3 Trường THPT chuyên Lê Khiết – Quảng Ngãi

34. Eventually, a passer-by ………… and asked her what her problem was.

A. put her out of his misery B. was charitable towards

C. took pity on her D. threw himself on her mercy 35. She expects the political experience gained in this election will stand her in good…………in her future career, which, she suggests, could include another campaign.

A. footing B. grounding C. precedent D. stead 36. Poor management brought village shops to teeter………… of collapse although community-owned shops, Internet retailing and home delivery schemes were becoming more popular.

A. in the teeth B. on the brink C. on the razor’s edge D. on the threshold 37. A lot of criticism and scorn has been heaped ………… his options.

A. above B. beyond C. on D. up 38. Unanswered, the demands for nuclear deterrents have ………… fears of civil war.

A. flashed up B. prognosticated C. sidetracked D. stoked up 39…………, the people who come to this club are in their twenties and thirties.

A. By and large B. All together C. To a degree D. Virtually 40. I don’t feel like buying a ………… in a poke; we’d better check the content.

A. pig B. cattle C. buffalo D. ox

V. READINGCOMPREHENSION READ ING 1: Read the following magazine article and choose the best answer to each question. (5 marks)

In the course of its history, human inventions have dramatically increased the average amount of energy available for use per person. Primitive peoples in cold regions burned wood and animal dung to heat their caves, cook food, arid drive off animals by fire. The first step toward the developing of more efficient fuels was taken when people discovered that they could use vegetable oils and animal fats in lieu of gathered or cut wood. Charcoal gave off a more intensive heat than wood and was more easily obtainable than organic fats. The Greeks first began to use coal for metal smelting in the 4th century, but it did not come extensive use until the Industrial Revolution.

In the 1700s, at the beginning of the Industrial evolution, most energy used in the United States and other nations undergoing industrialization was obtained from perpetual and renewable sources, such as wood, water streams, domesticated animal labor, and wind. These were predominantly locally available supplies. By mid-1800s, 91 percent of all commercial energy consumed in the United States and European countries was obtained from wood. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, coal became a major energy source and replaced wood in industrializing countries. Although in most regions and climate zones wood was more readily accessible than coal, the latter represents a more concentrate source of energy. In 1910, natural gas and oil firmly replaced coal as the main source of fuel because they are lighter and, therefore, cheaper to transport. They burned more cleanly than coal arid polluted less. Unlike coal, oil could be refined to manufacture liquid fuels for vehicles; a very important consideration in the early 1900s, when the automobile arrived on the scene.

By 1984, nonrenewable fossil fuels, such as oil, coal, and natural gas, provided over 82 percent of the commercial and industrial energy used in the world. Small amounts of energy were derived from nuclear fission, and the remaining 16 percent came from burning direct perpetual and renewable fuels, such as biomass. Between 1700 and 1986, a large number of countries shifted from the use of energy from local sources to a centralized generation of hydropower and solar energy converted to electricity. The energy derived from nonrenewable fossil fuels has been increasingly produced in one location and transported to another, as is the case with most automobile fuels. In countries with private, rather than public transportation, the age of nonrenewable fuels has created a dependency on a finite resource that will have to be replaced.

Alternative fuel sources are numerous, and shale oil and hydrocarbons are just two examples. The extraction of shale oil from large deposits in Asian and European regions has proven to be labor consuming

61 and costly. The resulting product is sulfur- and nitrogen- rich, arid large-scale extractions are presently prohibitive, Similarly, the extraction of hydrocarbons from tar sands in Alberta and Utah is complex.

Semi-solid hydrocarbons cannot be easily separated from the sandstone and limestone that carry them, and modern technology is not sufficiently versatile for a large-scale removal of the material. However, both sources of fuel may eventually be needed as petroleum prices continue to rise and limitations in fossil fuel availability make alternative deposits more attractive. 41. What is the main topic of the passage?

A. Applications of various fuels B. Natural resources and fossil fuels

C. A history of energy use D. A historical overview of energy rates 42. The phrase “per person ” in line 2 is close in meaning to

A. per capita B. per year C. per family D. per day 43. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that

A. coal mining was essential for primitive peoples

B. the Greeks used coal in industrial production

C. the development of efficient fuels was a gradual process

D. the discovery of efficient fuels was mostly accidental 44. The phrase “in lieu” in line 5 is closest in meaning to

A. in spite B. in place C. in every way D. in charge 45. The author of the passage implies that in the 1700s, sources of energy were

A. used for commercial purposes B. used in various combinations

C. not derived from mineral deposits D. not always easy to locate 46. The phrase “the latter” in line 16 refers to

A. wood B. coal C. most regions D. climate zones 47. According to the passage, what was the greatest advantage of oil as fuel?

A. It was a concentrated source of energy.

B. It was lighter and cheaper than coal.

C. It replaced wood and coal and reduced pollution.

D. It could be converted to automobile fuel. 48. It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 20th century, energy was obtained primarily from ...............

A. fossil fuels B. nuclear fission

C. hydraulic and solar sources D. burning biomass 49. The author of the passage implies that alternative sources of fuel are currently

A. being used for consumption B. being explored

C. available in few locations D. examined on a large scale 50. The word “prohibitive” in line 35 is closest in meaning to

A. prohibited B. provided C. too expensive D. too expedient

READING 2: Read the following magazine article and choose the best answer to each question .(5 marks)

In seventeenth-century colonial North America, all day-to-day cooking was done in the fireplace. Generally large, fireplaces were planned for cooking as well as for warmth. Those in the Northeast were usually four or five feet high, and in the South, they were often high enough for a person to walk into. A heavy timber called the mantel tree was used as a lintel to support the stonework above the fireplace opening. This timber might be scorched occasionally, but it was far enough in front of the rising column of heat to be safe from catching fire.

Two ledges were built across from each other on the inside of the chimney. On these rested the ends of a "lug pole" from which pots were suspended when cooking. Wood from a freshly cut tree was used for the lug pole, so it would resist heat, but it had to be replaced frequently because it dried out and charred, and was thus weakened. Sometimes the pole broke and the dinner fell into the fire. When iron became easier to

obtain, it was used instead of wood for lug poles, and later fireplaces had pivoting metal rods to hang pots from.

Beside the fireplace and built as part of it was the oven. It was made like a small, secondary fireplace with a flue leading into the main chimney to draw out smoke. Sometimes the door of the oven faced the room, but most ovens were built with the opening facing into the fireplace. On baking days (usually once or twice a week) a roaring fire of "oven wood," consisting of brown maple sticks, was maintained in the oven until its walls were extremely hot. The embers were later removed, bread dough was put into the oven, and the oven was sealed shut until the bread was fully baked.

Not all baking was done in a big oven, however. Also used was an iron "bake kettle," which looked like a stewpot on legs and which had an iron lid. This is said to have worked well when it was placed in the fireplace, surrounded by glowing wood embers, with more embers piled on its lid. 51. Which of the following aspects of domestic life in colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?

A. Methods of baking bread

B. Fireplace cooking

C. The use of iron kettles in a typical kitchen

D. The types of wood used in preparing meals 52. The author mentions the fireplaces built in the South to illustrate

A. how the materials used were similar to the materials used in northeastern fireplaces

B. that they served diverse functions

C. that they were usually larger than northeastern fireplaces

D. how they were safer than northeastern fireplaces 53. The word "scorched" is closest in meaning to........ .........

A. burned B. cut C. enlarged D. bent 54. The word “it” refers to ...................

A. the stonework B. the fireplace opening

C. the mantel tree D. the rising column of heat 55. According to the passage, how was food usually cooked in a pot in the seventeenth century?

A. By placing the pot directly into the fire

B. By putting the pot in the oven

C. By filling the pot with hot water

D. By hanging the pot on a pole over the fire 56. The word “obtain” is closest in meaning to ................. ..

A. maintain B. reinforce C. manufacture D. acquire 57. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 2 as a disadvantage of using a wooden lug pole?

A. It was made of wood not readily available.

B. It was difficult to move or rotate,

C. It occasionally broke.

D. It became too hot to touch. 58. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that, compared to other firewood, “oven wood” produced

A. less smoke B. more heat C. fewer embers D. lower flames 59. According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of a colonial oven EXCEPT:

A. It was used to heat the kitchen every day.

B. It was built as part of the main fireplace.

C. The smoke it generated went out through the main chimney.

D. It was heated with maple sticks. 60. According to the passage, which of the following was an advantage of a “bake kettle”?

A. It did not take up a lot of space in the fireplace.

B. It did not need to be tightly closed.

C. It could be used in addition to or instead of the oven.

63 VI. CLOZE TEST

CLOZE TEST 1 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks. (5 marks) THE BEGINNINGS OF FLIGHT

The story of man's mastery of the air is almost as old as man himself, a puzzle in which the essential (0 )................ were not found until a very late stage. However, to (61) .............. this we must first go back to the time when primitive man hunted for his food, and only birds and insects flew. We cannot know with any certainly when man first deliberately shaped weapons for throwing, but that (62) ..............of conscious design marked the first step on a road that leads from the spear and the arrow to the aero-plane and the giant rocket of the present (63)........... It would seem, in fact, that this (64) ........... to throw things is one of the most primitive and deep-seated of our instincts , (65) .......... in childhood and persisting into old age. The more mature ambition to throw things swiftly and accurately , which is the origin of most outdoor games, probably has its roots in the ages when the possession of a (66)................. weapon and the ability to throw it with force and accuracy (67) ............the difference between eating and starving.

It is significant that such weapons were (68)....... . and brought to their final form at an early stage in history. If we were restricted to the same (69 )........... , it is doubtful if we could produce better bows and arrows than those that destroyed the armies of the past. The arrow was the first true weapon capable of maintaining direction over considerable (70) ............. It was to be centuries before m an himself could fly. 0 A. clues B. keys C . responses D. resolutions 61. A. value B. approve C . understand D. realize 62. A. act B. deed C. action D. event 63. A. instant B. day C. hour D. moment 64. A. feeling B. urge C. encouragement D. emotion 65. A. coming B. arriving C . appearing D. growing 66. A. suitable B. fitting C . related D. chosen 67. A. involved B. meant C. told D. showed 68. A. invented B. imagined C. planned D. produced 69. A. matters B. substances C. materials D. sources 70. A. length B. extents C. areas D. distances

CLOZETEST2: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks. (5 marks) A LACK OF COMMUNICATION

Recent research has (0) ................. that a third of people in Britain have not met their (71) .............. neighbours, and those who know each other (72) ........... speak. Neighbours gossiping over garden fences and in the street was a common (73) .................in the 1950s, says Dr. Carl Chinn, an expert on local communities. Now, however, longer hours spent working at the office, together with the Internet and satellite television, are eroding neighbourhood (74) ................. 'Poor neighbourhoods once had strong kinship, but now prosperity buys privacy,' said Chinn.

Professor John Locke, a social scientist at Cambridge University, has analysed a large (75) .............. of surveys. He found that in America and Britain the (76) ..............of time spent in social activity is decreasing. A third of people said they never spoke to their neighbours at (77) ................ Andrew Mayer, 25, a strategy consultant, rents a large apartment in west London, with two flat-mates, who work in ecommerce. “We have a family of teachers in upstairs and lawyers below, but our only contact comes via letters (78) .............. to the communal facilities or complaints that we’ve not put out our bin bags properly,” said Mayer.

The (79 )..............of communities can have serious effects. Concerned at the rise in burglaries and (80) ............ . of vandalism, the police have re-launched crime prevention schemes such as Neighbourhood Watch, calling on people who live in the same area to keep an eye on each-other's houses and report anything they see which is unusual. 0. A. exhibited B. conducted C. displayed D. reveal 71. A. side-on B. next-door C. close-up D. nearside 72. A. barely B. roughly C. nearly D. virtually 73. A. outlook B. view C. vision D. sight 74. A. ties B. joins C. strings D. laces 75. A. deal B. amount C. number D. measure 76. A. deal B. amount C. number D. measure 77. A. least B. once C. all D. most 78. A. concerning B. regarding C. applying D. relating 79. A. breakout B. break though C. breakdown D. breakaway 80. A. acts B. shows C. counts D. works

B. WRITTEN TEST (60 sentences/70 marks) I. OPEN CLOZE TEST (20 marks) CLOZE TEST 1 Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.

THE SLOW ARRIVAL OF THE WHEEL

It is nearly impossible in our post-industrial society to conceive of a world without wheels. From clocks to huge machinery and from cars to computer disks, (1 ).............. ..... employs cogs, wheels or other types of cylindrical components that spin on an axis. (2) ............... the wheel took a relatively long time to be invented and several civilizations reached a relatively high level of technological sophistication (3 )....... it. The most likely explanation is that neither terrain nor climate suited the wheel. Until 10,000 BC, much of the world was (4 ).................the grip of the last vestiges of the lee Age. (5) ….............was not under ice sheet was covered by desert, jungle or bog - conditions obviously unsuited for something like the wheel. Most experts agree that the wheel evolved from the fact that Neolithic man was familiar with moving heavy objects (6) .................putting a roller, such as a tree trunk, under the load. Such techniques were used to move the huge stone blocks to build the pyramids around 2980 BC and probably Stonehenge, which dates back to around 2000 BC. (7) ................technique for moving large, heavy objects was to place them on sledges and to put the sledges on rollers. In time, it is likely that the sledge wore grooves into the rollers with the result that ancient man had a ratio - a small turn of the inner edge of the worn groove generated a larger turn of the outer edge of the roller. The next ( 8 ) ................ final step in the invention of the wheel was to reduce the weight of the roller by cutting away the wood between the grooves, in (9) ...............way creating an axle with a wheel at each end. At last man (10).................. better indulge his passions for travel, speed and movement.

CLOZE TEST 2 Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.

ENJOY THE BENEFITS OF STRESS!

Are you looking forward to another busy week? You should be according to some experts. They argue that the stress encountered in our daily lives is not only good for us, but essential to survival. They say that the response to (11)…………., which creates a chemical called adrenal in, helps the mind and body to act quickly (12)………….emergencies. Animals and human beings use it to meet the hostile conditions which exist on the planet.

Whilst nobody denies the pressures of everyday life, what is surprising is that we are yet to develop

65 successful ways of dealing with them. (13) …………. The experts consider the current strategies to be inadequate and often dangerous. They believe that (14) …………., of trying to manage our response to stress with drugs or relaxation techniques, we must exploit it. Apparently, research shows that people (15) …………. create conditions of stress for (16) …………. by doing exciting and risky sports or looking for challenges, cope much better with life's problems. Activities of this type have been shown to create a lot of emotion; people may actually cry or feel extremely uncomfortable. But there is a point (17)…………. which they realise they have succeeded and know that it was a positive experience. This is because we learn through challenge and difficulty. That's (18) …………. we get our wisdom. Few of us, unfortunately, understand this fact. For example, many people believe they (19)…………. from stress at work, and take time off as a result. Yet it has been found in some companies that by far (20)…………. healthiest people are those with the most responsibility. So next time you're in a stressful situation, just remember that it will be a positive learning experience and could also benefit your health!

II. WORD FORMS (20 marks) A. Give the correct form of the word in brackets. 1. The act of …………. should be prohibited under any circumstances.

Everyone all has equal rights to vote. (FRANCHISE) 2. The boss ordered his staff to be …………. with each other in dealing with the company's end-of-year burden. (LABOR) 3. It is such a …………. story that the mom lost" her child when her family immigrated from Africa into Europe. (LUCK) 4. The mayor was determined that he would do everything in his power to …………. the murder case. (MYSTERY) 5. The government stressed it was not abandoning its tough ………….policies. (INFLATE) 6. The woman detected her …………. conditions soon after she felt ill in her body. (CANCER) 7 . I cast my eyes…………. and saw the geese flying in V-line. (HEAVEN) 8. …………. program s are offered to those who want to do professional training while being paid to work. (SERVICE) 9. It is inhumane to sell………….limbs of the animals, such as rhinoceros or elephants, in the market place. (MEMBER) 10. He was regarded as a …………. winner as he beat his opponents in three straight sets. (RUN)

B. Use the correct form of each of the words given in the box to fill in the blank in the following passages.

persist confer dispose lonely difficult part think out condition conscious

More than half the world’s population consider themselves shy, delegates to the first international (11)..............on shyness, being held in Cardiff, will be told today. One in 10 cases is severe. Effects include mutism, speech problems, (12)............., blushing, shaking and trembling, lack of eye contact, (13).............. in forming relationships and social phobia - the most extreme form of shyness, defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a pronounced and (14)................fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur. Shy people tend to blame themselves for social failure and attribute success to (15) .................. . factors. They expect their behaviour to be inadequate remember only negative information about themselves and accept without challenge adverse comments from others.

The causes are complex and not fully understood. The latest theory is that it can be traced to genes as well as to social (16).................. One estimate, based on research with twins, is that around 15 per cent of the population are born with a (17).................to shyness. Some psychologists believe there are two types: an early developing, fearful shyness and a later developing, (18)................…shyness. The fearful version emerges often in the first year of life and is (19).................... to be (20)….............. inherited.

III ERROR IDENTIFICATION: (10 marks) There are 10 errors in the following passage. Identify and correct them.

Children who tell pop music does not interfere with their homework receive support today, with the discovery that pay attention to visual stimuli and sounds requires completely different brain pathways which can operate at the same time with your appreciation of either being damaged. Researchers have founded that listening to car stereos does not create much interference when you are driving. Similarly, pop music should not interfere with children homework. The affect of pop music on their performance at it is far outweigh by other factors, such as how happy they are to be doing it. These findings could be applied for the design of places which people have to take in large amounts of information very quickly. They could, for example, be relevantly to the layout of pilot cockpits on aircraft.

1…………… 2…………… 3…………… 4…………… 5…………… 6…………… 7…………… 8…………… 9…………… 10………….. Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

IV. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION (20 marks) Rewrite the sentence with the given word or the given beginning so that the new sentence has the same meaning as the previous one. 1. He contributed significantly to the success of the project. (import) → His ………………………………………………….. the success of the project. 2. He was terribly upset by the news. (blow) → The news came…………………………………………………..him. 3. The new town has made the town centre nicer, but public transport could still be improved a lot. (room) → The new town has made the town centre nicer, but…………………………..to public transport. 4. Trying desperately to compensate for his terrible behaviour, he bought her a bunch of flowers. (amends) → In a ………………………….. his terrible behaviour, he bought her a bunch of flowers. 5. We decided to stay for longer because we were so thrilled by the plane. (prolonging) → Our…………………………………………………………………..we by the plane. 6. The north west of Britain has more rain each year than the southeast. → The annual…………………………………………………………………………… 7. They declared war on the pretext of defending their territorial rights. →The……………………………………………………………………………………. 8. No one stands a chance of beating Mansell in this y ear’s championship. → It’s a foregone………………………………………………………………………… 9. This house is very different from the little flat we used to live in. (cry) → This house…………………………………………………………………………….. 10. The spectators got so angry that they had to cancel the football match. → Such……………………………………………………………………………………

67 A. MULTIPLE CHOICE I. PHONOLOGY Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others 1.A. brood B. broomstick C. foolscap D. brooch 2.A. massage B. pilgrimage C. pillage D. dosage 3.A. exist B. exhaustion C. explorer D. exhibit 4.A. accredit B. salamander C. majesty D. saliva 5.A. swarthy B. wreathe C. apothecium D. feather

Choose the word which is stressed differently from the other three 6. A. interviewer B. encouragement C. acknowledge D. interpreter 7. A. diplomacy B. synonymous C. elephantine D. petroleum 8. A. authoritative B. argumentative C. administrative D. initiative 9. A. communal B. delicacy C. peninsula D. pneumonia 10. A. telecommuting B. geophysical C. hydroelectric D. humanitarian

II. WORD CHOICE Choose the best options to complete the following sentences 11. The children in the audience were…………..by the show.

A. brightened B. advocated C. captivated D. cultivated 12. There’s a great deal of pressure in the newspaper industry; editors might work a 12-hour day with no….

A. come-down B. letdown C. let-up D. crack-down 13. The difference between your estimate and mine is just too small to mention. It makes no sense to…………..about it.

A. chew the fat B. split hairs

C. talk shop D. brave the elements 14. It was predicted that business would be destroyed and the town’s economy would be in…………..

A. fragments B. scraps C. segments D. tatters 15. In friendship we…………the embarrassment o f a dissident disclosure.

A. are at pains to avoid B. are on pain of avoidance

C. are under pain of avoidance D. avoid for one another’s pains 16. In some countries, confrontation between police and strikers on …………has become a feature of life in the eighties.

A. dole queues B. picket lines C. back benches D. assembly lines 17. Believe it or not, he has even…………to swindling his own friends.

A. reduced B. declined C. sunk D. connived 18. Even if they threaten you, you must be firm and…………

A. rub your shoulders B. get off scot-free

C. stick to your guns D. turn the tables on 19. A: Sarah is one of the most popular fashion designers in the country, isn’t she?

B: Indeed. She is ……………………………at present.

A. riding the crest of a wave B. burning the midnight oil

C. letting off steam D. making a mountain out of a molehill 20. The depleted column was barely able to ………… the enemy attack.

A. withstand B. expel C. withhold D. smash

III. GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURES 21. The idea is ………… the publicity department during peak periods.

A. Susan to assist B. Susan assisting

C. that Susan be assisted D. that Susan assist 22. My doctor said…………the medication for six months.

A. I would have to take B. I must have taken C. that I take D. me to take 23. Nebraska has floods in some years,…………

A. in others drought B. droughts are others

C. while other droughts D. others in drought 24. Many people regard ………… the police have started carrying guns.

A. asa really bad idea when B. it a really bad idea if

C. it asa really bad idea that D. it to be a really bad idea for 25. …………real work was done in the office while the boss was away.

A. Not a B. No C. Not only D. None 26. Social scientists believe that ………… from sounds such as grunts and barks made by early ancestors of human beings.

A. language, which was very slow to develop

B. language, very slowly developing

C. the very slow development of language

D. language developed very slowly 27. ………… , only people who agree with her are real Jews.

A. We can infer how she is concerned

B. We can infer that as far as she is concerned

C. Inferred from what she is concerned

D. We can infer what she is concerned 28. ………… the circling the globe faster than Jules Verne’s fictional Phileas Fogg.

A. A pioneer journalist, Nellie Bly’s exploits included

B. Also included in the exploits of Nellie Bly, a pioneer journalist, was

C. The exploits of Nellie Bly, a pioneer journalist, were included

D. The pioneer journalist’s exploits of Nellie Bly included 29. Owning and living in a freestanding house is still a goal of young adults,…………earlier generations.

A. as did B. as it was of C. like that of D. so have 30. Unsalted butter is best for this recipe, but…………that, margarine will do.

A. except B. given C. for all of D. failing

IV. PHRASAL VERBS AND PREPOSITIONS 31. He doesn't invest in arms industry…………principle.

A. on B. in C. under D. within 32. No agreement was reached. The strikers decided to…………out for a better deal.

A. keep B. watch C. hold D. draw 33. Marrying into such a rich family had always been …………his wildest dreams.

A. under B. above C. over D. beyond 34. What the treasurer said virtually …………a confession.

A. amounted to B. came up C. stood by D. embodied with 35. Don’t try to …………with your lies and excuses.

A. head me off B. palm me off C. back me up D. hand me down 36. I was bored so I …………a magazine to kill time.

A. eyed up B. thumbed through

C. knuckled down D. muscled in 37. Ever since they made her assistant manager, she’s been…………herself.

A. looking up B. getting above C. getting out D. looking out 38. She knocked………… a meal in ten minutes.

69

A. up B. off C. out D. on 39. The firm will…………unless business improves.

A. go on B. go under C. take up D. take over 40. The files are locked up and I can’t …………them.

A. put on B. take in C. get at D. pick up

V. GUIDED CLOZE GUIDED CLOZE 1 Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space:

I never seem to stop. I’m not so much a workaholic as the (l)…………’girl who can’t say no’. Not only have I never learned to organize my time, I need the deadline to pass before I get going. Then I wonder why I feel (2) …………! I’m very good at whipping up false energy. Without (3)………… rest, though, I start to look grey and then, apart from a good night’s sleep, the only thing that brings me back to life is meditation. I find that 20 minutes’ meditation is (4)…………to a night’s sleep and that keeps me going.

Somehow though, I never get around to meditating on a daily (5)………….I’m no good in the morning. By the time I’ve managed to get up and repair the (6)…………of the night, half the day’s gone. When it comes to food, I’m a hostess’s nightmare. As I (7)…………from migraine, I avoid cheese and stimulants like coffee, red wine and spirits, which are generally (8)…………to trigger an attack. I only eat rye bread, as the gluten in wheat makes me feel bloated and ropy, I’ve (9)………… countless migraine ‘cures’, from the herbal remedy feverfew to acupuncture. Acupuncture (10)………… balance the system, but nothing stops the attacks. 1. A. innovative B. first C. foremost D. original 2. A. apathetic B. exhausted C. gruelling D. spent 3. A. sufficient B. severe C. acceptable D. minimal 4. A. compatible B. alike C. equivalent D. proportional 5. A. way B. basis C. routine D. manner 6. A. damages B. wrecks C. ravages D. ruins 7. A. complain B. suffer C. experience D. ache 8. A. foreseen B. maintained C. regarded D. thought 9. A. tried B. experimented C. searched D. proved 10. A. assists B. improves C. restores D. helps

GUIDED CLOZE 2 Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space:

In the universally (1)…………Pixar movie Inside Out, there is a scene where a dad is having trouble getting his toddler to eat broccoli, a vegetable that (2)…………disgust in most children of that age. For the movie’s international release, Pixar replaced broccoli with whatever vegetable was most suitable for a particular region’s picky-eating children. When food blogger Linda Miller Nicholson was (3)………… with the challenge of raising a son who turns his (4) ………… up at vegetables, she readily accepted it by (5) …………them into pasta in (6) …………imaginative ways.

As a molecular gastronomist known as the Lady Gaga of Food by the Cooking Channel, Nicholson regularly (7)………… food in an original way. However, she has (8)………… to fame for her out-of-thisworld pasta (9)…………. They aren’t your ordinary pastas with bland colors and dull flavors; they’re zany pasta designs with (10)………… of colors, mesmerizing patterns, homages to art pieces like Vermeer's Girl with a Pearl Earring, and other cultural icons using all-natural ingredients. (...) 1. A. extolled B. exalted C. acclaimed D. applauded 2. A. invokes B. provokes C. excites D. incites 3. A. presented B. acquainted C. displayed D. introduced

4. A. chin B. eye C. mouth D. nose 5. A. sneaking B. stitching C. stalking D. slipping 6. A. wildly B. passionately C. indigenously D. disorderly 7. A. reaches B. undertakes C. approaches D. tackles 8. A, increased B. ascended C. risen D. surged 9. A. creations B. productions C. constructions D. formations 10. A. outpourings B. outbreaks C. bursts D. flare-ups

VI. READING COMPREHE NSION PASSAGE 1

LOST CIVILIZATION OF PERU

Two thousand years ago a mysterious and little known civilization ruled the northern coast of Peru. Its people were called the Moche. They built huge and bizarre pyramids that still dominate the surrounding countryside; some well over a hundred feet talk Many are so heavily eroded they look like natural hills; only close up can you see they are made up of millions of mud bricks. Several of the pyramids, known as 'huacas', meaning sacred site in the local Indian dialect, contain rich collections of murals depicting both secular and sacred scenes from the Moche world. Others house the elaborate tombs of Moche leaders.

Out in the desert, archaeologists have also found the 2,000-year-old remains of an extensive system of mud brick aqueducts which enabled the Moche to tame their desert environment. Many are still in use today, indeed there are signs that the Moche irrigated a larger area of land than farmers in Peru do now.

But who were the Moche? How did they create such an apparently successful civilisation in the middle of the desert, what kind of a society was it, and why did it disappear? For decades it was one of the greatest archaeological riddles in South America. But now at last, scientists are beginning to come up with answers.

As archaeologists have excavated at Moche sites they've unearthed some of the most fabulous pottery and jewellery ever to emerge from an ancient civilization. The Moche were pioneers of metal working techniques like gilding and early forms of soldering. These skills enabled them to create extraordinarily intricate artefacts; ear studs and necklaces, nose rings and helmets, many heavily inlaid with gold and precious stones.

But it was the pottery that gave the archaeologists their first real insight into Moche life. The Moche left no written record but they did leave a fabulous account of their life and times in paintings on pots and vessels. Many show everyday events and objects such as people, fish, birds and other animals. Others show scenes from what, at first sight, look like a series of battles.

But as the archaeologists studied them more closely they realised they weren't ordinary battles; all the soldiers were dressed alike, the same images were repeated time and again. When the battle was won, the vanquished were ritually sacrificed; their throats cut, the blood drained into a cup and the cup drunk by a God-like deity. It was, the archaeologists slowly realised, a story not of war but ritual combat followed by human sacrifice.

But what did it mean. Was it a real or mythological scene; and, above all, was it a clue to the Moche's life and times?

The first break through came when a Canadian archaeologist called Dr Steve Bourget, of the University of Texas in Austin, discovered a collection of bones at one of the most important Moche huacas. Examining them he realised he wasn't looking at an ordinary burial site. The bodies had been systematically dismembered and marks on neck vertebrae indicated they had had their throats cut. Here was physical proof that the images of combat and sacrifice on the pots were depicting not a mythological scene but a real one.

Many of the skeletons were deeply encased in mud which meant the burials had to have taken place in the rain. Yet in this part of Peru it almost never rains. Bourget realised there had to be a deliberate connection between the rain and the sacrifices. It lead him to a new insight into the Moche world. The Moche, like most desert societies, had practiced a form of ritual designed to celebrate or encourage rain. The sacrifices were about making an unpredictable world more predictable. A harsh environment had

71 moulded a harsh civilisation with an elaborate set of rituals designed to ensure its survival.

These discoveries answered one question - what was the iconography all about - but still left a central riddle. What had gone wrong; why had Moche society finally collapsed? The next clue was to come from hundreds of miles away in the Andes mountains. Here climate researcher Dr Lonnie Thompson, of Ohio State University, was gathering evidence of the region's climatic history using ice cores drilled in glaciers.

Almost immediately Thompson and his team noticed something intriguing. The historic records showed that over the last one hundred years, every time the ice cores showed drought in the mountains, it corresponded to a particular kind of wet weather on the coast, a weather system known as an El Nino. In other words drought in the mountains meant an El Nino on the coast. If Thompson could trace back the climate record in the mountains he'd also get a picture of what happened on the coast.

The result was fascinating. The climate record suggested that at around 560 to 650 AD - the time the Moche were thought to have collapsed - there had been a 30-year drought in the mountains, followed by 30 years or so of heavy rain and snow.

If the weather on the coast was the opposite, then it suggested a 30-year El Nino - what climatologists call a mega El Nino - starting at around 560 AD, which was followed by a mega drought lasting another 30 years. Such a huge series of climatic extremes would have been enough to kill off an civilization - even a modern one. Here, at last, was a plausible theory for the disappearance of the Moche. But could it be proved?

Archaeologists set out to look for evidence. And it wasn't hard to find. All the huacas are heavily eroded by rain - but scientists couldn't tell if this was recent damage or from the time of the Moche. But then Steve Bourget found evidence of enormous rain damage at a Moche site called Huancaco which he could date. Here new building work had been interrupted and torn apart by torrential rain, and artefacts found in the damaged area dated to almost exactly the period Thompson had predicted there would have been a mega El Nino. Thompson's theory seemed to be stacking up.

Then archaeologists began to find evidence of Thompson's mega drought. They found huge sand dunes which appeared to have drifted in and engulfed a number of Moche settlements around 600 to 650 AD. The story all fitted together. The evidence suggested the Moche had been hit by a doubly whammy: a huge climate disaster had simply wiped them out.

For several years this became the accepted version of events; the riddle of the Moche had been solved.

There was only one problem. In the late 1990s American archaeologist Dr Tom Dillehay revisted some of the more obscure Moche sites and found that the dates didn't match with the climate catastrophe explanation. Many of these settlements were later than 650 AD. Clearly the weather hadn't been the cause of their demise.

He also found something else. Many of the new settlements were quite unlike previous Moche settlements. Instead of huge huacas, the Moche had started building fortresses. They had been at war. But who with? Searching the site for clues, Dillehays's team were unable to find any non-Moche military artefacts. It could only mean one thing. The Moche had being fighting amongst themselves.

Dillehay now put together a new theory. The Moche had struggled through the climatic disasters but had been fatally weakened. The leadership - which at least in part claimed authority on the basis of being able to determine the weather - had lost its authority and control over its people. Moche villages and and/or clan groups turned on each other in a battle for scare resources like food and land. The Moche replaced ritual battles and human sacrifices with civil war. Gradually they fought themselves into the grave.

Yet even that's not , the whole story. Today, along the coast of Peru it's impossible to escape the legacy of this lost civilization. Their art lives on in the work of local craftsmen. And if you travel to the highlands, the Moche tradition of ritualised combat is preserved in the Tinku ceremonies where highland villages conduct ceremonial battles against each other in the hope of ensuring a good harvest.

Today, after 1,500 years, the Moche, and their legacy are beginning to take their place in world history. The story of the Moche is an epic account of society that thought it could control the world and what happened to it when it found it couldn't. It's a story of human achievement and natural disaster, human sacrifice and war.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage? Write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the Information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Chiefs are buried in some pyramids. 2. Moche water channels have lasted to the present day. 3. Archaeologists found evidence that the Moche used money. 4. Texts in the Moche language were discovered. 5. Pottery designs had scenes of the Moche fighting foreign armies. ANSWER 1…………. 2…………. 3…………. 4…………. 5………….

Complete the notes. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORD S AND/OR A NUMBER from the Reading Passage for each answer. 6. The aim of the killings and burials was to make it more likely there would be………….. 7. The extremely dry weather led to some Moche sites being covered by………….. 8. It was thought their civilization had been destroyed by changes in the ………….. 9. Dillehay found evidence that Moche society had survived beyond………….. 10. The first evidence of military activity was the discovery of…………..

Which THREE of these reasons does Dillehay suggest contributed to the disappearance of the Moche civilization?

A. a disastrous war with an external enemy

B. six decades of extreme weather

C . people no longer obeying their leaders

D. declining religious belief

E. the practice of sacrificing people

PASSAGE 2

FOOTBALL’S PAST

In the early 19th century, football was very popular in the top private schools in England. Initially, each school had its own rules and while the pupils were still at school the fact that they played by these particular rules hardly mattered. When, however, they left for the universities or for business in the provinces, it became clear that if they were to continue playing football they were going to need a universal set of rules, acceptable to all teams.

Up until the 1850s, two teams at, say, Oxford University, would only be playing a familiar game if every player had been to the same school. As things turned out, a major game was often preceded by a long correspondence with lengthy arguments about the rules. Was handling to be allowed? How many players on each side? How long should the pitch be? How wide the goals? Would carrying the ball be permitted? (‘Yes’, would say all the ex-pupils of Rugby school; ‘No’, would say almost everyone else.) And even when the game got under way, confusion and protests would necessitate long midfield conferences between the two captains.

In time it became usual for the ex-Rugby students and their small but growing company of followers from other schools to play ‘rugby’ football on their own. and for the others to come to some agreement over the rules of the more popular version. Few of these early codes of rules have come down to us complete, but snatches from them give a clear idea of the patterns of the early game, and in particular how boring it must have been to stand in the cold and watch.

The first serious attempts at laying down the rules of football were made at Cambridge University in 1848 and these were adapted and tightened up twice in the 1850s. Then in November 1862 the Cambridge Rules were revised yet again and specified 11-a-side, an umpire from each side plus a neutral referee, goals

73 12 feet (3.7m) across and up to 20 feet (6.15m) high and an hour and a quarter’s play only. These rules were said to have worked well; in the following year they formed a vital part of the rules of the newly formed Football Association.

The formation of the Football Association was bitter and often ill-tempered. With neither side willing to give way, the split between rugby players and the rest became too wide ever to be mended. The real disagreement was not over running with the ball, but over ‘hacking’. Rugby players felt it was manly and courageous to tackle an opponent by kicking him on the leg: the others did not, and voted against it. The rugby men called them cowards and walked out.

Rugby did, however, leave behind one significant innovation- the more precise name for its competitor. The story may not be true, but the legend is that one Charles Wreford-Brown, who later became a notable official of the Football Association, was asked by some friends at Oxford whether he would join them for a game of rugby or ‘rugger’, as it was now often called. He refused, claiming that he was going to play ‘soccer' - evidently a play on the word ‘association’. It caught on. 1. In the middle of the 19th century, it became clear that .........

A. university football was played by a special set of rules.

B. not all football teams were prepared to accept standard rules

C. each school had different rules for football.

D. provincial footballers players by old-fashioned. 2. Before the mid-19th century, the rules for important games were mainly settled by......

A. letters exchanged before the match.

B. players from the same school.

C. a special meeting between the two captains.

D. all the players on the pitch. 3. We know from the text that football before 1848 was.........

A. very similar to modern rugby.

B. more strictly regulated than rugby.

C. always played with the same width goal.

D. not very interesting for spectators. 4. The word ‘snatches’ probably means .........

A. detailed copies B. players’ descriptions

C. short extracts D. careful diagrams 5. The Cambridge Rules of 1862 laid down........

A. the minimum time for a game. B. the number of players and officials,

C. the exact size of the goal D. the maximum length of the pitch. 6. Rugby players could not agree with the Football Association over ………

A. running with the ball B. kicking other players

C. what to call the game D. the shape of the goal 7. The word ‘it’ refers to .......

A. the Football Association. B. the use of ‘rugger’ for rugby.

C. the game at Oxford. D. the new name for football.

B. WRITTEN TEST I. CLOZE TEST: Read the text and fill in each gap with ONE suitable word OPEN CLOZE 1

Chocolate has an intriguing history that goes way back in time to the Mayas of Central America, who first discovered the secret of the cocoa tree. The Mayas educated the Aztecs, who in turn revealed all to the Europeans.

The Aztecs called the drink they made from crushed cocoa beans (1)…………...with vanilla and sugar ‘The Food of the Gods’, a term (2)…………... changed to ‘The Food for Love’ in Europe. Many do swear that chocolate is an aphrodisiac and event recent research (3)…………... proved that chocolate does help

us to relax and feel more sensual (Casanova swore by it).

Chocolate has changed a great deal (4)………… the days of the Aztecs. For a start, Europeans found (5)…………preferred the taste if they didn’t include chilli pepper (6)………… its production! Spain held a monopoly on chocolate (7)…………1615, when the daughter of Phillip II of Spain married King Louis XIII of France and took the secret of chocolate with her. But (8)………… so, chocolate recipes were a closely guarded secret for hundreds of years.

Although in great demand, the quality of chocolate at that time was very changeable. It all changed in the early nineteenth century, (9)…………, when the first Swiss chocolate factory was founded near Vevey, (10) …………the shadow of beautiful Lake Geneva. The founder and the father of Swiss chocolate was Fracois-Louis Cailler. You can still buy Cailler chocolate today; in fact, most of the original chocolate ‘names’ are still in existence centuries on.

OPEN CLOZE 2

THE WORLD OF COSMOPOLITAN

One magazine, (1)………… than any other, symbolizes the global dominance of Western youth culture and fashion. Cosmopolitan, the lifestyle and fashion guide for women in the 18-34 age group, (2)………… now published in 28 languages. From Latvia to India, women (3)…………to Cosmo for advice and a taste of adult content in a lighthearted, upbeat style. Each local (4) …………follows the same formula, which is strictly laid down in a secret 50-page instruction manual. The cover, for example, of every issue must depict a woman who (5)…………the spirit of Cosmo, which is summed up in its slogan: fun and fearless female. But each local editor ensures that Cosmo reflects local tastes and is respectful (6)…………local culture. Photographs are mostly of local celebrities who are easily recognised, and relationship advice is geared to the values of the local population. In China, for example, any mention of sex would be unacceptable, (7)…………the magazine still offers beauty advice amongst articles advocating patriotism and good citizenship. With an international (8)………… of 8.2 million, Cosmopolitan can be said to (9)………… succeeded in catering for the needs and interests of women worldwide. But to others, Cosmopolitan is just another American product successfully marketed to the (10)…………of the world.

II. WORD FORMATION PART 1: Complete each sentence, using the correct form of the word in parentheses 1. For the first night's performance the………… had to be called in to take the part because the leading lady was ill. (STUDENT) 2. She survived the crash with minor injuries, but the car was a …………. (WRITE) 3. Some………… members left to form a new party. (AFFECT) 4. They are on a (n)…………mission to gather all data, surveys and specialist reports to oppose the no smoking ban in Ireland. (FACT) 5. Paying children too much attention when they misbehave can be………… (DEFEAT) to achieve but having an opposite effect 6. Prices may rise and consumption may fall as individuals refrain from purchasing new cars, computers and other…………. (ESSENCE) 7. The only slight………… in the painting is a scratch in the corner. (PERFECT) 8. His life offered me no hope of…………. (GOOD) 9. Catholic leaders have not…………themselves from the am bivalent statement emanating from last week’s funeral. (SOCIAL) 10. Native speakers of all written languages use context to…………homophone pairs that have a single written form. (AMBIGUOUS)

PART 2: Complete the following passage using the words given in the box below. You may change the form of the word if necessary. decimation information weaker pick institute

75

“After decades of cutting its own staff and research arms, much of Capitol Hill’s (1)……….. memory and policy expertise now resides in the (2)……….. industry. ” This is the most important sentence in the article. Our penny-wise, pound-foolish country has (3)……….. its expertise in the sectors that are the object of its (4)……….. , so now it relies on lobbyists to tell us how things work. Unlike government experts who receive decent salaries to keep their congressmen (5) ……….. so that they can negotiate with lobbyists with knowledge, these lobbyists use their monopoly on knowledge to manipulate the system, now regularly writing the laws, only to get a rubber stamp from Congress. According to our Constitution, democracy resides in our government. All this (6)………..propaganda, from the right and the Democratic centrists, (7) ………..our republic. There are many things markets do well. There are many things governments do well. The only things the Constitution says about markets or (8)……….. is that states should regulate their trade and that the federal government regulates (9) ……….. and international trade. Our republic is supposed to promote the general welfare, not easy (10) ……….. for global corporations.

III. ERROR CORRECTION. The following passage contains 10 errors. Identify and correct them

LINE 1

5

10

15 People in Britain today still pay a great deal of attentions to the notion of class. According to recent research by linguists, British people attach much significance to accent and choice of words than anything else, even wealth, when assessing other people social status. However, a new style of English pronunciation has been adopted by people from all levels of society may soon make it impossible to judge somebody according to their speech. The new standard English is known as Estuary English (EE) although it is originated in the area round the River Thames estuary, but is now typical throughout the south-east. A way of speaking is very popular with the young in particular, who are keen to disguise their social origins. The most character feature of EE is a tendency to weaken consonants, particularly l and t sounds, so the word what is heard as wha and will sounds something like wiw. Some vowels are voiced clearly so that the words full, fall and fool sound virtually the same, which can cause ambiguity. EE speech is a controversial subject in England - some people welcom e it as a sign that Britain is moving towards a free-class society, but others consider it a lazy, ignorant way of speaking, and schools have told to encourage their pupils to speak more correctly.

1………………. 2………………. 3………………. 4………………. 5………………. 6………………. 7………………. 8………………. 9………………. 10..…………….

IV. Rewrite the following sentences, using the words given 1. When confronted with his crime the accused was unrepentant. (REMORSE) → The ………………………………………………… crime he had committed. 2. My brother gets a terrible rash every time he eats seafood. (BRINGS) → Eating………………………………………………..a terrible crash. 3. Journalists are expected to work until late at night. (PUT) → Journalists are expected…………………………………………….

4. He had no idea what was going to happen to him when he walked into that room. (STORE) → Little……………………………………………him when he walked into that room. 5 .I was determined to take advantage of the experience. (MISSED) → I would……………………………………………such an experience for all the world. 6. Someone must have seen the thieves escaping with the jewels. (MAKING) → The thieves ……………………………………………with the jewels. 7. In order to discover how the disagreement had started, Mary talked to each child separately. (ONE) → Mary talked to the children ………………………attempt to discover how the disagreement had started. 8. Minnie meant well so you mustn't be offended by her comments. (AMISS) → Please………………………………………………. because she meant well. 9. There are so many different styles of ethnic cuisine to choose from these days. (SPOILT) → These days, we…………………………………………… when it comes to ethnic cuisine. 10. Ray agonized over whether he should tell his host that the chicken was underdone. (QUANDARY) → Discovering that his chicken was underdone…………………………should he tell his host or not.

77 I. WORD CHOICE (5 pts) Choose the best options to complete the following sentences. 1. The man’s choice to run away virtually………… to an admission of guilt.

A. resulted B. came C. amounted D. added 2. Environmental pollution has ………… many species to the verge of extinction.

A. sent B. thrown C. brought D. driven 3. After years of working together, the partners found themselves ………… linked.

A. permanently B. indelibly C. perpetually D. inextricably 4. It was decided that the cost of the project would be ………… and so it was abandoned.

A. repressive B. prohibitive C. restrictive D. exclusive 5. Living by the ocean really …………your…………. Once you’ve lived there, you never want to leave.

A. came in/heart B. get in/heart C. run in/blood D. came in/blood 6. Tamara has set her ………… on becoming a ballet-dancer.

A. feet B. brain C. head D. heart 7. Paul's been in Alice’s bad ………… ever since he offended her at the party.

A. eyes B. books C. likes D. treats 8. Knowing the confidential details gave him a(n)…………over the other candidates.

A. edge B. possibility C. exertion D. fringe 9. He promised me an Oxford dictionary and to my great joy, he _____ his word.

A. stood by B. stuck at C. went back on D. held onto 10. His new play is not only interesting but also unique. It is really off the beaten…………

A. track B. road C. path D. route

II. STRUCTURE AND GRAMMAR (5 pts) Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. 1. John: “Our teacher, Mr. Jones, is not very flexible. He always requires us to submit his assignments on time.” Jack: “………… . He should know that we have to learn many subjects.”

A. I can’t disagree with you more B. I can’t agree with you more

C. That can be true D. I am not with you here 2. The more expensive carpet is a good choice………… it will last longer.

A. by means of B. due to C. in that D. in view of 3. There was no one downstairs; so he turned off the lights again and decided that she' imagined things.

A. must have B. should have C. can’t have D. needn’t have 4. Little Deon: “This herb smells horrible!” Mom my :…………, it will do you a power of good.

A. Be that as it may B. Come what may

C. How much horrible is it D. Whatever it smells 5. ………… I’ve told him not to go out with those people, but he wouldn’t listen. Just let him face the music now.

A. Many a time B. Many the time C. Quite a time D. For a time 6. ………… as taste is really a composite sense made up of both taste and smell.

A. That we refer to B. What we refer to

C. To which we refer D. What do we refer to 7. ………… the water clear but also prevent the river from overflowing.

A. Not only the hippo’s eating habits keep

B. Keep not only the hippo’s eating habits