE/PP2TTE2 EM M 00 BB9 EERR 22001089
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Mr Kirby also encourages producers to look beyond £PLI and at the Predicted Transmitting Ability data (PTAs) provided for key traits. “PTAs are the building blocks that make up the £PLI. While not recommending them as a scatter gun approach to putting everything right, they show up where the strengths and weaknesses are within the herd and within individual animals.
Interesting reading “Look at cows with comparable high £PLIs and see if and how their PTAs vary. They may be among the best in the herd, but one could have a low PTA for fertility while another may be low for udder health. It makes for interesting reading and can also guide mating plans. It’s worth ‘lifting the lid’ and looking at PTAs.” Making this happen has been a challenge – of sifting and sorting data – but it’s one that NMR has met through the development of its new inGENEious module. “This system ‘bridges the gap’ between genetic data and management information. It is an independent system that analyses genetic or genomic data in a more systematic way and ranks
animals more accurately. It’s a huge step for producers who no longer have to base decisions on raw data or gut feel.” NMR-recorded herds can now use inGENEious free of charge as part of the Herd Companion system. It accesses the herd’s most recent recording and genetic data – and genomic data if they are using GeneTracker – and ‘sorts’ animals. Those with genomic data have the advantage of improved reliability on their younger animals. This makes the inGENEious tool even more valuable in the herd breeding programme. Producers can review their herd status, then benchmark animals against AHDB Dairy national averages and view and compare genetic trends (see Figure 1). Each herd’s inGENEious system is kept up to date, with £PLIs and PTAs updated three times a year, through monthly new genomic test results. “Producers can rank cows on £PLI and breed replacements from the highest ranking, but I would encourage them to look beyond this and use PTAs to improve their progress.” It’s here that inGENEious, as a management tool, comes in to its own. It allows cows to be grouped by whatever
PLI/PTA values the producer wishes to apply and then presents the PTA values for key traits for the group. And for individual matings, inGENEious will list each cow in the group alongside its own data.
In-depth analysis “We can then breed a cow as an individual. For example, producers can look for sires that will improve fertility and those that will enhance lifespan and use them on specific cows. “And there is the flexibility to move a cow from one group to another. A cow with a lower ranking £PLI can be moved up, as a ‘special’ case cow.” This more in-depth analysis of genetic and genomic data provides information that can be used for discussions with breeding advisers, and it will help manage semen requirements. “We’ve developed inGENEious to encourage producers to reap more benefit from the genetic information provided through their milk records,” adds Mr Kirby. “It’s a simple tool with a lot of ‘power’ that can generate a more accurate breeding strategy.” l
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A
F E W
W O R D S
F R O M
R O G E R
E VA N S
Award-winning columnist and Shropshire-based producer Roger Evans wonders if the ‘perfect storm’, created by a late spring and a dry summer, could see an increase in farm-gate milk prices.
It’s all about the weather I
f there’s one thing we’ve learnt during the past 12 months it is that everything we aim to do only works if the weather cooperates. Our previous crop of broilers was due to leave the farm in early March, but the collection lorries were five days behind because they were delayed by snow. And our broiler feed ran out because on-farm stocks are planned to coincide with the sheds being emptied. So we had to buy wheat from a neighbour to keep the birds fed (in a fashion). Broiler production is carefully planned and the last thing you need is for the crop to go late and to feed the birds for five days on a ‘make do’ diet. It was a disaster. Because spring was late, our cows went out a month later than planned. For spring-calving herds, it must have been a perfect storm. There could be a pun in there somewhere. They don’t usually plan to have silage left in the spring and if my cows were late going out then so were theirs. The grass grew in May and early June, as fast as I have ever known. So empty silage pits were filled quickly, but only to be emptied again when the drought came. Just how empty they will be as we go into the winter remains to be seen. Dedicated spring-calving herds are an excellent example of a wellplanned system of management that can go seriously awry if the weather is not somewhere near the norm. I’m not having a go here – if all our grazing land were conveniently located close to the milking parlour then that’s also how we would choose to farm. I was talking, the other day, to a dairy producer who made an eloquent speech about empty silage pits, rising cereal prices (and higher prices for alternative feeds), high straw prices, a milk shortage, and on-farm prices of 45ppl by Christmas. I hope that there is a milk shortage. Farmers and their unions have been banging on about food security for years. Consumers and politicians have largely ignored them, so perhaps a real shortage is the only thing that will make them listen. As for seeing 45ppl, I doubt that very much. In round-figure terms, half of all milk produced goes to the liquid market and half goes to manufacturing. Processors always know where the best returns for milk are to be had. If the liquid market were to become short then they would soon divert milk from, say, cheese into liquid. Quite what this would do to the price of cheese depends on how much milk and for how long. And the farmer’s speech? It had the feel of a rehearsal about it, as if he were trying it out me before he tried it on his bank manager. I might use it myself.
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F E E D I N G
Supplementing rations to combat falling intakes is essential
Adding molasses offers heat-stress ‘insurance’ Introducing molasses to one Somerset-based herd’s ration has helped to sustain milk yields and cow fertility, even during spells of hot weather. This year’s dry summer has served to remind many producers just how damaging heat stress can be to cow performance – both in terms of milk production and fertility. Ross Edwards: “We add molasses when temperatures rise as an insurance against reduced intakes due to heat stress”
text James Marshall
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n summer 2017, Ross Edwards, who manages the dairy herd at Velcourt’s Manor Farm near Frome in Somerset, noticed a significant drop in cow pregnancy rates during a spell of hot, humid weather. “It was obvious that some of the cows were suffering from heat stress and, as a result, feed intakes decreased,” he says. “Because cows weren’t eating enough, their energy levels dipped and pregnancy rates dropped by between 9% and 10%. So, this summer, we wanted to have some extra nutritional support in place to help maintain good intakes, boost energy levels and support fertility during periods of hot weather. And adding molasses to the ration was one possible solution.”
Sweeter TMR Ross consulted with Velcourt nutritionist, Robbie Taylor, who recommended
introducing molasses into the cow’s feed to improve the palatability of the TMR ration, as well as providing a boost to blood sugar levels. Molasses was fed at a rate of 1kg per cow per day. “And we now have a 32-tonne, purpose-built molasses tank on the farm, which takes one tanker delivery load from ForFarmers and holds enough for about 60 days. “Adding the molasses to the TMR has made it smell sweeter and more palatable, which helped to sustain feed intakes during the tail end of that summer, despite the hot weather conditions.” As a result of this success, Ross continued to use molasses this summer, adding it to the ration from May onwards. “The herd’s fertility performance is now back where we want it to be and I will continue to use molasses in the cows’ feed at key times of the year when I
Sugar boost: molasses improves palatability and energy levels
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identify a risk of heat stress,” he says. “I think it acts as an insurance policy, in case the weather gets too warm, and it definitely helped to sustain feed intakes and cow energy levels this summer. As well as improving the palatability of the ration, he is sure that the sugar content of the molasses also helps. “As we progress through the year, cows move from eating early-cut to latercut silage. The latter has lower sugar levels and I think that it makes sense to give sugar intakes a boost as the year goes on.”
Multi-cut approach Ross is responsible for managing the 550-strong Holstein Friesian herd, as well as eight full-time members of staff, at the 400-hectare unit. Cows are milked three times a day and the herd’s average milk yield is 11,000 litres, with 3.8% butterfat and 3.15% protein.
Tempting ration: the TMR is sweeter and more palatable
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Adding molasses: supplementation helped to maintain intakes during times of heat stress
“The cows are housed all year round and this means that we can carefully monitor intakes and make sure that we are getting the best out of them,” he explains. “Most of the farm’s soil is heavy clay, which isn’t ideal for grazing, but dry cows do go outdoors and grass is still a vital part of our system.” Around 80 hectares are down to maize and 60 hectares are used for growing cereals. The remaining 260 hectares are down to grass, for making silage and grazing young stock. “We are always pushing to take as many cuts of grass silage as possible,” says Ross. “We took four and a half cuts in 2017 but, being on heavy clay, we were delayed this year due to the wet weather conditions and didn’t take our first cut until early May.” “First-cut yield was around eight tonnes per hectare, and second cut was around 10 tonnes. But, due to the recent hot and dry weather, we are still waiting to take
a third cut. It will probably be the second week in September before grass growth is good enough to take this third cut.”
Balanced ration Grass silage provides a much-needed source of protein to complement the maize and wholecrop, that form the rest of the herd’s ration. “We feed a TMR comprising 20kg of maize silage, 11kg of grass silage, 5kg of wholecrop and 14kg of concentrate,” explains Ross. “We milk the cows through a rapid-exit parlour, so we have no time for in-parlour feeding. Everything is premixed in a wagon to improve palatability and digestibility.” Ross works closely with ForFarmers. “The company provides all the herd’s blend and carries out fresh grass and silage analysis for the unit. And, if I have any feed related queries or problems, it is usually my first port of call.” Due to the negative impact that the
heat has had on forage availability this summer, ForFarmers’ Charles Delf was on hand to suggest and source some high digestible fibre concentrate – soya hulls in this instance – to supplement the young stock ration.” Ross uses the farm’s wholecrop as a ‘back up’ crop and will decide, based on the performance of his maize, how much will be fed to the cows each year. “I will assess our maize during the summer and see how it is performing,” he explains. “If it is looking good, then we will combine more cereals and feed grain as concentrate. If maize isn’t performing well, then we have the option to wholecrop more cereals and feed it to the cows in an effort to make up for a poorer maize silage yield.” And, for the foreseeable future, Ross will continue to feed molasses as the ‘go to’ solution to combat heat stress during the summer and falling grass silage sugar levels. l
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BREEDING INFORMATION
Stadel daughter passes 200,000-kilogramme milestone
Petra is the first cow in Austria to produce more than 200,000kg of milk
Stadel daughter Petra is the first cow in Austria to produce more than 200,000kg of milk. According to the Austrian Holstein herd book, the 17-year-old red-and-white cow achieved this milestone in her eleventh lactation. As well as being highly productive, persistent and robust, she has also classified EX90. She is owned by the Steiner family, based in Schlitters. Petra is not the only Stadel daughter with a high lifetime production. In the Netherlands 581 Stadel daughters have already passed the milestone of producing 100,000kg of milk and 71 daughters have produced more than 10,000kg of combined fat and protein.
New sales person appointed Ian Stavert has joined CRV Avoncroft’s sales team, covering Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, Avon and Wiltshire. Ian began his career with the MMB, which later became Genus plc, in Cumbria as an AI technician. In 1997, Ian joined Avoncroft Cattle Breeders as sales director. Then, when CR Delta purchased the company, Ian held the role of business development manager. After a spell of running his own publishing and marketing company, Ian has now rejoined CRV’s sales team.
Sexed semen from Peak Hotline The first Hotline calves have already hit the ground in the UK. Both conventional and sexed semen from this internationally high-ranking bull is now readily available. Hotline, who originates from CRV’s US breeding programme, transmits excellent type (2.55) with great udders (2.87). His daughters also have excellent milk production (+834kg) with high components. And this milk is produced efficiently (+9%) and from udders with excellent health (106).
Beef semen available As well as a wide range of dairy sires, CRV Avoncroft also offers semen from beef breeds. Whether you’d like to use Belgian Blue semen on cows that you don’t wish to breed replacements from, or you’re looking to produce premium beef, CRV Avoncroft has a range of suitable sires to choose from. Ask your sales rep for more information.
Double W Ranger: like mother, like son Double W Ranger, son of sire Reflector, is one of the highest Better Life Efficiency (+11%) bulls from CRV Avoncroft’s latest line up. And that’s no surprise considering the performance of his dam, Double W Ricky 8 (by Snowfever). In her third lactation, Ricky produced 10,852kg of milk, at 5.11% fat and 4.19% protein in 305 days. Ranger also inherited high components from his dam. He scores +0.12% fat and +0.09% protein. This Reflector son is one of the highest locomotion bulls and his daughters have ideal rear teat positioning. Ranger offers an above-average milking speed and his daughters are ideal for milking through robotic systems. Bull mother: Double W Ricky 8
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Variable-speed pumps: test results highlight the importance of checking vacuum levels. Page 22 Robotic update: we look at the trend towards larger herds adopting AMS technology. Page 24 What’s new? Just a few of the latest products to be launched to market. Page 27
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Dynamic tests reveal poor performance of variable speed pumps
Testing – one, two, three Regular checks and maintenance are key to the success of energy-saving variable-speed vacuum pumps. We spoke to a leading parlour system engineer to find out more. text Rachael Porter
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f you’ve recently installed a variable-speed vacuum pump – within the past five years or so – then, if you haven’t done so already, now may be a good time to call in an engineer to carry out an annual dynamic parlour test. So says Promar’s milking systems manager Richard Hooson, adding
that dynamic tests carried out by the company during the past year have revealed that around 70% of parlours with these energy-saving pumps are either running with vacuums that are too low or too high. “And both can cause problems in terms of teat and udder health, and milking speed.” Grant aid towards upgrading existing
fixed vacuum pumps have seen an increased number of installations on UK units, as well as their use in new parlours. “They save energy and, when working at their optimum, they also improve milking efficiency and safeguard teat and udder health,” he explains. “But installing such a pump is just the beginning. It must also be regularly checked and, in some instances, serviced to ensure that it’s working correctly. If it’s not then it can cause more issues than it resolves.” So, if you haven’t put your parlour through a dynamic test during the past 12 months, it’s probably time to book an engineer visit.
Dynamic testing: assessing the efficacy and efficiency of your parlour, when it’s actually milking cows, is vital
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Digital display: an easy-to-read gauge is key to accurately monitoring vacuum levels
“Unlike the static test, which is mandatory in all farm assurance schemes, the dynamic test is optional. But awareness of just how important it is to test a parlour when it’s actually being put through its paces is increasing and uptake of dynamic test has increased four-fold during the past five years,” says Mr Hooson.
Automatic adjustment The variable speed vacuum pump has a sensor, which automatically detects and adjusts the vacuum at the teat-end according to work load. “So if, for example, you’re milking the final row of just six cows that come into the parlour, less vacuum is required compared to when two full sides of 10 cows have clusters attached. “The vacuum adjusts accordingly, which saves energy and also ensures that the vacuum isn’t too high for those remaining cows,” explains Mr Hooson. “Our test results showed that around 60% of these pumps were running too high at more than 42kPa at the teat end when very few cows were being milked. This will result in fidgety cows, slow down milking and will impact on udder health.” Conversely, if the vacuum is too low then there will be liner slippage, cups
will fall off and milking will be slow. “From the cow’s perspective, milking takes too long and she’ll become fidgety. Cows like consistency and for milking to take the same length of time, every time.” If the vacuum is too high, fidgety cows will also be the result. “But often because they’re uncomfortable. Anything above 40kPa and you’re also looking at teatend problems – typically hyperkeratosis, where the keratin lining, which protects the teat canal, is damaged and protrudes from the teat end. “Again, milking speed will also be reduced, and unexpected sensations and stress will inhibit the milk-let down reflex in the future.” Poor teat condition also leaves the cow more susceptible to mastitis infection, so vet and labour costs, and milk losses coupled with longer milking times and poorer energy efficiency will add insult to injury. Mr Hooson says that in a worst-case scenario, some parlours with variable speed vacuum pumps could be fluctuating between these two extremes. “This will, undoubtedly, manifest in cows kicking off units – it will feel very uncomfortable to be milked in a parlour where vacuum is low one moment and then extremely high the next.” There are three keys issues that can result in a fluctuating vacuum. The first is the location of sensors and regulators within in the milking system. “They need to be fitted in a place where they can be most ‘responsive’, which is as close to the teat end as possible,” explains Mr Hooson. In some parlours, they’re just not in the best place to detect and react quickly to changes in vacuum. A dynamic test will quickly pick this up and it can then be rectified by a parlour engineer. “Often it’s just a case of lengthening a cable to reposition the sensor or regulator – it’s not usually a big job.”
Factory reset The second reason for sub-optimal performance is a power cut, which then automatically triggers a factory setting reset on some models. “And that’s something that can be easily missed. How do you know if there’s been an interruption to the power supply? Producers will often be unaware of this and that’s why checking the kPa is vital.” The issue here is that many producers – even those who have an annual dynamic parlour test – won’t necessarily know
Richard Hooson: “Know your ideal vacuum level and check for any fluctuations”
what their vacuum kPa reading should be. And, even if they do, the dials fitted as standard to parlours are not easy to read or interpret. “Most dials read from zero to 100kPa, but it’s not easy to know exactly where the needle is pointing and where it should be pointing. So installing a digital vacuum gauge can help here.It shows a clear figure and, at a glance, producers can see if it’s at the optimum level and also whether it’s fluctuating or stable. Such a gauge costs around £165.”
Regulator maintenance Poor sensor and/or regulator maintenance can also be a factor when it comes to fluctuating vacuums and unresponsive pumps. “Some sensors and regulators on the market are better than others, when it comes to how well they wear and function when soiled. Most regulators need a service – ideally at least every six months – even if it’s just a clean. So, again, if you’re having issues then that’s something else you need to check or speak to your parlour engineer about,” adds Mr Hooson. The solution to all three issues is regular dynamic testing and keeping an eye on your vacuum dial – preferably an easyto-read digital one. “And, obviously, it’s essential to know what your vacuum should be and what the dial should read. If in doubt, check your latest dynamic test results. The figures should be in the paperwork.” He adds that many producers think that once they’ve installed a variable speed vacuum pump that they’ve ‘ticked the box’ in terms of parlour performance and protecting teat-end and udder health. “But checking that the pump is working as it should be is also essential if you’re going to protect your investment, your cows and your business’ bottom line,” he adds. l
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Automatic milking systems for larger herds are growing in popularity
Robots – on a large scale There’s a growing trend towards milking larger herds, particularly in Europe and the US, using automatic milking systems. And now UK herds with more than 200 dairy cows are also installing robots. We spoke to some robotic specialists and a large-scale producer to find out more. text Rachael Porter
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arge herds typically feel the strain of the dairy labour shortage more keenly than smaller, one-man-band dairy businesses. So little wonder that they’re looking more closely at automated milking systems and, in some instances, taking the plunge and switching from conventional parlours to robotic set ups. Not only do such systems mitigate the need for milking staff, but they can also offer a labour cost saving advantage. “Yes, there is substantial investment
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required when installing an automatic system and there are also running costs. But for many large-scale producers, the lack of hassle when it comes to finding milking staff is well worth it. “And the labour that they do have is then able to focus on other keys management tasks on the unit, which has other knock-on benefits,” says Lely Atlantic’s Bas van Santen. Five years ago, Lely created Dairy XL for these larger herds – typically more than 500 cows and eight or more robots. Robotic systems have been installed in
Germany and the US for herds with more than 1,000 cows. “Our largest unit in Germany has 30 robots, but another is being set up with 44 robots. And in the US we have a customer with 36 robot units. That business is about to add eight more units, expanding to 48 robots. And eventually they want to double in size to 72 robots,” says Mr van Santen. He adds that in the UK there are currently three herds, each with eight Lely robots. And there’s a unit in Northern Ireland with 11 robots. Larger herds can benefit from the same advantages that smaller herds often see, namely three times or more milkings per day and increased milk yield. “Automation also means that the litres of milk produced per labour hour increases,” says Mr van Santen. “For a conventional milking parlour, you’d typically expect around 200 litres of milk per hour worked, but with a robotic system it’s 500 litres or more.” But milking larger herds with robots does require a different approach. “That ‘sweet spot’ of between 55 and 60 cows
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per robot unit still applies, but the setup has to be different. Clearly you can’t manage 1,000 cows, milked through 16 robots, that are all in one group.” He says that this is where Dairy XL comes in: “This arm of the business specialises in larger herd set ups. It requires more planning and design work and it’s very much about having the correct management, mindset and a good team of staff.” Software is important too – the robotic system is handling much more data than it would with a smaller herd. “This requires attention. It’s all about making sure that the system is running smoothly on a larger scale.”
DeLaval’s Simon de Haan also recognises the international trend. “Our largest dairy customer has 64 robots to milk their herd,” he says. “Until just a few years ago, more than four robots were an exception, but they’re becoming more common and at these units you often see that just one person controls cow management, often with the help of sensors.” GEA’s Piet Sake de Boer says that,
globally, uptake in automatic milking systems by producers with between 250 and 350 cows has increased and now those with more than 350 cows are taking a closer look. “Even units that have a good milking parlour that’s just 10 years old are considering making the switch. And, more often than not, it’s because sourcing and retaining labour is becoming increasingly difficult. “Where they do have staff, the wages bill is spiralling and many still have to carrying out milking themselves to plug gaps in the rota. It can also prove difficult to maintain milk quality when you have many different people milking the herd and/or a high staff turnover.” DeLaval estimates that a 50% saving in labour is possible on units adopting automatic milking. “And, more to the point, producers and staff are not working 24/7 but, for example, 16/7. That means fewer ‘over-time’ hours to pay and the work is also more attractive for employees,” says Mr de Haan. Mr van Santen says that key to success is helping producers to plan and organise their set up to group cows according to stage of lactation and their management needs. “Typically, we’d advise producers
Bas van Santen: “More and more large herds are adopting this technology”
Tim Gibson: “The tech is up to the job, but good staff and people management are key”
Increased interest
to have a freshly calved/early lactation group, and high and low yielding groups. How many groups will depend on the size of the herd and the number of cow house/robot set ups.” He explains that the ideal group size for automatic milk systems is around 120 cows with two or three robots. “Then it’s easy to keep an eye on the cows and ‘find them’ within the group, if they need attention. The robot specialists point out that in herds with more than 200 cows careful planning and organisation of the cow house lying, feeding and milking areas is key. “And putting protocols in place is essential,” says Mr van Santen, adding that the layout in the cow house must also be well designed. “One person must be able to find and move a cow in just a minute – with or without sensors.” Mr de Haan agrees that lay out is important. “For a herd with two robots, a 5% ‘fetch’ rate for cows is 10 cows per day. This will multiply up to considerably more for larger herds. Looking for individual cows in one large group is a tough job, even if you know the cows.”
Managing people Independent automated milking specialist Tim Gibson says that the robotic technology is up to the job, when it comes to milking large herds. But he has serious reservations about the staff managing and working on these units. “There are many large units, of more than 1,000 cows, in other parts of the world where robotic systems are working really well. And that’s down to the staff. They’ve embraced the technology and the new working routines and flexibility that they require. And the producers running these herds know that with these systems you’re
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managing people – not cows,” he says. “Here in the UK I can think of only a handful, if that, of units with multiple-robot systems that are working well. And I can think of many 500-plus cow herds that have installed them and taken them out again.” He says, in his opinion, that this isn’t down to the technology. “It’s people. Finding highly skilled and motivated staff to work with and embrace this new way of milking and managing cows is extremely difficult. I can think of fewer than five units that I know, first hand, who have done this successfully. Mr Gibson urges producers to visit a large herd that’s successfully milking using a robotic system, so they can see, at first hand, how it can and should work. “In fact, I’d go as far as to say that they should go and spend a week working alongside the herd manager at just such a set up. It’s the best way to get to grips with it – and to see if it’s for you or your herd manager.”
Blame game He says that too many producers and staff blame the automatic milking system if things go wrong. “It’s about managing your expectations and understanding that there is so much more to it than simply building a shed and installing equipment. Staff have to be top notch and, above all, enthusiastic about the technology.” l
Large-herd robotic success Brothers Tony and Michael Ball milk their 500-cow herd through eight robots on their Derbyshire-based unit. They installed their first five Lely robots back in 2015. A further three robots were installed in 2016 where the unit’s conventional parlour was once situated. This parlour, a 19-point three-sided system, was 20 years old and ‘worn out’, according to Tony Ball. “And it was only capable of milking up to 220 cows.” Initially they thought about installing a large rotary parlour: “We didn’t even consider an automatic milking system – we didn’t think it would suit our herd,” says Mr Ball. “But then we saw a Lely robot in action at the Livestock Event, back in 2014, and chatted to a few people. We quickly realised that the technology was ‘scalable’ and not just for smaller herds.” The Ball’s herd is split into several groups, each housed with their own robots. They have a separate group, which is milked through one robot, comprising 55 fresh calvers and early lactation cows. And a 230-cubicle shed,
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with four robots, is split down the middle, with two groups of cows each milked by two robots. This is home to the mid-lactation group of high yielders. A late-lactation group of 180 cows is milked by three robots in a third shed. “We can go into any shed and find a cow that needs our attention – or directing to the milking robot – really easily. And we’re also able to offer each group a different ration,” explains Tony. He adds good planning and set-up are essential. “Because this is a completely different way of milking and managing cows. The cows adapted pretty quickly, but it’s more difficult for people because routines and work protocols change.” After several years of using the AMS, he and Michael are pleased with the set up and herd performance. “We’ve seen a 10% increase in yield, bringing averages to around 9,500 litres per cow, as well as other cow health and fertility benefits. He adds that he’d definitely urge largescale producers to consider robots. “The system is definitely suitable for milking large herds, but it’s not for everyone. So
do some research and think hard about what you want and how you want to manage your herd. And make sure you go and see a set up in operation.” Tony and Michael Ball
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What’s new in parlour kit and advice?
Latest parlour additions An on-farm processing system and a dump bucket to meet buyer requirements are just two of the latest products to be launched. And should you be reviewing your teat dip? 1 Potential to make cowhygiene savings at housing
With winter housing fast approaching, producers are being advised to review their cow hygiene products. Simple changes can be made to support hygienic milk production while saving on costs of teat disinfectant. So says Diversey’s Rob Kelly, who explains that while cows are out at grass they are at greater risk of environmental challenge and skin damage. “Hygiene products require a wider specification to ensure that effective cleaning and protection is achieved. “But this can and should be reviewed at housing, as the scale of challenges to the cow change. “The need for good hygiene is still paramount, but the approach needs to adapt and a clearer focus on Strep uberis and E coli should be considered. Both are environmental bugs that can cause significant issues with housed animals, particularly when they are tightly stocked.” Mr Kelly adds that the requirements of hygiene products need to move from wide-spectrum bacteria control to those that centre around soil removal and rapid disinfection. “High emollient content is less of a
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pre-requisite during housing for cows in milk, because weather and skin protection is less of an issue. “Producers should also ensure that they are using products that are proven and fit for purpose. Look out for proof of efficacy, using EN test approvals, which set a European standard for all hygiene products. EN 1656 tests against bacteria and 1657 against yeasts. The product should kill 99.999% of notified bacteria.” 2 Non-return valve safeguards milk quality
Dairy Spares has extended its range with the introduction of the Vaccar dump bucket, which has a non-return valve built into the lid. This prevents milk being sucked back into the vacuum pump in the event of an overflow, thereby safeguarding milk quality. This is a feature that’s now being stipulated by some milk buyers. The 30-litre dump bucket is made of stainless steel and the lid is designed to stay on the bucket, even when not under vacuum, which makes it easier to handle. It costs £150 plus VAT. For more information visit: www.dairyspares.co.uk
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3 On-farm milk processing system
Lely has launched an on-farm milk processing system, which it says offers producers the opportunity to futureproof their businesses by adding value to their milk. Called the Lely Orbiter, the automatic system processes milk directly from between two and four Astronaut robots to bottle. The system operates 24/7 and has been designed to meet with the highest food safety standards. “This system offers producers a smart way to produce fair, direct, and pure dairy products – and to increase the value of their milk,” says the company’s Alexander van der Lely. “The Orbiter is able to separately process milk from small batches of cows and this means that producers can ‘differentiate’ in the dairy market place and explore new opportunities. “For example, milk taste and composition vary according to cow breed, lactation phase, diet and the season. “The system matches the highquality standards of large industrialscale processors.” For further information see: www.lely.com/orbiter
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FORAGE FOCUS
Calcified seaweed offers greater buffering efficacy With many producers facing forage shortages this winter, there may be a greater acidosis challenge as a result of feeding higher levels of concentrates and using different feeds or forages in the diet than in previous years. Silage quality is typically good, but analysing forages using a reliable method, such as dry NIR, is vital this year. Feed2Milk parameters, such as rumination index (RI), rapidly fermentable carbohydrate (RFC), and acidosis index (AI), will all help to predict how forages are likely to ferment in the rumen. This can be used to predict the risk of acidosis from the forage, but concentrate feeds also need to be considered. Producers have traditionally used sodium bicarbonate to address an acidosis challenge. But much of the buffering effect is lost, either in the TMR mix or shortly after feeding. A more effective strategy is to feed Rumibuff. This is a calcified seaweed product with a natural honeycombed
After-maize options
Rumibuff is made from calcified seaweed
structure that increases the surface area and breaks down more slowly in the rumen. Rumibuff provides longer acting buffering, which offers increased efficacy and is also more cost effective compared to conventional rumen buffers. Call 0870 0500 306 or email ForFarmers at info.totalfeed@forfarmers.eu to find out more
High-energy, rumen-friendly feed
ForFarmers can supply treated grains
Treating grains with caustic soda can be difficult without the right machinery, knowledge and experience. But the good news is that ForFarmers can supply the treated grains ready to use on farm. “This takes much of the guess work out of the equation, providing a more consistent and reliable product ready to feed on farm,” says the company’s Brian Doran. “With a good starch content, caustictreated wheat provides a slower release
of fermentable energy to the rumen, due to its larger particle size and alkaline nature. “Some of the grains escaping rumen degradation provide rumen bypass starch, which can be beneficial for high yielding dairy cows. So far this year’s silage analysis indicates that some second-cut silages are higher in fibre and lower in digestibility, which makes caustic treated wheat ideal to help ‘drive’ the rumen. “ForFarmers has contract prices available for the winter period and increased capacity to provide a consistent supply and availability through the winter. Producers looking for cost-effective feed options, to help with the forage shortfall this winter, should consider this feed,” he adds. It can be stored in feed bays and monthly deliveries can help to maintain quality. Treated grains can also be clamped and stored for feeding. For more information call ForFarmers on 0870 0500 306.
With forage stocks low on many units, all options to fill the gap need to be considered and these include sowing a crop after harvesting maize. Getting land into production quickly after maize can be the difference between having a spring crop to utilise or having useful land out of production (along with the risk of soil erosion and nutrient leaching). Sowing a grass ley is a good option if the correct species of grass is chosen. Aggressive, fast establishing grasses are most suitable as they will establish quickly and get away before winter sets in. Westerwolds will grow in low temperatures, but this is not the most winter hardy grass and will only persist for one year, making it ideal if going back into maize. Italian ryegrass gives similar yields to Westerwolds, but has the additional benefit of persisting for two years. Both Westerwolds and Italian ryegrass can be drilled alone or as a mix. Sowing as soon as possible after harvest and before mid-October will maximise establishment and consequently yield. Alternatively, a cereal crop can be sown after maize harvest or a green manure crop. A mix of rye and vetch are a late-season sowing option that will give excellent overwinter cover and improve soil nutrient and organic matter. To find out more contact ForFarmers on 0330 678 1200 or email info.forage@forfarmers.eu
COW MAN AG E ME N T
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DAIRY MANAGEMENT NEWS
Heat stress linked to higher SCCs NMR recorded an increase in somatic cell counts in August 2018, compared with the same month in both 2016 and 2017. The average SCC for NMR herds in August was 206,000 cells/ml compared to 196,000 cells/ml in 2017 and 202,000 cells/ml in 2016 (see Figure 1). “SCC will rise as a response to stress – in this instance, environmental stress due to high summer temperatures,” says NMR vet Karen Bond. “This can continue for a while,
sometimes weeks or even months. And there can also be an increase in the number of cases of environmental mastitis, particularly in housed cows if ventilation is inadequate.” She adds that high levels of circulating stress hormones depress the immune system’s ability to deal with bacteria. “Because the somatic cells are less effective you will get more of them entering the udder to deal with infection in these conditions, hence the higher SCC recordings.”
Figure 1: NMR recorded herds’ average SCC 2016 to 2018 220
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NMR manager Sarah Wright has joined NMR as area field manager for West Shropshire, Montgomeryshire and north east Wales. She is responsible for the running of the NMR service through teams of milk recorders and area coordinators. Prior to joining NMR as a milk recorder in 2010, Sarah’s career was in the equine sector. She qualified as a BHS stage 4 yard manager and held positions on a large livery and training yard. Area field manager Sarah Wright
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Antibiotic survey Producers are being reminded to participate in a 20-minute on-line survey on antibiotic usage, as part of a project on the use and recording of antibiotics by Royal Veterinary
Decoder role College. This will help to develop suitable recording systems for the industry. Producers can access the survey via: www.surveymonkey.co.uk/r/DairyABU or through the NMR web site
Webinar for inGENEious NMR is demonstrating its new breeding management tool inGENEious through a series of webinars this autumn. This new system, which is part of Herd Companion, is specifically designed for interrogating genetic and genomic herd data and turning it into management information. Participants can sit-in on one-hourlong webinars, from the comfort of their farm office or kitchen, and listen to the discussion and see examples through their PC or laptop.
The first date is Friday October 19, running from 1pm until 2pm, and will cover key features, including: – Unique inGENEious presentation of herd genetic data and benchmarking with national averages – Ranking the herd on £PLI – Viewing key PTA traits against national averages – Grouping cows in the herd within ranges for specific traits Participants need to register beforehand. Details can be found at: www.nmr.co.uk/software/training-dates
NMR has appointed Martin Busfield as service development manager with the responsibility for investigating additional information that can be derived from the milk sample, in addition to the standard milk components. “NMR tests more than 6.5 million milk samples a year, and new research suggests there are more key measures that can be derived from the raw data,” says Martin. “There is potential to do so much more with the data captured from routine testing. NMR service development manager Martin Busfield
For more information on NMR products and services contact customer services, 03330 043 043, NMR web address: www.nmr.co.uk, NMR email address: customerservices@nmr.co.uk COW MAN AG E ME N T
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B R E E D I N G
Around 80% of fertility problems arise during the calving period
Get a better grip on fertility
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Producers are paying closer attention to fertility – and it’s
of 32°C, this works just as well as at 35°C or 37°C. With sexed semen it’s different. The liquid for thawing must be exactly 37°C.”
paying off, according to dairy specialists. But producers can still do more to further improve herd fertility by focusing on
Embryonic mortality
the non-pregnant animals in their herds. text Alice Booij & Inge van Drie
T
his summer’s heat wave caused grass and maize to wither during the past few months. But the heat can also have a not-so-visible impact on herd fertility, according to CRV’s vet and fertility expert Peter Vercauteren. “Cows will get pregnant – fertilisation will occur – when under heat stress,” he says, “But early embryonic death – up to four weeks after insemination – often results.” And, he adds, it will also be difficult to get the cows pregnant again. “During such a heat wave, the number of cows with ketosis increases and the quality of their oocytes deteriorates. So heat stress can affect cow fertility for up to four months after the event.”
Calving interval Despite the heat wave, Mr Vercauteren is positive about herd fertility. Calving interval in the Netherlands, for example, has fallen from 415 days in 2007 to 403 days in 2015. “Producers are increasingly working on fertility. After all, a short calving interval means more profitability, a higher daily production and better feed efficiency.” But he says that there is still plenty of room for improvement and, in practice, he regularly works with herds that have a calving interval of 385 days. “These producers often have extensive fertility guidance and are more alert.
The number of lost, open days after calving is fewer.” It is mainly the larger and high yielding herds that score well for calving-interval and calving-to-first-insemination targets. “These producers begin insemination earlier and use protocols more often,” says Mathijs van Pelt, who works at the Animal Evaluation Unit of Co-operative CRV. “They work closely with their vet for fertility guidance, with a more structured check of all calved cows and a protocol is in place, and followed, for cows that have not returned to heat or are not pregnant. These herds want to get a better grip on the calving interval and are taking an approach that works.” It is sensible to start insemination earlier, according to Mr Vercauteren. “For cows with a less than ideal body condition score, it is a good idea to wait. But otherwise you have to start inseminating between 35 and 40 days after calving.”
Moment of insemination A much-discussed topic is the moment of insemination. He says that 10 hours after the first signs of heat is still a good rule of thumb. “And check the defrosted temperature of the semen used. With conventional semen, the main concern is that it exceeds 25°C as quickly as possible. With a thawing temperature
Breeding’s vital role in improving fertility Good fertility is not only about management – breeding can also make a positive contribution to better herd Table 1: CRV Avoncroft bulls with high score for daughter fertility
sire name Peak Jerod Abel Delta Bouncer Flevo Genetics Whatsapp Delta Reloader Manders Dazzel
fertility index 106 105 105 104 104
fertility. And this is where fertility index comes into its own. CRV Avoncroft offers several bulls that score well for daughter fertility (see Table 1). For example, Delta Reloader scores 104 for daughter fertility. So, what does that mean in practice? His daughters have a calving interval that’s almost seven days shorter than the average. They also achieved a 2.9% higher non-return rate at 56 days after insemination.
Early embryonic mortality is the main cause of cows not becoming pregnant, according to CRV fertility adviser Peter Nauta. “Ten out of every 100 oocytes are not fertilised, 24 embryos die before day 21, six embryos die between day 21 and day 42, and five animals abort,” he says. So where does it go wrong? “It’s often during the dry period and the first four weeks after calving. About 80% of fertility problems stem from that period.” If, for example, cows get too fat during the dry period or the producer builds up their concentrate ration too quickly, this can impact on fertility in the following lactation. Many cows, after calving, also get into a negative energy balance because feed intakes fail to meet their nutritional needs. A surplus of urea and rumen acidosis also have a negative effect on fertility. Mr Nauta also suggests that producers should work hard to ensure that cows avoid stress both during and after calving. “Do not isolate cows around calving, keep the ration consistent and let the cows drink a lot – preferably lukewarm water.” He adds that stimulating intakes is also important. “Be sure to provide good quality forage, but be careful with concentrates and fast, digestible starches.”
Non-pregnant cows Keeping a close eye on the health of the cows is another point of interest. “Pay attention to hygiene when calving and check rumen fill,” says Mr Nauta. To improve herd fertility, it is also important that cows can ‘show’ their heat well. So he says that producers should ensure that cow houses are well lit. “Ideally there should be at least 16 hours of light during the winter. And it’s also important that cows have enough space to exhibit their natural oestrus behaviour. “So avoid overcrowding and tackle slippery floors. Good hoof, feet and leg health are all key here too.” Good management is vital to improving fertility, concludes Mr Nauta. “And my final tip is to focus on non-pregnant cows.” l
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Will you have your Johne’s vet declaration signed for your milk buyer by 31st October 2018? To find out more visit: www.actionjohnesuk.org
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14-08-18 10:46
H E A LT H
NSAIDs offer pain relief and better long-term outcomes
Reduce pain and reap gains Pain management is becoming routine and is now the norm on most dairy units after, say, a difficult calving. And not only does it improve cow welfare, but it also has a positive effect on recovery rates. We spoke to two vets to find out more. text Rachael Porter
R
outine administration of pain relief to cows – be it for lameness, a difficult calving or a nasty bout of mastitis – not only has positive welfare implications, but it can also speed up recovery rates and limit the long-term impact of disease or injury. The use of pain relief – typically nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) – is much more routine than it was, say 10 years ago. “Twenty years ago, vets were almost apologetic when they administered a pain killer,” says vet Piers Pepperell, from Devon-based Mount Vets.
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“Generic NSAIDs were not available then and the cost of using such drugs was much higher. But over the last decade, since the cost has fallen and the benefits are much more widely recognised, their use has become more prevalent and, in some cases, routine,” he adds. “There was also a misconception that, since cows don’t readily show pain that they don’t feel it as much. Their physiology, as a ‘prey’ animal, means that they don’t readily show it. But we know that they certainly do feel pain.” Many producers will now readily reach
for the bottle of NSAID. “There’s been a change of mindset. Producers not only want to relieve any discomfort, but they also realise that the sooner a cow is back on her feet and eating and drinking, the quicker she’ll recover and the more likely she is to complete that lactation,” says Mr Pepperell. The falling cost of NSAIDs – one shot providing more than 24 hours of relief costs less than £10 – has also played a role here. But improved awareness of pain – and the conditions that cause it – is the biggest driver, coupled with the longer-term benefits of reducing pain.
Faster recovery The benefits of using anti-inflammatories to treat cows with hoof lesions were highlighted in a recent lameness study, carried by researchers at the University of Nottingham. It found that cows with claw horn lesions – which were treated with a therapeutic trim, a foot block on the sound claw, and a three-day course
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of the NSAID ketoprofen – were most likely to be ‘sound’ five weeks after treatment. This work suggests that cows benefit from NSAID treatment, in addition to therapeutic trimming and elevation of the diseased claw using a foot block, even when mildly lame. “NSAIDs do speed up recovery, as well as improving cow welfare. So producers – and cows – win in both the short and long term,” adds Mr Pepperell. NSAIDs work by reducing inflammation and swelling, which Somerset-based vet Michael Head, from Shepton Vet Group, says not only reduces pain but can also aid healing. “Blood flow to an injury or infected area is improved and swelling is reduced, because antibiotic treatment can reach its intended target.” He says that pneumonia in calves is a good example of this. “An NSAID will help to reduce lung inflammation, as well as making the calf feel better. It also allows antibiotic treatment to penetrate the lungs. And blood flow is also better if you get a cow up and moving about. This will also allow her to eat and drink, which will also aid her recovery and prevent secondary ‘production’ diseases, such as LDAs. “There are definitely other benefits to the cow’s health and productivity
Standard practice: most producers will now administer an NSAID to offer cows some pain relief after a difficult calving
Piers Pepperell: “NSAIDs do help to speed up recovery after a difficult calving”
Michael Head: “Reducing inflammation increases blood flow and aids healing”
that go beyond just making her more comfortable. Vets and producers know this, and that’s why NSAIDs are now used routinely.” The type of NSAID required, and how often it should be administered, depends on the condition or disease being treated. A trial using Metacam to treat cows with acute mastitis in New Zealand, for example, showed a significant decrease in culling rate. “Long-term somatic cell count in treated animals was lower. And treated cows were less likely to be culled during that lactation,” says Mr Pepperell.
So looking for cow signals is key. Is she standing to feed her calf and is she interested in the calf ? Producers should practice caution here because cows have a strong maternal instinct and will still lick and nuzzle a new-born calf, even if they are in a lot of pain. Cows also exhibit pain by grinding their teeth and their respiratory rate can be higher. They can also look tentative on their feet, keeping movement to a minimum, and they may also be bullied by other cows. “Their position in the herd’s pecking order will change, because the other cows pick up that she’s in pain and that she’s not a threat,” explains Mr Pepperell.
Transition period He believes that was because the NSAID was administered early in lactation, when some cows would still be a little sore after calving. “When the study was carried out in New Zealand, most cases of mastitis occurred within the 1st week of calving. Giving an NSAID at this stage of lactation would alleviate calving related pain which would have led her to eat and drink more. It serves to reduce discomfort at a difficult time in the cow’s production cycle and helps her through the transitional period. This may well have been the reason for the improvement in culling rates in the treated group.” He adds that if cows eat well in the transition period then this can prevent other issues early in lactation, such as LDAs. “Rumen fill is better and she’s under less nutritional stress, so she’s better able to fight off infections such as mastitis. If you can get a freshly calved cow up and eating and drinking well then you’re half way towards her having a trouble-free and productive lactation.” He says that after a difficult or assisted calving the cow is likely to have a much greater amount of internal bruising. “Whatever she’s experiencing, she won’t be herself. Even if she is physiologically designed to hide her pain, she will show indirect signs of it,” says Mr Pepperell.
Thirty-second rule “Ask what’s typical for that cow. Just stand and look at her for 30 seconds – sounds like a short amount of time but it will feel longer. And anything that deviates from the norm probably means she’s in pain and will benefit from a dose of NSAID. He says that, currently, around 50% of producers will routinely administer an NSAID after a difficult calving. If the vet is called out that rises to 100%. “Producers are experienced at calving; if they call the vet for assistance it means it’s extremely difficult and the vet will administer an NSAID routinely.” Mr Pepperell and Mr Head would both like to see an NSAID used after every difficult calving. “Welfare improvements aside, I think producers will see cows getting a better start their to their lactation and complete it with fewer, if any, problems,” says Mr Pepperell. “Transition is a tricky time for a cow, even if she has a relatively easy calving an NSAID may well ease that transition, even if she is only a little sore after calving. Their use offers benefits both on welfare grounds and for a positive longterm outcome.” l
COW MAN AG E ME N T
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M I L K
P R I C E
U P D A T E
Price ‘positivity’ set to stay Upward pressure keeps UK milk prices firm There are reasons to be optimistic about milk prices as we head into winter, according to a leading market analyst. text Rachael Porter
F
armgate milk prices are expected to remain firm during the winter and upward pressure means that they could rise a little during the next few months. So says AHDB Dairy’s senior market analyst Patty Clayton who adds that, globally, there’s still a lack of stocks to keep the market balanced and positive pressure on farm-gate prices. “Prices have held up relatively well during the past year. The June average, which is the latest figure available, was just short of 27ppl for UK producers and the July and August figure should be higher,” she says. Cheese makers, including Barbers and Crediton Dairy, announced price increases of between 0.75ppl and 1ppl in August. Muller also increased the price it pays to producers by 1ppl. And August also saw the announcement that Arla members would see a bigger ‘slice’ of the cooperative’s profits in their 13th payment, to help their businesses mitigate the tough spring and summer weather conditions seen in 2018.
Production costs
AHDB Dairy’s projected price movement reports are available to view at: www.dairy.ahdb.org.uk/marketinformation/milk-prices-contracts/ market-indicators/projected-farmgateprice-movements
Firm prices will also help to ‘support’ producers who are not Arla members. “It has been a tough year, so a milk price that’s holding steady will provide some comfort. The 27ppl average will be higher for July and August, and probably also for September and October.” Global production is still increasing but it has slowed down in the UK, Germany and The Netherlands, due to the drought conditions. The good news is that global demand for dairy is still increasing – which is continuing to offset any increase in production and keep supplies tight enough to ensure that prices hold firm. South East Asia and Africa, particularly the developing countries, continue to demand and consume more dairy.
“These factors mean that the market has remained relatively stable in 2018 – and forecasts show that this is set to continue in the short term,” says Mrs Clayton.
Fat imbalance There’s still a ‘fat’ imbalance – a shortage of butterfat that’s created a glut of skimmilk powder (SMP). “But supplies of the latter are beginning to shift. Around 125,000 tonnes have been sold out of intervention, but there are still around 250,000 tonnes in stores around the EU. We’re not brushing up crumbs from the warehouse floor just yet, but the situation is starting to improve.” So, what about Brexit? Depending on the deal struck, two things could happen. If it costs more to export, that would have a downward pressure on milk prices. “Much depends on the final agreed deal. But we are hearing anecdotal evidence of some EU dairy traders switching to buying non-UK product because they are not confident that they will be able to source it economically post Brexit,” says Mrs Clayton. “If export costs increase it could result in downward price pressure. But it would also see the cost of imports go up and that would increase demand for domestic dairy produce. “The unknown here is that we don’t know which effect will be greater. But, for the next six months at least, producers can rest assured that the pressure on prices will remain positive. “The current milk price is close to the five-year average. And that means that producers could be in a strong position when it comes to long-term planning. But their production costs may well be higher, particularly feed costs after this year’s summer. So, where possible, any profit may need to be put aside to help weather any market volatility that’s on the horizon.”
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C O N TA C T S
SHOWS AND EVENTS
2018 October 3: October 30: November 7: November 21: December 13:
The Dairy Show, Shepton Mallet, Somerset Welsh Dairy Show, Nantyci Showground, Carmarthen British Mastitis Conference, Sixways Stadium, Warriors Way, Worcester AgriScot, Royal Highland Centre, Ingliston, Edinburgh, Scotland Royal Ulster Winter Fair, Eikon Exhibition Centre, Balmoral Park, Lisburn (Northern Ireland)
2019
Tucking in: cows enjoying a freshly served TMR Picture: Harrie van Leeuwen
January 2-4: January 21-23: February 6: May 15-18:
The Oxford Farming Conference, Examinations Hall, Oxford British Cattle conference, Telford Hotel and Golf Resort, Telford, Shropshire Dairy-Tech, Stoneleigh Park, Coventry Balmoral Show, Balmoral Park, Lisburn (Northern Ireland)
ADVERTISERS’ INDEX C O N TA C T S CowManagement is published eight times per year by CRV BV, Publishing Department
Editorial team
Chief Editor Jaap van der Knaap Editor Rachael Porter Phone 01394 270587 E-mail rachael@reporterjournalism.co.uk Editing, design and production CRV Publishing Contributing writers Emily Ball, Alice Booij, Roger Evans, James Marshall, Allison Matthews, Inge van Drie and Karen Wright Publisher Rochus Kingmans
Chief editor’s address
P.O. Box 454, 6800 AL Arnhem, The Netherlands Phone 0031 26 38 98 821 E-mail cm.office@crv4all.com
CowManagement online
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Alta ...........................................................40 Ambic ........................................................28 Berry’s Agriculture .......................................8 Cogent Breeding Ltd..................................33 Concept Cowhouse Ltd. ............................30 Coolcowstuff .............................................18 Cowsfeet ...................................................32 CRV Avoncroft Ltd./CRV ...........................44 Dairy Spares ..............................................32 DP Agri................................................18, 36 Farmplus....................................................32 ForFarmers/Thompsons ...............................2 Heuven Livestock ......................................18 Holstein UK ...............................................30
Intershape .................................................30 Lojer Led Lighting ......................................18 Nedap .......................................................20 NMR ...................................................37, 43 NWF Agriculture........................................14 Pyon ..........................................................28 Quill Productions .......................................14 Secure Covers ............................................28 Spinder ......................................................32 Teemore Engineering Ltd. ............................8 Zinpro..........................................................4
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CowManagement is available free of charge to customers of NMR, CRV Avoncroft, Thompsons and ForFarmers. If you think you are eligible, or if you wish to no longer receive CowManagement, then please contact: National Milk Records plc, Fox Talbot House, Greenways Business Park, Bellinger Close, Chippenham SN15 1BN Phone 03330 043043 E-mail customerservices@NMR.co.uk www.isubscribe.co.uk
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COMING UP
C a l f - rear in g sp ecial October/November (October 26) – In our next issue we’ll feature our popular calf-rearing special. We will also profile the first two finalists who are in the running to win the NMR/RABDF Gold Cup competition.
Illustrations/pictures
Photographs by Veeteelt Photography, Corin & Hewitt (9), Karen Wright (10-11) and Keleki (19).
Disclaimer
CowManagement does not necessarily share the views expressed by contributors. No responsibility is accepted for the claims made by advertisers. No responsibility can be accepted by CRV BV for the opinions expressed by contributors. Whilst every effort is made to obtain reliable and accurate information, liability cannot be accepted for errors. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system without the express prior written consent of the publisher. Printer Stephens and George Ltd. Phone 01685 352097 ISSN 1570-5641
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