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iv. TvalavaZe

Tujis metalurgia

@`teqnikuri universitetiâ&#x20AC;?@

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

iv. TvalavaZe

Tujis metalurgia

damtkicebulia stu-s saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos mier. 29.04.2009, oqmi #4

Tbilisi 2009

saxelmZRvanelo moicavs zogad nawils, Tujis warmoebisTvis saWiro sakazme

masalebis

daxasiaTebasa

sakazme

masalebis

dnobisaTvis

momzadebas, brZmeduli procesebis Teoriasa da teqnologias. zogad nawilSi mocemulia brZmeduli warmoebis ganviTarebis istoria pirvelyofili

civsaberi

qurodan

Tanamedrove

brZmedamde,

mocemulia

brZmeduli warmoebis sqema. saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenilia Tujis warmoebisTvis aucilebeli sakazme masalebi – koqsi, rkinis madani, manganumis madani, flusi da warmoebis

narCenebi,

mocemulia

sabadoebi,

dnobisaTvis

maTi

momzadeba

–

metalurgiuli

madnebis

daxasiaTeba

damsxvrevis,

gacxrilvis,

gamowvis da gamdidrebis sxvadasxva variantebi, vrcladaa mocemuli Tujis warmoebisTvis aucilebeli da mniSvnelovani sakiTxi – sakazme masalebis danaWrovneba aglomeraciuli, dagundavebis da dabriketebis meTodebiT. saxelmZRvaneloSi procesebi:

sakazme

ganxilulia

masalebis

brZmedSi

ganawileba

mimdinare moZraoba

fiziko-qimiuri brZmedSi.

maT

racionalur ganawilebaze moqmedi faqtorebi; sakazme masalebSi Semavali tenisa da aqroladebis mocileba; karbonatebis disociacia; rkinisa da TujSi

Semavali

sxva

elementebis

aRdgena;

liTonuri

rkinis

danax-

Sirbadeba da Tujis warmoqmna; widis warmoqmna; widebis Tvisebebi da widebis roli brZmeduli warmoebaSi; Tujis gangogirdeba; brZmedis quraSi mimdinare procesebi; brZmeduli procesis intensifikaciis saSualebebi da brZmeduli warmoebis produqtebis (Tuji, wida, sakerZe, airi) daxasiaTeba.

recenzenti sruli profesori n. werwTeli

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009 ISBN 978-9941-14-618-3 http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/ yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

Tavi I zogadi nawili 1.1. Savi liTonebis roli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi sazogadoebis materialuri kulturis ganviTareba dakavSirebulia im samuSao iaraRebis srulyofasTan, romelTa damzadebisaTvis aucilebelia sxvadasxva masala. gamoyenebuli masalis mixedviT sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoria iyofa qvis, brinjaosa da rkinis xanad. miuxedavad imisa, rom rkinis pirveli iaraRebi Cv. w. aRricxvamde me-3 aTaswleulSia moxsenebuli indur da Cinur xelnawerebSi, rkinis xanis dasawyisad mainc miCneulia pirveli aTaswleulis pirveli naxevari Cv. w. aRricxvamde, roca rkinis madnidan rkinis gamodnoba da misgan sxvadasxva nakeTobaTa damzadeba daiwyes. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi udidesi roli Seasrula Savma liTonebma (rkina, foladi, Tuji), romelic rkinis naxSirbadTan da sxva elementebTan (Si, Mn, S da sxva) Senadnobs warmoadgens. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela dargi _ mrewveloba, soflis meurneoba, mSenebloba da qveynis Tavdacva didi raodenobiT moiTxovs Sav liTonebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom ukanasknel wlebSi farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva konstruqciuli

masalebi.

Savi

liTonebi

mainc

rCeba

ZiriTad

konstruqciul masalad, xolo Savi liTonebis warmoebis swrafi zrda _ saxalxo meurneobis upirveles amocanad. sxva aixsneba

masalebTan maTi

maRali

SedarebiT, meqanikuri

Savi

liTonebis

TvisebebiT,

farTod

rkinis

gavrceleba

madnebis

farTo

gavrcelebiT da madnis Tujad da foladad gadamuSavebis ekonomiurobiT. Savi loTonebis miReba iTvaliswinebs brZmedSi madnebidan Tujis gamodnobas da foladsadnob agregatebSi (martenis Rumeli, konvertori da eleqtroRumeli) Tujis foladad gadamuSavebas.

1.2. brZmeduli warmoebis ganviTarebis istoria

rkinis warmoebis uZvelesi meTodi iyo civbervis meTodi, romelic Cv. w. aRricxvamde pirvel aTaswleulSi daiwyo da XV saukunemde gamoiyeneboda. rkina miiReboda civsaber quroSi (1,5 X 1,5 metri), romelic 1 metri simaRlis, kvadratuli formis qvis Rumels (nax. 1.1.) warmoadgenda. Rumlis samuSao

sivrce

amogebuli

iyo

cecxlgamZle

TixiT.

sakazme

masalebi

(rkinis madani da xis naxSiri) RumelSi miewodeboda zemodan, xolo wina kedelSi moTavsebuli xvrelidan tyavis saberveliT uberavdnen haers da iqedanve gamoiRebdnen dnobis produqts – gundas. gunda warmoadgenda widis da liTonis comisebur narevs, romlebsac gaWedviT ganacalkavebdnen erTmaneTisagan. RumelSi miwodebuli haeris naklebobis gamo mcire iyo erTeul droSi damwvari naxSirbadis raodenoba da, Sesabamisad, mcire iyo Rumlis temperatura (1200...1250º C), xolo Rumlis mcire simaRlis gamo dabali iyo airebis Tburi da aRdgeniTi energiis gamoyenebis xarisxi (gamavali airebis temperatura Seadgenda 800...900º C). bunebrivia, rom aseT pirobebSi adgili eqneboda rkinis arasrulyofil aRdgenas da RumelSi moTavsebuli rkinis 30...40% gadadioda widaSi. amitomac iyo, rom wida Seicavda 50...60% FeO, xolo fuZianoba Seadgenda 0,1...0,3. civsaberi

quris

mcire

simaRle,

dabali

temperatura

didi

raodenobiT damJangveli wida xels uSlida rkinis danaxSirbadebas da dnobis Sedegad miiReboda 10...80kg rkina. xis naxSiris xarji Seadgenda 4...6kg/kg rkinaze, xolo dnobis xangrZlivoba Seadgenda 2...2,5 sT. rkinis miRebis civbervis meTodi ver akmayofilebda sazogadoebis gazrdil moTxovnilebas liTonze. warmadobis gazrdis mizniT, gazardes quros simaRle da Seberili haeris raodenoba, ramac Rumlis zeda zonaSi temperaturis Semcireba, xolo qveda zonaSi gazrda gamoiwvia. Sesabamisad Seicvala RumelSi mimdinare procesebic da rkinis gadnobamde aRdgenisa da danaxSirbadebis gamo, dnobis Sedegad miiRes Txevadi Tuji. amgvarad, civsaberi

quro

gardaiqmna

WaSvur

Rumlad

brZmedulad.

srulyofis Sedegad brZmedulisagan warmoiqmna brZmedi.

Semdgomi

nax. 1.1. civsaberi quros Wrili 1 – sabervelis qSini; 2 – Rumlis samuSao sivrce; 3 – garcmi; 4 – tyavis saberveli;5 – sakazme masala; 6 – amonagi.

Tavdapirvelad

Tuji,

araWedadobis

gamo,

arasasurvel

liTonad

iTvleboda, magram Semdeg iswavles Tujisagan sxvadasxva nakeTobaTa Camosxma da Tujis gadamuSavebiT foladis miReba. maSasadame, civsaber quroSi uSualod madnidan foladis miRebis erTsafexuriani meTodis nacvlad warmoiSva foladis miRebis orsafexuriani meTodi _ madnebidan brZmedSi Tujis miReba da Tujis gadamuSaveba foladad foladsadnob agregatebSi, romelic dResac foladis miRebis yvelaze ekonomikur da maRalmwarmoeblur meTods warmoadgens. evropaSi saukuneSi

pirveli

brZmedis

brZmedebi

moculobam

gaSvebul miaRwia

iqna m³-s,

XIV

saukuneSi.

romlis

XVIII

dRe-Ramuri

warmadoba Seadgenda 120 fuT Tujs dRe-RameSi. brZmedis mooculobisa da warmadobis gazrdas xels uSlida xis naxSiris dabali simtkice da mcire simZlavris haersaberi manqanebi. xangrZlivi Ziebis Semdeg, 1735 wels inglisSi abram derbim qvanaxSirisgan miiRo koqsi, xolo 1767 wels i. polzunovma barnaulis qarxanaSi (ruseTi) pirvelad gamoiyena orTqlis haersaberi manqana. garda amisa, 1857 w. ingliselma kauperma Seqmna regeneratoruli tipis haersaxurebeli, xolo 1850 w. gamogonebuli iqna paris CamtvirTavi aparati. am siaxleebis safuZvelze mkveTrad gaizarda brZmedis moculoba da warmadoba, Semcirda sawvavis xarji.

XIX

saukuneSi

brZmedis

moculobam

warmadobam 600 tonas dReRameSi.

700

m³-s

miaRwia,

xolo

kidev ufro swrafi tempiT ganviTarda brZmeduli warmoeba XX saukuneSi. am periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia, rogorc brZmedis moculobis mniSvnelovani zrda, aseve dnobis teqnologiis ganviTareba _ srulyofa. amJamad, brZmedebis moculobam 5000 m³-s gadaaWarba. intensiuri muSaoba mimdinareobs brZmeduli procesis srulyofisaTvis. dnobis intensivobis gazrdis mizniT warmatebiT gamoiyeneba 1300º C-mde gaxurebuli haeri, kombinirebuli berva (bunebrivi airisa da JangbadiT gamdidrebuli haeris erTdrouli gamoyeneba); sakerZeze wnevis amaRleba da procesis

intensifikaciis

sxva

saSualebebi.

aRniSnuli

RonisZiebebis

gamoyenebam Seamcira koqsis xvedriTi xarji da gazarda Rumlis warmadoba. amJamad, kidev ufro intensiurad mimdinareobs, rogorc brZmedis konstruqciuli srulyofa, aseve brZmeduli warmoebis teqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebis gaumjobeseba.

1.3. metalurgiis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi sayovelTaod cnobilia qarTveluri tomebis – xalibebis, mosinikebis, Tubalebisa da mosxebis roli liTonis damuSavebis saqmeSi. bevri ucxoeli mecnieri

Tvlis

axlo

aRmosavleTs

metalurgiis

samSoblod,

xolo

xalibebs, Tubalebsa da mosinikebs rigi feradi liTonebis (vercxli, spilenZi,

TiTberi)

rkinis

pirvel

mwarmoeblebad

msoflioSi.

gansakuTrebiT ganTqmuli iyo maRalxarisxovani xaliburi rkina, romlis damzadebis saidumloeba sxva kulturuli erebisaTvis ucnobi iyo. rkinis damuSavebis mxriv aRsaniSnavia: ufro adrindel periodSi – mdinare Woroxis auzi, xolo saSualo saukuneebSi – svaneTi, zemo imereTi (tyibuli, sawire), raWa da CaTaxis raioni. cnobili qarTveli geografisa da istorikosis vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, Zveli drois saqarTvelos metalurgiaSi yvelaze TvalsaCino rols CaTaxis rkinis sawarmo asrulebda (bolnisis raioni). CaTaxis rkinis sawarmoSi arsebuli erTi primituli brZmedi wliurad 65 aTas fuT Tujs iZleoda. qarxana bevrad CamorCeboda im drois metalurgiul teqnikas da nedleulis naklebobas ganicdida. 1875 wels qarxana gauqmda. 1923 wels didi qarTveli metalurgis g. nikolaZis TaosnobiT amoqmedda CaTaxis qar-

xana, sadac muSaobda ori brZmedi, TiToeuli 50 m³ moculobiT. qarxana dReRameSi uSvebda 400...500 fuT Tujs. im droisaTvis arsebul teqnikur miRwevaTa pirobebSi CaTaxis qarxnis arseboba ar iyo mizanSewonili da 4 wlis muSaobis Semdeg, 1927 wels is sabolood iqna gauqmebuli. Tujis warmoebis aRorZineba saqarTveloSi dakavSirebulia rusTavis metalurgiul qarxanasTan da gamoCenili qarTveli metalurgis nikoloz qaSakaSvilis saxelTan. qarxnis pirveli agregatebi – martenis Rumelebi gaSvebul

iqna

1950

wels.

1954

wlis

ivlissa

1955

wlis

aprilSi

amoqmedda ori brZmedi, TiToeuli 725 m³ moculobiT. 1981 wels #2 brZmeds gaukeTda rekonstruqcia da amJamad misi moculoba Seadgens 1033 m³-s. 1.4. brZmeduli warmoebis sqema Tujis warmoebis mizania brZmedSi rkinis madnebidan Tujis miReba. Tujis misaRebad gamoiyeneba rkinis Semcveli masalebi (rkinis madani, aglomerati, gundebi), manganumis madani, sawvavi da flusi (mdnobi). rkinis Semcvel masalas brZmedSi Seaqvs rkina, romelic aRdgenisa da danaxSirbadebis manganumi,

Semdeg

romelic

warmoqmnis

Tujs,

maRalmanganumiani

xolo

manganumis

gadasamuSavebeli

madans

Tujis

specialuri Tujebis (sarkiseburi Tuji, Fe Mn) misaRebad aris saWiro. koqsi gamoiyeneba rogorc sawvavi, aRmdgeneli da liTonis damanaxSirbadebeli.

koqsis

xarjis

Semcirebis

mizniT

brZmedSi

miewodeba

bunebrivi airi. flusi gamoiyeneba madnis fuWi qanisa da koqsis nacris dnobis temperaturis Sesamcireblad da saWiro Sedgenilobisa da Tvisebebis widis misaRebad. flusad, ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba kirqva da dolomiti. brZmedis

muSaobis

teqnikur-ekonomikuri

maCveneblebis

gaumjobese-

bisaTvis aucilebelia sakazme masalebis dnobisaTvis momzadeba. rkinis

madnis

dnobisaTvis

momzadeba

iTvaliswinebs

damsxvrevas,

sisqis mixedviT daxarisxebas, gamowvas, gamdidrebas, qimiuri Semadgenlobis gasaSualebasa da danaWrovnebas. brZmedisaTvis uvargisi wvrili fraqciis mocilebis mizniT koqsi jer koqsoqimiur qarxanaSi, xolo Semdeg, RumelSi CatvirTvis

win

ganicdis

gacxrilvas specialur meqanizebul

cxavebze.

nedli flusi gamoiyeneba umniSvnelo raodenobiT, widis qimiuri Semadgenlobis

koreqtirebisaTvis.

brZmedi

WaSvuri

Rumelia

(nax.

1.2.),

romlis

profili (nax. 1.3.) Sedgeba xuTi ZiriTadi nawilisagan: sakerZe (1), WaSvi (2), gvizi (3), mxarulebi (4) da qura (5).

nax. 1.2. brZmedis vertikaluri Wrili 1–Tujis kriWa;

2–qura; 3–mxarulebi;

4–gvizi; 5–qaSvi; 6–sakerZe; 7–CamtvirTavi aparati; 8–Tujis warmoqmnis zona; 9–widis warmoqmnis zona; 10–koqsis wvis zona; 11–widis Sre; 12–widis kriWa; 13–Tujis Sre.

nax. 1.3. brZmedis profili 1–sakerZe; 2–WaSvi; 3–gvizi; 4–mxarulebi; 5–qura.

gansazRvruli Tanafardobis sakazme masalebi CamtvirTavi aparatis meSveobiT

miewodeba

sakerZeze,

xolo

Rumlis

qveda

nawilSi

–quraSi

saqSenebiT miewodeba 1100...1300º C-mde gaxurebuli, JangbadiT gamdidrebuli haeri da bunebrivi airi. koqsis naxSirbadis wvis Sedegad warmoqmnili quras airebi moZraoben qvemodan – zemoT, sakazme masalebis moZraobis Semxvedrad, asruleben Tbur da aRdgeniT samuSaoebs da 200...300º C-mde gacivebuli toveben Rumels. miuxedavad imisa, rom brZmedSi aRdgeniT procesebTan erTad JangviTi procesebic mimdinareobs, brZmeduli procesi mainc miCneulia aRmdgenel procesad, radganac misi ZiriTadi mizania rkinis Jangeulebidan rkinis aRdgena da Tujis warmoqmna. aRdgeniTi procesebi mimdinareobs Rumlis mTel moculobaSi, garda damJangveli zonisa. brZmedSi mimdinareobs rkinis, manganumis, siliciumis, fosforis, gogirdis da sxva elementebis aRdgena Sesabamisi Jangeulebidan. aRmdgenels warmoadgens naxSirJangi (Co), wyalbadi (H2) da myari naxSirbadi. dnobis procesSi mimdinareobs Tujisa da widis warmoqmna axladaRdgenili liTonuri rkina naxSirbadTan warmoqmnis rkinis karbids, romelic Txevad mdgomareobaSi Tujis saxiT grovdeba quraSi. sakazme masalebis fuWi qanebisagan warmoiqmneba Txevadi wida, romelic Tujis zemoT quraSi grovdeba. Tujisa da widis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad quraSi mimdinareobs

Tujis

gogirdisagan

gawmenda

–

gangogirdebis

procesi.

sakmao

raodenobiT dagrovebis Semdeg Tujs da widas periodulad gamouSveben Tujisa da widis kriWebidan.

Tujis warmoebis teqnologiuri sqema mocemulia 1.4. naxazze.

nax. 1.4. Tujis warmoebis teqnologiuri sqema

brZmedSi miiReba

Tuji,

mimdinare

rTuli

wida

sakerZe

produqtia

gadasamuSavebeli

foladad

gadamuSavdeba.

fizikur-qimiuri airi.

Tuji,

garda

brZmeduli

romelic

procesebis

Sedegad

warmoebis

ZiriTadi

foladsadnob

gadasamuSavebeli

Tujisa,

RumelebSi brZmedSi

gamoadnoben samsxmelo da specialur Tujebs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; feromanganums, ferosiliciums da sarkisebur Tujs. brZmedis muSaobis mTavari teqnikur-ekonimikuri maCvenebelia mwarmoebluroba da koqsis xvedriTi xarji. rac ufro maRalia mwarmoebluroba da dabalia koqsis xvedriTi xarji, miT ufro efeqturia Rumlis muSaoba. Savi metalurgia da, maT Soris, brZmeduli warmoeba ganicdis ganviTarebasa da srulyofas. amJamad, brZmedul warmoebaSi teqnikuri progresis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia: 1. rkinis madnebis gamdidreba; 2. danaWrovnebis procesebis gaumjobeseba; 3. haeris JangbadiT gamdidreba da misi temperaturis gazrda; 4. airebis wnevis gazrda; 5. koqsis Secvla iafi da aradeficituri saTbobiT; 6. nawilobriv aRdgenili masalebis gamoyeneba.

Tavi II sakazme masalebi. sakazme masalebis dnobisaTvis momzadeba. 2.1. brZmedSi gamoyenebuli sawvavi

brZmedSi

mimdinare

rTuli

qimiuri

procesebis

warmarTvisaTvis

aucilebelia maRali temperatura, romelsac uzrunvelyofs sawvavis wva. brZmedSi sawvavad ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia koqsi, romelic garda zemoT aRniSnulisa warmoadgens aRmdgenels, Tujis damnaxSirbadebels da sakazme masalebis svetis gamafxvierebels. brZmedSi gamoyenebul koqss wayenebuli aqvs moTxovnebi: 1. maRali simtkice da nayari masis maRali airganvladoba; 2. maRali forianoba; 3. wvis maRali siTbo; 4. mavne minarevebis (S,P) dabali Semcveloba; 5. dabali nacrianoba; 6. aqroladebis dabali Semcveloba; 7. mcire Rirebuleba. Tanamedrove brZmedebSi 1 tona Tujis gamodnobaze ixarjeba 400-450 kg. koqsi, romlis TviTRirebulebaa Tujis TviTRirebulebis 40-50%. koqsi myari, mtkice, naWrovani masalaa, romlis miReba xdeba koqsvadi qvanaxSiris 1000_1200º C-mde uhaerod gaxurebiT. koqsi pirvelad miiRo ingliselma abram derbim 1735 wels. dakoqseba mimdinareobs RumelSi, romlis siganea 400-450 mm, sigrZe 15-16 m, xolo simaRle – 5 m. (nax. 2.1.) Rumeli izolirebulia atmosferosagan da mxolod dakoqsebis procesSi gamoyofili aqroladebis mimReb aparaturasTan aris mierTebuli. sakoqse Rumelebi dajgufebulia batareebad (77 Rumlamde erT batareaSi) (nax. 2.2.). Rumlebs Soris mdebareobs wvis saknebi, romlebSic iwvis airadi sawvavi da saidanac wvis produqtebis siTbo konveqciiT gadaecema dasakoqsebel kazms Rumlis kedlebidan centris mimarTulebiT. 0-3 mm simsxos dasakoqsebel kazms CatvirTaven RumelSi da iwyeben gaxurebas. dakoqsebis procesi Sedgeba xuTi stadiisagan: gaSroba (100-200º C). qvanaxSiris daSla (300-350º C). qvanaxSiris plastikur mdgomareobaSi gadasvla (350-500º C), naxevraddakoqseba (500600º C) da koqsis warmoqmna (1000-1100º C).

nax. 2.1. sakoqse Rumlis kamerebis sqema gamanawilebeli arxebi;

k – sakoqse kamerebi; 1n, 2n da a.S. – airebis

1p, 2p da a.S. – haeris regeneratorebi airebis wvisaTvis;

ПK – gadasasvleli arxebi.

nax. 2.2. sakoqse batareis saerTo xedi 1_nedli qvanaxSiris mimRebi xvimira; 2–naxSiris

damsxvrevis

Serevis

ganyofileba;

3–gamanawilebeli

koSki;

CamtvirTavi urika; 5–sakoqse kamera; 6–koqsis gamomgdebi; 7–Camqrobi vagoni; 8–Camqrobi koSki; 9–gaciebuli koqsis gadmosacleli magida.

4–

dakoqsebis damTavrebis Semdeg mza koqss gadmoyrian Rumlidan da Caaqroben specialur koSkebSi wylis uxvad dasxurebiT. Camqral koqss axarisxeben simsxos mixedviT. fraqcia +25 mm, e.w. metalurgiuli koqsi, gamoiyeneba brZmedebSi, xolo fraqcia _25 mm (koqswvrila) saaglomeracio fabrikebSi da eleqtrometalurgiul warmoebaSi. dakoqsebis xangrZlivoba Seadgens 15-17 saaTs. erTi Tanamedrove batarea iZleva 1 milion tona koqss weliwadSi. 1 tona mSrali kazmidan miiReba 750-800 kg. koqsi, 33 kg. qvanaxSiris fisi, 11kg. benzoli, 320-330 m3 koqsis airi, romelic Zvirfasi sawvavia. metalurgiuli koqsis xarisxi ganisazRvreba qimiuri SemadgenlobiT, fizikur-qimiuri da fizikur-meqanikuri TvisebebiT. koqsis

qimiuri

Semadgenloba

ganisazRvreba

teqnikuri

analiziT,

romelic iTvaliswinebs koqsSi nacris (A%), tenis (W%); aqroladebis (V%) da

gogirdis

(SsaerTo,%)

Semcvelobis

gansazRvras.

koqsSi

nacris

Semcvelobaa 10-15%; sinestis _ 3-5%; aqroladebis _ 0,8-1,0%; xolo gogirdis 0,5-1,5%. koqsSi naxSirbadis Semcveloba ganisazRvreba formuliT: C araaqroladi = 100 _ (AA+V+SsaerTo) koqsSi

naxSirbadis

Semcveloba

ZiriTadad

damokidebulia

nacrianobaze da Seadgens 83-88%-s. nacrianoba, aqroladebis da gogirdis Semcveloba brZmedis

gavlenas muSaobis

axdens

koqsis

maCveneblebze.

xarisxze, rac

widis

mcirea

gamosavalze

koqsis

nacrianoba,

aqroladebis da gogirdis Semcveloba, miT maRalxarisxovania koqsi da miT ufro maRalia brZmedis muSaobis teqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebi. koqsis fizikur-qimiur Tvisebebs miekuTvneba wvisa da reaqciis unari. koqsis

wvis

unari

ganisazRvreba

koqsis

naxSirbadis

JangbadTan

urTierTqmedebis reaqciis siCqariT ( C + O2 = CO2 + Q ), xolo reaqciis unari koqsis naxSirbadis naxSirorJangTan urTierTqmedebis reaqciis siCqariT 1100Âş C-ze ( CO2 + C = 2CO - Q ). koqsis ZiriTadi xarisxobrivi maCvnebelia simtkice, romelic ganisazRvreba koqsis sinjis (50kg) mbrunav dolSi (diametri 1 metri, sigrZe â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1 metri)

damuSavebiT.

dolis

brunvis

siCqarea

br/wT.

gamocdis

xan-

grZlivoba 4 wuTi. koqsis simtkice ganisazRvreba 40 mm-ze msxvili fraqciis (M40) da 10 mm-ze naklebi fraqciis (M10) gamosavlis mixedviT. metalurgiuli koqsisTvis maCvenebeli M40 unda Seadgendes 75...82 %. maRalxarisxovani koqsis forianoba unda Seadgendes 45...50 %, xolo nayari wona 450...500 kg/m3. brZmeduli

warmoeba

gaviTvaliswinebT,

rom

Tujis

didi

raodenobiT

warmoeba

iyenebs

yovelwliurad

koqss.

izrdeba,

Tu xolo

koqsvadi naxSirebis maragi mcirdeba, maSin gasagebi iqneba Tu ra didi mniSvneloba eniWeba deficituri da ZviradRirebuli qvanaxSiris koqsis xvedriTi xarjis Semcirebas. koqsis xarjis Semcirebis mizniT brZmedSi gamoiyeneba bunebrivi airi, mazuTi, koqsis airi, mazuTisa da arakoqsvadi naxSiris

suspenzia

sxva

masalebi.

aRniSnuli

masalebidan

yvelaze

farTo gamoyeneba hpova bunebrivma airma, romelic Seicavs 92...98% CH4 (meTans). yoveli 1 m3 bunebrivi airi 0,8 kg-iT amcirebs koqsis xarjs 1 tona Tujze. bunebrivi airis xarji Seadgens 100-130 m3 tona Tujze, rac 80-100 kgiT amcirebs koqsis xarjs tona Tujze.

2.2. rkinis madnebi

dedamiwis qerqi Seicavs 4,7% rkinas, magram yvela qani ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli

iqnas

metalurgiul

warmoebaSi.

rkinis

madani

ewodeba

dedamiwis qans, romlis amoReba da gadamuSaveba teqnikis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze ekonomikurad xelsayrelia. amJamad, mdidari rkinis madnebis maragis Semcirebis gamo samrewvelo mniSvneloba mieniWa 30-40% rkinis Semcvel Rarib madnebs. samrewvelo mniSvnelobis rkinis madnebi, imis mixedviT, Tu ra saxiT Seicavs rkinas, Semdegi ZiriTadi saxesxvaobiT gvxvdeba: 1. hepatituri rkinis madnebi anu wiTeli rkina-qvebi, romelSiac rkina â&#x20AC;&#x201C; warmodgenilia mineral hepatitis (Fe2O3) saxiT. 2. magnituri rkinis madnebi anu magnetituri rkina-qvebi, romelic rkinas Seicavs mineral magnetitis (Fe3O4 anu FeO. Fe2O3) saxiT.

3. rkinis hidroJangeulebi anu mura rkina-qvebi, romelic warmoadgens erT an ramodenime erTeul wyalTan dakristalebul rkinis Jangs - mFe2O3. nH2O. 4. karbonatuli madnebi, romlebic rkinas Seicaven mineral sideritis (FeCO3) saxiT. 5. titanomagnetituri madnebi, romlebic rkinas Seicaven mineral ilmenitis (FeTiO3) da magnetitis (Fe3O4) saxiT. 6. pirituli madnebi-rkinas Seicaven mineral piritis (FeS2) saxiT, romlebic gamoiyeneba gogirdis warmoebaSi. rkinis Semcvleli mineralebis garda rkinis madnebi Seicaven fuW qanebs. kaJmiwis (SiO2), Tixamiwis (Al2O3), kalciumis Jangis (CaO) da magniumis Jangis (MgO) saxiT. zemoT CamoTvlili minarevebis garda rkinis madnebi zogjer Seicaven sxvadasxva

raodenobiT

sasargeblo

mavne

minarevebs.

sasargeblo

minarevebia Mn; Cr; Ni; V; W; Mo da sxva Jangeulebi, romelTa Semcveloba aumjobesebs liTonis xarisxs. mavne minarevebia: gogirdi (S); fosfori (P); dariSxani (As); TuTia (Zn) da tyvia (Pb). gogirdi liTons aniWebs cxladmetexobas, fosfori civadmetexobas. dariSxani aniWebs civadmetexobas da liTons ukargavs SeduRebis unars. TuTia da tyvia azianebs metalurgiuli Rumelebis cecxlgamZle amonags. saerTo geologiuri maragidan gamoiyofa rkinis madnebis sabalanso da arasabalanso maragi. sabalanso is maragia, romlebic akmayofileben momxmarebeli dargebis mier wamoyenebul pirobebs da misi mopoveba ekonomikurad xelsayrelia. sabados Seswavlis xarisxis mixedviT madnebis maragi iyofa A, Б, C da С2 kategoriebad. kategoria A iTvaliswinebs Seswavlil da mopovebisaTvis mza marags, kategoria Б nawilobriv Seswavlil madnebs, romlebic SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos saproeqto davalebebis Sesrulebas, kategoria C miekuTvneba gaTvaliswinebul, xolo С2 – perspeqtiul marags. rkinis

madnebis

xarisxobrivi

SefasebisTvis

metalurgiul

Tvise-

bebTan erTad iTvaliswineben maT geografiul da ekonomikur faqtorebs. rac ufro axlosaa sabado satransporto saSualebebTan da metalurgiul

sawarmoebTan miT ufro ekonomikuria misi gadamuSaveba. madnis xarisxobrivi SefasebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs mis fizikur mdgomareobas da gamdidrebis unars. aucilebelia

madani

iyos

naWrovani,

mtkice

Seicavdes

didi

raodenobiT rkinis mineralebis msxvil marcvlebs, rac maRalxarisxovani gamdidrebis sawindaria. madani miT ufro maRalxarisxovania, rac ufro metia masSi rkinis Semcveloba (50...60%), rac ufro maRalia forianoba, aRdgenadobis unari da garbilebis dawyebis temperatura (1100º C). dedamiwis

qerqSi

rkinis

madnis

sabadoebis

maragi

faqtiurad

amouwuravia da Seadgens ramodenime aseul miliard tonas, Tumca isini araTanabradaa ganawilebuli. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom saerTo maragis udidesi nawili Raribia (20...35% rkinis SemcvelobiT), romelTa gamoyeneba mizanSewonili da ekonomikurad gamarTlebulia mxolod gamdidrebis Semdeg. rkinis madnis udidesi sabadoebia: ruseTSi – kurskis magnituri anomalia saerTo maragiT 250 miliardi tona, murmanskis olqis sabadoebi, uralis sabadoebi da sxvebi. ukrainaSi – krivoirogis sabado 16 miliardi tona maragiT, qerCis sabado 2 miliardi tona maragiT. yazaxeTis rkinis madnis sabadoebis maragia 10-15 miliardi tona; amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis rkinis madnis sabadoebis saerTo maragia 70 miliardi tona; kanadis – 5,5 miliardi tona; venesuelas – 2 miliardi tona, ZiriTadad mdidari madnebi 63-68% rkinis SemcvelobiT; braziliis minas-Jerais sabados maragia 16 miliardi tona, igi saukeTeso madania msoflioSi 66-69% rkinis SemcvelobiT; avstraliis sabadoebis saerTo maragia 16 miliardi tona (54-69% Fe). dasavleT evropaSi cnobilia lotaringiis sabado safrangeTSi maragiT 6 miliardi tona (32...35% Fe); Sveciis sabadoebi maragiT 2,4 miliardi tona (50...60% Fe); aziaSi – indoeTis rkinis madnebis saerTo maragia 20 miliardi tona (60...68% Fe); CineTis sabadoebis saerTo maragia 12 miliardi tona (36...37% Fe). amierkavkasiaSi samrewvelo mniSvnelobisaa daSqisanis rkinis madnis sabado maragiT 385 milioni tona, romlis bazazec muSaobda rusTavis metalurgiuli

kombinatis

sabrZmede

saamqro.

madani

magnetituria,

rkinas

Seicavs

35...40%-is

farglebSi.

madani

brZmedSi

gamoiyeneba

gamdidrebis

Semdeg. saqarTveloSi nawilobriv Seswavlilia foladauris rkinis madnis sabadoebi bolnisis raionSi da Savi zRvispira sabadoebi (ureki) baTumidan gagramde. saqarTvelos teritoriaze ganlagebul rkinis madnis sabadoebs maragis

simcirisa

rkinis

dabali

Semcvelobis

gamo

samrewvelo

mniSvneloba ar gaaCniaT. 2.3. flusi (mdnobi). madnisa da flusis Semcvlelebi

flusi

gamoiyeneba

sakazme

masalebis

fuWi

qanebis

dnobis

temperaturis Semcirebisa da awidvisaTvis, Rumlis normaluri muSaobisa da

Tujis

gogirdisagan

gawmendis

uzrunvelyofisaTvis,

gansazRvruli

Sedgenilobisa da fizikuri Tvisebebis widis miRebisaTvis. madnebis fuWi qanebis Sedgenilobisagan damokidebulebiT gamoiyeneba fuZe, mJave da Tixamiwovani flusi. fuZe

flusi

gamoiyeneba

mJave

fuWi

qanis

Semcveli

madnebis

gadamuSavebis dros. fuZe flusad brZmedSi gamoiyeneba kirqva (CaCO3) da (CaCO3. MgCO3),

dolomiti

romelTac

moeTxovebaT

CaO da

MgO maRali

Semcveloba (50...54%), uxsnadi narCenebis (SiO2 da Al2O3) mcire Semcveloba, gansazRvruli naWrovneba (20...40 mm) da maRali simtkice. mavne minarevebia gogirdi

rusTavis

fosfori.

kirqva

metalurgiuli

dolomiti

kombinatis

flusis

farTodaa

gavrcelebuli.

sabadoebs

warmoadgens

dedofliswyaros kirqvis sabado da abanos (qarelis r-ni) dolomitis sabado. Tu madani Seicavs didi raodenobiT Tixamiwas (Al2O3), maSin flusad gamoiyeneba kaJmiwa (SiO2) –mJave flusi. im SemTxvevaSi, roca saWiroa widaSi Al2O3–is Semcvelobis gazrda, maSin flusad iyeneben Tixamiwovan fluss – boqsitebs. brZmedSi kazmis komponentebad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas warmoebis iafi narCenebi, romlebic Seicaven didi raodenobiT rkinas, manganums an kalciumis

Jangs.

aseTi

narCenebia:

martenis

wida,

SeduRebis

wida,

manganumis wida, xenji, sakerZe mtveri, pirituli namwvi, Tujis jarTi da burbuSela. 2.4. manganumis madnebi da maTi sabadoebi

manganumis madnebi manganums Seicavs Semdegi mineralebis saxiT: piroluziti (MnO2), brauniti (Mn2O3), gausmaniti (Mn3O4) da rodoqroziti (MnCO3). madnis fuWi qanebia: SiO2; Al2O3; CaO da MgO. mavne minarevebia gogirdi da fosfori. MmsoflioSi

manganumis

madnis

udidesi

sabadoebia

nikopolis

ukrainaSi da WiaTuris saqarTveloSi. nikopolis sabados saerTo maragia 1 miliardi tona, madnis 80% Jangeulia, xolo 20% karbonatuli. madanSi manganumis saSualo Semcvelobaa 27...28%, fosforis Semcveloba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 0,2%. WiaTuris

sabados

saerTo

maragia

300...400

milioni

tona.

sabado

warmodgenilia sami saxiT: Jangeuli, karbonatuli da daJanguli madnebi. Jangeuli madani Seicavs 20...58% - Mn; 0,1...0,2% - P;

1% - Fe. karbonatuli

madani Seicavs 10...35% - Mn; 0,1...0,3% - P; 2...3% - Fe. daJanguli madnebi Seicavs 30...35%

gazrdili

raodenobiT

fosfors,

rac

arasasurvelia.

saqarTveloSi manganumis madnebi gvxvdeba, agreTve qarelis raionSi (29% Mn); senaki-wyaltubo-martvilis zolze (6...28% Mn); zeda raWaSi (35% Mn); TeTriwyaros

raionSi

(37%

Mn).

aRniSnuli

sabadoebis

damuSaveba

mimdinareobs. manganumis madnis sabadoebia uralSi, dasavleT cimbirSi (ruseTi) da yazaxeTSi. am sabadoebis maragi mcirea, xarisxi ki dabali. aRsaniSnavia braziliis, ganas, samxreT afrikis respublikisa da indoeTis sabadoebi. am madnebSi

manganumis

saSualo

Semcvelobaa

40...50%.

saerTo msoflio maragi Seadgens 2 miliard tonas.

manganumis

madnebis

2.5. rkinis madnebis momzadeba dnobisTvis

brZmedis muSaobis teqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebis gaumjobesebis mizniT

aucilebelia

momzadeba

sakazme

iTvaliswinebs

masalebis madnebis

dnobisaTvis damsxvrevas,

momzadeba.

kazmis

gacxrilvas

klasifikacias, gamowvas, gamdidrebas, qimiuri Sedgenilobis gasaSualebas da danaWrovnebas. brZmeduli dnobisaTvis saWiro gansazRvruli zomis sakazme masalebis miRebisaTvis an gasamdidrebel madnebSi rkinis Semcvel mineralebsa da fuWi qanis mineralebs Soris kavSiris darRvevisaTvis aucilebelia madnebis damsxvreva. damsxvreuli produqtis naWrovanebis mixedviT ansxvaveben msxvil

(1500-300mm);

saSualo

(300...30mm);

wvril

(30...3mm)

damsxvrevasa

dafqvas (3...0mm). metalurgiaSi damsxvrevisaTvis gamoiyeneba ybiani, konusuri, CaquCebiani da valcebiani samsxvrevelebi. ybiani samsxvrevela gamoiyeneba msxvilad damsxvrevisaTvis (nax. 2.3.).

nax. 2.3. ybebiani msxvrevana 1–uZravi yba;

2–moZravi yba.

masalis damsxvreva xdeba uZrav (1) da moZrav (2) ybebs Soris. igi perioduli moqmedebisaa – moZravi ybis winsvlis dros masala imsxvreva, xolo ukusvlis dros damsxvreuli masala gadmoiyreba. misi warmadobaa 500 t/sT.

nax. 2.4. konusuri msxvrevana msxvilad msxvrevisTvis 1–moZravi konusi; 2–uZravi konusi; 3–lilvi; 4–eqscentruli Wiqa; 5–kbilana gadacema.

nax. 2.5. konusuri msxvrevana saSualo msxvrevisTvis 1–moZravi konusi; 2–uZravi konusi; 3–lilvi; 4–TefSiseburi mkvebavi.

konusuri samsxvrevela (nax.2.4, nax.2.5.) warmoadgens uwyveti moqmedebis maRalmwarmoeblur agregats, romelic madnebis msxvilad da saSualod damsxvrevisaTvis gamoiyeneba. damsxvreva swarmoebs uZrav (12) da moZrav (13) konusebs Soris. samsxvrevelas warmadobaa 160...3750 t/sT.

CaquCebiani samsxvrevela gamoiyeneba (nax. 2.6.) madnebis wvrilad damsxvrevisaTvis. damsxvreva warmoebs mbrunav rotorze damagrebuli CaquCebiT. samsxvrevelas warmadobaa 300 t/sT.

nax. 2.6. CaquCebiani msxvrevana

1–rotori; 2–CaquCebi; 3–cecxlrikiani cxaura.

valcebiani samsxvrevala gamoiyeneba (nax. 2.7.) madnebis saSualod da wvrilad damsxvrevisaTvis. damsxvreva warmoebs erTmaneTis Semxvedrad moZrav or valcs Soris. valcebs Soris RriWo ar unda aWarbebdes 2 mm. xolo valcebis diametri 20-jer unda aRematebodes dasamxvrevi naWrebis zomebs. samsxvrevelas warmadobaa 1-100 t/sT.

nax.

2.7.

valcebiani

msxvrevana

1:2–valcebi;

xvreli; 5_garcmi.

3–mimRebi

Zabri;

4–gadmosatvirTi

madnebis TviTdamsxvrevis

dafqvisaTvis

gamoiyeneba

wisqvilebi

burTulebiani,

ZiriTadad

gamoyenebulia

Reroebiani

burTulebiani

wisqvilebi, romlis dolis diametria 900-4000 mm, xolo sigrZe 800...5500 mm. dolSi CatvirTuli burTulebis masaa 1,5...140 tona yvelaze didi wisqvilis warmadobaa 200 t/sT (nax. 2.8.).

nax. 2.8. burTulebiani wisqvili

brZmedSi CatvirTvis win, wvrili fraqciis (â&#x20AC;š 8 mm) mocilebis mizniT awarmoeben

sakazme

klasifikacias.

masalebis

gacxrilvas

awarmoeben

uZravi,

hidravlikur merxevi

sahaero

vibraciuli

cxavebiT. ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia vibraciuli cxavebi (nax. 2.9.), romlebSic cxavi da CarCo moZraobaSi modis eqscentruli lilvi-vibratoriT. vibraciuli cxavis warmadobaa 500...1500 tona/sT.

nax. 2.9. vibraciuli cxavi

madnebis

hidravlikuri

klasifikacia

emyareba

sxvadasxva

zomis

naWrebis wyalSi vardnis sxvadasxva siCqares â&#x20AC;&#x201C; msxvili naWrebi eSveba ufro Cqara, vidre wvrili. am mizniT gamoiyeneba xviiseburi klasifikatori, romelic daxrili Rarisa (nax. 2.10.) da masSi moTavsebuli orsvliani xviisagan Sedgeba. msxvili marcvlebi ileqeba Raris fskerze.

nax. 2.10. xviisebri klasifikatori

metalurgiaSi

gamoiyeneba

madnebis

damJangveli

aRmdgeneli

gamowva. damJangveli gamowvis mizania madnidan tenis, aqroladebis da gogirdis mocileba. igi mimdinareobs Jangbadis siWarbis dros da amJamad gamoiyeneba siderituli madnebisa da kirqvis gamosawvavad. aRmdgeneli anu magnetizirebuli gamowva aucilebelia aramagnituri madnebis magniturSi - Fe2O3 -is Fe3O4 -Si gadasayvanad, rac aramagnituri madnebis

magnituri

separaciiT

gamdidrebis

saSualebas

iZleva.

aseTi

gamowva tardeba aRmdgenel garemoSi CO-Ti da H2-iT 550-800ÂşC -ze Semdegi reaqciebiT: 3 Fe2O3 + CO = 2 Fe3O4 +CO2 3 Fe2O3 + H2 = 2 Fe3O4 +H2O aRdgenili

produqti

civdeba

aRmdgenel

atmosferoSi,

radganac

Jangbadis Tanaarseboba gamoiwvevs Fe3O4 -is isev daJangvas da magnituri Tvisebis dakargvas. aRmdgeneli gamowvisaTvis gamoiyeneba miliseburi (nax. 2.11.) da mduRare Sris Rumlebi (nax. 2.12.).

nax. 2.11. madnebis gamosawvavi milisebri mbrunavi Rumeli (50 X 3,6 m) 1–CamtvirTavi Taura; 2–bandaJi; 3–kbilana 4–periferiuli sanTurebi; 5–ganmtvirTavi Taura; 6–ganmtvirTavi yeli; 7–zRude; 8–sayrdeni; 9–sabjeni gorgolaWi; 10–CamtvirTavi zRude.

nax. 2.12. madnebis gamosawvavi mduRare Sris Rumeli 1–sanTura; 2–sacecxle; 3damcveli TaRi; 4–cxaura; 5–madnis da koqswvrilas CasatvirTi xvreli; 6–mduRare

Sre;

7–kvamlsadeni;

8–damatebiTi

ganmtvirTi

sadeni;

9–gamomwvari

madnis ganmtvirTi sadinari; 10–airis miwodeba.

gamdidrebis

mizania

madanSi

rkinis

Semcvelobis

gazrda,

mavne

minarevebis da fuWi qanis Semcvelobis Semcireba. gamdidrebis Sedegad

miiReba koncentratebi da kudebi. gamdidrebis procesis maCvenebelia rkinis Semcveloba

koncentratSi,

gamosavali

rkinis

amoRebis

Semcveloba xarisxi.

kudebSi,

koncentratis

gamosavali

ganisazRvreba koncentratis masis fardobiT sawyis madnis masasTan, xolo liTonis (Fe) amoRebis xarisxi koncentratSi gadasuli rkinis raodenobis fardobiT sawyis madanSi mis raodenobasTan da gamdidrebis meTodebisagan damokidebulebiT Seadgens 60...95%. rkinis madnebis gamdidrebis saxeobebia: garecxva, gravitaciuli gamdidreba,

magnituri

gamdidrebisaTvis madnuri

madnis

ZiriTadad

mineralebisa

mizidulobas

emyareba.

rkinis

separacia da

gamoiyeneba

fuWi

qanis

magnitur

Semcveli

flotacia.

rkinis

madnebis

magnituri

separacia,

romelic

mineralebis

sxvadasxva

magnitur

velSi

mineralebi

gatarebisas magnituri

dawvrilmanebuli Zalis

moqmedebiT

gancalkevdebian fuWi qanisagan. madnuri mineralebis gamoyofisaTvis aucilebelia magnituri Zala (Fmag.) aWarbebdes madnis marcvlebs Soris moqmed meqanikur Zalebs (Fmeq.). Zlieri magnituri Tvisebebis mqone madnebisaTvis gamoiyeneba 400...1200 erstedi daZabulobis magnituri velis separatorebi, xolo sustis SemTxvevaSi 1800...16000 erstedi daZabulobis magnituri velis separatorebi. rkinis madnebis magnituri separaciiT gamdidrebisaTvis ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba doluri magnituri separatori (nax. 2.13.). mbrunavi dolis (1) SigniT moTavsebulia uZravi eleqtromotori (2), romelic qmnis magnitur vels. magnituri rkinis Semcveli mineralebi miizideba dolis zedapirze da

magnituri

velidan

gamosvlis

Semdeg

iyreba

specialur

xvimiraSi.

separatoris warmadobaa 45...250 t/sT.

nax. 2.13. doluri separatoris sqema 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;mbrunavi doli; 2â&#x20AC;&#x201C;uZravi eleqtromotori.

flotaciuri meTodiT madnebis gamdidreba madnis mineralebis zedapiruli dasvelebis sxvadasxvaobas emyareba, romelic saSualebas iZleva saTanado pirobebis dacviT mineralebi seleqtiurad gamovyoT abazanis zedapirze

mineraluri

qafis

cximovani

fenis

saxiT.

safloatacio

manqanis (nax. 2.14. da 2.15.) abazanaSi moTavsebul wvrilmarcvlovani madnis, flotoreagentisa da wylis narevSi (pulpaSi) Seuberaven haers.

nax. 2.14. meqanikuri saflotacio manqana 1 – lilvi; 2 – mili; 3 – mbrunavi saxvreti; 4 – tixari; 5 – Sualeduri produqtis gamosaSvebi xvreli; 6 – sarevi; I – arevis zona; II – gayofis zona; III – koncentrirebis zona.

nax. 2.15. samrewvelo meqanikuri safloatacio manqana

haeris

buStulebTan

erTad

abazanis

zedapirze

amotivtivdebian

mxolod hidrofonuri (mineralebi, romlebic wyalSi ar sveldebian) rkinis Semcveli

mineralebi,

xolo

hidrofiluri

fuWi

qanis

mineralebi

sveldebian wyalSi da ileqeba abazanis fskerze. hidrofonuri

Tvisebebis

gaumjobesebisaTvis

gamoiyeneba

organuli

nivTierebebi _ zeTebi da fisebi, romlebic mineralebis zedapirze adsorbirdebian. flotaciisaTvis saWiroa aqtivatori (gogirdmJava), romelic xels uwyobs mineralis zedapirze koleqtoris adsorbcias da depresori (kiri,

cianidebi,

natriumis

sulfati

sxva),

romelic

xels

uSlis

koleqtoris im mineralze daleqvas, romelic ar unda gadavides qafSi. amqafebel

nivTierebad

gamoiyeneba

xisa

qvanaxSiris

mSrali

gamoxdis produqti krezoli, pisiadini da sxvadasxva zeTebi. gamoiyeneba meqanikuri da pnevmaturi safloatacio manqanebi. meqanikur manqanaSi arevisa da haeris SewovisaTvis gamoiyeneba Semrevebi, xolo pnevmaturSi specialuri milebi, romelSic wneviT miewodeba haeri. ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba

meqanikuri

safloatacio

manqana,

romlis

warmadoba

10...20

tona/saaTs Seadgens. brZmedis normaluri muSaoba didadaa damokidebuli rkinis madanSi rkinis muSaobis

Semcvelobis SemTxvevaSi

stabilurobaze. mcirdeba

mudmivi

koqsis

xarji

Sedgenilobis da

izrdeba

madanze

warmadoba.

sxvadasxva dros Semosuli madnebis qimiuri Semadgenlobis gasaSualeba swarmoebs sabrZmede saamqros sakazme ezoSi xidura greiferuli amwis saSualebiT.

ezoSi

Semosuli

madani

amwis

greiferiT

daStabeldeba

Sreebad. madnis Stabelis simaRlea 17 metri, xolo sigrZe amwis sayrdenebs Soris manZilis tolia da SeiZleba 115 metrs miaRwios. dasrulebuli Stabelidan madnis aReba warmoebs ise, rom greiferSi moxvdes Stabelis rac

SeiZleba

meti

Sre.

dausrulebeli

Stabelidan

madnisa

aReba

dauSvebelia. 2.6. rkinis madnebisa da koncentratebis danaqrovneba

kazmis araTanabari

svetis

airganvladobis

ganawilebis

gamo,

gauaresebisa

wvrilmarcvlovani

airebis

rkinis

nakadis

madnebis

koncentratebis uSualod brZmedSi gamoiyeneba teqnikurad SeuZlebeli da 27

ekonomikurad araxelsayrelia. mtveriseburi madnebisa da koncentratebis winaswari

danaqrovneba

teqnikur-ekonomikur

mniSvnelovnad

maCveneblebs

â&#x20AC;&#x201C;

aumjobesebs

amcirebs

brZmedis

koqsis

xarjs

muSaobis da

zrdis

warmadobas. amJamad

metalurgiaSi

gamoiyeneba

danaqrovnebis

sami

meTodi:

aglomeracia, dagundaveba da dabriketeba. aglomeracia

mtvriseburi

madnebisa

koncetratebis

SecxobiT

danaqrovnebaa. aRsaniSnavia, rom aglomeraciuli procesis dros intensiurad iJangeba kazmis gogirdis 80...90%, xolo daflusebuli aglomeratis gamoyenebam mTlianad an nawilobriv gamoricxa nedli kirqvis gamoyeneba brZmedis kazmidan. kazmis Sris airganvladobis gauaresebis gamo mtvriseburi koncentratebis aglomeraciuli procesiT danaqrovnebis garTulebis gamo gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan intensiurad viTardeba koncentratebis dagundavebis meTodiT danaqrovnebis procesi, romelic TandaTan aviwroebs aglomeraciis meTods. amJamad danaqrovnebuli masalebis 75-80%-s warmoadgens aglomerati, xolo 20...25%-s gundebi. dabriketeba warmoadgens, Semkvreli nivTierebis gamoyenebiT, wvrilmarcvlovani masalebis garkveuli formis naWrebad dawnexvas. es meTodi uZvelesia,

magram

wnexebis

mcire

warmadobisa

briketebis

dabali

simtkicis gamo farTo samrewvelo gavrceleba ver hpova.

2.7. aglomeraciuli procesis sqema aglomeraciuli procesi gamoigones ingliselebma f. geberleinma da t. xantigtonma 1887 w. Tavdapirvelad rkinis madnebis aglomeraciuli meTodiT danaqrovneba warmoebda dabali warmadobis fialisebur manqanaze. 1905 wels amerikelebma a. duaitma da r. loidma gamoigones vakuumuri aglomeracia _ Sesacxob SreSi zemodan-qvemoT haeris gawoviT. kazmis Sris qveS vakuumis Sesaqmnelad maT gamoiyenes gamwovi ventilatori â&#x20AC;&#x201C; eqshausteri. maT Seqmnes uwyveti moqmedebis konveiruli saaglomeracio manqana, romelic dResac warmatebiT gamoiyeneba. madnebis

koncentratebis

vakuumuri

reJimiT

Secxobis

dros

saaglomeracio manqanis cecxlrikebze (qvedze) pirvelad daafenen safenis 28

(sawolis) Sres _ 10...20mm simaRlis nabrun aglomerats, romelic xels uSlis kazmis marcvlebis cecxlrikebs Soris RriWoSi gacvenas, amcirebs mtvris gatanas da icavs cecxlrikebs maRali temperaturis zemoqmedebisagan. sakazme masalebs (ara umetes 8 mm simsxos madani da koncentrati, 0...3 mm simsxos koqswvrila da kirqva) Serevis, datenianebisa da dagundavebis Semdeg daafenen safenis zedapirze, aanTeben kazmis zedapirs da CarTaven eqshausters, romelic kazmis SreSi, zemodan qvemoT, uwyvet nakadad gaiwovs haeris nakads. cecxlrikebis qveS gaiSviaTeba Seadgens 8000...10000 n/m2. Sesacxobi Sre iyofa ramodenime zonad: pirvel zonaSi gamavali haeri acivebs ukve Secxobil aglomerats, xolo TviTon gaxurebul mdgomareobaSi miwodeba meore, anu wvisa da Secxobis zonas, sadac maRali temperaturis gamo (1300...1600º C) kazmi dneba, cxveba da warmoiqmneba aglomerati. mesame, kazmis gaxurebis zonidan cxeli gamavali airebis siTbos xarjze aorTqlebuli

teni

airebTan

erTad

gadaadgildeba

qveda

civ

SreSi,

kondensirdeba da atenianebs kazms (IV anu kazmis datenianebis zona). wvis zonis zemodan-qvemoT gadaadgilebasTan erTad ganuwyvetliv izrdeba mza aglomeratis Sre da procesis bolos mTavrdeba kazmis mTliani Secxoba.saaglomeracio fabrikis teqnologiuri procesis principuli sqema mocemulia 2.16. naxazze.

nax. 2.16.

saaglomeracio fabrikis teqnologiuri sqema 1 – kazmis xvimirebi; 2 –

kazmis Semrevi doli; 3 – dagundavebis doli; 4 – konveiruli saaglomeracio manqana; 5 – eqshausteri; 6 – kazmis asanTebi quro; 7 – cxavi.

dozirebuli sakazme masalebi xvimrebidan (1) miewodeba Semrev dolSi (2), xolo iqedan dasagundavebel dolSi (3), saidanac datenianebuli da dagundavebuli kazmi miewodeba saaglomeracio manqanaze (4), kazmi ainTeba quros (6) saSualebiT, CairTveba eqshausteri (5) da iwyeba Secxobis procesi. saaglomeracio manqanidan gantvirTuli aglomerati icreba (7) da 10 mm-ze msxvili fraqcia miewodeba sabrZmede saamqros.

2.8. konveiruli saaglomeracio manqana fialiseburi

saaglomeracio

manqanasTan

SedarebiT

konveiruli

saaglomeracio manqanis upiratesobaa muSaobis uwyvetoba, procesis sruli meqanizacia,

konstruqciis

simartive

maRalxarisxovani

aglomeratis

miRebis SesaZlebloba. konveiruli saaglomeracio manqanis (nax. 2.17.) ZiriTadi nawilebia: mimmarTveli relsebi, kazmis asanTebi qura (4), Sesacxobi urikebi (1), mimyoli varsklava (10), vakuumkamera (11) da amZravi varsklava (9). manqanis yvela nawili awyobilia liTonis saerTo CarCoze.

nax. 2.17. konveiruli saaglomeracio manqanis sqema 1 – Sesacxobi urika; 2 – safenis miwodeba; 3 – kazmis miwodeba; 4 – kazmis asanTebi quro; 5 – mommarTveli relsebi; 6 – kazmi; 7 – aglomeratis fena; 8 – datenianebis zona; 9 – amZravi varsklava; 10 – mimyoli varsklava; 11 – vakuumkamera; 12 – airsadeni.

saaglomeracio manqanis qveS ganlagebulia vakuumsaknebi (11), romelTa Siga zedapiri, mtvriani airebis gamcveTi moqmedebisagan dacvis mizniT, dafarulia filebiT. saknebi saerTo airsadenTan milyeliTaa SeerTebuli, xolo airsadeni (12) eqshausterTan aris SeerTebuli. saaglomeracio manqanis Tavze dayenebulia ori doluri mkvebavi. erTi maTganiT manqanaze miwodeba safeni (2), xolo meoreTi – kazmi (3). doluri mkvebavi manqanis mTel siganeze Tanabrad anawilebs kazms. msoflioSi yvelaze didi saaglomeracio manqana muSaobs iaponiaSi, romlis Secxobis farTia 550 m2, sigane – 5 m. manqanaze dayenebulia 2 eqshausteri, TiToeuli 25000 m3/wT warmadobiT. rusTavis metalurgiul qarxanaSi muSaobs 312 m2 Secxobis farTis mqone erTi saaglomeracio manqana, romlis Secxobis zonis sigrZea 78 metri, sigane 4 metri, eqshausteris ricxvi 2, xolo eqshausteris warmadoba 9000 m3 haeri wuTSi, urikebis ricxvi – 130, manqanis moZraobis siCqare 7,5 m/wT, Sesacxobi Sris simaRle 350 mm, 1 m2 farTobidan miRebuli aglomeratis raodenoba Seadgens 1,4 t/m2.sT.

2.9. saaglomeracio kazmis momzadeba SecxobisaTvis saaglomeracio kazmis SecxobisaTvis momzadebis mizania misi airganvladobis gaumjobeseba, radganac Secxobis vertikaluri siCqare Sesacxobi Sris airganvladobis pirdapir proporciulia. rogorc cnobilia, ukanasknel periodSi saaglomeracio kazmis rkinis Semcvel ZiriTad masalas warmoadgens mtvriseburi koncentrati, romlis simsxo naklebia 0,074 mm-ze, rac saaglomeracio manqanis warmadobis 30...40%iT Semcirebas da aglomeratis xarisxis gauaresebas iwvevs. saaglomeracio aucilebelia

kazmis

kazmis winaswari

airganvladobis dagundaveba

gaumjobesebis

specialur

mbrunav

mizniT dolSi.

dolis sigrZea 5...7,5 metri, Sida diametri 2,5...3,2 metri, brunvis siCqare 5...8 br/wT, warmadoba 200...250 t/sT. didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kazmis optimaluri sinestis daWeras dagundavebis win, radgan igi uzrunvelyofs dagundavebis xarisxis da kazmis airganvladobis gaumjobesebas da Sesabamisad, Secxobis maqsimaluri siCqarisa da saaglomerulo manqanis warmadobis gazrdas. 31

kiris an kiris rZis damateba aumjobesebs dagundavebis xarisxs. kazmSi cxeli

nabruni

davebeli

aglomeratis

kazmi

xurdeba

damatebiT

60...70ยบ C-mde,

(ara rac

umetes

xels

30%-isa)

uwyobs

dasagun-

dagundavebis

xarisxis gazrdas. saaglomeracio kazmis airganvladobis gaumjobesebisa da Sesabamisad, saaglomeracio manqanis warmadobis gazrda SesaZlebelia kazmis

Sris

simaRlis

gazrdiT

(450...500

mm-mde)

vakuumis

gazrdiT

gawovili

airebis

manqanis qveS.

2.10. aglomeratis Secxobis procesi Secxobis

procesze

dakvirveba

SeiZleba

temperaturisa da gaiSviaTebis sididis cvlilebis mixedviT droSi da Sesacxobi kazmis simaRleze. Secxobis procesis dawyebidan 2...3 wuTis Semdeg gawovili airebis temperatura garemos temperaturis tolia, radgan gamavali airebi civdeba kazmis civ SreSi. gawovili airebis temperatura Secxobis procesis zemodan qvemoT gadaadgilebasTan erTad izrdeba da maqsimalur mnoSvnelobas (300...350ยบ C) aRwevs, roca Secxobis zona miaRwevs cecxlrikebs.

gawovili

airebis

maqsimaluri

temperatura

Secxobis

procesis damTavrebis maCvenebelia, ris Semdeg iwyeba aglomeratis gaciveba. Secxobis siCqare

zonis

ewodeba.

igi

gadaadgilebis ganisazRvreba

siCqares Sesacxobi

Secxobis kazmis

vertikaluri

Sris

simaRlis

gayofiT Secxobis procesis xangrZlivobaze. Secxobis vertikaluri siCqare Seadgens 15...30 mm/wT. Secxobis dawyebidan pirveli 1,5...2 wuTis ganmavlobaSi gaiSviaTebis sidide cecxlrikebis qveS izrdeba, rac wvis zonaSi garbilebuli da Txevadi

masalebis

warmoqmniT

anu

kazmis

airganvladobis

gauaresebiT

aixsneba. Semdeg, kargi airganvladi aglomeratis simaRlis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT, gaiSviaTebis sidide TandaTan mcirdeba. rkinis madnebisa da koncentratebis Secxobis dros mimdinareobs Semdegi procesebi: koqswvrilas naxSirbadis wva, tenisa da aqroladebis mocileba, karbonatebis disociacia, Jangva-aRdgeniTi procesebi, gogirdisa da

sxva

mavne

minarevebis

mocileba,

kazmis

gadnoba,

gamdnari

kristalizacia da aglomeratis saboloo struqturis Camoyalibeba.

masis

2.11. naxSirbadis wva Sesacxob SreSi saaglomeracio kazmis erT-erT ZiriTad komponents warmoadgens myari sawvavi – koqswvrila, romlis wvis Sedegad gamoyofili siTbo uzrunvelyofs procesisaTvis saWiro maRali temperaturis (1300...1450º C) miRwevas. naxSirbadis wva Sesacxob SreSi mimdinareobs reaqciebiT: C + O2 → CO2 + 400, 428 m.jouli C + ½ O2 → CO + 117,845 m.jouli saaglomeracio kazmis SreSi naxSirbadis wva mimdinareobs rkinis Jangeulebis Jangva-aRdgenasTan da karbonatebis disociaciasTan erTad, rac xels uSlis wvis process. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi isic, rom sawvavis marcvlebis nawili dafarulia warmoqmnili Txevadi produqtebi, xolo nawili moTavsebulia kazmis marcvlebSi, rac arTulebs Jangbadis miRwevas sawvavamde da Sesabamisad wvis process. vinaidan madanTan

koqswvrilas

erTad

mtvriseburi

JangbadisaTvis

nawili

miuwvdomeli

SeiZleba gaxdes,

dagundavdes amitom

myari

saTbobis mtvriseburi nawilis mocileba da misi ukve dagundavebul kazmSi miwodeba

naxSirbadis

sruli

wvisa

Secxobis

procesis

daCqarebas

gamoiwvevs. 2.12. tenis mocileba Secxobis procesSi saaglomeracio kazmi Seicavs Tavisufal anu higroskopul tens (H2O) da hidratul anu tens naerTis saxiT (nFe2O3. nH20). figroskopuli teni orTqldeba daFgaSrobisa da gaxurebis zonaSi gamavali cxeli airebis siTbos

xarjze.

mis

mocilebaze

sawvavis

damatebiTi

raodenoba

aar

ixarjeba da Secxobis Tburi balansis angariSis dros mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. hidratuli tenis aorTqlebisaTvis gacilebiT maRali temperaturaa saWiro, vidre higroslopulisTvis (500...800º C). Tu hidratuli teni moTavsebulia madnis msxvil naWrebSi, maSin igi SeiZleba moscildes 1000º C-ze. saaglomeracio kazmSi hidratuli tenis mniSvnelovani Semcveloba uaryofiTad

moqmedebs

aglomeraciul

procesze:

intesiuri

gaxurebis

zonaSi mcirdeba temperatura da izrdeba haeris xvedriTi xarji procesze. 33

2.13. karbonatebis disociacia aglomeraciuli procesis dros

rkinis madnebisa da koncentratebis Secxobis dros flusad ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia kirqva, nawilobriv dolomitizirebuli kirqva (CaCO3. MgCO3).

garda

amisa

zogierTi

madani

Seicavs

rkinis

manganumis

karbonatebs. maSasadame,

saaglomeracio

kazmSi

SeiZleba

Segvxvdes

Semdegi

karbonatebi: CaCO3, MgCO3, FeCO3, MnCO3. aRniSnuli karbonatebi procesis dros ganicdian disociacias Semdegi reaqciebiT: CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 _ 1778 kjouli / kg MgCO3 → MgO + CO2 _ 1395 kjouli / kg FeCO3 → FeO + CO2 _ 1015 kjouli / kg MnCO3 → MnO + CO2 _ 758 kjouli / kg saaglomeracio kazmSi SiO2 –isa da Fe2O3 –is arseboba xels uwyobs karbonatebis disociacias. aRniSnuli Jangeulebi kalciumis karbonatebTan warmoqmnis silikatebsa da feritebs, romlebic amcirebs CaO –s aqtivobas: 2 CaCO3 + SiO2 → Ca2 SiO4 + 2 CO2 CaCO3 + FeO3 → CaO · FeO3 + CO2 kirqvis sruli disociaciisTvis misi naWrovaneba ar unda aWarbebdes 3 mm-s, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi karbonati ver moaswrebs disociacias, rac uaryofiTad moqmedens Secxobis procesze da aglomeratis simtkiceze. 2.14. rkinis Jangeulebis Jangva-aRdgena da reaqciebi myar fazaSi

aglomeraciuli procesis damaxasiTebeli Taviseburebaaa aRmdgeneli da damJangveli procesebis erTdrouli mimdinareoba. kazmis im mikro moculobebSi, sadac sawvavi iwvis, intensiurad mimdinareobs aRmdgeneli procesebi, xolo iq, sadac sawvavi ar aris, SenarCunebulia damJangveli atmosfero. aglomeraciuli procesis dros rkinis umaRlesi Jangeuli

Fe2O3, (hematiti)

naxSirbadis

wvis

Sedegad

warmoqmnili

naxSirJangiT,

aRdgeba FeO –mde. sawvavis mcire xarjis gamo (5...6%) rkinis Jangeulebis liTonur rkinamde aRdgena SeuZlebelia. Tu sawvavis xarji 10%-ze metia, maSin aglomeratis struqturaSi SeimCneva liTonuri rkina. aglomeraciuli

procesis

dros

rkinis

Jangeulebis

aRdgena

mimdinareobs naxSirJangiT. aRdgenis reaqciebi ase gamoisaxeba: 3 Fe2O3 + CO → 2 Fe3O4 + CO2 + Q Fe3O4 + CO → 3 FeO + CO2 + Q FeO + CO → Fe + CO2 - Q dauflusebuli TiTqmis

kazmis

warmoiqmneba.

Secxobis

procesi

procesSi

ZiriTadad

myar

fazaSi

kalciumis

faialiti

feritebis

kalciumis orTosilikatis warmoqmniT mimdinareobs: 2 CaO + SiO2 → Ca2 SiO4 miuxedavad imisa, rom kirs kaJbadTan meti qimiuri naTesaoba aqvs, vidre hematitTan, kontaqtTa didi ricxvis gamo kalciumis feritebi ufro didi raodenobiT warmoiqmneba, vidre kalciumis silikatebi. nebismieri fuZianobis

SemTxvevaSi

CaO

Fe2O3

kontaqtTa

didi

ricxvis

gamo,

feritebis warmoqmnis dabali temperaturisa (500...600º C) da reaqciis maRali siCqaris gamo, myar fazaSi ZiriTadad kalciumis feritebi warmoiqmneba. 2.15. mavne minarevebis qceva Secxobis dros

rogorc

cnobilia,

rkinis

madnebisa

koncentratebis

mavne

minarevebs warmoadgens gogirdi, dariSxani, fosfori, tyvia, TuTia. rkinis madnebi da koncentratebi gogirds Seicaven sulfidebisa (piritis –FeS2, pirotinis - FeS) da sulfatebis (CaSO4, BaSO4) saxiT. aglomeraciuli procesis dros gogirdis mniSvnelovani raodenoba iJangeba da miyveba gamaval airebs. Ppiriti intensiur daSlas iwyebs 500...600º C-ze reaqciiT: 2 FeS2 → 2 FeS + S2 gamoyofili gogirdis mniSvnelovani nawili civi sakazme masalebiT STainTqmeba.

gogirdis ZiriTad nawili haeris JangbadTan warmoqmnis SO2 da SO3, romelic miyveba gamaval airebs. piritis wva mimdinareobs 350...600º C-ze reaqciiT: 2 FeS2 + 5,5 O2 = Fe2O3 + 4 SO2 sulfiduri

gogirdis

amowvis

xarisxis

gazrdas

xels

uwyobs

Sesacxobi madnis marcvlebis simsxos Semcireba, maRali temperatura da damJangveli

airadi

atmosfero,

rac

aglomeraciuli

procesis

dros

dakmayofilebulia. sulfaturi gogirdis daSlisaTvis gacilebiT maRali temperaturaa saWiro vidre sulfidurisTvis. reaqcia ase gamoisaxeba: 2 CaSO4 → 2 CaO + 2 SO2 + O2 sulfatebis

disocicias

aCqarebs

maTi

urTierTqmedeba

rkinis,

siliciumisa da aluminis JangeulebTan: CaSO4 + Fe2O3 + C → CaO · Fe2O3 + SO2 + CO 2 CaSO4 + SiO2 + 2 C → 2 CaO · SiO2 + 2 SO2 + 2 CO warmoqmnili kalciumis feriti da kalciumis orTosilikati maRal temperaturebze warmoqmnian Txevad fazebs, romelic xels uwyoben kazmis Secxobis process. daflusebuli aglomeratis warmoebis dros gogirdis amowvis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba da Seadgens 80...85%-s, nacvlad 90...95%-isa dauflusebuli aglomeratis warmoebisas. es imiTaa gamowveuli, rom flusis (kirqva -

CaCO3 )

CaO 700...900ºC

intervalSi warmoqmnis kalciumis sulfats, romelic rCeba aglomeratSi: CaO + SO2 = Ca SO4 sulfaturi

gogirdis

mocilebis

xarisxi

gacilebiT

dabalia

Seadgens 60...70%-s. aglomeraciuli procesis dros dariSxani scildeba airadi As2 O3 –is (275...320º C) da As H3 -is saxiT. dariSxanis mocilebas xels uwyobs aRmdgeneli atmosfero anu sawvavis gazrdili xarji da misi mocilebis xarisxi aRwevs 50%-s. aglomeraciuli procesis dros fosfori ar scildeba da mTlianad gadadis aglomeratSi. tyvia da TuTia aglomeraciuli procesis dros ar scildeba, magram qlorovani danamatebiT (Ca Cl2) SeiZleba moscildes 90% tyvia da 65% TuTia.

2.16.

kazmis

gadnoba

gadnobis

zonaSi

mimdinare

mineraluri

gardaqmnebi myar fazaSi mimdinare reaqciebis Sedegad, wvisa da gaxurebis zonaSi warmoiqmneba pirvel

axali

ulufebs

monawileobas

advildnadi

iZlevian.

kazmis

mineralebi,

swored

Secxobisa

romlebic

mineralebi

Txevadi

Rebuloben

aglomeratis

fazis aqtiur

struqturis

CamoyalibebaSi. dauflusebuli aglomeratis warmoebis dros ZiriTadi procesebi mimdinareobs rkinis Jangeulebsa (FeO, Fe3O4) da SiO2 –s Soris, romelTa urTierTqmedebebis

Sedegad

warmoiqmneba

minerali

faialiti

(Fe2 SiO4),

faialiti da magnetiti (Fe3O4) myar mdgomareobaSi ar ixsnebian erTmaneTSi C

(1142º

–ze

dabal

temperaturebSi),

ganusazRvrelad

ixsnebian

faialiti

1205º C-ze.

dneba

xolo

erTmaneTSi. myar temperaturis

Txevad

mdgomareobaSi

Semdegi

warmoqmnili

gazrdiT

faialitSi

ixsneba magnetitis marcvlebi. daflusebuli aglomeratis warmoebis dros mineralebis warmoqmnaSi monawileobs kalciumis Jangi (CaO). silikatebTan

rkinis

JangTan

urTierTqmedebisas

warmoqmnis

kalciumis orTosilikats (Ca2 SiO4) da kalciumis feritebs, romlebic warmoqmnian Txevad fazas, xolo Txevad fazaSi ufro didi siCqariT ixsneba

rkinis

Jangeulebi,

kvarci

kalciumis

Jangeulebi,

vidre

dauflusebeli kazmis warmoebis dros. maSasadame, faialiti

dauflusebuli magnetiti,

xolo

aglomeratis daflusebuli

ZiriTadi

mdgenelebia

aglomeratis

ZiriTadi

mdgenelebia kalciumis orTosilikati (Ca2 SiO4), kalciumis feritebi da mcire raodenobiT faialiti. 2.17. aglomeratis xarisxi

brZmedis maRalmwarmoebeluri muSaobisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba

aglomeratisa

da,

saerTod,

sakazme

masalebis

xarisxs.

maRalxarisxovani aglomerati mtkicea. xasiaTdeba maRali aRdgenadobiT,

garbilebis maRali temperaturiT da garbilebis mcire temperaturuli intervaliT. aglomeratis simtkice ganisazRvreba misi naWrebis agebulebiTa da mineralogiuri SedgenilobiT. aglomeratis naWeri warmoadgens msxvili forebiT

erTmaneTisagan

erTmaneTTan

aris

dacilebul

miduRebuli.

blokebis

aglomeratis

sistemas,

gadazidvis

romlebic

dros,

pirvel

rigSi, irRveva blokebs Soris kavSiri, xolo TviTon bloki ar irRveva. simtkicis TvalsazrisiT blokis optimalur zomad miCneulia 15...20 mm, romelTa

warmoqmnisaTvis

aucilebelia

1...3

zomis

koqswvrilas

marcvlebi. aglomeratSi kazmis hematitis (Fe2O3), magnetitis (Fe3O4) kvarcis (SiO2) arseboba amcirebs mis simtkices. gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTad moqmedebs kirqvisa da kiris CanarTebi. kiri ierTebs tens da Slis aglomeratis naWrebs. aglomeratis simtkiceze uaryofiTad

moqmedebs

kalciumis

(Ca2 SiO4),

orTosilikati

romelic

aglomeratis gacivebis procesSi (657º C) polimorful gardaqmnas ganicdis (β Ca2 SiO4 → γ Ca2 SiO4). aseTi gardaqmnis dros igi moculobaSi izrdeba 11...12%-iT da angrevs aglomeratis

naWrebs.

dauflusebeli

aglomerati

maRalfuZiani

aglomerati (CaO ⁄ SiO2 › 1,5) gamoirCeva maRali simtkiciT. maRalfuZian polimorfuli

aglomeratSi

gardaqmna

Ca3

warmoiqmneba

axasiaTebs,

rac

SiO5,

uzrunvelyofs

romelsac simtkices.

aglomeratis simtkiceze dadebiTad moqmedebs dolomitizirebuli kirqvis damateba kazmSi (CaCO3. MgCO3), radganac magniumi Sedis Ca2 SiO4 –is gisosSi da xels uSlis mis polimorful gardaqmnas. aglomeratis

aRdgenadoba

damokidebulia

mis

forianobasa

mineralogiur Sedgenilobaze. forianobis gazrdiT aRdgenadoba ixrdeba da piriqiT. Znelad aRsadgeni mineralebis – faialitis (Fe2 SiO4) Ca – ivlivinebis da minis arsebobis dros aglomeratis aRdgenadoba mcirdeba. maqsimaluri aRdgenadobiT xasiaTdeba aglomerati fuZianobiT (CaO ⁄ SiO2 ) 1,4...1,5. dauflusebeli aglomeratisa da 0,5...0,7 da 2,0...4,0 fuZianobis mqone daflusebuli

aglomeratis,

grabilebis

dawyebis

temperatura

aris

1100...1150º C, 1050...1100º C da 1200-1250º C Sesabamisad. garbilebis dawyebis

minimaluri temperatura aqvs aglomerats fuZianobiT 0,5...0,7, radgan igi Seicavs maqsimaluri raodenobiT minas, romelic farTo temperaturul intervalSi rbildeba. 2.18. saaglomeracio fabrikis ZiriTadi mowyobilobebi

Tanamedrove rTul

kompleqss,

saaglomeracio romelic

fabrika

warmoadgens

uzrunvelyofs

kazmis

mowyobilobebis

momzadebas

Secxobi-

saTvis, TviTon Secxobasa da miRebuli aglomeratis damuSavebas. saaglomeracio

fabrikis

ZiriTadi

mowyobilobebia:

mkvebavebi

dozatorebi, Semrevi da damagundavebeli dolebi, kirqvisa da koqswvrilas samsxvrevelebi,

aglomeratis

gamacivebeli,

mtverdamWerebi

eqshaus-

terebi. xvimirebidan Semkreb konveierze sakazme masalebis miwodebisa da dozirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba TefSiseburi mkvebavebi da woniTi regulirebis dozatorebi – lenturi saswori - dozatori. saaglomeracio fabrikebSi gamoyenebuli doluri Semrevi warmoadgens furclovani foladisagan damzadebul dols, romelsac erTi bolodan miewodeba kazmi, xolo meore bolodan gadmoitvirTeba Sereuli kazmi. Semrev dolSi dayenebulia Sneki, xolo dasagundavebel dols Sneki ar ukeTdeba, misi Siga zedapiri gluvia. dolis sigrZea 5,0...7,5 metri, Sida diametri 2,5...3,2 metri, brunvis siZqare 8,0...5,5 br/wT, warmadoba 150...250 t/sT. quro gamoiyeneba kazmis asanTebad. gavrcelebulia airad saTbobze momuSave quro, romelic cecxlgamZle aguriTaa amogebuli da civdeba wyliT. quros siganea 1,83 metri, anTebis zonis sigrZe – 0,30 metri, anTebis xangrZlivoba – 10 wm. saaglomeravio fabrikaSi procesis dros gawovili airebi Seicaven didi raodenobiT mtvers, romelic auaresebs Sromis pirobebs, afuWebs mowyobilobebs.

aWuWyianebs

garemos

zrdis

danakargebs.

gawovili

airebis temperaturaa 120...150ºC. aucilebelia gamavali airebis gawmenda. ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia mSrali

gawmenda.

mierTebulia

mTavar

SemTxvevaSi airsaden

vakuum-kameris

koleqtorTan,

airsadeni

romelTanac

milyelebiT mierTebulia

specialuri xvimirebi anu samtvere tomrebi. mtvris msxvili nawilakebi simZimis

ZaliT

ileqebian

tomrebSi. 39

sufTa

gawmendisaTvis

uSualod

eqshausteris

win

dayenebulia

multiciklonebi.

zogierT

SemTxvevaSi

gamoyenebulia ufro Zviri da efeqturi eleqtrofiltrebi. eqshausteri

saaglomeracio

gamoiyeneba

manqanis

vakuum-saknebSi

vakuumis Sesaqmnelad da kazmis SreSi haeris gawovisaTvis. gaiSviaTebis sidide

unda

Seadgendes

900...1250

wylis

svets.

eqshauterma

unda

uzrunvelyos 2400...3600 m3 haeris xarji 1 tona aglomeratze. eqshausterebs amzadeben erTsafexurians, Semwovi airebis airsadenis ormxrivi SeerTebiT: haeris Semwov xvrelebs aqvT sworkuTxa forma, xolo haeris damwnex xvrels

–

mrgvali

forma.

eqshausteris

RerZi

SeerTebulia

eleqtroZravasTan. Secxobis procesis normalurad CatarebisaTvis sakazme masalebs unda hqondeT optimaluri zoma, amotom saWiroa sakazme masalebis winaswari damsxvreva gansaRvrul simsxomde. koqswvrilas oTxvalciani dafqvis

samsxvrevelebi.

Reroebiani

erTvalciani aglomeratis

damsxvrevisaTvis kirqvis

wisqvilebi.

kbilana

adgilas

orvalciani

dasamsxvrevad

aglomeratis

samsxvrevela,

gantvirTvis

gamoiyeneba

daamsxvrevad

romelic

idgmeba.

gamoiyeneba

mSrali

gamoiyeneba

manqanis

valcis

boloSi

zedapirze

–

kbilebi

ganlagebulia oTx rigad – TiToeul rigze 9 kbili. valcis brunTa ricxvia 3,5...7,0 br/wT, xolo warmadoba 200 tona saaTSi. ukanasknel periodSi aglomeratis gaciveba warmoebs uSualod saaglomeracio manqanaze – bolo nawilSi. manqanis bolo nawilis vakuumkamerebs dayenebuli aqvT specialuri kvamlgamwovebi.

2.19. madnebis dagundaveba

mtvriseburi

koncentratebis

Secxobam

sagrZnoblad

Seamcira

saaglomeracio manqanis warmadoba da gaauaresa aglomeratis xarisxi. metalurgebis

winaSe

dasmuli

problema:

miiRon

mtvriseburi

koncentratebisagan brZmedisTvis vargisi naqrovani masala, gadaWrili iqna madnebis dagundavebis meTodis gamoyenebiT, romelic 1912 wels gamoigona Svedma

andersonma,

xolo

farTod

gavrcelda

me-20

saukunis

60-iani

wlebidan. dagundavebis meTodi iTvaliswinebs madnebidan nedli gundebis miRebas da gundebis gamowvas simtkicis gazrdis mizniT. nedli

gundebi

miiReba

datenianebuli

koncentratebis

gorviT

granuliatoris zedapirze. datenianebuli koncentratebi gorvis procesSi gaivlian centrebis warmoSobis, zrdisa da masaTa cvlilebis etapebs. madnis

nawilakebis

zedapirze,

romelic

SeWiduloba miT

metia,

damokidebulia rac

ufro

nawilakebis

dawvrilmanebulia

xvedriT madani.

koncentratis fraqciuli Semadgenloba unda iyos 0...0,074 mm.

nax. 2.18 dagundavebis fabrikis teqnologiuri sqema. 1 – sakazme xvimirebi; 2 – Semrevi doli; 3 – granulatori; 4 – konveiruli manqana; 5 – eqshauteri; 6 – cxavi; 7 – Semkrebi transportiori.

dagundavebisaTvis mniSvnelovania sinestis SerCeva. kaxmis optimalur sinested miCneulia 8...9%. mtkice gundebis miRebisaTvis kazmSi SehyavT Semkvreli nivTierebebi _ bentoniti, kiri, kalciumis qloridi da sxva.

2.20. dagundavebisaTvis gamoyenebuli agregatebi gundebis miRebisaTvis gamoiyeneba doluri da TefSuri granulatorebi. doluri granulatori warmoadgens cilindrul dols gluvi Siga zedapiriT. dolis daxris kuTxe -5...6º, brunvis siCqare -4...8 br/wT, diametri -3 m, 41

sigrZe -11 m. aseTi dolis warmadoba 50-60 tona/sT. 6...8 mm simsxos wvrili gundebi

isev

dolSi

brundeba

asruleben

gundebis

warmomqmneli

centrebis rols. muSaobis procesSi dolis zedapirze warmoiqmneba kazmis qerqi anu garnisaJi, romlis sisqe uaryofiT gavlenas axdens dagundavebis procesze, amitom dolze dayenebulia specialuri dana, romelic wmends dolis Siga zedapirs da gansazRvrul sisqeze ayenebs mas. konstruqciulad igi ar gansxvavdeba saaglomeracio kazmis dasagundavebeli dolisagan. TefSiseburi granuliatori (sur. 2.19.) warmoadgens daxrilad dayenebul TefSs. TefSze moTavsebuli kazmi gorvis Sedegad warmoqmnis sferosebr gundebs. granulatoris diametri Seadgens 4...7 metrs.

nax. 2.19. TefSuri granulatoris sqema (a) da granulatorze masalebis moZraobis sqema (b). 1 – TefSi; 2 – savarcxeli; 3 – daxris kuTxis Sesacvleli meqanizmi; 4 – granulatoris CarCo.

marTalia,

TefSuri

granulatori

warmadobiT

CamorCeba

dolurs,

magram uzrunvelyofs Tanabari zomis gundebis miRebas da advilad SeiZleba misi muSaobis regulireba. vinaidan nedli gundebis simtkice ver uzrunvelyofs masze wayenebul moTxovnebs,

amitom

aucilebelia

maTi

maRaltemperaturuli

gamowva.

gamoiyeneba WaSvuri, konveiruli da kombinirebuli gamosawvavi danadgarebi. ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia konveiruli manqana. konveiruli manqana (nax. 2.20.) mowyobilobiT msgavsia lenturi tipis saaglomeracio manqanisa, im gansxvavebiT, rom igi gaTvaliswinebulia ufro

maRal

temperaturebze

muSaobisaTvis.

manqanas

emsaxureba

ramodenime

eqshausteri. manqana iyofa gaSrobis (saerTo farTobis 20%), gaxurebisa da gamowvis (35%), rekuperaciis (7%), gacivebis (38%) zonebad. manqanis farTia 108,306 da 520 m2. manqanis sigrZea 54 metri, sigane 2 metri. manqanis wliuri warmadoba 2 milioni tona. gundebis gamosawvavad gamoiyeneba konveiruli manqanisa da mbrunavi Rumlis kombinacia. konveiruli gamoiyeneba gundebis gaSrobisa

gaxurebisaTvis,

xolo

mbrunavi

–

maRaltemperaturuli

gamowvisaTvis. mbrunavi Rumelidan gamomavali cxeli airebi gamoiyeneba konveirul manqanaSi gundebis gaSrobasa da gaxurebisaTvis, rac amcirebs siTbos xarjis procesze.

nax. 2.20. gundebis gamosawvavi konveiruli manqana 1 – manqanis amZravi; 2 – vakuumsaknebi; 3 – maRaltemperaturuli ventilatori; 4 – sanTurebi; 5 – manqanis qura. quris zonebi: I da II – gaSrobis pirveli da meore zonebi; III – gaxurebis zona; IV – gamowvis zona; V – rekuperaciis zona; VI da VII – gundebis gacivebis pirveli da meore zona.

2.21. gundebis gamowvis procesi gundebis gaSroba warmoebs 300...500º C - mde, gaxureba – 800...1200º C –mde; xolo damJangveli gamowva – 1200...1350º C-ze. gamowvis saerTo droa 7...12 wT. gaSrobis procesSi gundebis zedapirze SeiZleba warmoqmnas bzarebi, rac amcirebs mza gundebis simtkices. gaSrobis bolo stadiaSic SeiZleba moxdes

maRaltemperaturuli

feTqebadi

daSla.

danakargebma

SeiZleba

miaRwios 7%-s. gaSrobis procesSi gundebis daSla damokidebulia maT sinesteze

–

rac

maRalia

sineste, 43

miT

maRalia

bzarebis

warmoqmnis

saSiSroeba.

Semkvrel

nivTierebebze

(bentoniti)

damzadebuli

gundebis

Termuli mdgradoba maRalia Cveulebriv gundebTan SedarebiT. gundebis daSla,

rkinis

gaxurebisas Jangeulebis

mimdinareobs daJangva,

hidratebisa

reaqciebi

myar

karbonatebis

fazaSi

sxva

procesebi. karbonatebis disociacia mimdinareobs reaqciiT: CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 - Q karbonatebis daSlaze gavlenas axdens gundebis gaxurebis siCqare. swrafi gaxurebis SemTxvevaSi karbonatebis disociacia mimdinareobs 1150º C –ze, xolo neli gaxurebis SemTxvevaSi 950...970º C –ze. damJangveli gamowvis dros magnetiti iJangeba hematitamde: 2 Fe3O4 + 0,5 O2 → 3 Fe2O3 + Q es procesi mimdinareobs 1000...1100º C –ze. gundebis gamowvis dros intensiurad mimdinareobs reaqciebi myar fazebs Soris. ZiriTadad Fe3O4, Fe2O3, SiO2-sa da CaO da MgO-s monawileobiT daflusebuli

gundebis

warmoebis

SemTxvevaSi.

myar

fazebs

Soris

reaqciebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba rkinis silikatebi da kalciumis feritebi. gundebis gamowvisas, nawilakebis Secxoba mtkice gundebad SeiZleba myar mdgomareobaSi Secxobisa da Txevadi fazebiT Secxobis gziT. myar fazaSi Secxoba mimdinareobs 800...1000º C –ze, rac ver uzrunvelyofs gundebis simtkiceze

moTxovnas.

ufro

maRal

temperaturebze

(1100º...1350º

warmoiqmneba Txevadi fazebi, romlebic amoavseben ra formebs da myar nawilakebs Soris Sualedebs, Seawebebs erTmaneTTan myar nawilakebs da gazrdis gundebis simtkices. gundebis gamowvis procesSi mavne minarevebi fosfori, dariSxani da TuTia ar scildeba, xolo gogirdi intensiurad iwvis. gogirdi damJangvel atmosferoSi iJangeba da SO2 –is saxiT miyveba gamaval airebs (95...99%). kiris arsebobis pirobebSi gogirdis mocilebis xarisxi mcirdeba, radganac kiri (CaO) ierTebs gogirds da CaS –is saxiT rCeba gundebSi. gangogirdebis procesze

dadebiTad

moqmedebs

swrafad

gaxureba.

gamowvis

maRali

temperatura, gundebis dabali fuZianoba (CaO ⁄ SiO2), gamowvis xangrZlivobis gazrda, kirqvis damsxvrevis xarisxis gazrda da gundebis Semcireba.

ukanasknel periodSi didi yuradReba eqceva winaswar aRdgenili, metalizirebuli gundebis warmoebas da gamoyenebas, rogorc brZmedul warmoebaSi, aseve uSualod foladis pirdapiri miRebisaTvis. metalizebuli gundebis miRebisaTvis gamoiyeneba konveiruli manqana, qaSvuri Rumeli an kombinirebuli danadgarebi. aRmdgenlad gamoyenebulia bunebrivi

airis

konversiiT

(daSliT)

miRebuli

airi,

myari

saTbobi

(koqswvrila, antraciti da sxva) an maTi narevi. 2.22. madnebis dabriketeba Rrmad

gamdidrebis

Sedegad

miRebuli

mtvriseburi

koncentra-

tebisagan maRalxarisxovani aglomeratisa da gundebis miReba garTulebulia da did xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. amitom didi yuradReba eqceva madnebis danaqrovnebis erT-erTi perspeqtiuli meTodis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; dabriketebis srulyofasa da warmoebaSi danergvas. dabriketeba ewodeba Semkvreli nivTierebebis damatebis gareSe, an damatebiT

mtvriseburi

naWrebad

dawnexvis

madnebisa

process.

koncentratebis

Semkvreli

erTnairi

nivTierebebis

formis

daumateblad

SeiZleba dabriketdes mxolod iseTi madnebi, romlebic TviTon Seicaven Semkvreli Tvisebebis mineralebs. dabriketebisaTvis

gamoiyeneba,

rogorc

araorganuli

Semkvreli

nivTierebebi, ise organuli. araorganul Semkvrelebs miekuTvneba Tujis burbuSela, kiri, sulfit-spirtovani durdo (qaRaldis warmoebis narCeni), Txevadi mina, kaustikuri magnetizi, cementi da sxva. organuli Semkvrelebia qvanaxSiris sqelfisi, navTobis bitumi da sxva. Semkvrel Semkvreloba,

nivTierebebs

siiafe

waeyenebaT

Semdegi

moTxovnebi:

aradeficituroba; briketebis saWiro

maRali simtkice;

tenmdegoba da Termuli mdgradoba; mavne minarevebis mcire Semcveloba; sasargeblo

liTonis

Semcvelobis

stabiluroba;

Seamciros

madnis

aRdgenadobis unari briketSi; dnobis dros ar gamoiwvios flusis xarjis gazrda. aqedan gamomdinare rkinis madnebis dabriketebisaTvis sasurvel Semkvrels warmoadgens sulfit-spirtovani durdo, kiri, Tujis burbuSela, qvanaxSiris sqelfisi, romlebic briketebisaTvis warmoadgenen sasargeblo danamatebs.

ukanasknel

wlebSi,

didi

yuradReba

eqceva

rkinis

madnebisa

koncentratebis cxlad dabriketebas, romelic nawilobriv aRdgenili da darbilebuli

kazmis

dawnexvas

iTvaliswinebs.

mtkice

briketebis

miRebisaTvis madani unda Seicavdes didi raodenobiT uwvriles marcvlebs, rac SeiZleba maRali iyos rkinis Semcveloba masSi da madani aRdgenil iqnes viustitamde. briketebis maqsimaluri simtkice miiRweva madnis 50%-mde aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi. madnebis gaxurebasa da aRdgenas awarmoebebn 800...1000º C-ze, sanam madnis TiToeuli marcvlis zedapirze ar warmoiqmneba viustiti Txeli afski, rac uzrunvelyofs dasabriketebeli madnis plastikurobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom briketebis gacivebis procesSi warmoebs viustitis afskis ganmeorebiTi

daJangva,

rasac

Tan

axlavs

magnetitisa

hematitis

marcvlebis zrda da maTi SeduReba briketebis SigniT. madnebisa da koncentratebis dabriketebisaTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva konstruqciis wnexebi. ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia valcebiani wnexebi.

nax. 2.21. valcebiani wnexi 1 – kazmis xvimira; 2 – Semrevi;3 – wnexi; 4 – briketi.

valcebian wnexze (nax. 2.21.) kazmis dawnexva mimdinareobs uwyvetad, erTmaneTis

Semxvedrad

moZrav

valcebs

Soris.

valcebis

cilindrul

zedapirze magrdeba artaxi, romelzec simetriulad amoWrilia ujredebi briketebis naxevarformebis saxiT. valcebs Soris miwodebuli kazmi avsebs ujredebs da iwnexeba. mza briketebi sakuTari simZimis ZaliT gadmoiyreba ujredebidan. valcebian wnexebze SeiZleba ganviTardes 600...800 kg/sm2 wneva. 46

Tavi III. brZmedis procesi. 3.1. brZmedis procesis arsi da saerTo sqema

brZmedis

procesi

warmoadgens

brZmedSi

mimdinare

meqanikuri,

fizikuri da fiziko-qimiuri movlenebis mTlianobas. brZmedSi CatvirTuli sakazme masalebi (koqsi, aglomerati, gundebi, flusi) rTuli procesebis Sedegad warmoqmnis Tujs, widas da sakerZe airs. brZmedSi erTdroulad mimdinareobs, rogorc aRmdgeneli, ise damJangveli procesebi: rkina da TujSi Semavali sxva elementebi aRdgebian Sesabamisi

Jangeulebidan,

xolo

aRmdgenlebi

iJangeba.

radganac

brZmeduli procesis ZiriTadi mizania rkinis Jangeulebidan liTonuri rkinis aRdgena da Tujis warmoqmna,

amitom igi miCneulia aRmdgenel

procesad. brZmedSi

CatvirTuli

sakazme

masalebi

moZraoben

zemodan-qvemoT,

xolo sakazme masalebis Semxvedrad, qvemodan-zemoT, moZraobis airebis nakadi, romelic 1000...1200º C-mde gaxurebuli haeris nakadSi koqsis wvis Sedegad

warmoiqmneba.

haerTan

erTad

brZmedSi

miewodeba

teqnikuri

Jangbadi, bunebrivi airi da wylis orTqli. 1600...1800º C–mde gaxurebuli airebi civ sakazme masalebs gadascemen fizikur siTbos da 200...300º C-mde gacivebuli

toveben

Rumels.

paralelurad

Tbomimocvlisa

airebSi

Semavali naxSirJangi (CO) da wyalbadi (H2), rogorc aRmdgenlebi, rkinis maRali Jangeulidan aRadgenen rkinas Semdegi sqemiT: Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 → FeO → Fe 1000...1100º C-ze Jangeulebidan rkinis liTonuramde aRdgena TiTqmis dasrulebulia siliciumis,

iwyeba

manganumis

mdgomareobaSi

ufro

Znelad

fosforis

danaxSirbadebis

Semdeg

aRsadgeni

aRdgena. (Fe3C)

elementebis

aRdgenili

iwyebs

dnobas

rkina da

myar Tujis

wveTebis saxiT Caedineba quroSi. WaSvis qveda nawilSi iwyeba Txevadi widis warmoqmna, romlis saboloo Semadgenloba swarmoebs quroSi, sadac mas uerTdeba koqsis nacris Jangeulebi da gogirdi.

Txevadi Tuji da wida, sxvadasxva xvedriTi wonis gamo quroSi ganSrevdebian. dagrovebis Semdeg Tujs gamouSveben Tujis kriWidan, xolo widas widis kriWidan (zeda widas) an Tujis kriWidan (qveda widas). 3.2. sakazme masalebisa da airebis ganawileba da moZraoba brZmedSi

brZmedis maRalmwarmoebluri muSaoba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli sakazme masalebisa da airebis nakadis ganawilebaze mis samuSao sivrceSi. airebis nakads waeyeneba sapirispiro moTxovnebi: erTis mxriv, airebis Tburi da aRdgeniTi unaris ukeT gamoyenebisaTvis saWiroa gamavali airebis raodenoba gaizardos iq, sadac Tavs iyris rkinis Semcveli masalebi. meores mxriv, Rumlis Tanabari svlisaTvis saWiroa airebis araTanabari ganawileba, romlis drosac isini umTavresad gaedinebian kedlebTan da centrSi anu iq, sadac cota raodenobiTaa rkinis Semcveli masalebi. airebis nakadi SeiZleba iyos periferiuli, centraluri da arxuli. zogjer, Rumlis Tanabari muSaobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis saWiroa vimuSaoT centralur

sasargebloa. radganac

periferiul

metismetad

airebis

arasrulyofil

nakadze,

araTanabari

siWarbe

gamoyenebas

maTi iwvevs,

romlebic

garkveul

ganawileba

Tburi xolo

zRvramde

yovelTvis aRdgeniTi

nakleboba

sakazme

mavnea, energiis

masalebis

arasakmaod gaxurebasa da aRdgenas. orive SemTxvevaSi airebis energiis gamoyenebis xarisxi mcirdeba. airebis nakadis araTanabari ganawilebis xasiaTis dadgena SeiZleba Rumlis sxvadasxva zonaSi airebis temperaturisa da airSi naxSirorJangis Semcvelobis mixedviT. kargad momzadebul sakazme masalebze muSaobis SemTxvevaSi

CO2-is

Semcveloba

periferiul

airebSi

Seadgens

15...16%-s,

xolo centrSi 11...15%. Rumlis centralur nawilSi airebis temperatura unda

iyos

meti,

xolo

CO2-is

Semcveloba

2...3%-iT

naklebi,

vidre

periferiebSi. amitom wvrilmarcvlovan kazms (madans da aglomerats) Tavi unda mouyaroT Rumlis Sualedur rgolSi, xolo msxvil naWrebs (koqss) centrSi da kedlebTan. brZmedis normaluri muSaobisaTvis mavnea ara marto wvrili fraqcia, araed

metismetad

msxvili

masalebic,

romelTa

gaSrobas,

gaxurebas,

aqroladebis mocilebasa da aRdgenas sWirdeba didi dro. sasurvelia 48

RumelSi CaitvirTos 10...60 mm zomis rkinis Semcveli masala, 25...60 mm kirqva da 25...70 mm zomis koqsi. sakazme

masalebi

RumelSi

CaitvirTeba

specialuri

CamtvirTi

aparatiT, romelic uZravi Zabrisa da moZravi konusisagan Sedgeba. konusis CamoSvebiT

konusze

moTavsebuli

sakazme

masalebis

Camoyris Semdeg ganawildeba ara simkvrivis,

aramed

naWrebi

RumelSi

simsxos mixedviT.

Cayris dros masalebi ecemian ukve warmoqmnili masalebis Sris zedapirze an

ejaxebian

sakerZes

kedlebs.

kedlebidan

arekvlis

Semdeg

msxvili

masalebi gordebian Rumlis centrisaken, xolo wvrili fraqcia moTavsdeba Sualedur

zonaSi.

sakazme

masalebis

RumelSi

ganawilebaze

gavlenas

axdens konussa da sakerZes Soris arsebuli RriWos zoma. rogorc didi, aseve

mcire

manZili

konussa

sakerZes

Soris

aris

sasurveli,

radganac SeiZleba warmoiqmnas metismetad periferiuli an centraluri airebis nakadi. sakerZes kedlebsa da Camyreli aparatis konuss Soris optimalur

manZilad

miCneulia

650...900

â&#x20AC;&#x201C;

qveda

zRvari

patara

moculobis, zeda ki didi moculobis RumelebisaTvis. am dros wvrili fraqcia Tavs iyris Sualedur rgolSi, xolo msxvili - kedlebTan da centrSi. brZmedSi sakazme masalebis donis normalurze dabla daweva sakazme masalebis qimis kedlebTan gadanacvlebas da airebis centraluri nakadis ganviTarebas

iwvevs.

sakazme

masalebis

Cayris

donis

amaRleba

qims

gadaswevs Rumlis kedlidan centrisaken _ wvrili fraqcia Tavs moiyris centrSi,

msxvil

kedlebTan

Sesabamisad

ganviTardeba

airebis

periferiuli nakadi. cdebiT damtkicebulia, rom masalebis Cayris done unda imyofebodes masalebis dacemis traeqtoriisa da sakerZes kedlis gadakveTis wertils zeviT. Cayris done meryeobs daSvebul mdgomareobaSi myofi konusidan 1...2 metris farglebSi. sakazme masalebis qimis sakerZes kedlidan Sors ganlagebisaTvis saWiroa konussa da sakerZes kedlebs Soris manZilis gadideba, konusis daxris kuTxis, masalebis konusidan Camoyris traeqtoriisa da Cayris donis gadideba. sakazme kveTSi

masalebis

masalebisa

CatvirTvis airebis

Tanmimdevroba ganawilebis

warmoadgens

regulirebis

Rumlis ZiriTad

saSualebas. ganasxvaveben sami saxis CatvirTvas _ erTdrouls, gayofils 49

da Sereuls. Tu CatvirTvis dros aglomerati miewodeba pirvelad, xolo koqsi

ganlagebulia

aglomeratis

zeviT,

maSin

gveqneba

erTdrouli

normaluri CatvirTva (aakk↓), Tu koqsi miewodeba pirvelad, maSin gveqneba Sebrunebuli erTdrouli miwodeba (kkaa↓). roca madnuri nawili da koqsi cal-calke iyreba, maSin gvaqvs gayofili normaluri (aa↓kk↓) da gayofili Sebrunebuli (kk↓aa↓) miwodeba. miwodebas, roca jer CaitvirTeba kerZSi Semavali madnisa da koqsis naxevari, Semdeg ki meore nawili Sereuli miwodeba ewodeba _ ak↓ak↓ pirdapiri Sereuli da ka↓ka↓ Tanabrad

ganawilebis

gamoiyeneba. sakazme

Rumlis

masalebis

Sebrunebuli Sereuli. sakazme masalebis

uzrunvelsayofad periferiuli

erTdrouli

ZiriTadad

svlis

gayofili

aRmofxvrisaTvis

normaluri

(aakk↓)

miwodeba

gamoiyeneba

miwodeba,

xolo

centraluri svlis SemTxvevaSi erTdrouli Sebrunebuli miwodeba (kkaa↓). airebis

ganawilebaze,

garda

sakazme

masalebis

fraqciuli

Semadgenlobisa da misi sakerZeze ganawilebisa moqmedebs TviT airebis raodenoba. maRali wnevis, didi raodenobis airebi ufro advilad SeaRweven cudi ganvladobis adgilebSi da SedarebiT Tanabrad ganawildebian. Tu airebis raodenoba mcirea, maSin isini umetesad gaivlian mcire winaRobis mqone adgilebSi _ kedlebTan da SemTxveviT arxebSi, rac iwvevs sakazme masalebis

araTanabar

damuSavebas.

unda

avRniSnoT,

rom

airebis

racionaluri ganawilebis mTavar faqtors warmoadgens sakazme masalebis fraqciuli

Semadgenloba,

xolo

airebis

raodenoba

asrulebs

meorexarisxovan rols. 3.3. sakazme masalebis moZraoba brZmedSi

brZmedSi sakazme masalebi Tavisi masis moqmedebiT moZraobs zemodan - qvemoT sivrceSi, romelic Tavisufldeba saqSenebis zonaSi koqsis wvis, pirdapir aRdgenaze daxarjuli koqsis, Tujis da widis warmoqmnisa da sakazme

masalebis

moZraobis

siCqarea

Cajdomis 90...140

Sedegad.

mm/wT,

xolo

sakazme centrSi

masalebis 70...120

periferiaSi

mm/wT.

masalebis RumelSi yofnis xangrZlivoba ganisazRvreba formuliT:

sakazme

24 ⋅ Vsasarg. T ⋅ Vsawv.

sadac Vsasarg. – Rumlis sasargeblo moculoba, m3 T - Rumlis dRe-Ramuri warmadoba, kg V sawv. – erTeul Tujze mosuli masalebis moculoba, m3/kg.

brZmedSi sakazme masalebis moZraobisas aferxebs airebis nakadis amwevi Zala, mxarulebis kedlebi, masalebis naWrebs Soris xaxunis Zala da masalebis kedlebTan xaxunis Zala. kazmis moZraobisTvis zemodan moqmedi Zalebi

yovelTvis

unda

aWarbebdes

qvemodan

moqmed

Zalebs.

brZmedis

saqSinoebis zonaSi moqmedi Zalebis Tanafardoba SeiZleba gamoixatos formuliT:

P = H ‫ﻻ‬kaz.S – (∆ PS + A + PnaW.xax. + Pked.xax.) sadac: P – gauwonasworebeli Zala, romelic uzrunvelyofs sakazme masalebis moZraobas

H – sakazme masalebis svetis simaRle, m ‫ﻻ‬kaz. – kazmis nayari wona, kg/m3 ∆ P – airebis wnevaTa sxvaoba S – quros kveTis farTi saqSinoebis zonaSi, m2 A – mxarulebis sayrdeni Zala, kg. PnaW.xax. – naWrebsSorisi xaxunis Zala, kg. Pked.xax. – kazmis kedlebTan xaxunis Zala, kg. 3.4. brZmedis svlis intensivobis maCveneblebi brZmedis svlis intensivobas gansazRvravs Semdegi maCveneblebi: 1. brZmedis sasargeblo moculobis gamoyenebis koeficienti K=

Vsasarg. T

Mm3. dRe-Rame/t.

sadac:

Vsasarg. – brZmedis sasargeblo moculoba, m3. T – dRe-Ramuri warmadoba, t.

2.koqsis romelic

1m3

wvis

moculobiTi

sasargeblo

intensivoba

moculobaze

anu

dRe-RameSi

svlis

intensivoba,

daxarjuli

koqsis

raodenobis tolia: I=

3.dnobis

K Vsasarg.

Mt/m3. dRe-Rame

intensivoba,

romelic

warmoadgens

Rumlis

sasargeblo

moculobis 1m3 –ze daxarjuli madnis raodenobas, m3/t. dRe-Rame. 4. RumelSi miwodebuli haeris xarji wuTSi, gamoiTvleba formuliT: QwT = 2 K, sadac K – koqsis dRe-Ramuri xarjia, t/dRe-Rame. 5. sakazme masalebis RumelSi yofnis xangrZlivoba tsT. = 7 sT. 6. airebis RumelSi yofnis xangrZlivoba tsT (3...5 wm). 7. gazifikaciis intensivoba, anu Rumlis 1m3 sasargeblo moculobaze saqSinoebTan wuTSi warmoqmnili airebis raodenoba, m3/m3.wT.

3.5. tenis aorTqleba, hidratebis daSla da koqsis aqroladebis mocileba

sakazme

masalebi

higroskopul tens (H2O)

tens

Seicavs

Tavisufal

mdgomareobaSi

anu

da naerTis saxiT anu hidratul tens ( mFe203. nH2O

). higroskopuli teni sakazme masalebs scildeba 100º C–ze cota ufro maRal temperaturamde gaxurebisas, cxeli gamavali airebis siTbos xarjze. mis mocilebaze sawvavi ar ixarjeba da arc brZmedul procesze axdens gavlenas. sakazme masalebis hidratuli teni daSlas iwyebs 200...230º C–ze

mTavrdeba 500...550º C–ze. 500º C–ze zeviT gamoyofili wylis orTqli (H2O) reaqciaSi Sedis naxSirJangTan da naxSirbadTan wyalbadis warmoqmniT: H2O + CO → H2 + CO2 – Q

2 H2O + C → 2 H2 + CO2 - Q H2O + C → H2 + CO2 – Q warmoqmnili

wyalbadi

monawileobs

arapirdapiri

aRdgenis

reaqciebSi, rac dadebiT mxares warmoadgens, Tumca aRniSnuli reaqciebi endoTermulia da moiTxovs siTbos xarjs da koqsis damatebiT xarjs. koqsis aqroladebis mocileba swarmoebs 500...900º C–ze, Seicavs 40...47% H2 da 35...45% CO. koqsis aqroladebi mcire raodenobis gamo (0,8...1,0%) umniSvnelod cvlis airebis Sedgenilobas da Rumlis muSaobaze arsebiT gavlenas ver axdens.

3.6. karbonatebis disociacia brZmedSi karbonatebi SeaqvT flusis saxiT (kirqva - CaCO3, dolomitiCaCO3·MgCO3), karbonatuli madnebiT (FeCO3, MnCO3). gaxurebiT karbonatebi iSlebian liTonis Jangeulebad da naxSirorJangad. zogadi reaqciis saxiT es ase gamoisaxeba: Me CO3

Me O + CO2 – Q ,

(1),

sadac Me _ Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn. karbonatebis

daSlis

reaqcia

Seqcevadi

procesia,

gansazRvrul

pirobebSi reaqciis produqtebidan SeiZleba warmoiqmnas sawyisi karbonati: Me O + CO2 → Me CO3 karbonatebi sWirdeba

disocirdebian

karbonatis

siTbos

disociacias,

miT

STanTqmiT. mtkicea

rac

meti

karbonati.

arsebuli karbonatebi simtkicis mixedviT ganlagdebian ase:

siTbo

brZmedSi

CaCO3; MgCO3;

MnCO3 da FeCO3. 1 atmosferul wnevaze CO2 -is atmosferoSi karbonatebi disociaciis temperaturaa:

CaCO3 -is 910...925º C;

MgCO3 -is 570...650º C;

MnCO3 -is 450...530º C;

FeCO3 -is 360...430º C; brZmedSi

karbonatebis

disociaciaze

gavlenas

axdens

ara

marto

temperatura, aramed Rumlis saerTo wneva. brZmedSi karbonatebis aqtiuri disociacia iwyeba im temperaturaze, roca karbonatis naWris Siga wneva aWarbebs RumelSi arsebul saerTo wnevas (nax. 3.1.).

nax. 3.1. CaCO3 –is daSla brZmedis pirobebSi 1 – airis wneva RumelSi; 2 -CaCO3 –is disociaciis drekadoba; 3 – brZmedis airSi CO2 –is parcialuri wneva.

temperaturas,

romlis

drosac

iwyeba

karbonatebis

intensiuri

disociacia, anu im temperaturas, roca karbonatis disociaciis drekadoba tolia

garemomcveli

atmosferos

wnevisa,

ewodeba

karbonatis

qimiuri

duRilis temperatura. kirqvis duRilis temperaturaa 970º C. airebis wnevis gadidebiT kirqvis qimiuri duRilis temperatura izrdeba. Tanamedrove pirobebSi brZmedebi muSaoben daflusebul aglomeratze, ramac brZmeduli procesidan gamoricxa nedli flusis saWiroeba, an SeaqvT mcire

raodenobiT

gamomdinare,

widis

karbonatebis

Semadgenlobis

disociaciis

koreqtirebisaTvis.

gavlena

brZmedul

aqedan

procesze

umniSvneloa. 3.7. aRdgeniTi procesebis fiziko-qimiuri safuZvlebi

brZmedSi

Tujis

miRebis

erT-erTi

ZiriTadi

pirobaa

Tujis

SemadgenlobaSi Semavali liTonebis Jangeulebidan Jangbadis mocileba. Jangeulidan

Jangbadis

mocilebas

misgan

elementebis

naklebi

Jangbadis aRdgenasTan

Semcveli

Jangeulis

erTad

mimdinareobs

miRebis im

process

aRdgena

ewodeba.

nivTierebebis

daJangva,

romelic

Jangbads ierTebs. am nivTierebas aRmdgeneli ewodeba. Jangeulis aRdgena da aRmdgenlis daJangva saerTo saxiT gamoisaxeba ase: MeO + B → Me + BO, sadac

MeO – aRsadgeni Jangeulia, B – aRmdgeneli, Me - aRdgenili liToni da BO – aRmdgenlis Jangeuli.

Jangeulis JangbadTan qimiuri

qimiuri

naTesaoba

mdgradoba

kavSiris ewodeba.

ganisazRvreba

ZaliT, rac

romelsac

metia

mocemuli elementis

elementis

elementis JangbadTan

JangbadTan

qimiuri

naTesaoba, miT mtkicea Jangeuli da miT ufro Znelad aRsadgenia igi. aRmdgenlad gamoyenebulia is elementi an qimiuri naerTi, romelsac meti qimiuri swrafva aqvs JangbadTan, vidre Jangeulidan aRsadgen elements. brZmedSi ZiriTadi aRmdgenelia koqsis naxSirbadi. temperaturis .gadidebiT liTonebis JangbadTan qimiuri swrafva mcirdeba, xolo naxSirbadisa ki izrdeba, e.i. temperaturis gadidebiT naxSirbadis aRdgeniTi unari izrdeba. naxSirbadis garda brZmedSi aRmdgenelia naxSirJangi (CO) da wyalbadi (H2). naxSirJangiT da wyalbadiT aRdgena miCneulia arapirdapir aRdgenad, xolo myari naxSirbadiT (C) aRdgena pirdapir aRdgenad. 3.8. rkinis Jangeulebis aRdgena naxSirJangiT

Jangeulebidan rkinis aRdgena mimdinareobs safexurebad _ maRali Jangeulebidan dabal JangeulebSi TandaTanobiTi gadasvlis da temperaturisagan

damokidebulebiT

SeiZleba

gamoisaxos

Semdegi

ori

sqemis

mixedviT: 570º C-is zeviT:

Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 → FeO → Fe

570º C-is qveviT:

Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 → Fe

570º C-ze dabal temperaturebze FeO-s simtkice Fe3O4-is simtkiceze naklebia da igi gardaiqmneba Fe3O4 –ad da Fe3-ad: 4 FeO → Fe3O4 + Fe

brZmedSi CatvirTvisTanave sakazme masalebi xurdebian 570º C-is zeviT, amitom brZmedSi rkinis aRdgena maTi Jangeulebidan mimdinareobs pirveli sqemis

mixedviT.

570º C-ze

dabal

temperaturebze

rkinis

Jangeulebi

aRsdgebian Semdegi reaqciebiT: 3 Fe2O3 + CO → 2 Fe3O4 + CO2 + Q

(1)

Fe3O4 + kCO → 3 Fe + (k-4)CO + 4 CO2 + Q

(2)

570º C-ze maRal temperaturebze aRdgena midis Semdegi reaqciebiT: 3 Fe2O3 + CO → 2 Fe3O4 + CO2 + Q

(1)

Fe3O4 + mCO

3 FeO + (m-1)CO + CO2 - Q

(3)

FeO + nCO

Fe + (n-1)CO + CO2 + Q

(4)

naxSirJangiT rkinis Jangeulebis arapirdapiri aRdgenis reaqciebis jamuri Tburi efeqti dadebiTia. (1) reaqcia Seuqcevadia, Fe2O3 mTlianad gardaiqmneba Fe3O4-ad

CO –sa da CO2 -is nebismieri Tanafardobis dros.

danarCeni reaqciebi temperaturisa da CO : CO2

Tanafardobisagan

damokidebulebiT SeiZleba warimarTos orive mimarTulebiT. Fe3O4 da FeO mtkice Jangeulebia da maTi aRdgenisaTvis aRmdgenlis siWarbea saWiro, rac (2), (3) da (4) reaqciebSi k, m da n koeficientebiTaa gamosaxuli. TiToeul

temperaturaze,

CO : CO2

Tanafardobis

gansazRvruli

mniSvnelobis dros (2), (3) da (4) reaqciebSi myardeba wonasworoba. aRsadgen JangeulebTan wonasworobaSi myofi airebis narevs ewodeba wonasworuli anu neitraluri narevi.O

nax. 3.2. airadi narevis (CO - CO2) rkinis JangeulebTan da rkinasTan wonasworobis mrudebi

3.2. suraTze moyvanilia CO da CO2 airadi narevis rkinis JangeulebTan da rkinasTan wonasworobis diagrama. abscisaze gadazomilia temperatura, orbitaze qvemodanâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;zemoT airSi naxSirJangis, diagramis

xolo

CO2 -is

zemodan-qvemoT

nebismier

wertilze

CO-sa

procentuli CO2-is

Semcveloba.

mniSvnelobaTa

jami

yovelTvis 100%-is tolia. radgan Fe2O3-is aRdgenis reaqciis wonasworuli mdgomareoba myardeba CO-s

airSi

1%-ze

naklebi

Semcvelobis

dros,

amitom

(1)

reaqciis

wonasworuli mrudi emTxveva abscisTa RerZs. (2) da (4) reaqciebis wonasworoba aRmavali mrudebiT gamoisaxeba, xolo

(3)

reaqciis

gadidebiT Fe3O4 -is

daRmavliT.

imas

niSnavs,

rom

temperaturis

Fe -mde da FeO -s Fe -mde aRsadgenad CO-s gazrdili

Semcvelobaa saWiro, rac (2) da (4) reaqciebSi

da n

koeficientebis

gazrdas iwvevs. (3) reaqciis SemTxvevaSi ki temperaturis gadidebiT naklebi naxSirJangia saWiro Fe3O4 -is FeO -mde aRsadgenad, anu n klebulobs, xolo mrudi daRmavalia. cnobilia,

rom

le-Satelies

principis

Tanaxmad,

endoTermuli

reaqciebi kargad mimdinareobs maRal temperaturebze, xolo egzaTermuli _ dabal temperaturebze. amitomacaa, rom (2) da (4) mrudebi aRmavalia, xolo (3) daRmavali. wonasworuli mrudebi diagramas yofen sam ubnad: Fe, FeO da Fe3O4 ubnebad.

Fe2O3 -is

ubani

diagramaze

aris,

radganac

(1)

reaqciis

wonasworuli mrudi emTxveva abscisTa RerZs. mrudze mdebare nebismieri wertili ubnebSi

axasiaTebs moTavsebuli

ama

reaqciis

wonasworobis

mdgomareobas.

nivTiereba

daiwyebs

gardaqmnas

nivTierebebis

warmoqmnamde, romlis areSicaa moTavsebuli. Tu FeO -is ubanSi movaTavsebT Fe, FeO da Fe3O4 , maSin rkina daiJangeba FeO -mde, Fe3O4 aRdgeba FeO -mde, xolo FeO ar Seicvleba. reaqciebi Sewydeba maSin, roca romelime reagenti bolomde daixarjeba an airadi narevi mova wonasworul mdgomareobaSi.

ganvixiloT magaliTebi: magaliTi 1. airSi, romelic Seicavs 30% CO da 70% CO2 -s 800º C-ze (a wertili) moaTavses Fe3O4. radganac am pirobebSi mdgradia mxolod

FeO,

amitom Fe3O4 aRsdgeba da airad fazas gaamdidrebs CO2 -iT, sanam airi ar miaRwevs wonasworul mdgomareobas (b wertili me-4 mrudze). Tu wonasworobamde daixarjeba Fe3O4, maSin reaqcia Sewydeba da airad fazas eqneba a da b wertilebs Soris moTavsebuli romelime wertilis Sesabamisi Sedgeniloba. magaliTi 2. amave wertilSi movaTavsoT Fe3O4, ise rom airis Sedgeniloba iyos mudmivi, xolo temperatura SevamciroT. sanam temperaturis cvlileba swarmoebs FeO-s ubanSi, manam araviTari cvlileba ar xdeba. temperaturis 750º C-mde Semcirebisas airebis narevi wonasworobaSi mova FeO-sa da Fe3O4-s Soris. temperaturis Semdgomi Semcireba, le-Satelies principis Tanaxmad, gamowvevs egzoTermuli reaqciis 3 FeO + CO2 → Fe3O4 + CO mimdinareobas. am dros airadi faza mdidrdeba CO-Ti da Raribdeba CO2-iT. es cvlileba diagramaze gamosaxulia me-4 mrudze airis Sedgenilobis zeviT gadanacvlebiT. wonasworobis pirobebisa da le-Satelies principis daxmarebiT SeiZleba gamovTvaloT k, m, n koeficientebis ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi. magaliTad: ganvsazRvroT n -is mniSvneloba me-4 reaqciisaTvis 1000º Cze. am temperaturaze wonasworuli airadi faza Sedgeba 72% CO -sa da 28% CO2 -gan. fardoba:

CO 72 = = 2,57 CO2 28 am gamosaxulebaSi CavsvaT me-4 reaqciis marjvena nawilis CO da

CO2 -is koeficientebi (n-1) da 1. miviRebT:

n −1 = 2,57 1

n = 3,57.

es imas niSnavs, rom 1000º C-ze, roca n = 3,57 me-4 reaqcia imyofeba wonasworobaSi. roca n > 3,57, maSin FeO aRsdgeba Fe -mde, xolo roca n < 3,57, maSin Fe daiJangeba

FeO -mde. naxSirbadis Tanaarsebobis dros

CO -sa da

CO2 -s Soris myardeba wonasworoba Semdegi Seqcevadi reaqciiT: 2 CO → CO2 + C + Q

(5)

radganac (5) reaqcia mimdinareobs airadi nivTierebebis moculobis cvlilebiT,

amitom

wonasworobis

mdgomareoba

ganisazRvreba,

rogorc

temperaturiT, aseve wneviT. le-Satelies wonasworoba

principis

gadainacvlebs

Tanaxmad, im

wnevis

nivTierebebis

iwveven moculobis Semcirebas, e.i.

gadidebiT

(5)

warmoqmnisaken,

reaqciis romlebic

CO2 -is da C warmoqmnisaken. Tu wnevas

SevamcirebT, maSin reaqcia wava CO -s warmoqmnisaken. 3.1. suraTze me-5 mrudis saxiT mocemulia (5) reaqciis wonasworuli mdgomareoba 1 ata wnevis pirobebSi. me-5 mrudi diagramas yofs or nawilad _

marcxena

marjvena,

romlebSic

sistema

gamosulia

wonasworobis

mdgomareobidan. marcxena ubanSi CO-s daSlis xarjze reaqcia midis CO2 da

C -s warmoqmnisaken, rac anelebs aRdgenis procesebs. marjvena ubanSi reaqcia midis CO -s warmoqmnisaken da airadi faza mdidrdeba aRmdgeneli

CO -iT. mrudis marcxniv wava Fe da FeO -s

Fe3O4 -Si gardaqmnis reaqciebi,

xolo marjvniv Fe3O4 aRdgeba FeO da Fe -mde . naxSirJangis daSlis Sedegad (2 CO → CO2 + C) gamoyofili mWvartli (C) 600...700º C-ze aqtiurad aRadgens rkinas qveJangidan: FeO + C → FeO + CO Tu am reaqcias SevajamebT CO -s daSlis reaqciasTan miviRebT rkinis arapirdapir aRdgenas: FeO + C → FeO + CO 2 CO → CO2 + C  FeO + CO → Fe + CO2 garda aRdgeniTi procesebSi monawileobisa, mWvartli (C) aqtiurad monawileobs rkinis myar fazaSi danaxSirbadebis procesSi.

3.9. rkinis Jangeulebis aRdgena wyalbadiT

brZmedSi wyalbadi warmoiqmneba quraSi haeris tenis da bunebrivi airis daSliT. bunebriv airze muSaobis pirobebSi airebi Seicavs 8...12% H2 da misi roli aRdgeniT procesebSi mniSvnelovania. wyalbadiT rkinis Jangeulebidan rkinis aRdgenis reaqciebi ase gamoisaxeba: roca temperatura 570º C-is qveviTaa:

3 Fe2O3 + H2 → 2 Fe3O4 + H2O + Q Fe3O4 + k ′ H2

(1 ′)

3 Fe + (k ′- 4) H2 + 4 H2O - Q

(2 ′)

roca temperatura metia 570º C-ze:

3 Fe2O3 + H2 → 2 Fe3O4 + H2O + Q Fe3O4 + m ′H2 FeO + n ′ H2 Fe2O3 -is

(1 ′)

3 FeO + (m ′- 1) H2 + H2O - Q Fe + (n ′- 1) H2 + H2O - Q Fe3O4

-mde

aRdgenis

(3 ′) (4 ′)

reaqcia

midis

mxolod

erTi

mimarTulebiT Fe2O3 -is bolomde aRdgenamde. Fe3O4 -is da FeO -s aRdgenis reaqciebi Seqcevadia. reaqciis mimarTuleba damokidebulia airSi H2 : H2O Tanafardobaze da temperaturaze. radganac es reaqciebi mimdinareoben airadi nivTierebebis moculobis cvlilebis gareSe, amitom airadi narevis wonasworoba damokidebulia mxolod temperaturaze. 3.3. naxazze gamosaxulia H2 : H2O airebis narevis rkinis JangeulebTan da rkinasTan wonasworobis temperaturisagan damokidebuleba. diagrama imave principzea agebuli, rogorc naxSirJangiT aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi. am SemTxvevaSic wonasworuli mrudebi diagramas yofen sam ubnad: Fe; FeO da

Fe3O4. 570º C-ze dabali temperaturebis SemTxvevaSi FeO -s ubani ar gvaqvs, radganac aRniSnul temperaturebze FeO iSleba reaqciiT:

4 FeO → Fe3O4 + Fe

nax. 3.3. airadi narevis (H2 - H2O) rkinis JangeulebTan da rkinasTan wonasworobis mrudebi.

gansxvavebiT

naxSirJangiT

aRdgenisa,

wyalbadiT

aRdgenis

wonasworuli mrudebi (2′, 3′, 4′) temperaturis gadidebiT daRmavalia, rac aRdgenis reaqciebis endoTermulobiTaa ganpirobebuli. naxSirJangsa

wyalbads

sxvadasxva

temperaturebze

sxvadasxva

aRdgeniTi unari gaaCniaT. maTi aRdgeniTi unaris sxvadasxvaoba kargad Cans 3.4. naxazidan, romelzec mocemulia H2 - H2O da CO - CO2 wonasworuli airadi narevebis rkinis JangeulebTan da rkinasTan wonasworobis mrudebi.

810º C-ze wertilebSi

fardoba

mrudebi

kveTen

H2 : H2O tolia

3′

CO : CO2

4′

mrudebs.

gadakveTis

fardobis, rac

imis

maCvenebelia, rom am temperaturaze wyalbads da naxSirJangs erTnairi aRdgeniTi unari aqvs anu Jangbadisadmi erTnairi swrafva.

nax. 3.4. airadi narevebis (CO - CO2 da H2 - H2O) rkinis .JangeulebTan da rkinasTan wonasworobis mrudebi.

810º C-ze dabal temperaturebze H2 : H2O fardoba metia CO : CO2 fardobaze, anu 810º C-ze dabal temperaturebze wyalbadis aRdgeniTi unari naklebia

naxSirJangis

aRdgeniT

unarze,

xolo

810º

C-ze

maRal

temperaturebze piriqiT, wyalbadis aRdgeniTi unari aWarbebs naxSirJangis aRdgeniT unars. maSasadame, roca:

T = 810º C, maSin m = m′ da n = n′ T > 810º C, maSin m > m′ da n > n′ T < 810º C, maSin m < m′ da n < n′ radganac 810º C-ze dabal temperaturebze naxSirJangis Jangbadisadmi swrafva metia, vidre wyalbadisa, amitom naxSirJangs SeuZlia imoqmedos wyalbadiT aRdgenis Sedegad warmoqmnil wylis orTqlTan:

FeO + H2 → Fe + H2O airadi H2Oairadi + CO → H2 + CO2 

FeO + CO → Fe + CO2

am reaqciebidan Cans, rom brZmedul procesSi wyalbadi warmoadgens Jangbadis gadamtans rkinis Jangeulebidan naxSirJangamde. igi aqtiurad monawileobs aRdgeniT procesSi, magram TviTon ar ixarjeba da airSi misi Semcveloba umniSvnelod icvleba.

3.10. rkinis Jangeulebis aRdgena myari naxSirbadiT

brZmedSi

maRal

temperaturebze

(

950...1000º C)

rkinis

aRdgena

Jangeulebidan mimdinareobs koqsis naxSirbadis xarjze da aseT aRdgenas pirdapiri aRdgena ewodeba. rkinis pirdapiri aRdgenis reaqciebi ase gamoisaxeba:

3 Fe2O3 + C → 2 Fe3O4 + CO - Q

(1)

Fe3O4 + C → 3 FeO + CO - Q

(2)

FeO + C → Fe + CO - Q

(3)

am reaqciebidan brZmedSi mxolod (3) reaqcia mimdinareobs, radganac brZmedis maRaltemperaturul zonaSi Fe2O3

da Fe3O4 ar gvxvdeba dabal

temperaturebze naxSirJangiT da wyalbadiT srulad aRdgenis gamo. termini `pirdapiri aRdgena~ pirobiTia, radganac rkinis Jangeulebs ar gaaCniaT koqsis naxSirbadTan uSualo kontaqti. (3) reaqcia gamosaxavs ara

procesis

meqanizms,

aramed

mis

saboloo

Sedegs.

sinamdvileSi,

pirdapiri aRdgenis reaqcia (3) gamoisaxeba aseTi sqemiT:

FeO + CO → Fe + CO2 - Q CO2 + C → 2 CO - Q  FeO + C → Fe + CO - Q e.i. pirdapiri aRdgenis reaqciaSi naxSirJangi asrulebs Jangbadis gadamtanis

rols

ubrundeba

Jangeulidan

airad

endoTermulobis

fazas. gamo

naxSirbadamde, rkinis

maRal

TviTon

pirdapir

temperaturebze

ixarjeba

aRdgenaze,

romelic

mimdinareobs,

ixarjeba

mxolod naxSirbadi. naxSirJangis naxSirbadTan

CO-s

msgavsad, da

H2 -is

maRal

temperaturebze

warmoqmniT,

amitom

H2O

wyalbadiT

moqmedebs aRdgena

SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc rkinis pirdapiri aRdgena naxSirbadiT:

FeO + H2 → Fe + H2O - Q H2O + C → H2 + CO - Q  FeO + C → Fe + CO - Q wyalbadi ise, rogorc naxSirJangi, warmoadgens Jangbadis gadamtans rkinis Jangeulidan naxSirbadTan. pirdapiri da arapirdapiri aRdgenis reaqciebis Sedarebidan SeiZleba gavakeToT Semdegi daskvnebi: 1. arapirdapiri aRdgena mimdinareobs brZmedis zeda zonaSi (500...950º C) wyalbadiT da naxSirJangiT. 2. pirdapiri aRdgena mimdinareobs brZmedis qveda zonaSi 950...1000º C – ze maRal temperaturebze. 3. Rumlis

pirdapiri zeda

aRdgenis

zonaSi

airadi

monawileobs

produqtia

naxSirJangi,

arapirdapiri

aRdgenis

romelic reaqciebSi.

arapirdapiri aRdgenis reaqciebis airadi produqtia CO2 da H2O.

naxSirbadis

xarji

pirdapir

aRdgenaze

naklebia,

vidre

arapirdapiri aRdgenis reaqciebSi, sadac k, m, n koeficientebi yovelTvis erTze metia. 5. pirdapiri aRdgenis reaqciebi mimdinareobs siTbos didi xarjiT, xolo arapirdapiri aRdgenis reaqciebi wyalbadiT. aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi _ siTbos naklebi xarjiT, xolo naxSirJangiT aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi _ siTbos gamoyofiT.

3.11. aRdgenis meqanizmi brZmedSi baikovis principis Tanaxmad, rkinis Jangeulebis airebiT aRdgena mimdinareobs

liTonad

Jangbadad,

stadiad:

jer

xolo

mimdinareobs

Semdeg

nivTierebis gareT, airad fazaSi:

Me Omy. → Memy. + ½ O2airadi Bairadi + ½ O2airadi → BOairadi  Me Omy. + Bairadi → Memy. + BOairadi

Jangeulis

aRmdgenlis

daJangva

disociacia aRsadgeni

es sqema kargad xsnis aRdgenis Termodinamikur kanons, magram ver xsnis

aRdgeniTi

disociacia

procesebis

imdenad

nela

kinetikas

(reaqciis

mimdinareobs,

rom

siCqares). SeiZleba

Termuli CaiTvalos

aRdgenis erT-erT stadiad. Cufarovma Seqmna airebiT rkinis Jangeulebis aRdgenis meqanizmis Teoria. am TeoriiT aRmdgenlis JangbadTan mierTeba mimdinareobs ara airad fazaSi, aramed aRsadgeni nivTierebis zedapirze an naWris SigniT, sadac mimdinareobs JangbadisaTvis brZola liTonsa da aRmdgenels Soris. am TeoriiT aRdgena mimdinareobs sam stadiad: 1) adsorbcia anu Jangeulis mier aRmdgenelis STanTqma, 2) avtokatalizmi anu procesis TviTdaCqareba, 3) desorbcia anu daJanguli aRmdgenlis mocileba liTonidan. am Teorias adsorbcul-avtokatalizuri Teoria ewodeba:

Me Omy. + Bairadi → Me Omy. · Badsorbirebuli Me Omy. · Badsorb. → Memy. · BOadsorbirebuli Memy. · BOadsorb. → Memy. + BOairadi  Me Omy. + Bairadi → Memy. + BOairadi avtokatalizis

arsi

mdgomareobs

qimiuri

reaqciis

daCqarebaSi,

axladaRdgenili rkinis warmoqmnasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic warmoadgens katalizators. 3.12. Jangeulebidan rkinis aRdgenis procesze moqmedi faqtorebi SedarebiT dabal temperaturebze aRdgenis airadi produqtebi CO2 da

H2O

ukeT

aRdgenili

adsorbirdeba airis

aRsadgeni

molekulebs,

naWris

rac

zedapirze

amcirebs

aRdgenis

gamodevnian process.

temperaturis gadidebiT H2 da CO -s adsorbciis unari izrdeba, xolo H2O da CO2 -is ki mcirdeba, ris gamoc maTi damamuxruWebeli gavlena mcirdeba. daflusebuli aglomeratis gamoyeneba

gamoricxavs nedli kirqvis

gamoyenebis aucileblobas. am SemTxvevaSi Rumeli Tavisufldeba kirqvis daSlisas gamoyofili naxSirorJangisagan (CO2), rac dadebiTad moqmedebs arapirdapir aRdgenaze.

cdebiT dadgenilia, rom wyalbadi ufro aqtiuri aRmdgenelia, vidre naxSirJangi, rogorc maRal temperaturebze, ise dabal temperaturebze, mxolod 350...450ยบ C -ze wyalbadi uaryofiTad moqmedebs aRdgeniT procesze, rac aRdgenis Sedegad warmoqmnili H2O uaryofiTi zemoqmedebiT aixsneba. wyalbadis aqtiuroba aRdgeniT procesSi aixsneba misi maRali difuziis unariT

Jangeulis

zedapirze

dartymis

intensiurobiT.

wyalbads

gacilebiT ukeTesi adsorbirebis unari aqvs naxSirJangTan SedarebiT,

rac

aseve dadebiTad moqmedebs mis aRdgeniT unarze. temperatura sxvadasxvanairad moqmedebs qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze da

difuziur

procesze.

roca

aRdgeniTi

procesebis

ganmsazRvrelia

qimiuri reaqciis siCqare, maSin procesi imyofeba kinetikur areSi, xolo Tu aRdgena limitirebulia difuziis siCqariT, maSin procesi imyofeba difuziur

areSi.

900...1000ยบ C -mde

brZmedSi

aRdgenis

procesi

imyofeba

kinetikur areSi anu reaqciis siCqare Senelebulia da aferxebs aRdgeniT procesebs,

xolo

ufro

maRal

temperaturebSi

aRdgeniTi

procesebi

imyofeba difuziur areSi anu procesis malimitirebelia airebis difuzia _ Siga difuzia. aRdgeniTi moZraobis

procesebis

siCqaris

naWris zedapirze

gaaqtiureba xels

SesaZlebelia uSlis

airis

aRsadgeni

nakadis

gadidebiT,

rac

Jangeulis

CO2 -isa da

H2O -s afskis warmoqmnas, romelic Tavis

mxriv, aferxebs aRmdgeneli airebis difuzias naWris SigniT. airebiT rkinis aRdgenis procesze gavlenas axdens airebis wneva da Sedgeniloba. wnevis gadidebiT aRmdgeneli airebis (CO da H2) naWris wvril forebSi SeRweva da Sesabamisad aRdgeniTi procesebi umjobesdeba. airebSi CO da H2 gazrda da CO2 -isa da H2O -is Semcireba xels uwyobs aRdgeniTi procesebis mimdinareobas. azoti brZmedSi neitraluria. haeris JangbadiT gamdidreba amcirebs azotis Semcvelobas, zrdis CO da H2 -is Semcvelobas airSi da Sesabamisad zrdis aRdgenis xarisxs. sakazme masalebis naWris zomebisa da forianobis gavlena aRdgeniT procesebze

ganisazRvreba

ZiriTadad

Tbogadacemisa

Siga

difuziis

pirobebiT. naWrebis zomebis gadidebiT mcirdeba sareaqcio zedapiri da Zneldeba Siga difuzia. naWrebis optimaluri zoma miT didia, rac metia naWris forianoba. sakazme masalebis rkinis Jangeulebidan rkinis aRdgena

ukuproporciulia naWris zomisa, magram brZmedis normaluri muSaobisTvis SeuZlebelia 5 mm-ze mcire zomis naWrebis gamoyeneba sakazme masalebis airganvladobisa da brZmedis muSaobis gauaresebis gamo. amitomaa, rom wvrilmarcvlovani

sakazme

masalebis

danaWrovnebis

gareSe

brZmedSi

gamoyeneba dauSvebelia. rkinis Semcveli masalebis aRdgenadobaze gavlenas axdens maTi mineralogiuri Sedgeniloba. yvelaze dabali aRdgenadobiT xasiaTdebian magnetituri da titanomagnetituri madnebi, Tumca aglomeraciuli an dagundavebis meTodebiT danaWrovnebis Semdeg pirveladi madnebis mineralogiuri Semadgenloba

icvleba.

dauflusebuli

aglomerati

rkinas

Seicavs

silikaturi naerTis failitis (Fe2SiO4) saxiT, romelic ZneladaRsadgen minerals

warmoadgens.

daflusebul

aglomeratSi

rkina

ZiriTadad

warmodgenilia Tavisufali Jangeulis saxiT, radganac flusis kiri (CaO) ierTebs SiO2 -is da FeO -s gamoanTavisuflebs Tavisufali saxiT, rac aumjobesebs rkinis aRdgenas Sesabamisi Jangeulidan.

3.13. manganumis aRdgena brZmedSi brZmedis sakazme masalebSi Mn gvxvdeba Semdegi Jangeulebis saxiT:

MnO2 - manganumis orJangi (piroluziti); Mn2O3 - manganumis Jangi; Mn3O4 – qveJang-Jangi; MnO – qveJangi. Mn -is maRali Jangeulebidan, mcire mdgradobis gamo, manganumis aRdgena

mimdinareobs

SedarebiT

zomier

temperaturebSi

(400...1000º C)

naxSirJangiT:

2 MnO2 + CO → Mn2O3 + CO2 + Q 3 Mn2O3 + CO → 2 Mn3O4 + CO2 + Q aRniSnuli reaqciebi mimdinareoben erTi mimarTulebiT, siTbos didi raodenobis gamoyofiT. manganumis qveJang-Jangi (Mn3O4) gacilebiT advilad aRdgeba, vidre

Fe3O4, Tumca am SemTxvevaSic saWiroa aRmdgenlis siWarbe: Mn3O4 + mCO

3 MnO + (m-1) CO + CO2 + Q

manganumis qveJangi gacilebiT ZneladaRsadgenia, vidre FeO, amitom misgan manganumis aRdgena mimdinareobs mxolod myari naxSirbadiT maRal temperaturebze ( > 1000º C):

MnO + C → Mn + CO - Q manganumis aRdgenas da liTonSi gadasvlas xels uwyobs: maRali temperatura quroSi da widis maRali fuZianoba (CaO / SiO2). widis maRali fuZianobis SemTxvevaSi manganumi gvxvdeba ara silikaturi naerTis saxiT, aramed Tavisufali Jangeulis MnO -s saxiT, saidanac aRdgena gacilebiT iolia, vidre silikaturi naerTebidan. brZmedSi Setanili manganumis 40...55% gadadis liTonSi, 5...10% aqroldeba, xolo 35...40% gadadis widaSi. brZmedSi ZiriTadad adnoben mciremanganumian Tujs 1% manganumis SemcvelobiT.

3.14. siliciumis aRdgena brZmedSi siliciumi sakazme masalebSi gvxvdeba SiO2 -is saxiT. igi Znelad aRsadgenia da aRdgeba maRal temperaturaze (1300...1400º C) mxolod myari naxSirbadiT. siliciumis aRdgena mimdinareobs safexurebad – Sualeduri produqtis siliciumis monoJangis (SiO) warmoqmniT:

SiO2 + C → SiO + CO - Q SiO + C → Si + CO - Q  SiO2 + 2 C → Si + 2 CO - Q siliciumis monoJangi (SiO) arsebobs maRal temperaturebSi, orTqlis saxiT. siliciumis risTvisac

aRdgenas

aucilebelia

xels

uwyobs

maRalfuZian,

maRali

temperatura

maRalTixamiwovan

quroSi,

Zneladdnad

widebze muSaoba. siliciumis aRdgena dakavSirebulia koqsis xarjisa da brZmedSi miwodebuli haeris temperaturis gazrdasTan.

3.15. fosforis aRdgena brZmedSi fosfori sakazme masalebSi gvxvdeba vivianitis (Fe3(PO4)2) da apatitis (Ca3(PO4)2) saxiT. fosfori brZmeduli procesis dros mTlianad aRdgeba da gadadis TujSi. fosforis aRdgena mimdinareobs 600...1000º C -ze wyalbadiT da naxSirJangiT da 1000...1200º C -ze myari naxSirbadiT: 2 Fe3 (PO4)2 + 16 CO → 3 Fe2 P + P + 16 CO2

2 Fe3 (PO4)2 + 16 C → 3 Fe2 P + P + 16 CO warmoqmnili Fe2 P da P ixsneba TujSi. apatitidan

(Ca3(PO4)2)

fosforis

aRdgena

mimdinareobs

maRal

temperaturaze (1300º C): 2 Ca3( PO4) 2 + 3 SiO2 = 3 Ca2 SiO4 + 2 P2O5 - Q 2 P2O5 + 10 C → 4 P + 10 CO - Q

 2 Ca3 (PO4)2 + 3 SiO2 + 10 C → 3 Ca2 SiO4 + 4 P + 10 CO - Q 3.16. gogirdis aRdgena brZmedSi koqsis gogirdis meti wili saqSinoebTan iJangeba haeris JangbadiT

SO2 -mde, romelic Rumlis zeda zonaSi aRdgeba myari naxSirbadiT: SO2 + C → S + 2 CO - Q gogirdi

advilad

uerTdeba

rkinas

warmoqmnis

FeS,

romelic

kargad ixsneba TujSi. saerTod, TujSi rCeba mcire raodenobiT gogirdi. ZiriTadad igi CaS, MgS, MnS da FeS -is saxiT gadadis widaSi, risTvisac aucilebelia

aRmdgeneli

atmosfero

maRali

temperatura,

rasac

srulad akmayofilebs brZmeduli procesi.

3.17. TujSi Semavali sxva elementebis aRdgena brZmedSi qromi gvxvdeba FeO · Cr2O3 -is saxiT. aRdgena mimdinareobs maRal temperaturebSi myari naxSirbadiT Semdegi sqemiT:

Cr2 O3 → Cr O + Cr qromi ar warmoqmnis silikatur naerTebs, ris gamoc igi mTlianad aRsdgeba da gadadis TujSi. titani qromis analogiuria, gvxvdeba mineral

ilmenitis saxiT (FeO · TiO2). igi ZiriTadad, Jangeulis saxiT, gadadis widaSi. vanadiumi aRsdgeba safexurebad:

V2O5 → V2O3 → VO → V. V2O5 aRdgeba

airebiT, xolo V2O3 da VO myari naxSirbadiT maRal temperaturebze. maRali fuZianobisa da quros maRali temperaturis dros TujSi SeiZleba gadavides 85% vanadiumisa. nikeli brZmedSi aRdgeba airebiT 900º C -ze. igi mTlianad gadadis TujSi. spilenZi, fosforis msgavsad, mTlianad aRdgeba da gadadis TujSi. fosforisagan gansxvavebiT dariSxani A S2O3 -is saxiT aqroldeba airebiT. TuTia advilad aRdgeba, magram TujSi ar gadadis. igi aqroldeba, dabal

temperaturebze

iJangeba

ZnO

-mde,

romlis

nawili

gaitaneba

Rumlidan, nawili ki ileqeba sakazme masalebisa da cecxlgamZle amonagis forebSi da iwvevs maT daSlas, dangrevas. zogi madani Seicavs tyvias. igi mavnea brZmedisTvis, advilad aRdgeba

Pb S -dan an Pb SO4 -dan, Caedineba quroSi da mwyobridan gamoyavs quros qvedi – lorfini.

3.18. naxSirJangis daSla, liTonis danaxSirbadeba da Tujis warmoqmna axladaRdgenili rkinis arsebobis pirobebSi naxSirJangi (CO) 400...600º

C-ze iSleba reaqciiT: 2 CO → CO2 + C axladaRdgenil rkinas, kristaluri gisosis dausruleblobis gamo, gaaCnia aqtiuri zedapiri, rac ganapirobebs misi rogorc katalizatoris rols. naxSirJangis daSlis Sedegad warmoqmnili naxSirbadi, mWvartlis saxiT,

aqtiurad

monawileobs

rkinis

Jangeulebidan

rkinis

aRdgenis

procesSi (600...700º C):

FeO + C → Fe + CO naxSirJangis daSlis siCqare wnevis gadidebiT mcirdeba. daSlaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs wylis orTqlis (H2O) arseboba, romelic aferxebs naxSirJangis adsorbcias katalizatoris zedapirze. cdebiT damtkicebulia, rom

brZmedis

airSi

Cl2, NH3, CN2, SO2, H2 umniSvnelo

Semcvelobac

uaryofiTad moqmedebs CO-s daSlaze, radganac aZnelebs katalizatoris moqmedebas. brZmedSi, naxSirJangis daSlis Sedegad gamoyofili mWvartliseburi naxSirbadi

aqtiurad

moqmedebs

liTonur

rkinasTan

rkinis

karbidis

warmoqmniT: 2 CO → CO2 + C + Q

3 Fe + C → Fe3C + Q  3 Fe + 2 CO → Fe3C + CO2 + Q

(1)

rkinis danaxSirbadebasTan erTad mcirdeba misi dnobis temperatura. Tu sufTa rkina dneba 1539º C -ze. rkina-naxSirbadis Senadni dneba 1135º C -ze. rkinis intensiuri danaxSirbadeba iwyeba liTonis Txevad mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis

Semdeg

koqsis

naxSirbadis

saSualebiT

quroSi,

Semdegi

reaqciiT:

3 FeTx. + C → Fe3C TujSi Semavali sxva elementebi (Mn, Si, P, S) maTi aRdgenis Semdeg gadadian liTonSi – mxarulebSi da quroSi. TujSi naxSirbadis saboloo Semcveloba damokidebulia elementebis Semcvelobaze: Mn da Cr, rogorc karbidwarmomqmneli elementebi zrdian naxSirbadis Semcvelobas TujSi. Si da P piriqiT, warmoqmnian ra silicidebsa da fosfidebs, Slian karbidebs da amcireben naxSirbadis Semcvelobas TujSi. naxSirbadi TujSi gvxvdeba karbidis (Fe3C)

an Tavisufali naxSirba-

dis anu grafitis saxiT. saCamosxmo Tuji, karbiddamSleli Tvisebis gamo, naxSirbads Seicavs grafitis saxiT, rac Tujis sxmuls simtkices aniWebs. saCamosxmo Tujis texi ruxia da mas rux Tujs eZaxian. gadasamuSavebeli Tuji rkinis karbidis maRali Semcvelobis gamo saCamosxmo TujTan SedarebiT myifea. misi texi TeTria da mas TeTri Tuji ewodeba. radganac Mn xels uwyobs karbidebis warmoqmnas, amitom saCamosxmo Tuji 0,5% -ze nakleb Mn -s Seicavs.

3.19. widebis warmoqmna brZmedSi sakazme masalebiT Setanili aRudgeneli Jangeulebi _ SiO2,

Al2O3, CaO, MgO, mcire raodenobiT FeO, MnO da liTonebis sulfidebi (CaS, MgS, MnS, FeS) warmoqmnian widebs. widis ZiriTadi komponentebia SiO2,

Al2O3,

CaO, MgO, radganac brZmedSi Si mcire raodenobiT aRsdgeba, xolo Al, Ca, Mg saerTod ar aRsdgebian da mTlianad gadadian widaSi. brZmedSi warmoiqmneba pirveladi, Sualeduri da saboloo widebi, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian SedgenilobiT da TvisebebiT da sxvadasxvanairad moqmedeben procesze. pirveladi widis warmoqmnas uswrebs nawilobriv aRdgenili madnis an aglomeratis 1100...1200ยบ

Secxoba -ze.

garbileba.

procesisaTvis

Secxobis

sasurvelia

procesi

Secxoba

mimdinareobs

daiwyos

maRal

temperaturaze. Secxobis Semdeg iwyeba madnebis garbileba. procesisaTvis didi

mniSvneloba

aqvs

masalebis

garbilebis

dawyebis

garbilebis

temperaturul intervals. blanti,

plastikuri,

airebis

gaumtari

masis

simaRlis

Semcire-

bisaTvis sasurvelia masalebis garbilebis temperaturuli intervali iyos mcire. didi raodenobiT silikatebis Semcveli madnebi an aglomeratebi garbildebian dabal temperaturebze da mcire temperaturul intervalSi (magnetituri,

martituli

limonituri

madnebi).

yvelaze

maRali

garbilebis dawyebis temperatura aqvs aglomeratebs fuZianobiT 1,3...1,5, romlebic mcire raodenobiT silikatebs Seicaven. daflusebuli aglomeratisaTvis garbilebis mcire temperaturuli intervali aixsneba masSi mza orTosilikatisa (Ca2 SiO4) da failitis (Fe2

SiO4 ) arsebobiT. sasurvelia, Secxobisa da garbilebis dawyebamde, damTavrebuli iyos aRdgeniTi procesi, radganac forianobis Semcirebisa da airganvaldobis gauaresebis gamo aRdgeniTi procesebi Zneldeba da miT meti rkina gadava pirvelad

widaSi.

madnebis

aglomeratebis

temperatura meryeobs 700...1200ยบ C intervalSi.

garbilebis

dawyebis

brZmedSi gvizaSi.

pirveladi

wida

warmoiqmneba

Seicavs

didi

WaSvis

qveda

raodenobiT

FeO

nawilSi da

MnO -s

silikatebis saxiT. pirveladi widis Sedgenilobaa:

23...24% SiO2; 5,0...8,0% Al2O3; 27...35% CaO; 8,0...15,0% FeO; 0,8...2,0% MgO; 3,0...4,0% MnO. moZraobs ra zemodan qvemoT, temperaturis matebasTan erTad masSi ixsneba gauxsneli SiO2, CaO, MgO, mimdinareobs pirveladi wididan rkinis da manganumis aRdgena da Sesabamisad FeO da MnO -s Semcireba Sualedur widaSi. saqSinebTan

widebs

uerTdeba

koqsis

nacari,

xolo

quraSi

gogirdovani naerTebi da lorfinze dagrovdeba saboloo wida, Semdegi SedgenilobiT:

SiO2; 7,0...8,0% Al2O3; 44,0...48,0% CaO;

32...40%

4,0...5,0% MgO; 0,5...1,5% MnO; 0,3...0,5% FeO; 1,8...2,2% S. 3.20. brZmedis widebis Tvisebebi

brZmedis Tanabari svla, gamodnobili Tujis saxeoba da xarisxi damokidebulia dnobadoba

widis

(dnobis

Tvisebebze. siTbo),

widis

dnobis

mniSvnelovani

temperatura,

Tvisebebia:

siblante

anu

Txevadtenianoba da gogirdis STanTqmis unari. widebis

fizikuri

Tvisebebis

qimiuri

Semadgenlobisagan

damokidebuleba gamoisaxeba grafikulad, romelic emyareba tolgverda samkuTxedis Semdeg Tvisebebs: 1) tolgverda samkuTxedis SigniT aRebuli nebismieri wertilidan mis gverdebamde aRebuli manZilebis jami mudmivia da samkuTxdis simaRlis tolia,

anu a + b + c = h.

2) gverdebis paraleluri xazebis mier (imave wertilze gamavalni) mokveTili monakveTebis jami udris samkuTxedis gverds,

АБ = БC = AC

(nax. 3.5.)

e.i.

а′ + б′ + c′ =

nax. 3.5. SiO2 - Al2O3 – CaO sistemis widis Sedgenilobis ganmsazRvreli samRerZa diagrama

Tu samkuTxedis gverdebs davyofT as (an aT) tol nawilad da dayofis

wertilebs

xazebiT,

miviRebT

wertili

Seesabameba

SevaerTebT

samRerZa

samkuTxedis

diagramis

samkomponentiani

bades, widis

gverdebis romlis

paraleluri

TiToeuli

proventul

Siga

Sedgenilobas.

samkuTxedis gverdebze moTavsebuli wertili gviCvenebs orkomponentiani widis Sedgenilobas, xolo samkuTxedis wveroebi aRniSnavs widis sufTa komponentebs (CaO, SiO2, Al2O3). magaliTad, А wertili aRniSnavs widas, romelic Seicavs 20% Al2O3, 30% SiO2 da 50% CaO, xolo wertili Б ki widas, romlis Sedgenilobaa 40% CaO da 60% Al2O3. samkuTxedis

romelime

wveris

mopirdapire

gverdis

paraleluri

xazebi upasuxeben am wveris Sesabamisi Jangeulis mudmiv Sedgenilobas. am Jangeulis Semcveloba mopirdapire gverdze Seadgens nuls. igi izrdeba wveris

mopirdapire

gverdidan

misi

paraleluri

xazis

dacilebis

proporciulad. laboratoriul samkomponentiani

pirobebSi

widebis

ganisazRvreba

Tvisebebs

sxvadasxva

aageben

Sedgenilobis

dnobadobis,

dnobis

temperaturis da siblantis samRerZa diagramas. romelSic

erTnairi

Tvisebebis

mqone

widebis Sesabamis wertilebs SeaerTeben xazebiT.

sxvadasxva

Sedgenilobis

viciT

samkomponentiani

widis

qimiuri

Semadgenloba,

maSin

samRerZa diagramis meSveobiT advilad ganisazRvreba am widis Tvisebebi, an piriqiT, widis mocemuli Tvisebebis mixedviT SeiZleba gavigoT widis Sedgeniloba. vinaidan brZmedis wida mravalkomponentiania, amitom widis Tvisebebis ZiriTad

gansazRvrisaTvis

Jangeulze

mis

Sedgenilobas

(CaO - SiO2 - Al2O3).

widis

gadaiangariSeben miRebul

sam

Sedgenilobas

gadaitanen samRerZa diagramaze da gansazRvraven widis Tvisebebs.

3.21. widebis dnobadoba widebis dnobadoba ganisazRvreba siTbos im raodenobiT (joulebSi an kaloriebSi), romelic saWiroa 1 kg. widis gasadnobad. 1 kg. widis gadnobaze saWiro siTbos raodenoba damokidebulia widis Tbotevadobaze da

dnobis

temperaturaze.

vinaidan,

sxvadasxva

Sedgenilobis

widebis

Tbotevadoba umniSvnelod icvleba, amitom widebis gasadnobad saWiro siTbos raodenoba ZiriTadad damokidebulia dnobis temperaturaze; rac maRalia widis dnobis temperatura, miT meti siTbo iqneba saWiro misi gadnobisaTvis da miT maRali iqneba quras temperatura. maSasadame,

Zneladdnadi

widebis

SerCeviT

SegviZlia

gavzardoT

TujSi ZneladaRsadgeni elementebis (Si, Mn, Ti) Semcveloba. amitomacaa, rom maRalmanganumiani

maRalsiliciumiani

Tujebis

misaRebad

saWiroa

Zneladnadi widebis Seqmna. 1kg. widis gasadnobad saWiro siTbo Seadgens 1470...1800 kilojouls (350...450 kkal). widis dnobis siTbos diagramaze (nax. 3.5.) gamosaxuli xazebi Seesabameba erTnairi dnobis siTbos mqone widebs. dnobis siTbos diagramis naklovani mxarea is, rom igi iZleva im dnobis siTbos, romelzec wida iwyebs gadnobas da jer kidev ar aris Txevad mdgomareobaSi. teqnologs

ainteresebs

ara

widis

gadnobisaTvis

saWiro

siTbo,

aramed Txevad mdgomareobaSi myofi widis TboSemcveloba anu entalpia, romelic miiRweva widis 100...200ยบ C -iT gadaxurebis SemTxvevaSi. brZmedis widebis entalpia im temperaturaze, roca wida Tavisuflad miedineba anu siblante aRwevs 5 puaazs, icvleba 1640...2015 kilojoulamde (390...480 kkal).

3.22. widebis dnobis temperatura widebis dnobis temperaturis gansasazRvravad gamoiyeneba samRerZa diagrama (sur. 3.6.). diagramaze gamosaxulia erTnairi dnobis temperaturis Sesabamisi

wvrili

xazebi

(izoTermebi)

msxvili

xazebi,

romlebic

gamosaxaven calkeuli naerTebis kristalizaciis ubanTa sazRvrebs. sami ubnis gadakveTis wertili Seesabameba sammag evteqtikas. widebs ar gaaCniaT gadnobis an gamyarebis gansazRvruli temperatura. dnobis temperaturad miCneulia gamdnari widis kristalizaciis dasawyisi gamyarebis dros (likvidusis wertili). temperaturas, romlis drosac widis

ukanaskneli

ulufa

gadadis

kristalur

mdgomareobaSi

ewodeba

gamyarebis damTavrebis anu dnobis dawyebis temperatura gaxurebis dros (solidusis wertili). yvelaze Zneladdnadia sufTa Jangeulebi (CaO, SiO2,

Al2O3),

SedarebiT

advildnadia

orkomponentiani

widebi,

romelTa

Sedgeniloba ganisazRvreba samkuTxedis gverdze da kristalizaciis ubnis dayofis xazze. yvelaze advildnadia sammagi evteqtika (samkomponentiani wida). saerTod brZmeduli dnobisTvis mniSvneloba aqvs ara widis dnobis temperaturas, aramed im temperaturas, romlis drosac wida Tavisuflad moZraobs.

nax. 3.6. SiO2 - Al2O3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; CaO sistemis widis dnobis temperaturis diagrama

3.23. widebis siblante

brZmeduli procesisTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba widebis siblantes, romelic gamowveulia sxvadasxva siCqariT moZravi siTxis Sreebs Soris arsebuli Siga xaxuniT. siblantis Sebrunebul sidides Txevaddenadoba ewodeba. brZmedis normalurad muSaobisaTvis widis siblantem ar unda gadaaWarbos

3...8

Semadgenlobaze

puazs. da

widis

siblante

temperaturaze.

damokidebulia

dadgenilia,

rom

widis

temperaturis

gadidebiT siblante mcirdeba da piriqiT. widis siblantis misi Semadgenlobisagan damokidebulebas swavloben mudmiv

temperaturaze,

widis

Sedgenilobis

cvlilebiT.

diagramaze

mocemulia CaO - SiO2 - Al2O3 widis siblante (nax. 3.7.) 1500º C -ze (widis gamoSvebis

temperatura).

diagramaze

mrudebiT

SeerTebulia

erTnairi

siblantis wertilebi. mudmiv temperaturaze samkomponentiani widebis siblante damokidebulia fardobaze CaO ⁄SiO2 + Al2O3. yvelaze naklebi siblante axasiaTebs widebs SemadgenlobiT 38...42% SiO2; 48...52% CaO; 8...12% Al2O3, roca fardoba

CaO ⁄SiO2 + Al2O3 = 1.am fardobis gadidebiT widis siblante mkveTrad izrdeba.

nax. 3.7. CaO - SiO2 - Al2O3 sistemis widis siblantis diagrama

widebs, romelTa siblante erTsa da imave temperaturaze qimiuri Sedgenilobis cvlilebiT mkveTrad icvleba aramdgradi ewodebaT, xolo widebs, romelTa siblante Semadgenlobisa da temperaturis cvlilebiT umniSvnelod icvleba mdgradi widebi ewodebaT. widebis gaTxevadebaze, anu

siblantis Semcirebaze dadebiTad moqmedebs MgO -s da CaS -is Semcvelobis gazrda widaSi. gansakuTrebiT efeqturia mlRobi Spatis (CaF) damateba. brZmedis

widebis

teqnologiuri

daxasiaTebisaTvis

gamoiyeneba

widebis fuZianoba, romelic gamoisaxeba widaSi Semavali fuZe Jangeulebis procentuli

Semcvelobis

SefardebiT

mJave

Jangeulebis

procentul

SemcvelobasTan:

Qw =

(CaO + MgO)% , % ( SiO2 + Al2O3 )%

radganac Al2O3 widaSi TiTqmis ar icvleba, amitom fuZianoba SeiZleba ase gamoisaxos: Qw = Tu

(CaO + MgO)% SiO2 widaSi

MgO -s

Semcveloba

mudmivia,

maSin

fuZianoba

ase

gamoisaxeba: Qw = CaO â &#x201E; SiO2 , % widebs, romelTa fuZianoba 1,1 -ze metia, ewodebaT fuZe widebi, xolo romelTa fuZianoba naklebia 1,1 -ze _ mJave ewodebaT. fuZe widebs, maTi swrafi gamyarebis gamo ewodebaT mokle widebi, xolo mJave widebs, neli gamyarebis gamo, grZeli widebi. Tu wida Seicavs 1% -ze met FeO -s, maSin misi feri Savia. Tu wida TeTria, maSin masSi FeO -s Semcveloba mcirea (0,3...0,5%). MnO -s maRali Semcveloba widas aniWebs mwvane fers. Rumlidan gamoSvebis dros widas aqvs naTeli â&#x20AC;&#x201C; wiTeli feri, xolo naklebad gaxurebuls _ muqi wiTeli. widebis gogirdis STanqmis unari damokidebulia mis Sedgenilobaze, temperaturaze da siblanteze. rac maRalia fuZianoba da temperatura, rac naklebia siblante, miT maRalia widis gogirdis STanTqmis unari. 3.24. Tujis gangogirdebis procesi brZmedSi vinaidan, Tanamedrove pirobebSi brZmedebi muSaoben dabalgogirdian daflusebul ZiriTadi

aglomeratze

Semtania

koqsi

gundebze,

1,0...1,5%S -is

amitom

SemcvelobiT.

brZmedSi brZmedSi

gogirdis gogirdi

ZiriTadad nawildeba Tujsa da widas Soris, mcire raodenoba (3,0...5,0%) aqroldeba

cirkulirebas

miyveba qurasa

gamaval da

airebs.

gvizas

brZmedSi

Soris

jer

gogirdi

ganicdis

aqroldeba,

Semdeg

STainTqmeba axladaRdgenili rkiniT da Tavisufali CaO -Ti. brZmeduli widis gogirdis STanTqmis

unari xasiaTdeba widasa da

Tujs Soris ganawilebis koeficientiT, romelic ase gamoisaxeba: Ls =

(S ) , [S ]

sadac Ls – gogirdis ganawilebis koeficientia (S′) – gogirdis Semcveloba widaSi [S′] – gogirdis Semcveloba TujSi gogirdi Tujsa da widaSi gvxvdebian FeS, CaS, MnS da MgS -is saxiT. FeS kargad ixsneba TujSic da widaSic, MnS umniSvnelod liTonSi, CaS,

kargad ixsneba widaSi da

MgS kargad ixsneba widaSi da ar ixsneba

liTonSi. brZmedSi yvela pirobaa imisaTvis, rom liTonSi arsebuli FeS gadavides CaS -Si da MgS -Si da SeuerTos widas. saqSinoebTan wida Seicavs CaS -s. brZmedSi Tujis

1,0% gogirds, xolo saboloo wida 1,5...1,8% gangogirdebis ZiriTadi reaqcia ase gamoisaxeba: [FeS] + (CaO)

(CaS) + [FeO] - Q

widaSi CaS da FeO -s maRali koncentraciis dros reaqcia SeiZleba wavides sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. warmodgenili reaqciidan Cans, rom rac maRalia widis fuZianoba naklebia

FeO

-s

Semcveloba,

(CaO(MgO) -s maRali Semcveloba) da rac miT

ufro

itensiurad

mimdinareobs

gangogirdebis procesi. vinaidan, gangogirdebis

gangogirdebis warmatebiT

procesi

endoTermulia,

ganxorcielebisTvis

amitom

aucilebelia

Tujis maRali

temperatura. saerTod, akmayofilebs

Tujis

gangogirdebisTvis

brZmeduli

procesi,

mTavaria

saWiro

yvela

Seiqmnas

moTxovnas

maRalfuZiani

maRaltemperaturuli wida. widis gangogirdebis unarze dadebiTad moqmedebs Al2O3 -is da MgO -s gazrdili

Semcveloba

(5,0...10,0%),

romlebic

aumjobesebs

widis

Txevaddenadobas

Sesabamisad

izrdeba

gogirdis

ganawilebis

koeficienti. erTeul moqmedebs

Tujze

mosuli

gangogirdebis

widis

procesze,

raodenobis

magram

widis

gazrda

dadebiTad

raodenobis

gazrda

arasasurvelia koqsis xarjis gazrdisa da warmadobis Semcirebis gamo. ufro mizanSewonilia vimuSaoT gogirdis STanTqmis maRali unaris mqone widebze da am gziT mivaRwioT gogirdis ganawilebis koeficientis gazrdas (Ls = 50...60).

3.25. Tujis brZmedgareSe gangogirdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu TujSi gogirdis Semcveloba dasaSvebze (0,02...0,05%) metia,

aucilebeli

xdeba

maRalgogirdiani

Tujis

brZmedgareSe

gangogirdeba. 1,5...2,0% Mn -is Semcveli Tujis 2 saaTiT cicxvSi davayovnebis dros mimdinareobs Tujis gangogirdeba manganumiT: [FeS] + [Mn] â&#x2020;&#x2019; (Mn S) + [Fe] + Q MnS -is simkvrive orjer naklebia Tujis simkvriveze, amitom MnS -is nawilakebi gamsxvildebian da amotivtivdebian Tujis zedapirze widis saxiT. Tujis brZmedgareSe gangogirdebisaTvis gamoiyeneba soda (Na2 CO3), kiri (CaO) da liTonuri magniumi. soda miewodeba gamoSvebis dros RarSi an cicxvSi. Txevad TujTan Sexebisas soda dneba da liTonis zedapirze warmoqmnis gogirdis mimarT aqtiur widas. gangogirdeba mimdinareobs Semdegi reaqciiT: (Na2 CO3) + [FeS] + [C] â&#x2020;&#x2019; (Na2 S) + [Fe] + CO + CO2 + Q gangogirdebis dasrulebis Semdeg sodian widas moacileben Tujis zedapiridan, radganac liTonis gacivebisas gogirdi SeiZleba wididan isev liTonSi gadavides. garda amisa, sodiani wida angrevs cicxvis amonags. sodiT gangogirdeba martivia, magram araekonomiuria. sodis xarjia 12...16kg. erT tona Tujze gangogirdebis xarisxi _ 45...55%.

kiri naklebefeqturi ganmgogirdebelia, vidre soda. samagierod, kiri iafia

aradeficituria.

kiriT

gangogirdeba

mimdinareobs

Semdegi

koncentraciis,

Tujis

reaqciiT: [FeS] + (CaO) → (FeO) + (CaS) gangogirdebis

xarisxi

izrdeba

kiris

temperaturisa da Tujis da kiris Sexebis zedapiris gadidebiT. gangogirdebis mizniT kirs miawodeben mbrunav dolSi gamaval Tujis nakadSi an Seuberaven cicxvSi specialuri saqSeniT. kiriT gangogirdebis xarisxi 40...50% -s aRwevs. magniumi warmoadgens yvelaze Zlier ganmgogirdebels. Tujis masis 0,2%

Mg -is gamoyenebiT gogirdis Semcveloba TujSi klebulobs 0,15% -dan

0,03% -mde. Tujis gangogirdeba mimdinareobs Mg -is orTqliT _ Semdegi reaqciiT: [Fe S] + [Mg] → [Fe] + (Mg S) gangogirdebis Sedegad warmoqmnili magniumis sulfidi (Mg S) TujSi praqtikulad ar ixsneba da gadadis widaSi. Txevadi Tujis temperaturis (1350...1400º C) pirobebSi, magniumi, romlis duRilis temperatura 1107º C, swrafad orTqldeba da iwvevs Tujis amotyorcnas cicxvidan. danakargebis Semcirebisa da Tujis amotyorcnis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, magniums cicxvSi miawodeben specialuri mowyobilobiT. magniumi imdenad intensiuri da efeqturi ganmgogirdebelia, rom 1 tona Tujis gangogirdebisaTvis sakmarisia 0,5...0,8 kg. 3.26. brZmedis quraSi mimdinare procesebi brZmedis quraSi, saqSinoebis zonaSi, mimdinareobs koqsis naxSirbadis wva,

Tujis

Semadgeneli

elementebis

aRdgena,

widis

saboloo

Semadgenlobis Camoyalibeba, Tujis danaxSirbadeba da desulfuracia. am procesebis Sedegia Tujisa da widis saboloo Semadgenlobis Camoyalibeba

3.27. naxSirbadis wva da airebis Semadgenloba quraSi quraSi

mimdinare

procesebidan

erT-erTi

mniSvnelovania

koqsis

naxSirbadis wva saqSenebTan, romlis Sedegad gamoiyofa procesisaTvis saWiro siTbo, aRmdgeneli airebi da Tavisufldeba garkveuli moculoba, romelSic CamoeSveba zemodan moZravi sakazme masalebi. 1000...1200º C -mde gaxurebuli haeri miewodeba Rumlis perimetrze dayenebuli saqSenebiT. saqSenis xvrelis diametria 160...220 mm, haeris wneva 2,5...3,5 atm., erT saqSenze mosuli haeris raodenobaa 170...220 m3/wT. saqSenidan gamosuli haeris siCqarea 80...140 m/wm. Wavlis aseTi parametrebis dros haers gaaCnia Zalian didi kinetikuri energia, romelic iwvevs koqsis naWrebis cirkulacias saqSenis win. naxSirbadis wva mimdinareobs Semdegi sqemiT: C + O2 + 3,76 N2 → 3,76 N2 + CO2 + Q CO2 + C → 2 CO - Q  , 2 C + O2 + 3,76 N2 → 2 CO + 3,76 N2 + Q sadac 3,76 _ haerSi azotis da Jangbadis fardobaa (79 : 21 = 3,76) Teoriulad

quraSi airebi Seicavs 65,3% N2 da 34,7% CO.

sinamdvileSi

quraSi airebi mdidrdeba pirdapiri aRdgenis Sedegad warmoqmnili CO -Ti, tenis daSlis Sedegad warmoqmnili wyalbadiT da bunebrivi airis daSliT warmoqmnili

wyalbadiT.

Sesabamisad,

airSi

mcirdeba

azotisa

naxSirJangis Semcveloba. sabolood, quraSi airebi Seicaven mxolod CO, H2 da N2. nax 3.8.-ze mocemulia quras airebis Sedgenilobis cvlileba, xolo nax. 3.9.-ze damJangveli zonis sqema saqSenis win.

nax. 3.8. airis Sedgenilobis cvlileba saqSenis RerZis mimarTulebiT

nax. 3.9. damJangveli zonis sqema

I – Jangbadis zona, II – naxSirorJangis zona

suraTidad Cans, rom saqSenis xvrelidan 800...1250 mm -ze Jangbadi mTlianad ixarjeba naxSirbadis wvis reaqciaze. CO2 -is Semcveloba jer izrdeba, xolo saqSenidan 500...800 mm manZilze

CO2 + C → 2 CO reaqciis

Sedegad, mTlianad qreba. naxSirJangi

airSi

warmoiqmneba

saqSenidan

150...300

-ze,

misi

Semcveloba izrdeba CO2 -isa da O2 -is SemcirebasTan erTad da pirdapiri

aRdgenis Sedegad warmoqmnili CO xarjze normaluri muSaobis dros quras centrSi airebi Seicaven 40...46% naxSirJangs. wvis zonis maqsimaluri temperatura (1800...2000º C) Seesabameba naxSirorJangis

maqsimalur

temperatura

Semcvelobas.

klebulobs

wvis

pirdapiri

fokusidan

aRdgenis

quras

endoTermuli

siRrmisaken reaqciebis

mimdinareobis gamo. sur. 3.9. -dan Cans, rom damJangveli zona saqSenis win arsebuli sferosebri area Jangbadis da naxSirorJangis zonebiT. brZmedSi bunebrivi airis miwodebisas wyalbadi iwvis wylis orTqlis (H2O)

warmoqmniT,

romelic

aqtiur

damJangvels

warmoadgens.

koqsis

naxSirbadTan urTierTqmedebiT wylis orTqli gardaiqmneba wyalbadad da naxSirorJangad

(H2O + C → H2 + CO).

es reaqcia gacilebiT did moculobaSi midis, vidre reaqcia CO2 + C → 2 CO, amitom bunebriv airze muSaobis pirobebSi (sur. 3.10.) damJangveli zona ganisazRvreba ara CO2 -is gavrcelebis mixedviT, aramed H2O -is gavrcelebis mixedviT (2,0...3,3 metri).

nax. 3.10. quros airebis Sedgeniloba brZmedi bunebriv airze muSaobis pirobebSi

3.28.

wvis

zonis

gavlena

Rumlis

muSaobaze

wvis

zonis

zomebis

ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi wvis zomebiT

zonis _

forma

siRrmiT,

zomebi

simaRliTa

ganisazRvreba

siganiT.

damJangveli

wvis

zonis

zonis zomebze

mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli brZmedis muSaoba. wvis zonis SemcirebiT irRveva

airebis

Tanabari

ganawileba

masalebis

moZraobis

siCqare

Rumlis kveTSi. wvis zonis siRrmis Semcireba iwvevs quras centraluri zonis

Cawolas.

meores

mxriv,

wvis

zonis

metismetad

gadideba

arasa-

survelia, radganac igi iwvevs Tujis Semadgeneli nawilebis intensiur Jangvas. brZmedis normaluri muSaobisaTvis Jangbadis zona 800...1500 mm-ze unda gavrceldes, xolo mTlianad damJangveli zona 1250...1800 mm-ze, wvis fokusi ki 400...900 mm-ze. wvis zonis formaze da zomebze gavlenas axdens: sawvavis xarisxi da zomebi; miwodebuli haeris raodenoba; saqSenidan haeris gamosvlis siCqare; haeris

temperatura;

haeris

wneva;

haeris

sineste;

wyalbadis

Semcveli

danamatebis raodenoba; Jangbadis Semcveloba haerSi. wvis

procesi

mimdinareobs

koqsis

zedapirze.

rac

ufro

didia

sawvavis zomebi da naklebia forianoba, miT mcirea sareaqcio zedapiri, wvis intensivoba da Sesabamisad, izrdeba wvis zonis zomebi. wvrili

foriani koqsi amcirebs wvis zonas; rac maRalia koqsis wvisa da reaqciaSi Sesvlis unari, miT naklebia wvis zonis zomebi da piriqiT. haeris raodenobis gadidebiT izrdeba misi saqSenidan gamosvlis siCqare da Sesabamisad, izrdeba misi kinetikuri energia, airebi ufro Rrmad SeaRweven Rumlis siRrmeSi da izrdeba damJangveli zonis zomebi. haeris raodenobis SemcirebiT damJangveli zonis zomebi mcirdeba. saqSenidan haeris gamosvlis siCqare, haeris mudmivi xarjis dros, damokidebulia

saqSenebis

ricxvze

saqSenis

xvrelis

diametrze.

radganac, ricxvi mudmivia, amitom haeris siCqaris regulireba warmoebs saqSenis xvrelis diametris cvlilebiT. xvrelis diametris SemcirebiT izrdeba

haeris

siCqare

kinetikuri

damJangveli zonis zomebis gazrda.

energia,

rasac

Tan

axlavs

miwodebuli haeris raodenobis gazrda iwvevs wvis zonis gadidebas yvela mimarTulebiT, xolo saqSenis diametris Semcirebisas, haeris mudmivi raodenobis dros, wvis zona izrdeba siRrmeSi da mcirdeba siganeSi da simaRleze. saqSenis diametris gadidebiT haeris siCqare klebulobs da Sesabamisad,

wvis

zona

iklebs

siRrmeSi

matulobs

simaRlesa

siganeSi. brZmedis

muSaobis

pirobebidan

gamomdinare,

haeris

gaxurebam

sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba imoqmedos wvis zonis zomebze. haeris 900ยบ C -mde gaxurebis SemTxvevaSi, quras gacivebis gamo, haeris temperaturis Semdgomi momateba zrdis naxSirbadis wvis siCqares da Sesabamisad, amcirebs wvis zonas. roca haeris temperatura 1000ยบ C -ze metia da qura normaluradaa gaxurebuli, maSin haeris temperaturis Semdgomi gazrda iwvevs haeris moculobisa da moZraobis siCqaris gadidebas da Sesabamisad, wvis zonis zomebis gazrdas. Tu

haeris

wneva

izrdeba

misi

raodenobis

gadidebiT,

maSin

damJangveli zonis siRrme izrdeba haeris Wavlis kinetikuri energiis gadidebis Sesabamisad. Tu miwodebuli haeris wneva izrdeba sakerZeze wnevis gadidebis gamo, haeris raodenobis cvlilebis gareSe, maSin haeris moculoba,

misi

saqSenebidan

gamosvlis

siCqare

haeris

Wavlis

kinetikuri energia mcirdeba da wvis zonac mcirdeba. haeris wylis orTqlis (H2O) koqsis naxSirbadTan urTierTqmedebis reaqciis endoTermulobis gamo damJangvel zonaSi temperatura mcirdeba, xolo misi zomebi ki izrdeba. damJangvel wylis

orTqlis

SemTxvevaSi

meti

zonaze

bunebrivi

(sinestis)

airis

gavlenisa.

raodenobiT

H2O

gavlena

analogiuria

bunebrivi

warmoiqmneba

haeris

airis

gamoyenebis

misi

disociacia

damTavrdeba saqSenidan gacilebiT Sors, vidre teniani haeris SemTxvevaSi. bunebrivi

airis

gamoyenebis

dros

izrdeba

quras

airebis

raodenoba,

romlis gaxurebasac didi raodenobiT siTbo sWirdeba. ris gamoc mcirdeba wvis

zonaSi

temperatura

Sesabamisad,

izrdeba

damJangveli

zonis

zomebi. haerSi Jangbadis gazrdili Semcvelobis dros, haerSi azotis Semcvelobis Semcirebis gamo, mcirdeba erTeul sawvavze mosuli quras airebis raodenoba, izrdeba wvis temperatura.

Sesabamisad,

mcirdeba

damJangveli

zonis

zomebi.

meores

mxriv,

temperaturis gadidebiT izrdeba airebis moculoba da SeiZleba damJangveli zona gaizardos. e.i. imis mixedviT Tu romeli faqtori Warbobs, haerSi Jangbadis Semcvelobis gazrdam SeiZleba gamoiwvios wvis zonis Semcireba an gadideba, an darCeba ucvleli. 3.29. Tujis Semadgeneli elementebis daJangva da maTi ganmeorebiTi aRdgena quraSi damJangvel

zonaSi

gamavali

Tuji

ganicdis

airebis

damJangvel

zemoqmedebas. iJangeba TujSi Semavali Fe, Mn, Si, C da P. damJangveli zonis gareT, daJanguli elementebi isev aRdgebian pirdapiri gziT. wvis zonaSi rkinis daJangvis da wvis zonis gareT, misi aRdgenis reaqciebi ase gamoisaxeba: Fe + ½ O2 → FeO FeO + C → CO + Fe 

C + ½ O2 → CO Fe + CO2 → FeO + CO FeO + C → Fe + CO  CO2 + C → 2 CO Fe + H 2O → FeO + H2 FeO + C → Fe + CO  H2O + C → H2 + CO

maSasadame, rkinis daJangvisa da ganmeorebiT aRdgenis reaqciebis Sedegad iJangeba naxSirbadi, romelic mimdinareobs quraSi, damJangveli zonis gareT.

analogiurad mimdinareobs Mn, Si, P-is da sxva elementebis daJangva da ganmeorebiT aRdgena quraSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tujis elementebis daJangva da

ganmeorebiT

daJangvis

aRdgena

dros

gaxurebuli

xels

uwyobs

gamoyofili

TujiT

siTbo

widiT

siTbos

gadanawilebas

airebiT

gadaitaneba

quraSi

quraSi.

SedarebiT da

metad

uzrunvelyofs

pirdapiri aRdgenisaTvis saWiro siTbos xarjebis dafarvas. 3.30.

airebis

temperaturis,

Sedgenilobis,

raodenobis

wnevis

cvlileba brZmedSi brZmedSi

maqsimaluri

temperaturaa

wvis

fokusSi

Seadgens

1900...2000ยบ C. wvis zonis farglebs gareT quras centrisaken temperatura klebulobs da centrSi temperatura Seadgens 1400...1420ยบ C. quras centrSi temperaturis 1400ยบ C -ze dabla daweva iwvevs Tujisa da widis temperaturis Semcirebas, TujSi Si -is Semcirebas da gogirdis gazrdas. normalurad iTvleba temperaturis iseTi ganawileba, roca igi maRalia kedelTan da centrSi da dabalia Rumlis kveTis Sualedur zonaSi. Rumlis araTanabrad

simaRleze _

Rumlis

airebis zeda

temperaturis qveda

cvlileba

zonaSi

mimdinareobs

temperatura

icvleba

mkveTrad, xolo Sualedur zonaSi ki umniSvnelod. Rumlis qveda zonaSi siTbo didi raodenobiT ixarjeba sakazme masalebis gaxurebaze da iq mimdinare qimiur procesebze. Rumlis zeda zonaSi airis temperaturis mkveTri dacema gamowveulia airebsa da axladCatvirTul sakazme masalebs Soris intensiuri TbomimocvliT. Rumlis Sualedur zonaSi temperaturaTa sxvaoba airebsa da sakazme masalebs Soris mcirea, rac Tbomimocvlis Senelebas iwvevs. quraSi warmodgenili pirveladi airebis Sedgeniloba damokidebulia mxolod haeris Semadgenlobaze. mSral haerze muSaobis SemTxvevaSi airebi Seicavs 34,7% CO da 65,3% N2. haeris datenianebiT, JangbadiT gamdidrebuli haerisa da bunebrivi airis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi quras airebi Seicaven CO, H2 da N2. wvis zonis gareT airi mdidrdeba pirdapiri aRdgenis Sedegad warmoqmnili

-Ti,

Raribdeba

-iT.

qvemodan

zemoT

arapirdapiri aRdgenis zonaSi CO2-iT da Raribdeba CO -Ti.

moZraobisas

SemTxvevaSi,

roca

brZmedSi

CatvirTaven

nedli

kirqvas,

maSin

airebi mdidrdeba kirqvis daSliT gamoyofili CO2 -iT. koqsis

aqroladebi,

umniSvnelo

raodenobis

gamo,

airebis

Semadgenlobaze gavlenas ar axdens. kazmSi hidratuli tenis (mFe203. nH2O) arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, airi mdidrdeba wylis orTqlis daSliT miRebuli wyalbadiT. maSasadame, pirdapiri koqsis

quridan

aRdgenis,

aqroladebis

sakerZemde

arapirdapiri gamoyofisa

airebis

aRdgenis, da

Sedgeniloba

karbonatebis

kazmis

tenis

icvleba

disociaciis,

daSlis

Sedegad

gamoyofili CO, CO2 da H2 -is gavleniT. quridan

sakerZemde

moZraobisas

icvleba

airebis

raodenobac.

mimdinare qimiuri procesebis Sedegad quras airebis raodenoba yovelTvis metia miwodebuli haeris raodenobaze, xolo sakerZe airebis raodenoba ki yovelTvis Seberili

metia haeris

naxSirbadis

quras

airebze.

raodenobasTan

wviT,

pirdapiri

quras

airebis

raodenobis

SedarebiT

aixsneba

aRdgenis

reaqciebiT,

gadideba

saqSenTan

koqsis

karbonatebis

disociaciiT, koqsis aqroladebis gamoyofiT da kazmis tenis aorTqlebiT. zogadad,

brZmedis

normalur

pirobebSi

muSaobisas

quras

airebis

raodenoba miwodebul haerTan SedarebiT izrdeba 20...25% -iT, xolo sakerZe airis raodenoba ki 35...40% -iT. airebs maqsimaluri wneva gaaCniaT wvis zonis dasawyisSi Rumlis centris mimarTulebiT airebis wnevis cvlileba damokidebulia sakazme masalebis airganvladobaze. kargi airganvladobis dros wnevis dacema saqSenidan centramde 3...5%-s Seadgens, xolo cudi airganvladobis dros wnevis dacema Seadgens 13...16%. rac metia Seberili haeris raodenoba da rac maRalia wneva sakerZeze, miT metia airebis wneva quraSi. sakazme masalebis

simaRlis

gazrda,

sakazme

masalebis

wvrilmarcvlovnobis

gazrda iTxovs quraSi airebis wnevis gazrdas, raTa daZlios sakazme masalebis gazrdili winaRoba. brZmedis normaluri muSaobisTvis quraSi airebis wneva Seadgens 3,0...3,5 atm., xolo quras airebis wnevasa da sakerZeze airebis wnevaTa Soris sxvaoba ar unda aRematebodes 1,2 atm -s.

aseTi sxvaoba uzrunvelyofs sakazme masalebis normalur svlas. Tu wnevaTi sxvaoba gadaaWarbebs 1,2 at -s, maSin qvemodan wneva meti iqneba sakazme masalebis wnevaze da kazmis svla SeCerdeba. 3.31. brZmeduli procesis intensifikacia brZmeduli procesis intensifikacia gulisxmobs misi svlis siCqaris gadidebas. brZmedis muSaobis intensivobis maCvenebelia erTeul droSi Rumlis

sasargeblo

romelsac

brZmedis

moculobis sasargeblo

erTeulze

mosuli

moculobis

Tujis

gamoyenebis

raodenoba, koeficienti

ewodeba. K=

Vsasarg. T(warmadoba)

Mm3. dRe-Rame/t.

rac naklebia K, miT intensiurad mimdinareobs procesi da miT metia Rumlis warmadoba. Rumlis svlis intensivoba SeiZleba gavzardoT ori gziT: 1) koqsis naxSirbadis wvisaTvis saWiro haeris raodenobis gadidebiT; 2)

iseTi

pirobebis

SeqmniT,

romelic

gamoiwvevs

erTeul

Tujze

koqsis xarjis Semcirebas. maqsimaluri intensifikacia miiRweva maSin, roca haeris raodenobis gadidebasTan erTad mcirdeba koqsis fardobiTi xarji. brZmedis intensifikaciis ZiriTadi meTodebia: 1. sakazme masalebis xarisxis gaumjobeseba 2. maRaltemperaturuli haeris gamoyeneba 3. teniani haeris gamoyeneba 4. JangbadiT gamdidrebuli haeris gamoyeneba 5. naxSirbadwyalbadebis Semcveli danamatebis gamoyeneba 6. kombinirebuli bervis gamoyeneba 7. sakerZeze wnevis amaRleba

brZmeduli

procesis

ganviTarebis

Tanamedrove

etapze,

yvelaze

mniSvnelovania kazmis momzadebis meTodebis da misi xarisxis gaumjobeseba, radganac arc erTi meTodi ar mogvcems dadebiT Sedegs masalebis cudi xarisxis SemTxvevaSi. 3.32. maRaltemperaturuli haeri brZmeduli procesis

intensifikaciis

saSualeba brZmeduli warmoebis arsebobis manZilze arcerT RonisZiebas ar moucia koqsis xarjis iseTi raodenobiT Semcireba, rogorc gaxurebuli haeris gamoyenebam, amitom intensifikaciis es meTodi swrafad gavrcelda. amJamad, brZmedSi miewodeba 1000...1100ยบ C -mde gaxurebuli haeri. civi haeridan cxelze an naklebad gaxurebulidan ufro gaxurebul haerze gadasvliT koqsis xarjis Semcireba ZiriTadad gamowveulia ori mizeziT: 1. gaxurebuli haeris siTbo cvlis siTbos im raodenobas,

romelic

miiReba koqsis naxSirbadis wviT saqSenebTan. 2. Rumlis muSaobis Tbur balansSi siTbos xarjis SemcirebiT. gaxurebuli haeris siTbo cvlis sawvavis iseT raodenobas, romelic gamoyofda gacilebiT met siTbos, vidre Seaqvs gaxurebul haers. es imiT aixsneba, rom gaxurebuli haeris siTbo praqtikulad mTlianad gamoiyeneba, Rumlis qveda zonaSi, elementebis pirdapir aRdgenaze, gogirdis widaSi gadasvlaze, widis da Tujis gaxurebaze. koqsis naxSirbadis wvis Sedegad gamoyofili siTbo, gansxvavebiT gaxurebuli haeris siTbosi, RumelSi gamoiyeneba nawilobriv, radganac misi

nawili

Rumlidan

gaitaneba

airebiT,

xolo

nawili

ikargeba

gamacivebeli wyliTa da atmosferoTi. haeris

temperaturis

gazrda

Rumlis

Tbur

balansSi

iwvevs

Semdeg cvlilebebs: 1. koqsis xarjis Semcirebis gamo, mcirdeba erTeul Tujze mosuli airebis

raodenoba.

raodenobis

airebis

sakazme

Semcirebuli

masalebs,

gadascems

raodenoba siTbos

gaivlis

SedarebiT

imave ufro

gacivebuli tovebs Rumels. mcire raodenobisa da dabali temperaturis airebi

Rumlidan

naklebi

raodenobiT

siTbos

gaitans,

rac

siTbos

ekonomias da RumelSi siTbos sasargeblo gamoyenebis koeficients zrdis. 91

2. koqsis xarjis Semcireba zrdis Rumlis warmadobas, rac erTeul Tujze

gamacivebeli

wyliT

atmosferoTi

STanTqmuli

siTbos

raodenobas amcirebs. 3. koqsis xarjis SemcirebiT mcirdeba widis raodenoba. e.i. mcirdeba widis gaxurebaze saWiro siTbos raodenoba da widiT gatanili siTbos raodenoba. 4. haeris temperaturis gadidebiT izrdeba quras temperatura da izrdeba ufro metad gaxurebuli Tujisa da widis mier gatanili siTbos raodenoba _ izrdeba siTbos xarji. 3.33. datenianebuli haeri brZmeduli procesis intensifikatori brZmedSi miwodebuli haeri Seicavs bunebriv tens (H2O). saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, brZmedis Tburi mdgomareobis daregulirebisTvis gaxurebul haerSi SehyavT teni. teni maRal temperaturaze, wvis zonaSi, disocirdeba wyalbadad da Jangbadad, romelic mimdinareobs siTbos STanTqmiT: H2O → H2 + ½ O2 - Q warmoqmnili Jangbadi moqmedebs koqsis naxSirbadTan: C + ½ O2 → CO + Q jamuri reaqcia ase gamoisaxeba: H2O + C → H2 + CO - Q reaqciis Sedegad warmoqmnili H2 da CO monawileoben arapirdapiri aRdgenis

reaqciebSi,

rac

iwvevs

koqsis

xarjis

Semcirebas

pirdapiri

Rumlis

warmadobis

gadideba

aRdgenis reaqciebis wilis Semcirebis gamo. datenianebuli

haeris

gamoyenebiT

aixsneba Rumlis Tanabari svliT, haeris tenis JangbadiT gamdidrebiT. koqsis xarjis SemcirebiT da haeris raodenobis ramodenimed gadidebiT. haeris datenianebiT mcirdeba wvis zonis temperatura, izrdeba misi zomebi da Sesabamisad, mcirdeba airebis moculoba, siCqare da amwevi Zala _ yovelive es iwvevs brZmedSi aerodinamikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebas da Rumlis Tanabar svlas. datenianebuli mdgomareobaze.

igi

haeriT

SegviZlia

iTvleba

brZmedis

vimoqmedoT procesis

Rumlis

`qvevidan~

Tbur marTvis

saukeTeso saSualebad. Rumlis cxeli svlis Seneleba SesaZlebelia haerSi tenis gadidebiT, xolo quras gacivebis asacileblad amcireben tenis raodenobas haerSi bunebriv pirobebSi haeris tenianoba icvleba 8...12 gr/m3 iT anu 1...1,5% -iT. amJamad, bunebriv airze muSaobis pirobebSi, teniani haeris rogorc procesis intensifikatoris roli Semcirda. teniani haeri, rogorc Tburi mdgomareobis `qvemodan~ warmmarTvel mniSvnelobas inarCunebs. 3.34.

JangbadiT

gamdidrebuli

haeri.

brZmeduli

procesis

intensifikatori haeris JangbadiT gamdidrebis Sedegad icvleba Semdegi parametrebi: 1. azotis Semcirebis gamo mcirdeba haeris xarji saqSenebTan damwvar erTeul naxSirbadze. 2. haerSi azotis Semcirebis gamo mcirdeba saqSenebTan damwvari erTeul naxSirbadze warmoqmnili quras airebis raodenoba. 3.

quras

airebSi,

azotis

Semcirebis

gamo,

izrdeba

CO -s

wvis

zonaSi

koncentracia. 4.

quraSi

airebis

raodenobis

SemcirebiT

mniSvnelovnad izrdeba temperatura. haeris JangbadiT gamdidrebis dros erTeul naxSirbadze mosuli quras airebis raodenoba da sakazme masalebis svetSi airebis moZraobis siCqaris Semcirebis gamo mcirdeba qurasa da sakerZes Soris airebis wnevaTa sxvaoba. es saSualebas iZleva, gavzardoT haeris xarji erTeul droSi

e.i.

gavzardoT

erTeul

droSi

damwvari

koqsis

raodenoba

Rumlis warmadoba. amaSi mdgomareobs haeris JangbadiT gamdidrebis dros brZmedis procesis intensifikaciis arsi. Jangbadis Semcvelobis gazrdasTan erTad mcirdeba Rumlis svlis intensifikaciis xarisxi aerodinamikuri pirobebis gauaresebis gamo, rac wvis

zonaSi

temperaturis

mkveTri

gadidebiT

airebis

moculobis

gazrdiT aixsneba. JangbadiT gamdidrebuli haeris gamoyeneba umniSvnelod moqmedebs koqsis xarjze, faqtiurad ar cvlis mas.

3.35. bunebrivi airi brZmeduli procesis intensifikatori bunebrivi airi brZmedSi miewodeba wvis zonaSi, saqSinos gavliT, cxel

haerTan

erTad.

bunebrivi

airi

ZiriTadad

meTanisagan

Sedgeba

(93...94%). bunebrivi airis nawili iSleba Semdegi endoTermuli reaqciiT: CH4 → C + 2 H2 - Q wvis zonaSi mimdinareobs meTanis (CH4) wva Semdegi reaqciebiT: CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2 O + Q CH4 + 1,5 O2 → CO + 2 H2 O + Q CH4 + 0,5 O2 → CO + 2 H2 + Q bunebrivi

airis,

rogorc

brZmeduli

procesis

intensifikatoris

roli koqsis xvedriTi xarjis solidur SemcirebaSi gamoixateba. koqsis xarjis Semcireba gamowveulia Semdegi mizezebiT: 1) airebi mdidrdeba wyalbadiT da naxSirJangiT, romlebic aqtiurad monawileoben

arapirdapiri

aRdgenis

reaqciebSi

amcireben

koqsis

xarjiT mimdinare pirdapiri aRdgenis xarisxs; 2) koqsis naxSirbadis nawils Caenacvleba bunebrivi airis naxSirbadi; 3) koqsis xarjis SemcirebiT mcirdeba RumelSi Setanili gogirdis raodenoba,

widis

raodenoba

fuZianoba,

rac

siTboze

moTxovnas

amcirebs. gadasamuSavebeli Tujis gamodnobis dros bunebrivi airis xarji Seadgens 100...130 m3/tona Tujze, rac 80...100 kg -iT amcirebs koqsis xarjis erT tona Tujze (0,8 kg. 1 m3 bunebriv airze). aRsaniSnavia, rom bunebriv airis wviT warmoqmnili siTbo samjer naklebia naxSirbadis wvis siTbosTan SedarebiT, xolo quras airebis raodenoba 70% -iT metia koqsis naxSirbadis wvis Sedegad warmoqmnil airebis raodenobaze. amitomaa, rom bunebrivi airis gamoyeneba amcirebs quras temperaturas. quraSi temperaturas amcirebs isic, rom bunebrivi airi

brZmedSi

miewodeba

civ

mdgomareobaSi.

quraSi

temperaturis

Semcirebis asacileblad aucilebelia miwodebuli haeris temperaturis gazrda (ori gradusiT yovel 1 m3 bunebriv airze) da haerSi Jangbadis Semcvelobis 28...30 % -mde gazrda.

3.36. brZmeduli procesis intensifikacia kombinirebuli berviT brZmeduli bunebrivi

procesis

airisa

intensifikaciis

JangbadiT

maqsimaluri

gamdidrebuli

efeqti

haeris

miiReba

erTdrouli

gamoyenebiT. bunebrivi airis gamoyenebis ZiriTadi dadebiTi efeqtia koqsis xarjis Semcireba, xolo JangbadiT gamdidrebuli haeris _ warmadobis gadideba. bunebrivi

airiT

gamowveuli

uaryofiTi

efeqtis

quraSi

airebis

raodenobis gadideba da temperaturis Semcireba. kompensirdeba JangbadiT gamdidrebuli

haeriT

gamowveuli

temperaturis

zrdiT

airebis

raodenobis SemcirebiT. maTi erTdrouli gamoyenebiT SeiZleva procesis maqsimaluri

intensifikaciis

miRweva

koqsis

xarjis

Semcireba

mwarmoeblurobis gazrda. aucilebelia, gansazRvruli raodenobis bunebriv airze SevarCioT JangbadiT

haeris

Cveulebriv

gamdidrebis

haerze

muSaobis

iseTi

xarisxi,

pirobebSi

romelic

arsebul

daarRvevs

aerodinamikur

temperaturul mdgomareobas. kombinirebuli berviT brZmeduli procesis intensifikaciis maqsimaluri efeqti miiRweva, roca 1 m3 bunebriv airze damatebiT 1,3...1,7 m3 Jangbadi miewodeba, haeris xarjis 3,8 m3 -iT Semcirebis paralelurad. Tanamedrove pirobebSi, maqsimaluri warmadoba da koqsis minimaluri xarji miiRweva tona Tujze 130...150 m3 bunebrivi airis miwodebiT da haerSi Jangbadis Semcvelobis 28...30 % -mde gazrdiT. 3.37.

sakerZeze

wnevis

amaRleba

brZmeduli

procesis

intensifikaciis

saSualeba brZmedis amaRlebul wnevaze muSaoba iwvevs brZmedis aerodinamikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebas, romlis Sedegad izrdeba warmadoba da mcirdeba koqsis xarji. brZmedSi gawmendili

sakerZeze

airebis

airis

gamyvani

wnevis milis

droseluri jgufis meSveobiT.

amaRleba kveTis

warmoebs

SemcirebiT,

mtvrisagan specialuri

sakerZeze wnevis amaRleba iwvevs airebis moculobisa da moZraobis siCqaris Semcirebas, airebis amwevi Zalisa da qurasa da sakerZes Soris wnevaTa

sxvaobas,

rac

saSualebas

iZleva

gaizardos

Seberili

haeris

raodenoba, sanam winandel sxvaobas ar gautoldeba. airebis

amaRlebul

wnevaze

muSaobis

dros

umjobesdeba

airebis

nakadis ganawileba, izrdeba airebis RumelSi yofnis dro da airebis aRdgeniTi unaris gamoyenebis xarisxi _ izrdeba arapirdapiri aRdgenis xarisxi da mcirdeba pirdapiri aRdgenis xarisxi. dRes,

brZmedebi

muSaoben

1,0...1,5

Warbi

atmosferuli

wneviT,

rac

warmadobis 10...12% -iT gazrdas da koqsis xarjis 3...6% -iT Semcirebas iwvevs.

3.38. brZmeduli dnobis produqtebi brZmeduli dnobis saboloo produqtebia: Tuji, wida da sakerZe mtveri. Tuji rkina-naxSirbadis Senadnia (Fe3C), romelic garda rkinisa da naxSirbadisa Seicavs manganums, siliciums, gogirds da fosfors. daniSnulebis gadasamuSavebeli,

mixedviT, romelic

brZmedSi

gamoidnoba

gadamuSavdeba

sami

foladad;

saxis

Tuji:

saCamosxmo,

romlisganac Camoisxmeba manqanaTmSeneblobaSi gamoyenebuli detalebi da brZmedis feroSenadnobebi. Tuji, romelic martenis RumelSi gadamuSavdeba, iyofa M1, M2, M3 markebad. Tavis mxriv, isini Mn -is Semcvelobis mixedviT iyofa jgufebad, fosforis Semcvelobis mixedviT kategoriebad da dariSxanis Semcvelobis mixedviT _ xarisxebad. gadasamuSavebeli Tujis markebi moyvanilia 3.1. da 3.2. cxrilebSi. maRalxarisxovani Tujebi siliciumis Semcvelobis mixedviT iyofa ΠΒΚ 1, ΠΒΚ 2, ΠΒΚ 3 markebad, romlebic manganumis Semcvelobis mixedviT iyofa jgufebad, fosforis Semcvelobis mixedviT _ klasebad, gogirdis Semcvelobis

mixedviT

kategoriebad.

maRalxarisxovani

damaxasiaTebelia gogirdis da fosforis dabali Semcveloba.

TujebisaTvis

saCamosxmo Tuji (cxrili 3.3.) Si -is Semcvelobis mixedviT iyofa eqvs markad: ΛΚ 0, ΛΚ 1, ΛΚ 2, ΛΚ 3, ΛΚ 4 da ΛΚ 5. TiToeuli marka Mn -is Semcvelobis mixedviT iyofa sam jgufad, gogirdis Semcvelobis mixedviT _ sam kategoriad, xolo fosforis Semcvelobis mixedviT _ 4 klasad. brZmedSi gamoadnoben feromanganums, ferosiliciums da sarkisebur Tujs (cxrili 3.4.) _ 3 r1 (20...25% Mn), 3 r2 (15...20% Mn) da 3 r3 (10...15% Mn). brZmedSi SeiZleba gamovadnoT feroqromi da ferofosfori. brZmeduli dnobis erT-erTi produqtia wida, romlis gamosavali Seadgens 0,3...0,4 tonas/tona Tujze. Txevadi widis ZiriTadi masa ganicdis svel, naxevrad svel da mSral granulirebas specialur mowyobilobebSi. granulirebuli wida gamoiyeneba cementis warmoebaSi, samSeneblo blokebis dasamzadeblad,

gzebis

mSeneblobaSi

sxvagan.

Txevadi

widisgan

specialuri damuSavebiT miiReba Tbosaizoliacio masala _ widis bamba. sakerZe

airis

gamosavalia

3800...4000

m3/tona

koqsze.

sakerZe

airi

Seicavs: 12...18% CO2; 24...30% CO; 0,2...0,5% CH4; 1,0...2,5% H2; 55...59% N2. sakerZe airis Tbounarianobaa 1000...1100 kkal/m3 -ze. igi gamoiyeneba metalurgiul sawarmoSive sawvavad. airis gawmendis Sedegad miRebuli mtveri Seicavs 45...55% Fe da 5...6% C. igi gamoiyeneba saaglomeracio kazmSi erT-erT danamatad. cxrili 3.1. gadasamuSavebeli Tujebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba (sax. standarti 805 - 80) %, masis mixedviT Tujis marka

manganumi

siliciumi

jgufi I

III

Π1

0,5...0,9

< 0,5

0,5...1,0

1,0...1; 5

Π2

< 0,5

0,5...1,0

1,0...1; 5

< 0,5

0,5...1,0

1...1,5

ΠΒΚ 1

0,9...1,2

ΠΒΚ 2

0,5...0,9

ΠΒΚ 3

< 0,5

cxrili3.1.

(gagrZeleba)

adasamuSavebeli

Tujebis

qimiuri

Sedgeniloba (sax. standarti 805 - 80) %, masis mixedviT fosfori klasi Б B 0,2 0,3 0,2 0,3 0,03 0,4

Tujis siliciumi marka Π1 Π2 ΠΒΚ 1 ΠΒΚ 2 ΠΒΚ 3

A 0,1 0,1 0,02

0,5...0,9 < 0,5 0,9...1,2 0,5...0,9 < 0,5

Г 0,03

I 0,01

gogirdi kategoria II III IV 0,02 0,03 0,04

0,015

0,020

0,025

V 0,05

cxrili 3.2. fosforiani gadasamuSavebeli Tujebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba (sax. standarti 805 - 80)

1,0

1,5

2,0

0,03

0,05

III

dariSxani

fosfori

III

0,3...0,7

<0,10

0,7...1,5

<0,15

1,5...2,0

<0,20

0,07

cxrili 3.3. samsxmelo Tujebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba (sax. standarti 4832 - 80) % masis mixedviT Tujis marka

manganumi

siliciumi

jgufi I

Λ1

3,2...3,6

Λ2

2,8...3,2

Λ3

2,4...2,8

Λ4

2,0...2,4

Λ5

1,6...2,0

Λ6

1,2...1,6

< 0,3

dariSxani

Kklasi Б

fosfori

0,9...1,2 0,5...0,9 0,5

gogirdi kategoria

dariSxani

siliciumi

ΠФ1 ΠФ1 ΠФ1

manganumi jgufi

fosfori

Tujis marka

% masis mixedviT

0,3...0,5

III

0,5...0,9

0,9...1,5

fosfori

gogirdi

klasi

kategoria

araumetes

% masis mixedviT naxSirbad

Tujis marka

cxrili 3.3. (gagrZeleba)

Λ1

3,4...3,9

Λ2

3,5...4,0

Λ3

0,08

0,12

0,3

0,3...0,7

0,7...1,2

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

3,6...4,1

Λ4

3,7...4,2

Λ5

3,8...4,3

Λ6

3,9...4,4

cxrili 3.4. sarkisebri Tujebis qimiuri Semadgenlobebi

% masis mixedviT Tujis marka

siliciumi

fosfori

gogirdi

manganumi araumetes

3 r1

20,10 ... 25,00

3 r2

15,10 ... 20,00

3 r3

10,00 ... 15,00

0,22 2,00

0,20 0,18

0,03

l i t e r a t u r a 1. m. mindeli, i. TvalavaZe. `brZmeduli dnobisaTvis kazmis momzadebis Teoria da teqnologia~. damxmare saxelmZRvanelo. Tbilisi 1988 w. 2.

TvalavaZe.

`brZmeduli

procesebis

Teoria

teqnologia~.

konspeqti. 2006 w. 3. Ефименко Г. Г., Гиммельфарб А. А., Левченко В. Е. `Металлургия чугуна~. Киев. Издательство `Виша школа~. 1984 г.

100

S i n a a r s i Tavi I. zogadi nawili ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.1. Savi liTonebis roli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi....... 3 1.2. brZmeduli warmoebis ganviTarebis istoria ................................................. 4 1.3. metalurgiis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi ........................................................... 6 1.4. brZmeduli warmoebis sqema................................................................................................ 7 Tavi II. sakazme masalebi. sakazme masalebis dnobisaTvis momzadeba......................................................................................................11 2.1. brZmedSi gamoyenebuli sawvavi .....................................................................................11 2.2. rkinis madnebi .............................................................................................................................. 14 2.3. flusi (mdnobi). madnisa da flusis Semcvlelebi................................... 17 2.4. manganumis madnebi da maTi sabadoebi................................................................... 18 2.5. rkinis madnebis momzadeba dnobisaTvis.............................................................. 19 2.6. rkinis madnebisa da koncentratebis danaWrovneba ...............................27 2.7. aglomeraciuli procesis sqema..................................................................................28 2.8. konveiruli saaglomeracio manqana ........................................................................30 2.9. saaglomeracio kazmis momzadeba SecxobisaTvis ................................... 31 2.10. aglomeratis Secxobis procesi ...............................................................................32 2.11. naxSiradis wva Sesacxob SreSi ................................................................................ 33 2.12. tenis mocileba Secxobis procesSi..................................................................... 33 2.13. karbonatebis disociacia aglomeraciuli procesis dros.........................................................................................................................34 2.14. rkinis Jangeulebis Jangva-aRdgena da reaqciebi myar fazaSi .................................................................................................................................34 2.15. mavne minarevebis qceva Secxobis dros ............................................................. 35 2.16. kazmis gadnoba da gadnobis zonaSi mimdinare mineraluri gardaqmnebi ..................................................................................................37 2.17. aglomeratis xarisxi ..........................................................................................................37 2.18. saaglomeracio fabrikis ZiriTadi mowyobilobebi ..............................39 2.19. madnebis dagundaveba ...........................................................................................................40 2.20. dagundavebisaTvis gamoyenebuli agregatebi ............................................. 41

101

2.21. gundebis gamowvis procesi.........................................................................................43 2.22. madnebis dabriketeba ........................................................................................................45 Tavi III. brZmedis procesi ............................................................................................................47 3.1. brZmedis procesis arsi da saerTo sqema .....................................................47 3.2. sakazme masalebisa da airebis ganawileba da moZraoba brZmedSi.........................................................................................................................................48 3.3. sakazme masalebis moZraoba brZmedSi.................................................................50 3.4. brZmedis svlis intensivobis maCveneblebi ................................................. 51 3.5. tenis aorTqleba, hidratebis daSla da koqsis aqroladebis mocileba.......................................................................................................................................52 3.6. karbonatebis disociacia................................................................................................ 53 3.7. aRdgeniTi procesebis fiziko-qimiuri safuZvlebi ............................54 3.8. rkinis Jangeulebis aRdgena naxSirJangiT ................................................... 55 3.9. rkinis Jangeulebis aRdgena wyalbadiT ........................................................60 3.10. rkinis Jangeulebis aRdgena myari naxSirbadiT ..................................63 3.11. aRdgenis meqanizmi brZmedSi.......................................................................................64 3.12. Jangeulebidan rkinis aRdgenis procesze moqmedi faqtorebi ....................................................................................................................................65 3.13. manganumis aRdgena brZmedSi ......................................................................................67 3.14. siliciumis aRdgena brZmedSi ..................................................................................68 3.15. fosforis aRdgena brZmedSi......................................................................................68 3.16. gogirdis aRdgena brZmedSi........................................................................................69 3.17. TujSi Semavali sxva elementebis aRdgena brZmedSi ........................69 3.18. naxSirJangis daSla, liTonis danaxSirbadeba da Tujis warmoqmna....................................................................................................................70 3.19. widebis warmoqmna.................................................................................................................72 3.20. brZmedis widebis Tvisebebi ........................................................................................73 3.21. widebis dnobadoba ..............................................................................................................75 3.22. widebis dnobis temperatura.....................................................................................76 3.23. widebis siblante .................................................................................................................77 3.24. Tujis gangogirdebis procesi brZmedSi ....................................................78 3.25. Tujis brZmedgareSe gangogirdeba......................................................................80 3.26. brZmedebis quraSi mimdinare procesebi ...................................................... 81 102

3.27. naxSirbadis wva da airebis Semadgenloba quraSi ............................82 3.28. wvis zonis gavlena Rumlis muSaobaze da wvis zonis zomebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi ...................................................................85 3.29. Tujis Semadgeneli elementebis daJangva da maTi ganmeorebiTi aRdgena quraSi .................................................................................87 3.30. airebis temperaturis, Sedgenilobis, raodenobis da wnevis cvlileba brZmedSi ...............................................................................88 3.31. brZmeduli procesis intensifikacia ...............................................................90 3.32. maRaltemperaturuli haeri brZmeduli procesis intensifikaciis saSualeba ....................................................................................... 91 3.33. datenianebuli haeri brZmeduli procesis intensifikatori ..................................................................................................................92 3.34. JangbadiT gamdidrebuli haeri brZmeduli procesis intensifikatori ....................................................................................................................93 3.35. bunebrivi airi brZmeduli procesis intensifikatori..................................................................................................................94 3.36. brZmeduli procesis intensifikacia kombinirebuli berviT.....95 3.37. sakerZeze wnevis amaRleba brZmeduli procesis intensifikaciis saSualeba.......................................................................................95 3.38. brZmeduli dnobis produqtebi ...............................................................................96 literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 101

103

ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 01.05.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 17.05.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/8. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 6,5. tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77