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Copyright © 2008 Department of Education All rights reserved First Edition 2008 ISBN 81-86627-84-7 Acknowledgement: Financial support from ARTIC(Association For Rengein Tanjouji International Cooperation), Japan has made this publication possible. Published by: Publication Cell Department of Education, Central Tibetan Administration of H.H. The Dalai Lama, Gangchen Kyishong, Dharamshala-176215, Distt. Kangra(H.P.) Printed by: Sherig Parkhang /TCRPC
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Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qÅü ¿UÛ-z-ºhÛ-mÛ-¤ÛºÛ-¼ïhü TïÅ-¾z-q¼-Í-¤-hïÅü ºô-²Û-hï-ºiGÅÞPÅ-¤-GmP-z¼-P-¾-z®ôP-¼ôGÅ-GmP.ü ŸïÅ-ÍÞ-±ßGÅ-¤fº-Bï¾-‚Å-q¼¤f¼-Í-DÞÅü »------h-‚Å-m-BG-q-Ç+¤-qô-Nï-¤ô-GP-¾-‡¤-h;¼-GÅÞ¤-‚ïhü TïÅ-¾z-qÅ-Í-¤-hGº-fG-Vôh-mÅ-ZôÅü 3
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¤Û-¤P-hï-hG-GÛÅü Í-DÞÅ-Mãm-hÝ-P-±ô¼-¼ôGÅ-¼¤-GmP-GÛ-»ôhü h-¼ïÅ-DôP-¾-xG¼ôGÅ-¤-ŸÝÅ-m-G-¾-ºIÛG TïÅ-±P-¤Åü P-±ô-¤Z¤-hÝ-mô¼-zÞ-º±ô¾-z¼-ºIô ºIô ŸïÅ-zÁh-hï-º±P-G-ÁÛG-ÁÛG-PP-Í-DÞÅ-GP-hÝ-ºFÛh-źÛ-xôGÅ-ÅÞ-zBôhü Ç+zÅ-hï¼Í-DÞÅ-Åï¤Å-F¾-Vï-¤hôG-PP-Å-Lôh-»ôh-ż-FÛhü 9
Å-V-hï¼-ÇÀïzÅ-XïÅ-Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qÅü PºÛ-mô¼-zÞ-hï-hï-ÇSôm-fP-Vïm-qô-ºhÛºÛ-ºôG-bà-Ç~ÅmÅ-zŸG-»ôhü ºôm-ˆP-h-¿e-Ç~Å-Å-GP-hÝ-»ôh-¤ïh-Áôh-Mã-¤Û-ºhÝG hï¼-zdïm-ÅP-ZÛmEïh-±ô-±P-¤Å-ºWô¼-zÞ-ºEï¼-»ôP-mÅ-Å-Lôh-ºhÛºÛ-ºGô-mÅ-¤WâG-z¼-ÇSôG-Çeï-GP-hÝ»ôh-º±ô¾-¼ôGÅ-GmP-hP.ü ŸïÅ-zÁh-hï-¾ôG-ÅôP-Pô.ü ü 10
ÅP-ZÛm-hï¼-±P-¤Å-ºWô¼-zÞ-¼ï-Eï¼-mÅ-»ôP-Ç+zÅü Í-DÞÅ-fP-Vïm-hïºÛ-Çoï-GTÛG-¾¤²âz-¤ô-z®ßGÅ-bïü ºhÛ-mÅ-¤Þ-‚Å-bï-ÇSôG-¼ôGÅ-GmP-hP.ü ŸïÅ-zÁhü ¤Û-¤P-±ôÅÈà¼-fG-ºzh-fG-GÛ-ÇKô-mÅ-ZÛm-GP-zÇSôGÅ-XïÅ-±P-¤Å-±ôÅ-GŸÛ-»G-¾-ljÛP-Xï-zºÛlô-Ço-±ôGÅ-Eï¼-»ôP-mÅ-Í-DÞ¼-zÇem-bïü 11
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Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qÅü fÞGÅ-Xï-Vïü n¤-q-±ô-¾-Ç+Ý-P¾-Vïm-qô-z¸ôÅ-ÅôP.ü h-w¾-Vï¼-fPºhÛºÛ-ÇeïP-Vß-zbP-m-¤-GbôGÅ-PºÛ-mô¼-zÞ-hï-½‰ïh-q-¤Û-ºhÝG mô¼-zÞ-hï-VßÅ-ºhïh-»ôP¤hôG-D-qô-¼ïhü TïÅ-zÁh-mÅ-zÇÀôGÅ-±¼-zºÛ-Å-Lôh-hï¼-Vß-±ôÅ-fG-Vôh-TÛG-zbP.ü ºôm-ˆP-mô¼-zÞ-hï-h-hÝP-½‰ïh-Mã-¤ïh-qÅ-¤Û-±P-¤-fP-Vhü 13
Ç+zÅ-hï¼-¤Û-¤P-±ôÅü Í-DÞ-Çeôm-q-¾GÅü h-mÛ-mô¼-zÞ-½‰ïh-Mã-vôÅ-ƒ¾-¼ïh-ºhÝG TïÅ-zÁh-q¼-Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qÅü GP-»P-‚ïh-ˆÛ-¤-¼ïhü G¾-bï-hï¼-ºƒâ-¼ÛGÅ-zÁôÅ-q»Ûm-m-ºƒâ-»P-mô¼-zÞºÛ-¼ÛGÅ-ÁÛG-»Ûm-qÅü Çeôm-¤WâG-¾-ºƒâ-¼ÛGÅ-¤Z¤-hÝ-G»Þ¾DºÛ-mP-mÅ-½‰ïh-ˆÛ-¼ïhü TïÅ-zÁhü 14
Í-DÞÅ-¾¤-Çeôm-‚Å-q-¿e¼-zbz-qºÛ-Å-ŸÛP-M-Vïm-qô-hï¼-¾ô-¾ïGÅ-‚ãP-z-¤-¸hü G»Þ¾-¾Å-zbP-XïÅ-ºƒâ-¼ÛGÅ-¤P-qô-fôm-Ç+zÅ-GŸÛ-mÅ-hGº-±ô¼-Vïm-qôÅ-¤P±ôGÅ-±ô-hï¼-Ç+h-zbP-Çeïü IôP-¤Û-n¤-q-±ô-h-ºIÛG-ÅôP.ü h-mÛ-Eïh-±ôºÛ-z;º-iÛm¾Å-PºÛ-mô¼-zÞ-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-½‰ïh-‚ãP.ü ŸïÅ-¾zü 15
Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qÅü G¸ÛGÅ-hP.ü ºƒâ-¼ÛGÅ-ºhÛ-hG-mÛ-±P-¤ºÛ-‚Å-XïÅ-»Ûm-q-hP.ü ±P¤ºÛ-mô¼-zÞºP-»Ûm-qÅ-wm-fôGÅ-Vïm-qô-»ôP-PïÅ-¼ïhü PÅ-º±ô¾-MãºÛ-mô¼-zÞ-hï-mÛ-ºƒâ¼ÛGÅ-hô-qô-ºhÛ-±ô-»Ûmü ŸïÅ-Áôh-zŸÛm-hÝ-ºƒâ-¼ÛGÅ-n¤Å-IôP-¤Û-±ô¼-zGô-zÁº-zMzqÅ-IôP-¤Û-±P-¤-hGº-fG-Vôh-q-¼ïhüü üü 16
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fôm-IôP-±ôºÛ-ºGô-hqôm-PG-hzP-¸ï¼-z-hï-mÛ-Mã-Q¤-ÁÛm-bà-Vï-zºÛ-¤Û-ŸÛG-»Ûmü Dô-qżP-ZÛh-¾-Mã-mô¼-»ôP-Vïh-Gbô-zTôÅ-‚ïh-DÞ¾-‚Å-bïü Zï-ºDô¼-HÛ-hzÞ¾-wôPÅ-±ô¼¤Gô-Ç+ô¼-GbôP-GÛ-»ôh-q-Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qÅ-ÁïÅ-XïÅü ¾¤-ÅïP-¼P-GÛ-¾G-bà-fÛG-ÁÛP-hPÁï¾-ÇKô-ŸÛG-Eï¼-mÅ-ºGô-hqôm-PG-hzP-GÛ-M¾-ÇKôºÛ-ºI¤-hÝ-ÅôP.ü 18
Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qÅ-PG-hzP-GÛ-M¾-ÇKôºÛ-¤hÝm-hï¼-lô-G»¤-Iâ-zŸÛ-ŸÛG-»ôh-q-hïºÛ-ºI¤-hÝzÇkh-mÅü lô-G»¤-Vïm-qô-hï¼-fÛG-ÁÛP-hïÅ-±h-MG-q-hP-ü Áï¾-ÇKô¼-z®ßGÅ-mÅ-¿e®¤-¿e-®¤-‚Å-bïü GP-¿e¼-¼Ûm-fP-Vï-zºÛ-mô¼-zÞ-ŸÛG-½‰ïh-q-¿e¼-‚Åü 19
hï-¿e¼-Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qÅ-fÛG-ÁÛP-Eï¼-mÅ-lô-G»¤-Vïm-qô-hï¼-±h-ºW¾-z-hP-n-TôG-¢¼mÅ-Zm-q-ÅôGÅ-‚ïh-Ç+zÅü DP-qºÛ-fôG-D¼-zÇkh-»ôh-qºÛ-PG-hzP-GÛÅ-¼ï-¼ï-zŸÛmz¿eÅ-mÅ-zÇkhü Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qºÛ-‚ïh-ÇePÅ-hï-hG-¤fôP-XïÅü ¼P-GÛ-M¾-ÇKôºÛ-¤hÝm-hÝ»ôh-qºÛ-lô-G»¤-hï-mÛ-¯-Vïm-ŸÛG-»Ûm-PïÅ-¼ïh-lj¤ü 20
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hïºÛ-XïÅ-Í-DÞÅ-Ç+h-ÁÝGÅ-VßP-VßP-GÛ-ÇKô-mÅü Ç+Ý-Pô-Eïh-ˆÛÅ-lô-G»¤-ºhÛ-P-¾-ÇtäűôP-GmP-m-Íï-ºIÛG PÅ-xG-hPÞ¾-Ç+Ý-HôP-¤ïh-q-ºzÞ¾-VôG TïÅ-zÁh-q¼-PG-hzPGÛÅü ÈÛmü lô-G»¤-Vïm-qô-ºhÛ-mÛ-PºÛ-EÛ¤-Mãh-ˆÛ-¼Ûm-Vïm-mô¼-zÞ-ŸÛG-hP-ºi-z-»ÛmqÅ-¼P-hG¼-z®ôPÅ-m-G-¾-ºIÛGÅü ŸïÅ-zÁhü 22
Ç+zÅ-hï¼-Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qÅ-wPÅ-ÇoP-Vïm-qô-‚ãP-DÞ¾-‚Å-ÁÛP.ü hqï-zÅGÅ-ÅôP.ü GŸmHÛ-lô-G»¤-hï¼-‡¤-h;¼-ZÛÅ-zM-hGôÅ-¸ï¼-HÛ-ºhÝG ºôm-ˆP-ÇtäÅ-;-ºhÛ-¾Å-Ÿm-qºhÝG TïÅ-VÛG-¾z-zMzü PG-hzP-GÛÅ-‡¤-h;¼-ZÛÅ-zM-¸ï¼-z-fôÅ-XïÅ-hGº-fGVôh-mÅ-Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qºÛ-XïÅ-ÅÞ-MãGÅü 23
PG-hzP-GÛÅü Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qü P-±ôºÛ-EÛ¤-hÝ-IôÅ-¤ô¾-‚ïh-q¼-ºIô ŸïÅ-zÁh-mÅ-¼PEÛ¤-hÝ-FÛh-mÅ-ZÛm-GÅÞ¤-¼ÛP-Í-DÞ-Çeôm-q¼-Çoï-¾ïm-G¸z-MÅ-‚Åü ºôm-ˆP-Dô-qÅ-lôG»¤-Vïm-qôºÛ-Ç+ô¼-JÀïP-Ç+zÅü Í-DÞÅ-Gh-¤ô-zGh-mÅ-Çkôh-q-¾Å-GP-»P-¤Û-Áôh-qhP-lô-G»¤-Zô-MãºÛ-Ç+ô¼-Gbm-mÅ-JÀïP-GÛ-¤ïhü 24
ZÛm-zŸÛ-qºÛ-ÇS-iô¼-Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qÅ-PG-hzP-GÛ-EÛ¤-mÅ-fôm-bï-¾ôG-ºIô-Ç+zÅ-PG-hzPPô-¤Å-Í-DÞ-Çeôm-q-Bï¾-z¼-»ôP.ü PG-hzP-GÛÅ-Í-DÞ-Çeôm-q¼-¾¤-z¼-ºIô-Iôm-GbôP‚ïh-¾G-Çoï-‡¤-h;¼-zTß-vh-hïü ¼ÛP-¤Ûm-‡¤-h;¼-ZÛÅ-zMº¤ü »P-m-hï-¾Å-¤P-zŸÛG-»ôP-PïÅ-¼ïh-lj¤-mÅ-hGº-±ô¼-Vïm-qô-‚Åü 25
Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qÅ-GP-®¤-ÅôP-mÅ-¾ÞP-DÞG-TÛG-¾-ÇÀïzÅ-XïÅü D-±ß¼-zÇ+ô¼-mÅ-Ç+hÁÝGÅ-Vïm-qôÅü ºGô-hqôm-¾GÅü Eïh-ˆÛÅ-Dô-zô¼-Çoï-¾ïm-G¸z-MÅ-GmP-‚ãP-z¼fÞGÅ-Xï-Vï-ŸÝ-Mã-»Ûmü Eïh-ˆÛ-ÇKô-ºI¤-hÝ-»ôh-qºÛ-lô-G»¤-hï-GÁGÅ-q-»Ûm-m-DP-qºÛ¯ÛG-Ghm-‚ïh-Mã-»ôP-GÛ-¼ïhü ¤Eïm-ÅôP-P¤ü ŸïÅ-zÁh-hï-ÅôP-ü 26
ºGô-hqôm-PG-hzP-GÛÅ-Í-DÞºÛ-Ç+h-V-hï-Gô-z-hP-ü h-mÛ-ºIÛG-¤-ÅôP-ü ¼P-ZÛh-ÍDÞ-Çeôm-qºÛ-¤Gô-Ç+ô¼-ºôG-bà-±ßh-ºhÝG-lj¤-Çeï-FG-½ÀâP-MÅ-bï-Å-ÇeïP-hÝ-ºHï¾-z-¼ïhü Í-DÞ-Çeôm-q-mÛ-¼P-GÛ-Ç+h-V-hï-zÁh-XïÅ-Gô¤-ÇezÅ-Vïm-qô-ÇtôÅ-mÅ-¾¤-fG-¼ÛP-qôºÛż-xÛm-bôüü üü 27
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Gmº-ÇS-¤ôºÛ-hÝÅ-ÅÞ-ºhôh-Q¤-hP-GhÝG-¯çz-ÁÛm-bà-Vï-zºÛ-Çkï-q-Ÿ¾-¾GÅ-¸ï¼-z-ŸÛG»ôhü »Þ¾-hïºÛ-¤Û-Åï¼-±ôÅ-Dô-q-¤fôP-¤-fG-G»ô¾-mÅ-ºIô-zº¤-Ÿïh-ÇoP-È-TP-Vïmqô-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôhü »Ûm-mºP-Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qÅ-Ÿïh-ÇoP-ÅôGÅ-¤ïh-q¼-Dô-qºÛ-EÛ¤-hÝ-G»ôG-qô‚ïh-q¼-zBôhü 29
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EÛ¤-¤±ïÅ-ˆÛ-Í-¤-hïÅü ‚Å-m-h¥¾-z¼-P-±ôºÛ-w-ºhÅ-qô-hï-ºyh-‚ãP-P¤ü ŸïÅiÛÅ-q¼-Í-DÞÅ-ºyh-‚ãP-z-¤-¸h-DôP-GÛÅ-Çtä-yâG-xã-q-hP-ü GÅï¼-HÛ-n-¾ôP-ÅôGÅMm-GôÅ-±P-¤-zÇ+ݼ-¼ôGÅ-¸ï¼-HÛ-ºhÝG-zÁh-q¼-Í-¤Åü zÇ+ݼ-VôG-ˆP-zB¾¼ôGÅ-‚ïh-¤Dm-ÅÞ-»ôh-h¤-¸ï¼-mÅ-Åï¤Å-F¾-‚Åü 40
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hïºÛ-XïÅ-MãG-q-ŸÛG-Iôh-q¼-GŸÝ-GÛm-¼P-GÛ-D-mÅü P-¤Ûm-Iâ-GÝ-fG-fôG-Dô-¼ïhü TïÅ-Ç+h-Pm-zMz-q-mü Iâ-GÝ-fG-fôG-GÛ-Åï¤Å-mP-ü G»G-GÛ-zhG-qôÅ-Í-DÞ-Çeômq¼-ZïÅ-lÝP-GbôP-GÛ-ºhÝG-zŤÅ-mÅ-ƒï¾-º±ßz-PP-G¼-ÅôP-ºhÛ-ÅôP-¤ïh-q¼-ƒôÅÅôP-zÅü Í-DÞÅ-Á-n¤Å-G»G-GŸm-hï¼-z;¾-mÅ-¼P-EÛ¤-hÝ-¾ôG-Gôü üü 51
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ÅP-ZÛm-ÇS-iô-hï¼-Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qÅ-z®Å-JÀâ-±ÛG-GTÛG-¤-¾ïm-q¼-µâ-ºyâ¾-zÇem-bï-ŸÛP-DVïm-qô-hï-±P-¤-zQÅü ZÛm-hïºÛ-ŸôGÅ-q-M¾-qôºÛ-hGôPÅ-q¼ü hï-¼ÛP-Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qÅz®Å-¤-zQÅ-¤-ÅôP-lj¤-mÅ-G»ôG-qô-±ô¼ü ÇS-iô-Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qÅ-ŸÛP-D-¯-z-mÅ-zQŤ-ÅôP-zÅ-Dô-¾-¿eô-VÅ-zB¾-¤Û-hGôÅ-GÅÞPÅü 59
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Z-¾-zÁh-q-zMz-qü
61
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W-¾-±Ð-zMz-qü
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GÅô¾-W-ŸÝ-Ç+zÅ-ˆP-GZï¼-qÅ-¿e-ŸÛz-h¤-iG-Vïm-qô-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôhü hï-¿e¼-hÝÅ-»ÞmGP-®¤-ÅôP-XïÅü Í-DÞ-Çeôm-q-xÛ¼-fôm-MãºÛ-ºhôh-q-ºGôG-bà-¤ïh-q-ºV¼-z-hP-£GÅü hï-mÅ-f¼-zºÛ-fzÅ-ÁÛG-‚-hGôÅ-lj¤-Çeï-zÇkh-»ôh-q-zŸÛmü ZÛm-GTÛG-xG-¤²ôh-DPhÝ-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-MÅ-º²ô¤Å-ÁÛG-º±ôGÅ-qºÛ-Gô-Ç+zÅ-hï-z¸ÞP-mÅü 77
Í-DÞ-Çeôm-qÅ-ÇSôm-±ßh-mÅ-I-OÛG-‚Å-qºÛ-±Ð-Ç~¼-¤ô-GP-»ôh-q-hï-G-¾ï¼-W-FºÛ-mP-hÝ„ÀâGÅ-bïü I¾-ºGô¼-zŸÝGÅ-q-n¤Å-¾-GÅô¾-W¼-ºEô¤-ºEô¤-¯-z-mÅ-¤-zbP-z¼„ÀâGÅü I¾-hˆÛ¾-hÝ-zŸÝGÅ-q-n¤Å-¾-Bô¤-®¤-‚Å-mÅ-„ÀâGÅü hï-mÅ-I¾-¤WâGbà-zŸÝGÅ-q-n¤Å-¾-Bô¤-Bô¤-¾m-ºGº-zbP-Çeï-„ÀâGÅ-q-¼ïhü 78
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