Graphic Products involves: • being creative and designing new products. • understanding how and why the ‘design process’ works. • learning how to research into a topic effectively and use this research to guide your designs. • learning how industry uses graphics and modelling skills in a wide range of products. • developing many skills which enable you to present and make quality products. • learning about graphic processess, techniques and making skills. • experimenting, investigating and testing products. • understanding how a range of products are manufactured commercially. • having an insight into the use of colour, shape and layout of a design. • understanding and using a variety of CAD/CAM techniques.
You are to produce a single design and make project. This will be completed at school and at home as homework. You will produce your coursework as a PowerPoint presentation. You will make a 3 dimensional outcome of your design using graphical based materials.
Use this Presentation as a guide for your GCSE coursework along with the information within the Graphic Products FROG website. Your teacher will be teaching you all aspects of the coursework during lessons and this presentation can be used as an extra resource to assist you in the production of this coursework.
On the next page we will show you how to set up your Saved Area and you GCSE PowerPoint coursework.
This is how we want you to set up your folders within your Saved Areas. Graphic Products
Design a Poster
You should have folders set up within your saved area similar to this -
Aftershave/Perfume
In your Graphic Products main folder(shown above) you should have sub folders with titles corresponding to each of the projects you have completed within this subject.
Freehand Sketching
GCSE Coursework
This folder should include: •Your PowerPoint (correctly labelled – see next page) •Photographs of your models and your final make •Hand Drawn Scanned Logos
Put a space either side of the hyphen ( - ) GCSE Coursework
Your name: Initials and Surname: Chris Bert Smith cbsmith
cbsmith – 1234 – 49051 – 45502
This is your own Candidate Number – 1234
This is the School Centre Number – 49051
This is the GCSE Subject code for Graphic Products – 45502
This looks complicated I know but your PowerPoint needs to be titled in EXACTLY the way shown above. Take your time and type it right. This is so your teachers can get access to your work and mark it. Because your work is being produced electronically your teachers need to be sure they are looking at the most up to date Powerpoint you have. Make sure you do NOT have another Powerpoint with a similar name or your teacher may use and mark an incorrect presentation.
We will give you a mark for each of these sections. The total mark scheme is out of 90. Take note of how this mark is then split up into the five headings shown on the left.
This Presentation is organised in such a way so it is easy for you to follow. It is split into the 5 different Assessment Criteria shown on the right. But it is also colour coded so you can clearly see which section of your coursework you are working on. The colour boxes show which colour applies to which section.
This page highlights what you could include in your coursework. This is your COURSEWORK CHECK LIST. You can download it from the Graphics Website as a word document or as a jpeg.
You are in control of your own work. This checklist allows you to monitor your progress and tick off each page when it is complete. You could do one of the following to keep track on what pages you have started on, what pages are analysed , what pages have been amended and what pages are finished: • WORD document – print it out and tick by hand when you have finished each page. • JPEG document - insert into your PowerPoint and tick off each page electronically.
This is directly from the AQA Exam board website. Teachers will use this to mark your mark for this section.Take a look at the mark band. To obtain 7-8 marks for this section you need to be looking at the top area.
Here highlights what could be included in this first section of your project (from the Coursework Checklist) - Investigating the Design Context. If you complete all of this section well then you should be looking at obtaining full marks (8marks).
Copy the design brief onto this page. Then you should be writing a bullet point list of your CUSTOMER PROFILE. • What is the age range of the customer? • Are potential customers likely to be male or female? Does gender matter? • What is geographical location of the customer? • What are the general likes/dislikes of the customer? • What does the customer want from a product? • What factors is the customer likely to consider before purchasing a product? • Does the cost of your product influence the customer’s decision to buy from you?
Please write in FULL sentences and ensure correct use of grammar and spelling throughout.
You are analysing the design brief for this page. By analysing the brief you begin to understand what you have to research in order to create an appropriate product that fulfils this design brief.
You could hand draw this and scan it into your Powerpoint through PhotoShop. Use coloured pencils to shade in your work – remember this is a graphics course – you must be able to shade and render your own hand drawn pictures/fonts. The examples here are titled ‘MindMap’ but it is the same thing.
Answer as many of these questions below in your Task Analysis: • Who is your customer client? • Who will approve the product? • Who will buy the product? • Where will the product be sold? • Where will the product be used? • What research could you conduct? •What materials could you use? •What decorative techniques could you use? •What is the products function? Does it have more than one? • What health and safety issues have to be considered? •How could the product be constructed? • How much could the product cost? •How will the product be displayed?
Graphic designers need to be able to analyse existing products, and be aware of new technologies and consumer demand for the new product. Successful graphic design depends on asking the right questions about the product's function, purpose, shape, form, colour and texture.
Product analysis means studying how well a product does its job. When you are analysing the design of a product you need to ask these questions: What is the function and purpose of the product? What are the different parts of the product and how do they work together? How does the product use shape, form, colour, texture and decoration? What materials are used to make the product? What components are used in the product? Which processes were used to make the product? Who would buy this product? How well does the product do its job compared with other similar products? If two or more products are similar and do the same sort of job, what are their unique points? Why could one be better than another?
This is where ACCEESS FM can be used here to analyse your products. It looks busy but all the info is here. Aesthetics: This is the actual look of the product, the feel, visual impact? Colour combinations, logo designs, font choices. Is there any surface decoration on the product? Any unique visual features? Who is the target market i.e. who are the people who will be buying this product? Who is the Client: product for? If you know the exact selling price write it down otherwise approximate. How much do you think it is Cost: to make? If its a complicated design do you think that would be more expensive to make than a simple one? Why? Environment: Is it made from recyclable or reclaimed materials? Is their minimal packaging used? Can the product be reused? Ergonomics: Designers always look at Ergonomics with a view to making things easier for people to use. Is the product easy to use? How does the product suit the user? How does the customer use the product? Is it an appropriate size, weight, shape? Does it have any sharp edges? Are there many different components to the product? Are these loose Safety: components? Is it safe for children? What safety considerations are there for the end user? This is the actual shape and size of the product. By accurately measuring it you understand the Size: constraints of the product. Function: What does it actually do? What is its purpose? Does it do its job properly? Does it have more than one function? Materials: What is the product made of? Is it a number of different materials for certain areas of the product? Why? How is it fixed together? Is printer ink a material?
Here are examples of Posters – this is a graphic product so this could be analysed by yourselves.
By dissassembling a graphic product you begin to understand how and also why it is made in a particular way. Include images of an opened up graphic package and analyse the net. • How is it made? • Where are the glue tabs? Why? • Are the glue tabs printed or not? Why? • What signs and symbols are on particular sides? Why? • Measurements? (in mm’s). • Material choice? Why? • What information, fonts, images are on particular sides? Why?
A MOODBOARD is an interesting collection of images which give other people the impression of the theme or mood of your possible design ideas.
You should be creating a moodboard for your project. Use Photoshop to create it. It should be A3 landscape in size and 150dpi (dots per inch) This is to ensure it is not too large a file. It must be full of interesting and creative ideas – you will use this as a starting point for your logo designs. Your moodboard must : • Be creative • Have no pixelated edges • All images should blend well • Have lots of imagery • Look professional • Include Photoshop enhancements
What is the purpose of these pages you have been doing? Is there a point to them? In order to make sure that these pages are relevant and worthwhile you should have learned something. Can you use the information from the pages to assist you in the ‘development of ideas section’ of your coursework? If you have completed these pages correctly then the answers should be YES. What you need to do now is write a brief description of what you have actually learned on each page. By doing this you are analysing and evaluating your research. This will help you understand the design context more and also help you get good marks.
Aim to write a small paragraph somewhere on each page using FULL sentences and correct use of grammar and remember to check your spelling.
This section is worth 32 marks so you should spend a lot of time on this criteria. Circled is the top mark band – this is where I would like you to be aiming for. When you are doing your pages refer back to this and see whether you can increase your grade by amending your work. If you complete all of the following PowerPoint pages shown on the next slide then you should be looking at this top mark band.
This section begins with your COLOUR THEORY / TYPOGRAPHY page and ends with your MANUFACTURING SPECIFICATION. This is what pages could be included in this section of our coursework.
Remember this is your original brief that is written in your front page on your portfolio.
Take note of what your Design Brief actually says. You MUST produce a 4fold CD package and an accompanying CD and an ITEM that uses a SMART MATERIAL somewhere in its design.
Graphic Design is all about attracting the customer. Choosing the right font and colour combinations are critical to do this correctly. Remember your product analysis pages – how effective were the fonts and colour choices on the products you examined? Use dafont.com to examine a number of different fonts. This is where you should now have a name of your product/band. Use the 3 examples here and, as usual, all of the exemplar powerpoints to see what information should be included in this page. Your teacher will explain this page too.
Make sure you write about each font and colour combination. •Is it easy to read? •Colours compliment each other? •Font choice? •Bold or subtle? •Exciting or boring? •Which do you like best? Why?
You need to be aware of what materials you may be able to use for your graphic product and also what tools you may use in order to actually make your product. This may also be a question in the exam. Would you make a Point of Sale stand out of cartridge paper or thick white card? Why? Would you cut an intricate logo out using a guillotine or a craft knife? Why?
Why not make a List of possible tools you may use and also where you may use them when making your product. Why not List possible materials you may use in the production of your product. You will not be using materials like pinewood, acrylic or mild steel – these are materials used in product design. Find out what are the usual materials used in graphic products.
This is direct from the AQA website showing what you need to know on materials and tools.
As you can see here if you complete this Materials and Tools Analysis page you will fulfil this section of the criteria. There is a reason why we have asked you to complete particular pages.
You must include a page on the following issues relating to your design. Shown on the right is two ‘Graphic Product’ example pages on this subject. Listed below is from the exam specification. You should attempt to include as much of this as possible into your page for an A grade. It could be presented as a spider diagram or like the examples on the right.
Ethical Environmental Sustainability Fair Trade Carbon Footprint Green designs Recycling Reclaimed materials Wastage
Write a brief description on what each term or word means. DO NOT copy directly from the internet. Then describe on how you may consider these points in your design development. This information should then be used in part of your design specification. You could also include images or company logos here.
Example page – Issues. Fair Trade
Ethical Sustainability
Carbon Footprint
Reclaimed materials
A Design Specification is a detailed description of what the graphic product must have. It should reflect information found in your research and should assist you in your design development. It is often best produced as a bullet point list with a heading for each separate bullet point. It must be as detailed as possible. See next page for info. TOP TIP: You will use this DESIGN SPEC when EVALUATING your work later on so make sure it is as detailed as possible.
Aesthetics
Materials
What will the products look like/ Colour / Typography Shape / Logo’s / Images / Layout /detail / how will it appeal to the target market in each of these areas?
Cost How much will it cost to make? How much will it cost to retail at in shops? ( minimum / maximum approx) / Is it value for money? / Is the cost suitable for the target market ?
What materials will your product(s) be made from? / are they suitable for the product? Does it need to be hard wearing or maybe water proof?
Ergonomics
Instructions
Ergonomics deals with issues such as comfort and safety. The shape of your product. How does it interact with people?
Are you going to produce any instruction booklets, inserts or sheets to go with your product?
Function What will the product(s) be used for? How well will it do it’s job?/ What will make it successful? Does it have more than one function?
Timescale Do you have a time limit on production? Deadlines? Or does it have to be produced in stages?
Size and Weight What size will the product be? Large / medium / small / measurements / how will it suit the target market?
Durability Will the construction make a long lasting product? Are the materials you choose hard wearing? Will your product be handled often?
Target Market Who is the client? You should have answered this in the section titled ‘Customer Profile’ earlier in your project.
Testing Are you going to test your product? How will you do it? Could you test it on a person? Why?
Environmental Issues How will the product consider the environment? Could you use old materials? Could it be recyclable or reuseable? Where could it be used? Is it suitable for all seasons ?
Safety Issues Are there any cultural, social, copyright issues that you need to be aware of when designing your product?
How will the product be made safe to use? Any loose parts / sharp edges / flammability / warning labels / symbols / care?
You should begin designing your logos by hand. Produce simple pencil line drawings/shapes as a starting point for your designs.
This is where you become really creative and use your skills in design to come up with a number of different logo ideas.
Photoshopped Logo’s
After producing some hand drawn examples you need to scan them into the computer using PhotoShop. Your teacher will show you all how to do this. Once you have your logos scanned in you can then use your skill in PhotoShop to develop and enhance them in a number of different ways like the examples shown above.
Now you can start enhancing your designs further by using Adobe PhotoShop brushes, images from the internet, your moodboard and typography.
Here you can see a number of different logo designs that started from your hand drawn logos. They have been enhanced with colour, typography and Photoshop brushes. Your band name should be included in the designs.
Here you can see a variety of logos that have been developed. The next stage is to develop three of these designs further. Logo 3 Logo 1
Logo 2
Logo 4
How could you develop your logo ideas further – here are some ideas.
Logo 1 – developed a further 5 times
This is where you become really creative and use your skills in design to come up with a number of different logo ideas.
TOP TIP: Make all of your ideas the same resolution. 150 ppi (pixels per inch) is a good resolution to use.
Produce one INITIAL IDEAS page with a number of different logo ideas. Write, using full sentences, how you have created these initial ideas and remember these ideas are based on your research i.e. your colour theory, product analysis, mood board and typography pages.
After this page you should choose 3 ideas and develop these further on separate pages like you see here and on the page overleaf.
(cont’d) Pick one design and DEVELOP it further on a new page . Do this for three separate designs. Remember to analyse the page as usual.
You should include a new page straight after your Development of Ideas/Logos and Title it as shown above. You need to be seen to be evaluating your work throughout this project in order to achieve the high end marks (not just right at the end of the project). Create a table 8 wide and 7 down. The first three logos you decide to assess must be assessed by you i.e. ‘Self Assessment’ and the remaining three logos you decide to assess must be assessed by another member of the class i.e. ‘Peer Assessment’. You can walk around the classroom but make sure you are working productively. You need to go back to your logos and label them with numbers 1 – 18 (this is the number of logo ideas you should have). Give marks out of 10 with 1 being bad/improvements needed and 10 being the best. Then total up all your marks in the last column which will be out of 50. Once you have the total marks you can then write and comment on the logos that are the highest and lowest. Basically, evaluate your findings. Idea
Overall Appearance
Colour Choice
Design of logo
Easy to understand
Professional Looking
TOTAL (out of 50)
Self Assess
6
6
10
3
6
5
30
Self Assess
12
Self Assess
4
Peer Assess
5
Peer Assess
16
Peer Assess
18
For this page you should look at designing and developing different nets for your 4fold cd using 2D Design and print screening each development and pasting them into your pages.
Make sure you comment on each net design how it works, which sections are the front and back and how it could be altered further. This section is called development so you must make enhancements and additions to your designs.
You should be considering producing approx 8 different net developments. This will cover no more than two pages.
Do you think you will obtain more marks if your nets are of a more complicated design or a simple straightfoward one?
Good variety of net designs (including measurements). Could this space be filled with another net design?
Great annotation discussing each net design.
Once you have developed a number of different nets you should then model some of these designs using white card, a craft knife, cutting mat and a steel rule, (see next page).
When designing new products graphic designers will often create models to communicate and justify an idea. It is an essential part of the design process.
You will get good marks for modelling your ideas. This will also help you to understand if your designs are working properly or if you have made a mistake on your measurements or positioning of logo designs. Take photos of your models and include them here. Analyse your models on this page/pages to aid further development in your design ideas. What materials will you use to model? Why? Write these answers within your modelling page.
Now you should have a very good idea of what you are going to produce and how you are going to make it.
You should be developing your final net designs in PhotoShop by adding your logo designs, symbols, imagery, fonts, brushes, etc. Make sure you print screen stages of your work so it is clear to see how you have got to the final design. The exam board states they want to see development stages of the main outcome (i.e. the 4fold cd case and the cd) but not necessarily all the other material.
On products you often find certain signs, symbols, bar codes, recycling logos, etc displayed in various positions around the product. Do you find a bar code on the front of cd covers or are they positioned in a different location? What symbols do you see on certain types of packaging?
Find as many appropriate and good quality signs that you feel are suitable to your designs. Comment on what you have chosen and why and also where you are considering positioning them on your product, cd, poster, ticket, etc.
Have you seen any of these symbols on the type of packaging you are creating?
Initial logo shown here on left and then developed into this final design. Having produced your logo designs you can then start designing a full cd net in Photoshop using the measurements of your net you have created in 2D Design. Use ‘rulers’ as a guide to ensure you are accurately creating your net.
2D Design
Photoshop
Here is where you start bringing all your ideas together and create your 4fold cd. Using your final designed template from 2D Design create your blank page in Photoshop. You must use the exact measurements you have from 2D Design in order for your cd case to fold and fit together correctly.
You must ensure the sizes are correct in order for the black or clear blank plastic cd case or cases to fit. A professional outcome is what is required.
You are required as part of the exam specification to create a cd design. Remember to look at other cd’s to understand what kind of information goes onto a cd design.
Produce your cd template on 2D Design and transfer it to Photoshop. Print screen your page into your portfolio. You can find a blank cd template for Photoshop . Put this template into Photoshop and create your CD on this. Ensure the sizes are completely correct before you print. Remember to show stages of how you got to your final design layout.
What you could be creating to ensure you design a complete set of band publicity material? • A four fold cd package • A CD • A Ticket • A Poster • A Flyer • A Point of Sale(POS) Stand • A CD case holder • plus many more ideas that your teacher can advise you on...
Embossing – What is this? Embossing – to decorate a surface with a raised design.
The process of embossing is extremely simple and cost effective. It is one of the cheapest ways to enhance the look and feel of any surface be it paper, cloth or even metal. Paper textures play an important role in embossing. This is known as ‘Surface Decoration’. Heavy, long fibered sheets make the best kind of paper for embossing. Lightweight or heavy coated papers are not good for embossing because they crack easily. Also recycled paper is to be avoided for embossing. In general the more processed a paper is the weaker it becomes and cannot withstand the pressures of embossing. The depth and the degree of bevel achieved are determined by the thickness. A thicker paper/card can offer more dramatic embossing effects because the impression can push deeper into the paper/card and varying levels of relief become possible.
You could create the effect of embossing some of your logo onto your graphic product. As shown below the program ‘2D Design’ has been used to create a section of the original logo design which has then been cut out using the ‘Plotter Cutter’. Vinyl has been used and this design has then been stuck onto one of the flyers.
This gives the look and effect of embossing using facilities we have at school. In industry this would be done differently with specialist but simple and cheap machinery.
TASK : You should produce a PPoint page that shows you develop a part of your designs / logo in 2D Design that can then be cut out on the Plotter Cutter and stuck onto some area of your packaging / flyers etc. This can represent EMBOSSING. What is this material called that you will use for this task? As usual print screen the relevant 2d Design pages and describe what it is highlighting. Sizes should be included as well as colour of the vinyl you use and location of where your vinyl could be placed on your design. What are the advantages of using this type of production? Write your answers within your Ppoint page.
Here are 2 examples of one such page. You could also include photos of your cut vinyl.
Your final design may be spread over a couple of pages depending on what you have produced. A very good and simple way of presenting your final ideas is to insert a copy of your ‘nest’. Nesting otherwise known as ‘Tessellation’ means grouping work together as closely as possible to save money on materials. And if everything is printed out at the same time then the print quality is going to be the same. Your nest is all of your finished work ready to be printed. It should be sized correctly by you so when it is printed out it all fits together correctly. It should have also been checked for mistakes, missing logos, incorrectly sized designs – basically before it goes off to print YOU MUST CHECK EVERYTHING on your designs to make sure it is correct. This will highlight excellent quality control.
TOP TIP: Make sure all of your separate designs are the same resolution. 150 dpi (dots per inch) is a good resolution to use. This means that when you move all of your designs to your ‘nest’ then the sizes remain the same.
A flowchart is a way of illustrating a sequence of operations that need to be undertaken when doing a task such as manufacturing / making a product. You should produce a flow chart that describes how you will make your product from start to finish. How you produce your flowchart is up to you. It can be made in PowerPoint using – Insert / shapes / flowchart
TOP TIP: If you include lots of quality control questions here then this will ensure you achieve a high grade for this section. It must be as detailed as possible.
By including quality control checks in this flowchart you show the examiners that you will consider quality control issues within your make.
Start TERMINATOR – start and end of flowchart PROCESS – this is what you are doing
DECISION – this is a very important box. It is your quality control questions.
INPUT/OUTPUT – this is where you add or remove something.
Print nest Is print the correct size?
no
yes Cut out separate nets
Is it cut out accurate ly?
yes
no
Finish You finish this
Graphic Designers have to plan how things are to be made in some sort of order. This saves time and money as people then know how the products are to be made and in what specific order. Any problematic issues arising from this plan can then be rectified easily and at a much lower cost.
You should record how you make your product/s. This can be done by producing a table in PPoint like the examples shown. It should not include anything before you printed out your ‘nest’. It is just how you physically make your products.
Here are the titles that you could use as a starting point to build up your Production Record. Use Ppoint to make a table and use these headings if you wish or make up your own.
Activity
Equipment
Materials Health & Safety
To create a table go to Insert / Table and highlight the correct size and amend as necessary.
QC (Quality Control)
Time
A manufacturing specification is a complete set of information that would enable another person to actually make your product. So can you think of things that would be needed if you were to ask somebody to make your designs? What would they need to know in order to go away and make your product without you being there? A Possible list could be the following: • A Materials list • Quality Control Flow chart • Production Record • Working Drawings / Nests(Tesselation) with dimensions • Manufacturing Techniques and symbols used • Key Photographs of make You should have already decided on the material choice, produced a flowchart and a final design (with dimensions) within the project. So all you need to do is combine all of this information into one or two powerpoint pages. An example is shown on the next page.
Copy of your Production Record could go here
Working Drawings / Nests could go here
A Materials List here Copy of the FlowChart here
Manufacturing Techniques/ Manufacturing Symbols used.
Your photographs could go here
The marks for this section are out of 32. Try and aim for the highest Mark Band to ensure as high a grade as possible.
High quality outcomes are what we are looking for. Practice cutting and glueing in your Modelling lessons so when you have your final printed design you will not ruin it by cutting it inaccurately or glueing the wrong piece together.
Examples of students making. You MUST photograph stages of your make and include them in your pages.
This section is the last part of your project. You should include: •Modifications for commercial production. •Improvements. •Your opinion. •3rd party opinion – ask 4people to write comments about your work. •Evaluate against your Specification. The marks for this section are out of 12. Try and aim for the highest Mark Band to ensure as high a grade as possible.
Here is a possible list for you to include in this section from the Coursework Checklist.
Designers create products based on a set design brief and for a particular customer profile. In order to find out whether that has been achieved you could ask opinions from a number of other people as to whether they think the brief has been fulfilled. The people you ask could write a few paragraphs on your finished designs and express their opinions on such areas as: 1. Colour choices 2. Font choices 3. Net design 4. Logo Design 5. Suitability of product to customer 6. Quality of make / Professional outcome 7. Suitability of material used 8. Improvements 9. Relevant Safety issues 10. Whether they would buy it?
You need to evaluate against your design brief. If you haven’t fulfilled what the brief wanted you to do then you haven’t created a successful product.
You need to evaluate against your design specification. A good way of doing this is to insert your design specification on a page and comment on ALL of the sub headings. How you set it out though is up to you. Do not worry if you haven’t met all of the design specification – as long as you comment here why that is the case.
You need to comment on a number of modifications that you may do if you could make your product again. Materials, colours, logo designs, font choices, net designs, how it is fixed together – all of these could be discussed. Do you like your final piece of work? Give your opinion of your work.
You need to comment on how your product could be commercially viable. Could your product be made, without too many modifications, into commercial production? What does commercial production mean? Is it a one off product that you have made? Could it be batch or mass produced? What does that actually mean? Comment on that within this page.
Check these bullet points against your portfolio. Is your presentation neat, can we read it clearly and have you spelt everything correctly? Any pages that can be grouped together onto one then do that. This makes for a much more consistent and organised portfolio. Try and aim for the highest Mark Band to ensure as high a grade as possible.
Use the Coursework Checklist and tick the boxes when you feel that you have checked ALL your pages. The last heading is Photographs - you should have been taking photos throughout your make and including them in your powerpoint. You must photograph all of your finished graphic products that relate to your project and also include them in your final pages.
Check all of these bullet points against what you have done in your project. Try and aim for the highest Mark Band to ensure as high a grade as possible. Have you shown where you have used quality controls in order to achieve a high quality product? What materials and tools have you used and why? Have you wrote about any health and safety considerations? Is there clear progression within your work? Have you modelled and photographed your design ideas? Is there evidence that you have considered moral, environmental and sustainability issues when you have been designing your ideas? Do you have a DETAILED Design Specification as well as a Manufacturing Specification? These are just some questions you should ask yourself before handing your work in.
CONGRATULATIONS!!!
WELL DONE!!!
You’ve made it. You should be pleased with what you have accomplished and proud of your work.