COMPREHENSION Based on the reading, write T for true or F for false. 1.
Cuba was helping the Soviet Union in 1962.
2.
President Kennedy sent ships to attack the Soviet ships.
3.
In 2002, leaders met to discuss the decisions they had made in 1962.
THINK ABOUT IT Discuss the questions with a partner or in a small group. 1. D o people today see the world and other countries differently than they did when John F. Kennedy was president? Explain. 2. Are you worried about nuclear weapons in the modern day? Explain.
6.5 Past Direction Not Taken—Could Have EXAMPLES
EXPLANATION
This crisis could have changed the world. The planet could have been destroyed.
We use could have + the past participle to show that it was possible for something to happen, but it didn't.
The U.S. could have attacked the Soviet ships. The U.S. could have invaded Cuba. But the president didn’t do these things.
We use could have + the past participle to show that a past opportunity was not taken.
A: Before we got to class, I didn’t know much about Lincoln. We use could have + the past participle to show B: You could have read the article before class. Or you could suggestions that were not followed. have googled his name. Note: Remember, could have + the past participle can mean may have/might have (maybe). (See Chart 6.3)
GRAMMAR IN USE We often use I was so… I could have + the past participle to exaggerate a result. I was so hungry, I could’ve eaten a horse!
EXERCISE 6 Fill in the blanks with have + the past participle of one of the verbs from the box. be killed bomb continue end make send start speak 1. World War III could
have started
in 1962.
2. In 1962, the world as we know it could 3. Everyone could 4. The world leaders could 5. The Soviets could
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. . a wrong decision, but they made a sensible decision. to send ships to Cuba, but they stopped.
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