Regulating Urban Surface Overflow Under Climate Change- Regenerative design of drainage system based by Hsiang-Jen Cheng

東海大學建築系碩士班建築碩士學位論文

氣候變遷下的都市地表逕流調節基於仿生學的臺南排水系統再生設計 Regulating Urban Surface Overflow Under Climate Change- Regenerative design of drainage system based on biomimicry in Tainan

指導教授：邱國維 Kuowei Eleazar-Godfrey Chiu

研

究

生：鄭翔仁

Hsiang-Jen, Cheng

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thank God, firstly. There are too many people to appreciate during my master program tour, from the bottom of 2019 to the confusing year, 2020. Thanks to KC for the year’s teaching and advising. I have learned a lot from Biomimicry design and urban design and even future city design. Thanks to Tina for your help and working together to finish many things. Thanks to other teammates, Joanne, Davina and Vincent that we have overcome the training. We have experienced many events and keep memories, such as the trip at PAAU in Malaysia and each midnight we were working on the competition or designs. Thanks to all of you so we can achieve the final step. Mostly thanks to the WeFlant design teammates, Paloma, Sofia and Sree. We form the team from three countries and various professional field. We integrated our knowledge and skills to finish the project and achieve the final stage in the Biomimicry Global Design Challenge 2020. Thanks to all member of READ Lab, Elton, David, and the juniors. The program process well because of your guides and helps. Thank Sandra to join my life in the last half-year and accompany me to overcome the anxiety and torment time. The days when doing the thesis design became bright and brilliant because of you. Particular appreciate to your help for my shortage of drawings and language. Thanks to all badminton partners, Elun, Bing-Rong, Jimmy, THU Badminton team and Architecture department badminton team, played badminton with me regularly that prevent me from gaining weight. (LOL) At the end, thanks to my family for supporting me pursuing the different professional field, even it had another extra semester accidentally. Without your supports, I cannot keep my dream anymore.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................................................... i TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ ii SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................... vi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................... 1

Anthropocene Problems ...................................................................... 2 Climate Change ................................................................................... 3 Regenerative Design ........................................................................... 6

CHAPTER TWO: METHOD ............................................................... 7

Biomimicry ..................................................................................... 8 Urban Design ...................................................................................... 11 Sustainable Development Goals ..................................................... 12

CHAPTER THREE: BIOMIMICRY .............................................. 13 3.1 Mars Architecture Biomimicry Design Mission ................... Water Resource Flow Chart ............................................. Agriculture System Flow Chart .......................................... Ecosystem Flow Chart ..........................................................

14 18 21 24

3.2 Respiration City-2070 Biomimicry Urbanism challenge ..... 26 Flow Chart ........................................................................ 30 3.3 WeFlant - Biomimicry Global Design Challenge 2020 ........ 35 Flow Chart ........................................................................ 41 3.4 MARSHAMBHAL - Mars City Design Challenges 2020-Urban Farming for Extreme Environment ..................................... 57 Flow Chart ........................................................................ 59

CHAPTER FOUR: URBAN DESIGN ........................................... 64 4.1 Neu Venice 2070 - 100 years of (greater) Berlin international urban design ideas competition Berlin-Brandenburg 2070....65 Issue Plan ............................................................................... 72 Structural Plan ...................................................................... 73 Precinct Design ...................................................................... 74

4.2 Keelung in 2050 - Climate Change, Architecture and Urbanism in the Anthropocene-Keelung Port ...................... 78 Issue Plan ............................................................................... 90 Structural Plan ...................................................................... 91 Precinct Design ...................................................................... 92 4.3 Dream Valley - Sustainable Tunghai Campus Development.. 96 Issue Plan ............................................................................. 109 Structural Plan .................................................................... 110 Precinct Design .................................................................... 111

CHAPTER FIVE: THEMATIC RESEARCH ........................... 117 Regulating Urban Surface Overflow Under Climate Change Regenerative design of drainage system based on biomimicry in Tainan ................................................................................... 118 Issue Analysis: Climate Change .................................... Issue Analysis: Resilience ............................................... Site:Anna District, Tainan ................................................. Site Analysis ................................................................... Issue Plan ....................................................................... Structural Plan .............................................................. Flow Chart ...................................................................... Precinct Design ...............................................................

119 123 125 127 132 133 134 137

Waterways .......................................................................... 138 Detention Community ........................................................ 141 River Park .......................................................................... 144

Summation ........................................................................... 152

CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION ................................................... 153 REFERENCE ....................................................................................... 155

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SUMMARY The thesis mainly drives regenerative drainage system design to regulate urban surface overflow. The design strategies were inspired by nature and emulated from species survival functional principles. The designs intent to solve urban water problems, especially the overflow during heavy rain that causes flooding. Tainan is a typical coastal city as many other developing cities in Asia. Under the climate changes impacts, the seawards developing morphology and the coastal location are primary factors for flooding problems in Tainan and other Asian cities. The research provides the approach for a city to face the extreme weather in the future and keep the citizen and the ecology live quality. The designs enhance the sustainability and resilience of the community. The designs integrate the human and the ecology into “community” that increase the engagement between different species. The cities are flexible integration of land and water into the new and old ground. The designs let water flow in anywhere it could and provide the chances for the “Community” to live with the water, rather than defeat it. The intention of the research is to create a sustainable community that can live with the natural ecosystem and survive from the extreme weather under the climate changes threats. Keywords: Sustainable Development, Biomimicry, Regenerative Design, Urban Design, optimized drainage system, coastal city, flooding

摘要

本研究旨在提出可再生的都市排水系統設計，以達到調節都市表面逕流的目標。本研究之設計策略啟發於自然，師法自然界中生物存活的機能與原則；設計意圖解決都市中的「水」問題，尤其是針對容易造成都市淹水問題的驟降雨。臺南是非常典型的沿海城市，與其他許多亞洲國家的發展中城市相似，在人類世問題 (Anthropocene Problems) 與氣候變遷影響的威脅下，向海的都市發展型態與座落沿海的都市位置，是造成臺南與其他亞洲大城市淹水的主要因素。本研究提出一個方法以協助城市在面對未來極端氣候問題的同時，也可以兼顧市民與生態的生活品質，這些設計將人類與生態系統一起整合在「社區」中，從而增加了不同物種間的互動，以此增強「社區」的可持續力 (Sustainability) 與彈性 (Resilience)；未來的城市應靈活的將土地與水資源整合在一起，不論是針對新生土地抑或舊有的土地，都應該好好規劃與水共存的機制，而非一味地將洪水阻擋於社區之外或是試圖征服洪水。本研究的最終目標是創建一個可持續的社區，可以讓人類與自然生態系統一起生活，並能夠在氣候變化威脅下，降低生活品質受極端天氣的影響。

關鍵字 : 可持續發展、仿生學、可再生設計、都市設計、排水系統優化、

沿海城市、淹水

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Current status of the control variables for seven of the planetary boundaries. ............ 2 Figure 1.2 Atmospheric carbon dioxide prediction and global mean surface temperature change prediction .......................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 1.3 Reasons for Concern at a global scale ............................................................................ 3 Figure 1.4 Risks to humans and ecosystems from changes in land-based processes as a result of climate change .................................................................................................................. 4 Figure 2.1 (a)Biomimicry thinking process. (b) Biology to design process. (c) Challenge to biology process ............................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 2.2 Life’s principles: details for each principle ..................................................................... 9 Figure 2.3 Biomimicry flow chart .................................................................................................... 10 Figure 2.4 Issue plan and structural plan ....................................................................................... 11 Figure 2.5 Sustainable development goals ...................................................................................... 12 Figure 3.1.1 Design of water filter system ....................................................................................... 19 Figure 3.1.2 Design of agriculture system ...................................................................................... 22 Figure 3.1.3 Design of sustainable ecosystem ................................................................................ 25 Figure 3.2.1 Heat cycle .................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 3.2.2 Temperature gap between urban and sub-urban ....................................................... 29 Figure 3.2.3 Urban and rural population projected to 2070 .......................................................... 29 Figure 3.2.4 Design strategies ......................................................................................................... 31 Figure 3.2.5 Design for culture ....................................................................................................... 32 Figure 3.2.6 Design for mobility ...................................................................................................... 32 Figure 3.2.7 Design for food ............................................................................................................ 33 Figure 3.2.8 Design for ecology ....................................................................................................... 33 Figure 3.2.9 Vision for respiration city ........................................................................................... 34 Figure 3.3.1 Population with severe food insecurity ...................................................................... 37 Figure 3.3.2 The concentration and distribution of food insecurity by severity differs greatly across the regions of the world .................................................................................................. 38 Figure 3.3.3 History of food self-sufficiency in Taiwan ................................................................. 38 Figure 3.3.4 Applied SDGs .............................................................................................................. 38 Figure 3.3.5 Arable land use per person, from 1961 to 2015 ......................................................... 39 Figure 3.3.6 Population of Asia and the Pacific ............................................................................. 39 Figure 3.3.7 Arable land area in Taiwan ........................................................................................ 39 Figure 3.3.8 Observed and projected changes in annual average temperature and precipitation in Asia. ............................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 3.3.9 The supply rate of agricultural irrigation water ........................................................ 40 Figure 3.3.10 Biological mechanism of Boston Ivy ........................................................................ 42 Figure 3.3.11 Biological mechanism of Bees movement ................................................................ 42 Figure 3.3.12 Biological mechanism of Pelican ............................................................................. 43 Figure 3.3.13 Biological mechanism of Bromelia .......................................................................... 43 Figure 3.3.14 Biological mechanism of Rhemu Palaestinum ........................................................ 44 Figure 3.3.15 Biological mechanism of camel ................................................................................ 44 Figure 3.3.16 Design section of WeFlant ........................................................................................ 45 Figure 3.3.17 Top view of WeFlant .................................................................................................. 45 Figure 3.3.18 Surface section .......................................................................................................... 46 Figure 3.3.19 Section of surface during hight water stage ............................................................ 46 Figure 3.3.20 Section of surface during low water stage ............................................................... 46 Figure 3.3.21 Section of WeFlant ................................................................................................... 46 Figure 3.3.22 Attachment Pads ....................................................................................................... 46 Figure 3.3.23 Prototype and tests ................................................................................................... 48 Figure 3.3.24 Connection imagination ........................................................................................... 49 Figure 3.3.25 Product imagination on the street ............................................................................ 50 Figure 3.3.26 Product imagination on the street ............................................................................ 50 Figure 3.3.27 Product imagination indoor ..................................................................................... 50 Figure 3.3.28 Selected micronutrient deficiencies and their effects .............................................. 51 Figure 3.3.29 Consequences of micronutrient deficiencies throughout the life cycle .................. 52 Figure 3.3.30 Basic crops that can be implemented in WeFlant .................................................... 52 Figure 3.3.31 Product imagination ................................................................................................. 52 Figure 3.3.32 WeFlant works with one module .............................................................................. 53 Figure 3.3.33 WeFlant works with modules .................................................................................... 53

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.3.34 WeFlant modules work together ............................................................................... 54 Figure 3.3.35 Interactions between WeFlant, pedestrian and street environment ........................ 54 Figure 3.3.36 WeFlant connects buildings ...................................................................................... 53 Figure 3.3.37 WeFlant layers .......................................................................................................... 53 Figure 3.3.38 Invasion of WeFlant .................................................................................................. 54 Figure 3.3.39 Using Dali’s Painting “Muchacha en la ventana” to depict a daily scenario for WeFlant users. ..................................................................................................................... 55 Figure 3.3.40 Imagination of WeFlant on the street ....................................................................... 56 Figure 3.3.41 Indoor space with double height. WeFlant decreasing sunlight heat. .................... 56 Figure 3.3.42 Indoor view of different modules of WeFlant to show how flexible it is and how well it adapts. .......................................................................................................................... 56 Figure 3.3.43 WeFlant used as a security distance installation measure as cleaning the air. ...... 56 Figure 3.3.44 WeFlant used as a security distance installation prevent close human contact ..... 56 Figure 3.3.45 WeFlant ...................................................................................................................... 56 Figure 3.4.1 Biomimicry Process ..................................................................................................... 59 Figure 3.4.2 Concept evolution of Marshambhala ......................................................................... 60 Figure 3.4.3 Marshambhala colony process ................................................................................... 60 Figure 3.4.4 Transportation in Marshambhala .............................................................................. 61 Figure 3.4.5 The human basic requirement of five diet elements. ................................................. 61 Figure 3.4.6 Marshambhala section and agriculture layers .......................................................... 62 Figure 4.1.1 Spandau location ........................................................................................................ Figure 4.1.2 Canal width .................................................................................................................. Figure 4.1.3 Main canal ................................................................................................................... Figure 4.1.4 Basic analysis .............................................................................................................. Figure 4.1.5 Food and shopping space analysis ............................................................................. Figure 4.1.6 Park and green space analysis .................................................................................... Figure 4.1.7 Water management and paths analysis ...................................................................... Figure 4.1.8 Ground surface analysis & land use .......................................................................... Figure 4.1.9 Water type and sewer management system ................................................................. Figure 4.1.10 Water and major land use ......................................................................................... Figure 4.1.11 Social node analysis .................................................................................................. Figure 4.1.12 Flooding map ............................................................................................................ Figure 4.1.13 Issue Plan ................................................................................................................. Figure 4.1.14 Structural Plan ......................................................................................................... Figure 4.1.15 Design response ........................................................................................................ Figure 4.1.16 Response for SDG 1 ................................................................................................. Figure 4.1.17 Response for SDG 2 ................................................................................................. Figure 4.1.18 Response for SDG 3 ................................................................................................. Figure 4.1.19 Response for SDG 8 ................................................................................................. Figure 4.1.20 Response for SDG 11 ............................................................................................... Figure 4.1.21 Response for SDG 12 ............................................................................................... Figure 4.1.22 Response for SDG 14 and 15 ................................................................................... Figure 4.2.1 Old land (early 19th) .................................................................................................. Figure 4.2.2 Topography ................................................................................................................. Figure 4.2.3 Green space ................................................................................................................ Figure 4.2.4 Main river ................................................................................................................... Figure 4.2.5 Drainage system ......................................................................................................... Figure 4.2.6 Sewage drainage system ............................................................................................. Figure 4.2.7 Accumulate precipitation ............................................................................................ Figure 4.2.8 Seawater covered area (sea-level increase 5m) .......................................................... Figure 4.2.9 Master plan of harbour .............................................................................................. Figure 4.2.10 Main road around harbour ....................................................................................... Figure 4.2.11 Transport routes ........................................................................................................ Figure 4.2.12 Community and population ...................................................................................... Figure 4.2.13 Community texture .................................................................................................... Figure 4.2.14 Religion ...................................................................................................................... Figure 4.2.15 Air-raid shelter .......................................................................................................... Figure 4.2.16 Abandon space ........................................................................................................... Figure 4.2.17 Activity centre ............................................................................................................ Figure 4.2.18 Market ........................................................................................................................ Figure 4.2.19 River Emission X Precipitation X Waste water ........................................................ Figure 4.2.20 Sea In-crease X main road .......................................................................................

67 68 68 68 68 69 69 69 70 70 70 70 72 73 74 75 75 75 76 76 77 77 81 81 81 81 81 81 82 82 82 82 82 82 83 83 83 83 83 83 84 84

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.2.21 Public space X Pedestrian X Community ................................................................ 85 Figure 4.2.22 Main road X Pedestrian X Morphology .................................................................. 85 Figure 4.2.23 Topography X Old map ............................................................................................ 86 Figure 4.2.24 Multiple event spaces ............................................................................................... 86 Figure 4.2.25 Topography X Public Space X Community ............................................................. 87 Figure 4.2.26 Topography X Community ....................................................................................... 87 Figure 4.2.27 Main Transportation Routes X Topography ........................................................... 88 Figure 4.2.28 Main road X Texture ................................................................................................ 88 Figure 4.2.29 Religion X Rivers ...................................................................................................... 89 Figure 4.2.30 Religion X Community ............................................................................................. 89 Figure 4.2.31 Significant Issues ..................................................................................................... 90 Figure 4.2.32 Structural Plan ......................................................................................................... 91 Figure 4.2.33 Precinct Design ........................................................................................................ 92 Figure 4.3.1 Imagination for the original aerial view of Tunghai University .............................. 98 Figure 4.3.2 Luce church design drawing ..................................................................................... 98 Figure 4.3.3 Existing aerial views .................................................................................................. 99 Figure 4.3.4 10 km of range analysis around campus ................................................................... 99 Figure 4.3.5 Flora analysis on campus ........................................................................................ 100 Figure 4.3.6 Fauna analysis on campus ...................................................................................... 101 Figure 4.3.7 Surrounding area function ...................................................................................... 102 Figure 4.3.8 Green change ............................................................................................................ 102 Figure 4.3.9 Building height analysis ........................................................................................... 102 Figure 4.3.10 Housing functions analysis .................................................................................... 102 Figure 4.3.11 Network of major space .......................................................................................... 102 Figure 4.3.12 Potential development area .................................................................................... 102 Figure 4.3.13 Existing significant building and space ................................................................. 102 Figure 4.3.14 Building CO2 emission .......................................................................................... 102 Figure 4.3.15 Transportation carbon dioxide emission ............................................................... 103 Figure 4.3.16 CO2 absorption ....................................................................................................... 103 Figure 4.3.17 Fauna analysis on campus .................................................................................... 103 Figure 4.3.18 Stream map ............................................................................................................. 103 Figure 4.3.19 Green land .............................................................................................................. 103 Figure 4.3.20 Population ............................................................................................................... 103 Figure 4.3.21 Pedestrian ............................................................................................................... 103 Figure 4.3.22 Side walk system ..................................................................................................... 103 Figure 4.3.23 Boulevard ................................................................................................................ 104 Figure 4.3.24 Car routes ............................................................................................................... 104 Figure 4.3.25 Traffic jam ............................................................................................................... 104 Figure 4.3.26 Bus routes ............................................................................................................... 104 Figure 4.3.27 Parking lot .............................................................................................................. 104 Figure 4.3.28 Popular space ......................................................................................................... 104 Figure 4.3.29 Public space ............................................................................................................ 104 Figure 4.3.30 Initial layout ........................................................................................................... 104 Figure 4.3.31 Connectivity direction of the building ................................................................... 105 Figure 4.3.32 Change of acacia forest .......................................................................................... 105 Figure 4.3.33 Original building type ............................................................................................ 105 Figure 4.3.34 Department yard type ............................................................................................. 105 Figure 4.3.35 Gathering place ...................................................................................................... 105 Figure 4.3.36 Department population distribution ...................................................................... 105 Figure 4.3.37 Issue: Anthropocene Problems .............................................................................. 106 Figure 4.3.38 Issue: Boundary ..................................................................................................... 106 Figure 4.3.39 Issue: Ecology ........................................................................................................ 107 Figure 4.3.40 Issue: Pedestrian system ........................................................................................ 107 Figure 4.3.41 History ..................................................................................................................... 108 Figure 4.3.42 Public space ............................................................................................................ 108 Figure 4.3.43 Issue plan ................................................................................................................ 109 Figure 4.3.44 Structural plan ........................................................................................................ 110 Figure 4.3.45 Vision of dream valley ........................................................................................... 111 Figure 4.3.46 Selected site analysis ............................................................................................. 112 Figure 4.3.47 Significant issue in the selected site ...................................................................... 112 Figure 4.3.48 Biomimicry design concept ................................................................................... 113 Figure 4.3.49 Design strategies for the selected site ................................................................... 113 Figure 4.3.50 Image of dream valley ........................................................................................... 114 Figure 4.3.51 Image of dream valley ........................................................................................... 114

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.3.52 Image of dream valley ............................................................................................ Figure 4.3.53 Image of dream valley ............................................................................................ Figure 4.3.54 Plan ......................................................................................................................... Figure 4.3.55 Section ....................................................................................................................

114 114 115 115

Figure 5.1 Four type of CO2 emission prediction ....................................................................... 119 Figure 5.2 Global surface temperature change prediction .......................................................... 119 Figure 5.3 World population by region projected to 2100 ........................................................... 119 Figure 5.4 Observed and projected changes in annual aver-age temperature and precipitation in Asia .............................................................................................................................. 120 Figure 5.5 Global average sea level projections .......................................................................... 120 Figure 5.6 Overview of the main cascading effects of sea level rise (SLR) ................................ 121 Figure 5.7 Main Asian city and inundation area of flooding river ............................................. 121 Figure 5.8 Urban population who live in the largest city, 2017 .................................................. 121 Figure 5.9 Asian urban and rural population projected to 2050 ................................................ 122 Figure 5.10 Seawards develop morphology of Asian cities ......................................................... 122 Figure 5.11 Resilience frame-work .............................................................................................. 123 Figure 5.12 Collective engagement urban resilience framework ............................................... 123 Figure 5.13 Local planning story in the case of Tainan city centre ............................................ 124 Figure 5.14 Boundary extension history of Tainan City ............................................................. 125 Figure 5.15 Waterways evolution of Zeng-Wen River ................................................................. 126 Figure 5.16 Sea-level rising influence area ................................................................................. 127 Figure 5.17 Easily flooding areas ................................................................................................. 128 Figure 5.18 Water facilities ........................................................................................................... 128 Figure 5.19 Ground level .............................................................................................................. 128 Figure 5.20 Potential Risks of Soil Liquefaction ......................................................................... 128 Figure 5.21 Soil Category ............................................................................................................. 129 Figure 5.22 Soil Quality ................................................................................................................ 129 Figure 5.23 Ground Level - Easily Flooding Area ....................................................................... 129 Figure 5.24 Waterways - Water Facility - Easily Flooding Area .................................................. 130 Figure 5.25 Community - Potential Risks of Soil Liquefaction ................................................... 130 Figure 5.26 Significant Issue Plan ................................................................................................ 132 Figure 5.27 Structural Plan ........................................................................................................... 133 Figure 5.28 Biomimicry flow chart ............................................................................................... 134 Figure 5.29 Function of leaves loops ............................................................................................ 135 Figure 5.30 Function of Avicennia Aerial Roots .......................................................................... 135 Figure 5.31 Function of heart valve .............................................................................................. 135 Figure 5.32 Function of sphagnum retort cells ............................................................................ 136 Figure 5.33 Function of resurrection fern .................................................................................... 136 Figure 5.34 Grasshopper routes .................................................................................................... 138 Figure 5.35 Calculating result for the optimized drainage system .............................................. 138 Figure 5.36 Waterway ex-tends into community .......................................................................... 138 Figure 5.37 Bioswale in the community ........................................................................................ 138 Figure 5.38 Functions and section of the waterway ..................................................................... 139 Figure 5.39 Water separating processes of waterway ................................................................... 140 Figure 5.40 Detention function for existing community .............................................................. 141 Figure 5.41 Detention function for new developing community ................................................. 141 Figure 5.42 Section of new developing community ...................................................................... 142 Figure 5.43 Water cell in the detention community ...................................................................... 143 Figure 5.44 New developing community ....................................................................................... 143 Figure 5.45 Bioswale at community border .................................................................................. 144 Figure 5.46 Meandering water routes and J-Hook Van ............................................................... 145 Figure 5.47 Bioswale section ......................................................................................................... 146 Figure 5.48 Multi-level of waterway ............................................................................................. 147 Figure 5.49 Working order of multi-level waterway ..................................................................... 148 Figure 5.50 High river stage in the river park .............................................................................. 149 Figure 5.51 Parent-child educational park ................................................................................... 149 Figure 5.52 Hydrophilic space ...................................................................................................... 149 Figure 5.53 Low river stage in the river park ............................................................................... 150 Figure 5.54 Multi-functional space ............................................................................................... 150 Figure 5.55 Hydrophilic space for children .................................................................................. 150 Figure 5.56 River park ................................................................................................................... 151

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1 | Introduction

The thesis aims to drive strategy for regenerative drainage system designs under the discussion of Anthropocene problem and climate changes. The discussion and research in CHAPTER TWO help to define the issues. CHAPTER THREE and CHAPTER FOUR projects help face the issues and do the pre-design for the regenerative research. Biomimicry processes help to explore new powerful and useful strategies form species. The functional strategies help for facing extreme weather in the future because the species have experienced a cruel selection for 3.8 billion years. As the projects in CHAPTER THREE show, the strategies are nature inspiration for designers as a beginning. Urban design is a systematic analysis approach that helps people understand a city. The urban design processes, issue plan, structural plan and precinct design, are ways to record the city’s characteristic, identify the significant issues, and set the suitable strategies for the precinct design. As the projects in CHAPTER FOUR show, a city is much easier to understand and identify its problems with the structural plan and issue plan. Conclude CHAPTER TWO issues: humans face many impacts and problems caused by climate change and Anthropocene problems. As a result, the thematic project aims to solve the structural problem of developing urban. The analysis processes of the research are following the principles mentioned in CHAPTER THREE. The analysis defines the significant issues in the site and the spatial characteristics. The design strategies were learned from the natural inspiration and emulate from species survival functions. Taking Tainan City and Anna District as a template for most other Asian cities, the project optimizes the drainage system to regulate urban surface overflow by separating flow, storing flow and delaying flood peak. The design processes the runoff during heavy rain that helps solve flooding problems and enhance the community’s sustainability.

General The thesis mainly discusses the issues of Anthropocene Problems, Climate Change and Regenerative Design. Under the Anthropocene problems and climate changes, the environment on Earth has worsened. As a result, it is necessary to have regenerative designs to solve extreme emergencies and save live quality for human. The primary purpose of the research is to look for practical strategies for regenerative Earth and Anthropocene design.

Anthropocene Problems There is no denying that humans are changing the planet at an unprecedented pace. If carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is any guide, that pace is increasing at an increasing rate. Enter the Sixth Extinction, The Introduction | 2

Uninhabitable Earth, or merely the “Anthropocene”— humans altering the planet to the point where the changes are visible in the geological record, ringing in a new epoch. A team led by Earth systems scientists Johan Rockström and Will Steffen developed the concept of “planetary boundaries” (Figure1.1) in 2009. They identified nine major systems where humans were altering fundamental Earth systems—from climate change to land-system change to stratospheric ozone and gave us now-infamous spider graphs summarizing the all-too dire warnings. The green zone is the safe operating space, the yellow represents the zone of uncertainty (increasing risk), and the red is a high-risk zone. The planetary boundary itself lies at the intersection of the green and yellow zones. The control variables have been normalized for the zone of uncertainty; the centre of the figure, therefore, does not represent values of 0 for the control variables. The control variable shown for climate change is atmospheric CO2 concentration. Grey wedges represent processes for which global-level boundaries cannot yet be quantified; these are atmospheric aerosol loading, novel entities, and the functional role of biosphere integrity. “Planetary boundaries” is a concept involving Earth system processes that contain environmental boundaries. Beyond zone of uncertainty (high risk) In zone of uncertainty (increasing risk) Below boundry (safe) Boundary not yet quantified Role of agriculture

Figure 1.1 Current status of the control variables for seven of the planetary boundaries. The green zone is the safe operating space, the yellow represents the zone of uncertainty (increasing risk), and the red is a high-risk zone. The planetary boundary itself lies at the intersection of the green and yellow zones. (Source: Will Steffen (2015))

Climate Change To discuss the issue about climate change, it is better to consider four types of Carbon dioxide emission (Figure 1.2 (a)) prediction that mentioned by IPCC, RCP2.6 (representative concentration pathways), RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5. Warming will continue beyond 2100 under 3 | Introduction

all RCP scenarios except RCP2.6. (Figure 1.2 (b)) Surface temperatures will remain approximately constant at elevated levels for many centuries after a complete cessation of net anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Because the unrecoverable damage from the human pollution hurt Earth environment greatly, the climate is changing, and the temperature must rise, sooner or later. The prediction said by IPCC, a large fraction of anthropogenic climate change resulting from CO2 emissions is irreversible

Figure 1.2 Atmospheric carbon dioxide prediction and global mean surface temperature change prediction (a) Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and (b) projected global mean surface temperature change as simu-lated by Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs) for the four Representative Concentra-tion Pathways (RCPs) up to 2300. (Source: IPCC, Future Climate Change, Risks, and Impacts, https://ar5-syr.ipcc.ch/topic_futurechanges.php)

Figure 1.3 Reasons for Concern at a global scale Risks associated with Reasons For Concern at a global scale (Figure 1.2) are shown for increasing levels of climate change. The colour shading indicates the additional risk due to climate change when a temperature level is reached and then sustained or exceeded. White indicates no associated impacts are detectable and attributable to climate change. Yellow indicates that associated impacts are both detectable and attributable to climate change with at least medium confidence. Red indicates severe and widespread impacts. Purple, introduced in this assessment, shows that very high risk is indicated by all key risk criteria. (Source: IPCC, Future Climate Change, Risks, and Impacts, https://ar5-syr.ipcc.ch/topic_futurechanges.php)

Introduction | 4

on a multi-century to millennial timescale, except in the case of a large net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere over a sustained period. (IPCC, 2014a) IPCC provided a framework to summarize the critical risks of climate change, Five Reasons For Concern (RFCs), in the Third Assessment Report. They illustrate the implications of warming and adaptation limits for people, economies and ecosystems across sectors and regions. They provide one starting point for evaluating dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. All warming levels are relative to the 1986–2005 period. Adding ~0.6°C to these warming levels roughly gives warming relative to the 1850–1900 period, used here as a proxy for pre-industrial times (right-hand scale). The five RFCs (figure 1.3) are associated with: unique and threatened systems, extreme weather events, distribution of impacts, global aggregate impacts, large-scale singular events. Stabilization of global average surface temperature does not imply stabilization for all aspects of the climate system. Shifting biomes,

Figure 1.4 Risks to humans and ecosystems from changes in land-based processes as a result of climate change (Source: IPCC,2019a)

5 | Introduction

re-equilibrating soil carbon, ice sheets, ocean temperatures and associated sea-level rise all have their intrinsic long timescales that will result in ongoing changes for hundreds to thousands of years after the global surface temperature has been stabilized. Increases in global mean surface temperature (GMST), relative to pre-industrial levels, affect processes involved in desertification (water scarcity), land degradation (soil erosion, vegetation loss, wildfire, permafrost thaw) and food security (crop yield and food supply instabilities). (IPCC, 2019a, P14) These changing processes drive risks to food systems, livelihoods, infrastructure, land value, and human and ecosystem health. Even the changes in one process may result in the compound risks.

Regenerative Design While the climate is changing, human face extreme weather and limited resource in the future. It will influence development, especially for the growing cities. The regenerative designs integrate society’s needs with the integrity of nature design to enhance resilience and sustainability for the community. The regenerative designs are influenced by approaches found in the biomimicry, biophilic design, ecological economics, circular economics. A new generation of designers is applying ecologically inspired design to agriculture, architecture, community planning, cities, enterprises, economics and ecosystem regeneration. (Daniel Christian Wahl, 2016) Many designers use the resilient models observed in systems ecology in their design process and recognize that ecosystems are resilient primarily because they operate in closed-loop systems. On the other hands, sustainable development is another aim for the regenerative design. In comparison, sustainable development’s highest goal is to satisfy fundamental human needs today without compromising future generations’ possibility to satisfy theirs. The regenerative design aims to develop restorative systems that are beneficial for humans and other species. This regeneration process is participatory and individual to the community and environment it is applied to. This process intends to revitalize communities, human and natural resources, and society. The regenerative design has involved the construction industry since 1976 that professor Lyle challenged his landscape architecture graduate students at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona to “envision a community in which daily activities were based on the value of living within the limits of available renewable resources without environmental degradation.” Thus, the research is looking for the solution of climate changes and Anthropocene problems with regenerative designs.

Introduction | 6

CHAPTER TWO: METHOD

7 | Method

The thesis mainly uses three methods to do the research and analysis, Biomimicry (refer to chapter three), Urban Design (refer to chapter four), and Sustainable Development Goals (refer to the projects in chapter three and four and the thematic research in chapter five). Chapter two intends to introduce the basic knowledge of the methods that will help understanding the projects and research in chapter three to five.

Biomimicry Biomimicry is an approach to innovation that seeks sustainable solutions to human challenges by emulating nature’s time-tested patterns and strategies. (Biomimicry Institute 3.8 website) The species have survived 3.8 billion years of trial and error, testing and selection. This tells us that there must be some strong strategies for survival embedded. Moreover, the R&D cycles are slow, but climate change won’t wait – it is necessary to investigate the biological blueprints that have been successful over millennia to launch ground-breaking ideas, faster. There is a need to reinvent the strategies that are already here. Human only need to learn how to adapt the design strategies. It is a method of looking to nature for inspiration to solve design problems in a regenerative way. The projects in chapter three mainly did the analyses and designs based on biomimicry processes.

Biomimicry Thinking Process Biomimicry thinking process (Figure2.1) is a collection of diagrams that visually represent the foundations of the design approach. It is a

Figure 2.1 (a)Biomimicry thinking process. (b) Biology to design process. (c) Challenge to biology process Biomimicry Thinking provides context to where, how, what, and why biomimicry fits into the process of any discipline or any scale of design. While akin to a methodology, Biomimicry Thinking is a framework that is intended to help people practice biomimicry while designing anything. There are four areas in which a biomimicry lens provides the greatest value to the design process (independent of the discipline in which it is integrated): scoping, discovering, creating, and evaluating. Following the specific steps within each phase helps ensure the successful integration of life’s strategies into human designs. Source: Biomimicry 3.8 (2015)

Method | 8

step-by-step process to follow. People start from scoping issues typically, discover nature and create the design to solve the problems. Evaluating will be the last part. There are several vital parts for each step to consider. The essential details are defining context and identifying function requirement from issue, discovering natural models and abstracting biological strategies from the species, and emulating design principles and integrating bio-strategies into designs. The order of the steps is allowed to shift and repeat.

Life’s Principles Biomimicry Institute expanded version of the natural principles to the “Life’s Principles.” These principles are the overarching patterns found amongst the species surviving and thriving on Earth. Life’s principles are sustainable benchmarks, so people can check the designs if they are accomplishing these principles and fit the Earth’s condition. However, Life’s Principles are a sustainable benchmark to measure and an aspirational guideline for the human to be part of the whole ecology on the Earth and contribute to the Earth’s health. Based on the recognition that Life on Earth is interconnected and interdependent, and subject to the same set of operating conditions, Life has evolved a set of strategies that have sustained over 3.8 billion years.

Figure 2.2 Life’s principles: details for each principle By learning from these deep design lessons, people can model innovative strategies, measure our designs against these sustainable benchmarks, and allow ourselves to be mentored by nature’s genius using Life’s Principles as our aspirational ideals. Source: Biomimicry 3.8

9 | Method

Life integrates and optimises these strategies to create conditions conducive to Life. By learning from these profound design lessons, people can model innovative strategies. When translating nature’s strategies into the design, the science of the practice involves three essential elements: Emulate, Ethos, and (Re) Connect. These three components are infused in every aspect of Biomimicry and represent these core values at its essence. (Biomimicry Institute 3.8 website)

Flow Chart The flow chart is a significant translate process. Designers identify and define problems with key required functions. The flow chat starts from the recorded issues and functions. The next step is finding the species which have the same or similar functions or acts. After the step, designers need to research the selected species to know how they work and achieve the goals. With the data, research results from senior research, or designs’ observations and experiences, designers are allowed to abstract the significant strategy of the species. All of the strategies collect to be a species pool that the designs can choose the more efficient functional species to integrate the strategy into their designs. More details show in chapter three.

Figure 2.3 Biomimicry flow chart (cross-reference: Figure 5.28)

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Urban Design The urban design researches are referred to in chapter four. Urban design is rooted in the profession of architecture. It is also connecting art, structure, and nature to serve people’s life. The urban design not just plans the city form but also includes the very much layer to any side, like the whole people quality of life, need to consider what was this city lacking. It is the collaborative and multi-disciplinary process of shaping the physical setting for life in cities, towns and villages; the art of making places; design in an urban context. Urban design involves the design of buildings, groups of buildings, spaces and landscapes, and the establishment of frameworks and processes that facilitate successful development.

Urban Design Processes Here is a systematic process for us to understand and analyse a city and do designs to solve the city’s critical problems. The process contains three parts: issues plan (Figure 2.4 (a)), structural plan (Figure 2.4 (b)) and precinct design. The method mainly understands a city by the urban issue plan. We identify the city’s significant issues under the debating processes by comparing different layers of site’s conditions, such as history, transportation, community, public space, and culture. With the identified significant issues on the specific space, we analyse the spatial characteristic of each issue and space. After the analysis, we follow the spatial characteristic to set design strategies for each selected space. At this moment, we will have an urban issue plan and an urban structural plan. Based on the analysis plan, we design at selected places to solve the issues or requirements with the approach we set down.

(a)

(b) Figure 2.4 Issue plan and structural plan

11 | Method

Sustainable Development Goals The Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint for achieving a better and more sustainable future for all. They address the global challenges we face, including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace and justice. (announced by United Nations) The Sustainable Development Goals are a call for action by all countries – poor, rich and middle-income – to promote prosperity while protecting the planet. It is recognised that ending poverty must go hand-in-hand with strategies that build economic growth and address a range of social needs including education, health, social protection, and job opportunities while tackling climate change and environmental protection. For the designer like us, the sustainable development goals are benchmarks as goals when we design for the future, especially for the future city under Anthropocene problems and extreme climate change. Thus, most of the design projects in chapter three, four, and five take SDGs as design goals or judging criteria.

Figure 2.5 Sustainable development goals The Sustainable Development Goals are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and improve the lives and prospects of everyone, everywhere. The 17 Goals were adopted by all UN Member States in 2015, as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development which set out a 15-year plan to achieve the Goals. Source: United Nations (https://sdgs.un.org/)

Method | 12

CHAPTER THREE: BIOMIMICRY

13 | Biomimicry

Mars Architecture Biomimicry Design Mission Exhibition: November 2019 Museum of Natural Science Co-author: Yu-Ting, Lee Years: November 2019 Location: Taichung, Taiwan

at the

National

The project is the first Biomimicry training in the academic year. It started from doing research of architecture design on Mars. After the research, the project’s most critical issue was identified and taken to the optimized part. To solve the problem and optimize the system, we learn from species’ function and translate to the strategies. At the end of the project, we provide a better method for the selected design to enhance sustainability.

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Case Study Water Resource

Agriculture system

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Ecology system

Biomimicry | 16

Water Resource

Target project: ALGI Reference: Instituto Europeo di Design(IED Madrid) & Manuel. A. Montegerin (2018) Spain - Global competition launched by NASA and HP

Attributes: - Protection (Radiation) - Agriculture (food, farming and atmosphere) - Energy Production (produced by algi) - Waste cycle (both Mars and Earth) - Community ( interaction with different facilities and groups)

Purpose: - Provide clean water

Function: - Source water by drilling underground - Collect from the atmosphere - Store water efficiently - Filter water for later use

Strategies: - Gills shape to separate sand, soil and water - The structural grid units can expand to find other space to store water efficiently - Hair-like structures filter fine materials - Counter-current system exchange air by diffusion without losing water

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Design: The main focus is geared towards the recycling system. The most important section of the filtration system is highlighted. The Ray fish creates swirls in order to filter the sands and most solids. The top of the shape has a circular tip which creates a vortex that allows the micro sands to follow the streamline instead of entering the filter holes. The small rocks will collide with the filtration walls but continues down the canter eventually. Water will fill the path, but excess water will continue along the vortexes’ streamline which will contribute to the speed and kinetic energy.

Figure 3.1.1 Design of water filter system

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Agriculture System

Target project: Mimesistopia Reference: KLAF2019 : INTERNATIONAL IDEAS COMPETITION FIRST COLONY ON MARS - Jingni Kong(China)

Attributes: - Miniature ecosystem (residential/ energy/ farming/ experimental area) - Energy Production (nuclear energy) - Water circulatory system - Heating system (maintain the operation and heating of water) - Agriculture system (use temperature to separate the layers)

Purpose: - Increase Arable Land

Function: - Irrigate crops - Effective use of land - Increase land fertility - Control temperatures - Environment acclimatization

Strategies: - Using illumination to distribute each layer - Allow plants to adapt to Martian environment - Use the land for several effective layer planting methods 20 | Biomimicry

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Design: Four Different types of layers: - Crop layer - Broadleaf layer - Coniferous layer - Moss plants layer Use the illumination rate to classify the various plants for growth environment and each layer can be assigned to different crops according to the illuminate rate.

Hexagon for each unit. The centre of each hexagon is planted with a fruit tree.

Agriculture includes: main food (rice/ wheat/ potato) / fruit tree/ vegetable/ flower/ coffee

Figure 3.1.2 Design of agriculture system

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Ecology

Target project: Redwood forest Reference: Valentia Sumini & MIT Team (George Lordos, Alpha Arsano, Caitlin Mueller ) (2017)USA - 2017 MARS CITY DESIGN

Attributes: -

Protection (Radiation, pressure, temperature, micrometeorite) Commissariat (farming and fish) Energy Production (solar panels, stored water separation) Miniature ecosystem (residential, energy supply, framing, experimental, transportation)

Purpose: - Recreating an ecosystem

Function: - Rebuild the ecology - Stabilize temperature - Control sunlight and radiation - Fresh air

Strategies: - Minimum units can survive easier and act as a starting point triggering other species to propagate - Units become a community and interact with each other to achieve a complex network - Counter-current system exchange air by diffusion without losing heat - Surface hairs reflect & diffuse heat - Increase or decrease the waves by wave interference - Let two spaces with different temperature or pressure create the air flow naturally 23 | Biomimicry

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Design: Create a resilient ecosystem with many different basic units that enhance sustainability. Ecosystems can return to their pre-disturbance composition through the presence of biological legacies, mobile links, and support areas. The cover regulates temperature by reflecting the light and create the airflow to keep the temperature stable. The big slope of the cover surface helps to reflect radio-wave that protect life in the cave. There is a landscape with hills and holes for agriculture system. The landscape indoor disturbed the pressure and airflow that help to refresh the air. With the sustainable system, there is opportunity to have the resilient ecology to face challenges on Mars.

Figure 3.1.3 Design of sustainable ecosystem

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Respiration City 2070 Biomimicry Urbanism Challenge

Co-author: Yu-Ting, Lee; Chia-An, Yen; KaiY u n g , C h e n g ; D av i na C r a n s t o u n ; K u o w e i Eleazar-Godfrey Chiu Years: June 2020 Location: Taichung, Taiwan Conference: 8 th World Sustainability Forum Section: VIRTUAL - Food Security and Agriculture

Submission ID:

sciforum-034154

The project was presented in the 8 th World Sustainability Forum in 2020. Arguably, humanity worldwide continues to experience in the interests for urban growth scenario despite adverse characteristics shown in the epoch of Anthropocene. The focus of the project seeks to investigate adaptive design pathways to address future urban farming scenarios with less assertive anthropogenic activities. The expected outcome aims to contribute to better strategize microclimate towards operational-useful sustainable and resilient agricultural practices.

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27 | Biomimicry

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Arguably, humanity worldwide continues to experience in the interests for urban growth scenario despite adverse characteristics shown in the epoch of Anthropocene. These characteristics in-turn, challenges the operational pathway in SDGs, particularly 2-4 Sustainable Food Production and Resilient Agricultural Practices. Whilst impacts lead to reduced nature-green and water holding open spaces in rapid built-up environments, the role and capability of water resources for resilient agricultural practices in cities continue to disassociate with sustainable food production by design. This correlated directly and falling short to achieve another SDGs 11-3, Inclusive and Sustainable Urbanization. The focus of our research seeks to investigate adaptive design pathways to address future urban farming scenarios with less assertive anthropogenic activities but through bio-inspired and life-friendlier developmental design nexus by coupling intrinsic design relations between SDGs: 2-4, 11-3 and 13-1. The expected outcome aims to contribute by illustrating translational knowledge for a different but vital life-friendly biomimicry urbanism design in order to better strategize microclimate towards operational-useful sustainable and resilient agricultural practices. Currently, the rapid increase of global warming created by human activity from Land Use changes has impacted the Urban heat island effect. Many of these issues derive from the change of forest, wetlands and grasslands into agriculture land, which alters the flow of the water cycle and directly impacts the natural carbon cycle. In the year 2070, due to needed space for agriculture and human settlements, a different urban layout is essential.

Figure 3.2.1 Heat cycle

Urban Micro-climate The United Nations estimates that up to 70% of the world’s population will live in urban areas by 2070. These projections are based on the UN World Urbanization Prospects and its median fertility scenario. Urbanization adds to major landscape transformations. The heat is trapped between buildings which makes it hard for cities to be cooled at nights. The nightly temperature in the city differs about 7°C to the countryside temperature.

Figure 3.2.2 Temperature gap between urban and sub-urban

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Figure 3.2.3 Urban and rural population projected to 2070

Issue In the future, there will be an increase in urbanization and population, which will be accompanied by a reduction in green spaces and water resources in the city. This will influence a higher temperature rise in the city. Factors taken into consideration for urban heat generated are albedo effect, building especially high-rise buildings, lack of vegetation, and human activities.

Challenge

Create cold building

Decrease the rise in temperature quickly enough without harming the environment and its inhabitants.

Distributing cold air and hot air to change and regulate the microclimate and cool-down the environment

Biomimicry Flow Chart Ants Wolf limbs Keep body temperature warm by Heat Exchange

Nightjar Macroter- The g as e xchange i n the below-ground n est using mes internal air currents driven by solar heat. Polar Bear Honeycomb Moves and rediverts air outwards. African Hair Diverts wind. Texture Change the vortex by the wing cone and curve shape Trunk of pine Withstands wind and snow via spiral growth tree Australian fan palm leaf Biomimicry | 30

Biological strategy

Design Function Use Low Energy Processes (Collect heat)

Heat Exchange

Absorb heat

Material Use Low Energy Processes (Control wind

Control Vortex

Transport Air Flow

Prevent wind pressure

Integrate development Through the joint operation of multiple unit cooling centres, the cold a i r i n trodu ced to th e bottom layer is passed around to achieve cooling and change the urban microclimate.

Be resource efficient Solve the problem of high temperature in the environment, and it can be used as an energy source to turn heat into a force and promote hot airflow.

Passively introduce airflow. Introduce the cold air to the bottom of the building, without additional energy consumption, at the same time.

The rotating curved guide plate in the airflow tube help to rise airflow with low energy.

The spiral facade avoids the wind pressure and combined with the internal diversion hot airflow.

Set different specific heat materials to absorb surface heat and transfer it to the building centre.

Exchange heat energy rapidly that causes the air expands and produces the rising force.

Figure 3.2.4 Design strategies

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Design Culture

Religious belief becomes human’s reassurance of the ever-changing urban morphology.

Figure 3.2.5 Design for culture

Mobility

The mobility changes from the road system to air-routes system. Communities bridge the buildings with flyover connections. More air crafts work as daily transport and good delivery.

Figure 3.2.6 Design for mobility

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Food

Increase the arable land to enhance food security. Different cereals and vegetables at different altitudes, people access different kinds of food in a tower quickly.

Figure 3.2.7 Design for food

Ecology

Under the Anthropocene problems, the ecology is broken due to land overuse. In the future, the human activities elevate to higher space, and the ground floor regenerates the original ecology.

Figure 3.2.8 Design for ecology

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Figure 3.2.9 Vision for respiration city

SDGs Response

The vertical farm aims to ensure access to a proper food production system and resilient agriculture practices. The diversity of food grown will help to maintain the ecosystem and strengthen climate change adaptations to extreme weather.

Having buildings capable of cool down can help make the predicted heat island effect more comfortable for inhabitants in the foreseeable future.

The condensation of hot and cold air travelling to and from on the surface area helps keep the building and surrounding area cool.

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35 | Biomimicry

WeFlant Biomimicry Global Design Challenge 2020

Awards: Semi-final list achievement Co-author: Sofía Pérez-Sasía (Spain); María Paloma García Adánez (Spain); Sreerag Chota Veettil (India) Years: June 2020 Location: Taiwan From its beginnings, earth has been in constant change which is evidenced by the transformations and the evolution of species since life appeared in it. however, human activity has caused climate change that drastically affects the life and biodiversity on the planet. The prototype of WEFLANT aims to reduce some of the impacts that are caused by the urbanization in the modern society and at the same time try to involve the advantage of biomimicry and achieve the sustainable development goals.

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GOAL: ZERO HUNGER - FOOD SECURITY (AGRICULTURE) Today, more than 820 million people regularly go to bed hungry, of whom about 135 million suffer from acute hunger due to man-made conflicts, climate change and economic downturns. To create a sustainable city and community, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) aims to achieve food security for all and make sure that people have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead an active healthy life. As cities are increasing in population, rural areas are getting more abandoned, especially in Taiwan. This flux of people towards the cities is causing general inflation of the housing price in cities. This is making people rent smaller dwellings as prices continue inflating. How are we supposed to live or buy high-quality food if we cannot almost pay the rent? Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic could put an additional 130 million people at risk of suffering acute hunger by the end of 2020, according to the World Food Program.

Figure 3.3.1 Population with severe food insecurity Food insecurity is defined by the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Severe food insecurity is more strongly related to insufficient quantity of food (energy) and therefore strongly related to undernourishment or hunger. Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) ( OurWorldInData.org/hunger-and-undernourishment )

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Figure 3.3.2 The concentration and distribution of food insecurity by severity differs greatly across the regions of the world The distribution of food-insecure people in the world presented in Figure 11 shows that from a total of 2 billion suffering from food insecurity, 1.04 billion (52 per cent) are in Asia; 676 million (34 per cent) are in Africa, and 188 million (9 per cent) are in Latin Ameri-ca. The figure also illustrates the difference across regions in the distribution of the pop-ulation by food-insecurity severity level. For example, in addition to be the region with the highest overall prevalence of food insecurity, Africa is also the region where severe levels represent the largest share of the total. In Latin America, and even more in Northern America and Europe, the proportion of food insecurity experienced at severe levels is much smaller. Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

In 2018, Taiwan lacked proper food security, this led to double the number of hunger till the 7.8% of the population, were underfed or regularly go hungry. Moreover, there is only 34% of self-sufficiency referring to food production. This makes the country depend on importation, due to the limited existing arable land.

Figure 3.3.4 Applied SDGs

Figure 3.3.3 History of food self-sufficiency in Taiwan Source: 行政院農糧署

Zero Hunger means: - Achieving food security - Improving nutrition - Promoting sustainable agriculture - Reducing food waste.

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ISSUE: FOOD SECURITY AND LIMITED LAND Issue 1: Limited land One of the biggest reasons behind limited land is urbanization. Urbanization has been underpinned by the rapid growth in the world’s economy, the proportion of gross world product, and workers in industrial and service enterprises. Globally, agriculture has met the demands from this rapidly growing urban population, including food that is more energy-, land-, water- and greenhouse gas emission-intensive. Nevertheless, hundreds of millions of urban dwellers still suffer under-nutrition. Urbanization brings about (a) arable land is developed to be city area (b) decreased or wasted farmland and (c) people abandon agriculture and move to urban. The reasons cause limited land.

Figure 3.3.5 Arable land use per person, from 1961 to 2015 Arable land is defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops, temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. It is measured in hectares per person.strongly related to undernourishment or hunger. Source: World Bank / OurWorldInData.org/ land-use

Figure 3.3.6 Population of Asia and the Pacific Source: UN

Figure 3.3.7 Arable land area in Taiwan Agriculture area in Taiwan is decreasing, especially after joining the WTO at 2002 Source: 農委會 < 農業統計年報 >

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Issue 2: Water shortage Despite its high annual rainfall, Taiwan is only able to use 20% of it as a water resource, making it in the 18th place under the United Nations global ranking in terms of being water resource-poor region. Taiwan is vulnerable to water shortage from the start of fall to the arrival of the Plum Rains in May and June, and they have become the new normal over the past ten years. If the situation is not quickly addressed, the actual capacity of reservoirs for storing water will be down to half of their designed capacity by 2030 under the worst-case scenario, which would indeed trigger the nightmare of rationing. On the other hands, as the increase in the demand for water and the support from the government policies for Industry, agricultural water rationing is decreasing and being snatched. Figure 3.3.8 Observed and projected changes in annual average temperature and precipitation in Asia. (Bottom panel left) Map of observed annual precipitation change from 1951–2010, derived from a linear trend. For observed temperature and precipitation, trends have been calculated where sufficient data permit a robust estimate. (Top and bottom panel, right) CMIP5 multi-model mean projections of annual average temperature changes and average per cent changes in annual mean precipitation for 2046–2065 and 2081–2100 under RCP2.6 and 8.5, relative to 1986–2005. Solid colours indicate areas with the very strong agreement. Source: IPCC (2014a), P.1335

Figure 3.3.9 The supply rate of agricultural irrigation water The lowest supply rate of agricultural irrigation water area are Jia-nan Plain, Changhua and Yunlin, where are the largest agricultural area and main origin for produce in Taiwan. Source: Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, ROC 中華民國行政院農委會

Moreover, there will be more extreme weather with the stronger typhoon and shorter but heavier raining season in the future, according to the prediction under the climate changes. Except for the decreasing of water supply, water shortage is worsening because of the increase of live-water demand from population growth and consumption per person with higher standards of living. Biomimicry | 40

STATEMENTS / FUNCTION FLOW CHART Issues / Identify Functions / Biomimicry Strategies / Design Aims

IDENTIFY FUNCTION

ISSUES

BROMELIA GATHER WATER

BIOMIMICRY STRATGIES

RHEUM PALAESTINUM CHANNEL WATER MANGROVE ROOTS ABSORVE MOVEMENT VALES CONTROL FLOW DIRECTION

ZERO HUNGER LIMITED LAND FOOD SECURITY

FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENCY

RESOURCE EFFICIENT AGRICULTURE

GET

GAS

DISTRIBUTE

LIQUIDS

STORE

ENERGY

EXPEL

SOILDS

TREES LEAD WATER AND NUTRIENTS CAMEL CONSERVE WATER PELICANS WATER STORAGE

PARTHENOCISSUS TRICUSPIDATA ATTACHMENT SYSTEM WATER SHORTAGE

MOVE SETTLEMENT

PERMANENTLY ATTACH TEMPORALLY

ENGLISH IVY AT TA C H P E R M A N E N T LY W I T H I N CREASED AND GLUED SURFACE PARTHENOCISSUS ATTACHMENT SYSTEM TRICUSPIDATA

COORDINATE RELATIONSHIP

DESIGN AIMS PUBLIC COMMUNITY

COOPERATE

VACHELLIA CORNIGERA PARTNERSHIP SURVIVAL

PROVIDE ECOSYSTEM SERVICE

GARDEN STREET

FICUS BENJAMINA SECTRETIONS AFTER INJURY

SERVICE CORE THREATS ELEVATION URBAN

ARCHITECTURE TOP FLOOR LOBBY WALL

PROTECT

PREVENT STRUCTURAL FAILURE MANAGE (STRUCTURAL) FORCE

WOODY PLANTS

MINIMIZE EXPOSURE TO HARMFULL MICROBES

ENGLISH IVY EXTEND SURFACE ON THE WALL PARTHENOCISSUS TRICUSPIDATA ATTACHMENT SYSTEM

WINDOW ELEMENT

ROOF BALCONY

RATTENS INCREASE STRUCTURAL FORCE BUTTERFLY LARVAL LINK AND HOOK

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BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS Parthenocissus Tricuspidata /Boston Ivy Function: Attachment system Characteristic: It is a deciduous woody vine growing to 30 m tall or more given practical support, attaching itself through numerous small branched tendrils tipped with sticky disks. First, the plant makes initial contact with the object it will climb. This then triggers the second phase, when the plant’s roots change shape to fit the surface of the structure they will climb. The roots alter their arrangement to increase their area of contact with the wall. Small structures called root hairs grow out from the root, coming into contact with the climbing surface. The plant then excretes a glue to anchor it to the substrate. Finally, the tiny root hairs fit into tiny cavities within the climbing surface.

Figure 3.3.10 Biological mechanism of Boston Ivy

Bees movement inside behave Function: Unifying pattern Characteristic: Honeycomb structures are natural or human-made structures that have the geometry of a honeycomb to allow the minimisation of the amount of used material to reach minimal weight and minimal material cost. In order to take advantage from this material optimisation, by looking carefully at how the bees use it and work on it, we realised that they use the circular geometry in order to erase the corners and not loose material on them. We also realised that even though not all the hexagons we see in a honeycomb are the same, they all have something in common: the unifying patter of the inscribed circumference.

Figure 3.3.11 Biological mechanism of Bees movement

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Pelecanus /Pelican Function: Water storage Characteristic: This unique yet straightforward mechanism can inspire innovation in the field of agriculture, specifically for rainwater harvesting and storage The pelicans long, the narrow upper jaw is mated by a lower jaw composed of the two long, flexible bones that support the throat pouch. On spotting a fish, pelican thrusts it¡¦s bill quickly into the water, and the pouch expands like a balloon, bowing the supporting bones outward to create a broad swoop.

opens horizontally and vertically thermo regulation and high elasticity

stores 3 gallons of water

Figure 3.3.12 Biological mechanism of Pelican

Bromeliads / Bromelia Function: Hold or expel water Characteristic: due to its resistance and size, the pita fibre was formerly used by the people to make fishing nets, ropes. Bromeliads are found in various tropical environments, like rain forests, dry savannas, and semi-arid regions. The leaves are organised alternatively and spiral, which allows them to create a basin where the water is stored and then absorbed or released slowly. The trichrome that is on the surface of the leaf and work by channelling the drops to the centre of the plant and protect it from radiation. CENTRAL WATER CONNECTION

WATER SIDE COLLECTOR

Figure 3.3.13 Biological mechanism of Bromelia

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Rheum palaestinum / Rheum palaestinum Function: Collect and Gather rainwater Characteristic: Rheum palaestinum, the desert rhubarb, is a plant indigenous to Israel and Jordan with a highly developed system for gathering rainwater mainly along the horizontal axis using a 3D strategy. The leaves of Rheum Palaestinum have a unique 3D morphology resembling scaled-down mountainous area with the well developed steep drainage system. The prominent leaf veins on the upper surface are located in a deep depression that is oriented towards it¡¦s base, while the area between the veins is highly ridged. The smooth upper leaf surface is covered with a shiny, hydrophobic, waxy cuticle, possibly enhancing plant’s water harvesting efficiency. POOLING DRAINAGE TOWARDS STEM DRAINAGE TOWARDS MARGIN

Figure 3.3.14 Biological mechanism of Rhemu Palaestinum

Camelus /Camel Function: Absorb water Characteristic: In order not to get dehydrated in warm environments, its nasal turbinates conserve water using two mechanisms: cooling exhaled air during the night and by extracting water vapour from exhaled air. Heat and water exchange takes place primarily along the turbinate structures of the camel¡¦s nasal passages. Turbinates are spongy nasal bones, which are highly scrolled, providing narrow air passageways and a large surface area for water and heat exchange. Typically, the surface of the turbinates is covered with moist secretions, which help humidify desert air as the camel breathes in and remove water vapour as the calm breathes out.

Figure 3.3.15 Biological mechanism of camel

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DESIGN PROCESS / STUDY MODEL WeFlant: WE FLy plANTs

Figure 4.16 Design section of WeFlant

Figure 3.3.17 Top view of WeFlant

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Figure 3.3.18 Surface section

Figure 3.3.19 Section of surface dur-ing hight water stage

Figure 3.3.20 Section of surface during low water stage

Figure 3.3.21 Section of WeFlant

Figure 3.3.22 Attachment Pads Attaching one to another, creating a double attaching surface

Our design is a self-sufficient pot that collects water from rain and air condensation, and by mixing it with mineral nutrients, it allows the growth of plants on top of it. The only requirement to make WeFlant work is to have a vertical plane where it can be attached. It can be located in both, indoor and outdoor spaces, as air condensation is its primary water source. Taking into the advantage that big cities go vertically as transportation is more efficient, we wanted to profit from that situation and use it for our new design. Also, the increase of people in cities has risen the issue of limited housing space and affordable food quality. We wanted to answer by creating a ¡§green community¡¨ that allows people to grow in their houses their own and fist quality vegetables, no matter the size of the house as the only requirement is to have free “3D space”.

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MATERIALS Rheum palaestinum Function: Gather water

Bromeliads / Bromelia

metallic mesh

hydrophonic melamine foam, and hydrophobic fumed silica nanoparticle

hydrophonic melamine foam sheet

Function: Hold or expel water

lightweight metallic structure

Parthenocissus Tricuspidata Function: Attachment system

PROTOTYPE We tried to build a smallscale prototype in order to see mainly if the proportion of the attachment pads was enough for its size and weight with water. We discovered that it was enough and that the modules were easy to attach between them. However, we were not able to try our prototype with the natural materials as we just 3D printed it front the 3D model. Moreover, we place some plants on top to see the effect it would create. 47 | Biomimicry

polyurethane

Camelus / Camel Function: Absorb water from air

Bees movement inside beheaver Function: Unifying pattern

Pelecanus / Pelican Function: Water storage

Figure 3.3.23 Prototype and tests

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DESIGN PROCESS: NATURE’S UNIFYING PATTERNS 1. Building from the bottom up. WeFlant is a single module that as it¡¦s name indicates, it is designed to work in collaboration with other modules. This way, we wanted to design a modular design that could have multifunctional uses depending on its growth.

2. Nature uses only the relies on freely availab

WeFlant, based on susta to be adapted to humid clim wan and passively collect wa air. Moreover, in a season wh humid, it is still possible for t FLANT

Figure 3.3.24 Connection imagination

6.Nature tends to optimise rather than maximise. With WeFlant this goal is achieved in several ways. The principal will be providing the users with the ability to use an abundant and free space among them with is air. Moreover, the structure and geometry used aims to minimise the amount of material used to reach minimal weight and minimal material cost. 49 | Biomimicry

5.Nature taps the powe

One of the most significan is that they promote agricult coming scarce.

e energy it needs and ble energy.

3. Nature recycles everything + cyclic pattern.

ainable energy, is designed mate conditions such as Taiater while cooling down the here the climate is arid and the plants to survive in WE-

Sustainability is one of the most significant advantages of WeFlant. Vertical farming usually needs an external source of energy in order to supply water. However, with WeFlant we are storing rainwater as well as collecting water from the atmosphere. This is a cyclic process that continues all year round.

er of limits

nt advantages of WEFLANT ture, where farmland is be-

Figure 3.3.25 Product imagination on the street

Figure 3.3.26 Product imagination on the street

4.Nature rewards cooperation. WeFlant is based on the biomimicry principles from 6 different species. Thus by making a considerable collaboration within the small structure and running the system more efficiently by adapting to existing limitations such as walls. Figure 3.3.27 Product imagination indoor

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Additional benefits: CO2 Absorption and Crops Implemented Algae might be a secret weapon to Carbon sequestration. Algae, when used in conjunction with AI-powered bioreactors, is up to 400 times more efficient than a tree at removing CO2 from the atmosphere. That means that while we are learning to reduce carbon emissions and augment our consumption patterns, we can start to make significant reductions in atmospheric carbon. When wielded correctly, it could make a city carbon-negative without changing current production or consumption patterns of the city. We decided to implement an algae layer to our design in order to absorb the CO2 emitted by ourselves. This way we could make the indoor air cleaner from CO2, so our customers will also buy an anti-pollution device. Micronutrient deficiencies cause an estimated 1.1 million of the 3.1 million child deaths that occur each year as a result of undernutrition (Black et al. 2013; Black et al. 2008). Vitamin A and zinc deficiencies adversely affect child health and survival by weakening the immune system.

Figure 3.3.28 Selected micronutrient deficiencies and their effects Sources: International Food Policy Research Institute (2014)

The most commonly recognized micronutrient deficiencies across all ages, in order of prevalence, are caused by a lack of iodine, iron, and zinc (Figure 3.3.28). Less common, but significant from a public health standpoint, is vitamin A deficiency, with an estimated 190 million preschool children and 19 million pregnant women affected (WHO 2009). Low intakes of other essential micronutrients, such as calcium, vitamin D, and B vitamins, such as folate are also common (Allen et al. 2006). Although pregnant women, children, and adolescents are often cited as populations affected the most by hidden hunger, it impairs the health of people throughout the life cycle (Figure 3.3.29). Dietary diversification ensures a healthy diet that contains a balanced and adequate combination of macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, and protein); essential micronutrients; and other food-based substances such as dietary fibre. Effective ways to promote dietary diversity involve foodbased strategies, such as home gardening and educating people on better infant and young child feeding practices, food preparation, and storage/ preservation methods to prevent nutrient loss. 51 | Biomimicry

Figure 3.3.29 Consequences of micronutrient deficiencies throughout the life cycle Sources: International Food Policy Research Institute (2014)

Figure 3.3.30 Basic crops that can be implemented in WeFlant

Kale. Cooked kale is richer in iron that beef.

Brocoli. Source of fibre and protein as well as vitamin A and C.

Beans(lentils) Source of V.B, magne-sium, potassium and Zinc, 25% protein and Fiber.

Turnip Greens Vitmamin A: 45.43% Vitamin C: 36.67%

Figure 3.3.31 Product imagination

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CURRENT LIMITATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS GENERAL LIMITATIONS OF DESIGN

Figure 3.3.32 WeFlant works with one module

Figure 3.3.33 WeFlant works with modules

1. One of the biggest constraints of vertical farm design is that it’s acceptance among people 2. Initial cost of installation is not attractive to the developers. 3. It leads to potential loss of traditional farming jobs. It displaces entire agricultural societies. 4. Only a limited variety of plants or vegetables can be grown

FOCUSED LIMITATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS

Figure 3.3.36 WeFlant connects buildings

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5. Gravity As it is suspended, we would need to test if the attachment pads that we added on our design could support the weight of the pots at their full capacity as well as their reaction in aggressive weather conditions, such as, earthquakes prtyphoons. However, if this is not possible, we implemented in the edges of the structure joints that could allow the structure to fold and be collected quickly and fast. Figure 3.3.37 WeFlant layers

Figure 3.3.34 WeFlant modules work together

6. Invasion of WeFlant We were not able to set a limit of modules that could be joined. We know that once they are being attached one another 1 out of 6 needs to be just void to allow the excess of water to drain and also connect to the modules placed in lower levels. However, the users would be no able to recollect the vegies of the modules that are suspended more than 1m away from their facades. We thought about designing a complementary device to allow distant recollection for those users willing to have many modules.

Figure 3.3.35 Interactions between WeFlant, pedestrian and street environment.

Figure 3.3.38 Invasion of WeFlant

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Figure 3.3.39 Using Dali’s Painting “Muchacha en la ventana” to depict a daily scenario for WeFlant users.

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Figure 3.3.40 Imagination of WeFlant on the street

Figure 3.3.41 Indoor space with double height. WeFlant decreasing sunlight heat.

Figure 3.3.42 Indoor view of different modules of WeFlant to show how flexible it is and how well it adapts.

Figure 3.3.44 WeFlant used as a security distance installation prevent close human contact

Figure 3.3.43 WeFlant used as a security distance installation measure as cleaning the air.

Figure 3.3.45 WeFlant

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MARSHAMBHAL Mars City Design Challenges 2020 Urban Farming for Extreme Environment

Awards: Third Winner Co-author: Yu-Ting, Lee; Chia-An, Yen Years: November 2020 Location: Taiwan / USA Marshambhal is a self-sustaining food supply design that produces a variety of menus for a crew of 9 people living for two years on Mars. The design well uses the resource on Mars. The concept helps human to face the Anthropocene problems and the intensifying changing climate on Earth. Marshambhal earns the third award in Mars City Design Challenges 2020.

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As the competition requires, Marshambhal aims to design self-sustaining food supply systems that can produce a variety of menus for a crew of 9 people living for two years on Mars. For additional, the system should be allowed to extend for 90-100 people. After the analysis, it is identified that the main challenges for sustainable agriculture on Mars are recyclable water system, sunlight control and system resilience. Through the biomimicry processes, seek the strategies from the species that have survived from the extreme environment.

Biomimicry Mainly control sunlight, water, and bio-community to face agriculture system on Mars. Learning the functions from nature, we define a new vertical distributing style of plants, a recyclable water system with filter and storage, and a resilient agriculture system that provide sustainable by complex and essential integrations.

Figure 3.4.1 Biomimicry Process

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Concept Learning the strategy from the rainforest that control sunlight for different plants on different layers. Set layers by different demand for sunlight and density of each plant. Inspired by ants’ nets, create connections between communities to enhance sustainability, meanwhile.

Figure 3.4.2 Concept evolution of Marshambhala

Colony While the community extend, units start to the colony. The cooperation between units helps increase sustainability and efficiency that each unit grows less category but more amount. With the exchanging of food, the astronauts have more interactions during everyday daily life that decrease the loneliness.

Figure 3.4.3 Marshambhala colony process

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Transport Transport the foods by machines with the tracks. The astronauts can control the system to catch the specific vegetable by certain coordinate positions. The food caught will flow to the layer’s tracks and gather at the main oblique accesses. The astronauts only wait and receive the food at the central kitchen.

Figure 3.4.4 Transportation in Marshambhala

Application Marshambhala aims to provide a self-sufficient agriculture system for nine people. Each unit can work independently but also can cooperate with other units. While facing limited resources and challenging environmental conditions on the mars, Marshambhala works efficiently by wellused space and recycling and reusing pure water. The concept can also take back to the Earth when facing Anthropocene problems and intensifying changing climate that less arable land and less pure water for daily life and agriculture in coming the future. Marshambhala helps to solve the starving problem and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, Zero Hunger. We can fit the environment on Earth only by opening the top cover.

Figure 3.4.5 The human basic requirement of five diet elements

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Level setting 1.Based on sunlight and temperature of plant characteristics. 2.Based on a vegetarian to maintain health with five elements of the diet.

Basic conditions 1. Fast growth and quick harvest. 2. Strong adaptability or drought-tolerant or suitable for alkaline soil. 3. Avoid high water demand. 4. Small planting area but high yield. 5. SAS: avoid high oxalic acid; good at high calcium and high lycopene.

Expanding conditions 1. Increase nutritional elements. (add a total category, add different colours of fruits and vegetables) 2. With multi-functional use. (ex. be used as energy)

Figure 3.4.6 Marshambhala section and agriculture layers

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CHAPTER FOUR: URBAN DESIGN

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Neu Venice 2070 100 years of (greater) Berlin international urban design ideas competition Berlin-Brandenburg 2070

Co-author: Pan Punnathorn; Fernanda Chua; Chia-An, Yen; Kai-Yung, Cheng Years: November 2020 Location: Berlin, Germany / Taiwan The project was the first urban design case in the academic training year. The project base on the International Urban Design Ideas Competition for Berlin-Brandenburg 2070, which is not to create a completely different, new metropolitan region but to develop and improve the existing framework by building on its special strengths, features, and peculiarities.

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The main objective of the International Urban Design Ideas Competition for Berlin-Brandenburg 2070 is not to create a completely different, new metropolitan region beside or within the space occupied by the existing one, but to develop and improve the existing framework by building on its special strengths, features, and peculiarities. With a fundamentally outstanding transport network, diversity of centres, housing stock of above-average quality, and comparative lack of urban sprawl in its hinterland, the metropolitan region possesses ideal preconditions for future development. These need to be identified, maintained, developed and improved. The present situation concerning the five key issues, diversity of centres, transport, housing, rich green space, major projects (substantial industrial plants, inland ports, airfields, parade grounds.) After years of stagnation, dynamism is returning to the Berlin-Brandenburg region: population growth, new flows of commuters and goods, new quarters and housing developments, a new rail map, a radically new airport arrangement a growing public transport system. Berlin is a metropolis, its integrated hinterland extending far beyond its administrative boundaries. A broad public debate is necessary, ranging from sustainable planning of growth across the region to individual neighbourhoods’ specific role within the growing metropolis. Berlin-Brandenburg is seeking urban planning visions and ideas for the future. The competition is rooted in the European metropolitan region concept as a political, social, economic, and cultural project. Achieving sustainable development means bringing together past and future in an integrated approach.

Figure 4.1.1 Spandau location

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Basic Analysis

Figure 4.1.2 Canal width

Figure 4.1.3 Main canal

Figure 4.1.4 Basic analysis

Figure 4.1.5 Food and shopping space analysis

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Figure 4.1.6 Park and green space analysis

Figure 4.1.7 Water management and paths analysis

Figure 4.1.8 Ground surface analysis & land use

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Figure 4.1.9 Water type and sewer management system

Figure 4.1.10 Water and major land use

Figure 4.1.11 Social node analysis

Figure 4.1.12 Flooding map

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Issue Analysis Geography Low topology and wetland drainage have led to flooding in the area

Community Connections between the locals and the states Lack of multifunctional green space for urban life and facing flooding Havel’s lakes and wetland funnel into intense urbanisation and low transport networks, segregating Havilland and the Berlin city area.

Tourism Tiefworder has the potential to be a tourist site (little Venice) but is not wellknown No attempt to integrate Spandau Citadel into the rest of the city. It is inaccessible via public transport and lacks activities.

Memories Continuity battles and occupied in the history

Commercialisation of waterways Segregation between economic classes, as yacht parking and water activities, commercialise Havel’s lakes Spree is dominated by industrial use

Water Mismanagement While flooding occurs in the area, Brandenburg below experiences water shortage. Water discharge from the wastewater plant worsens flooding

Land Surfaces Urban land surfaces are lacking in water retention, leading to flooding

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Figure 4.1.13

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Figure 4.1.14

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Figure 4.1.15

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Design Response

Figure 4.1.16 Response for SDG 1 Separating and combining touristic and residential area at the same time choosing some activities that can support both users

Figure 4.1.17 Response for SDG 2 Preparing the city for the flood not protect it from the flood, live with the flood, providing food source and safe zone for the community.

Figure 4.1.18 Response for SDG 3 Not only food and accommodation but also entertainment to take care of the community mental health

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Figure 4.1.19 Response for SDG 8 New landmark and memorable memory for tourist to remember increasing chance of coming back

Figure 4.1.20 Response for SDG 11 People using boat instead of cars decreasing air pollution and increasing water management system by boat. Source (right bottom): Berlin.Motive.com

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Figure 4.1.21 Response for SDG 12 Not only food and accommodation but also entertainment to take care of the community mental health

Figure 4.1.22 Response for SDG 14 and 15 Not only life on land but also life underwater, the ecosystem with better waste management system and balancing ecosystem

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Keelung in 2050 Climate Change, Architecture and Urbanism in the Anthropocene

Co-author: Yu-Ting, Lee; Chia-An, Yen Years: December 2019 Location: Keelung, Taiwan Urban Designing for 2050 and beyond in the Keelung Harbour, and Island Precincts. Look at the abundance of lessons that nature and homo sapiens’ subversive relationships offer for future urban design and develop urban structuring principles and design strategies.

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Urban Designing for 2050 and beyond in the Keelung (Quelang) Harbour, and Island Precincts. Look to the abundance of lessons that nature and homo sapiens’ subversive relationships have to offer for future urban design and develop urban structuring principles and design strategies that create innovative and operational useful spatial structure(s) within the limits of live-project (i.e., time frame consideration, climatic conditions). Combating climate change and human-induced problems by either providing urban structuring design and strategies that create new nature, built, cultural, and socio-ecological network enable the vision for disruptive innovation. The project provides a vision with vigour, resilience, liveability, versatile for climatic changes of our regions, cities, communities, significant places and sites to ensure sustainable integration of disruptive innovation into the biosphere and built environmental design. It creates the urban structure(s) that admit fundamental Anthropocene design principles to rectify current problems. Integrate essential knowledge and concepts from problems of Anthropocene that focus strategic design areas based on the following directives on spatial focal points and significant categories of urban design strategy interventions: A. Direct impact of urbanisation on peri-urban environments and protected areas; B. Early warning system design, climate-resilient and innovative infrastructure design, freshwater resource design and management, coastal wetlands and biophilic planning and design, and lastly, agricultural architecture and urban design strategies.

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Basic Analysis

Figure 4.2.1 Old land (early 19th)

Figure 4.2.2 Topography

Figure 4.2.3 Green space

Figure 4.2.4 Main river

Figure 4.2.5 Drainage system

Figure 4.2.6 Sewage drainage system

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Figure 4.2.7 Accumulate precipitation

Figure 4.2.8 Seawater covered area (sea-level increase 5m)

Figure 4.2.9 Master plan of harbour

Figure 4.2.10 Main road around harbour

Figure 4.2.11 Transport routes

Figure 4.2.12 Community and population

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Figure 4.2.13 Community texture

Figure 4.2.14 Religion

Figure 4.2.15 Air-raid shelter

Figure 4.2.16 Abandon space

Figure 4.2.17 Activity centre

Figure 4.2.18 Market

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Water When we are talking about the water issue around the harbour, the first problem is the river emission influence the residential quality and city favourability, especially around the primary end of the river of Keelung harbour. Furthermore, with the development of Keelung, the absorbing capacity of the urban surface is decreased, but the range of flooded areas are increasing. The analysis shows Keelung flood easily and the water waste flow to the ocean that influences the water quality. On the other hand, while the increase in the intensity and frequency of urban flooding under climate change and sea level is rising, it is better to consider improving the residents’ lives more effectively.

Figure 4.2.19 River Emission X Precipitation X Waste water Heavy precipitation could cause the Keelung city flooding. More waste water didn’t obtain and flowing to ocean

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Figure 4.2.20 Sea Increase X main road Sea increase area is the existential main road

Pedestrian The pedestrian system nearby the harbour is occupied by the commercial activities and blocked by the road system. The vehicle’s main road extends to the port coast that the route blocks the pedestrian route between the train station and the original community and temples. The blockage stops the tourists to access to community easily and separates the seacoast from the port-community. The unlinking and unfriendly pedestrian system decreases the quality of tourism and local life, for example, the system does not provide an excellent walking path during the rainy day, not to mention that there are more than 200 raining days per year Keelung harbour.

Figure 4.2.21 Public space X Pedestrian X Community

Figure 4.2.22 Main road X Pedestrian X Morphology

Public space and pedestrian didn’t link together. Only a few communities have the pedestrian system.

Pedestrian system has been separated by main road

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Public Space The problems here for the public space are: - The original green landform blocked by newly planned land, streets and main roads. - Complex and messy markets that shatter commercial space and lack of integration. - Diverse temples that divide specific ethnic groups and lack common gathering space for all residents. - Multi-type development business destroy the original industry (fishery) space characteristics. - Topography disperses the gathering space and increased abandoned space in the community. - Topography reduces the effective use and management of public space in the community.

Figure 4.2.23 Topography X Old map The original green landform is separated and broken by the topography.

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Figure 4.2.24 Multiple event spaces Diverse gathering spaces is lack of integration.

- Commercial development and terrain imbalanced community population development, resulting in reduced use of public space and lack of cohesion. It is potential to rebuild or regenerate the public space by: - Restore the link between green space and coastline. - Reintegrate multiple attributes and complex distributed public spaces in the business district. - Increase community connection and cohesion. - Reusing abandoned space to enhance gatherings and exchanges in the community. - Connections between the commercial areas and the communities

Figure 4.2.25 Topography X Public Space X Community Public spaces are fragmented by the terrain. Abandoned space is in-creased.

Figure 4.2.26 Topography X Community Narrow terrain and less public space lead to population outflow.

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Borders The analysis shows the topography influents the main transportation routes and breaks the public space in the communities. It is clear that the main transportation routes separate the city texture and development. I argue the borders and gaps in the city are disadvantages for the communities and the ecology. To improve the connections in the city, it is better to break the strong borders that rebuild the connection for land life and pedestrian between the higher community and the port areas. The connections help to penetrate the boundary between ocean and land and concatenate the community’s scattered public space.

Figure 4.2.27 Main Transportation Routes X Topography

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Figure 4.2.28 Main road X Texture

Culture Keelung city used to be a port culture centre that contains many different religions crowd and different people. However, with the development of the harbour, the community extends and breaks the original texture. Nowadays, harbour lacks sacred directions to improve the spatial character of the community. The harbour lacks cultural spaces to show the history and port culture for the public as well. As a result, the port needs social nodes to integrate and fuse different cultures in Keelung to revival the port culture.

Figure 4.2.29 Religion X Rivers

Figure 4.2.30 Religion X Community

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Figure 4.2.31

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Figure 4.2.32

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Figure 4.2.33 Precinct Design

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SDGs Response Obtaining a quality education is the foundation for creating sustainable development. Lack of adequately trained teachers, poor conditions of schools cause the shortage of quality education. The other reasons are lack of quality chance and space for children to learn.

• Cultural space for communities as education chances to learn the local culture. • Well-designed public space enhances the interaction between the older generation and the young, which might help cultural heritage. • Green space for learning from nature.

Affordable clean or drinking water for both human and ecology with infrastructure and recycling technology

• Water management can deal with more wastewater to decrease water pollution and collect river emissions. • Retarding basins can protect and restore water-related ecosystems and achieve to add more urban surface absorption.

Promote people to have quality jobs that stimulate the economy but not harming the nature and environment.

• The well-planned Keelung city will attract more tourists for visiting that could provide the locals with more decent work.

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Reduce inequality of spatial development between different areas: equality chance and resource for the communities to develop the space with the characters they require.

• Help the community to identify the spatial requirements and build them.

Make the cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Rapid urbanization challenges, such as the safe removal and management of solid waste within cities, can be overcome in ways that allow them to continue to thrive and grow while improving resource use and reducing pollution and poverty. Against the inequalities, protecting and providing the basic safe and affordable housing and services, inclusive and accessible green and public spaces and transportation system, with particular attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons

● The connections between the left community and the port coast. (providing accessible paths for children and pedestrian.) • The green land beside the river (facing the flooding and enhance disaster risk management)

At the current time, the reason, particularly from land-based activities and river emission, caused a continuous deterioration of coastal waters due to pollution and ocean acidification, negatively affecting the functioning of ecosystems and biodiversity

• Management of water resource discharged into the ocean. 94 | Urban Design

Climate change is now affecting every country on every continent. Needed actions to face the weather patterns are changing, sea levels are rising, weather events are becoming more extreme, and greenhouse gas emissions are now at their highest historical levels.

●

Greenland work as a disaster manager ● Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in particular for bioswale and retarding basin.

Protecting forests, we will also be able to strengthen natural resource management and increase land productivity. We need to ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, to enhance their capacity to provide essential sustainable development benefits.

• Green land connects the nature with the pre-urban area for the ecology. • Extent the green land area • The green corridor can restore degraded land and soil.

Maintain peace and justice, especially against the threats of international homicide, violence against children, human trafficking and sexual violence. Another layer is to gather people together as a unit for cooperation instead of oppression.

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Dream Valley Sustainable Tunghai Campus Development Years: Feburary 2020 Location: Taichung, Taiwan The project provided a vision with vigour, resilience, versatile for the Tunghai campus and the community to ensure sustainable integration of disruptive innovation into the biosphere and built environmental design. Base on the traditional style of the campus layout, the new development in Tunghai campus is required to face more challenges and follow the traditional rules.

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The architectural design of Tunghai University campus is based on the early Cold War and post-colonial cultural imaginations. It also shows the struggle of Taiwanese culture and church identity after the Second World War. The concept and layout of Tunghai University were started from the interaction of the owner, designer, and local materials. The campus layout of Tunghai University has become a model in Taiwan; however, the same quality space has hardly appeared again in Taiwan. It is worth learning, and even must be preserved that the subjective and objective conditions in the planning process, including aesthetic, political, and ideological factors, and explore the unique status of Tunghai University in Taiwanese campus design. The layout of Tunghai campus planning has evident modernism. Architect Chen Chi-Kwan takes the University of Virginia as the early blueprint of Tunghai University, which shows that it is a cultural phenomenon of hybridity. The layout shows the interaction between “modern” and “China culture,” and reflects the material culture of Japan and Taiwan. However, there is a significant gap between the original design drawings of Tunghai University in 1954 and the school buildings built afterwards. To integrate the original design concepts and the Anthropocene problems into the future campus design, it necessary to do more in-depth research to understand the conditions in the past and nowadays.

Figure 4.3.1 Imagination for the original aerial view of Tunghai University Source: Chen Chi-Kwan drawing

Figure 4.3.2 Luce church design drawing Source: “Chapel for China,” Architectural Forum, March 1957

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Figure 4.3.3 Existing aerial views

Figure 4.3.4 10 km of range analysis around campus

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Figure 4.3.5 Flora analysis on campus

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Figure 4.3.6 Fauna analysis on campus

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Figure 4.3.7 Surrounding area function

Figure 4.3.8 Green change

Figure 4.3.9 Building height analysis

Figure 4.3.10 Housing functions analysis

Figure 4.3.11 Network of major space

Figure 4.3.12 Potential development area

Figure 4.3.13 Existing significant building and space

Figure 4.3.14 Building CO2 emission

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Figure 4.3.15 Transportation car-bon dioxide emission

Figure 4.3.16 CO2 absorption

Figure 4.3.17 Fauna analysis on campus

Figure 4.3.18 Stream map

Figure 4.3.19 Green land

Figure 4.3.20 Population

Figure 4.3.21 Pedestrian

Figure 4.3.22 Side walk system

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Figure 4.3.23 Boulevard

Figure 4.3.24 Car routes

Figure 4.3.25 Traffic jam

Figure 4.3.26 Bus routes

Figure 4.3.27 Parking lot

Figure 4.3.28 Popular space

Figure 4.3.29 Public space

Figure 4.3.30 Initial layout

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Figure 4.3.31 Connectivity direction of the building

Figure 4.3.32 Change of acacia forest

Figure 4.3.33 Original building type

Figure 4.3.34 Department yard type

Figure 4.3.35 Gathering place

Figure 4.3.36 Department population distribution

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Figure 4.3.37 Issue: Anthropocene Problems

Figure 4.3.38 Issue: Boundary

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Figure 4.3.39 Issue: Ecology

Figure 4.3.40 Issue: Pedestrian system

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Figure 4.3.41 Issue: History

Figure 4.3.42 Issue: Public space

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Figure 4.3.43

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Figure 4.3.44

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Figure 4.3.45 Vision of dream valley

Dream Valley mainly creates a quality pedestrian route and a hydrophilic stream with the bioswale system to solve the ecological and pedestrian problems. Separate the pedestrian from the main road into the valley and set air filter to protect pedestrian and ecology safety. The pedestrian system starts from the big intersection to the Milk Shop. A roofed bridge provides the main access for students even during the windy or raining days. People can enjoy the scenery of the valley in the bridge, especially the night views with colourful lights. The quality water and bioswale system help to enhance the sustainability of the habitat. The squares are the opportunities to engage people to walk along the pedestrian by interesting ecology, fantasy facilities and attractive art activities. As the campus legend says, the old Dream Valley was the paradise for students to relax and do some entertainment activities. The new Dream Valley is going to be the new paradise for not only the students but also the ecology, children and tourists.

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Figure 4.3.46 Selected site analysis

Figure 4.3.47 Significant issue in the selected site

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Figure 4.3.48 Biomimicry design concept

Figure 4.3.49 Design strategies for the selected site

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Figure 4.3.50 Image of dream valley

Figure 4.3.51 Image of dream valley

Figure 4.3.52 Image of dream valley

Figure 4.3.53 Image of dream valley

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Figure 4.3.54 Plan

Figure 4.3.55 Section

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Design Response The bioswale system in the valley helps to build a better environment for both land species and the life below water. Moreover, it also enhances the sustainability that helps to face the impact of climate changes. The clean water provides not only a better habitat for nature but also a friendly playground for children, students and tourists. The bio-square works as a quality educational area for people to know nature more.

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CHAPTER FIVE: THEMATIC RESEARCH

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Regulating Urban Surface Overflow Under Climate Change Regenerative design of drainage system based on biomimicry in Tainan Years: September 2020 Location: Tainan, Taiwan Human face many impacts and problems under climate changes that cause the environment becomes worse and worse. Flooding is the main challenge to face that a large number of Asian cities endure flooding while the climate changing and urban developing. The project aims to solve the structural problem of urban. The design strategies were learned from the natural inspiration and emulate from species survival functions. Taking Tainan City and Anna District as a template for most other Asian cities, the project optimizes the drainage system to regulate urban surface overflow. The design processes the runoff during heavy rain that helps solve flooding problems and enhance the community’s sustainability.

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Issue: Climate Change World Sight When we discuss the future under climate changes, it is better to consider four types of carbon emission prediction mentioned by IPCC. According to the prediction, the temperature will increase, sooner or later. As the temperature rises, several impacts, such as sea-level rise, extreme weather, and water issue. To discuss our future under climate changes, it is better to consider four types of prediction mentioned by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), RCP2.6 / 4.5 / 6.0 / 8.6. Because of the believing that the greenhouse effect from greenhouse gases emission causes climate change and global warming the most. According to the prediction, the temperature will increase, sooner or later, much more or not. As the temperature rises, several impacts, such as sea-level rise, extreme weather, acidic warmer ocean, and imperilled ecology. Flooding and water issue, especially in Asia coastline areas, are main problems caused by sea-level rising and extreme weather, the most prominent and direct impacts of climate changes. Growing Asia has the most population now and in the next decades. It might influence the most population while the flooding happens in Asia regions.

Figure 5.2 Global surface temperature change prediction Source: IPCC, (2014)

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Figure 5.1 Four type of CO2 emission prediction Source: IPCC, (2014)

Figure 5.3 World population by region projected to 2100 Source: HYDE(2016) & UN, WPP(2019)

Asian Sight To study and predict Asia’s future, we can first consider two main predictions, climate and development. According to the IPCC predictions, there are several significant changes: First, the temperature will increase 1.5 degree Celsius (high confidence). Second, the sea level will increase by 0.5 - 1 meter. Third, there will be clear longer dry season and shorter wet season. Forth, rainfall will be shorter and more extremely. Fifth, the number of typhoons will decrease, but the strength will increase. As the sea level rising, here are six main concerns for low-lying coasts: (i) permanent submergence of land by mean sea levels or mean high tides; (ii) more frequent or intense flooding; (iii) enhanced erosion; (iv) loss and change of ecosystems; (v) salinisation of soils, ground and surface water; and (vi) impeded drainage. (IPCC (2019))

Figure 5.4 Observed and projected changes in annual average temperature and precipitation in Asia.

Projections from process-based models of global mean sea level rise relative to 1986-2005 for the four RCP scenarios. The solid lines show the median projections, the dashed lines show the likely ranges for RCP4.5 and RCP6.0, and the shading the likely ranges for RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. The time means for 2081-2100 are shown as coloured vertical bars.

(Bottom panel left) Map of observed annual precipitation change from 1951–2010, de-rived from a linear trend. For observed temperature and precipitation, trends have been calculated where sufficient data permit a robust estimate. (Top and bottom panel, right) CMIP5 multi-model mean projections of annual average temperature changes and average per cent changes in annual mean precipitation for 2046–2065 and 2081–2100 under RCP2.6 and 8.5, relative to 1986–2005. Solid colours indicate areas with the very strong agreement. Colours with white dots indicate areas with strong agreement, colours with grey indicates areas with divergent changes, colours with diagonal lines indicate areas with little or no change.

Source: IPCC (2014b)

Source: IPCC (2014a), P.1335

Figure 5.5 Global average sea level projections

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Figure 5.6 Overview of the main cascading effects of sea level rise Sea level hazards and the various impacts listed in this figure are below: Submergence of land and enhanced flooding; Erosion of land and beaches; Salinisation; Loss of and changes in ecosystems; Loss of land and land uses; Loss of ecosystems services; Damage to people and to the built environment; Damages to human activities. Source: IPCC (2019), P375

Figure 5.7 Main Asian city and inundation area of flooding river

Figure 5.8 Urban population who live in the largest city, 2017 Source: World Bank

By way of conclusion, one of the main problems under climate change in Asia is flooding. (IPCC, 2014a,1336,1346-1347) Figure 5.7 shows the main inundation areas located coastal space that will increase the damages while sea-level rising. On the other hand, the shrinkage of glaciers in Central Asia is expected to increase due to global warming. It will influence downstream river run-off in these regions as well.

Asian Development 21st century is also developing period for most Asia countries. Along with the development, Figure 5.8 and Figure 5.9 show that the great number of citizens gather in the city areas. Figure 5.10 show that many 121 | Thematic Research

Figure 5.9 Asian urban and rural population projected to 2050 Total urban and rural population, given as estimates to 2016, and UN projections to 2050. Projections are based on the UN World Urbanization Prospects and its median fertility scenario. Source: OWID based on UN World Urbani-zation Prospects 2018 and historical sources

Figure 5.10 Seawards develop morphology of Asian cities (a)Shanghai, (b)Tianjin, (c)Shenzhen, (d)Jakarta, (e)Osaka, (f)Chennai, (g)Manila, (h)Tokyo, (i)Karachi, (m)Mumbai, (o)Lima, (p)Istanbul Source: D. Sengupta et al, (2018), 232-233

Asian cities develop morphology are seaward land expansion. (D. Sengupta et al., 2018, 232-233) With the seaward urbanisation, life on land and below water is necessary to protect. On the other hand, due to the increase in water demand from population growth and consumption per person with higher living standards, water scarcity is also expected to be a big challenge in many Asian regions.

Conclusion Under the climate change issue, I argue the main sustainable development goals to achieve are clean water, industry and infrastructure, sustainable city and community, climate action, life below water, and life on land. Moreover, along with the seaward development and extreme weather in Asia, the cities are potential to be flexible integration of land and water into the new and old ground. In essence, it is to let water flow in anywhere it could. We should live with the water, rather than defeat it. That is what the resilience city all about. Thematic Research | 122

Issue: Resilience RESILIENCE is the ability to remain functional in extreme shock and bounce back. Under the concept of the adaptive cycle, the notion of stability can be expressed in terms of a system’s strength and flexibility of response. (Lu, 2014) the application of the adaptive cycle to organisations, which is illustrated in Figure 5.11. In this figure, for simplicity purposes, the adaptive cycle is illustrated as a linear framework to display and visualise the different phases of organisational impacts and response when impacted by an extreme weather event. Figure 5.11 shows these different phases regarding a level of organisational performance (vertical axis) and a time-line (horizontal axis) as organisations—in contrast to ecosystems—are characterised by performance-oriented processes. (M. K Linnenluecke et al., (2010); P493) To achieve a resilient city, we

Figure 5.11 Resilience framework For the purpose of clarity, this figure depicts the impact of a single, extreme weather event. Giv-en the expected increase in number and/or fre-quency of extreme weather events, organiza-tions might be exposed to more than a single, extreme weather event; they might possibly also face more intense events that result in a larger disturbance. Source: M. K Linnen-luecke et al, (2010); P493

Figure 5.12 Collective engagement urban resilience framework The framework shows that the government and self-organisation approach to urban resilience can occur in two different ways, but each goes through the same collective dimensions. Source: Theresa Audrey O. Esteban et al, (2020); P8

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need a sustainable ecology and the social-ecological system as interrelated and interdependent networks to prepare and adapt to changes. Collective engagement as a collaborative process is necessary for creating a resilient community. The processes need trust and mutual respect between and among national and non-national stakeholders.(Theresa Audrey O. Esteban et al, (2020); P8) (Figure 5.12)

Resilience in Tainan Take Tainan as an example: reference from Lu’s thesis. (Figure 5.13) It said Tainan lack of policy improvement, collective engagement. Moreover, most of the initiated strategies by governmental policy-makers to stimulate the development of the city are not necessarily linked (even is very weak) to flood risk management issues. Start from the research; I take Tainan as an example to face the flooding problem under climate change.

Figure 5.13 Local planning story in the case of Tainan city centre Source: P-W Lu, (2014), P148

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Site: Anna District, Tainan Tainan is a typical coastal city as many others in Asia, such as Bangkok, Tokyo, Jakarta, Mumbai. They are rapidly expanding seaward and will vulnerable to flooding caused by sea-level rising and extreme weather in the future. Anna District is one of the particular areas where located on the border of Tainan city, and Anna District is believed to be the next developing area for extending Tainan city, according to the prediction from Space Syntax analysis development history. (Figure 5.14) It is predicted that many new communities will be constructed to provide more accommodation for (young) people flows from the city centre. However, here will be the largest area covered by seawater in Taiwan if sea-level keep rising. Anna District also endures flooding very often in summer in recent decades. All of these site conditions cover most factors that cause flooding in Asia. Anna District is a reclaimed land formed 200 years ago, along with the inundation of Zengwen River. (Figure 5.15) Anna District was an inland sea. The coastline moved to the current position that followed with the inundation. The inland sea became lagoon first that the industry was still original fishing, then became many pounds for aquaculture and detention basin. Finally, the area became land for agriculture use. Conclusion the evolution history, the area, was formed from the river inundation, which means flooding is the original condition pattern, although it harms many community and ecology.

Figure 5.14 Boundary extension history of Tainan City

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1700

1823

1871

1911

ALL

Figure 5.15 Waterways evolu-tion of Zeng-Wen River The flooding history of the Zeng-Wen River shows the evolution of the waterways. The order follows the main significant flooding events in 1823, 1871, and 1911.

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Site Analysis

+1 m

+2 m

+3 m

+4 m

+5 m

+9 m

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Figure 5.16 Sea-level rising influence area

Figure 5.17 Easily flooding

Figure 5.18 Water facilities

Figure 5.19 Ground level

Figure 5.20 Potential Risks of Soil Liquefaction

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Figure 5.21 Soil Category

Easily flooding area Figure 5.23 clearly shows that flooding mainly happens in the low-lying area, especially the site’s central community. The residential areas and the potential developing areas are the lowest in the site, which means water flows automatically and causes flooding. It is the main issue in the area. However, there are still some areas (blue circles) flooding caused by other reasons instead of ground level. Figure 5.23 Ground Level - Easily Flooding Area

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Figure 5.22 Soil Quality

Water facility shortage Figure 5.24 shows that the site lacks proper water facilities—only a few pumping stations downstream. The pumping station intent to drain water from the community to the stream, but it does not work during flooding because the stream stage always is higher than the community, caused by the water drained upstream. Moreover, there is too much outside run-off flow directly from upstream that is always beyond the facilities’ limit. Figure 5.24 Waterways - Water Facility - Easily Flooding Area

Risks of Soil Liquefaction Figure 5.25 shows high risks of soil liquefaction in the site, especially around the central communities and the potential developing areas. It caused by soil quality, sandy soil. Soil liquefaction is one of the significant issues that the risks increase after the flood, or we set some functions to work as the detention basin. Figure 5.25 Community - Potential Risks of Soil Liquefaction

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Significant Issues Here are the significant issues. I am mainly talking about water flow. · Flow – there is too much water from outside or upstream, and the site also lacks waterway · Detention – Original low-lying detention become communities or newly developing areas that break the original function, so the site lack water storage · Detention – Original detention become industrial area – It causes the community nearby to endure flooding easily during heavy rain. · Mangrove ecology – Water quality influence downstream ecology system. Furthermore, as sea level rising, there is an opportunity for mangrove to extend into the city.

Design Strategies With the analysis, the problem concluded, too much outside water flow, and broken detention. I reckon that the site needs to optimise the waterway system to regulate extra run-off from upstream. Furthermore, it also necessary to store water at the damaged detention space while developing new community here. The design intent to protect the life below water and the ecology while facing climate changes.

Icons for issue plan and structural plan

Destroyed detention space that water flow to the neighbour community

Destroyed detention space that the water storage cannot keep the water well

Water direction

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Integrate water flow

Separate water flow

Figure 5.26 Significant Issue Plan

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Site issue plan

Site Structural plan Figure 5.27 Structural Plan

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Nature Inspiration

Figure 5.28 Biomimicry flow chart

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Figure 5.29 Function of leaves loops

Figure 5.30 Function of Avicennia Aerial Roots

Figure 5.31 Function of heart valve

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Figure 5.32 Function of sphagnum retort cells

Figure 5.33 Function of resurrection fern

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Design

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Waterways Waterways system is emulated from leaves loops that set some main waterways between villages and create more connections between main waterways. I mainly set joints on the village and main existing waterway and use grasshopper to calculate better connections between the points. (Figure 5.34 and Figure 5.35) With the optimized waterway routes, the system will be improved by increasing facilities, such as setting water tank beside the waterways and bioswale in the community. In the low laying community, the system helps to separate the outside flow from the local rainfall. When the heavy rain comes, the first problem is too much water from outside. The new drainage system helps to separate flow. After the main waterways are full or blockage, water will flow to the sub-waterway or water tank next to them. It helps to reduce the main waterway pressure. After the flooding, the water the water stored in tanks would also be used for agricultural irrigation or citizen’s daily life. This function achieves adapt to changing condition, locally attuned and responsive, integrated development, and resource-efficient.

Figure 5.34 Grasshopper routes

Figure 5.36 Waterway extends into community

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Figure 5.35 Calculating result for the optimized drainage system

Figure 5.37 Bioswale in the community

Figure 5.38 Functions and section of the waterway

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Figure 5.39 Water separating processes of waterway

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Detention Community Create detention space with water cells that help to store the urban overflow. The existing community mainly manages the water flow in the road system that set bioswale and water cells in the middle. When there is too much water flow from outside, the water cells separate the outside flow and the local flow and temporarily store them. The newly developing community mainly rise the first floor and leave the ground floor for the public and flood. I set the water cell at ground level and Voronoi structural water tanks underground. There are check valves between the tank and the cells as well. When water full-fill the tank, it will flow into the cells while the cells work as resurrection fern that extends with a hierarchical structure. On the other hand, the water tanks also enhance the soil structure that decreases soil liquefaction risk.

Figure 5.40 Detention function for existing community

Figure 5.41 Detention function for new developing community

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Figure 5.42 Section of new developing community

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Figure 5.43 Water cell in the detention community

Figure 5.44 New developing community

During the heavy rain, water flows to the central detention communities after the transportation by the drainage system. They first go down to the water tank, while people still have time to prepare for flooding, such as set water cells, and check the water stage at bioswales. As the water flow in continually, water fills the tanks and start pumping to the water cells by potential energy. At this moment, the public space becomes detention space. The water is kept in the cells instead of flooding anywhere. Moreover, the top surface of the cells potential to keep the transport-ability for the communities. After the flooding, the water could be reused by the citizens for daily life. Thematic Research | 143

River Park The park helps slow down the flow and delay flood peak by the meandering water routes and J-Hook Van. The bio-swale connect the communities, the river park and the water tanks. It helps to keep, collect and transport water. The multi-level of waterway helps to control water speed and reduce drainage stresses. It also creates a hydrophilic space for the public. The smooth pavement is human-friendly design for multi-activities. Furthermore, it promotes the ground to absorb water. During the heavy rain, the river park works as buffer protection; the multi-level waterways help delay flood peak. It also works as detention space, holding water if the water is flowing into the community beyond the limitation. Furthermore, during the regular day, the grassland will be covered by tidal regularly like a WETLAND. It provides the chances for mangrove ecosystem extension. I also create a space for the public to be close to water. The activities change as the tidal. During the high river stage, people can bike on the routes and appreciate nature changes. During the dry, people are allowed to swim in the stream. They can also jog, or picnic or other activities on the grass. The park not only works as a flow manager but also a parent-child educational park. It enhances the public’s sense and knowledge of water. It also helps to improve collective engagement. This function achieves principles about adapt to a changing condition, locally attuned and responsive, and resource-efficient.

Figure 5.45 Bioswale at community border

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Figure 5.46 Meandering water routes and J-Hook Van

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Figure 5.47 Bioswale section

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Figure 5.48 Multi-level of waterway

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Figure 5.49 Working order of multi-level waterway

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Figure 5.50 High river stage in the river park

Figure 5.51 Parent-child educational park

Figure 5.52 Hydrophilic space

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Figure 5.53 Low river stage in the river park

Figure 5.54 Multi-functional space

Figure 5.55 Hydrophilic space for children

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Figure 5.56 River park

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Summation In conclusion, the project intent to regenerate urban surface to regulate overflow. The designs help to optimise drainage system and regulate water resource. It enhances the resilient and sustainability of the community. It also helps to make the public close to the water and flood, with more opportunities to touch and live with water, rather than against it. This attitude helps to improve the collective engagement between government and community. The design protects the life below water and the ecology while facing and adapting climate changes, especially the rising sea-level and extreme weather. Reuse and inclusive the flood water into daily life is resource-efficient responsive. The functions of the infrastructures emulate from Nature that is eco-friendly strategies and locally attuned. So, I argue the project has achieved sustainable development goals and Life’s Principles to create an inclusive community.

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CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION

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By way of conclusion, the research aims to solve the problems of climate change impacts. Tainan and many Asian coastal cities are excepted to face flooding more often than the past. The research started analysis with the systematic method, urban design processes. The process helped to define the spatial characteristic of the problems, in short, are water flow problems. In more detail is (1) too much flow from outside (upstream), (2) original low-lying space was developed to be communities or industrial areas that decreased the detention ability, and (3) water flow quality will influence the downstream (mangrove) ecology. The strategies came from the Biomimicry thinking processes and emulated from the leave loops, Avicennia Aerial Roots, heart valve, sphagnum retort cells, and resurrection fern. The design integrated the strategies to separate flow, store flow and delay flood peak. The drainage system is optimized by more connected waterway, revived detention community, and hydrophilic river park. Under the Anthropocene problems and the climate change impacts, the Earth’s conditions and environment have worsened. While the population and urbanization are growing, cities take much more responsibility to protect life to face the extreme environment. Significantly, the coastal Asian cities will face the impacts, sea-level rising and extreme weather. Flooding becomes the main problem for Asian cities. The thesis aims to provide the regenerative drainage system design for Tainan and other inundating cities in Asia. The designs enhance the sustainability for the community with more resilient facilities. The engagement between government and non-government stakeholders will be improved. The designs provide more opportunities for the public to close to the water. It increases the interrelated and interdependent network for the ecology and the social-ecological system. The thesis research envisions a sustainable and inclusive community for the future.

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象與機制

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合新吉排水整治工程 ) 案計畫書

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The Regulation Scheme of Yanshuei-chi Drainage System- Yanshuei-chi Drainage and Anshunliao Drainage

經濟部水利署 (2010)，臺南地區曾文溪排水治理計畫 The Regulation Scheme

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Reference | 160

Regulating Urban Surface Overflow Under Climate Change- Regenerative design of drainage system based

Articles inside

Regulating Urban Surface Overflow Under Climate Change

REFERENCE

River Park

Detention Community

Structural Plan

Site Analysis

Issue Plan

4.3 Dream Valley - Sustainable Tunghai Campus Development

4.2 Keelung in 2050 - Climate Change, Architecture and Urbanism in the Anthropocene-Keelung Port

3.4 MARSHAMBHAL - Mars City Design Challenges 2020-Urban Farming for Extreme Environment

4.1 Neu Venice 2070 - 100 years of (greater) Berlin international urban design ideas competition Berlin-Brandenburg 2070

3.3 WeFlant - Biomimicry Global Design Challenge 2020

3.2 Respiration City-2070 Biomimicry Urbanism challenge

Urban Design

Regenerative Design

3.1 Mars Architecture Biomimicry Design Mission

Biomimicry

Anthropocene Problems

Climate Change