Hm
V. Rev. Fr. Joy Cheekkapara Forane Vicar, Holy Trinity Church, Thavalam
tcm-cp-¯cpw X§-fpsS kml-N-cy§Ä icn-bmbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-¨m hnip-²n¡v {]Xn-_Ôw H¶pw Csöv sXfn-bn¨ hyàn-bmWv hn. sPÀsa-bn³ Ipko³ F¶ I\y-I. P\\w apX ]cn-Xy-Pn-¡-s¸-«-hÄ. kpJ- t am- l - § - f psS apI- f n- e qsS bm{X sN¿p¶ Cu Xe-ap-dbv¡v ap¶n Hcp shÃphn-fn-bmbn Cu I\yI {]tim-`n-¡p-¶p. Cu ]pkvXIw \n§sf IqSp-X hnip-²n-bn hf-cp-hm³ klm-bn-¡s« F¶v {]mÀ°n¡p-¶p.
^m. tkhyÀ Jm³ h«m-bnÂ
Ip«n-IÄ¡p-thn ^m. tkhyÀJm³ h«m-bn cNn-
hn. sPÀsa-bn³ Hcp ]pXnb \£-{X-am-Wv. k`m kZ-Ên DZ-bw sNbvX \h-Xm-c-Iw. Cu XmcIw BtKm-f-k-`-bpsS ta ]cn-ip-²-amb ]cn-afw ]c-¯n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶p.
¡p¶ \nKq-V-a¶ F¶ ]c-¼-c-bnse Ggm-as¯ ]pkvXI-am-Wn-Xv. ]me-¡mSv cq]-Xmw-K-amWv ^m. tkhyÀJm³ h«mbnÂ. [ym\-Kp-cphpw \sÃmcp hN\{]tLm-j-I-\pamWv A¨³. ""\n§Ä temI-sa§pw t]mbn FÃm krãnI-tfmSpw kphn-tijw {]kw-Kn-¡p-hn³'' (aÀt¡m. 16:5) F¶ tbip-\m-Ysâ Xncp-h-N\w inc-Êm-h-ln¨v ip{iqj sN¿p¶ Hcp ip{iq-j-I-\m-Wv. Cu ]pXp-bp-K-¯n ]pXpX- e - a p- d bv ¡ v hnip- ² n- t bmsS Pohn- ¡ p- h m³ Cu hnip²- c psS Pohn- X - § Ä {]tNm- Z - \ - a m- I - s «- s b¶v Biwkn- ¡ p- ¶ p.
]obqkv H¼-Xm-a³ amÀ]m¸
amdm-\m¯ aoUnb skâÀ km³tPm ShÀ sjmÀ®qÀ tdmUv OPP.KSRTC ]me-¡mSv þ14 t^m¬ 0491þ2504090
Ipko³ IpSpw_w
³knse Spf ªmdp`m K¯v Ø qkv ]«W - w. Cu nX hfÀ¯p arK-§-fm n-sN-¿p¶ Hcp sI ]«-W-¯nsâ ]S b - n-c nm¨p-{ - w Hmtcm I þ ]n{_m pSpw-_hpw p¶p Ahc - psS {][ Kma I v. an¡h md m\ hcp-a pw Fà m I ITn-\m-²zm\ m\ - a - w sNb m À K w p . S cp¶ pw-_- §-f vX - p. B {K pw-Xs¶ B v Pohn-¨p-t]m-¶ ma¯ - nsâ a p. S ]mh-s-¸« p-Ir-jn--bnsämcp sX teÀs¸-« s]¬Ip m g n e m b n c - p¶p I¼ n-«nGÀs¸-«p nf - n- s\b . I¼n-fn-b IÄ A[n-Ihpw v ¯ v . p-m¡n I F-¯n-¨p ¼nfn s\ ]«-W-¯ -sImS- p-¡ -bv¯n n pw . I hml\ m ] Â\-S-bmb n{_m-¡-b - ambn D n AhÀ nse k¼ ]-tbmK - n en\y§Ä -¶À Ip - A-[n-I-s -¨p-t]m-¶p. Spfqk Xn-c-Isf v] am bnse I p¶n³ sN ¶pw B {Kmas¯ «-W-¯nsâ ]m] -amcp-hn-epÅ {Kkn-¨n-à tXmdpw H . ]n{_m-¡ CS-h-I-] cp-an-¨p-tN -Ån-bn À¶v ssZ \ndª H AhÀ B hs¯ B cp {Kmaa gvN - m-bn-cp¶ cm[ - n-¨p. am p AXv. Xr`- -àn-b nÂ
3
GI-tZiw Ccp-¶qdv IpSpw-_-§-fpÅ Hcp {Kma-amWv ]n{_m-Iv. Cu {Kma-¯nse Aev]w Xe-sbSp¸pÅ IpSpw-_amWv Ipko³ IpSpw-_w. temd³dv Bbn-cp¶p Cu IpSpw-_¯nsâ \mY³. ]e HutZym-KnI _lp-a-Xn-Ifpw hln-¨n-«pÅ At±lw 1572  aPn-t{k-«m-bpw, 1573 tab-dmbpw sXc-sª-Sp¡-s¸-«p. Cu {Kma-¯n GI-tZiw \mev]Xv G¡-tdmfw `qan Cu IpSpw-_-¯n-\p-m-bn-cp-¶p. temdânsâ BZy`mcy-sb-¸än IqSp-X- Adn-hp-IÄ \ap¡v e`y-a-Ã. F¦nepw AhÄ kpIrXbpw ssZh-`-àn-bpapÅ Hcp kv{Xobm-bn-cp-¶p F¶p-thWw A\p-am-\n-¡m³. B A½-bpsS {]mÀ°-\m- ssN-X-\yhpw hnip²nbpw DZ-c-¯n-em-bn-cp¶ Ipªn-te¡pw ]IÀ¶p. 1579 Cu Ipko³ IpSpw-_-¯n Hcp s]¬Ipªv P\n-¨p. amXm-]n-Xm¡Ä Ipªn\v sPÀsa-bn³ F¶ t]cp \ÂIn. Ipªns\ amtdm-Sv tNÀ¯p]n-Sn¨v Xsâ lrZ-b-¯nsâ hnip-²nbpw ssZh `ànbpw ape-¸m-en-t\m-sSm¸w A½ sPÀsa-bn\v ]IÀ¶p \ÂIn. F¶m A[n-I-\mÄ Ignbpw ap¼v Ahsf A\m-Y-bm¡nb - n«v B \à A½ IÀ¯mh - nsâ k¶n[ - nb - nt-e¡v bm{Xb - mb - n. ]n¶oSv Ahsf temd³dv Ipkosâ Hcp ktlm-Z-cn-bmWv hfÀ¯n-b-Xv.
IZ-\-I-Y-bpsS XpS¡w GXm\pw \mfp-IÄ Ign-ª-t¸mÄ temd³dv hopw hnhmlw Ign-¨p. sPÀsa-bn³ Ipko³ IpSpw-_-¯n-te¡v XncnsI h¶p. A¶p apX Ah-fpsS IZ-\-IY Bcw-`n-¨p. sNdp¸w apXte IWT v a-me F¶ tcmKw Ipªns\ _m[n¨ - p. Igp-¯nse {KÙn-Isf _m[n-¡p¶ Cu tcmKw aqew Igp¯v \ocp-h¶v hoÀ¡p-Ibpw s]m«n {hW-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. acWw hsc Cu {hW-§Ä kpJ-s¸-«n-Ã. Cu imco-cnI thZ-\¡v Xo{h-X- Iq-«p-hm-s\-¶-h®w Ah-fpsS he-XpssI ipjv¡n-¨-Xpw `mKo-I-ambn XfÀ¶-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cu tcmKw ImcWw Bbn-cn¡mw AhÄ¡v {]mY-anI hnZym-`ym-kw-t]mepw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-hm³ km[n-¨n-Ã.
4
cm-\-½-bpsS IognÂ
Ahf - psS cm\ - ½ - ITn\lrZb - b - mb ~ Hcp kv{Xobmb - nc - p¶ - p. Cu kv{XobpsS {Iqc-amb ]oV-\§Ä¡v sPÀsa-bn³ Cc-bm-bn¯oÀ¶p. \nÊmc Imcy-§Ä¡p-t]mepw AhÄ sPÀsa-bns\ {Iqc-ambn aÀ±n-¨n-cp-¶p. ASn-aqew ]e-t¸mgpw t_m[-c-ln-X-bmbn hoWn-«p-ap-v. Nne kµÀ`-§-fn shdp-¸n-\m t{]cn-X-bmbn cm-\½ sPÀsa-bnsâ taen- Xnf-¨-shÅw Hgn-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p. Hcn-¡Ât]mepw~ Hcp \à Blmcw AhÄ Ign-¨n-«n-Ã. F¶pw Ipd¨v sdm«n-I-jvW-§Ä am{Xw. hfÀ¯p-\mbv Ign¨v _m¡nsh¨ `£Ww t]mepw Ign¨v Nne Znh-k-§-fn AhÄ Pohn-¨p. F¦nepw AhÄ¡v H¶n\pw ]cm-Xn-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. IWvT-ame tcmKw Xsâ Ip«n¡v ]I-cp-sa¶v Nn´n-¨-Xn-\memImw cm\ - ½ Ahsf BSpI - s - fbpw tImgnI - s - fbpw ]mÀ¸n¨ncp¶ ]pd-¯pÅ Hcp sI«n-S-¯nsâ tKmh-Wn¡v Xmsg-bmWv cm{Xn Dd-§m³ Øew sImSp-¯-Xv. AXnsâ apIÄ\ne [m\y¸p-c-bmbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶p. DW-¡-ap-´n-cn¡¼pIÄsImpw DW-§nb Ce-I-ÄsImpw AhÄ Xs¶bpm-¡nb InS-¡-bnemWv cm{Xn hn{i-aw. H¯n-cn-tbsd GIm-´X AhÄ¡v A\p-`hn-t¡nh¶p. BSp-am-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw IpXn-c-I-fp-sSbpw hnkÀ Öy h-kvXp-¡-fpsS ZpÀK-Ôhpw sImXp-Ip-I-fpsS _mlp-eyhpw Ah-fpsS Dd-¡s¯ XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-¯n. XWp-¸n \n¶v c£-t\Sm³ IpXn-cm-e-b-¯n\v hmXn-ep-IÄ t]mepw C-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. At\Iw I¼nfn amUw Ipko-\p-thn AhÄ s\bvXp-sh-¦nepw AXn-sem¶pt]mepw XWp-¸n \n¶v c£t\-Sm³ AhÄ¡v e`n-¨n-Ã. Iodn-¸-dn-ª-Xm-bn-cp¶p AhfpsS hkv{X-§Ä. Io-dn-b-`m-K¯v ]gb XpWn¡-jvW-§Ä Xp¶n-t¨À¯v AhÄ icocw ad-¨p. FÃm-hcpw XWp-¸n \n¶v c£t\-Sm³ I¿p-d-Ifpw tkmIvkpw jqkpw [cn-¡p-t¼mÄ AhÄ¡v CsXm¶pw Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. \á-]m-Z-pIbmbn AhÄ Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h³ I-gn-¨pIq«-n. Cu XWp-¸nepw hni-¸nepw Ign-bp-t¼mgpw AhÄ {]mÀ°n-¨p. cm{Xn-bn Iptd-t\cw tbip-hp-ambn AhÄ lrZ- b - k w- ` m- j - W - ¯ n GÀs¸«p. 5
6
CS-b-I-\yI
Gähpw kt´m-j-I-c-amb kabw
cm-\½ D¨-`-£-W-¯n-\mbn sImSp-¡p¶ GXm\pw sdm«n-I-jvW-§-fp-ambn sPÀsa-bn³ BSp-ta-bv¡p-hm-\mbn t]mIpw. Nne-t¸mÄ sN¶m-bv¡-fpÅ h\-`m-K-t¯¡v cm-\½ Ahsf Ab-bv¡pw. sN¶mbv B{I-an¨p sIm¶mepw Ipg-¸anÃmsb¶v AhÄ Nn´n-¨n-cn-¡mw. BSp-Isf tabv¡p-¶Xn\nSbn I¼n-fn-\q Dm-¡p-hm\pw Ahsf Gev¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. \qensâ Af-hp-Ipdªm aÀ±\w Dd-¸m-bn-cp-¶p. cm-\-½bn ]nd¶ Ipªp-k-tlm-Z-c-§-fp-am-bn kwkm-cn-¡p-hm-t\m, Ifn-¡p-hmt\m AhÄ¡v A\p-hm-Z-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. {Kma-¯nse ]ecpw Ah-tfmSv Ah-Úbpw ]pÑhpw ]peÀ¯n-t¸m-¶p. F¶m {Kma-¯nse ]mh-s¸« Ip«n-IÄ A§-s\-bm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AhÀ sPÀsabn-t\mSv kvt\lhpw A\p-I-¼bpw ]peÀ¯n-t¸m¶p. Po³, PmIvkv, B³t{Z, ]obÀ F¶n-hÀ Ah-fpsS Dä kplr¯p-¡-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Nne Znh-k-§-fn ChÀ sPÀsa-bnsâ IqsS Ifn-¡p-hm-\mbn hcpw. sPÀsa-bn³ Aev]-k-abw Ah-tcm-SpIqsS Ifn-¡pw. XpSÀ¶v Cu Iq«p-Imsc Hcp-an-¨p-tNÀ¯v P]-am-esNm-Ãpw. IÃp-Ifpw I¼p-Ifpw ]pÃp-Ifpw tNÀ¯v tZhm-ebw \nÀ½n-¡pw. amXm-hnsâ ]Sw AXn sh¨v ]pjv]-§Äs¡m-e-¦-cn-¡pw. NpÅn-¡-¼p-IÄ tNÀ¯v Ipcn-ip-cq-]-ap-m¡n Iq«pIm-tcm-sSm-cp-an¨v Ip¶n³ apI-fn {]-Z-£nWw \S-¯pw.
sdm«nI-jvW-§fpw I¼n-fnbpw X¢n-bp-ambn AhÄ h\-¯nte¡v bm{X-bm-bn. Iptd-t\cw \S¶v \à ]¨-¸pÅ Øe-s¯¯n. \à ]pÃp-IÄ I BSp-IÄ kt´m-j-t¯msS tabm³ XpS-§n. aµ-am-cp-X³ sasà hoim³ XpS-§n. AXnsâ CS-bn IqSn sN¶m-bv¡-fp-sS apc-fep-Ifpw tIÄ¡p-¶p-m-bn-cp-¶p. ae-ap-I-fn \n¡p-t¼mÄ ]n{_mIv tZhm-e-b-¯nse aWn apg-§n. hn. IpÀ_m\-¡pÅ ka-b-am-bn. Ah-fpsS Pohn-X-¯nse Gähpw kt´m-j-I-c-amb A\p-`-h-amWv Znh-khpw Znhy-_-enbn ]s¦-Sp-¡pI F¶p-Å-Xv. Hcp Ipdp-¡p-h-gn-bn-eqsS Hcp tXmSp-I-S-¶m s]s«¶v ]Ån-bn-se-¯mw. Ip«n-I-sf, km[n-¡p¶ FÃm Znh-khpw hnip² IpÀ_m\ - b - n kw_Ô - n¡ - pI - . hnip² - -IpÀ_m\-bn-eqsS Hmtcm Znh-khpw Bcw-`n-¡p-I. _m¡n-sbÃmw ip`-am-Ipw.
7
8
AhÄ CS-b-hSn I¿n-se-Sp-¯p. AXv \ne¯v Ip¯n-\nÀ¯n. BSp-Isf AXn-\pNpäpw sImp-h¶p \nÀ¯n. F¶n«v BSpI-tfmSv ]dªp: Rm³ hcp-¶-Xp-hsc Cu hSn¡v Npäpw am{Xta tabm-hq. AXn-\ptijw AhÄ thKw ]Ån-bn-te¡v bm{Xb - mb - n. Acph - nb - nse IÃpI - Ä Nhn«-n¡-S¶v ]Ån-bn-se-¯n. `àn-]qÀÆw sN¶m-bv¡n-S-bn-eqsS IpÀ_m-\-bn ]s¦-Sp-¯p. A\p-hm-Z-apÅ ~ Hcp Znhkw temd³dv Ahsf hnfn-¨n«v ]dªp: Znh-k-§-fn AhÄ `àn-tbmsS Znhy-Imkpt¡m¬ h\-¯n BSp-Isf sImp-t]m-I-cp-Xv. Imc-Ww, cpWyw kzoI-cn-¨p. IpÀ_m-\-¡p-tijw AhnsS sN¶m-bv¡Ä Dv. ]ntä Znhkw cmhnse amUw thK-¯n BSp-I-fpsS ASp-t¯¡v XncnIpko³ Ipd¨v sdm«nbpw \q¡m- \ pÅ I¼n- f n- b p- a mbn s¨-¯n. AÛpXw BSp-IÄ B hSn-¡psPÀsabnsâ ASp-s¯-¯n. B kv{Xo Bt{Im-in¨p : BSp-IÄ Npäpw \n¶v tabp-¶p. FÃmw £oWn-¨mWncn-¡p-¶-Xv, AXn-\m cmhnse Xs¶ kzÀ¤-kw-KoXw kpt¡m¬ h\-¯n-te¡v t]mhp-I, AhnsS [mcmfw ]pÃp-v. ~ Hcn-¡Â cv {Kmao-WÀ sPÀsasN¶m-bv¡-fpÅ Øe-am-Wv. BSp-Isf {i²m-]qÀÆw t\m¡nbnsâ hoSn-\-cn-In-eqsS \S-¶p-t]m-hp-I-bms¡m-Å-Ww. Hsc-®-sa-¦nepw \ã-s¸-«m Rm³ \ns¶ icn-bmbnc - p¶ - p. Aev]Z-qcw \S¶ - t-¸mÄ AhÀ Hcp ¡pw. AhÄ sR«n-t¸m-bn. C¶se Xsâ ]nXmhv t]mI-cp-sX¶v kzÀKobkwKoXw tI«p. AXnsâ Dd-hnSw ]d-ªn-S¯v amUw- Ip-ko³ t]mIm³ ]d-bp-¶p. F¦nepw AhÄ bm{X¡v X¿m-dm-bn.
At\z-jn¨v \o§nb ChÀ sPÀsa-bn³ InS¶ sXmgp-¯nsâ ASp-s¯-¯n. AhÀ DÅn-te¡v t\m¡n. AXm sPÀsa-bn³ tImgnbpw BSp-Ifpw hn{i-an-¡p-¶-Xnsâ ASp¯v ap´n-cn-¡-¼pIÄ¡p-ap-I-fn ap«n-t·Â \n¶v {]mÀ°n¡p-¶p. Ah-fpsS {]mÀ°\ Hcp lmÀtamWn-b-¯n \n¶p hcp¶ Km\w-t]mse þ Hcp kzÀKob kwKo-Xwt]mse ssZh- ¯ n- ¦ - t e¡v DbÀ¶psImt- b n- c p- ¶ p. AhÀ ]dªp : t\m¡q, sPÀsabn³ F{X kpµ-cn-bm-bn-cn¡p-¶p. Ah-fpsS Igp-¯nse £X-§tfm sshcq-]ytam Ct¸mÄ ImWm-\n-Ã. Ah-fpsS inc-Ên-\p-Np-änepw Hcp {]`m-h-e-bhpw AhÀ {i²n-¨p. F¶m Ch-cpsS km¶n-²y-sam¶pw AhÄ Adn-ªn-Ã. AhÄ Znhym-\p-`-h-¯n-em-Wv. AhÀ hmXnÂXp-d¶v sPÀsa-bnsâ ASp-¡-te¡v sNÃm-³ {ian-¨p. s]s«¶v kzÀ¤ob kwKoXw ià-am-bn. AXnsâ Kmw`o-cyX Ahsc `b-s¸-Sp-¯n. AhÀ ]n´n-cnªv bm{X-bm-bn.
Acphn cmbn ]nf-cp-¶p Hcp aªp-Im-ew, sPÀsa-bn³ BSp-Isf tabv¡p-I-bm-Wv. ]Ån-bn hn. IpÀ_m-\-¡pÅ aWn-b-Sn-¨p. AhÄ Acp-hn-bnte¡v t\m¡n. aªp-cpIn Acphn \nd-sªm-gp-Ip-¶p. AhÄ hSn \ne¯v Ip¯n-\nÀ¯n. ]Xn-hp-t]mse BSp-Isf hSn-¡p-Np-äpw tabp-hm³ hn«p. ]Ån-bn-te¡v t]mIp-hm³ XnSp¡wIq«n. F¶m Iq«p-Im-cnbmb Fän-tb³ XS-ªp-\nÀ¯n-bn«p ]dªp : Acp-hn-bn ià-amb Hgp¡p-v. tN¨n shÅ-¯n Cd§-cp-Xv. F¶m IpÀ_m-\-bn kw_-Ôn-¡Ww F¶ Nn´-bÃm-sX asäm¶pw AhÄ¡pm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AhÄ apt¶m«p \S¶ps - N¶v Acph - nb - nt-e¡v Ahf - psS Im FSp¯ - ps - h¨ \nanjw Pew cmbn ]Ip-¯p. Im \\-bmsX AhÄ A¡-sc-sb¯n hn. IpÀ_m-\-bn kw_-Ôn-¨p. IpÀ_m-\-bv¡p-tijw Aev] kabw amXm-hnsâ cq]-¯n\v Acn-In-en-cp¶v {]mÀ°n-¨p. Cu AÛpXw I Fän-tb³ HmSn Ipko³ `h-\-¯n-se-¯n. IpÀs_ Acp-hn-bn kw`-hn¨ Imcy-§Ä amUw Ipkos\ Adnbn-¨p. AhÄ ]dªp sPÀsa-bn³ Hcp hnip-²-bm-Wv. AhÄ¡v
9
AÛp-X-kn-²n-bp-v. F¶m C¡m-cy-§Ä tI«-t¸mÄ amUw Ipkosâ tcmjw Bfn-¡-¯n. sshIp-t¶cw BSp-I-fp-ambn ho«n-se-¯n-b-t¸mÄ amUw- Ip-ko³ sPÀsa-bn-t\mSv X«n-¡-b-dn. BSp-Isf hn«v ]Ån-bn t]mb-Xn\v hg-¡p-]-d-bp-Ibpw ASn-¡pIbpw sNbvXp. F¦nepw AhÄ AsXÃmw ]cm-Xn-Iq-SmsX kln-¨p. cm-\-½bv¡v thn {]mÀ°n-¨p.
]pjv]-§Ä s]mgn¨ sPÀsa-bn³ Hcn¡ -  sPÀsab - nsâ PohnX - ¯ - n Hcp AÛpXw kw`h - n¨ - p. Hcp aªp-Imew þ amUw Ipko³ ]cm-Xn-bp-ambn apt¶m-«p-h-¶p. sPÀsa-bn³ ho«n \n¶v sdm«n-I-jvW-§Ä tamãn¨v `£n¡p-I-bpw, tdmUn ImWp¶ sXn-IÄs¡Ãmw `£Ww hnXcWw sN¿p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-sh-¶mWv ]cm-Xn.- amUw Ipko³ Hcp henb hSn-bp-ambn sPÀsabns\ s]cp-h-gn-bn-eqsS HmSn-¡pI-bm-Wv. AhÄ Ic-ªp-sImv HmSp-¶p. H¨-tI«v ]cn-k-c-hm-knIÄ HmSn-¡q-Sn. sPÀsabn³ tamãn-¡p-Itbm? AhÀ¡v AXv hniz-kn-¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶n-Ã. amUw Ipko³ Ae-dn-hn-fn-¨p. Xpd-s¡So \nsâ G{]¬. \o IÅnbmsW¶v FÃm-hcpw a\-Ênem-¡-s«. \o Is«-Sp¯ sdm«n Ahsc ImWn-¡p-I. ]cn-k-c-hmkn-I-fnepw Iq«p-Im-cnepw Nne A¦-em¸v. C\n ChÄ IÅnbmtWm? ChÄ tamãn-¨n-cn-¡ptam? C§s\ Nn´n-¨p-sIm-n-cn¡p¶ Ah-k-c-¯n AhÄ G{]¬ Xpd-¶p. Ah-scÃmw A´w-hn«v \n¶p-t]m-bn. AXm sPÀan-bsâ G{]¬\v DÅn kpc-`ne ]cn-afw ]c-¯p¶ ]\n-\oÀ]q-¡Ä. kzÀ¤-]p-jv]§Ät]mse B {]tZ-i-amsI AXv ]cn-afw ]c-¯n. Bfp-IÄ FÃmw ap«n-t·Â \n¶v s\än-bn Ipcn-ip-h-c¨v ssZh-¯n\v alXzw \ÂIn. AhÀ ]c-kv]cw ]dªp sPÀsabn³ hnip-²bm-Wv. amUw Ipko³ eÖn-X-bmbn Xe-Xm-gv¯n. F¦nepw sPÀsa-bn-t\mSv £am-]Ww \S-¯m-s\m¶pw AhÄ X¿m-dmbn-Ã. BSp-Isf \¶mbn t\m¡Ww F¶v ]Xnª kzc-¯n ]d-ª-Xn-\p-tijw `h-\-¯n-te¡v Xncns - It-]m¶ - p. P\§ - Ä Ahc - psS hoSpI - f - nt-e¡v Xncns - It-]m¶ - p. Ip«n-I-sf, Bcp-sSbpw Hcp hkvXp-¡fpw \n§Ä tamãn-¡cp-Xv. AXv IÀ¯m-hnsâ Iev]-\-bm-Wv.
10
]q¡-fpsS AÛpXw Hcn-¡Â {]mÀ°n-¨p-sIm-n-cp¶ Ah-k-c-¯n AhÄ Hcp ssZh-kzcw {ihn-¡m-\n-S-bm-bn. AXn-{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp¶p ""\msf Cutim \ns¶ kµÀin-¡pw''. AhÄ B\-µw-sImv aXn-a-d-¶p. tbip-\m-Y³ Xs¶ kµÀin-¡p-Itbm? AhÄ¡v hniz-kn-¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶nÃ. A¶p cm{Xn Gsd kabw {]mÀ°\-bn sNe-h-gn-¨p. Znhy-amb Hcp {]mÀ°-\m-\p-`-h-¯n-te¡v AhÄ IS-¶p-h-¶p. \mYs\ FXn-tc¡p-hm³ A¶p-cm{Xn AhÄ lrZ-bs¯ Hcp-¡n. ]m]-§-sftbmÀ¯v a\x-kvX-]n-¨p. Xsâ sNdnb sXäp-IÄ t]mepw ssZh-t¯mSv AhÄ Gäp-]-dªp. ssZhw kµÀin-¡p¶ Ah-k-c-¯n ssZ-h-¯n\v F´psIm-Sp¡pw? ssIhiw H¶pw-X-s¶-bn-Ã. AhÄ t\m¡n-b-t¸mÄ AXm Ae-am-c-bn cm-\½ Ipd¨v ]pXnb sdm«n-I-jvW-§Ä Dm-¡n-sh-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. AhÄ AXn cs-®-sa-Sp-¯p. CXv cm-\½ Ip. AhÀ hSn-bp-ambn HmSn-sb-¯n. sdm«n s]mXnªp kq£n¨ Ah-fpsS DSp¸v hen-¨p-Xm-gv¯n. At¸mgXm sdm«nI - j - vW§ - f - psS Øm\¯v Iptd ]pjv]§ - Ä. A§s\ cmw {]mh-iyhpw cm-\-½-bpsS I¿n \n¶v ssZhw Ahsf c£n- ¨ p.
sN¶mbv ap«p-Ip-¯p¶p Hcn-¡Â sPÀsa-bn³ Ip¶n³ sNcp-hn BSpIsf tabv¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. BSp-Isf Xsâ CS-b-hSn \m«n-\ndp¯n AXn-\p-Npäpw tabphm³ hn«p. AXn-\p-tijw AhÄ \q \q¡p-hm³ XpS-§n. Cu k-abw Hcp bmN-I³ B hgn hcp- h m³ CS- b m- b n. AhÄ t\m¡n. Iodn-¸ - -dnª hkv{Xw, XWp-¸n jqkv CSmsX sFkpI-«-IÄ¡v apI-fn-eqsS AbmÄ \S¶p hcn-I-bm-Wv. sPÀsa-bnt\mSv AbmÄ `£Ww tNmZn-¨p. cm-\½ sImSp-¯p-hn« sdm«nI - jvW§ - fpw shÅhpw AhÄ 11
AbmÄ¡v k½m-\n-¨p. sdm«n Ign-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXn-`oI-c-amb Hcp ImgvN Ip. Ipsd sN¶m-bv¡Ä HmSn-h-cp-¶p. AbmÄ `b-hn-lp-e-\m-bn. sPÀsa-bn³ Abmsf ss[cy-s¸-Sp¯n. AhÄ Xsâ CS-b-hSn Hcn-¡ÂIqSn I¿n-se-Sp¯p. kzÀ¤-¯n-te¡p-t\m¡n Hcp-\n-anjw {]À°n-¨p. AXn-\p-tijw hSn Bªp \ne-¯p-Ip-¯n. a-\-Êp-sImv hSn-¡p-Npäpw Hcp hr¯w hc-¨p. F-¶n«v sN¶m-bv¡-tfmSv AhÄ Iev]n-¨p. Cu he-b-¯n-\p-Ån Ib-d-cp-Xv. sN¶m-bv¡Ä AXv A\p-k-cn-¨p. Xo ]mdp¶ I®p-Ifp-ambn Ah Iptd-t\cw BSp-Isf t\m¡n. Ah-fpsS I®p-Ifn \n¶pw Hcp ssZhnI iàn sN¶m-bv¡-fn-te¡v {]h-ln-¨p. Ah X£Ww ap«p-a-S-¡n. bmNI - ³ Ahsf XmWph - W - § - n. Ahf - psS ssZh¯ - n\v AbmÄ \µn ]d-ªp. Iq«p-Im-scÃmw HmSnsb¯n. AhÀ AhnsS Ifn-Ifpw {]mÀ°-\-Ifpw Bcw-`n-¨p. t]mIm³ t\cw B bmN-I³ C{]-Imcw sPÀsa-bn-t\mSv ]dªp ""sPÀsa-bn³ \o Hcp ]pWy-h-Xn-bmWv. \o Hcp hnip-²-bmIpw''.
Hcp kl-\-bm{X sPÀsa-bnsâ Btcm-Ky-ØnXn H«pw sa¨-s¸-«n-Ã. Ah-fpsS Igp-¯nse IWvT-ame tcmKw IqSn-h-¶p. AhÄ¡v bmsXm-cphn[ sshZy-k-lm-bhpw e`n-¨n-Ã. amUw Ipko³ {Iqc-ambn ]oVn¸n-¨psImncp-¶p. ASn-¡pI, ]«n-Wn-¡n-Sp-I, NqSp-shÅw tZls¯m-gn-¡pI Ch-sbms¡ amUw Ipkosâ {Iqc-hn-t\m-Z-§-fn Nne-Xp-am-{Xw. F¦nepw Ch-sbÃmw AhÄ \ni-Ð-ambn kln-¨p. Hcn-¡Ât]mepw amUw -Ip-ko-s\-Xnsc kwkm-cn-¡p-Itbm {]hÀ ¯n-¡p-Itbm sNbvXn-cp-¶n-Ã. sPÀsa-bnsâ lrZbw cm-\-½¡p-thn ssZh-k-¶n-[n-bn hn§n-s¸m-«n. ""Hm Fsâ ssZhta A§v Fsâ Pohn-X-¯n-te¡v sNmcnª kvt\l¯nsâ Hcp Awi-sa-¦nepw Fsâ A½-bn-te¡v ]I-cp-hm³ Fs¶ klm-bnt¡-Wta''. F¶pw AhÄ cm-\-½-¡p-thn {]mÀ°n-¡pw. Xsâ kz´w Bh-iy-§Ä¡p-]-cn-bmbn Ft¸mgpw ssZh-kvt\-l¯n\v AhÄ {]m[m\yw sImSp-¯p. Zmcn-{Zy-¯n\v \Sp-hn hÃt¸mgpw In«p¶ sdm«n IjvW-§Ä CÃm-¯-h-cp-ambn ]¦p-sh-¨p. sImSnb XWp-¸¯v I¼n-fn-bn-ÃmsX ap´n-cn-¡-¼p-IÄ¡v apIfn InS¶v AhÄ Dd-§n. sNcp-¸n-ÃmsX sImSpw XWp-¸¯v AhÄ k©-cn-¨p.
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Nne cm{Xn-I-fn Znhy-amb ssZhm-\p-`hw AhÄ¡v e`n¨p. P]-am-e-bm-bn-cp¶p Cã-s¸« {]mÀ°-\. ]n{_m-¡-bnse ]Ån-bm-bn-cp¶p Ah-fpsS bYmÀ° `h-\w. Ahn-sS-bm-bn-cp¶p AhÄ Bizmkw Is-¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xv.
A´yZn\-§-fn-te¡v Igp-¯nse IWvT-ame tcmKhpw, timjn¨ ssIIfpw Ahsf XoÀ¯pw Ah-i-bm-¡n. t]mj-Im-lm-c-¯nsâ Ipdhv Ah- f psS ico- c s¯ Hcp AØn- I q- S - a m¡n amän. sImSn- b X- W p¸pw, ZpÀKÔw han-¡p¶ IpXn-cm-e-b-¯nse Xma-khpw Ahsf XoÀ¯pw Ah-i-bm¡n Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. t]mcm-¯-Xn\v amUw Ipkosâ {Iqc-amb ]oV-\-hpw, ASn-bp-sSbpw s]mÅ-ensâbpw apdn-hp-IÄ Ah-fpsS ico-c-¯n DW-§msX InS-¶ncp-¶p.
amem-J-am-cpsS Ic-§-fn 1601 Pq¬ amkw. cv k\ym-kn-IÄ Spfq-kn \n¶v bm{XsN-¿p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AhÀ cm{Xn-bn ]«-W-¯nse Hcp tIm«bn hn{i-an-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-¨p. cm{Xn hfsc sshIn Ahn-sSsb-¯n. Ah-cn-sem-cmÄ BIm-i-¯n-te¡v t\m¡n-b-t¸mÄ
BIm-i-¯p-\n¶v `qan-hsc F¯p¶ Hcp {]Imi hoYn Ip. AhÀ kq£n¨p t\m¡n. Aev]w Ign-ª-t¸mÄ Nnd-IpÅ cv {]Im-i-cq-]-§Ä Cu {]Imi hoYn-bn ImW-s¸-«p. kzÀ¤o-bamb Hcp kwKoXw AhnsS apg-§n-s¡m-n-cp-¶p. Aev]w Ign-ª-t¸mÄ Cu ZÀi\w AI-se-bpÅ Hcp ]gb sI«n-S-¯n-\p-Ån Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse tXm¶n. B cv {]Imi cq]-§fpw B sI«n-S-¯n-\p-Ån-te¡v Ib-dn-t]m-Ip-¶Xv AhÀ Ip. Aev]-k-abw Hcp-\n-Ý-em-h-Ø... hopw B sI«nS-¯n\p ]pd¯v B kzÀ¤ob cq]-§Ä ImW-s¸-«p. Ct¸mÄ AXm Ah-tcm-sSm¸w asämcp kv{Xo cq]w IqSn. AhÄ¡v Nnd-IpI-fn-Ã. Nnd-IpÅ Cu amem-J-amÀ D¶-X-§-fn-te¡v kwh-ln-¨psIm-p- t]m-hp-I-bm-Wv. cm{Xn Iptd t\cw Cu ZÀi-\-s¯-¸än kwkm-c n- ¨ p, Nn´n- ¨ p. AhÀ ]mXn ab- ¡ ¯n- t e¡v hgp- X nho- W p. ]ntä¶v {]`m-X-¯n Fgp-t¶äv AhÀ B {Kma-¯nte¡v \S-¶p. Ip«n-Isf, \¶mbn Pohn-¨m ac-W-\m-gn-I-bn tbip \½sf Biz-kn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw, amem-J-amÀ \½psS Bßm-hns\ ssII-fn kwh-ln¨v kzÀ¤-¯n-te¡v sImp-t]m-hp-Ibpw sN¿pw.
sshIn-sb-¯nb kl-Xm]w {]`m-X-¯n ]Xn-hp-t]mse amUw-Ip-ko³ tPmen-IÄ Bcw-`n-¨p. sPÀsabn-\pÅ sdm«nbpw shÅhpw tai-¸p-d-¯p-sh¨p. kabw Ign-ªn«pw sPÀsa-bns\ ImWp-¶n-Ã. amU-¯n\v DXvIWvT tXm¶n. sdm«nbpw shÅ-hp-ambn sXmgp-¯n-\-Sp-t¯¡v \o§n. sXmgp-¯n BSp-IÄ Ic-bp-Ibpw Akz-ØX Im«pIbpw sN¿p-¶p. AhÄ DÅn-te¡v t\m¡n. AXm sPÀsa-bnsâ tNX-\-bä ico-cw. sPÀsa-bn³, amUw- Ip-ko³ Dds¡ hnfn-¨p. D¯-c-an-Ã. Imc-Ww, C¶se cm{Xn-Xs¶ Ah-Ä amem-J-am-cpsS AI-¼-SntbmsS kzÀK-¯n-te¡v bm{X-bmbn Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. s\än-bn Ipcn-ip-h-c-¨p-sImv sPÀsa-bnsâ InS-¡bv¡v kao]w ap«pIp¯n AhÄ hnXp-¼n-¡-c-ªp. Ft¶mSv £an¡q tamtf.. Ft¶mSv £an-¡q... sPÀsa-bn\p thn ]eXpw sN¿m³ AhÄ B{K-ln-¨p. F¶m hfsc sshIn-t¸m-bnsb¶p am{Xw. 13
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]n{_m-¡-bnse ]Ån-bn amUw Ipko³ sXmgp-¯n \n¶v ]pd-¯n-d-§n-b-t¸mÄ AXm apä¯v cv k\ym-kn-IÄ. AhÄ I®p-\oÀ XpS¨psImv AhÀ¡v `£Ww \ÂIn. `£Ww Ign-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-Sbn AhÀ tNmZn¨p: C¶se cm{Xn Cu {Kma-¯n Bsc¦nepw acn-¨pthm? Cu tNmZyw amUw Ipkosâ lrZ-bs¯ Iodn-ap-dn-¨p. AhÄ hn§n-s¸m«n kXy-§Ä k\ym-kn-I-tfmSv ]dª p. AhÀ ]dªp C¶se cm{Xn Hcp {]Imi hoYn-bn IqSn ssZh-Zq-X-·mÀ Ah-fpsS Bßm-hns\ kzÀ¤-¯n-te¡v sImp-t]m-Ip-¶Xv R§Ä Ip. AhÀ ]dªp, B Ipªv hnip- ² - b m- W v . Ignª cm{Xn apgp- h³ {Kma-¯n kzÀ¤ob kwKo- X hpw ]cn- a - f - h p- a p- m- b n- c p- ¶ p. sPÀsa-bnsâ tNX-\-bä icocw AhÀ sXmgp-¯n \n¶v ho«n-te¡v sImp-h-¶p. Ahsf Ipfn-¸n¨v ]pXnb shÅ hkv{X-§Ä [cn-¸n-¨p. sIm¨p-Iq-«p-ImÀ HmSnsb-¯n. AhÀ ]q¡Äs¡m-v Hcp IncoSw Dm¡n Ah-fpsS inc-Ên sh¨p. I¿n Hcp sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-bpw ]nSn-¸n-¨p. {Kma-hm-kn-Ifpw IpSpw_mw-K-§fpw arX-i-co-c-¯n\v Npäpw IqSn P]-am-e-sNmÃn {]mÀ°n-¨p. Ip«n-I-sf, acW hoSp-I-fn \n§Ä t]mI-Ww. ]tc-X-cpsS Bßm-¡Ä¡p-thn {]mÀ°n-¡pIbpw ]pjv]-§Ä AÀ¸n¡pIbpw sN¿Ww. A¶s¯ ]Xn-h-\p-k-cn¨v ]n{_m-¡-bnse sNdnb CS-h-I¸-Ån-bnse {]kw-K-]o-T-¯n-s\-Xnsc Ahsf kwkv¡-cn-¨p. Ahsf AS-¡nb Øe¯v {]tXyI Fgpt¯m AS-bm-f-§tfm H¶p-anÃm-bn-cp-¶p.
kzÀ¤-¯nsâ AwKo-Imcw
Cu CS-b-I-\y-I-bpsS PohnXw Bd-Sn-a-®n Ah-km-\n-¡m\p-Å-X-Ã. Ah-fpsS PohnXw At\-IÀ¡v Bizm-k-¯n\v CS\ÂIp-sa¶v A¶v Bcpw Nn´n-¨n-cp-¶p-an-Ã. GXm\pw hÀj-§Ä IS-¶p-t]m-bn. B {Kmaw Xs¶ sPÀsabns\ ad¶ - pI - g-nª nc - p¶ - p. 1644. sPÀsab - nsâ ~ Hcp _Ôph - mb Fhp-Zm-sesK F¶ kv{Xo acn-¨p. ac-W-¡n-S-¡-bn sh¨v B kv{Xo Xsâ A´ym-`n-emjw Ipko³ IpSpw-_s¯ Adn-bn-¨p. 15
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AXv C{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. Xm³ acn-¡p-t¼mÄ Ipko³ IpSpw-_¯nsâ IÃ-d-bn kwkv¡-cn-¡-Ww. Cu B{K-l-{]-Imcw FhpZm-se-sK-bpsS ac-W-tijw IÃ-d-bpsS GXm\pw IÃp-IÄ \o¡n. At¸mÄ ]Wn-¡mÀ AÛp-X-kvX-_v[-cmbn \n¶p-t]mbn. AhÀ IÃp-IÄ amänb Øe¯v AXm Hcp bph-Xn-bpsS Agp-Im¯ ico-cw. Xe-bn ]q¡Äs¡m-pÅ Inco-Sw. ]pXnb shÅ hkv{X-§Ä. ]q¡-fp-sS kpKÔw t]mepw \ãs¸-«n-cp-¶n-Ã. I¿nse sagp-Ip-Xn-cnbpw AtX-]Snbncn-¡p-¶p. Cu I\yI BcmsW¶v a\-Ên-em-¡m³ ]n{_m¡ CS-h-IImÀ¡v _p²n-ap-«p-m-bn-Ã. \mev]-¯n-aq¶v hÀjw ap¼v acn¨ sPÀsa-bn³ Ipko-\mWXv F¶-hÀ¡v a\-Ên-em-bn. Ah-fpsS ]qPy-i-cocw s]mXp-ZÀi-\-¯n-\mbn tZhm-e-b¯n sh¨p. {Kma-hm-kn-IÄ Hs¶m-gn-bmsX Ahn-sS-h¶v {]mÀ°n-¨p.
]qPy-i-cocw Cu¿-t]-S-I-¯n acnb ¢aâ v F¶ k¼¶ kv{Xo ]n{_m-¡-bn Xma-kn¨n-cp-¶p. AhÀ¡v ]Ån-bn {]tXyI Ccn-¸nSw Xs¶bpmbn-cp-¶p. sPÀsa-bnsâ ]qPy-i-cocw s]mXpZÀi-\-¯n\v sh¨Xn AhÄ¡v AXr]vXn Dm-bn. Øm\aln-a-aqew sPÀsabnsâ icocw \o¡w sN¿-W-sa¶v acnb ¢aâ v Bh-iy-s¸-«p. F¶m ASp¯ - Z-nh - kw AXn\ - pÅ X¡{-]X - n^ - ew e`n¨ - p. Ah-fpsS Ipªn\v Ie-i-emb Zo\w ]nSn-s]-«p. NnIn-Õ-IÄ H¶pw ^en-¨n-Ã. Ip«n acn-¡p-sa¶ Ah-Ø-bn-em-bn. Ah-cpsS `À¯mhv s{^Un-\m³dn\v Cu Akp-J-¯nsâ ImcWw sPÀsabn-t\mSv ImWn¨ A\m-Z-c-hmWv F¶v t_m[y-s¸-«p. At±lw `mcy-tbmSp ]dªp ""\ap¡v ]Ým-¯-]n¨v sPÀsa-bn-t\mSv am¸-t]-£n-¡mw. AhÀ A§s\ sNbvXp. A¶v cm{Xn AhcpsS InS-¸p-ap-dn-bn Hcp {]Im-i-[m-c-bn sPÀsa-bn³ {]Xy£-s¸-«p. \n§-fpsS At]-£-t]mse kw`-hn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v Adn-bn-¨p. s]s«¶v Ipªv kuJy-s¸-«p. Ab¡m-scbpw the-¡m-scbpw hnfn¨v C¡mcyw A¶v cm{Xn-Xs¶ AhÀ km£y-s¸-Sp-¯n. sPÀsa-bnsâ ico-c-¯n\v ap¶n ap«p-Ip¯n ]-c-ky-ambn IrX-ÚX {]I-Sn-¸n-¨p. 17
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Cu A\p-{K-l-¯n\v \µnbmbn AhÀ sPÀsab - nsâ icocw ]qPy-ambn kq£n-¡p-hm³ Hcp Cu¿t-]S-Iw ]Ån¡ - v k½m\ - n¨ - p. Cu Cu¿-t]-S-I-¯n-emWv {^©v hn¹hw hsc sPÀsab - nsâ icocw ]Ån k¦oÀ¯n- b n kq£n¨- X v .
\ma-I-cW \S-]-Sn-IÄ Agp-Im¯ sPÀsa-bnsâ icocw Is-¯n-b-Xn-\p-tijw ]n{_m-¡-bnse P\-§Ä AhfpsS am²yØyw tXSm³ XpS§n. {ItaW Cu `àn {^m³kp apgp-h³ hym]n-¨p. At\Iw AÛpX - § - Ä kw`h - n¨ - p. ]n{_m¡ ]Ån-bn-te¡v P\-{]-hm-l-am-bn. 1661 sk]väw-_À 22-þmw Xn¿Xn Spfqkv AXn-cq-]-X-bpsS hnImcn P\-dmÄ sPÀsa-bnsâ t]SIw Xpd¶v ]mh-\-i-cocw ImWpIbpw \m«p-Im-cn \n¶v kw`hn¨ AÛp-X-§-sf-¸än ]Tn-¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Cu hni-Z-amb ]T\dnt¸mÀ«v At±lw BÀ¨p_n-j-¸n\v kaÀ¸n-¨p. sPÀsa-bns\ hnip-²-bm-¡p-¶Xn- \ pÅ {]hÀ¯- \ - § Ä¡v AtXmsS XpS¡w Ipdn- ¨ p. Spfqkv cq]X X¿m-dm-¡nb hni-Zamb ]T\ dnt¸mÀ«v A¶v tdmante¡v bm{X-bmb ^mZÀ tIm¬ ̳sâ-bnsâ ssIhiw amÀ]m¸¡v kaÀ¸n-¡p-hm-\mbn sImSp¯-b-¨p. tdman F¯nb Cu 19
I¸q-¨n³ ^mZ-dn\v DS³ Xs¶ Øew amäw In«nb - X - n\ - m Cu dnt¸mÀ«v ]cn-ip² knwlm-k-\s¯ Gev¸n-¡p-hm³ km[n¨n-Ã. ]n¶o-SXv Is-¯m\pw Ign-ªn-Ã. CsXm¶pw AdnbmsX ]n{_m¡v \nhm-kn-IÄ Im¯n-cn-¡p-bm-Wv. Hcp hnip² ]Z-hn-¡p-th-n. hopw hÀj§ - Ä IS¶ - pt-]mb - n. ]n{_m¡v \nhmk - nI - Ä \ncm i-cm-bn. 1793 Bb-t¸m-tg¡pw {^©p-hn-¹hw s]m«n-¸p-d-s ¸«p. hn¹-h-s¯- Xp-SÀ¶v kmaqly cm{ãob amä- § fpw kw`- h n- ¨ p. sPÀsa-bnsâ t]cn-epÅ `àn AÔ-hn-izm-k-am-sW¶ hmÀ¯ ]c-¶p. Spfqkv `c-W-IqSw sPÀsa-bnsâ ]mh-\-i-cocs¯ \in-¸n-¡m³ {ian-¨p. AhÀ Hcp Ipgn-bp-m¡n AXn sPÀsa-bnsâ icocw \nt£-]n-¨p. icocw thKw s]mSn-ªpt]m-Ip-hm³ apI-fn Ip½mbw hnX-dn. AXn-\p-tijw Ipgn-aq-Sn. Cu¿-t]-SIw shSn-bp--IÄ \nÀ½n-¡p-hm-\mbn AhÀ sImp-t]m-bn.
\oN-Ir-Xy-¯n\v X¡-in£ \oXn-am-\mb ssZhw CsXÃmw ImWp-¶p-mbn-cn-¶p. Cu \oN-IrXyw sNbvX-hÀ¡v DS³ Xs¶ X¡-in-£-In-«n. Hcp-hsâ ssI XfÀ¶p. asäm-cm-fpsS Xebpw Igp¯pw Hcp hi-t¯¡v Ncn-ªp. asäm-cmÄ¡v \mep-Im-en \St¡n h¶p. thsdm-cmÄ ]e-Xcw tcmKw aqew ]oVn-¸n-¡s¸-«p. Ccp-]-Xp-hÀj-t¯mfw ChÀ Cu ]oV A\p-`-hn-¨p. ]n¶o-S-hÀ sPÀsa-bnsâ am²yØyw tXSp-I-bpw, IÀ¯mhv Ahsc AÛp-X-I-c-ambn kpJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Ipgn-amSw hopw Xpd-¡p¶p 1815. {^©v hn¹-h-¯n\v Aev]w Ab-hp-h-¶p. ]n{_m¡v \nhm-kn-IÄ ]Ån-bn sN¶v Ipgn-Xp-d-¶p. AÛpXw sPÀsabnsâ ]mh-\-i-coc¯n\v tISp-I-sfm¶pw kw`-hn-¨n-«n-Ã. CtXm-Sp-IqSn sPÀsa-bn-t\m-SpÅ `àn {^m³knsâ AXnÀ¯n IS-¡p-hm³ XpS-§n. hopw \ma-I-c-W-¯n-\pÅ HutZym-KnI {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä Bcw-`n-¨p. CXn-\mbn Npa-X-e-s¸Sp-¯nb ^m. FkvtZmZv \m\q-dnÂ]cw AÛp-X-§-fpsS tUm Iyp-saâ v {KnKdn ]Xn-\m-dm-a³ amÀ]m-¸¡v kaÀ¸n-¨p. amÀ]m¸ 20
AXn-s\-¸än ]Tn-¨p. Ah-fpsS PohnXw amÀ]m-¸-sbbpw Gsd kzm[o-\n-¨p. Xsâ Nn´-I-fpw, {]iw-km-h-N-\-§fpw D]-kw-lcn-¨p-sImv {KnKdn ]Xn-\m-dm-a³ amÀ]m¸ Hcp lrZ-b-kv]Àinbmb {]Jym-]\w \S-¯n. ""sPÀsa-bns\ t]mepÅ ]pWy-h-XnI-sf-bmWv k`¡v C¶v Bh-iyw''. sPÀsa-bn\v "hµy-]-Zhn' \ÂIn k` BZ-cn-¨p. Cu HutZym-KnI {]Jym-]-\-¯n H¸n«v cv Znhkw Ign-ª-t¸mÄ amÀ]m¸ Cl-tem-I-hmkw sh-Snªp. Ahsf hm-gv¯-s¸-«-h-fmbn {]Jym-]n-¡m³ km[n-¡m-¯Xn X\n¡v Zpx-J-ap-s¶v amÀ]m¸ Adn-bn-¨p.
hmgv¯-s¸-«-hÄ 1854 sabv 7þmw Xn¿Xn A¶v sPÀsa-bns\ hmgv¯-s¸-«-hfmbn Xncp-k` DbÀ¯p-I-bm-Wv. henb Hcp P\-¡q«w Xs¶ ]t{Xm-knsâ _kn-en-¡-bpsS ap¼n Dv. amÀ]m-¸bpw IÀ±n\mÄamcpw sa{Xm-s¸m-en-¯-am-cpw, sa{Xm-·m-cpw, sshZn-Icpw k\y-kvXcpw Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v hnizm-kn-Ifpw {]Z-£n-W-ambn ssZhm-e-b-¯n-te¡v {]th-in-¨p. sPÀsa-bnsâ Hcp henb Ombm-Nn{Xw _kn-en-¡-bn Xq¡n-bn-«n-«p-m-bn-cp-¶p. \ma-I-c-W-¯n-\pÅ HutZym-KnI Adn-bn¸v hmbn¨p: ""sPÀsa-bn³ Hcp ]pXnb \£-{X-am-Wv. k`m-k-Z-Ên DZbw sNbvX \h-Xm-c-Iw. Cu XmcIw BtKm-f-k-`-bpsS ta ]cn-ip-²-amb ]cn-afw ]c-¯n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶p.'' ]t{Xm-knsâ knwlm-k-\-¯n \n¶v ]obqkv H¼-Xm-a³ amÀ]m¸ sPÀsa-bnsâ Ombm-Nn-{X-¯n\v ap¼n ap«p-Ip-¯n. tdmam-\-K-cn-bnse tZhm-e-b-a-Wn-IÄ \o«n-ap-g-§n. amÀ]m¸ {^m³kn \n¶p-h¶ XoÀ°m-S-I-tcmSv ]dªp ""sPÀsabnsâ ]¡-te¡v t]mhpI'' ]n{_m-¡-bnse CSbI-\y-Ibv¡v k` F{X-am{Xw {]m[m\yw \ÂIp-¶p-sh¶v amÀ]m-¸-bpsS Cu hm¡n \n¶v a\-Ên-em-Ipw. {^m³knse Spfq-knepw henb BtLm-j-§Ä kwL-Sn¸n-¡-s¸-«p. B ]«Ww C¶p-hsc I-XnÂsh¨v Gähpw henb BtLm-j-am-bn-cp¶p AXv.
Hcp ]pWy-Zn\w hÀj-§Ä IS-¶p-t]m-bn. [mcmfw AÛp-X-§Ä tcJ-s¸Sp-¯-s¸-«p. Ahsf hnip-²-bm-¡-sW¶v ]d-ªp-sIm-pÅ [mcfw At]-£-IÄ tdman\v e`n-¨p. 21
A§s\ B ]pWy-kp-Zn\w \nÝ-bn-¨p. 1867 Pq¬ 29. sPÀsa-bns\ hnip² ]Z-hn-bn-te-¡p-bÀ¯m³ Xncp-k` Hcp-§n. B Zn\-¯n\v asämcp {]tXy-I-X-Iq-Sn-bp-m-bn-cp-¶p. hn. ]t{Xmknsâ cà-km-£n-Xz-¯nsâ ]Xn-s\«mw iXm-_vZn- Iq-Sn-bm-bncp¶p A¶v. AXn-\pÅ Hcp-¡-§fpw tdman \S-¡p-I-bm-Wv. henb Hcp {]Z-£nWw tdmam \K-cs¯ `àn-km-{µ-am-¡n. At\Iw IÀ±n-\mÄamÀ, Aªq-tdmfw sa{Xm-·mÀ, Bbn-c-¡-W¡n\v sshZn-IÀ, Hcp-e-£-t¯mfw hcp¶ hnizm-kn-IÄ ChÀ {]Z-£n-W-ambn tZhm-e-b-¯n-te¡v \o§n. amÀ]m¸ e£-¡-W¡n\v hnizm-kn-Isf km£n-bm¡n C{]-Imcw ]dªp: ""]n{_m¡-bnse sPÀsa-bns\ Rm³ hnip-²-bmbn {]Jym-]n-¡p-Ibpw Ahsf hnip-²-cpsS ]«nI-bn tNÀ¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.'' P\w I¿Sn¨v AXv kzoI-cn-¨p. Xmf-ta-f-§fpw hmZy-tLm-j-§fpw D¨¯n-em-bn. {]Im-i-Zo-]-§Ä sISm-sX -I-¯n-\n-¶p. tdmanse aq¶q-tdmfw ]Ån-I-fnse aWn-IÄ \o«n-b-Sn¨v temI-t¯mSv hnfn¨p-]-dªp ""]n{_m-¡-bnse sPÀsa-bn³ hnip-²-bm-bn-cn¡p¶p''.
]«-W-¯nse {]Xna Spfqkv ]«-W-¯nse `c-Wm-[n-]-·mÀ hn. sPÀsa-bn-t\mSpÅ _lp-am-\mÀ°w Hcp henb amÀ_nÄ {]Xna \K-c-¯n Øm]n-¨p. sPÀsa-bn³ {]mÀ°\m \nc-X-bmbn \n¡p¶ cq]w. Im Nph-«n Hcp B«n³Ip-«n-bp-apv. At\-IÀ B cq]-¯n\v ap¼n h¶p-\n¶v {]mÀ°n-¡m³ Bcw-`n-¨p. Xsâ klmbw tXSn-b-hÀs¡Ãmw Ah-fpsS km´z\ kv]Ài\w In«n. {]Xna Øm]n¨v GI-tZiw 14 hÀjw Ign-ª-t¸mÄ \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-Ifmb Hcp-]äw DtZym-K-ØÀ `cWw I¿-S-¡n. 1881 Pqembv 7\v AhÀ hn. sPÀsa-bnsâ {]Xna XIÀ¯p. hnip-²-bpsS cq]¯n\v ]«-W-¯n CSw-sIm-Sp-¡m-¯-Xn\v ]cn-lm-c-ambn GXm\pw hÀj§Ä Ign-ª-t¸mÄ Spfqkv cq]X AhnsS CShI Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw hnip-²-bpsS \ma-¯n henb Hcp tZhmebw ]Wn-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu tZhm- e - b - ¯ n \n¶v C¶pw A\p- { K- l - h Àj- § Ä s]mgn- b p- ¶ p. 22
Hcp ssI¡v kzm[o-\-an-Ãm¯ s]¬Ip-«n. hmbn-¡mt\m Fgp-Xmt\m Imcy-ambn H¶pw Adn-bm-¯-hÄ. ssZh-am-Xm-hnt\mSv {]tXyI `àn AhÄ¡p-m-bn-cp-¶p. P]-am-e-bm-bncp¶p {][m\ {]mÀ°-\. ]Ån {]kw-K-§-fm-bn-cp¶p hnÚm\-tIm-iw. Znh-khpw AhÄ hnip² IpÀ_m-\-bn kw_Ôn-¨n-cp-¶p. aI-fpsS hnip-²n-sb-¸än ]nXm-hn\v Adn-bm-am-bncp-¶p. F¶m `mcy-bpsS {Iqc-X¡v ap¼n B ]nXm-hn\v Xe Xmgvt¯n h¶p. Ccp-]-¯n-cv hÀj-¡mew AhÄ Cu `qanbn Pohn¨ - p. Ahf - psS {]ik - vXa - mb hnip²n \ma-I-c-W¯n\v hgn-sX-fn-¨p. Pq¬ 15-þmw Xn¿Xn Xncp-k` hn. sPÀsabnsâ Xncp-\mÄ BtLm-jn-¡p-¶p.
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