marine RuduSauri
Tbilisis ekonomikuri ganviTareba XIX saukuneSi
@`teqnikuri universiteti�@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
m. RuduSauri
Tbilisis ekonomikuri ganviTareba XIX saukuneSi
registrirebulia stu-s saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos mier. 02.07.2009, oqmi #6
Tbilisi 2009
naSromis _ “Tbilisis ekonomikuri ganviTareba XIX saukuneSi” kvlevis obieqtia XIX s. da XX s. dasawyisis Tbilisis guberniisa da uSualod qalaq Tbilisis ekonomika, romelic saqarTvelosa da ara mxolod saqarTveloSi yovelTvis gansakuTrebul interess iwvevda. aRniSnuli periodis saqarTvelos qalaqebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Tbilisis ekonomikuri cxovreba arnaxul dinamizms iZens, Camoyalibebas iwyebs kapitalisturi warmoeba. saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikuri procesebic swored Tbilisis magaliTzea ganzogadebuli. warmodgenil naSromSi asaxulia is ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tendenciebi, romliTac xasiaTdeba saqarTveloSi kapitalisturi warmoebis warmoSoba. Seswavlilia sabazro urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis periodSi TbilisSi arsebuli im samrewvelo obieqtebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi, Sromisa da dasaqmebis pirobebi, romlebmac ZiriTadad gansazRvres ara mxolod Tbilisis, aramed zogadad saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi. warmodgenilia xelosnuri warmoebis transformacia, wvrili sawarmoebis warmoqmna da ganviTareba, vaWrobis gaaqtiureba da safinanso institutebis aRmoceneba. naSromSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba ucxouri kapitalis da zogadad ucxoelTa rols Tbilisis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. sakvlev periodSi xelisuflebis mxridan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda ucxouri (gansakuTrebiT evropuli) kapitalis rols qveynis ekonomikis aRorZinebisaTvis. es sakiTxi, aqtualuri iyo, radgan xelisufleba kargad acnobierebda, mwiri adgilobrivi kapitalis pirobebSi ekonomikis swrafi dawinaureba ver moxerxdeboda. avtors damuSavebuli da gamoyenebuli aqvs mdidari saarqivo da statistikuri dokumentacia, aseve masalebi ekonomikis istoriidan. wigni gankuTvnilia ekonomistTa sazogadoebisTvis, ekonomikuri profilis studentTaTvis da zogadad, yvela dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisTvis. recenzenti saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis humanitarul-socialuri fakultetis ekonomikisa da biznesis departamentis asocirebuli profesori z. vaSakiZe
© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009 ISBN 978-9941-14-772-2 http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/ yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
Sinaarsi
Sesavali --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Tavi I kapitalizmis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi ---------------------------------------------- 6 1.1
kapitalizmis warmoSobis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi --------------------------- 6
1.2
Tbilisis ekonomikuri ganviTareba reformamdel periodSi ----------------------- 29
1.3
reformisSemdgomi saqarTvelis ekonomikuri ganviTareba --------------------------- 51
Tavi II
adgilobrivi kapitali Tbilisis ekonomikaSi XIX s. bolosa da XX s. dasawyisSi --------------------------------------------------- 64
Tavi III
ucxouri kapitali Tbilisis guberniaSi XIX s.sa da XX s. dasawyisSi ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 115
3.1
germanuli kapitali Tbilisis guberniaSi -------------------------------------------------- 115
3.2 sxva evropuli qveynebis kapitali TbilisSi ------------------------------------------------ 140 daskvna -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 154 gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxa -------------------------------------------------------------------- 160
3
Sesavali
warmodgenili kvlevis obieqtia XIX s. da XX s. dasawyisis Tbilisis guberniisa da uSualod qalaq Tbilisis ekonomika, romelic saqarTvelosa da ara mxolod saqarTveloSi yovelTvis gansakuTrebul interess iwvevda. XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelos qalaqebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Tbilisis ekonomikuri cxovreba arnaxul dinamizms iZens. saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikuri procesebic swored Tbilisis magaliTzea ganzogadebuli. am naSromSi Seswavlilia sabazro urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis periodSi TbilisSi arsebuli im samrewvelo obieqtebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi, Sromisa da dasaqmebis pirobebi, romlebmac ZiriTadad gansazRvres ara mxolod Tbilisis, aramed zogadad saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba. cnobilia, rom XX s. dasawyisSi komunisturi gatarialebis Sedegad Camoyalibebis stadiaze myofi saqarTvelos ekonomikis kapitalisturi ganviTareba Sewyda da sabazro urTierTobebi Secvala sruliad axalma, ase vTqvaT, eqsperimentulma ekonomikurma modelma, romelic uaryofil iqna Cvens epoqaSi da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesebi kvlav sabazro urTierTobaTa CarCoebSi dabrunda _ amjerad damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebriobis pirobebSi. Aam mxriv, Tbilisis, rogorc saqarTvelos ekonomikis flagmanis, ekonomikur warsulSi CaRrmaveba, gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba da Tanamedrove pirobebSi ekonomikuri procesebis swori gziT warmarTva friad aqtualuria. naSromSi ganxiluli periodis saqarTveloSi savaWro kapitali gacilebiT Zlieri iyo, vidre samrewvelo, XIX saukunis meore naxevridan adgilobrivi msxvili savaWro kapitali TandaTan iWreba mrewvelobaSi, misma samrewevelo kapitalad gardaqmnam ki Zlieri biZgi misca saqarTvelos da gansakuTrebiT Tbilisis ekonomikas. amasTan, sakvlev periodSi iseve, rogorc Tanamedrove etapze, xelisuflebis mxridan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda ucxouri (gansakuTrebiT evropuli) kapitalis rols qveynis ekonomikis aRorZinebisaTvis. xelisufleba kargad acnobierebda, rom mwiri adgilobrivi kapitalis pirobebSi ekonomikis swrafi dawinaureba ver moxerxdeboda. kvlevisas dadginda, rom kapitalistebi, gansakuTrebiT ki msxvili kapitalistebi, yovelTvis kargad uRebdnen alRos ekonomikuri politikis cvlilebebs, da TiTqmis yovelTvis poulobdnen bazarze warmoqmnili dabrkolebebis, an gamZafrebuli konkurenciis daZlevis 4
gzebs. mewarmeebi warmoebuli produqciis asortimentsa da xarisxs mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTunarianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, misi gemovnebiTa da tradiciebisadmi erTgulebiT gansazRvravda, ramac didad ganapiroba maTi warmatebebi ara mxolod saqarTvelos bazarze, aramed ruseTis saimperio sivrceSic. kvlevisas gamovlinda, rom ekonomikuri viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT kvalificiuri kadrebis momzadebis, profesiuli da zogadi ganaTlebis sferoSi momxdari cvlilebebi, drouli da aucilebelic iyo, radgan specialistebisa da kvalificiuri muSaTa kadrebis deficitma didad Seaferxa msxvil sawarmoTa sruli datvirTviT muSaoba, amasTan, sawarmoebSi ZviradRirebuli ucxoeli muSebisa da specialistebis daqiravebiT izrdeboda sawarmoo xarjebi da mcirdeboda mogeba. sagangebo yuradReba eTmoba ucxoelebis samewarmeo saqmianobis analizs. imJamindeli xelisuflebis varaudiT, TbilisSi ucxouri, gansakuTrebiT ki germanuli kapitalis (rogorc safinanso, aseve adamianuri) Semosvlas adgilobrivi meurneobis transformacia da sameurneo winsvla unda mohyoloda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT xelisuflebis mxridan ucxoelTa dasamkvidreblad gaweul saxazino xarjebs da samewarmeo xelSewyobas. vTvliT, rom es molodini Sedegiani aRmoCnda, magram naklebad efeqtiani. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikas safuZveli koloniur mdgomareobaSi yofnis pirobebSi eyreboda, sworad ganxorcielebuli menejmentisa da marketingis meSveobiT arasaxarbielo politikursa Tu socialur viTarebaSic ki SesaZlebeli gaxda mieRwiaT Sedegebis maqsimizaciisaTvis. aRniSnuli naSromis samecniero-praqtikul Rirebulebas warmoadgens is, rom gamovlinda samewarmeo da administraciuli xarvezebi da problemebi, romlebic dRemde erT uwyvet zolad gasdevs qarTul politikursa Tu ekonomikur sinamdviles; upiratesad ki warmoCinda is dadebiTi samewarmeo gamocdileba, romelic dRemde inarCunebs aqtualobas.
5
Tavi I kapitalizmis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi
1.1 kapitalizmis warmoSobis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelos ekonomikasa da kerZod, burJuaziuli urTierTobebis ganviTarebisaTvis saTanado pirobebi XIX s.-Si iqmneba. ekonomikis saerTo aRmavlobis pirobebSi TandaTan rRvevas iwyebs feodalur-batonymuri urTierToba, warmoebis
viTardeba
vaWroba,
feodaluri
soflis
meurneoba
urTierTobis
da
wiaRSi
mrewveloba.
Cndeba
wvrili
kapitalisturi saxelosnoebi, manufaqturebi, aseve safabriko-saqarxno tipis samrewvelo sawarmoebi. 20-iani
wlebidan
saqarTveloSi
SesamCnevi
gaxda
saqalaqo
cxovrebis SedarebiT gaaqtiureba. yvelaze metad es Tbiliss daetyo, romelic im periodSi ara marto saqarTvelos, aramed amierkavkasiis politikur
centradac
warmoadgendnen
iqca.
xelosnebi
qalaqis da
mosaxleobis
vaWrebi.
ZiriTad
vaWar-xelosnebi
masas iyvnen
Tavisufalnic (moqalaqeebi) da araTavisufalnic. qalaqebSi aseve iyo mcdeloba, rom daenergaT kapitalisturi warmoeba, magram batonymuri urTierTobis
simtkicis
gamo
es
mcdelobebi
xSirad
marcxiT
mTavrdeboda. ruseTTan SeerTebis pirvelive wlebidan ruseTis xelisuflebam daiwyo saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri politikis gatareba, romelic mis interesebs Seesabameboda, kerZod, mas surda saqarTvelo gadaeqcia iafi nedleulis
wyarod,
rusuli
saqonlis
gasaRebis
bazrad
da
misive
saqonlis aRmosavleTis qveynebSi gasatan satranzito gzad. ruseTis ekonomikuri miznebis ganxorcielebas saqarTveloSi xels uSlida
aq
tradiciulad
dakanonebuli 6
sabaJo
sistema.
adgilobriv
xelisuflebas hqonda mcdeloba, rom qarTuli Sida baJebi gauqmebuliyo, amasTanave gavrcelebuliyo saerTo-saimperio kanonebi, Tumca sabolood maT
sakmarisad
miiCnies
baJebis
akrZalva
saqarTveloSi
Semotanil
rusul saqonelze, xolo Sida baJebi gaauqmes samxedro da samoqalaqo moxeleTa
interesebidan
gamomdinare
mxolod
kvebis
produqtebze.
ruseTisTvis SemoerTebuli qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis interesebi, romlisTvisac
SidabaJebis
sistema
erT-erTi
ZiriTadi
xelSemSleli
garemoeba iyo, dRis wesrigSi arc ki yofila dasmuli. rusul hqonda,
saqonelze
vinaidan
baJebis
aseTive
gauqmebas
RonisZieba
diskriminaciuli ar
gatarebula
xasiaTi ruseTSi
importirebul qarTul saqonelze. miuxedavad amisa, qveynis ekonomikis, kerZod,
vaWrobis
dasawyisidanve,
mniSvnelovani
rac
ZiriTadad
aRmavloba
Semaferxebel
rCeboda Sida baJebis tradiciuli sistema,
xelisuflebam maSinRa
XIX
s.
ganpirobebuli iyo qveyanaSi mSvidobis
damyarebiT. am ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan kvlav
SeimCneva
garemod
romelic ruseTis
gaauqma, roca am sistemam mis axal ekonomikur
politikas XIX s. 20-ian wlebSi dabrkoleba Seuqmna. amierkavkasiis
bazarze
rusuli
saqoneli
Zalze mcire
rols
TamaSobda. amas Sedegad mosdevda mmarTvelobisa da aq ganlagebuli jaris
Sesanaxad
gamoyofili
fulis
niSnebis
gadineba
iransa
da
osmaleTSi. osmalebma, Caketes ra Savi zRva, saqarTvelo mowyvetili aRmoCnda
evropisagan.
amierkavkasiaSi monopolia
da
damyarda.
amave
dros
saqarTveloSi evropuli
irani
iranisa saqoneli
gabatonda da aq
aRmosavleT
osmaleTis
savaWro
iran-osmaleTis
gziT
Semodioda. XIX s-is pirveli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi ruseTma ver SeZlo amierkavkasiis bazris momarageba pirveli moTxovnilebis sagnebiT da saqarTvelos bazarsac kvlav aRniSnuli qveynebidan Semosuli saqoneli avsebda. fulis niSnebic sxvadasxvagvari iyo. amgvar viTarebis Sedegi is iyo, rom amierkavkasiaSi ganlagebuli jaris da mmarTvelobis Sesanaxad gamoyofili fuli iran-osmaleTSi gaedineboda. es ra Tqma unda didad 7
azianebda ruseTis politikur-ekonomikur miznebs axlo aRmosavleTSi, romlis bazaric im periodSi ingliss epyra xelT. amis gamo ruseTis xelisufleba cdilobda saqarTvelosa da mTlianad amierkavkasiaSi gza gaexsna frangul-germanuli saqonlisaTvis da amiT Seesustebina yarsiarzrumis gziT momavali tranziti, romelic inglisis xelT iyo. 1821
wels
ruseTis
xelisuflebam
amierkavkasiaSi
SeRavaTiani
tranziti daawesa. kanoni tranzitis Sesaxeb 1822 wlidan Sevida ZalaSi. am kanoniT ucxoeTidan saqarTveloSi Semotanili yovelgvari saqoneli SeRavaTiani _ 5%-iani baJiT ibegreboda.1 vaWrebs ki, romlebic aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi savaWro saxlebs moawyobdnen da biTumad ivaWrebdnen,
Sesabamisi
gadasaxadisagan
mTel gzaze _ Savidan kaspiis
Tavisufldebodnen.
tranzitis
zRvamde transportirebis usafrTxoebas
mTavroba kisrulobda. amave dros, kanonis ZaliT biTumad movaWreebi Tavisufldebodnen gildiuri gadasaxadebisagan da sabinao begarisagan. SeRavaTebi eZleodaT adgilmamulis SeZenaSi, savaWro da samrewvelo dawesebulebebis mowyobaSi. aRniSnuli amierkavkasiis saqonlis
tranzitiT gziT
iranSi
ruseTis
moaxerxebda
mizRvavebas,
iq
xelisufleba
varaudobda,
kontinenturi
evropis
konkurenciul
brZolaSi
rom
fabrikuli inglisis
saqonlis damarcxebas da amave dros amierkavkasiis bazris gawmendas adgilobrivi da aRmosavluri saqonlisagan. 1822 w. saqarTveloSi ucxouri saqonlis Semotana wina welTan SedarebiT daaxloebiT 120%-iT gaizarda, xolo 1823 wels 1821 welTan SedarebiT ucxoel
daaxloebiT komersantebs
217%-iT. am
miuxedavad
satranzito
amgvari
gaaqtiurebisa,
magistralisadmi
uneldebodaT, vinaidan xSiri iyo Zarcva-yaCaRoba, garda amisa,
ndoba maT mier
Semotanil saqonels dakanonebulze gacilebiT maRali baJiT begravdnen; kerZod, ucxoeli vaWrebi iranSi Casvlamde ibegrebodnen: navsadgurSi _
1
guguSvili p. kapitalizmis warmoSoba da ganviTareba saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi, gv.12, Tb. 1941
8
5%-iT, samegrelosa da imereTSi _ 3%-iT da bolos TbilisSi _ 3%-iT.2 amgvarma damokidebulebam ucxoel vaWarTa interesi gaanela, Tumca amasobaSi
evropasTan
vaWrobiT
dainteresda
adgilobrivi,
qarTuli
savaWro kapitali. garda amisa, imis gamo, rom ucxoelebs saqarTvelos teritoriaze
akrZaluli
hqondaT
sacalo
vaWroba,
es
sfero
adgilobrivi vaWrebis xelSi rCeboda da maTi mniSvnelovani mogebis wyarodac gadaiqca. sacalo vaWrobaSi miRebulma gamocdilebam qarTvel vaWrebs ufro farTo komerciisken ubiZga. Tbiliseli vaWrebi evropis bazarze gavidnen. mag. 1828 w. 23 Tbiliseli vaWris mier evropidan Semozidulma
produqciam
saqarTveloSi
4 400 000
Semotanili
maneTs
saqonlis
miaRwia
da
mTlianad
Seadgina.3
67%
tranzitma
adgilobrivi vaWrebi rusul bazars Camoacila. qarTveli vaWrebi rusul bazarze
adgilobriv
rusul
saqonels
saqonels ki
ar
yiddnen,
xolo
yidulobdnen,
amoRebuli
fuliT
aramed liTonis fuli
gahqondaT sazRvargareT da iqidan evropuli produqcia SemohqondaT. amierkavkasiis iaffasianma
da
gziT
xarisxianma
iranSi
Sesulma
saqonelma
didZalma
Seaviwroa
evropulma
rusuli
da
ara
anglisuri saqoneli, rogorc amas ruseTis xelisufleba varaudobda. inglisuri saqoneli ki, aramcTu iranis bazridan ar idevneboda, aramed amierkavkasiis bazarsac ipyrobda. 1831 wels ruseTis savaWro-samrewvelo burJuaziis
moTxovniT
SeRavaTiani
tranziti
vadaze
6
TviT
adre
gauqmda.4 XIX
s.
pirvel
naxevarSi
saqarTveloSi
samrewvelo
kapitali
Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. am periodSi da gansakuTrebiT XIX s.
meore
naxevarSi
mniSvnelovnad
ganviTarda
vaWroba,
mowinave
qveynebidan mza produqciis importma didad gazarda masze adgilobrivi mosaxleobis moTxovna. garda amisa, 30-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi da zogadad amierkavkasiaSi SemoRebul iqna zoma-wonisa da fulis rusuli 2
iqve, gv.15 guguSvili p., fulis niSnebi da triali saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi me-19 saukuneSi, Tb. 1937 4 sexniaSvili c. ekonomikis istoria, naw. I, Tb. 2000 w., gv.342. 3
9
sistema,
romelic
erTis
mxriv,
ruseTs
uadvilebda
erTiani
bazris
formirebas, aTvisebas da amierkavkasiaSi damkvidrebas; meores mxriv ki saqarTveloSi
xeli
Seewyo
fulad-sasaqonlo
urTierTobebisa
da
vaWrobis gaaqtiurebas. mimoqcevis ganviTarebam da amasTanave sasoflosameurneo produqciis gasaRebis sferos gafarToebam gazarda glexobis fulze moTxovnac. soflis meurneoba sul ufro Rebulobda sasaqonlo warmoebis
xasiaTs.
damokidebulni vaWrebze. susti
Sedegad
gasaRebis
pirobebze
am viTarebaSi, kerZod,
kooperaciis
pirobebSi
pirobebi eqmneboda. mizniT
glexebi
gadasaxadebis
gasastumreblad
dasabandeblad.
e.i.
savaWro
metad
Sesabamisad
mevaxSeobas
xelosnebi
dasakmayofileblad.
da
ufro
gaxdnen
vaWrobasa
da
kreditis ararsebobisa da qveyanaSi
mevaxSeebisagan
iRebdnen.
sul
gansakuTrebiT
sesxs
fuls da
ZiriTadad
minimaluri
dasaxarjad
kapitalic
arasawarmoo
sesxulobdnen
sakuTari
iRebdnen
xelsayreli
savaxSo
da
ZiriTadad moTxovnebis
ara
warmoebaSi
kapitalis
gavlenas
ganicdida. saqarTveloSi ganviTarebis am etapze savaxSo operaciebSi dabandebul kapitals ufro maRali mogeba hqonda uzrunvelyofili, vidre qalaqis, an soflis warmoebaSi, an Tundac vaWrobaSi moTavsebul kapitals,
radgan sesxze arsebobda sargeblis SedarebiT maRali done.
mevaxSeoba
aRniSnul
periodSi
fuladi
kapitalis
dagrovebis
da
koncentraciis erT-erTi mTavari saSualeba iyo, magram rogorc ukve aRiniSna,
mevaxSis
midioda.
am
mxriv
kapitali raime
warmoebaSi
TvalsaCino
ar
midioda,
progresi
an
TiTqmis
warmoebis
wesSi,
ar an
mrewvelobasa da soflis meurneobaSi ar SeiniSneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom mevaxSeoba im periodis uaxles movlenad ver CaiTvleba kapitals
(saqarTveloSi
mevaxSeoba
manamdec
arsebobda),
savaxSo
arasodes hqonia saqarTveloSi aseTi usazRvro da TviTneburi
TareSis SesaZlebloba. qalaqis xelosanTa garda maT xelSi vardebodnen glexebic; mevaxSeebi sakuTriv mevaxSeobis garda vaWrobasac misdevdnen. magaliTad, Tbilisis sirajebs `erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis 10
mizniT Seqmnili hqondaT gildia. isini inawilebdnen Rvinis warmoebis raionebs . . . . xSir SemTxvevaSi isini glexebs fuls windawin aZleven; yiduloben
agreTve
momavali
wlis
yurZnis
mosavals
maT
mierve
dawesebuli fasiT. produqciis udides nawils Rebuloben zomagadasuli sargeblis saxiT�5 saqarTveloSi warmarTula.
burJuaziis
mxridan
amis mTavari mizezi
warmomadgenlebis
klasobrivi
brZola
ki savaraudod savaWro
ar
kapitalis
erovnuli siWrele unda yofiliyo, aq sakmaod didi
adgili erovnebiT Tu religiiT somxebs eWiraT. es faqti imiT iqcevs yuradRebas, rom qarTveli feodaluri zedafena maT mimarT aSkarad mtrulad iyo ganwyobili. isini somxuri burJuaziisadmi Seurigebel mtrobas iCendnen ara mxolod ekonomikuri xasiaTis antagonizmis gamo, aramed
imis
gamoc,
rom
savaWro
kapitalis
warmomadgenlebi
_
axladwarmoqmnili burJuazia _ ukve aqtiurd imkvidrebda feodaluri aristokratiis adgils. brZola feodaluri SezRudulobis winaaRmdeg ki erovnul samosSi iyo gaxveuli. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom vaWrebi popularobiT da simpaTiebiT verc mosaxleobis
danarCen
fenebSi
sargeblobdnen.
am
periodis
araerTi
savaWro-samrewvelo punqtis aRweraSi xazgasmiT aris aRniSnuli, rom qarTvelebi muSaoben, amzadeben produqcias, somxebi ki maTi nawarmiT vaWroben, anu ewevian maTs eqsploatacias; rom qarTvelebi Raribebi arian da
somxebi
mdidrebi.
marTlmadidebeli
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
mravali
sarwmunoebiT
da kaTolike qarTvelic iyo vaWrobaSi Cabmuli, TviT
somxuri warmoSobis burJuaziis nawili ki TiTqmis gaqarTvelebuli iyo, es gaRvivebul nacionalur grZnobebs ver anelebda. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos vaWarTa burJuaziul klasad
Camoyalibebis
procesSi,
maTi
klasobrivi
interesebis
dacvisaTvis aqtiur brZolas niadagi hqonda gamoclili, radgan rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 5
vaWarTa erovnuli siWrele da aseve qveynis mZime
gaz. `iveria,� #146, 1899
11
politikuri
mdgomareoba
ganapirobebda
imas,
rom
maTi
socialuri
interesebi xSirad ar emTxveoda qarTul erovnul interesebs. aRniSnul sakiTxTa irgvliv polemikaSi aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli sxva qarTuli
perioduli
gamocemebic.
gaz.
“droebis”
erT-erT
korespondenciaSi qarTvel inteligencias mimarTaven: “gaumarTeT xalxsa imisTana sazogado rameebi, sadac is yidulobdes yvelafers, rac misTvis Seadgens usaWiroes
sagansa
da
rasac
TiTon
akeTebs!
gaumarTeviT
imisTana rameebi, sadac is sargebeli, romelic exla miaqvs somexs, uriasa, nemecsa, frangsa da sxvas, darCes TviTon xalxsa!”6 cxadia,
rom
saqarTveloSi,
gansakuTrebiT
ki
sazogadoebis
ganaTlebul wreebSi mevaxSeoba safuZvlian guliswyromas iwvevda. isini cdilobdnen, rom am problemas gamsesxebeli salaroebis da gamsaRebeli amxanagobebis
daarsebiT
SebrZolebodnen.
am
guliswyromas
is
ufro
amZafrebda, rom rogorc aRvniSneT, mevaxSeobas umTavresad ucxo tomis warmomadgenlebi eweodnen. saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi inteligenciis meoxebiT daarsda kidec sxvadasxva
amxanagoba,
aRmoCndnen.
amgvari
proeqtebiT
uSvelidnen,
kargad
verafers qarTvel
moRvaweTa
magram
did
isini
naklebad
nacionalur
hqondaT
nawils
da
sicocxlisunarianni
ekonomikas
gacnobierebuli
presis
furclebze
rom im
bevrs
periodis
qilikobdnen
kidec. mag. igive “droebis” furclebze st. WrelaSvili abuCad igdebs amgvari amxanagobis ideas da ususurobad miiCnevs: “gamarTeT qalaqelebo, didi
Zmuri
tfilisSi
sazogadoeba
didi
qarxnebidgan
savaWro
saqoneli
qarTvelebisa, bina,
iafad,
gamoiwereT hyideT
SeadgineT evropis
zogi
Tanxa,
gaxseniT
fabrikebidgan
tfilisSive
da
da
zogic
gamogvigzavneT sxva qalaqebis da soflebis depoebSi, sadac gavaCaRebT saamxanago vaWrobasa da amiT bolos movuRebT ucxo Temis uRmerTobas, Zarcvasa da glejas.”7
6 7
gaz. “droeba”, # 110, 1875. gaz. “droeba”, # 42, 1883.
12
im
periodis
gazeTi
“droebis”
azriT,
amgvar
safuZvelze
damyarebuli amxanagobebi sicocxlisunarianobas iyo moklebuli. muSa kvlav mepatroneze rCeboda mijaWvuli da amitomac isini darwmunebulebi iyvnen,
rom
amxanagobebi,
romlebic
materialur
sikeTes
qmnian,
sargebloba kapitalistebisTvis moaqvs. “droeba” aRniSnavs, asociaciis pirobebSi, rac unda iyos, muSa damokidebulia mepatronezeo, mepatrone dRes aZlevs muSas mogebaSi monawileobas, xval SeuZloa waarTvas, muSas fexi
magrad
ar
udgas,
rac
kargad
esmiT
muSebso.
Semdeg
vkiTxulobT, rom bevr muSas dauwesebia amxanagoba, romlis Tavadve
yofilan.
amisTana
asociacia
pirvelad
1830
iqve
patronebic
w.
durglebs
dauarsebiaT buSes xelmZRvanelobiT. “droebas” sityva-sityviT mohyavs maTi statusi: “qvemo xelis momwerni SeverTdiT asociaciaSi kapitalis uqonlobis gamo da damoukideblobisaTvis. mepatroneebi, ra saqmec unda iyos, yovelTvis sCagraven muSa kacebs. Cveni Sroma imaT miaqvT. Sromis gancalkeveba
yvelaze
mometebulad
avnebs
muSebis
interess
da
mepatroneebs umonavebs. am gancalkevebas Seudgeba konkurencia muSebisa, da maSasadame is amcirebs samuSao fass. araviTari imedi ar aris saqmis gaumjobesebazed, muSebisagan fulis SeZinebazed, rom iman sneulebaSi da moxucebaSi xeli Seuwyos.”8 kapitalizmis ganviTarebis procesSi kapitalistur sawarmoTa done ar iyo Tanabari. kapitalizmi viTardeboda samuSao Zalis “sasaqonlo formis”
CamoyalibebiT.
samuSao
Zalis
sasaqonlo
formas
ki,
OganviTarebis procesSi gaaCnda sxvadasxva safexuri da xarisxi. amis mixedviT erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen kapitalisturi sawarmoebi. am ganviTarebis
safexurebisa
kapitalistur
sawarmoebSi
mdgomareobis
da
xarisxis
Cabmuli
sxvadasxvaoba,
anu,
muSaxelis
dones
gansazRvravda
socialur-ekonomikuri
sawarmoebi Tavisi ganviTarebis
doniT gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan imis mixedviT, Tu ra kategoriis samuSao 8
Zala
hyavda
mas:
miwerili
gaz. “droeba”, #17 1866.
13
yma-glexi,
batonisgan
gaqceuli
nebiTdaqiravebuli yma-glexi, batonis nebarTviT wasuli daqiravebuli yma-glexi,
damokidebulebisgan
Tavdaxsnili
daqiravebuli
glexi,
romelic jer kidev ar iyo mowyvetili sakuTar meurneobas, Tu savsebiT eqsproprirebuli, Tavisufali muSa. zemoaRniSnulidan
gamomdinare,
daqiravebul
Sromas
gaaCnda
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva done da xarisxi iseve, rogorc kapitalistur sawarmoebs
gaaCndaT
ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva
xarisxi,
anu,
sawarmos
(manufaqturis, fabrikis) kapitalisturi xarisxis sidide damokidebuli iyo samuSao Zalis sasaqonlo formis, daqiravebuli Sromis xarisxze. batonymuri damokidebulebisagan Tavdaxsnili, Tavisufali glexebis da xelosnebis
nebiTdaqiravebul
kapitalisturi
xarisxi
ufro
Sromaze maRali
damyarebuli iyo,
vidre
sawarmos yma-glexebis
nebiTdaqiravebul Sromaze dafuZnebuli sawarmosi. magaliTad, TbilisSi arsebuli
zubalaSvilis
Saqris
qarxnis
kapitalisturad
mowyobis
xarisxi ufro maRali iyo, vidre Tbilisis abreSumsaxvevi sawarmosi, an igive
alaverdis,
zubalaSvilebis gamoyenebuli, SambluRis Sromasac
axtalis qarxanaSi
xolo
SambluRis
mxolod
abreSumsaxvev,
qarxnebSi iyenebdnen.
da
aqve
qarxnebis,
nebiTdaqiravebuli aseve
nebiTdaqiravebul Tumca
samTo
unda
axtalis,
SromasTan aRvniSnoT,
radgan
Sroma
alaverdisa erTad,
rom
es
iyo da
iZulebiT garemoeba
warmoebas ar ukargavda Canasaxovani kapitalisturi sawarmos xasiaTs, radgan
kapitalisturi
warmoeba
ar
gamoricxavda
iZulebiTi
Sromis
gamoyenebas. magaliTad, iZulebiTi Sromis gamoyenebisgan kapitalisturi warmoeba mis klasikur qveyanaSi _ inglisSic ki ar yofila Tavisufali. iZulebiT Sromas manufaqturul periodSi _ XVII-XVIII ss-Si farTod iyenebdnen rogorc inglisSi, aseve safrangeTSi, germaniaSi, ruseTSi (XX s-mde) da sxva qveynebSic. warmoebis arsebobda, matarebelia,
is
struqtura,
gansakuTrebiT riTac
romelic
safeiqro
manufaqtura
XIX
warmoebaSi,
xasiaTdeba. 14
s-is
saqarTveloSi
yvela
amgvarad,
im am
niSnis
periodSi
manufaqturebi
ara
marto
arsebobda,
aramed
mniSvnelovnadac
iyo
gavrcelebuli. zogierTi mrewvelobis
mkvlevari
uaryofs
manufaqturul
saqarTveloSi
safexurs,
mag.
prof.
kapitalisturi g.
baqraZe.
misi
mosazrebiT, “wvrili kapitalisturi sawarmosgan da wvrili mrewvelis saxelosnosgan manufaqtura gansxvavdeba ara marto Sromis danawilebiT, aramed warmoebaSi dasaqmebuli muSebis raodenobiTac.”9 kapitalistur manufaqturas igi akuTvnebs iseT sawarmos, sadac dasaqmebulia 15 da meti muSa. prof. d. gogolaZis mosazrebiT, manufaqturul sawarmod SeiZleba CaiTvalos
iseTi
sawarmoc,
sadac
daqiravebuli
muSebis raodenoba
4-5 kacs, an mets aRwevs da arsebobs Sromis danawileba. e.i. manufaqturis gansazRvrebisTvis
aucilebeli
aris
is,
rom
arsebobdes
Sromis
danawileba da amis Sedegad damzadebuli produqcia gadiodes bazarze; xolo
muSebis
manufaqtura.
raodenoba
amgvari
damokidebulia
midgoma
ufro
imaze,
marTebulia,
ramdenad vinaidan
msxvilia sxvadasxva
saxis manufaqturuli sawarmosaTvis ganisazRvreba muSaTa raodenobis sxvadasxva
minimumi,
rac
damokidebulia
Sromis
danawilebaze
_
warmoebis fazaTa raodenobaze, e.i. muSaTa raodenoba da am raodenobis minimumi
ganisazRvreba
Sromis
arsebuli
danawilebis
(sadetalo
operaciebis odenobis) intensivobiT. prof. g. baqraZe miuTiTebs saqarTveloSi “warmoebis mraval dargSi fabrikebis erTbaSad gaCenis Sesaxeb wvrili saqonluri warmoebisa da manufaqturis safexuris winaswar gavlis gareSe”10 es procesi mas miaCnia masobriv movlenad. saqarTveloSi manufaqturebis SedarebiT mcire nawili gadaiqca fabrika-qarxnebad, ra Tqma unda, yvela wvrili kapitalisturi sawarmo ver gardaiqmneboda fabrikad, an qarxnad da es arc iyo savaldebulo. 9
g. baqraZe _ saqarTveloSi kapitalisturi mrewvelobis ganviTarebis zogierTi sakiTxis swori gagebisaTvis _ Tsu Sromebi. t. 100, gv. 243, 1963. 10 iqve _ gv. 249.
15
manufaqturebis sistemebi
da
fabrikebis
nawilSi
inergeboda
amgvarad
orTqlis
gardaiqmneboda
mowyoba-daarseba
xdeboda
Zravebi
da
fabrika-qarxnebad; ara
arsebuli
manqanuri xSirad
ki
manufaqturuli
sawarmoebis gardaqmniT, aramed sruliad damoukideblad. mrewvelobis ganviTarebis manqanuri periodi ukanaskneli safexuria misi xangrZlivi ganviTarebis procesSi. ase, rom mrewvelobis axali dargi, an qvedargi bunebrivia, unda mowyobiliyo axal teqnikur, anu manqanur bazaze, da ar iyo aucilebeli,
rom igi maincdamainc
momdevno safexuri yofiliyo. warmoebis
arsebobis
manufaqturis evoluciis
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, manufaqturuli
mtkicebisaTvis
sruliad
ar
aris
aucilebeli
yoveli manufaqturuli sawarmo fabrika-qarxnebad gadaqceuliyo. unda
aRiniSnos,
kapitalisturi erTnairi
rom
warmoeba
simZlavriT
da
ver
manufaqturuli zogadad viTardeba
stadia,
kapitalizmi da
iseve,
rogorc
yvela
qveyanaSi
sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi
igi
ganviTarebis met-naklebi doniT da TaviseburebiT aris warmodgenili. saqarTveloSi
kapitalisturi
mrewvelobis
warmoSoba
da
ganviTareba, rogorc irkveva, gamdidrebuli glexebis, ostat-xelosnebis da vaWrebis mier kapitalisturi sawarmoebis (manufaqturebis, fabrikaqarxnebis)
uSualod,
pirdapiri
mowyobis
gziT
xdeboda.
XIX
s.-Si
arsebuli kapitalisturi sawarmoebi, ZiriTadad swored am gziT aris warmoSobili, es iyo masobrivi movlena saqarTveloSi kapitalistur warmoebaze gadasvlis gzaze.
imasac
unda
SevexoT,
rom
kapitalistur mrewvelobaze gadasvlis sxvagvari gzac arsebobs.
es
aris vaWarTa mier warmoebis TandaTanobiT daufleba. es procesi iwyeba vaWar-Semsyidvelis
mier
nedleulis,
magaliTad
bambis
SesyidviT,
romelsac dasamuSaveblad gansazRvrul fasad mpentavebs urigebda, amis Semdgom
ki
saxelosnoebs. iyo
gapentili
bamba
gadaecemoda
samRebro
da
saCiTav
cnobisaTvis, gvian SuasaukuneebSi warmoebis aseTive wesi
ZiriTadad
damkvidrebuli
italiis
florenciaSi. 16
qalaq-respublikebSi,
mag.
zemoaRwerili
procesi
warmodgenas
iZleva
savaWro
kapitalis
pirvel nabijebze kapitalisturi mrewvelobis warmoSobis procesSi da wvrili mwarmoeblebis
(e.w. Sinamrewvelebis)
daqvemdebarebis gzaze.
Tumca am movlenas kapitalizmis aRmoceneba_damkvidreba ar mohyolia. es moxdeboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki vaWar-Semsyidvelebi moawyobdnen sarTav, an
saqsov
sawarmo-manufaqturebs,
sadac
Tavs
mouyridnen
manamde
saxlebSi momuSave daqsaqsul xelosnebs. vaWar-Semsyidvelebs samuSaos saxlebSi CamorigebasTan erTad da am saqmesTan uSualo kavSiriT ar mouwyiaT
Sromis
mowyobiT
igi
danawilebaze
mrewveli
dafuZnebuli
kapitalisti
manufaqturebi.
gaxdeboda
da
amgvari
Seiqmneboda
kapitalisturi warmoeba mrewvelobaSi. arsebobda kapitalisturi mrewvelobis warmoSobis sxva gzebic, rogoric
iyo
saxazino
warmoebis
mowyoba,
an
mTavrobis
calkeuli
moxelis da zogierTi Tavadaznauris mier samrewvelo sawarmos gaxsna da a.S. gviani
feodaluri
xanis
saqrTvelos
ekonomikis
istoriis
Seswavlisas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs xelosanTa da wvril vaWarTa
saqmianoba,
vinaidan
xelosnoba
saqalaqo
meurneobis
wamyvan
Zalas warmoadgenda. politikuri viTarebisa da ekonomikuri politikis cvlilebis
Sesabamisad
xelosnobac
kapitalistur urTierobaTa gaaqtiurebis
ganicdida fonze
metamorfozas.
xelosnur-amqruli
warmoeba (tradiciuli saxiT) rRvevas iwyebda da adgils uTmobda wvril kapitalistur warmoebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom amqruli xelosnobis daSlis procesi 30-40iani
wlebidan
SeiniSneba,
XIX
s.
pirveli
naxevris
saqarTvelos
mrewvelobaSi upiratesobas mainc xelosnoba inarCunebda, Tumca misi xvedriTi wili kapitalisturi warmoebis wesis aqtiuri damkvidrebis Sedegad TandaTan mcirdeboda. qalaqad xelosnuri warmoebis amqruli forma mniSvnelovnad abrkolebda mrewvelobis ganviTarebas. xelosnuri korporacia
zRudavda
warmoebis 17
ganviTarebas;
amqris
SigniT
konkurenciis zrda bevr xelosans ymis mdgomareobaSi ayenebda, xolo warmoebas amuxruWebda. saqarTveloSi
kapitalizmis
ganviTarebis
kvlevisas
amqarsa
da
zogadad xelosnobis ganviTarebaze aqcentis gakeTeba mniSvnelovania ara mxolod imitom, rom saqalaqo da gansakuTrebiT Tbilisis ekonomikaSi mas sakmaod mozrdili adgili ekava, aramed imis gamoc, rom am sferoSic gamovlinda warmoebis
kapitalizmis kapitalisturi
warmoSobis evoluciis
Taviseburebebi. kvaldkval,
magaliTad,
Tbilisis
wvril
mwarmoebelTa sazogadoebis or kategoriad gaTiSva, pirvel kategorias miekuTvneboda amqrul organizaciaSi gaerTianebuli xelosnoba, xolo meores _ amqarsgareSe xelosnuri warmoeba, romlis zrda-ganviTareba savsebiT kanonzomier movlenad iqca. am tipis saxelosnoebi im periodis statistikur cxrilebSi fabrika-qarxnebis gverdiT aRinusxeboda. garda amisa, amqruli xelosnoba zemoaRweril periodSi Tbilisis ekonomikis erTgvar imijs warmoadgenda. mniSvnelovania cvlilebebi, romelic ruseTSi samocian wlebSi gatarebul finansur reformas
da sakredito sistemis kapitalistur
reorganizacias mohyva. es reforma saqarTvelozec gavrcelda. kerZod, daiwyo kapitalisturi kreditis ganviTareba, safinanso
sistemaSi
CarTvam
erTis
Tuki saqarTvelos erTian
mxriv
daaCqara
saqarTvelos
ruseTTan ekonomikuri integracia, meores mxriv, kreditze moTxovnis zrdam sakiTxi daayena sakredito dawesebulebaTa daarsebaze. es procesi ki mevaxSeTa poziciebs sakmaod asustebda. 1866 wels TbilisSi daarsda saxelmwifo bankis ganyofileba, amave periods
ukavSirdeba
saaqcio_komerciuli
sakredito
dawesebulebebis
aRmoceneba rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi. daarsda wvrili Semnaxvel_gamsesxebeli amxanagobebi, agreTve sakredito saxlebi, romlebic eweodnen
Tumca sasesxo
primitiul operaciebs.
formebSi, am
magram
sakredito
sakmao
raodenobiT
dawesebulebebSi
aTeul
milionobiT sasesxo kapitali trialebda da did Zalas warmoadgenda 18
saqarTvelos kapitalisturi
ganviTarebis gzaze. rac Seexeba sabanko-
sakredito sistemas, misi dawinaureba odnav mogvianebiT xdeba. XIX
s.
meore
burJuaziul
naxevari
qalaqad
Tbilisis
Camoyalibebis
ekonomikis periodia.
istoriaSi misi
misi
mrewveloba
ganviTarebis kapitalistur stadiaze gadavida. kapitalisturi warmoebis wasis damkvidrebisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebis maCvenebelia iani
wlebidan
daCqareba.
XIX
s.
bolomde
urbanizaciasTan
saqarTveloSi
dakavSirebuli
XIX s. 70-
urbanizaciis
procesebis
tempis
Sesaxeb
f.
gogiCaiSvili werda: `savaxSo kapitalis mier glexobis Seviwrieba, iseve, rogorc miwis da niadagis nakleboba, aiZulebs glexobas, rom mTlianad, an
xangrZlivi
droiT
gawyviton
kavSiri
soflis
meurneobasTan
da
wavidnen qalaqebSi muSebad . . . . romlebsac mxolod daqiravebul muSebad SeuZliaT arseboba da amis gamo mZimed ganicdian qveyanaSi kapitalisturi warmoebis sust ganviTarebas.�11 f.
gogiCaiSvilis
gamoangariSebiT,
1886
wlidan
1897
wlamde
saqarTvelos soflebidan qalaqebSi gadavida daaxloebiT 89 890 kaci, e.i. weliwadSi saSualod miedineboda 8 170 kacze meti. aRniSnul periodSi qalaqis mosaxleoba mTlianad 123,3 aTasi kaciT (182,5 aTasidan 305,8 aTasamde)
gaizarda.
es
zrda
ki
ZiriTadad
soflidan
wamosuli
mosaxleobis xarjze xdeboda. saqarTvelos qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis dinamika saglexo reformis Semdgom periodSi mocemulia # 1.1 cxrilSi. rogorc cxrilidan irkveva, 1873 wlidan
1897 wlamde periodSi
saqarTveloSi aSkara xdeba urbanizaciis tempis zrda, anu, qalaqis mosaxleoba
upiratesad
izrdeboda.
es
soflidan
tendencia
gaaqtiurebas axasiaTebs.
ki
wamosuli
zogadad
mosaxleobis
kapitalisturi
xarjze
ekonomikis
mTliani mosaxleoba gaizarda 696,0 aTasi
kaciT, anu 54,7 %-iT. maT Soris qalaqis mosaxleoba gaizarda 158,5 aTasi
11
gogiCaiSvili f. xelosnoba saqarTveloSi, Tb. 1976, gv. 148
19
cxrili #1.1 saq. qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis dinamika reformisSemdgom periodSi. (aT. kaci)12
saqarTvelos
Q
mosaxleoba (aTasi kaci)
qalaqis
Tbilis
Tbilisi
wili
is
s wili
mosaxl.
qalaqis
(aTasi
mos-Si
kaci)
%
maT Soris
saqarTvelos
wlebi sul
qalaqis
soflis
mosaxleobaSi %
M 1873
1272,8
147,3
1125,5
11,6
89,5
60.8
1886
1731,4
182,5
1548,9
10,6
78,4
42.9
1897
1968,8
305,8
1663,0
15,5
160,6
52.2
kaciT, anu 107,6 %-iT, soflis mosaxleoba ki 537,5 aTasi kaciT, anu 47.7 %-iT. monacemebi cxadyofs, rom, qalaqis mosaxleoba ufro swrafad izrdeboda, vidre soflis. saqarTveloSi
mocemuli
gamonaklisi 1886 welia, rac imiT Sevida
saqarTvelosTan
periodis
demografiul
tendenciaSi
aixsneba, rom am konkretul cnobebSi
SemoerTebuli
istoriuli
teritoriebis
_
Dr. Gogitshaishwili, Das Gewerbe in Georgien (under besonderev Berucksichtigung der primitiven Betriebsfomen.Tubingen,1901,s 120 *1873г. _Сборник сведении о Кавказе, т. VII, Тифлис, 1880. 1886г. _Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказского края, Тифлис, 1893. 1897г._Сборник стат. сведении по закавказскому краю, часть I, Тифлис, 1902. 12
20
yarsis,
baTumisa
mniSvnelovnad
da
arTvinis
Warbobda
olqebis
mosaxleoba,
sadac
soflis mosaxleoba. amitom 1873 welTan
SedarebiT qalaqis mosaxleobis absoluturi - 35.2 aT. kaciT zrdis miuxedavad,
1886
wels
misi
wili
saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis
mTlian
raodenobaSi 1%-iT mcirdeba. arazusti cnobebiT SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom 1886-dan 1897 wlamde periodSi soflebidan qalaqSi migrirebulTa saerTo raodenoba daaxloebiT
89,9
aTasi
kacia,
xolo
analogiur
periodSi
qalaqis
mosaxleoba mTlianad 123,3 aTasi kaciT gaizarda (182,5 aTasidan 305,8 aTasamde). aqedan gamomdinare, qalaqis mosaxleobis 123.3 aT. kaciT zrdis ZiriTadi faqtori, anu 73% _ soflidan wamosuli mosaxleobaa, xolo zrdis
danarCeni
mosaxleobis
wili
_
bunebriv
33,4
aTasi
matebaze
kaci,
da
anu
aseve
27%
modis
imperiis
qalaqis
sxvadasxva
guberniebidan imigrirebul pirebze. cxrilis
monacemebi
gviCvenebs,
rom
1873-1897
ww.
Tbilisis
mosaxleoba gaizarda 74,4 %-iT, xolo misi wili saqarTvelos qalaqis mosaxleobaSi Semcirda 60,8 %-dan 52,5 %-mde, xolo danarCeni qalaqebis wili
39,2
%-dan
47,8
%-mde
gaizarda.
es
ki
imis
maCvenebelia,
rom
saqarTvelos danarCen qalaqebSic SeiniSneba kapitalisturi ekonimikis gaaqtiureba. gansaxilvel mosaxleobis
periodSi
Sobadobasa
da
(1886_1897
ww.)
ar
sikvdilianobis
moipoveba Sesaxeb.
cnobebi
1902
wels
gamocemul statistikur cnobarSi ukve mocemulia aRniSnuli informacia Tbilisis
Sesaxeb
1894-1898
wlebisTvis.
am
oTxi
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
TbilisSi daibada 22 162 adamiani, xolo gardaicvala _ 17 818. mateba aris 4 344 adamiani. analogiuri monacemebi ufro vrcel periodze rom arsebobdes, ufro
konkretul
warmodgenas
Segviqmnida,
Tu
ramdenad
ganapiroba mosaxleobis esoden swrafi mateba Sobadobis gaaqtiurebam da ra wili hqonda mosaxleobis matebaSi gare migraciebs. safiqrebelia, rom orive
faqtori
iyo
mniSvnelovani. 21
mSvidobianobisa
da
zogadad
ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dros Sobadobac aqtiurdeba da aseve didi iyo mosaxleobis
mezobeli
qveynebidan,
gansakuTrebiT
ki
somxeTidan
saqarTvelosken migraciis procesic, rac gansakuTrebiT TurqeTis mier somxebis Seviwroebas mohyva da ris Semdegac ruseTis xelisuflebam daiwyo am mosaxleobis masiuri Camosaxleba saqarTveloSi. zogadi
kanonzomiereba,
rac
stastistikur
monacemebSi,
aris
gansakuTrebiT
swrafi
zrda
naTlad is,
mas
ikveTeba
rom
Semdeg
zemoT
qalaqis
SeimCneva,
moyvanil
mosaxleobis
rac
dasrulda
rkinigzis mSenebloba da gaixsna moZraoba transkavkasiur sarkinigzo magistralze baTumidan baqomde Tbilisis gavliT. am movlenam xeli Seuwyo
mosaxleobis
raionebidan
da
moZraobis
miyruebuli
gaaqtiurebas
da
kuTxeebidan
ganapiroba
soflis
ganapira
mosaxleobis
qalaqebisken midinebis procesi. Tbilisis demografiuli viTareba warmodgenilia #1.2 cxrilSi. 1886-1897 ww. mosaxleobis gansakuTrebiT maRali tempebiT _ 104,8 %iT zrda aRiniSna. TbilisSi 1886 wlis monacemebi aRebulia saojaxo aRweris mixedviT, xolo 1897 wlis ki _ sayovelTao erTdRiani aRweriT. Tu
sabazo
periodad
aviRebT
1858
wlis
monacemebs
da
SevadarebT
danarCeni wlis monacemebs, aRmoCndeba, rom Tbilisis mosaxleoba 1858 wlidan 1886 wlamde gazrdila 16 854 kaciT, anu 27,4%-iT, maT Soris mamakacTa raodenoba _ 5 362-iT, anu 13,9 %-iT, xolo qalTa raodenoba _ 11 492-iT, anu 49,7 %-iT, 1897 wlisTvis gaizarda sul _ 99 054-iT, anu 160,8 %-iT; mamakacTa _ 57 639-iT, anu 150 %-iT da qalTa _ 41 415-iT, anu 179 %iT. 1901 wlisTvis ki Sesabamisad: 173 240-iT, anu 281,3 %-iT, 99 561-iT, anu 258,9 %-iT da 73 679-iT, anu 318,5 %-iT. ormocdasami masStabi
wlis
STambeWdavia,
ganmavlobaSi kerZod,
1858
Tbilisis wlidan
mosaxleobis
zrdis
1901 wlamde periodSi
sul Tbilisis mosaxleoba gaizarda 173 240 kaciT, anu 3,8-jer. es ki garda
Sobadobis
gaaqtiurebisa,
ganapiroba
urbanizaciis tempis daCqarebam da imigraciebma. 22
rogorc
ukve
aRvniSneT,
Tbilisis mosaxleobis dinamika 1886-1901 ww.13 cxrili #1.2
maT Soris wlebi
arsebuli
sul mamakaci
qali
1858
61 591
38 460
23 131
1886
78 445
43 822
34 623
1897
60 645
96 099
64 546
1901
234 831
138 021
96 810
monacemebiT
(1858-1901
wlebSi)
mosaxleobis
saSualo
wliuri mateba TbilisSi iyo 4028,8 kaci; maT Soris mamakacTa saSualo wliurma matebam aRniSnul periodSi Seadgina _ 2315,3, xolo qalTa matebam _ 1713,4.
e.i. mamakacebis mateba aRniSnul periodSi sagrZnoblad
Warbobda qalebisas. es gamowveuli, iyo TbilisSi safabriko-saqarxno warmoebaSi mamakacTa dasaqmebis upiratesobiT. erT-erTi yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebuli qalaqi iyo Tbilisi. 1897 wlis monacemebiT 1 kvadratul versze (1 versi_1,06 km.) modioda 57,5 kaci. saqarTveloSi dasaxlebis simWidroviT mas mxolod quTaisi uswrebda, sadac 1 kv. versze 71,2 kaci modioda. 13
Сборник статистических сведении по Закавказскому краю, часть I, Тифлис 1902.
23
1897
wlisTvis
saqarTveloSi
qalaqebSi
mcxovrebi
mosaxleobis
saerTo raodenoba iyo 305,8 aTasi. qalaqebSi mcxovrebTa umravlesoba _ 52,5 % TbilisSi iyo Tavmoyrili. amave periodSi quTaisis mosaxleoba iyo _ 32 492, baTumis mosaxleoba ki _ 28 5123. saqarTvelos qalaqebSi mcxovrebTa
saerTo
raodenobidan
quTaisSi
cxovrobda
10,6%,
xolo
baTumSi _ 9,3 %. saqarTvelos am sam yvelaze msxvil qalaqSi Tavs iyrida qalaqSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis 72,4 %, xolo danarCeni 27,6 % SedarebiT mcire zomis qalaqebze modioda. Sesabamisad, am sam qalaqSi iyo yvelaze metad ganviTarebuli mrewveloba.14 kapitalisturi xdeba
feodaluri
burJuaziul periodSi
urTierTobebis tradiciebis
qalaqad
daiwyo
ganviTarebis
gandevna
ganviTarebuli
qalaqis
gegmiani
da
Sedegad
TandaTan
Tbilisi
yalibdeba
infrastruqturiT.
aRniSnul
rekonstruqcia
da
ganaSenianeba,
gaiyvanes farTe, mokirwyluli quCebi, aSenda ramdenimesarTuliani qvis Senobebi, gaCnda axali saxis saqalaqo transporti _ konka, tramvai, momravlda etlebis raodenoba; intensiurad Sendeboda evropuli tipis sastumroebi, biblioTeka-muzeumebi, klubebi, Teatri, maRaziebi, ewyoboda sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRebisa da manqanebis gamofenebi; am periodSi gaCnda
fosta-telegrafi,
telefoni;
garda
amisa,
Tbiliss
gaaCnda
xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareobac, rac xels uwyobda mis gadaqcevas kavkasiis
administraciul,
politikur,
kulturul
da
ekonomikur
centrad. es informacia dawvrilebiT aqvs gadmocemuli general majd-ossaltanes, romelmac TbilisSi 1894 wels imogzaura. “ori weli iqneba, rac
TbilisSi
telefonis
mcxovrebTa
saagento.
es
komunikaciis saagento
didi
gaadvilebis Senobis
mizniT,
mesame
aSenda
sarTulze
mdebareobs. mTeli qalaqis satelefono xazebi centrSia Tavmoyrili. saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi, sxvadasxva punqtebi, maRaziebi, sastumroebi da abanoebi daqselilia satelefono xazebiT. TiToeuli abonenti am momsaxureobisTvis ixdis yovelwliurad 85 maneTs. 14
Сборник статистических сведении по закавказскому краю, часть 1 . Тифлис 1902. Ggv. 260-27
24
. . . amJamad TbilisSi bevr binazea gayvanili telefonis xazi, . . . Tbilisis yvela cnobili quCa daqselilia tramvais xaziT, amas emateba sami aTasi gasaqiravebeli msubuqi etli, sagvareulo etlebi da karetebi. .
.
.
personalis
abanos
gasaxdelSi
gamosaZaxeblad.
aris
orbelianis
eleqtronis abanos
zari
momsaxure
direqcias
TiToeuli
nomridan saaTSi 2 Tumnamde Semosavali aqvs.”15 saqarTveloSi
safabriko-saqarxno
mrewvelobis
zrdam,
masTan
dakavSirebulma teqnikuri siaxleebis danergvam, evropuli civilizaciis SemoWram, (gansakuTrebiT qalaqebSi), saWiro gaxada xelosnobis axali dargebis aRmoceneba. igi dRis wesrigSi ayenebda
zogadi teqnikuri
ganaTlebis aucileblobas. teqnikuri progresi saTanadod momzadebul muSaxels moiTxovda. marTalia, ruseTidan da ucxoeTidan intensiurad modiodnen
erTeuli
ostatebi,
Tu
daxelovnebuli
xelosnebi,
aseve
manufaqturebis muSakebi da maRali kvalifikaciis inJiner-teqnikosebi, magram isini teqnikur kadrebze arsebul moTxovnilebas sanaxevrodac ki ver akmayofilebdnen. Tuki
kapitalisturi
urTierTobebis
gaRrmaveba
sawarmoTa
mflobelebs interess uRrmavebda sakuTari ekonomikis gasaumjobeseblad, mosaxleobis Rarib fenas fulis Sovnis axal perspeqtivas uSlida. am mxriv
igi
ise
Zlier
iyo
dainteresebuli
Tavisi
da
sakuTari
STamomavlobis Sesaferisi profesiuli swavla-ganaTlebiT _ raime saxis xelobis
SeswavliT,
rom
saxsrebs
ar
iSurebda.
amgvari
moTxovna
didad zrdida moTxovnas saswavlo dawesebulebebsa da kvalificiur ostatebze, romelTa deficiti ukve aSkara iyo. 60-70-iani wlebisaTvis saqarTveloSi da zogadad amierkavkasiaSi momwifda profesiul-xelosnuri swavlebis danergvis aucilebloba da ruseTis 15
xelisuflebam
dasaSvebad
miiCnia
majd-os-saltane, “qalaq Tbilisis aRwera”, Tb. 1971.
25
zogierTi
dargis
specialistebis momzadeba. 1870 wlisTvis TbilisSi _ kukiaze, zubalaSvilis saxlSi gaixsna e.w.
saxelosno
ganyofilebam iricxeboda,
Skola, daaarsa.
romelic 1872
romlebic
teqnikuri
wlisTvis.
wera-kiTxvis
am
garda
sazogadoebis
kavkasiis
skolaSi
moswavle
25
euflebodnen
durglobas,
mWedlobas da sxva xelobebs, maT sxvadasxva ostatebi aswavlidnen da kargi anazRaurebac hqondaT. aq 8-dan 16 wlamde asakis moswavleebi miiRebodnen.
am saswavlebelSi arsebobda
moswavleTa
kontigentis
wlovaneba
ar
sakvirao kursebic, romlis
iyo
gansazRvruli,
kursebze
daswrebisaTvis ki gadasaxadi iyo TveSi 65 kap.16 garda teqnikuri
saswavleblisa, sazogadoebis
romelic
kavkasiis
kukiaze
ganyofileba
mdebareobda,
dainteresebuli
iyo
agreTve soflis meurneobisTvis saWiro xelosnebis momzadebiT. loWinSi daarsda
sameurneo
skola,
sadac
ZiriTadad
soflis
meurneobis
gaZRolas da sxvadasxva xelobas aswavlidnen.17 mas unda uzrunveleyo sasoflo-sameurneo profesiuli ganaTlebis gavrceleba soflad uSualod
mwarmoebeli
glexebisaTvis
saWiro
da
sasoflo-sameurneo
inventaris mkeTebeli da SemkeTebeli xelosnebis momzadeba. 1872
w.
qalaqis
TviTmmarTvelobam
ganizraxa
didi
mTavris
_
mixailis saxelobis saxelosno-saswavlebeli daearsebina. mas mxardaWera hqonda xelosanTa sazogadoebaSic, kerZod, Tbilisis amqrebma skolis Senobis
asagebad
gamgeobas
6
aTasi
maneTi
gadasces
da
survili
gamoTqves usasyidlod emuSavaT mSeneblobaze (iseve, rogorc eklesiebisa da sxva sakulto Senobebis agebis dros iqceodnen).18 es saxelosno saswavlebeli 1880 wels gaixsna da sazogadoebis yvela wodebisa da socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebs SeeZloT swavla. am periodisTvis gansakuTrebiT daintereseba 16 17 18
SeiniSneba profesiuli
aristokratiisa ganaTlebiT.
da
sasuliero
saswavlebeli
wodebis
eqvemdebareboda
Кавказский календарь на 1872 год, с. 105.
saxelosno Skola teqnikuri sazogadoebisa _ n. yifiani _ gaz. “droeba” #3, 1872. Кавказский календарь на 1872 год, с. 105
26
Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobas. damoukidebeli saxelosno-profesiuli skolebis mowyoba fuladi saxsrebis simwiris gamo, metnaklebad sirTuleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, masTan
SedarebiT
praqtikuli
iyo
erT,
an
orklasian
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebTan saxelosno klasebis gaxsna. am mxriv ki is dabrkoleba arsebobda, rom Wirda rusulenovani Tavisufali da kvalificiuri
xelosani-pedagogebis
moZieba
(swavleba
unda
saqmeSi
Tavisi
warmarTuliyo rusul enaze). saxelosno-profesiuli
ganaTlebis
danergvis
wvlili Seitana Tbilisis saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebam, romelic 1859 wels daarsda. misi mTavari mizani iyo “ufasod eswavlebinaT Raribi ojaxis
SvilebisaTvis
xeloba... “19
wera-kiTxva,
xelsaqme,saojaxo
saqme
da
raime
am sazogadoebas mfarvelobda imperatoris meuRle _ olga.
saqvelmoqmedo
sazogadoebis
skolebSi
bavSvebs
aswavlidnen
RvTismetyvelebas, wera-kiTxvas, rusuls, ariTmetikas, xelsaqmes, saojaxo saqmes, gundur simRerebs. xarfuxis
magninskis
garda amisa, “bavSvebs koluCebalkinskis da
skolebSi
aswavlidnen
saamkinZao
xelobas
da
durglobas vaJTa skolaSi”20 1873
wlis
mixedviT,
kavkasiis
okrugis
uwyebaSi
Semaval
saswavleblebSi moswavleTa sakmaod mozrdili raodenoba dafiqsirda. Tbilisis
saswavleblebSi,
sadac
arsebobda
profesiul-xelosnuri
swavleba, moswavleTa raodenoba ase gamoiyureba: vaJTa erTklasian da 3 orklasian saswavlebelSi swavlobda _ 236 moswavle; qalTa qalaqis saswavleblebSi _ 672 moswavle; kerZo pansionebsa da skolebSi _ 1006 moswavle
(romlis
moswavleTa
mosaxleobaze
modioda);
saqvelmoqmedo
sazogadoebis
yuradRebas ipyrobs 19 20
udidesi
wminda
wili
ninos
skolebSi
erovnebiT
saswavlebelSi ki
534;21
am
qarTul _
490;
monacemebiT
ara mxolod swavlis msurvelTa sakmaod didi
Кавказский календарь на 1875 год, с. 96.
iqve. 21 iqve, gv. 170.
27
raodenoba, aramed am raodenobaSi qalTa mozrdili wili. qalTa wilis zrda ki progresul movlenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve socialuri TvalsazrisiT. XIX
s.
aRmavlobasTan
90-iani
wlebidan,
kapitalizmis
ganviTarebis
mkveTr
dakavSirebiT saimperio xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda
angariSi gaewia drois moTxovnebisaTvis da finansuri TvalsazrisiT xeli Seewyo specialuri skolebis daarsebisTvis. magaliTad, 1882 w. TbilisSi
qalaqis
TviTmmarTvelobis
saxsrebiT
gaixsna
qalTa
profesiuli saswavlebeli, sadac mxolod xelsaqme iswavleboda da mas saxelosnos uwodebdnen. am kursebze miiRebodnen 18 wlidan zeviT asakis moswavle-qalebi.22 xelisuflebis xelSewyobiT saxelosno saswavleblebi ara marto TbilisSi ixsneboda, aramed ekonomikurad mzard qalaqebSic, magaliTad, baTumSi, quTaisSi da sxva qalaqebSi.
22
eZgveraZe l. socialur-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa burJuaziuli evolucia saqarTveloSi, gv. 84. Tb. 1986.
28
A1.2
Tbilisis ekonomikuri
ganviTareba 1864 wlis saglexo
reformamdel periodSi
reformamdeli saqarTvelos mrewvelobaSi TandaTan aRmocenda da ganviTarda
kapitalisturi
sawarmoebi.
am
periodSi
jer
kidev
gabatonebuli iyo warmoebis martivi formebi: saojaxo Sinamrewveloba da xelosnoba. amasTanave, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kvaldakval Cndeba mrewvelobis maRali formebic _ kapitalisturi manufaqtura da fabrikebi.
mrewvelobaSi
daqiravebuli
Sromis
gamoyenebis
gaxSireba,
aseve, qveyanaSi savaWro-samrewvelo mosaxleobis zrda kapitalisturi urTierTobebis gaRrmavebas gulisxmobda. gviani
feodaluri
xanis
saqrTvelos
ekonomikis
istoriis
Seswavlisas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs xelosanTa da wvril vaWarTa
saqmianoba,
vinaidan
xelosnoba
saqalaqo
meurneobis
wamyvan
Zalas warmoadgenda. politikuri viTarebisa da ekonomikuri politikis cvlilebis
Sesabamisad
xelosnobac
kapitalistur urTierobaTa gaaqtiurebis
ganicdida fonze
metamorfozas.
xelosnur-amqruli
warmoeba (tradiciuli saxiT) rRvevas iwyebda da adgils uTmobda wvril kapitalistur warmoebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom amqruli xelosnobis daSlis procesi 30-40iani
wlebidan
gaaqtiurda,
XIX
s.
pirveli
naxevris
saqarTvelos
mrewvelobaSi upiratesobas mainc xelosnoba inarCunebda, Tumca misi xvedriTi wili kapitalisturi warmoebis wesis aqtiuri damkvidrebis Sedegad TandaTan mcirdeboda. qalaqad xelosnuri warmoebis amqruli forma mniSvnelovnad abrkolebda mrewvelobis ganviTarebas. xelosnuri korporacia
zRudavda
warmoebis
ganviTarebas;
amqris
SigniT
konkurenciis zrda bevr xelosans ymis mdgomareobaSi ayenebda, xolo warmoebas amuxruWebda. vinaidan XIX s. dasawyisisTvis amqruli xelosnobis rRveva jer kidev ar iyo dawyebuli, anu misi regresi arc Tu ise TvalsaCino iyo. 29
saqalaqo
meurneobaSi
mizanSewonili
igi
iqneba
mozrdil
mimovixiloT,
wils Tu
inarCunebda,
rogori
iyo
amitomac
misi
arsi
da
struqtura. amqari
Tavisi
arsiT
iyo
amxanagoba,
romelic
erTi
romelime
gansazRvruli saxis saxelosno samuSaos asrulebda, an erTi
romelime
saxis saqonliT vaWrobda da erT romelime korporacias warmoadgenda. amqars xelmZRvanelobda arCeuli piri. igi amqris wevrTa raodenobas ar zRudavda da aerTianebda yvela im pirs, vinc mocemul saqmianobas eweoda.
amqris
sazogadoebis religiuri
wevrobisaTvis
romel
fenas
aRmsareblobis
mniSvneloba
miekuTvneboda, iyo.
erTaderTi
ar
ra
hqonda,
pirovneba
erovnebis,
moTxovna
an
is
romeli
iyo,
rom
damorCilebodnen amqris mier arCeul xelmZRvanels, e.w. ustabaSs (sityvasityviT
_
xelosanTa
Tavs
_
Turqulad). ustabaSi
am
korporaciis
Sinagan meurneobaSi axorcielebda srul mmarTvelobas, amqris wevrebis mimarT
sasamarTlo-policiur
zedamxedvelobas
da
iTvleboda
korporaciis warmomadgenlad sagareo urTierTobebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
ustabaSs
gaamarTlebda
irCevdnen amqris
ganusazRvreli molodins,
an
droiT,
Tuki
miiRebda
igi
ar
mikerZoebul
gadawyvetilebas, aranairi dbrkoleba ar arsebobda misi gadarCevisaTvis. iyvnen
aseve
ustabaSebi,
romlebic
15-20
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
da
sikvdilamde asrulebdnen Tavis funqcias. ustabaSis dauZlurebis, an avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi igi Tavad ixsnida ufleba-movaleobebs da axal ustabaSs irCevdnen, xandaxan misive rekomendaciiT. calkeul
amqars
TiTo
ustabaSi
hyavda.
ustabaSs
hyavda
ori
asistenti, e.w. aRsakali, romlebsac aseve amqris wevrebi irCevdnen. isini ustabaSis aryofnis SemTxvevaSi mis funqciebs asrulebdnen. aRsaklis Tanamdebobaze, romlis vadac aseve ganusazRvreli iyo, xandaxan yofil ustabaSebsac irCevdnen. amqars hyavda aseve molare, anu xazinadari, romelsac abarebdnen amqris fuls. xazinadari krebda gadasaxadebs da jarimebs, romelic 30
gankuTvnili iyo amqris salaroSi Sesatanad. igi savsebiT damoukidebeli iyo ustabaSisa da uxucesebisagan. xazinadari unda yofiliyo gamWriaxi gonebis, wignieri adamiani, romelsac mTeli amqari endoboda. salarodan Tanxis ganawileba-gacema ustabaSis miTiTebiT xdeboda, romelic Tavis mxriv gadawyvetilebas amqris wevrebTan winaswari TaTbiris Sedegad iRebda. ustabaSis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs amqris wevrebs acnobda da SeiZleba iTqvas, mdivnis funqciebs asrulebda e.w. igidbaSi, romelic yvela amqars hyavda. XIX s. meore naxevridan
qalaqis zrdasTan erTad izrdeboda
xelosnur nawarmze moTxovnac, Sesabamisad garkveuli kategoriis amqris wevrTa raodenoba
mkveTrad izrdeboda. amqris samewarmeo areali da
masStabebi farTovdeboda. qalaqis moSorebul ubnebSi gafantul amqars ustabaSi srulfasovnad veRar ganagebda, vinaidan ver aswrebda qalaqis sxvadasxva mxares gadaadgilebas, saWiro
gankargulebebis gacemas da
maT meTvalyureobas.GamqarTa nawilma saWirod CaTvala, rom calkeul ganayofebad danawilebuliyvnen. ganayofi calke amqrad yalibdeboda da TavisTvis ustabaSsac irCevda.
magaliTad, kalatozebi Tavdapirvelad
daiyvnen or, xolo Semdgom xuT amqrad; xuroebi _ sam amqrad. amave mizeziT, anu gamsxvilebis gamo, sxva amqrebsac sWirdebodaT dayofa, Tumca maT amgvari gziT danawevreba ar isurves da Camoayalibes e.w. Tabunebi,
romlebsac
kvlav
saerTo
ustabaSi
hyavdaT.
TiToeuli
TabunisaTvis erT, an or aRsakals irCevdnen, romlebic Tabunis saqmeebs ganagebdnen ustabaSis mier dadgenili wesebiT. saorganizacio saqmeebis, an problemebis mosagvareblad isini TaTbirobdnen ustabaSTan. amgvari saxiT mesanTleTa amqari daiyo or Tabunad, durglebis _ oTx Tabunad, TiToeuli or-ori aRsakliT. markitantebis amqari daiyo rva
Tabunad
TiTo aRsakliT. ase,
rom
safexurisagan: rogorc
amqris
mmarTveloba
ustabaSis,
aRsakalis,
ukve
aRvniSneT,
ZiriTadad xazinadaris
mzardi 31
Sedgeboda da
kapitalisturi
oTxi
igidbaSisagan. mrewvelobis
gaaqtiurebis
paralelurad
mimdinareobda
xelosnuri
warmoebis
transformacia. am process aCqarebda xelosnur warmoebaSi daqiravebuli Sromis
gamoyenebis
zrdis
tendencia,
aseve
amqrisgareSe
xelosnobis
warmoqmna da bazrisaTvis saqonlis warmoebaze gadasvla. amqari erTgvarad Zlieri da Sekruli organizacia iyo. igi ar cnobda xelisuflebis mier gamocemul kanonebs da tradiciuli adaTwesebiTa da dauwereli kanonebiT moqmedebda. am mxriv igi saxelmwifoSi saxelmwifos emsgavseboda. XIX s. 50-iani wlebisTvis ruseTis xelisuflebam mizanSewonilad CaTvala, rom gaetarebina rigi
burJuaziuli
organizaciisTvis sakanonmdeblo
reformebisa, Seeryia
romlis
safuZveli
kontrolisaTvis
arsic
da
iyo
qalaqis
daeqvemdebarebina,
amqruli mosaxleoba
amasTanave
xeli
Seewyo burJuaziuli gardaqmnebisTvis. erT-erTi amgvari mcdeloba iyo 1856 w. miRebuli kanoni,
romlis mixedviTac ucxoeli da rusi xelosnebi
qalaqis mmarTvelobas daumorCiles, aseve, ustabaSebs CamoerTvaT amqris wevrTa
Soris
xelisuflebam
sadavo
sakiTxebis
garCevis
scada gaeZlierebina
ufleba.
am
kanoniT
amqrisgareSe xelosnoba, rasac
Semdgom TandaTan unda mohyoloda xelosnuri warmoebis kapitalisturze gadasvla. xelisufleba kargad acnobierebda amqris SigniT mimdinare or urTierTgamomricxav
tendencias:
erTni
yovelmxriv
cdilobdnen
SeenarCunebinaT F amqari feodaluri, tradiciuli gagebiT, xolo meoreni _
eswrafvodnen
sakuTari, RonisZieba
Tavi
daexsnaT
Tavisufali 50-ian
amqris
warmoeba.
wlebSi
marwuxebidan
xelisuflebis
Sedegiani
aRmoCnda.
da
wamoewyoT
mxridan swrafad
amgvari gaizarda
damoukideblad momuSave ara mxolod rusi da Camosaxlebuli ucxoeli xelosnebis
raodenoba,
aramed
adgilobrivi
xelosnebisac,
romlebic
aarsebdnen sakuTar, amqrisgareSe saxelosnoebs. momdevno etapi, amqruli xelosnobis SezRudvisa xelisuflebis mxridan iyo 1865 w., rodesac amqarma saprotesto gamosvlebiT scada win aRdgomoda
sagadasaxado
politikas. 32
xelisuflebam
amis
sapasuxod
daayena
sakiTxi
gadawyvetileba ekonomikuri
amqruli
organizaciis
naadrevi
aRmoCnda
viTarebis
gauqmebis
qveyanaSi
gamo.
Sesaxeb,
Tumca
realurad
axalfexadgmuli
es
arsebuli
kapitalisturi
mrewvelobis pirobebSi amqroba jer kidev mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. aq erT sagulisxmo realobasac unda SevexoT, kerZod, am periodisTvis ruseTSi sakmaod iyo momwifebuli amqrebis likvidaciis sakiTxi, amisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi es sakiTxi mwvave winaaRmdegobas xvdeboda. jer erTi, jer kidev SedarebiT mcire
iyo
msxvil
sawarmoTa
wili
ekonomikaSi
(Warbobda
wvrili
sawarmoebi); garda amisa, qarTul amqarSi rusul da Tundac evropul msgavsi tipis organizaciebisgan gansxvavebiT amqris mowyobis
SedarebiT
demokratiuli principebi Warbobda. rac Seexeba amqarSi gaerTianebas da amqris statusebs, igi ganapirobebda Raribi
imas,
xelosnebi
qonebriv cenzs ar moiTxovda. es faqtori didad rom
ar
adgilobrivi
iyvnen
xelosnebi,
antagonisturad
gansakuTrebiT
ganwyobilni
ki
warmoebis
amgvari sistemis mimarT da arc misi transformaciis survili gaaCndaT. yovelive
zemoTqmulis
miuxedavad,
ustabaSi
tradiciisamebr
ganusazRvreli uflebebiT sargeblobda. arcerTi sakiTxi, es exeboda ostatis mier Tavis nawarmze fasis dawesebas, Soris damokidebulebas, an
SemkveTsa da ostats
warmoebis organizaciis reglamentacias,
ustabaSis gareSe ar wydeboda. amis garda, qargals ufleba ar hqonda Tavisi surviliT mietovebina saxelosno da gadasuliyo sxva ostatTan samuSaod, aseve amqris dauwereli kanonis ZaliT aravis SeeZlo sxvisi naSegirdali yvelafris
mieRo
yofili
gaTvaliswinebiT
TandaTanobiT Sesruleba,
missive
Sesustebisa,
magaliTad,
da mas
ostatis miuxedavad
jer
qalaqis
kidev
Raribi
nebadaurTvelad amqris
SeeZlo
am
potencialis
dadebiTi
xelosnebis
_
didi
rolis nawili
gadaerCina sruli gaCanagebisagan _ pauperizaciisagan. am gauqmebis
faqtorTa sakiTxi,
gamo
dRis
Tumca
wesrigidan
isini
moixsna
iZulebulni 33
xelosanTa
gaxdnen
amqris
Seguebodnen
cxovrebis
axal
pirobebs;
kerZod,
1867
wels
damtkicda
debuleba
“wesdeba q. Tbilisis saxelosno amqrebzed da maT gamgeblobazed�. am debulebiT moispo vaWarTa amqrebi da darCa mxolod xelosanTa amqrebi. amave
debulebiT
amqrobam
sruli
damoukidebloba
dakarga.
is
dauqvemdebares TbilisSi gaxsnil saxelosno sammarTvelos, romelsac qalaqis mmarTvelobasa da xelosnebs Soris erTgvari Suamavlis roli ekisreboda droulad
da da
yvela
amqars
sruli
ganagebda.
akrefa,
mas
ostatebisa
daevala da
gadasaxadebis
qarglebis
wodebis
damtkiceba da a. S. am debulebis mixedviT, amqris xelmZRvanelad kvlav ustabaSi
rCeboda,
Tumca
mas
CamoerTva
axali
ostatis
romlebic
amqarsgare
aRar
hqonda
ayvanis
saxelosnos
sasamarTlo
ufleba.
im
daarsebis
uwyebani
da
xelosnebisTvis
ki,
survils
gamoTqvamdnen,
saxelosno sammarTvelos SeZlebisdagvarad xeli unda Seewyo; aseve, ustabaSis arCevis vadebi ganisazRvra sami, xolo molarisa _ erTi wlis vadiT (manamde, rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, ustabaSs ganusazRvreli droiT
irCevdnen,
gadairCevda);
Tu
qarglebisa
ra da
Tqma
unda,
xelosanTa
Segirdebis
vadebi
yriloba
xuTi
mas
wlis
ar
vadiT
ganisazRvra (manamde maTi daostatebis vadebi ar izRudeboda da sakmaod xangrZlivi iyo); amqarTa ustabaSebs, aseve krebas aekrZalaT xelosnis xelfasis,
an
nakeTobis
fasis
TviTneburi
dawaseba;
am
akrZalvis
darRveva isjeboda jarimiT 50-dan 200 maneTamde im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tundac uSualod TviTon ar yofiliyo misi monawile.23 TviT saxelosno sammarTvelo
xelosnobasTan
dakavSirebul
saqmeebSi
eqvemdebareboda
saqalaqo mmarTvelobas. igi 1917 wlamde arsebobda da qalaqis yvela saxelosnos saqmianobas akontrolebda. XIX garda
s.
dawinaurda
ucxoelma
da
ucxoelebisa, 23
miwuruls
arsebuli,
xelosnobis
rusma
iseTi
xelosnebma
adgilobrivma
tradiciuli dargebi,
Semoitanes
xelosnebmac
scsa, f. 416, aR. 3, saq. 800
34
xelosnobis romelic
saqarTveloSi SeiTvises,
dargebis Camosulma da
maT
garda Soris
aRsaniSnavia: ludis damzadeba, konditeroba, mefunTuSeoba, meZexveoba, meTunuqeoba, meSuSeoba, mkinZavoba, meeetleoba, mekasreoba, da sxva.24 amave periodisaTvis xelosnuri saqmianoba umetesd sayofacxovrebo sagnebis damzadebis
sferos
moicavda.
axal
xelosnur
samSeneblo qvis damuSaveba (Sadrevnebi,
dargad
yalibdeba
wisqvilis dolabebi da sxva),
rewvis es saxeobebi ZiriTadad TbilisSi iyrida Tavs.25 gafarTovda amqarsgare xelosnobis masStabi, gaizarda xelosnur warmoebaSi
Cabmuli
Tavisufali,
magaliTad,
evropuli
fexsacmlis
amqrebSi
iyvnen
gaerTianebulni,
daqiravebuli mkeTebeli magram
muSebis
xelosnebi
amqrul
raodenoba. formalurad
reglamentacias
da
SezRudvas ar eqvemdebarebodnen. xabazebi da mefunTuSeebi amqars ar ganekuTvnebodnen, mespilenZeebi, mkalavebi da lampis mkeTeblebi aseve ar ganekuTvnebodnen amqars.26 TbilisSi
59
xelosnuri
statistikuri amqaria
monacemebiT
dafiqsirebuli,
1883
wels
romlebSic
gaerTianebulebi iyvnen: xuroebi _ 500 kaci, durgali da xarati _ 450, mamakacis evropuli tansacmlis mkeravi _ 350, mepure _ 150 kaci, xarazi _ 300, zeinkali da meqanikosi _ 116, damWedi (nalis) _ 40, aziuri waRebis mkeravi _ 90, evropuli fexsacmlis mkeravi _ 350, borblebis mkeTebeli _ 140 da a.S. sul ostati _ 2 782, qargali _ 2 002 da Segirdi _ 1 091, sul _ 5 875 xelosani.27 am periodis qarTuli presa sakmao yuradRebas uTmobda saxelosno urTierTobebs,
maT
Soris
yuradRebas
amaxvilebda
saxelosnoebis
mowyobasa da sanitariul mdgomareobaze. rogorc irkveva, xelosnuri warmoebis ubnebi iyo sakmaod mouwyobeli da iq antisanitaria sufevda, uamindobis dros ki viwro da bneli quCebi Znelad gasavleli yofila. saxelosnoebis
24 25
umravlesoba
Zvel
da
avariul
SenobebSi
iyo
scsa, f. 12, Ar. 1, saq. 1460, f. 29.
А.Г. Гнедич, Обзор промышленности фабрично-заводской, кустарной и горнозаводской губерний и областей Кавказского края, составлено в 1900 году, с. 4.
26
scsa, f. 7, saq. 2 229, furc.81-92; xoStaria e. damuSavebiTi mrewveloba saqrTveloSi XIX s. pirvel naxevarSi. TB. 1958. 27 scsa, f. 17, saq. 2 283, furc. 34.
35
ganlagebuli, Tbiliseli
xelosnebs meZexveebi
iqve
da
patara
mepureebi
duqnebi uvargis
hqondaT saqonels
mowyobili. amzadebdnen,
romelsac SedarebiT iafad Rarib mosaxleobaSi asaRebdnen. mag. gazeTi iveria
werda,
saqonlis
“Tbiliseli
xorcisagan,
meZexveebi
bazarze
amzadeben
gamoaqvT
da
Zexveuls
girvanqas
avadmyofi
Sauridan
8
kapikamde hyidian. aseTi saZageli saqonlis muStari aris Raribi da sawyali xelosani xalxi.”28 saqarTveloSi
TiTo-orola
SedarebiT
msxvili
kapitalisturi
sawarmo XIX s-is 20-30-iani wlebidan aRmocenda. samrewvelo kapitalis zrda
ukve
SesamCnevi
xdeba,
gaxSirda
kerZo
pirebis
mier
fabrika-
qarxnebis daarsebis mcdeloba. marTalia am wamowyebaTa umravlesoba ar iyo warmatebuli, magram mainc imsaxurebs yuradRebas, radgan igi axali, kapitalisturi warmoebis wesis damkvidrebas uwyobda xels. XIXs.
30-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi iyo mcdeloba daenergaT Saqris
warmoeba. Saqris lerwami nedleulis saxiT Semodioda kaspiis samxreTi sanapiroebidan, sparseTis mazandaranidan. mazandaranis Saqris lerwami Seicavda 80% Saqris kristals da 1 fuTis Rirebuleba iyo 1,5 man. pirvelad Saqris warmoebis awyobis mcdeloba ekuTvniT Zmebs _ aleqsi
da
gabriel
mTavarmmarTebels
_
Sadinovebs.
baron
rozens
maT
mimarTes
rafinirebuli
saqarTvelos Saqris
qarxnis
mSeneblobis Taobaze, Tumca is SeRavaTebi, romlebsac isini iTxovdnen, xelisuflebisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda. oriode
wlis
Semdeg
29
saqarTveloSi
iqmneba
Saqris
warmoebis
TaosanTa meore, ufro Zlieri kompania iakob zubalaSvilis meTaurobiT. zubalaSvilebi
jer
kidev
manamde,
mTels
saqarTveloSi
iyvnen
dawinaurebulebi savaWro da samrewvelo asparezze da saxelic hqondaT ganTqmuli. isini savaWrod dadiodnen sparseTSi, TurqeTSi, ruseTSi, indoeTSi da sxv. gansakuTrebiT dawinaurdnen erekle II-is mefobisas _ XVIII s-is meore naxevarSi. am periodis Tbilisis vaWarTa da moqalaqeTa 28
gaz. “iveria”, #66. 1888. saq. cssa, fondi 2, aR. 1, saqme 3109.
29
36
Soris erT-erTi mowinaveTagani iyo ivane zubalaSvili. misi Svili _ iakob
zubalaSvili
(1792_1865
ww.)
XIX
s.
savaWro
da
samrewvelo
asparezze yvelaze metad dawinaurda.30 pirvel xanebSi igi sazRvargareT eweoda
masStabur
savaWro
operaciebs.
saqarTvelodan
mas
gahqonda
matyli, bamba, bzis xe, xili da sxva, xolo Semohqonda farTleuli, Saqari,
Cai,
XIX
yava,
s.
Zafeuli,
30-ian
minisa
wlebSi
i.
da
brolis
zubalaSvilTan
nakeTobani savaWro
da
sxva.
saqmianobaSi
erTvebian vaWrebi: enibekovi, loris-meliqovi, TamamSevi da sxvani.31 garda amisa, iakob zubalaSvili armiis momaragebisTvis yidulobda pursa da qers, eweoda saijaro saqmeebsac. did savaWro operaciebs eweoda aseve iakobis
Zma
Tbiliseli
_
iagor
vaWari
zubalaSvilebi
_
zubalaSvili. mirimanovi.
masTan
Tanamosaqmeobda
zogadad,
savaWro-komerciul
XIX
asparezze
s.
msxvili
dasawyisidan
TvalsaCino
rols
TamaSobdnen da am gziT maT msxvili fuladi kapitalis dagroveba SeZles. 1936 w. Saqris warmoebis asamuSaveblad SadinovebTan SedarebiT mokrZalebuli
saSeRavaTo
pirobebiT
xelisuflebas
winadadebiT
mimarTes i. zubalaSvilma, d. TamamSevma da ter-gukasovma. 1837 w. 22 ivliss maT neba miecaT kaspiisa da Savi zRvis sanapiroebze 500 desetina saxazino miwebze gaeSenebinaT Saqris lerwami, maTve miecaT ufleba, rom aeSenebinaT qarxana
da importirebuli nedleulis bazaze gamoexadaT
Saqari.
amasTanave,
mewarmeebs
pirvel
sam
120 000
wels
miecaT fuT
SeRavaTebi:Q
Saqris
fxvnilze
qarxnis ar
arsebobis
gadaixdidnen
gadasaxadebs, xolo momdevno sam wels SeeZloT amave odenobis Saqris fxvnilze gadaexadaT gadasaxadis mxolod naxevari, anu fuTze 70 kap. mewarmeebi
gaecnen
ra
kaspiisa
da
SavizRvispireTis
regionebis
pirobebs, xelisuflebas axali SuamdgomlobiT mimarTes, rom qarxana aeSenebinaT ara am zRvispira raionebSi, aramed TbilisSi, sadac maT gacilebiT ukeTesi pirobebi eqnebodaT. amis Semdeg maT gamoeyoT saWiro 30 31
iqve, saqme 1043. iqve, saqme 2605.
37
adgili da qarxana amuSavda. sawarmoSi muSaTa raodenoba 50 kacs aRwevda (adgilobriv
mcxovrebTagan).
zedamxedveli.
sawarmos
aqve
iyo
maqsimaluri
aTamde
gamyidveli
gamomuSaveba
40-iani
da
wlebis
dasawyisSi 186 000 maneTs Seadgenda. qarxnis amuSavebis Semdeg miiRes damatebiTi SeeZloT
SeRavaTebi 240 000
im
fuTi
saxiT,
rom
nedleuli
eqvsi
wlis
SemoetanaT
ganmavlobaSi
ucxoeTidan
maT
Semdegi
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT: mTeli Semotanili nedleulis naxevarze ar gadaexadaT gadasaxadi, xolo meore naxevarze gadaexadaT gadasaxadis mxolod
naxevari.
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
es
SeRavaTebi
realurad
eqvs
weliwadze met xans gagrZelda. garda amisa, maT miecaT ufleba, rom im daSvebuli
240 000
Sexedulebisamebr
fuTi
Saqridan
sacdelad
6 000-mde
gamoeyenebinaT
dasakonserveblad, romelic gamiznuli iyo ruseTis bazarze gasatanad.32
am
saqmes, maT
sakuTari
qarTuli
xilis
rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve
miuxedavad
SeRavaTebisa, mewarmeTa amxanagoba
fuTi
bolomde
am
sakmaod
xelsayreli
seriozulad ar
miudga
arc ucdiaT kaspiisa da SavizRvispireTSi gaeSenebinaT
Saqris lerwmis plantaciebi, mxolod isargebles im SeRavaTebiT, rasac saxelmwifosagan
Rebulobdnen da im saSeRavaTo vadis gasvlis Semdeg
kompaniam SeaCera muSaoba. rac Seexeba xilis dakonservebis saqmes, miuxedavad saqarTveloSi xexilis mravalferovnebisa da xilis siuxvisa, igi TiTqmis ar arsebobda. ar
arsebobda
gamagrilebeli
sasmelebis,
an
Tundac
xilisagan
damzadebuli buraxis warmoeba, rac ruseTSi didad popularuli iyo. es im
pirobebSi,
roca
soflis
mosaxleoba
moWarbrbuli
xilisagan
xSirad umweo mdgomareobaSi vardeboda. xili, isic mxolod maRali xarisxis, iyideboda mxolod TbilisSi, saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi mas fasi TiTqmis ar hqonda. mogvianebiT, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gorSi, k. Sepfis afTiaqSi warmoadgines xilis maRali xarisxis vaJinebi da esenciebi. hqondaT aseve 32
Гулишамбаров СТ. ОФЗ Т губернии, Тифлис, 1888
38
xilis mSrali, granulirebuli esenciebi wvenebis dasamzadeblad. wvenebs awarmoebda Tbiliseli vinme yazarovi, Tumca raime saxis seriozuli warmoeba
ar
Camoyalibebula.
analogiuri
produqtebi
ZiriTadad
ucxoeTidan Semodioda. rac Seexeba Saqris Warxlis warmoebas, misi gamarTvis mcdeloba hqondaT Zmebs
morigi
ananovebs. maT Caatares ra quTaisis guberniaSi
Saqris Warxlis moyvanis eqsperimenti da darwmundnen mis xarisxianobaSi, TbilisSi
Saqris
qarxnis
aSeneba
moindomes.
xelisuflebas
isini
sTxovdnen sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs da ucxouri nedli Saqris Semotanas gadasaxadis gareSe. Semotanil nedleulze SeRavaTebi xelisuflebis mxridan
mTlianad
SeRavaTebi
1870
w.
iqna 9
uaryofili,
Tebervals
xolo
amgvarad
saaqcizo
gadasaxadze
Camoyalibda:
1)
qarxnis
aSenebidan pirveli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi aqcizisgan mTlianad unda gaTavisuflebuliyvnen;
2)
momdevno
ori
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
unda
gadaexadaT aqcizis naxevari; 3) kidev momdevno ori wlis ganmavlobaSi aqcizis 2/3. mTliani saaqcizo gadasaxadis gadaxda maT unda daewyoT qarxnis amoqmedebidan eqvsi wlis Semdeg. Zmebma ananovebma es SeRavaTebi sakmarisad
ar
adgilobrivi
miiCnies
da
uari
Tqves
am
saqmeze.
Saqris
gadamamuSavebelTaTvis,
rogorc
an
Cans,
gadamuSavebis
mosurneTaTvis gacilebiT ioli gamdidrebis saSualeba iyo SeRavaTian pirobebSi
Semotanil
sanedleulo
bazis
nedleulze
Seqmna
da
am
muSaoba, nedleulis
vidre
adgilobrivi
gadamuSaveba.
es
maT
sariskod eCvenebodaT.33 5_6
wlis
Semdeg
wamoewyoT
Saqris
garkveul
SeRavaTebs,
Tbiliseli
warmoebis Tumca
komersantebi
saqme,
miuxedavad
kvlav
xelisufleba
Seecadnen
kvlav dapirda
xelisuflebis
seriozuli
dainteresebisa, es saqme adgilidan ver daiZra. soliduri safabriko warmoeba vera da ver gaimarTa, Tumca arsebobda realuri Sansi imisa, rom 33
Saqris
warmoeba
adgilobriv
Гулишамбаров Ст. ОФЗТ губернии,T 1888 gv. 107-108
39
sanedleulo
bazaze
yofiliyo
dafuZnebuli,
radgan
Saqris
Warxlis
aklimatizaciam
Tbilisis
guberniaSi warmatebiT Caiara. amis dasturad arsebobs specialistebis mier
Catarebuli
adgilobrivi
Saqris
Warxlis
dawvrilebiTi
laboratoriuli analizis pasuxebi, romelic mowmobs, rom umaRlesi xarisxis Saqris Warxlis moyvana Tbilisis midamoebSi SesaZlebeli iyo. interesmoklebuli
ar
iqneba,
Tu
zemoaRweril
viTarebas
SevadarebT Tanamedroves. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom navsi Saqris Warxlis warmoebaSi ar tydeba, Tumca, XX s. 50-70-ian wlebSi kaxeTisa da qarTlis regionebSi
iyo
nedleuliT
rom
adgilobrivi
moemaragebinaT. umaRlesi
mcdeloba,
es
sargeblianobiT gamoiyureba
Saqris
Saqris
imis
momaragdeba
Saqris
mcdelobac
xarisxis
moeyvanaT
Warxlis
lerwams
aRmoCnda.
warmoeba,
aRemateba, rom
nedleuliT,
Warxali
da
gadamamuSavebeli
warumatebeli
gaTvaliswinebiT, iafi
Saqris
xolo
qarxana
adgilobrivi
romelic
sakmaod
adgilobrivi
am
Tavisi
sainteresod
Saqris
soflis
qarxana
meurneoba
uzrunvelyofili iqneba damatebiT samuSao adgilebiT. yurZnisa da Rvinis tradiciul qveyanaSi ludis warmoebam
karga
xans ver moikida fexi. mcire zomis ludsaxarSebi TbilisSi araerTxel gaixsna,
Tumca
wlebisTvis damkvidrebas
maleve
TbilisSi
wyvetda 4
gansakuTrebiT
arsebobas.
ludsaxarSi xeli
Seuwyo
magaliTad:
XIX
arsebobda.
s.
30-iani
ludsaxarSebis
germaneli
kolonistebis
Camosaxlebam, romlebic ZiriTadad Tbilisis guberniaSi saxldebodnen. ludis warmoebis xelSemwyob pirobad SeiZleba CaiTvalos isic, rom Rvinis mwarmoebel qveyanaSi misi eqsportirebis gaaqtiurebasTan erTad izrdeboda misi fasic. fuTi Rvino, romelic 30-40 kap. Rirda, 1,5-2 maneTamde gaZvirda.34 amasTan, TvalSisacemi iyo misi
xarisxis vardna
falsificirebis gamo. ludis warmoebisTvis saWiro nedleuls _ qers Tbilisis qarxnebi
34
yarsis
olqidan
Ст. Гулишамбаров _ ОФЗТ губернии, . Т. 1888 gv.. 35-39
40
da
erevnis
guberniidan
sakmaod
iafad iZendnen. fuTis Rirebuleba saSualod 20-30 kap. iyo.35
ludis ZiriTadad
dasamzadeblad,
mTagorian
axalqalaqSi,
nedleulad
adgilebsa
aleqsandrapolSi,
da
iyenebdnen
zeganebze
goris
qers,
mohyavdaT,
maRlobebze,
romelic magaliTad,
gogCis
tbis
midamoebSi da sxva adgilebSi. aq ZiriTadad ori saxis qeri mohyavdaT: e.w. “axalTesli” da “ZvelTesli”, maT Soris pirveli orjer ufro Zvirad fasobda, vidre meore, swored am saxeobebs gamoiyenebdnen ludis sawarmoeblad. 90-ian wlebamde misi Rirebuleba fuTze 25 kap. iyo, xolo 90-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis misi fasi gaormagda. saSualod 1 fuTi “axalTeslis” jiSis qeris Tbilisamde mowodeba 80 kapikamde jdeboda. igi qarxnebs ZiriTadad CenCoianad miewodebodaT, sadac Semdeg xdeboda maTi gasufTaveba. xarisxiani qeris gasufTavebis Semdeg rCeboda 70% alao, xolo 1 fuTi alaosgan miiReboda 4,5 vedro saSualo xarisxis ludi. rac meti ludi gamoixdeboda, TavisTavad,
miT ufro wyalwyala
iqneboda da piriqiT, 4 vedroze naklebis gamoxdiT kargi xarisxis ludi miiReboda.36 sakmaod Tbiliseli
warmatebuli specialistis
ludsaxarSis germaneli
gaxsna.
gutbrodis
gamoiyenebdnen
aRmoCnda _
aseve
ludis
k.kiriSCevis
mier
warmatebuli
ludsaxarSis
iyo
SeZena.
warmoebis Tbilisis
es
mier
mewarmeebi
Zravebs, romlebic moZraobaSi cocxali gamwevi Zalis modiodnen. lorTqifaniZis
iyo
xolo kiriSCevTan _ 3. am ukanasknelis
kaci,
Sesabamisad
gareubanSi
lorTqifaniZis
(cxenis) meSveobiT 16
erT-erTi
warmoebaSi
dasaqmebuli warmoeba
naklebad masStaburi iyo.
aRsaniSnavia lorTqifaniZis novacia, romelmac didad Seuwyo xeli TbilisSi ludis popularizacias. man qalaqis baRSi moawyo rotonda (Ria pavilioni), sadac daiwyo ludis gayidva. Tbilisuri zafxulis sicxeebSi
baRSi
eZleodaT
ludxanebis
35 36
moseirneebsa
da
ludis
moyvarulebs
magivrad civi ludi pirdapir
ст. Гулишамбаров, ОФЗТ губернии, Т 1888 gv. 35-39. Сборник стат. сведении по Зак. краю. Часть 1, gv. 238
41
Ria
saSualeba sivrceSi
daegemovnebinaT.
garda
am
sikeTisa,
xalxs
musikiTac
izidavdnen.
am
siaxlem gansakuTrebiT saSualo da dabali fena miizida, romlebic uwyvet
nakadad
miedinebodnen
uzarmazari mogeba miiRo da
rotondisken.
amgvarad,
lorTqifaniZem
mas TandaTan ludis sxva mwarmoeblebs
Soris mimbaZvelebic gamouCndnen. Tbilisuri warmoebis vedro ludis Rirebuleba miuxedavad misi aradamakmayofilebeli
xarisxisa,
sakmaod
soliduri
iyo,
1,2-dan
1,6
maneTamde meryeobda misi xarisxis mixedviT da ZiriTadad TbilisSive saRdeboda. boTlis ludi ufro Zvirad fasobda, igi 10-12 kapikiT meti Rirda boTlis Rirebulebis CauTvlelad. rom
adgilobrivi
ludis
37
mwarmoeblebi
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, raime
saxis
seriozul
konkurencias ar ganicdidnen. magaliTad, ruseTidan Zneldeboda ludis Semotana imis gamo, rom sarkinigzo fraxti Zlier maRali iyo. mxolod rostovidan
da
odesidan
Semodioda
garkveuli
raodenobis
ludi,
romelmac bazris sakmaod mozrdili nawili daikava foTSi, baTumsa da quTaisSi. Tbilisuri ludi gahqondaT borjomSi abasTumansa da sadac rogorc ukve aRiniSna,
quTaisSic,
ZiriTadad moixmardnen odesis, rostovisa
da varSavis luds. am ludis nawili garda quTaisisa, mcire raodenobiT TbilisSic iyideboda. igi gacilebiT Zvirad fasobda da adgilobriv warmoebul luds xarisxiTac jobda, Tumca Semotanili ludi Tbilisis bazarze adgilobrivs raime mniSvnelovan konkurencias ver uwevda. ludasaxarSebSi dasaqmebuli muSaxeli sakmaod mZime pirobebSi, amave sawarmos teritoriaze saxlobda da Tviurad 15-25 man. anazRaurebas iRebda38 mZime pirobebi iyo aseve TviT ludaxarSebSic, gansakuTrebiT lorTqifaniZis ludsaxarSSi, romelic imdenad moZvelebul SenobaSi da WuWyian
garemoSi
janmrTelobas daxurva 37 38
imyofeboda,
safrTxes
ramdenjerme
uqmnida
ucdia.
rom da
amave
iqve. iqve.
42
antisanitaria xelisuflebas
dros,
momxmareblis amis
germaneli
gamo
misi
kolonistebis
ludsaxarSebSi sanimuSo wesrigi da higienuri pirobebi arsebobda. zogadad,
rodesac
sawarmoebi
mimoixileba,
yuradRebas
im
faqtze,
germaneli
kolonistebis
qarTveli rom
maT
mkvlevarebi
xelisuflebisgan
warmatebuli
mudam
amaxvileben
didi
xelSewyoba
hqondaT rogorc finansuri, aseve administraciuli TvalsazrisiT. es faqti marTlac didad ganapirobebda erTad
im
faqts
versad
disciplinirebulebi, qarTveli
da
gaveqceviT,
akuratulebi
mewarmeebi.
ludsaxarSebis
maT dawinaurebas, Tumca amasTan
amis
rom
da
gulmodgineni
magaliTad
lorTqifaniZis
germanelebi
ara
gacilebiT
iyvnen,
mxolod
ludsaxarSis
vidre
germanuli
Sedareba
gamodgeba,
aramed mirzoevis mitklis fabrikac, sadac iseTi antisanitaria rom misi Semowmebisas iJiner-teqnologi guliSambarovi
sufevda,
SeSfoTebas
gamoTqvams da varaudobs, rom am fabrikis muSebi ase xSirad swored amgvari pirobebis gamo avadmyofobdnen. XIX
s.
60-ian
wlebamde
saqarTvelos
qalaqTa
Soris
viTardeboda.
igi
mTeli
amierkavkasiis yvelaze
kavkasiis
ara
da
swrafi mxolod
gansakuTrebiT
tempiT
Tbilisi
administraciul-
politikur da samxedro, aramed ekonomikur centradac iqca. aRniSnul periodSi evropasa da aseve ruseTSi teqnikuri progresi xelosnur aRwevda.
da am
saqarTvelos
Sinamrewvelur
procesebs
ki
samrewvelo
warmoebaSi
SeuZlebeli ganviTarebaze.
mniSvnelovan iyo
gavlena
warmatebebs ar
saqarTveloSi
moexdina daarsebul
pirvelsave SedarebiT msxvil sawarmoebSi gamoiyenebdnen ucxoeTidan da ruseTidan Semotanil manqana-danadgarebs (dazgebs, Rumelebs, qvabebs da sxva), Tumca teqnikuri siaxleebi mxolod nawilobriv gamoiyeneboda, prioritetuli
jer
kidev
xeliT
Sroma
iyo.
amasTanave,
warmoebis
meqanizacias isic didad abrkolebda, rom adgilobrivi kadrebi ar iyo saTanadod momzadebuli, iqmneboda winaaRmdegoba teqnikis, meqanizaciis donesa da muSaTa dabal kvalifikacias Soris. calkeuli warmatebebis miuxedavad, manqanuri teqnikis danergvis gzaze arsebuli dabrkolebani 43
(danadgarebis Semotanis xarji, kvalificiur muSaTa kadrebis simcire da saTanado energetikuli bazis ararseboba) ganapirobebda xeliT Sromis prioritetulobas. dazgebis asamoZraveblad iyenebdnen cocxali gamwevi Zalis (cxenis, xaris) da wylis energias, mTel rig sawarmoebSi ki dazgebi xeliT mohyavdaT moZraobaSi da orTqlis Zrava iSviaTobas warmoadgenda. ruseTidan
am
problemis
sxvadasxva
mosagvareblad
manqana-danadgarebTan
sazRvargareTidan erTad
aseve
da
iwerdnen
kvalificirebul ostatebsa da muSebs. TbilisSi samxedro
saqalaqo
saWiroebam
cxovrebis
jer
kidev
ganviTarebam
XIX
s.
da
pirvelsave
gansakuTrebiT aTeul
wlebSi
warmoqmna meqanikur sarewTa arsebobis aucilebloba. amgvar sarewTa Soris reformamdel periodSi aRsaniSnavia saxazino sawaxnago fabrikis mowyoba TbilisSi. es fabrika amuSavebda Zvirfas qvebs: iasps, mewamul qvas, obsidians, marmarilos da sxv. fabrika 1849 wels moewyo.39 1850 wels ki moewyo kartonis qvis fabrika, romelic sxvadasxva samoqalaqo da saeklesio
arqiteqturul
nakeTobebs
amzadebda.
es
fabrika
xuTiode
wlis ganmavlobaSi ase, Tu ise funqcionirebda, 1855 wels ki SekveTebis simciris
gamo
daixura,
Tumca
maleve,
1856
wels igi
aRadgines
da
SeuerTda sawaxnago fabrikas. fabrika ZiriTadad amuSavebda algeTis qvas, adgilobriv da Semotanil marmarilos, obsidians da sxv. igi aseve amzadebda saeklesio, upiratesad ki samoqalaqo arqiteqturis nakeTobebs SenobebisTvis, TeatrisTvis. sawarmoSi dasaqmebulebi iyvnen daqiravebuli muSebi da ostatebi, aseve samxedro uwyebisa da samTo uwyebis xalxi. fabrika iyo saxazino da mas ganagebdnen jer inJineri lemkuli, Semdeg ivanicki, akademikosi arqiteqtori _ simonsoni da sxvebi. fabrikas hyavda aseve teqnikuri zedamxedvelebi.
warmoebis
gaumjobesebisa
da
gafarToebis
mizniT,
ekaterinburgis meqanikur qarxanas SeukveTes oTxi orTqlis manqana. 1854 wels am qarxanam 39
Tbilisis
sawaxnago
saq. cssa, fondi 10, saqme 1835. furc. 13.
44
fabrikisaTvis daamzada
oTxi
Zlieri manqana, romelic 1700 maneTamde dajda.40 es manqanebi TbilisSi Camoitanes da fabrikaSi igi inJiner-teqnologma lemkulma 1857 wels daamontaJa,41
romlis
amuSavebdnen
SeSiT,
montaJic fabrikaSi
1000
maneTamde
muSaobda
dajda.42
manqanebis
manqanebs
SemkeTebeli
_
meqanikosi zomeri, xolo Tujis saWiro detalebi da nakeTobani Stiuses meqanikuri qarxnidan mohqondaT.43 fabrikaSi sul ufro metad iyenebdnen daqiravebul Sromas da bolos igi gabatonda kidec. sawarmoSi hyavdaT mowafeebi da qarglebi. sawaxnago fabrikis Sesaxeb nawilobriv warmodgenas iZleva cxrili #1.3, sadac asaxulia am fabrikis mier TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenoba. warmodgenili Sefaseba, sakmaod
cxrilis
gansakuTrebiT rTulia,
praqtikulad
pirveli
radgan
sawaxnago
aTi-TerTmeti
1850-1860
wlebis
fabrikis wlis
muSaobis
ganmavlobaSi
intervalSi
monacemebi
ar moipoveba. savaraudoa, rom sawarmo pirveli aTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi muSaobda.
mixedviT
araTanabari
amgvari
varaudis
warmatebiT mizezi
(an,
is
sulac
aris,
warumateblad)
rom
warmoebuli
produqciis raodenoba 1860 wlidan 1861 wlamde 3 000-dan mxolod 3 020 maneTamde izrdeba, xolo 1850-dan 1860 wlamde 3 400-dan 3 000 maneTamdec Semcirebula; amave dros, warmodgenili informaciiT, 1857 w. sawarmoSi dainerga teqnikuri siaxleebi, rogoric iyo ekaterinburgis qarxanaSi damzadebuli weliwadSi raodenobriv
orTqlis
warmatebac
manqanebi. unda
maCvenebelzec
obieqturad,
moetana unda
da
es
asaxuliyo.
am
siaxleebs
oriode
produqciis
gamoSvebis
orTqlis
manqanebis
damzadeba da Semdgom misi montaJi sakmaod soliduri Tanxebi dajda da mewarmeebs meti garda
motivacia
amisa, bazarze
hqondaT
sawaxnago
aqtiurad ezrunaT ukugebisTvis.
fabrikis
40
saq. cssa, fondi 10, saqme 1823, furc. 1_2. iqve. 42 iqve, saqme 1835, furc. 13. 43 iqve, saqme 810, furc. 97. 41
45
produqciaze
moTxovna
cxrili #1.3 sawaxnago fabrikis mier gamoSvebuli produqcia wlebi
Pproduqciis raodenoba (man.)
1850
3 40044
1860
3 00045
1861
3 02046
1862
7 50047
1863
12 00048
1864
12 00049
1865
15 00050
arsebobda da mas zrdis tendencia hqonda, aseve, rogorc cnobilia, 1856 w. mas SeuerTda kartonis qvis fabrika. amitom bundovania, 1857-dan 1862 wlamde ratom ar aisaxa es gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenobaze. 1862 wlidan ukve TvalsaCino xdeba fabrikis warmatebebi, roca gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenoba erTbaSad 3 020 –dan 7 500 man.-mde gaizarda. es bumi savaraudod ruseTidan damatebiTi SekveTebis mopovebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. ganmavlobaSic.
44 45 46 47 48 49 50
zrdis
tendencia
gamomuSavebuli
gagrZelda
produqciis
ЦГИАЛ, ф.1268, оп.10. 1860. Д 170 1861. Д.228 1862. Д.134 1863. Д. 108 1864. Д. 137 1865.Д. 127 1866 Д. 142
iqve iqve iqve iqve iqve iqve
46
momdevno
nawili
wlebis
adgilobrivi
moxmarebis saglexo
garda peterburgs, imperatoris sasaxleSi igzavneboda.51
reformis
Semdeg TbilisSi
am
profilis
sxva
sawarmebic
warmoiSva, xolo es sawaxnago fabrika 1868 wels kerZo pirs gadaeca.52 am
periodis
saqarTvelos sawarmoebsa Tu sarewebSi teqnikur
siaxleTa danergva aqtiurad ar mimdinareobda. am fonze yuradRebas iqcevs inJiner-teqnologi lemkuli, romelic sawarmoebSi ara mxolod sawarmoo-teqnologiur procesebs meTvalyureobda, aramed saintereso teqnikur proeqtebsac axorcielebda. 1853 wels man Seadgina gazis sanaTi
aparaturis
proeqti,
romlis
gamocdamac
Amomdevno wels am sistemis 20 sanaTi
warmatebiT
Caiara.
lampa ukve enTo Tbilisis
centralur _ golovinis prospeqtze sami saaTis ganmavlobaSi. sam saaTSi iwveboda 450 saJeni gazis maragis naxevari, ris Semdegac maRali wnevis gamo saxifaTo iyo erTdroulad gazis miReba da gaSveba, mas SeiZleba
avaria
mohyoloda.
Aamgvari
misces aseve Stiuses sawarmodan.
sanaTi
mowyobilobis
53
lemkulma yorRanaSvilis xis saxerxisTvis saxerxi,
romelic
ramdenime
xnis
dReSi
Semdeg
20-25 ukve
SekveTa
cal 30
4
saJeni
mors
daamzadebina axali sigrZis
xerxavda.
mors,
Aam
xolo
saxerxma
yorRanaSvilTan 30-36 muSa Secvala, Tumca mas ufro metis, 50kacis Secvlis potencialic gaaCnda. saqarTveloSi mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTareba da amis kvaldakval saqalaqo cxovrebis gaaqtiureba moiTxovda Sromis saSualebaTa damamzadebeli warmoebis mowyobas. es gansakuTrebiT 50iani wlebidan igrZnoboda. am saqmeSi TvalsaCinoa ucxoelebis, metadre germanelebis aqtiuroba. reformamdel saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT ki TbilisSi mravali sxvadasxva
saxis
TvalsazrisiT 51 52
sawarmo
yuradRebas
moqmedebda. ipyrobs
maT aguris
Soris
raodenobrivi
sarewebi,
romelTa
ЦГИАЛ, ф. 1268, оп. 10 1860 д. 170, л. 63 Ст. Гулишамбаров _ ОФЗ Тифлисской губернии, 1888 г.,ст. 3, 20.
53
guguSvili p. safabriko-saqarxno mrewvelobis ganviTareba amierkavkasiaSi, Tsu Sromebi. 1940, t. XVI, gv. 140-141.
47
raodenobac TbilisSi saqalaqo mSeneblobis gaaqtiurebis kvaldakval izrdeboda. 1858 wlisTvis TbilisSi arsebuli “fabrika_qarxnebi� da maT mier gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenoba warmodgenilia #1.4 cxrilSi. es
cxrili
samewarmeo
warmodgenas
saqmianobaze.
iZleva
Tu
reformamdel
gaviTvaliswinebT
im
TbilisSi patriarqalur
socialur-politikur viTarebas, rac im periodis ruseTis imperiaSi da Sesabamisad,
saqarTveloSic
sufevda,
am fonze
Tbilisis
ekonomika
sakmaod mravalferovnad gamoiyureba. sawarmoTa gansakuTrebuli simravliT gamoirCeva aguris sarewebi, romelTa raodenobac
qalaqSi yvelaze meti, 48 iyo. Mmis ganviTarebas
saqalaqo cxovrebis da Sesabamisad mSeneblobis gaaqtiurebam ubiZga. sakmaod iyo momravlebuli
sapnis sarewebi, romelTa raodenobac
8 iyo. misi produqcia maRali xarisxiT ar gamoirCeoda, magram am sarewebSi warmoebul saponze mainc didi moTxovna arsebobda. rkinigzis ararsebobis pirobebSi adgilobrivi produqcia aqtiur konkurencias ar ganicdida hqonda.
da
momxmarebelsac
Uukve
ociode
mewarmeebisTvis dasWirdaT,
pirobebi
rom
daeZliaT.
wlis
alternatiuli Semdeg,
aSkarad
momravlebuli
arCevani
rkinigzis
Secvala
ucxouri
da
TiTqmis
gayvanam
ar
qarTveli
meti
Zalisxmevac
produqciis
konkurencia
igive SeiZleba iTqvas sanTlis warmoebazec, romelic
cxrilSi sakmaod
solidurad _ 4 sarewiT aris
warmodgenili da
romelic 13 990 man. Pproduqcias uSvebda. Mdabali xarisxis miuxedavad, am sarewebs ar hqondaT gasaRebis problema, magram es mxolod im dromde,
sanam
mogvianebiT,
rostovidan
Semosuli
maRali
xarisxis
stearinis sanTlebi ar gauwevda mas seriozul konkurencias. warmodgenili
sawarmoebis
mier
gamoSvebuli
produqciis
raodenobis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, aq tyavis warmoeba liderobs (66 150 man). Mmas
mcired
Camouvardeba
48
aguris warmoeba,
sadac
54
cxrili #1.4
TbilisSi arsebuli sawarmoebi (1858w.) gamoSvebuli #
1
sawarmoTa dasaxeleba
sawaxnago
da
raodenoba
produqcia .(man.)
masTan
erTad aguris
1
3 400
2
abreSumsaxvevi
1
4 800
3
Tujsamsxmelo
1
10 000
4
qaRaldis
1
1 500
5
spilenZis WurWlis
1
4 200
6
aryissaxdeli
1
10 000
7
ludsaxarSi
2
4 050
8
tyavis
1
66 150
9
sanTlis
4
13 990
10
sapnis
8
31 250
11
saxerxi
2
3 000
12
kramitis
1
11 000
13
aguris
48
58 080
14
maudis
1
4 000
54
Сборник стат. сведений по закавказскому краю, часть 1, Т. 1902.
49
58
080
maneTis
produqcia
iwarmoeboda.
sakmaod
arsebobda kramitisa da aryissaxdel warmoebaSi.
50
msxvili
sarewebi
1.3 reformisSemdgomi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba 1861
wlidan
ruseTSi
gatarda
saglexo
reforma,
sadac
maqsimalurad iqna gaTvaliswinebuli memamuleTa interesebi. aseve moxda saqarTveloSic
1864
wlidan,
ramac
reformisSemdgom
periodSi
batonymuri gadmonaSTebis siuxve ganapiroba. 1864-1971 wlebis saglexo reformas
didad
ar
Seucvlia
feodaluri
miwaTmflobeloba.
miwis
fondis didi nawili kvlav feodalTa uSualo mflobelobaSi rCeboda. amave dros reforma uSedego ar yofila, batonymuri urTierTobebisagan saqarTveloSi glexTa 75 565 komli gaTavisuflda55 da imis miuxedavad, rom gaTavisuflebul glexTa materialuri mdgomareoba garkveulwilad gauaresda kidec, am reformas mainc uaRresad dadebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi erTi saglexo komli reformamde saSualod 5,9 desetina miwas flobda, xolo reformis Semdgom maTi mflobeloba saSualod 3,9-mde Semcirda. dasavleT saqarTvelos glexobam reformis Sedegad
saSualod
miwis
1/3
dakarga.
saqarTveloSi
umiwod
gaTavisuflda 7 051 glexuri komli.56 miwis ukmarisobam ganapiroba is, rom glexebi iZulebulebi gaxdnen miwa ijariT aeRoT, an Tavis sarCenad sacxovreblad qalaqad gadasuliyvnen da iq eZebnaT samuSao. am dros warmoiSva glexebis droebiTvaldebuli damokidebuleba feodalebisadmi. manam,
sanam
isini
gadaecemodaT
sabolood
mudmiv
gamoisyididnen
mflobelobaSi,
sanadelo
feodalebisTvis
miwebs
unda
da
exadaT
feodaluri gadasaxadebi, romlebic reformamdelze erTiorad meti iyo. garda amisa, mouwesrigebeli iyo saZovrebisa da tyeebis, aseve soflis adgilobrivi miwaTsargeblobis sakiTxebi. miuxedavad maqsimaluri
imisa,
rom
saglexo
gaTvaliswinebiT
reforma
gatarda,
memamuleTa
glexobas
interesebis
mainc
eZleoda
saSualeba, rom SedarebiT ukeTes pirobebSi waremarTa Tavisi sameurneo
55
56
Бендианишвили А. Аграрные отношения в Грузии в 1890-1917 гг. Тб. 1965. стр. 6 iqve, gv. 6
51
saqmianoba, ar iyo ra Zveleburad SezRuduli. kerZod, mas mieca ufleba SeeZina
qoneba
da
survilisamebr
ganekarga,
wamoewyo
vaWroba,
an
mewarmeoba. Aqedan gamomdinare, gaZlierda glexis piradi daintereseba da misi
Sromis
nayofiereba.
rac Seexeba rentas, XIX-s. 40-iani wlebidan saxelmwifo gamosaRebis gadaxda xdeboda mxolod fuliT, xolo memamuleTa mimarT gadasaxadebi ZiriTadad produqtebiT gadaixdeboda. aqve unda iTqvas, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi, qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kvaldakval es gadasaxadebic fuladi gadasaxadebiT icvleboda. es ZiriTadad xdeboda glexsa da memamules Soris urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze. mag. 1874 w. Tbilisis
gubernatoris
angariSSi
naTqvamia,
rom
“305
komli
droebiTvaldebuli glexi sakuTari nebiT, memamulesTan SeTanxmda, rom gadasaxadebs
samiwaTmoqmedo
gadasaxads.”57
aqve
mosavlis
aRsaniSnavia,
magivrad
rom
gadaixdian
meTambaqoeobaSi,
fulad saijaro
urTierTobebSi mxolod fuladi angariSi arsebobda. cxadi iyo, rom memamulur meurneobas niadagi ecleboda. fulad-sasaqonlo
urTierTobebis
gaaqtiureba,
aseve
glexTa
eqsploataciaze monopoliuri uflebis dakargva sxva gzas ar utovebda aristokratias garda imisa, rom memamuluri meurneoba kapitalistur yaidaze gardaeqmna. am process abrkolebda feodalis xelSi darCenili e.w. “CamoWrili miwebi”_ tyeebi, mdeloebi, saZovrebi, sarwyavebi, anu, glexuri memamules
meurneobebi glexi
sabolood
xsenebuli
ar
mizezis
iyo
gamijnuli
gamo
mainc
memamulurisgan. hyavda
erTgvar
damokidebulebaSi. Tergdaleulebi
kargad
xedavdnen
kapitalisturi
ganviTarebis
progresulobas, amasTan, cdilobdnen ekonomikuri politikis miRma, ukana planze ar darCenliyo socialuri sakiTxebi, magaliTad, ilia WavWavaZe sakuTrebis sakiTxebis gadaWras sakmao yuradRebiT ekideboda. Mmiwebis uTanabro ganawilebis gamo igi mizanSewonilad miiCnevda mis xelaxal 57
ЦГИАГ, ф. 31, д. 888, л.24-34.
52
dayofas
soflis
TviTmmarTvelobis
mier.
Aam
sakiTxis
gadawyvetas
sWirdeboda swori, samarTliani, meTodologiuri midgoma. aseTad ki ilias esaxeboda sakuTrebis kerZo da sazogado formebs Soris swori, optimaluri
Tanafardobis
dacva,
anu,
urTierSeTanxmeba,
interesTa
yovelmxrivi gaTvaliswinebiT. batonymuri
valdebulebebisgan
gaTavisuflebuli
umiwo
glexoba
qalaqebisken miemarTeboda, gansakuTrebiT ki Tbilisisaken, am process stimuls
aZlevda
qalaqebSi
migraciuli procesebi
ekonomikuri
qalaqebisken
ara
ganviTarebis
daCqareba.
mxolod soflebidan iyo
mimarTuli, aramed ruseTis guberniebidan da aseve sazRvargareTidan (magaliTad
germanelebis
asaxlebdnen
rus
da
Camosaxleba). ebrael
valdebulebamoxdil
jariskacebs.
valdebulebis
moxdis
Semdeg,
xelisuflebis
mier
1867
am
wlis
ruseTis
xelosnebs,
guberniebidan
agreTve
samxedro
kavkasiis
armiaSi
samxedro
jariskacebs
SeeZloT
esargeblaT
maTTvis
miniWebuli
brZanebulebiT
SeRavaTiT, survilisamebr dasaxlebuliyvnen kavkasiaSi da xeli moekidaT raime xelobisaTvis.58 saqarTveloSi gaaqtiurebam
kapitalisturi rusuli
da
sasaqonlo-fuladi
evropuli
_
umetesad
urTierTobebis
fabrikuli
nawarmis
Semotanam Secvala mosaxleobis gemovneba da Sesabamisad moTxovnac. es cvlilebebi magram
qalaqSi
ekonomikuri
zegavlenas
axdenda
gacilebiT viTarebis mwarmoebel
metad
igrZnoboda,
cvlileba
vidre
sofelzec
sazogadoebaze.
soflebSi,
aisaxeboda
magaliTad,
da
soflad
vaWrebis (e.w. CarC-vaWrebis) gaCenam qalaqis xelosnuri warmoeba soflis moTxovnebs ufro mWidrod daukavSira. sofels gauCnda axali stilis pirveladi moTxovnilebebis mzamzareuli da SedarebiT iafi saojaxo saqoneli da piriqiT, soflis nedleuls _ bazari fabrikis saxiT.
58
l. eZgveraZe, socialur-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa burJuaziuli evolucia saqarTveloSi.gv. 21, Tb. 1986.
53
mosaxleobis moTxovnebis zrdis Sesabamisad cvlilebebi xdeboda xelosnobis
dargebSi
rogorc
qalaqad,
aseve
soflad.
soflad
kapitalizmis TandaTanobiT damkvidrebis kvaldakval aucilebeli gaxda axali tipis samuSao iaraRebis danergva, mdored, magram mainc daiwyo infrastruqturuli cvlilebebi sameurneo da politikuri gardaqmnebis Sesabamisad, kerZod, rkinigzebisa da Saragzebis mSenebloba; qalaqad axali burJuaziuli yofis Casaxvas mohyva ramdenimesarTuliani binebis mSenebloba, quCebis gafarToeba, xidebis mSenebloba, mTlianad qalaqis rekonstruqcia; gaCnda axali tipis ganaTeba, saqalaqo transporti (etli, konka),
Seicvala
sacxovrebeli
inventari,
saojaxo
nivTebis
nomenklatura da formebi da a.S. yovelive am gardaqmnebis Sedegad, daqveiTeba daiwyo, an saerTod gaqra xelosnobis mravali iseTi dargi, romelic XVIII s. bolosa da XIX s. dasawyisSi wamyvan rols asrulebda, maT adgils ikavebda xelosnobis axali
dargebi.
gansakuTrebiT
dawinaurdnen
mSeneblobasTan,
transportTan, piradi moxmarebis sagnebis warmoebasTan, an xelsawyoiaraRebis rac
SekeTebasTan
Seexeba
warmoeba
saxelosnoebs,
damkveTisaTvis,
bazrisaTvis. SeeZloT
dakavSirebuli
am
da
statusiT kerZo
romelic nel-nela maT
saxelosnoebi misi
klasikuri
sawarmoebi. gagebiT
gardaiqmneboda
gacilebiT
damkveTTan
da
meti
uSualo
iyo
warmoebad
saqonlis
warmoeba
damokidebulebiT
aRar
izRudebodnen, anu maT ukve SeeZloT saqonlis warmoeba momxmarebelTa farTo
masisTvis.
daqiravebul
muSaTa
saxelosnoebSi
amgvar raodenoba
arsebuli
modernizebul aRemateboda
qarglebisa
da
saxelosno-sawarmoSi Cveulebriv,
Segirdebis
tradiciul raodenobas.
amasTanave, saxelosnos patroni mrewvelad yalibdeboda. am periodisTvis, kerZod, XIX s. meore naxevrisaTvis ukve myarad gamoikveTa wvril saxelosnoTa nawilis magivrad msxvili saxelosnoebis aRmocenebis tendencia, gaizarda daqiravebuli Sromis masStabi da moxda Sromis naturaluridan fulad anazRaurebaze gadasvla. 54
reformis Semdgomi periodis dasawyisSive 1866 wlidan qarTvelma ganmanaTleblebma daiwyes zrunva xalxis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze asociaciebisa da amxanagobebis daarsebisTvis
moZraoba
meSveobiT. cnobilia, rom asociaciebis
inglisSi
daiwyo
da
farTod
gavrcelda
dasavleT evropis qveynebSi, Semdeg ki _ ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi. asociaciebisa
da
sxva
amxanagobebis
gziT
inglisis
progresulad
moazrovne inteligencias surda mSromelTa mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba. qarTveli
ganmanaTleblebi
aRiarebdnen
asociaciebis
mniSvnelobas,
magram ara gadaWarbebulad. isini arc erT ukiduresobas ar emxrobodnen. aRiarebdnen,
rom
kapitalizmis
pirobebSi
asociaciebs
SeuZliaT
Seasrulon progresuli roli da xeli Seuwyon xalxis materialuri mdgomareobis
erTgvar
gaumjobesebas,
daicvan
isini
vaWar-mevaxSeTa
ulmobeli Zarcvisagan; maTi azriT saWiro iyo arsebuli ekonomikuri urTierTobebis Zireuli gardaqmna. gazeTi “droebis” publicistebi xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi eweodnen asociaciebisa da amxanagobebis popularizacias. asociaciebis gavrcelebis safuZvelze
Sesaxeb maT
arsebuli
SeZles
istoriuli
xeli
SeewyoT
masalebis
sxvadasxva
analizis
amxanagobebis
daarsebisaTvis saqarTveloSi. asociaciis gavrcelebis saWiroebas muSebis mZime mdgomareobas ukavSireben
isini
“1843 wels angliaSi q. roCdelSi
mogrovdnen ramdenime muSa kacebi, romelTac moisurves SeerTebulis RonisZiebiT gaesworebinaT Tavisi mdgomareoba materialuri, zneobiTi da gonebiTi. _ am mizeziT daafuZnes sazogadoeba.”59DNEN gazeTi “droeba” yvela saxis asociaciebs ar uwevda agitacias, aramed
im
daarsebuli.
saxis
asociaciebs,
“mxolod
am
romlebic
gvaris
Raribi
asociaciebs
xalxis
mier
SegviZlian
aris
mivceT
warmateba. . . . . asociaciebis dasafuZneblad kapitali saqarTveloSi yovelTvis mogrovdeba, saWiroa mxolod momatebuli energia, rac Seexeba Cveni xalxis niWierebas, gonebas, me vgoneb, amiT saqarTvelo sxva xalxze 59
gaz. «droeba”, #24 1869.
55
dabla ar dgas. iqneba pirvelad SevxvdeT romelime damabrkolebel mizezs, magram Cven amas ar unda SeuSindeT, da arc iqneba, rom sruliad mSvidobianad moxdes. . . . . yovel saqmes mozdevs Tavisi mowinaaRmdege.�60 saqarTveloSi
ekonomikuri
reformebis
gaaqtiureba
upiratesad
ukavSirdeba XIX s. 70-ian wlebSi sarkinigzo mSeneblobas. saqarTvelos mrewvelobaSi daiwyo axali xana, SeiZleba iTqvas _ namdvili samrewvelo gadatrialeba. sarkinigzo mSeneblobis kvaldakval swrafad viTardeboda fabrika-qarxnebi,
samTamadno
mrewveloba,
safuZveli
Caeyara
qveynis
kapitalistur industrializacias. adgilobrivma xelisuflebam, ZiriTadad saxsrebis uqonlobis gamo, sarkinigzo mSenebloba 1867 w. gadaabara inglisel koncesionerebs. am sazogadoebam 1871 w. saeqsploataciod gadasca foTi-yvirilas xazi. 1872 wlidan
ki
yviriladan
xazi
gagrZelda
Tbilisamde.
1877
w.
FfoTi-
Tbilisis magistrals SeuerTda q. quTaisi calke Stos saxiT. 1883 w. damTavrda rkinigzis xazis mSenebloba baTumsa da samtredias Soris. imave
wlis
maisSi
magistralze.
ki
amrigad,
gaixsna
regularuli
amierkavkasia
mimosvla
baqo-Tbilisis
transkontinenturi
magistraliT
gadaisera. Savi da kaspiis zRvebis sarkinigzo xaziT dakavSirebis Semdeg swrafi
tempiT
daiwyo
qveynis
Sida
regionebis
erTian
sarkinigzo
sistemaSi CarTva. 1887 w. gaiyvanes rkinigza quTaisidan tyibulSi, 1894w. _ xaSuridan borjomSi, 1895w. _ Sorapnidan WiaTuramde, xolo 1904 w. _ saCxeremde.61 rkinigza garda imisa, rom TavisTavad umsxvilesi kapitalisturi sarewia, man mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli kapitalisturi sawarmoebisa da vaWrobis
ganviTarebas.
90-iani
wlebisaTvis
qveynis
umTavresi
samiwaTmoqmedo da samrewvelo raionebi mWidrod daukavSirda erTmaneTs rkinigzis
meSveobiT.
Seiqmna
pirobebi
saqarTvelos
wiaRiseul
simdidreTa sargebliani eqsploataciisaTvis. amgvar pirobebSi ruseTis 60
iqve p. guguSvili, kapitalizmis warmoSoba da ganviTareba saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi. Tb.1941, gv. 81. 61
56
xelisufleba ver Seegua, rom rkinigza sxvis xelSi yofiliyo da 1889 w. igi saxelmwifo xazinas gadaeca. Sedegad, imperiul xelisuflebas meti SesaZlebloba
gauCnda
sameurneo-ekonomikuri
saqarTvelos cxovreba
da
metad
zogadad
amierkavkasiis
daeqvemdebarebina
da
Tavisi
ekonomikuri politikis Sesabamisad waremarTa. saglexo reformis Semdgom Tavadaznauruli
movlenaTa
miwaTmflobelobis
msvlelobam gamoiwvia
rRveva
da
kapitalisturi
urTierTobebis ganviTareba, anu daaCqara ekonomikis transformacia. 1874 w. maisSi gaixsna Tbilisis saTavadaznauro samiwaTmoqmedo banki. saqarTvelos progresuli inteligencia maqsimaluri ZalisxmeviT cdilobda rom bankis saqmianoba qveynis sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis samsaxurSi Camdgariyo. banki kapitalisturi epoqis dawesebuleba iyo da misi
saqmianobis
gafarToebac
epoqis
Sesabamisad
mimdinareobda.
amasTanave, bankis saqmianobas didi daRi daasva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva socialur
fenebs
Soris
sazogadoebis
yvela
interesebis
Sesabamisad
arsebulma
fena
garTulebulma
cdilobda
bankis
urTierTobebma.
saqmianoba
warmarTuliyo,
sakuTari
hyoloda
sakuTari
warmomadgeneli bankis xelmZRvanelobaSi. sabolood, sxvadasxva klasis interesTa dapirispireba sabanko politikis ganxorcielebaSi gamovlinda. qarTuli progresuli inteligencia miznad isaxavda Tbilisisa da quTaisis saTavadaznauro samiwaTmoqmedo
bankebis gaerTianebas. am ori
bankis
kreditis
SeerTeba
centralizacias,
gamoiwvevda rac
didad
sabanko
mniSvnelovani
iyo
gamsxvilebas sabanko
da
saqmianobis
Semdgomi gaumjobesebisaTvis, muSaobis meTodebis urTierTgaziarebis da meti
ndobis
centralizacia
mopovebisaTvis. nakarnaxevi
mdgomareobiT, kerZod,
garda
iyo
amisa,
arsebuli
sakredito
saqmis
socialur-ekonomikuri
kapitalizmis ganviTareba moiTxovda sameurneo
saqmianobis safinanso uzrunvelyofas da qveynis sxvadasxva regionebs Soris vaWrobis gafarToebas.
57
qveynis ekonomikur dawinaurebas Sedegad mohyva msxvili bankebis warmoSoba.
Tbilisisa
da
quTaisis
saadgilmamulo
bankebi
erTnairi
tipis da ruseTis saadgilmamulo bankebis (romelTa gavleniTac Sedga Tbilisisa
da
quTaisis
saadgilmamulo
bankebis
wesdeba)
identuri
sakredito organizaciebi iyo, magram saqarTveloSi arsebul sakredito dawesebulebebs ganasxvavebda
gaaCndaT
is
ruseTsa
Tavisebureba,
da
sxva
rac
qveynebSi
maT
principulad
moqmed
sakredito
dawesebulebebisgan; kerZod, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba is iyo, rom
saqarTveloSi
Semosavlis
moqmedi
didi
sazogadoebrivi
saadgilmamulo
nawili
erovnuli
saqmeebisTvis
da
bankebis
mier
interesebidan
qvelmoqmedebisTvis
miRebuli
gamomdinare, gamoiyeneboda.
amdenad, bankis damfuZnebel TavadaznaurTa piradi Semosavlis zrda, anu maTi gamdidreba bankis Semosavlidan gamoricxuli iyo. am TvalsazrisiT, Tbilisisa da quTaisis saadgilmamulo bankebi, rogorc komerciuli dawesebulebebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda dasavleT evropis amave tipis komerciuli dawesebulebebisgan. i.WavWavaZe “misi
Tbilisis
niSandoblivi
da
bankis
Taviseburebas
sayuradRebo
amgvarad
Tviseba,
axasiaTebs:
romelic
sxva
saadgilmamulo bankebis wesdebisagan ganarCevs, is aris, rom bankis mogeba, imis garda, rac sxvadasxva Tanxas unda miematos, hxmardeba amerTis ara marto miwaTmflobelTa, ese igi TavadaznaurTa, aramed miwaTmoqmedTa saerTo saWiroebas. am saxiT, tfilisis saTavadaznauro saadgilmamulo saadgilmamulo
banki
TiTqmis
kreditisa
iseTi
ruseTSi,
erTaderTi
romlis
dawesebulebaa
wesdebiTac
sruliad
uaryofilia kerZo interesi mogebiT sargeblobisa sazogado sikeTisa da saWiroebisaTvis.�62 qarTuli
saadgilmamulo
bankebis,
amgvari
ganpirobebuli.
pirvel rigSi, im istoriuli sinamdviliT, romelsac
i. WavWavaZe, Txz., sr. kr. t. IX, 1957, gv. 310
58
konkretuli
sakredito
dawesebulebebis
62
Tavisebureba
rogorc
garemoebebiT
iyo
miusadaga
sabanko
inteligenciam. koloniuri
politika
kerZod,
rogorc
interesebidan
ekonomikur
progresulad ukve
aRiniSna,
gamomdinare
ganviTarebas.
garda
moazrovne
amisa,
qarTulma
ruseTi
zRudavda
ruseTs
sakuTari
saqarTvelos
Tavad
ar
gaaCnda
ganviTarebuli ekonomika da sameurneo kultura da aqedan gamomdinare, verc Tavisi koloniebis ganviTarebaze moaxdenda progresul zegavlenas. saqarTvelos ekonomikis, ganaTlebis da kulturis ganviTarebaze zrunva qarTuli
patriotulad
ganwyobili
elitis
interesebSi
iyo.
am
garemoebas isic emateboda, rom saglexo reformis Semdgom periodSi mimdinare mtkivneuli agraruli gardaqmnebi kidev ufro mwvavdeboda samefo
xelisuflebis
aWianurebdnen efeqturad
da
biurokratiuli
xels
Catarebas.
uSlidnen
am
aparatis
qveynis
garemoebaTa
gamo
mier,
romlebic
ekonomikaSi
reformis
qarTuli
sazogadoebis
progresulma fenam Tavad iTava qveynis sasicocxlo interesebze zrunva. sabanko
saqmianoba
warimarTa.
burJuaziuli
sameurneo
da
mxolod
sazogadoebis sakredito
interesebis
aparati
kulturuli-saganmanaTleblo
burJuazia
am
misias
ver
Sesabamisad
gamoyenebul donis
Seasrulebda,
iqna
maTi
asamaRleblad.
vinaidan
nacionaluri burJuazia uaRresad susti iyo, did kapitals
saamisod
ki flobda
qarTuli burJuaziis somxuri da ebrauli nawili, aseve evropelebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi eweodnen samewarmeo saqmianobas da romlebic sruliad
indiferentulni
iyvnen
saqarTvelos
sazogadoebrivi
da
erovnuli interesebis mimarT. i.
WavWavaZes
da
mis
Tanamoazreebs
zustad
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba sWirdeboda sazogadoebis amaRlebas xmardeboda.
da
sabanko
Tumca
finansebis
arsebobda
didi
qarTveli
nawili
esmodaT,
rom
ganaTlebis donis swored
Tavadaznauroba,
am
saqmes
romelTac
amgvari sabanko politika sakamaTod, an sulac mcdarad miaCnda. amis magaliTia
erT-erTi
Tavadis
guliswyroma
i.
WavWavaZis
“saswavlebels wamosCxiraven xolme win, im saswavlebels, 59
mimarT:
romelsac
magdeni
sargeblobac
ara
moaqvs
ra,
da
bankis
avkargianobas
saswavleblis sikeTis kvalobazed swonaven . . . . . naxevari milioni fuli CavyareT da aba ra sikeTe dagveyara mag saswavleblidan, rom exla kidev
magis
gulisaTvis
msesxeblebi
SemovifrTxoT.
ra
saWiroa
saswavlebeli, Tu Tavadaznauroba siZviris gamo Semosatans vals ver Semoitans da umamulod, umiwawylod darCeba.”63 1881
wlidan
cvlilebebi
xdeba,
saadgilmamulo romlis
bankebis
safuZvelic
saqmianobaSi
gaxda
erTgvari
wodebrivi
xasiaTis
SezRudvebis gauqmeba. kapitalisturi urTierTobebis zrdis kvalobaze sabanko saqmianoba TandaTan farTovdeboda da matulobda msesxebelTa raodenoba. msesxeblebs (maT Soris araTavadaznauruli warmoSobis) am cvlilebebis
Sedegad
mieniWaT
damfuZnebelTa
Tanabari
uflebebi.
bankidan feodaluri aristokratiis gamodevnis saSiSroeba sul ufro aSkara xdeboda, vinaidan vaWrebi da kapitalistebi sul ufro metad euflebodnen
qveynis
sameurneo
cxovrebas.
saqarTvelos
feodaluri
aristokratia, rasakvirvelia zrunavda privilegirebuli mdgomareobis SenarCunebaze.
ukve
sagrZnoblad
izrdeboda,
Tavadaznauroba
TvalsaCino
gaxda,
xolo
ekonomikuradac
rom
msesxebelTa
socialurad sustdeboda.
raodenoba
niadaggamoclili
TavadaznaurTa
mier
bankidan gatanili fulis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb gazeTi “droeba” werda: “Cveni Tavadaznauroba, am bankebidan fulis amRebni, iseT mdgomareobaSi arian
amJamad
Cavardnilni,
rom
aTasSi
erTs
ar
SeuZlia,
marTla
namdvilad im adgil-mamuls moaxmaros bankidan nasesxebi fuli, romlis giraoTac
sesxulobs
da
romlis
SemuSavebis
gasaumjobesebladac
vardeba valSi. aTasSi erTi aZlevs bankidan aRebul fuls Tavis namdvil daniSnulebas; danarCeni an Zvel valebs ixdian am nasesxebi fuliT, an axal qeifebs ewevian.”64 qarTuli
feodaluri
aristokratia
ver
axerxebda
socialur
transformacias. sabolood, es procesebi xels uwyobda Tavadaznauruli 63
gaz. “iveria”, #111 1891. «droeba”, #88 1881,
64gaz.
60
miwaTmflobelobis
rRvevas
da
kapitalisturi
urTierTobebis
sayovelTaod (rogorc qalaqad, aseve soflad) damkvidrebas. 1994 w. sabanko
Tbilisis saadgilmamulo bankma miiRo gadawyvetileba
krebis
damfuZnebel
reorganizaciis
TavadaznaurTa
gaTvaliswinebuli.
Sesaxeb
interesebi
finansTa
im
mimarTulebiT,
maqsimalurad
saministroc
mxars
rom
yofiliyo
uWerda,
rom
saadgilmamulo bankebs SeenarCunebinaT wodebrivi xasiaTi. 1899 wlidan dawesda
damfuZnebelTa
da
msesxebelTa
garkveuli
Tanafardoba.
warmomadgenlebs irCevdnen sami wlis vadiT. arCeva xdeboda mazrebis mixedviT, iq mosaxle TavadaznaurTa raodenobisa da maTi kuTvnili qonebis gaTvaliswinebiT. am principis mixedviT Tbilisis mazraSi 357 saTavadaznauro komlidan irCevdnen 15 rwmunebuls. qarTuli feodaluri aristokratia pirvel xanebSi kmayofili iyo (miuxedavad imisa, rom bankma maTi imedebi ar gaamarTla) da bankidan xalisiT gahqondaT fuli. 1898 w.
maTze gacemuli sesxebis Sesaxeb
warmodgenas iZleva statistikuri monacemebi, romelic #1.5 cxrilSia mocemuli. ori bankis _ Tbilisis saTavadaznauro da Tbilisis sakredito sazogadoebis mier gacemuli sesxebi sakmaod solidurad gamoiyureba, gansakuTrebiT sakredito sazogadoebis, romelmac 1898 wels 14 016 800 maneTis Rirebulebis sesxi gasca. samive safinanso organizacaSi giraod Cadebuli iyo 2886 erTeuli uZravi qoneba, xolo maT mier gacemuli sesxebis jamuri raodenoba 22 240 234 maneTs aRwevda. saqarTvelos (aseve konkretulad
Tbilisis)
ekonomikaSi
am
raodenobis
investiciebis
ganxorcielebas savaraudod sakmao ukugebac eqneboda da feodaluri aristokratiac
naklebad
gadaitanda
reformisSemdgom
socialur-ekonomikur cvlilebebs, maT umravlesobas
sesxad aRebuli
fulis
gaumjobeseba
investireba
gaZlierebisTvis
rom
moexmara.
mtkivneulad
moexdina amis
da
meurneobis
nacvlad
sesxad
aRebuli
araracionalurad ixarjeboda, ris gamoc veRar axerxebdnen sesxis 61
_
fuli
cxrili #1.5
65
q. Tbilisis uZravi qonebis mflobelTa davalianeba 1898 w. 1 ianvrisTvis
bankebi
Cadebuli
giraos
Ggacemuli
uZr.qoneba
Sefaseba
sesxi
1 150
16 661 900
8 210 034
1
24 900
13 400
1 735
22 655 388
14 016 800
Tbilisis saTavadaznauro Mmixailis saTavadaznauro Tbilisis sakred. sazogadoeba
gastumrebas, xdeboda
maTi
davalianeba
izrdeboda
da
banki
iZulebuli
memamuleTa dagiravebuli mamulebi sajaro vaWrobiT gaeyida.
swored am niadagze daiwyo qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis kargad cnobili
mwvave ideologiuri brZola.
80-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi
Camoyalibda Tavadaznauruli opozicia, romelmac presis saSualebiT sastiki brZola gaumarTa Tbilisis bankis xelmZRvanelobas. rogorc cnobilia, am opozicias saTaveSi Caudga d. yifiani, xolo demokratiuli inteligenciis saxeliT mas win aRudga i. WavWavaZe.
65
Сборникъ статистическихъ свъдъний по Зак. краю, часть 1, Тифлис 1902, стр. 262
62
amrigad, 80-iani wlebis pirveli naxevridan movlenaTa msvlelobam gamoaaSkarava saadgilmamulo bankebSi interesTa dapirispireba, aSkara gaxada
burJuaziis
TandaTanobiT
gaZliereba.
fuladi
dawesebulebebSi
axlad
kapitalis
prioritetuli
aRorZinebuli
mflobeli
gaxda
mdgomareoba
da
daikava,
burJuazia sakredito maT
Siris
saadgilmamulo bankebSic. qarTulma Tavadaznaurobam alRo ver auRo axali cxovrebis moTxovnebs, samewarmeo gulmodginebis nacvlad
igi
sakuTari tragediis wyarod xan calkeul pirovnebebs miiCnevda da xan ucxoelebs. am urTierTbraldebebSi vaWarTa da mrewvelTa fena sul ufro
metad
Zlierdeboda
da
xelSi
uvardeboda
gakotrebuli
da
socialurad degradirebuli aristokratiis mamulebi. aRniSnul periodSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli socialur-ekonomiuri viTarebis
zogadi
kapitalisturi ekonomikur
mimoxilva
warmoebis
politikaze,
warmodgenas
ganviTarebis romelic
im
iZleva
ZiriTad
Camoyalibda
saqarTveloSi
tendenciebze
ruseTis
da
imperiuli
xelisuflebis mier XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad
da
romelmac
xeli
Seuwyo
qveynis
ekonomikur
cxovrebaSi
safuZvlian cvlilebebs. aRniSnuli cvlilebebi met-naklebad manamdec iyo
dawyebuli,
magram
ganxilulma
stimuli misca da legitimuri gaxada.
63
sakanonmdeblo
reformebma
mas
Tavi II adgilobrivi kapitali Tbilisis ekonomikaSi XIX s-is bolosa da XX s. dasawyisSi XIX s.
bolosTvis
TbilisSi
upiratesad
wvrili
samrewvelo
sawarmoebi viTardeboda, Tumca qalaqis ekonomikuri ganviTareba aSkarad kapitalisturi
xasiaTis
iyo.
isic
unda
aRiniSnos,
rom
mowinave
kapitalistur qveynebTan SedarebiT sawarmoo Zalebi gacilebiT neli tempiT
viTardeboda,
romlis
ZiriTadi
mizezi
iyo
saqarTvelos
koloniuri mdgomareoba da feodaluri urTierTobebis gadmonaSTebi, rac mZime tvirTad awveboda sawarmoo Zalebs da ar aZlevda mas swrafi tempiT ganviTarebis saSualebas. am periodSi SedarebiT
msxvili
sawarmoebis
TandaTan SesamCnevi xdeba
aRmoceneba,
romelic
ZiriTadad
adgilobrivi kapitalis meSveobiT fuZndeboda.AAAAAAAAA ganvixiloT roli
is
Seasrules
ZiriTadi aRniSnuli
sawarmoebi, periodis
romlebmac
mniSvnelovani
saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis saqmeSi. TbilisSi Sinamrewveluri
tradiciulad tipis
sarewebi,
arsebobda
wvrili
romlebic
tyavs
da
uwvrilesi
amzadebdnen.
isini
,ZiriTadad wvrili sarewebis, an xelosnuri tipis iyo. XIX s-is 60-iani wlebidan TbilisSi Cndeba ramdenime SedarebniT msxvili sarewi, anu iseTi saxelosno, sadac 4_10, an ufro metni (ostatebi, qarglebi da Segirdebi)
Sromobdnen
erTad.
amgvar
sarewebSi
TandaTan
xdeboda
Sromis danawileba da manufaqturebis warmoSoba. aq ZiriTadad saxarazo tyaveuli mzaddeboda. Tbilisis tyavis sarewTa Tavisebureba is iyo, rom es sarewebi ganlagebulni iyvnen mtkvris sanapiroze, gogirdis Tbil wyaroebTan, rac maTi arsebobis ZiriTadi piroba iyo. tyavis
“qarxnebis”didi
nawili
e.w.
aziuri
xerxebiT
muSaobda,
amasTan, 70-iani wlebidan TbilisSi rusi kolonistebis e.w. moloknebis “qarxnebi” daarsda, maTi tyavis sarewebi sacxovrebeli binis ezoSi iyo 64
mowyobili da 4-5 kaci muSaobda. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi nawarmic kustaruli xerxiT mzaddeboda, tyavis RebvaSi ufro dawinaurebulni iyvnen da am mxriv moloknebis mier damzadebuli tyavis
nawarmi jobnida
“aziuri wesiT” nawarmoeb tyavs. tyavi moloknebis sarewebSic upiratesad xeliT
gamohyavdaT,
magram
aseve
primitiul
teqnikasac
iyenebdnen.
magaliTad, yvela maTgans hqonda erTgvari sacexvi (safqvavi), romelic cxenis gamwevi Zalis meSveobiT modioda moZraobaSi. am mowyobilobiT icexveboda
muxis
qerqi,
romelic
tyavis
gamosayvanad
iyo
saWiro.
sarewebSi hqondaT wyalamwe tumboebi, romlis meSveobiTac sarews Widan wyali miewodeboda. cxrili #2.1 _Si mocemuli masala warmodgenas iZleva aRniSnuli sarewebis masStabebze. cxrili #2.1
66
rusi kolonistebis (moloknebis) sarewebSi warmoebuli produqcia. (1884 w.) Ggamoyvanili sarewebi
muSaTa
tyavis raod. raodenoba (cali)
warmoebuli Pproduqcia (man.)
miniaeva
800
4
4 000
ponomariovi
700
4
3 500
mineva
500
5
3 000
am cxrilSi ar aris warmodgenili warmoebuli produqciis asortimenti, vinaidan, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, isini mxolod saxarazo
66
Гулишамбаров СТ. ОФЗТ губернии. Тб. 1888 gv.38
65
tyavs
amzadebdnen,
romelic
Semdgom
saxelosnoebs
miewodeboda,
saxelosnoebSi ki mas saboloo produqciis saxe eZleoda. mocemuli cxrili cxadyofs, rom aRniSnuli tipis tyavis sarewebis masStabebs Soris raime arsebiTi gansxvaveba ar arsebobda, Tumca mainc SeiZleba gamovyoT miniaevas sarewi, romelmac oTxi muSis pirobebSi SeZlo 4 000 maneTis Rirebulebis 800 tyavi gamoeSva. SedarebiT uaresi maCvenebeli aqvs minevas, romlis sarewic naklebad vidre ori danarCenis; miniaevasa
da
damzadeba
unda
raodenobisa
kerZod, dasaqmebuli iyo 5 muSa, anu meti, vidre
ponomariovTan, uzrunveleyo,
(500 c.)
mwarmoebluria,
rasac
logikurad
realurad
ki
meti
minevam
produqciis
maTze
da Sesabamisad naklebi Rirebulebis
naklebi
tyavi
(3
000Mman.) awarmoa. am
tipis
“qarxnebSi”
operaciad iyofoda;
Sroma
danawilebuli
iyo,
warmoeba
3_4
mag. leSis gatyaveba, tyavis damarileba, qatoSi
dalboba, bewvis gacla, tyavis moqna_gamoyvana da Semdeg kvlav gafxeka. marTalia, zogierTi muSa 2-3 operaciaSi iyo \daxelovnebuli, magram am warmoebaSi muSaTa sul ufro meti raodenoba iyrida Tavs da ufro metad xdeboda maTi daspecialeba erT romelime operaciaze. aziuri xerxiT tyavis dammuSavebeli “qarxnebi” damxmare masalad iyenebdnen kirs, marils, Trimls, Sabs, qatos, qers, simindis fqvilsa da sxv. samuSao masalebidan mTavari iyo geja, anu rofi, romelic sarewis sardafebSi miwaSi iyo Cadgmuli, masSi miliT gadioda gogirdis wyali. erT gejaSi saSualod 3-5 muSa idga welamde tyavis Smorian wumpeSi, sadac xelebiTa da fexebiT xdeboda tyavis moqna. amgvarad gamoyvanili tyavisgan
ZiriTad
mzaddeboda
fexsacmelebi,
aziuri
Ceqmebi,
xolo
mTlian (unakero) tyavs iyenebdnen sasirajo warmoebaSi, mag. tikebis dasamzadeblad, amzadebdnen aseve
tyavis nairgvar nawarms: karetebis,
etlebis, cxenis aRkazmulobisTvis da sxva saWiroebisaTvis. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom tyavis aSkarad
neli
warmoeba sxva dargebs gacilebiT CamorCeboda da
tempebiT
viTardeboda. 66
Sromis
pirobebic
am
sferoSi
gansakuTrebiT
mZime
iyo.
“qarxnebis”
umniSvnelo
nawili
rogorc
aRvniSneT, primitiul teqnikas iyenebda, xolo danarCen umravlesobaSi es teqnikac
ar gaaCndaT da
tyavis gamoyvanis procesi mTlianad
xeliT
Sromas efuZneboda. 70-iani wlebidan tyavis RebvaSi mcenareuli saRebavebis nacvlad TandaTan daiwyes mineraluri saRebavebis _ anilinisa da alizarinis gamoyeneba.
mineraluri
saRebavebis
damkvidrebiT
“aziurma
tyavebma”
dakarges uwindeli simtkice da feradovneba, xolo am siaxlis danergvis Sedegad gamsxvilebul sarewebs ufro gauadvildaT wvrili sarewebis Seviwroeba. 1875
wlidan
warmoebis
am
sferoSi
mniSvnelovani
winsvla
SeiniSneba, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac TbilisSi kerZo mewarmem _ g. adelxanovma
tyavis
sakmaod
msxvili
qarxana
gaxsna.
igi
am
saqmeSi
sakmaod kargad iyo Caxeduli da saWiro fuladi saxsrebic gaaCnda. warmoeba adelxanovma im droisaTvis maRal teqnikur doneze moawyo da tyavis warmoebis mowinave teqnologia danerga. tyavis saqarxno wesiT warmoebisaTvis aucilebel nedleuls qarxnis patroni kerZo Sesyidvebis gziT, sakmaod didi odenobiT Rebulobda saqarTvelos mecxoveleobis ZiriTadi (maRalmTiani) raionebidan, xolo nawils igi umTavresad iRebda CrdiloeT
kavkasiidan
da
saqarTvelos
farglebs
miRma
raionebidan,
xandaxan amerikidanac (salanCe tyavs). es qarxana tyavis erTaderT da yvelaze msxvil sawarmod iTvleboda ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel amierkavkasiaSi. igi tipiuri kapitalisturi sawarmo iyo Tavisi yvela maxasiaTebliT. fabrikam, sadac daarsebisas 30 muSa muSaobda, pirvelsave wels SeZlo 60 000 man. Rirebulebis cxvrisa da Txis tyavi daemzadebina. ori wlis Semdeg fabrikam daiwyo msxvilfexa pirutyvis tyavis gadamuSaveba _ mag. cxenis tyavis. amzadebda: TalaTins (rbil tyavs), salanCe tyavs. amasTan,
unda
adgilobriv
aRiniSnos,
SromiT
rom
Ffabrika
potencials
amuSavebisTanave
eyrdnoboda 67
da
ar
mxolod
dasWirvebia
ucxoeTidan mowveuli specialistebis daxmareba, magram imis gamo, rom es potenciali
SezRuduli
iyo,
fabrikas
mudmivad
uwevda
Tavadve
moemzadebina ostatebi. 1879 wlisTvis fabrika SesamCnevad gaizarda da srulad gamoavlina sakuTari
SesaZleblobani.
mas
ukve
mieca
saSualeba,
rom
evaWra
moskovTan, aseve, swored es fabrika iyo kavkasiaSi erTaderTi, sadac safabriko
wesiT
(da
ara
warmoebuli
Ceqmebis
saxelmwifo
SekveTebi
kustarulad)
saukeTeso miiRo
daiwyo
xarisxis kavkasiis
gamo
Ceqmebis
man
kerva.
sakmaod
samxedro
aq
msxvili
olqisagan,
rom
moemaragebina jari 360 000 maneTze meti Rirebulebis CeqmebiT. asrulebda ra
xarisxianad
wlidan
da
adelxanovis
samxedro SekveTebis
daubrkoleblad
samxedro
olqis
gaugrZeles
SekveTebs,
1881
fabrikas
kvlav
xelSekruleba.
mTliani
Rirebuleba 400 000 maneTs aRwevda. am
RirebulebaSi ar igulisxmeba msxvili SekveTebi im samxedro amuniciaze, romelsac
igi
warmatebebi
aseve
didad
jarebs iyo
awvdida.67
damokidebuli
adelxanovis msxvilsa
da
tyavis
qarxnis
garantirebul
SekveTebze. jarisaTvis saCeqme da saamunicio tyavis SekveTebi sakmaod msxvili da stabiluri iyo da amis safuZvelze 80-iani wlebidan xdeba warmoebis gafarToeba, sadac 300-mde kaci dasaqmda. momdevno periodSi maTma raodenobam 500-s miaRwia. dasaqmebulTa Soris iyvnen mozardebic, romlebic ZiriTadad mSoblebs mihyavdaT samuSaod da garda imisa, rom wera-kiTxvis ucodinarebi rCebodnen, janmrTelobac ukiduresad hqondaT Selaxuli. 1884 wels fabrika kapitalurad gadaiaraRda, romlis drosac didi yuradReba mieqca sanitarul - higienuri pirobebis mkveTr gaumjobesebas; momdevno
1885
wlisTvis
tyavis
fabrikasTan
gaixsna
fexsacmelebis
msxvili meqanizebuli samkervalo. Tavdapirvelad aq dasaqmebuli iyo 60 kaci da kviraSi 300 wyvil Ceqmas amzadebdnen. imis gamo, rom samxedro SekveTebi 67
aq
regularuli
iyo,
saxelosno
msxvildeboda.
Ст. Гулишамбаров ОФЗ по Закавквзскому краю. Тиф. 1894, gv. 209-210.
68
saxelosno
SekveTebs
iRebda
saxelmwifosganac,
yovelwliurad
50 000
wyvili
fexsacmlis odenobiT. am samkervaloSi aTi wlis Semdeg, 1895 wlisTvis 250-mde kaci muSaobda, xolo XIX s-is miwuruls ukve 600-mde kaci.68 samkervalo sruliad
saxelosno
damoukidebel,
TandaTan
gamoeyo
tyavis
fabrikas
fexsacmlis
msxvil
meqanikur
da
fabrikad
Camoyalibda. es fabrika tyavisa da Culeulis fabrikebis maxloblad mdebareobda. am gamoyofil sawarmoSi mxolod saxelmwifo SekveTebi sruldeboda, Tumca mas gacilebiT didi potenciali gaaCnda da amitom iqve moewyo sagangebo saamqro, sadac kerZo SekveTebs iRebdnen qalisa da mamakacis fexsacmelebze, Cemodnebze, unagirebze, cxenis Tvalsafarebze, romlis sarealizaciodac adelxanovma Tbilisis garda, vladikavkazsaA da baqoSic gaxsna sakuTari sawyobebi da maRaziebi. am sawarmoebSi 1893 wlisTvis muSaobda 220 mudmivi muSa, romlebic weliwadSi 120 000 maneTis saqonels awarmoebdnen.69 1889 w. adelxanovis
tyavis
fabrika
teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT
sakmaod maRal doneze idga. qarxnis warmoebis saSualebebi iyo 55 cxenis Zalis 3 orTqlis manqana orTqlis sami qvabiT, betonis 42 avzi, Sabis 18 rofi, nacris 34 rofi, 34 saTrimlavi rofi wyalsadeni filtrebiT, xelovnuri wevis hidroeqstraqtori matylis racionaluri SrobisaTvis. xis saTrimlavi rofebi betonis rofebiT Seicvala.
amis
Sedegad
is
sayovelTaod gamefebuli antisanitaria, rac zogadad tyavis kustarul warmoebas
axasiaTebs,
Sidasaqarxno
aq
mTlianad moispo.
saliandago
mwarmoeblurobis
zrdas
transporti, da
sawarmoo
garda
amisa,
romelic procesis
amoqmedda
aseve
misi
racionalizacias
uwyobda xels. fabrikis saSualo wliuri simZlavre am periodSi ase gamoiyureba: amzadebda 11 600 cal salanCe tyavs, 14 000 cal msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis uxeS sqel tyavs, 36 000 cal gaTrimlul tyavs da sxva. fabrikis wliuri brunva1889 wels 68 69
iyo daaxloebiT 700 aTasi maneTi,
iqve iqve
69
xolo momdevno, 1890 wlisTvis _ 741,9 aTasi maneTi.70 imis gamo, rom amierkavkasiaSi im periodSi ar arsebobda tyavis
ramdenadme gamarTuli
warmoeba garda adelxanovis warmoebisa, mas uwevda yvela saxis tyavis nawarmis gamoSveba da misi viwro specializacia ar xerxdeboda. 90-iani
wlebis
dasawyisSi
aq
kravelis
tyavisagan
daiwyes
e.w.
laikis damuSaveba, risganac sawarmosTan arsebul profesiul skolaSi xelTaTmanebs keravdnen. qeCis warmoeba erT-erTi yvelaze tradiciuli da gavrcelebuli iyo
amierkavkasiis
romelic
maRalmTian
matylis
raionebSi
gadamuSavebaze
mcxovreb
iyo
xalxTa
damyarebuli.
Soris,
meCuleobis
produqtad iTvleba: qeCa, nabadi, sxvadasxva saxisa da formis nabdis qudi
da sxva romelTa Sorisac yvelaze mniSvnelovania nabdis warmoeba.
nabadi
mTels
amierkavkasiaSi
erTob
gavrcelebuli
wamosasxami
iyo.
garda amisa, igi iyo kavkasiaSi arsebuli jaris samxedro amuniciis atributic. adelxanovis
damsaxurebad
unda
CaiTvalos
qeCis
(Culis)
Sinamrewveluri warmoebis safabrikod gadaqcevac. 1889 wels adelxanovma gaiTvaliswina
ra
bazarze
arsebuli
nabadze
didi
moTxovna,
xeli
mohkida misi masobrivi warmoebis organizebas. TbilisSi Camoayaliba saaqcio sazogadoeba, romelmac gaxsna Culeulis fabrika. es fabrika ZiriTadad orientirebuli iyo kazakTa jarebisaTvis nabdis miwodebaze. imis
gamo,
rom
ruseTSi
tyavisa
da
qeCis
warmoeba
sustad
iyo
ganviTarebuli, adelxanovis mier wrmoebuli produqcia konkurenciis gareSe aRmoCnda. sawarmom or weliwadSi daamtkica, rom warmatebuli sawarmo iyo, misi warmadoba iyo 100 000 cali nabadi weliwadSi. fabrika mewarmes 70 000
man.
daujda.
saWiro
teqnika,
aseve
ostatebi
germaniidan
gamoiwera, mxolod muSebi iyvnen adgilobrivi mcxovrebni. Savi sanabde matyli Semodioda daRestnidan fuTi _ 6-6,5 maneTad. misi Tbilisamde 70
iqve-
70
transportireba jdeboda fuTi 1,5 man. recxvisa da WuWyis gaclis Semdeg vargisi iyo mTliani masis
mxolod 50%. ase, rom gamzadebuli mouqneli
matyli fabrikants recxvis xarjis CaTvliT fuTi 14-17 man. ujdeboda.71 adelxanovis
Culeulis fabrikaSi mzaddeboda yvela saxis qeCis
nawarmi, rogoricaa: qudebi (TuSuri), fafaxebi (osuri), FfaCuCebi, nabdis maRalyeliani
fexsacmeli
(daRestnuri,
e.w.
produqcia iwarmoeboda msxvil partiebad,
valinkebi)
da
sxv.
Ees
safabriko wesiT, orTqlis
energiis gamoyenebiT. adelxanovis
Culeulis
fabrikam
daarsebis
dRidan,
saguSago
razmebisaTvis daamzada 40 000 nabadi. 1892 wlisTvis es nabdebi SinelebiT Seicvala, Tumca mewarmes Sinelebis warmoebasTan erTad
arc nabdis
warmoeba Seuwyvetia, mas kerZo gayidvebisTvis awarmoebda. gamoSvebuli nabdis sigrZe iyo 2,5 arSini, sigane qveda nawilSi _ 5 arSini, xolo zemo nawilSi
_
1
arSini.
yoveldRiurad
TiToeuli
amzadebdnen
40
nabdis
nabads,
wona
6
fuTs
yovelwliurad
utoldeboda. _
daaxloebiT
12 000 cals. nabdebi iRebeboda ucxoeTidan Semotanili egzotikuri xis eqstraqtebiT, romlis Rirebulebac TbilisSi iyo 1 fuTi _ 12 maneTi.72 nabdis
Rebva
albobdnen
Semdegi
msxvilfexa
teqnologiiT rqosani
xdeboda:
pirutyvis
Tavdapirvelad
SardSi
qeCas
SabiamanTan
da
sodasTan erTad. amis Semdeg ki mas Rebavdnen meqsikuri e.w. kampeCes xis eqstraqtis
xsnarSi,
romelic
germaniidan
SemohqondaT
1
fuTi
12
maneTad.73 fabrikulad fexsacmlis, aramed
damzadebul
Tavsaburavis,
aqtiurad
qeCas
an sxvadasxva
iyenebdnen
nestis
moixmardnen saxis
ara
mxolod
samosis sawarmoeblad,
sawinaaRmdegodac.
mag:
akravdnen
kedlebze, axvevdnen im boZebisa da koWebis boloebze, romlebic nestian niadagSi iyo CasarWobi. qeCas xmarobdnen aseve ficris iatakis qveS dasagebad. iataks amgvari wesiT agebdnen 71
iqve, gv. 251 iqve 73 iqve, gv. 252 72
71
rogorc notio,
aseve
mSral
adgilebSic
siTbos
gamoiyeneboda
aseve
SesanarCuneblad. cxvris
sawarmoo
nedleulad
matyli,
romlisganac
dabalbewviani
amzadebdnen faCuCebs da sxvadasxva nawarms. matyliT adelxanovis tyavis fabrikidan maragdebodnen. am bewvis gadamuSaveba xdeboda saWiro zomebis mixedviT, weliwadSi 5 000 fuTis odenobiT.74 Culeulis
fabrikaSi
bewvis
gadasamuSaveblad
wylis
magivrad
iyenebdnen orTqls maRali wneviT, rac imis garantias iZleoda, rom yovelgvari paraziti da misi kvercxebi, romelic SesaZloa yofiliyo am bewvSi, ganadgurdeboda. qeCis moqnis Semdgom xdeboda misi xelaxali moqna orTqlis energiaze momuSave sabegviT, sabolood ki mas avlebdnen gogirdmJavas sust xsnarSi.
amgvari teqnologiiT damuSavebuli bewvi
saimedod higienuri da xarisxiani iyo, nawarms parazitebisagan gafuWeba aRar emuqreboda. 90-ian wlebSi fabrikaSi mravali saxis saWiro masala da nedleuli SemohqondaT
sakmaod
Soreuli
teritoriebidan.
mag.
tyavis
gasaTrimlavad yovelwliurad 130 000 fuT sxvadasxva saxis saTrimlav masalas moixmardnen: muxis qerqs moixmardnen rogorc adgilobrivs, aseve
SemohqondaT
tveridan.
tirifisa
da
vazis
qerqi
SemohqondaT
volgis dablobidan, alJiruli muxis qerqi _ marselidan, marselidanve SemohqondaT e.w. kvebrako da garuli, smirnadan _ volone, TuTubo
da
kermeki
_
elizavetpolis
guberniidan,
xolo
mirabeli
_
indoeTidan, meqsikuri kampeCes xis eqstraqti _ germaniidan, saTrimlavi eqstraqtebi SemohqondaT aseve ungreTidan da a.S. unda aRiniSnos, rom am masalebis umravlesobis mopoveba saqarTvelos tyis masivebidanac iyo SesaZlebeli, magram misi mopoveba-damuSaveba ar iyo organizebuli. amis gamo adgilobrivi masalis moZieba da mogroveba imden uxerxulobasTan da
dabrkolebasTan
iyo
dakavSirebuli,
rom
mewarmes
ar
uRirda
awyobili warmoeba Seferxebis safrTxis qveS daeyenebina. aRsaniSnavia, 74
rom ilia WavWavaZe aRSfoTebuli iyo im faqtiT, rom
iqve
72
saqarTvelos
tyeebi
araorganizebulobis
savse gamo
yvela zemoCamoTvlili daubrkoleblad 1890
iyo
TrimliT,
tyaveulis
masala
da
sawarmoTa
misi
Segrovebis
mesveurebs
Zvirad, magram saimedo
erCivnaT
wyaroebidan
da
ucxoeTidan SemoetanaT.
wlisTvis
adelxanovis
tyavis
fabrikis
mier
gamoSvebuli
nawarmis asortimenti sakmaod mravalferovani iyo, razec warmodgenas iZleva cxrili #2.2. cxrili #2.2
75
adelxanovis tyavis fabrikis mier gamoSvebuli nawarmi (1890w.) Nnawarmis saxeoba
raodenoba
Rirebuleba
(cali)
(man.)
tyavi (gaTrimluli)
50 000
300 000
salanCe tyavi
17 400
261 000
qeCa
13 700
137 000
uxeSi tyavi
4 300
38 700
TalaTini
2 600
5 200
sul
88 000
741 900
rogorc fabrikisTvis
cxrilidan prioritetuli
irkveva, iyo
da
gaTrimluli yvelaze
tyavis
soliduri
gamoSveba raodenobiT
swored mas uSvebdnen. misi Rirebuleba _ 300 000man. mTliani produqciis Rirebulebis (741 900 man.)
40,4%-s Seadgenda. aseve soliduri iyo salanCe
tyavis (261 000 man.) gamoSveba, romelic Seadgenda mTliani produqciis 75
Краткий очерк истории возникновения, развития и современ. положения акц. общества кожевенного и войлочного производства на Кавказе – Г.Г. Адельханова. Тифлис 1901, gv. 8-9.
73
Rirebulebis 35,2%-s. yuradRebas
ipyrobs
qeCis
warmoebis
masStabebi,
vinaidan
misi
masobrivi warmoeba, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, adelxanovma 1889 wels
daiwyo
da
erT
weliwadSi
seriozuli
masStabebic
cxrilidan TvalsaCino xdeba, rom ukve 1890 wlisTvis
SeiZina.
gamoSvebuli qeCis
Rirebuleba mTlianad gamoSvebuli produqciis Rirebulebis 18,5 %-s Seadgina. 1891 wlidan adelxanovis fabrikaSi pirvelad, tyavis gaTrimvla daiwyes
eleqtrobis
meSveobiT.1891
wels
mTlianad
Tbilisis
tyavis
qarxnebSi dasaqmebuli iyo 361 kaci, xolo maTi saerTo brunva iyo 871 550 man. aqedan adelxanovis wilad modioda 791 900 man. da muSaobda 240 kaci. mis warmoebaSi damontaJebuli
iyo sami
orTqlis manqana da
qvabi. am
wels warmoebul iqna 88 000 erTeuli tyavis nawarmi. sagulisxmoa, rom mis
mier
warmoebuli
fexsacmeli,
romelic
maRali
xarisxis
Tavisi
tyaviT
xarisxiT
mzaddeboda
adgilobriv
bazarze
konkurencias uwevda varSavis fexsacmels.76 1901 w.
TbilisSi
moewyo saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis
100
wlisTavisadmi moZRvnili �kavkasiis saiubileo gamofena.� am gamofenaze g. adelxanovis firmas gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira, rogorc kavkasiaSi kapitalisturi mrewvelobis danergvis flagmans. am gamofenidan irkveva, rom adelxanovis tyavis qarxanas 1882 w. sruliad ruseTis samrewvelo gamofenaze moskovSi mieniWa brinjaos medali. 1889w. TbilisSi sasoflosameurneo da samrewvelo gamofenaze _ oqros medali, aseve oqros medali
1890w.
finansTa
sazogadoebisagan.
1896
saministrosgan
wels
ki
oqrosa
da da
ruseTis vercxlis
teqnikuri medlebi
niJegorodis gamofenaze. amave gamofenaze xazgasmiT iyo aRniSnuli, rom adelxanovis Sedioda
qeCis,
sawarmoebSi 1500-ze meti kaci muSaobs (am raodenobaSi e.w.
Culeulis
fabrikuli
warmoebac), xolo saSualo
wliuri produqciis moculoba 2 mln. maneTs aRemateba. adelxanovis 76
rodonaia n. Tbilisis mrewveloba XIX s. meore naxevarSi. Tb. 1961.
74
safabriko-saqarxno
warmoeba
qebas
imis
gamoc
imsaxurebda,
rom
igi
iTvleboda pionerad amierkavkasiis msxvil samrewvelo sawarmoebs Soris, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT baqos navTobis qarxnebs.77 1893 wlisTvis dedaqalaqis mrewvelobaSi wamyvani adgili tyavisa da Tambaqos fabrikebs ekavaT. am dros TbilisSi tyavis dammuSavebeli 8 sawarmo arsebobda.78 XIX_XX ss. mijnaze TbilisSi arsebobda samrewvelo aqcionerTa amxanagobebi, romlebic produqciis warmoebis garda maTi gasaRebiTac iyvnen dakavebulebi. 1897 wels Camoyalibda `tyavisa da qeCis warmoebis kavkasiis saaqcio sazogadoeba�, romelic adelxanovis sawarmoTa bazaze iyo
Seqmnili
da
wliurad
2
083
760
man.
produqcias
uSvebda.
am
droisaTvis misi ZiriTadi kapitali 1,5 mln. maneTs Seadgenda, xolo saaqcio sazogadoebis wminda mogebam arasruli cnobebiT 1901 w. _ 152 170 man., xolo 1915 w. _ 171 743 man. Seadgina.79 aRniSnul periodSi saaqcio sazogadoeba samxedro uwyebasa da amierkavkasiis saxazino rkinigzas didi raodenobiT awodebda farajebs, bluza-Sarvlebs, sxvadasxva saxis Tbili nabdis fexsacmels, qudebs, yabalaxebs, riTac jari da rkinigzis momsaxure personali imoseboda. bazarze gadioda amave sazogadoebis mier damzadebuli qalis paltoebi, xaliCebi, nabdebi da sxva. garda amisa, mas gaaCnda sasirajo, unagirebis, Cemodnebis da samgzavro nivTebis mwarmoebeli saamqroebic.80 adelxanovi garda imisa, rom daaarsa msxvili tyavis warmoeba,
iyo
aseve `saurTierTo kreditis sazogadoebis� Tavmjdomare. saqarTveloSi
safabriko-saqarxno
warmoebis
ganviTarebis
saTaveebTan, garda adelxanovis warmoebisa, saintereso Zvrebi SeiniSneba safeiqro
warmoebaSic.
miuxedavad
im
dabrkolebebisa,
metropolia uqmnida Tavis daqvemdebarebul qveynebs
77 78 79
iqve. saq. csia, f.17. aR.1. saq. 3574, furc. 32
WGBF CCCH, a 22 jg 4 c 89 c 429 a 23 jg 28 c 963
80
sscia, f. 271, anaw. 1, saq. 2
75
romelsac
(amis dasturad
gamodgeba Tundac kastelas mier fabrikis daarsebasTan dakavSirebuli peripetiebi), am dargSi mainc eyreba safuZveli safabriko wamowyebas. ruseTis
kvlavindeburad
koloniuri
diqtati
sust
ekonomikas
daemyarebina
Tavis
Zala
ar
uzarmazar
Seswevda
sruli
imperiaze,
amisi
mcdelobac ki mas metad Zviri ujdeboda. am
sferoSi
mizanSewonilad
amgvari
cno
viTareba
evropidan
iyo:
ruseTis
saqarTveloSi
saxelmwifo
Semotanil
sabWom
narmasa
da
saerTod, bambis qsovilebze dawesebuli baJi gaezarda. 1868 wlidan girvanqa evropul ubralo bambis qsovilze aTkapikiani tarifis nacvlad daawesa 15 kapiki, rac am qsovilebis Rirebulebis 18%-s Seadgenda. am garemoebam
seriozulad Seaferxa evropis qveynebidan bambis qsovilebis
Semotana. bambeulis
yvelaze
msxvili
sarTavi
da
saqsovi
fabrika
saqarTveloSi, romelic wminda kapitalistur sawyisebze aRmocenda, iyo Tbiliseli vaWris _ g. mirzoevis mier 1870 wels gaxsnili fabrika. fabrikis
daarsebamde
qsovilebiT
vaWrobda,
is
xangrZlivi Sedegad
drois
sakmaod
daagrova, romlis meSveobiTac man SeZlo
ganmavlobaSi
msxvili
bambeulis
fuladi
kapitali
bambeulis sarTavi da saqsovi
warmoeba moewyo. mirzoevma Tavisi savaWro kapitalis udidesi nawili samrewvelo kapitalad aqcia. mirzoevma 1868 wels manam, sanam saqarTveloSi yvelaze msxvil bambeulis sarTav-saqsov fabrikas Seqmnida, mtkvris sanapiroze matylis sarecxi
msxvili
sarewi
moawyo.
matylis
sarecxis
mowyobamde,
adgilobriv vaWrebs gasayidad ucxoeTSi gaurecxavi matyli gahqondaT da
imis
gamo,
rom
matyli
am
saxiT
naklebs
fasobda,
zaralsac
naxulobdnen. am pirobebSi mirzoevis iniciativa momgebiani aRmoCnda, radgan gasufTavebuli matyli bazarze sarfianad gaiyida. mirzoevma matylis sarecx sarewSi daamontaJa
wyalsaqaCi mowyobiloba, romliTac
mtkvridan wyali iqaCeboda da sarews wyliT uzrunvelyofda. mirzoevis
mier
1870
wels
gaixsna 76
fabrika,
romelic
wminda
kapitalistur sawyisebze iyo aRmocenebuli. mewarmem
manqana-danadgarebi
inglisidan gamoiwera. imis gamo, rom adgilobriv muSaxels am manqanadanadgarebis
asamoqmedeblad
da
sameTvalyureod
kvalifikacia
ar
hyofnida, mewarmem warmoebis specialistebic inglisidan moiwvia. fabrika Sedgeboda ori ZiriTadi _ sarTavi da saqsovi saamqrosgan. aq upiratesad qsovdnen mitkals, aseve rifss, fanels, tilos. 1870 wels, muSaobis
dawyebis
pirvelsave
TveebSi,
am
fabrikaSi
400-mde
muSa
iTvleboda, xolo 1871 wels aq ukve 450 kaci muSaobda.81 1872 wlisTvis es raodenoba 500 kacamde gaizarda.82 mirzoevis fabrikaSi mowveulma ingliselebma, romlebic kargad erkveodnen fabrikis manqana_danadgarebTan muSaobis specifikaSi, sakmaod maRali
anazRaureba
moiTxoves.
mirzoevma
CaTvala,
rom
Tanxebi,
romelsac is ingliselebs uxdida, mZime tvirTad awveboda mis warmoebas da
am
mizeziT
man
ingliselebTan
kavSiri
TandaTan
gawyvita.
1872
wlisTvis warmoebas mxolod xuTi ingliseli SemorCa. ucxoeli specialistebis simciresTan miuxedavad,
mirzoevis
fabrika
sakmaod
dakavSirebuli problemebis warmatebuli
da
masStaburi
warmoeba iyo da bunebrivia, im drois Tbilisis periodul gamocemaTa yuradRebas
ipyrobda.
’’droeba”. 1871-1872
gansakuTrebiT
wlebSi
moRvaweebma _ n. nikolaZem
cnobilma da
dainteresebuli publicistebma
iyo da
gazeTi
sazogado
p. umikaSvilma araerTi statia miuZRvnes
am fabrikas da miuxedavad imisa, rom igi piradad ar hqondaT nanaxi, iq momuSaveebTan
gasaubrebaze
aZlevdnen.
maRali
am
dayrdnobiT
Sefasebis
sakmaod
miuxedavad,
maRal
orive
Sefasebas
avtori
yvela
statiaSi ukmayofilebas ver faravs imis gamo, rom fabrikis muSaoba gareSe pirTaTvis sruliad dafaruli iyo, anu ucxo pirebi miuxedavad maTi
socialuri
daiSvebodnen.
da
Tavad
sazogadoebrivi
statusisa,
fabrikaSi
ar
mirzoevi
oficialur
mizezad
imas
amis
81
n.nikolaZe _ mirzoevis mitklis saqsovi fabrika TbilisSi. gaz.”droeba”, #24, 1872 st. guliSambarovi _ zogierTi ram Cvens ekonomikur mdgomareobazed. gaz. “droeba” #24, 1872. 82
77
asaxelebda, rom damTvaliereblebi fabrikaSi arsebuli siviwrovis gamo muSebs muSaobaSi xels SeuSlidnen. n. nikolaZe am akrZalvas paradoqsad miiCnevda,
radgan
mewarme
amgvari
qmedebiT
sakuTari
warmoebis
reklamirebis Sanss uSvebda xelidan.83 p. umikaSvilis xelT arsebuli aseve arapirdapiri informaciiT, fabrikis amuSavebis pirvel etapze aq 400 kacamde muSaobda, xolo 1872 wlisTvis momuSaveTa raodenoba 800 kacamde gazrdila. es raodenoba zemoT moyvanil cifrs bevrad aRemateba. misive informaciiT, muSebi sakmao
siviwroveSi
muSaobdnen.
maTi
Sromis
anazRaureba
xdeboda
gamomuSavebis mixedviT kviraSi 2-dan 10 maneTamde, anu imis mixedviT, Tu ramden Tof qsovils, an ramden girvanqa qsels (narTs) gamouSvebdnen.84 mirzoevma scada, rom muSebisTvis fiqsirebuli jamagiri daeniSna, magram anazRaurebis am meTodma ar gaamarTla. muSebma dakarges ra gaweuli Sromis mixedviT meti jamagiris miRebis stimuli, naklebad efeqturad
Sromobdnen.
amis
gamo,
fabrikanti
kvlav
daubrunda
gamomuSavebis mixedviT anazRaurebis sistemas. fabrikaSi mzaddeboda umaRlesi xarisxis qsovili, e.w. “amerika”, romelic nawarms
saukeTeso Soris.
iyo
adgilobriv
miuxedavad
imisa,
bazarze
rom
arsebul
kardakar
analogiur
mosiarule
xelze
movaWreebi aqtiurad avrcelebdnen xmas misi uxarisxobis Sesaxeb, mainc yvelaze
ukeT
saRdeboda,
Tanac
sakmaod
solidur
fasad.
“amerika”
iyideboda ara zomiT, aramed Tofebad, girvanqobiT. erTi girvanqis fasi iyo _ 3 abazi.85 fabrikis midioda, muSebTan
sawarmoo
magram
saqmianoba
mogvianebiT,
urTierTobis
Tavdapirvelad
sabrunavi
gamwvavebis
kapitalis gamo
sakmaod
kargad
naklebobisa
warmoeba
da
sakmaod
arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi Cavarda. gaz. “droebis” informaciiT, aq
83
n. nikolaZe _ mirzoevis mitklis saqsovi fabrika TbilisSi. gaz. “droeba” # 48, 1871. p. umikaSvili _ ramdenime sityva mirzoevis fabrikazed _ gaz. “droeba” #3 1872 * p. umikaSvili _ ramdenime sityva mirzoevis fabrikazed. gaz. “droeba” #3, 1872 85 iqve 84
78
saukeTeso muSebs kviraSi 7_8 maneTze mets ar uxdidnen. qalTa Sroma ki am
fabrikaSi,
rogorc
sazogadod
fabrikis patrons ki rasakvirvelia, qalebisa da mcirewlovanebis
yvelgan,
Zlier
iafad
fasobda.
xels aZlevda dabalanazRaurebadi
daqiraveba. muSebs dReSi 12 saaTze mets
amuSavebdnen da amisaTvis qalebs mxolod erTi abazi dRiuri qira eZleodaT.
zemoxsenebuli
“fabrikis
patronma
gazeTis
kargad
korespodenciis
icis,
rom
qals
avtori
TiTqmis
aRniSnavs:
yoveli
gza
sacxovrebeli saSualebis mopovebisa mospobili aqvs da Zala-uneburaT nakleb fasad unda imuSaos, vidre kacma. is sargeblobs qalis am gvari mdgomareobiTa da mxolod imdens aZlevs, ramdenic lukma purisaTvis Zlivs
hyofnis.
amis
gamo
agreTve
muSa-kacis
qirac
Tan
da
Tan
hklebulobs. erTis sityviT, am Cvens axals fabrikaze sworeT imnairaT midis muSa xalxis saqme, rogorc im qveynebSi (mag. inglisSi, safrangeTSi da sxv.), sadac sxva da sxva
warmoeba Zlier gavrcelebulia. gansxvaveba
is aris, rom am garemoebas jer CvenSi imdeni vneba ar moaqvs, ramdenic zemoxsenebul qveynebSi, radgan CvenSi erTis mxriT fabrikebi da qarxnebi naklebad
aris,
da
meores
mxriT,
arc
imdeni
umiwawylo
xalxi
ar
moipoveba.”86 gazeTi “droeba”
sakmaod did yuradRebas aqcevda ekonomikuri
sakiTxebis mimoxilvas. misi yuradReba miipyro
mirzoevis fabrikaSi
momxdarma gaficvamac da iq arsebuli problemebi misi ganxilvisa da ganzogadebis sagnad iqca. metic, mis furclebze gamoqveynebul masalebSi Sromasa
da
msjelobisas
kapitals
Soris
dasavluri
arsebuli
ekonomikuri
urTierTobis
Teoriebis
gamwvavebaze
gavlena
igrZnoba.
“droeba” wers: “sapolitiko ekonomiis mecnierebaSi naTlad damtkicebul WeSmaritebad
iTvleba
is
azri,
rom
muSa-kacis
dRiuri
qira
arc
matulobs da arc klebulobs. kacobriobis cxovreba imnairaTaa axla gamarTuli, rom muSa xalxs sazogadoT TiTqmis imdeni dRiuri qira eZlevaT,
Tavisi
SromisaTvis,
ramdenic
86
imis
aucilebeli
saWiroebis
st. guliSambarovi _ zogierTi ram Cvens ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. “droeba”, 1872, # 24.
79
dasakmayofileblad
saWiroa”.87
garda
amisa,
statiaSi
grZeldeba
ekonomikaze Teoriuli msjeloba: “cxadia, rom muSa-xalxi yovelTvis im qveyanaSi midis samuSaod, sadac misi Sroma ukeT iqneba dasaCuqrebuli, e.i. sadac imas momatebuli qiris aReba da ukeT cxovreba SeeZleba……. . . gaCndeba
is
socialuri
seni,
romelsac
“konkurencias”
eZaxian,
e.i.
Seiqmneba qiSpoba. fabrikanti an mamulis patroni mxolod im muSebs daiqiravebs, romelnic dReSi, TxuTmeti Sauris magivrad aT SauraT imuSaveben. muSebma, rasakvirvelia, Tu sul ulukma _ puroT ar undaT darCena, uTuod unda dauklon qiras.”88 mTeli es msjelobani gazeTis furclebze
mirzoevis
fabrikaSi
arsebuli
gamwvavebuli
viTarebis
gasaanalizeblad gaxda saWiro. 70-iani wlebis meore naxevridan fabrikantma is oriode ingliseli teqnikosic daiTxova, romlebic masTan jer kidev muSaobdnen. finansuri viTarebis gamwvavebas periodulad Tan erTvoda teqnikis mwyobridan gamosvla, adgilobrivi muSebis sawarmoo travmebi, romlebic zogjer tragikuladac
sruldeboda.
es
ZiriTadad
gamowveuli
iyo
manqana-
danadgarebTan muSaobis specifikis gauTvaliswineblobiT, ucodinarobiT da
usafrTxoebis
normebis
daucvelobiT.
fabrikam
TandaTan
SeferxebebiT iwyo muSaoba. es Seferxebebi ufro da ufro xangrZlivi xdeboda. mirzoevi uunaro muSaobis Sedegad produqciis TviTRirebuleba izrdeboda, gaZvirebuli nawarmis gaiafebas ki mewarme muSaTa xelfasebis SemcirebiT
cdilobda,
rac
muSebis
mxridan
did
winaaRmdegobas
awydeboda. warmoqmnili problemebis mougvareblobis gamo 1880 wels igi iZulebuli gaxda samrewvelo sawarmo 6 wlis vadiT ijariT gadaeca frangi riSarisTvis. riSari safeiqro saqmis specialisti iyo. safrangeTidan Camoitana axali manqana-danadgarebi, warmoeba daakompleqta kvalificiuri muSebiT da
fabrika
dakveTebisa 87 88
warmatebiT da
aamuSava.
rentabelobis
riSarma
fabrikisTvis
uzrunvelsayofad
“droeba”, 1871 #22 iqve
80
stabiluri
kavkasiis
armiis
administraciasTan gaformebas
mitklis
miaRwia.
armia
miwodebaze manamde
saijaro
ruseTis
xelSekrulebis
safeiqro
fabrikebidan
maragdeboda. 80-iani wlebis pirveli naxevris miwuruls fabrikis teqnikuri baza amgvarad
gamoiyureboda:
3
c.
80
cxenisZaliani
orTqlis
manqana,
4
orTqlis qvabi, 11 000 TiTistari, 300 saqsovi dazga. fabrika maragdeboda mxolod
kavkasiis
(erevnis)
bambis
nedleulze.
amgvari
teqnikuri
aRWurvis pirobebSi weliwadSi gadaamuSavebda 25-30 aTas fuT bambas da uSvebda mxolod mitkals. am wlebSi fabrikis produqciis saSualo wliuri
Rirebuleba
0,5
mln.
aRwevda.89
maneTs
fabrikaSi
zogierTi feiqari ise iyo daostatebuli, rom zogjer
momuSave
erTdroulad or
da met dazgazec axerxebda muSaobas. aq 300 safeiqro dazgaze 140 feiqari muSaobda.
samuSao
dro
dilis
7
saaTidan
saRamos
8
saaTamde
grZeldeboda, SuadRis SesvenebiT.90 1880 wels Tbilisis guberniaSi fabrika-qarxnebis raodenobam 722-s miaRwia.
maTi
wliuri
brunva
iyo
6 361 733
maneTi,
es
wina
wlis
analogiur maCvenebels 3 275 617 maneTiT aRemateboda. fabrika-qarxnebis raodenoba Sesabamis periodSi 8 erTeuliT, xolo muSaTa raodenoba 6 798 kaciT gaizarda.91 fabrika-qarxnebis maneTze
metiT)
warmoebis
upiratesad
imis
aseTi Sedegi
mniSvnelovani zrda iyo,
rom
riSaris
(3 mln. meoxebiT
ganaxlda mirzoevis kuTvnili fabrika. sawarmo imdenad warmatebuli gaxda, rom Tbilisis da ara marto Tbilisis ekonomikaSi wamyvani adgili daikava. Tbilisis gubernatori Tavis moxsenebaSi aRniSnuli periodis sawarmoebs Soris sagangebod gamoyofda am fabrikas, xolo sxva sakmaod mozrdil sawarmoebs is Tavis moxsenebaSi axasiaTebs, rogorc “sxva danarCens”: “. . . За тем из числа прочих действующих фабрик обращают на себя внимание 21 табачная фабрика, обороты которых простираются до 1 214 335 руб. 89
Ст. Гупишамбаров _ ОФЗТ губернии,gv.. 85,86,87,88. Тифлис 1892. iqve, gv.87 91 saq. csia, f 17, AaR. 1, saq. 9004, furc. 2 90
81
9 пилных заводов _ 350 000 руб., и 2 шёлкомотальных фабрики, сработавщих год на 20 400 руб. Остальные затем фабрики и заводы не обращают своею деятельностью осового внимания.”92 ijaris
vadis
gasvlis
Semdeg
(1886w.)
fabrikis
mesakuTrem
_
mirzoevma aRar ganaaxla riSarTan xelSekruleba da gadawyvita, rom riSaris
mier
gaZRoloda. muSebTan,
gamococxlebul Tavdapirvelad
magram
Sromisa
warmoebas
man da
kvlav
molaparakeba
anazRaurebis
sakuTari
daiwyo
pirobebze
ZalebiT
adgilobriv ver
miaRwia
SeTanxmebas, ris gamoc iZulebuli gaxda q. loZidan (poloneTi) moewvia gamocdili germaneli feiqrebis 30 ojaxi (sul 94 kaci). TbilisSi maTi Camosvlis
Semdeg
gairkva,
rom
mirzoevis
agents maTTvis muSaobis
pirobebis Sesaxeb mcdari informacia miuwodebia. Tuki isini loZSi kviraSi xelfasis saxiT 7-8 maneTs Rebulobdnen, mirzoevma maT kviraSi 1 maneTamde
anazRaureba
SesTavaza.93
muSebi
friad
savalalo
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom Ria cis qveS darCenil muSebs ukan dasaxevi gza aRar hqondaT, mirzoevma mainc ver daiTanxma Tavis pirobebze da amrigad, es mcdelobac marcxiT damTavrda. mirzoevis warmoebas arc iman uSvela, rom warmoebaSi damatebiT 75 000 man. investireba ganaxorciela. igi male iZulebuli gaxda, rom fabrika, romelic 800 000 maneTze meti daujda, 210 000 maneTad Tavisi kreditoris _ i. CiTaxovisTvis mieyida, romelic adgilobrivi bankiri iyo da msxvili fuladi kapitalic gaaCnda. man fabrika iseT fasad Caigdo
xelSi,
romelic
odnav
Tu
aRemateboda
misi
faqtiuri
Rirebulebis meoTxeds. axalma flobda muSebTan
mflobelma
_
CiTaxovma,
Tavisufal
kapitals,
Tanxmobas
miaRwia,
romelic
warmoeba droulad
92
sakmao
mniSvnelovnad iZenda
raodenobiT gaafarToa,
nedleuls
da
saq. csia, f 17, aR. 1, saq. 640, furc. 20 guguSvili p. kap. warmoSoba da ganviTareba saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi, Tb. 1941, gv.363 93
82
daubrkoleblad amaragebda fabrikas, ris Sedegadac es fabrika
kvlav
amoqmedda. igi amuSavda amierkavkasiis (erevnis) adgilobrivi nedleulis bazaze. CiTaxovis xelSi bambis saqsov-sarTavi
fabrika
kvlav momgebiani
gaxda da warmatebiT iwyo ganviTareba, warmoebis moculoba imdenad izrdeboda, rom fabrika Zlivs audioda moZalebul SekveTebs. bambis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmo erTaderTi iyo amierkavkasiaSi da warmoebuli produqcia mTel amierkavkasiaSi saRdeboda. fabrikis mier gamoSvebuli wliuri produqciis moculoba da masSi momuSaveTa
raodenoba
or
aTeul
welze
meti
xnis
ganmavlobaSi
cvalebadi iyo, anu ganuxrelad ar progresirebda. 1874-1898 wlebSi am maCveneblebis Sesaxeb warmodgenas iZleva
cxrili #2.3 .
aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom cxrilSi mocemuli gasaanalizebeli wlebi raime kanonzomierebiT ar aris aRebuli, aramed mxolod im wlebis maCveneblebia
mocemuli,
romlis
mopovebac
gaxda
SesaZlebeli.
cxrilis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, 1874 wlisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom inglisidan mowveuli kvalificiuri muSebis umravlesoba mirzoevs ukve gaSvebuli hyavda, garda amisa, adgilobriv muSebTanac periodulad umwvavdeboda urTierTobebi, gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenoba mainc sakmaod solidurad (500 000 man.) gamoiyureba, aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom muSaTa raodenobac fabrikis amoqmedebis pirvel wlebTan SedarebiT sakmaod gaizarda, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, warmoebis amoqmedebisas _ 1870
wels iq
momuSaveTa
400
raodenoba.
kacamde 600
muSaobda, 1973 da 1874 wlebisTvis ki
kacamde
gaizarda.
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
rom
mirzoevis fabrika sakmaod warmatebiT muSaobda. interess
iwvevs
1875
weli,
rodesac
muSaxelis
pirobebSi 1 000 000 maneTis produqciis gamoSvebaa naxtomis
ganmapirobebeli
mizezebi
statistikuri monacemebi safuZvlian
ki
sruliad
Semcirebis
dafiqsirebuli. aseTi ucnobia.
am
eWvs badebs imitom, rom arsebul
masalebSi arsad Cans arc msxvili investirebis kvali, rac fabrikis
83
wlis
cxrili #2.3
94
mirzoevis mitklis fabrikis mier warmoebuli produqcia (1871-1898ww.) gamoSvebuli
muSaTa
produqcia (man.)
raodenoba
1871
500 000
500
1872
400 000
500
1873
500 000
600
1874
500 000
600
1875
1 000 000
500
1876
508 000
680
1884
1 200 000
415
1891
350 000
404
1896
560 000
395
1897
560 000
440
1898
530 000
460
wlebi
gadaiaraRebas
uzrunvelyofda
gamoTavisufleba dakveTa, 94
rac
gaxdeboda
SesaZlebels
da
amis
SesaZlebeli, gaxdida
safuZvelze arc
mokle
raime
muSaxelis
saxis
periodSi
msxvili
gamoSvebuli
Ст. Гулишамбаров _ ОФЗ по ЗК, Т. 1992; rodonaia n. Tbilisis mrewveloba XIX s. meore
naxevarSi, Tb.1961.
84
produqciis
raodenoba
gaeormagebina.
amasTan,
momdevno
wels
aseTi
naxtomis kvalic ki arsad Cans. mirzoevis warmatebebs sakmaod auferulebs 1884 wlis maCveneblebi, igulisxmeba periodi, rodesac fabrikis meijare mflobelma _ riSarma muSaTa SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT rekordulad didi odenobis _ 200 000 maneTis
1
produqcia gamouSva. es man absoluturad sworad
ganxorcielebuli menejmentis meSveobiT SeZlo, kerZod: 1. warmoebis gadaiaraReba teqnikuri siaxleebis mixedviT; SerCeva da
2. kvalificiuri muSebis
3. kavkasiis armiis administraciasTan dadebuli kontraqti,
romlis saxiTac moipova regularuli damkveTi da warmoebuli mitklis mudmivi momxmarebeli. 1884
wlis
Semdgom
periodSi,
wlidan (monacemebi 1884-1891 wlamde aRar moipoveba), mesakuTrem
_
mirzoevma
gadawyvita
sakuTari
aRar
ZalebiT
ganaaxla
savaraudod
rodesac fabrikis
xelSekruleba
gaZRoloda
1886
fabrikas,
riSarTan
kvlav
da
Semcirda
gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenoba 1884 wlis 1 200 000 maneTidan 1891 wlis 350 000 maneTamde muSebis TiTqmis igive raodenobis pirobebSi. momdevno wlebis mixedviT (rodesac gamouCnda
CiTaxovis
fabrikas
axali
patroni
saxiT), SedarebiT warmatebulad gamoiyureba 1896
weli. am wels fabrikam
560 000 man. produqciis gamoSveba SeZlo 395
muSis pirobebSi, rasac ver vityviT momdevno or welze, am periodSi cxadi
xdeba
Sromis
nayofierebis
vardna.
bolo
or
weliwadSi
momuSaveTa raodenobis damatebiT 45-65 kacamde gazrdis miuxedavad, CiTaxovma ara Tu veRar SeZlo gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenobis gazrda, aramed 1898 wlisTvis 30 000 maneTiT Seamcira kidec. am periodSi fabrikis nawarmi mTel amierkavkasiaSi saRdeboda. narTi
iyideboda
gorglebad,
romlis
fasi
iyo
23
maneTi.
pirveli
xarisxis bamba Rirda 9 man. da 50 kap., meore xarisxis _ 8 man., xolo mitkali (biazi), warmoebis ZiriTadi sagani _ arSini 10,5 maneTidan 21,5 maneTamde, siganis mixedviT. 15 goji siganis mitkali iyideboda 10,25 maneTad; 16 goji _ 11,5 man; 18 goji _ 12,5 man; 20 goji _ 13,5 man; 22 goji 85
_ 15,5 man; 24 goji _ 17,5 man; 26 goji _ 19,5 man; 28 goji _ 20,5 man, xolo 30 goji _ 21,5 maneTad. saukeTeso xarisxis arSini mitkali 1 kapikiT Zvirad iyideboda.95 XX s. damdegidan safeiqro fabrikuli
TbilisSi bambis sarTavi da saqsovi da zogadad warmoeba karga xnis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis Sewyda.
1900 wlisTvis TbilisSi arsebobda ori Zafsaxvevi sawarmo, romelTa wliuri brunva iyo 16 000 man., xolo dasaqmebuli iyo 9 kaci.96 igi konkurencias ver uwevda ruseTidan Semotanil saqonels. mogvianebiT Zmebma mahmudbegovebma aamuSaves TbilisSi bambis saqsovi SedarebiT mcire zomis fabrika, romelic I msoflio omamde muSaobda. axali
dargebidan
romlebmac roli
(rogorc
kapitalisturi
iTamaSes,
yvelaze
soflis
meurneobis,
mewarmeobis ufro
aseve
ganviTarebaSi
gavrcelebuli
da
meurneobis mrewvelobis), mniSvnelovani
xelisufalTagan
xelSewyobili iyo meTambaqoeoba. meTambaqoeobas saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi me-19 s. meore naxevridan erT-erTi wamyvani adgili eWira, 80iani wlebisTvis ki iseT maRal safexurs miaRwia, rom maTma didma nawilma sasaqonlo saxe miiRo. pirobebSi mxolod
Tambaqos me-19
s.
moyvanas
40-iani
feodalur saqarTveloSi
wlebidan
_
batonymuri yuradReba
mTavrobam,
ar
romelic
sistemis eqceoda, ZiriTadad
metropoliis Tambaqos fabrikebisaTvis saWiro iaffasiani nedleulis miwodebiT
iyo
dainteresebuli,
gadadga
praqtikuli
nabijebi
am
kulturis ganviTarebisTvis. soflis meurneobis departamentma 1845-1846 wlebSi aSS-Si Tambaqos saukeTeso jiSebi SeiZina da saqarTveloSi gamoagzavna.97 am faqtTan dakavSirebiT 1845 wlis 12 seqtembers quTaisis mazris ufrosi deistvitelni statski sovetniks _ safonovs werda:
“Прислания
вами семена табаков: Виргинского, Мериландского, Кентукского, и Албанского розданы для посева жителям Вакинского, Кутайсского и Сабекского участков. Всходы и 95 96 97
Гулишщамбаров Ст. _ ОФЗТ губернии, Тифлис 1892. C,jhybr Cnfn Cdtltybb gj Pfr rhf. Xfcnm I N 1902 c 236
saq. csia, f. 4, aR. 5, saq. 2, furc. 1.
86
произрастание означенных табаков, по сведе означенных табаков, по сведениям, мною полученным в настоящее время довольно удовлетворительный, и если погода будет благоприятствовать, то можно надеятся на хороший урожай.” 98 am sagulisxmo cnobaSi savaraudoa, rom Tambaqos Tesli, romelic aSS-is
samxreTis
Statebidan
Semoitanes,
albaneTi
SecdomiTaa
moxseniebuli, vinaidan evropis am qveyanaSi, romelic mocemul periodSi saxelmwifod arc ki iyo formirebuli, meTambaqoeoba ar arsebobda. unda vivaraudoT, rom albaneTis nacvlad aSS-is samxreT-aRmosavleTi Stati _alabama igulisxmeba, sadac sxvadasxva jiSis Tambaqo mohyavdaT. wlisTvis
mTavrobam
Tambaqos
Tesli
ukve
da
sakuTari
aseve
saxsrebiT
Tambaqos
gamoiwera
warmoebis
1854
amerikidan
specialistebi.
es
specialistebi da saTesle masala daigzavna ZiriTadad samegreloSi, imereTsa
da
guberniaSi.99
Tbilisis
xelisuflebis
mxridan
esodeni
zrunva aSkarad metyvelebs imaze, rom maTTvis didad mniSvnelovani iyo imperiis
ganapira
sawarmoebi,
an
mxareebSi
SeeqmnaT
mowyobiliyo
sanedleulo
baza
Tambaqos imperiis
dammuSavebeli fabrikebisaTvis
maTTvis xelsayreli pirobebiT. ruseTi gamosavals eZebda Tavi daeRwia im
didi
finansuri
xarjebisaTvis,
rac
sazRvargareTidan
Tambaqos
imports sWirdeboda. saqarTveloSi Tambaqos saxelosnoebis warmoSoba ufro adreul _ XIXs-is pirvel naxevarSic fiqsirdeba.
mag. istorikosi z. WiWinaZe
aRniSnavs, rom TbilisSi mravlad iyo Tambaqos savaWroebi da misi qarvaslac ki arsebobda.100 saqarTveloSi Tambaqos kulturis gaSenebas xeli
mohkides
burJuaziuli
meurneobebis
pionerebma:
solomon
gurgeniZem, dimitri afxazma, solomon andronikaSvilma, niko CijavaZem da
sxvebma. mogvianebiT,
Turquli
Tambaqos
andronikaSvilma 98 99
garda
amerikuli
moyvanasac.
kaxeTSi,
mag.
sofel
1860-ian
bakurcixesTan
Акты, т. Х, gv. 160. «Кавказ», 1854, № 17, стр. 66
100
Tambaqosi,
saq. csia, f. 240, aR. 1, saq. 1291, furc. 1_5.
87
xeli
mohkides
wlebSi
Tavadma
gaaSena
Tambaqos
plantacia. am meurneobaSi pirvelad scades Turquli Tambaqos moyvana. man kontraqtiT moiwvia erTi ostati da ori muSa. Turqi ostatis gancxadebiT ki moyvanili Tambaqo imdenad kargi xarisxis iyo, rom arafriT Camouvardeboda Turquls.101 1859 wels Tbilisis guberniaSi miiRes 11 772 fuTi, xolo gayides 7 944
fuTi Tambaqo.
am
droisaTvis
Tbilisis guberniaSi
Tambaqos
moyvaniT dakavebuli iyo 1 600-ze meti kaci.102 aRsaniSnavia, rom Tambaqo Znelad
mosavleli,
Sromatevadi
kulturaa
da
misi
damzadebis
teqnologia muSebis daspecialebas moiTxovda. amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom me-19 s. 80-90-ian wlebamdec ki samrewvelo plantaciebSi mowveuli specialistebi
muSaobdnen
_
ZiriTadad
Turqebi,
an
muSaobdnen
adgilobrivi muSebi specialistTa zedamxedvelobiT. meTambaqoeobis politikuri
ganviTarebisTvis
garemoeba,
aseve
mniSvnelovani
ekonomikuri
iyo
politikac.
rogorc magaliTad:
importirebul Tambaqoze sabaJo gadasaxadi iyo 25 kapiki, xolo 1872 wlidan mTavrobam es gadasaxadi 2 maneTamde gazarda.103 1877 wlisTvis ki 1 fuT importirebul Tambaqoze dawesda sabaJo gadasaxadi 14 maneTis (oqroTi)
odenobiT.
garda
amisa,
daiwyo
omi
TurqeTTan,
ramac
mefabrikeebs sazRvargareTidan Tambaqos Semotanis gza mouWra. zemoaRniSnuli faqtorebi xels uwyobda samrewvelo plantaciebis gamravlebas. zogierTma mefabrikem Tavad mihyo xeli sakuTari Tambaqos plantaciebis
gaSenebas.
magaliTad,
Tbiliselma
erT-erTma
msxvilma
mefabrikem _ a. enfianjiancma samsunidan (TurqeTi) moiwvia gamocdili specialistebi da xeli mohkida Tambaqos plantaciebis gaSenebas. ukve 1873
wlidan enfianjianci fabrikaSi
sakuTar
plantaciebSi
moyvanil
Tambaqos amuSavebda. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavdapirvelad fuTi Tambaqos
damzadeba
Semotanilze
Zviri
jdeboda,
vinaidan
ostatebi did gasamrjelos Txoulobdnen. 101 102 103
ЦГИАЛ. Ф. 225, д. 1479, л. 66-69. ”Кавказ”, 1875, # 116, gv. 1.
z. WiWinaZe, mrewveloba, vaWroba-xelosnoba saqarTveloSi, Tb.1909,gv. 23
88
mowveuli
80-ian wlebSi adgilobriv Tambaqoze moTxovna gaizarda ara marto saqarTveloSi,
aramed
mis
farglebs
gareTac.
1884
wels
Tbilisis
guberniidan adgilobrivi Tambaqo ruseTis imperiis Sida guberniebSic gaitanes.104 1887w. ki saqarTvelodan saukeTeso jiSis Tambaqo sazRvargareT gaitanes. TbilisSi
ukve
105
Tambaqos
gadamamuSavebeli
fabrikebi
XIX
s.
50-ian
wlebSi Cndeba. am periodis Tambaqos dammuSavebel sawarmoebs Soris yuradRebas iqcevs ambarcum da beniamin enfianjiancebis fabrikebi. a. enfianjiancs sakmaod kargad hqonia awyobili warmoeba da mwvavedac reagirebda arajansaR konkurenciaze. 1859 w. 22 oqtombriT daTariRebul werilSi igi mimarTavs mefisnacvlis mTavari sammarTvelos ufross kruzenSterns: “8 wlis winaT TbilisSi gavxseni Tambaqosa da papirosis fabrika, me mudam vcdilobdi Cemi nawarmisaTvis saukeTeso xarisxi da zomieri fasebi SemenarCunebina. TurqeTis kompaniis drosac ki, roca Tambaqos fasi 2-3-jer gaizarda, me imave fasebSi vyiddi, rogorc manamde. amiT SevZeli kavkasiis da amierkavkasiis publikis gamovigone cnobili
Cemi gaxda
nawarmisTvis
sxvadasxva
amierkavkasiasa
da
ndobis mopoveba. me
iarliyi,
kavkasiaSi,
romelic
rogorc
male
niSani
Cemi
nawarmis saukeTeso xarisxisa. axla Cemma Zmam _ beniaminma, romelic sxvasTanaa kompaniaSi, gadaiRo Cemi iarliyebi da zed TavisTan erTad Cemi saxelic miawera, rac yovlad dauSvebelia.”106 1863 wlisTvis TbilisSi 7 Tambaqos fabrika muSaobda, romelic 21 000 maneTis produqcias uSvebda.107 1864 wels Tambaqos 8 fabrika uSvebda 24 000 maneTis,108 xolo 1865 wels Tambaqos 10 fabrika uSvebda 30 000
maneTis
produqcias.109
aqve
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
60-ian
wlebSi
Tambaqos fabrikebis Sesaxeb sruli informacia ar moipoveba, rac am
104
ЦГИАЛ Ф. 1263, Oп . I, д. 4525, лист.30. “Kавказский Kалендарь”, 1887. ст.. 187. 106 xelnawerTa institutis fondi, R- S 2513_16. 107 ЦГИАЛ, ф. 1268, Oп.10,д. 137, л. 64. 105
108 109
saq. csia, f. 414, aR. I, saq. 10, furc. 237. ЦГИАЛ, ф. 1268, Oп. 11, д. 142,л. 70.
89
periodis
Tanamimdevrul
ganxilvas
xels
uSlis.
arsebobs
agreTve
gubernatorTa angariSebis uwyebani, sadac mocemulia cnobebi safabrikosaqarxno mrewvelobis Sesaxeb da aqac Tambaqos fabrikebi iSviaTad moixsenieba.110 1871
wels
TbilisSi
arsebobda
Tambaqos
29
fabrika,
sadac
iyo 210 kaci da uSvebda 51 000 maneTis produqcias.111
dasaqmebuli
am
fabrikebis mier gamoSvebuli mza produqcia ZiriTadad saqarTveloSi da aseve amierkavkasiis sxvadasxva guberniebSi saRdeboda. 1871 saaqcizo
wels
xelisuflebis
sistemis
SemoRebis
gadawyvetilebiT
proeqtze.
amave
daiwyo
wlis
13
muSaoba Tebervals
imperatorma daamtkica axali reformis proeqti, amave TveSi Seiqmna amierkavkasiis saaqcizo sammarTvelo da eqvsi saaqcizo sammarTvelo, romelTac Tavdapirvelad mxolod fabrika-qarxnebis aRwera evalebodaT. fabrikebis gaxsna mxolod kavkasiis xelisuflebis nebarTviT gaxda dasaSvebi. saqarTveloSi pirvelSi
Sedioda
gubernia,
sadac
gatarebidan
daarsda
saaqcizo
sammarTvelos
Tbilisis
gubernia,
xolo
Sedioda
pirveli
soxumi
sami
da
wlis
baTumi.
manZilze,
ori
meoreSi saaqcizo 1879
_
okrugi: quTaisis
RonisZiebis
wlis
ivlisis
dasawyisamde, fabrikebs eZleodaT mTavrobisagan SeRavaTi banderolebis damzadebisTvis, magram am periodSi aRniSnuli SeRavaTebiT sargebloba ar moxerxda. ZiriTadad
saaqcizo sistemis
Sedegad
gazrdili
gadasaxadi
momxmareblis kiserze gadadioda da ruseT- TurqeTis omis
(1877-1878ww.) Sedegad isedac gaZvirebuli cxovrebis pirobebSi mas mZime tvirTad rac
awveboda. garda amisa, saaqcizo RonisZiebas naklic aRmoaCnda,
ZiriTadad
foTlovani
Tambaqos
mimoqcevas,
dacvasa
da
gadamuSavebas Seexeboda. finansTa saministrom SeimuSava Tambaqos aqcizis axali proeqti, romelic 1882 wels damtkicda da momdevno wlis 1 ianvridan gatarda. 110 111
saq. csia,f. 17, aR. 1, saq. 8954. iqve, saq. 8977.
90
“1882
w.
wesdebam
mniSvnelovnad
gaaZliera
kontroli
foTlovani
Tambaqos mimozidvaze, daawesa sawyobebsa da fabrikebSi misi Senaxvis mowesrigebuli aRricxva, xolo foTlovani Tambaqos gadamuSavebis, misi mza
nakeTobis
daumorCila
fabrikidan
gamoSvebisa
AaRricxvisa
da
da
gayidvis
mTeli
procesi
axal
wesebs.
zustad
kontrolis
ganisazRvra, rom Tambaqos saxazino Semosavali Seadgens: 1. Tambaqos mzanawarmis
aqcizi,
rac
aiReba
Tambaqos
nakeTobaze
dadebuli
banderolis saxiT; 2. Tambaqos fabrikebis da foTlovani Tambaqos da Tambaqos nakeTobis gasayid dawesebulebaTa (adgilTa) mflobelobis patentis
mosakrebeli
da
3.
Semoziduli
foTlovani
da
mzanawarmi
Tambaqos baJi.�112 yvela
zemoaRniSnuli
mimarTuli,
raTa
meti
RonisZieba
Semosavali
mTavrobis
mieRoT
sasargeblod
Tambaqoze
iyo
arapirdapiri
gadasaxadisagan. saaqcizo sistemis damkvidrebam mravali wvrili Tambaqos fabrikis daxurva gamoiwvia, SedarebiT msxvilebi ki ganagrZobdnen arsebobas. am sistemis SemoRebis wels saqarTveloSi 17 Tambaqos fabrika iyo, aqedan Tbilisis
guberniaSi
RirebulebiT
_
15.
gamoirCeodnen
am a.
fabrikebidan enfianjiancis
wliuri da
n.
produqciis bozarjiancis
fabrikebi. 1873 wels TbilisSi amuSavda p. sagoiancis Tambaqos fabrika113 1880 wlis monacemebiT am fabrikaSi gadaamuSaves 1 250 fuTi Tambaqo da gamouSves 4 025 000 cali papirosi. mTlianad am wels fabrikam 51 000 maneTis produqcia gamouSva. muSaTa raodenoba iyo 40 kaci. maT Soris ar iyo specialisti_ostati.114 samuSao dro grZeldeboda 12 saaTs. dRiuri
xelfasi
ki
iyo
saSualod
60
fabrikaSi muSaobda 8 Tambaqos saWreli.
112
kap.
1886
wlis
monacemebiT,
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi aq
p. guguSvili _ saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTareba XIX_XX ss., t IV, w. I, Tb., 1965, gv. 15_16. 113 saq. csia, f. 204, aR. 1, saq. 654, furc. 72. 114 saq. csia, f. 17, aR. 1, saq. 486, furc. 68.
91
gadaamuSavebdnen
2 091
fuT
adgilobrivsa da
641 fuT
ruseTidan
Semotanil Tambaqos. mza produqcia saRdeboda amierkavkasiaSi.115 1873
wlidan
arsebobda
TbilisSi
g.
aznaurovis
fabrika.
am
fabrikaSi 1880 wlisTvis muSaobda Tambaqos saWreli 13 dazga da 1 dasaqucmacebeli manqana, dasaqmebuli iyo 50 kaci, romelTaganac 20 ostati iyo da 30 _ muSa. nedleuli fabrikaSi Semodioda feodosiidan, ialtidan, novorosiiskidan, baTumis olqidan, aRbulaxidan, kaxeTidan, quTaisidan, aseve sazRvargareTidanac. am wels fabrikaSi gadamuSavda 1 497 fuTi da 33 girvanqa adgilobrivi da 102 fuTi sazRvargareTuli Tambaqo. 1 fuT adgilobriv Tambaqos mewarme 15 maneTad iZenda, xolo importuls
_
65
maneTad.
am
wels
fabrikam
gamouSva
5 540 000
c.
papirosi, 221 000 c. sigara da 1 030 fuTi TuTuni. aznaurovis fabrikis wliuri brunva
iyo
100 000 man116.
i. firaliSvilis (firalovis) Tambaqos fabrika TbilisSi 1879 wels, ianvarSi gaixsna. 1880 wlisTvis aq 64 muSa muSaobda, amaTgan 34 iyo ostati, xolo 30 _ muSa. am wels fabrikaSi muSaobda 12 dazga, romelic
xeliT
mohyavdaT
moZraobaSi.
fabrikis
mier
gamoSvebuli
produqciis Rirebuleba 24 338 man. da 70 kap.-s Seadgenda.117 1881 wels awarmoes 7 269 000 cali papirosi da 881 fuTi TuTuni,118 xolo 1884 wels _
2 144 500
papirosi.119
c. 1885
pirveli wels
xarisxis
sawarmom
gamouSva, maT Soris 5 277 000 c.
da
42 295
4 083 400 man.
c.
meore
Rirebulebis
xarisxis produqcia
26 467 man. Rirebulebis papirosi da
1 137 fuTi 15 828 man. Rirebulebis TuTuni. momdevno 1886 wels fabrikis mier
gamoSvebuli
produqciis
Rirebulebam
50 441
man.
da
50
kap.-s
miaRwia, rac wina wlis analogiur maCvenebels 8 146 maneTiT aWarbebda. fabrikaSi damzadda 4 948 300 c. sxvadasxva xarisxis papirosi da 1 188 fuTi TuTuni. 1883 wlidan aq damontaJda 115
saq. csia, f. 204, aR. 1, saq. 654, furc. 72. saq. csia, f. 17, aR. 1 saq. 486,furc. 40. 117 iqve furc. 66. 118 saq. csia, f. 370, aR. 1 saq. 150, furc. 31. 119 Гулишамбаров Ст., ОФЗТ губернии 1888 г. стр. 27. 116
92
2 dazga, romelic moZraobaSi
cxenis gamwevi Zalis meSveobiT modioda.120
1886 wels sawarmoSi samuSao
drois xangrZlivoba 12 saaTi iyo, muSaTa yovelkvireuli xelfasi ki 3 maneTidan
iwyeboda da 10 maneTs aRwevda. fabrikis mier gamoSvebuli
mza produqcia amierkavkasiaSi saRdeboda.121 1873
wlidan
TbilisSi
arsebobda
meore
gildiis
vaWris
_
s.
davlianiZis (davlianovis) Tambaqos fabrika.122 1880 wlis monacemebiT sawarmoSi damzadda 8 413 000 c. papirosi da 31 630 girvanqa TuTuni; sul awarmoes
20 112
man.
da
30
kap.
Rirebulebis
produqcia.
fabrikaSi
nedleuli SemohqondaT Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebidan, agreTve novorosiiskidan da yubanis olqidan. 1880 wels novorosiiskSi erTi fuTi Tambaqos Sesyidva jdeboda 8 man. da 50 kap., imereTSi _ 8 man, xolo kaxeTSi _ 8 man da 30 kap. mza produqciis realizacia ZiriTadad amierkavkasiaSi
da
Tergis
olqSi
xdeboda.
davlianiZis
fabrikaSi
dasaqmebuli iyo 50 muSa. Sawarmos hqonda Tambaqos saWreli 5 dazga, romelic moZraobaSi xeliT modioda.123 aseve 1873 wels daarsda TbilisSi jimSerovisa da “k�-s Tambaqos fabrika. 1880 wlisTvis aq Tambaqos saWreli 6 dazga idga da 40 saWreli dana iyo. muSaobda 69 kaci, aqedan 44 ostati da 25 muSa. fabrika nedleuliT
maragdeboda
guriidan,
imereTidan,
borCalodan
da
novorosiiskidan. sawarmosaTvis saWiro masalas adgilzeve, TbilisSi iZendnen.
nawilobriv
dokumentebSi
ar
TbilisSi
aris
iZendnen
miTiTebuli,
Tu
nedleulsac.
statistikur
ramdeni
Rirebulebis
man.
produqcia gamouSva aRniSnul wels am fabrikam. mza produqcias ki asaRebdnen baqoSi, SemaxaSi, salianSi, grodnoSi, yizlarSi, axalcixeSi, gorSi, TbilisSi da sxvagan.124 1880
wels
TbilisSi
zoxrobiancis Tambaqos
moqmedebda
fabrika.
am
120
saq. csia, f. 370, aR. 1, saq. 207, furc. 46. saq. csia, f. 204, aR. 1, saq. 654, furc. 76. 122 saq. csia, f. 17, aR. 1, saq. 486, furc. 44. 123 iqve. 124 iqve, furc. 105. 121
93
t.
akopjaniancisa
fabrikis
daarsebis
da
g.
TariRi
dokumentebSi ar aris miTiTebuli,
cnobilia, rom am wels fabrikaSi
hqondaT Tambaqos xeliT saWreli 5 dazga da dasaqmebuli iyo 15 kaci. wlis ganmavlobaSi fabrikaSi damzadda 4 200 000 c. papirosi da 26 000 girvanqa TuTuni, sul 62 000 man. Rirebulebisa, fabrika ZiriTadad Turqul nedleulze muSaobda, xolo mza produqcias amierkavkasiaSi asaRebda.125 70-iani wlebis bolosaTvis Tambaqos fabrikebSi xelis dazgebis, xolo
cota
mogvianebiT
xelis
meqanikuri
dazgebis
gamoCena
SesaZlebelia miCneul iqnas, rogorc momavali samrewvelo-teqnikuri gadatrialebis dasawyisi, magram e. w. sruli samrewvelo gadatrialebis Semdegac Tambaqos fabrikaSi xeliT Sroma mainc didxans gamoiyeneboda. amas ki ZiriTadad Tambaqos damuSavebis specifika ganapirobebda. Tambaqos
fabrikebSi
warmoebis
procesi
aseTi
TanmimdevrobiT
xorcieldeboda: Tambaqos foTlis daxarisxeba, daWra, awonva, yuTebSi Cawyoba,
papirosis
damzadeba
da
misTvis
taris
gakeTeba,
kolofSi
Cawyoba da bolos banderolis gakeTeba. am fabrikebis momuSaveTa Soris wamyvani adgili ekavaT damxarisxeblebs da maTi kviris xelfasi 4-dan 6 maneTamde iyo. muSaTa Semdegi kategoria iyo Tambaqos mWrelebi. isini mZime
SromisTvis xelfass kviraSi 5-dan 7, zogjer ki 9 maneTamdec ki
iRebdnen. Camwyobi muSebis movaleoba iyo Tambaqos awonva da misi yuTebSi Calageba. maTi kvireuli xelfasi ki 4-dan 6 maneTamde meryeobda. mepapirose
muSebi
amzadebdnen
papiross
da
1
000
c.
papirosis
damzadebaSi 50 kap. eZleodaT.126 CamoTvlili kategoriis muSebis garda fabrikebSi muSaobdnen mza produqciisTvis banderolebis mkeTeblebi da mtvirTavebi, magram isini specifikur samuSaos ar asrulebdnen. fabrikebSi
Tambaqos
daxarisxebis
(foTlebis
dacalkevebisas)
specifika moiTxovda, rom nedleuli notio yofiliyo, rom calkeul sawarmoo operacias foTlebis msxvreva ar gamoewvia. am specifikis gamo miRebuli meTodi iyo, rom damxarisxebels pirSi Caegubebina wyali da 125 126
iqve, furc. 70. Ст. Гулишамбаров, ОФЗТ губернии, Тиф. 1888, gv. 30
94
piridan
gamofrqveviT
daenama
Tambaqos
foTlebi.
es
procedura
higienuri TvalsazrisiT friad arasaxarbielod gamoiyureboda. Semdgom es meTodi Seicvala imiT, rom damxarisxebels daudges wyliT savse Tasi da cocxi, romlis meSveobiTac inameboda Tambaqos foTlebi. Tumca arc
es
meTodi
moZvelebuli
iyo
da
pirvelze
lpobadi
bevrad
cocxebi
ukeTesi,
ixmareboda
radgan
(mas
ar
xSirad cvlidnen
regularulad)
da amis gamo TasSi wyali binZurdeboda. Tbilisis 2-3
fabrikaSi
naklis
am
aRmosafxvrelad
daiwyes
pulverizatorebis
gamoyeneba da amiT higienasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi gvardeboda, magram msxvilma Tambaqos mwarmoebelma _ bozarjiancma aRmoaCina, rom pulverizatoriT danamvisas Tambaqos foTlebi sinestes araTanabrad iRebda.
misi
gadawyvetilebiT
fabrika
aRiWurva
orTqlis
qvabiT,
romelic Tambaqos orTqlis meSveobiT Tanabrad atenianebda. Tbilisis da zogadad kavkasiis Tambaqos fabrikebSi sxva saxis teqnikuri
problemebic
teqnologia.
arsebobda.
Tavdapirvelad
magaliTad
fabrikebSi
papirosis
TuTuns
gadaxvevis
qaRaldTan
erTad
axvevdnen, romlis kideebsac saxamebliT awebebdnen. amgvari gadaxvevis gamo, TuTuni ver nawildeboda Tanabrad da Sesabamisad kargad ar iweoda.
gacilebiT
efeqturi
meTodi
aRmoCnda
papirosis
damzadeba
masrebis meSveobiT. am meTodma TandaTan gamodevna papirosis gadaxvevis manamde arsebuli primitiuli meTodi. garda amisa, Tambaqos daqucmacebis procesi fabrikantebs sakmaod Zviri ujdebodaT. muSas erTi fuTi Tambaqos daqucmacebisTvis 1,5 man.-s uxdidnen.
am
procesis
gaiafebisTvis
80-iani
wlebis
dasawyisSi
ramodenime meTambaqoem scada gamoeyenebina Carxebi, romelic cxenis gamwevi Zalis meSveobiT modioda moqmedebaSi. Tumca problema aqac iyo, vinaidan sakmaod (romelic
cxenis Zviri otom
SeZena, jdeboda.
Senaxva am
gamoigona)
da
misi
meTodis meSveobiT.
meTvalyuris
Secvla es
moxda
Zrava
anazRaurebac
benzinis
pirvelad
Zravis
TbilisSi
enfianjiancma gamoiyena, Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom igi karga xans 95
umoqmedod
edgaT,
radgan
oTxcxenisZaliani
otos
alRo
sistemis
ver
auRes.
Zravam
Amoqmedebis
oci
Sedegad
damqucmacebeli
muSa
Secvala, amasTanave, Tuki manamde TuTunis daqucmaceba 1,5 man. jdeboda, axali Zravis meSveobiT es procesi mkveTrad gaiafda
da 45-50 kap. gaxda.
bozarjiancma daamontaJa analogiuri, 2-3 cxenisZalis simZlavris Zrava, romelic dRiurad naxevar fuT benzins moixmarda. man Secvala aTi damqucmacebeli muSa, romlebzec dRiurad 8 man. gaicemoda.127 am Zravebis upiratesoba
imdenad
aSkara
iyo,
rom
maTi
soliduri
Rirebulebis
miuxedavad is mesame Tbiliselma meTambaqoem _ safarovmac SeiZina, oRond ara benzinze, aramed navTze momuSave, rac ra Tqma unda ufro sarfiani iyo. Tambaqos kerZod
fabrikebSi
damxarisxeblebis
kvalifikaciazec
arsebobda mwvave
didad
kvalificiuri
problema.
iyo
specialistebis,
damxarisxebels,
damokidebuli
fabrikis
romlis
warmateba,
saTanadod ar afasebdnen da meorexarisxovnad Tvlidnen. misi dRiuri anazRaureba 70-90 kapiks ar aRemateboda. am fasad ki kargi ostatebis mozidva Wirda. kvalificiuri damxarisxebeli kargad arTmevda Tavs ama Tu im xarisxis Tambaqos daxarisxebas, anu damxarisxebel specialists moeTxoveboda Tambaqos xarisxebis zusti codna da maTi erTmaneTisagan garCeva.
Tambaqo
sxvadasxva ratomRac
unda
daxarisxebuliyo
kategoriis swored
im
moTxovnebi. sferoSi
ise,
rom
daekmayofilebina
adgilobrivi
cdilobdnen
fabrikantebi
xarjebis
ki
Semcirebas,
romelSic saxsrebi ar unda daezogaT. fabrikaSi 2_3 kvalificiuri damxarisxeblis
yola,
Tundac
maTi
xelfasi
100
maneTi
yofiliyo,
mewarmeebs gacilebiT met mogebas moutanda, vidre maT gaumarTlebel momWirneobas mohqonda. Tambaqos
warmoebis
faqtorad
iqca
romlebic
aralegalurad
127
qalaqSi
ganviTarebis erTob
seriozul
momravlebuli
amzadebdnen
iqve, gv. 31
96
e.w.
papirosebs
xelisSemSlel “papirosnikebi�, im
TuTunisagan,
romelzec ukve iyo gadaxdili saaqcizo gadasaxadi. isini SedarebiT iafad
yidulobdnen
adgilobriv xarisxis,
ZiriTadad
Tambaqoze
anu
mdare
iafi
ruseTidan
ujdebodaT),
xarisxis
Semotanil
Tambaqos
yidulobdnen
TuTuns,
romelsac
aseve
mcire
(es
meore doziT
umatebdnen maRali xarisxis, surnelovan TuTuns, magaliTad “Svars�. am nazavs
asaRebdnen,
rogorc
pirveli
xarisxis
papiross.
amgvar
saqmianobasTan brZola xSirad ar iyo Sedegiani, vinaidan papirosnikebis saqmianobiT saxelmwifos fiskaluri interesebi ar zaraldeboda, xazina Tavisas
TuTunis
zaraldebodnen romlebic
saaqcizo rogorc
papiross
gadasaxadisagan
mewarmeebi,
yidulobdnen
aseve
mainc Tambaqos
rogorc
iRebda,
xolo
momxmareblebi,
pirvelxarisxovans,
sinamdvileSi ki iyo meorexarisxovani. momxmarebelTa didi umravlesoba ver erkveoda Tambaqos xarisxebSi da maT erCivnaT is papirosi SeeZinaT, romelic safabriko nawarmze iafi Rirda. importirebuli rogorc papirosi, aseve TuTuni ewyo mosaxerxebel kolofebSi da lamazad iyo SefuTuli. SefuTuli nawarmis iarliyebze miTiTebuli xarisxi yovelTvis emTxveoda masSi moTavsebuli nawarmis xarisxs. kavkasiaSi warmoebuli Tambaqos nawarmi ki myidvels yovelTvis ucruebda imeds. garda amisa, rusi Tambaqos mefabrikeebi rogorc Cans, ukeTesad
erkveodnen
marketingSi,
kerZod,
isini
mniSvnelovan
fasdaklebas sTavazobdnen wvril vaWrebs da amis meSveobiT maT SeZles TiTqmis mTlianad daepyroT amierkavkasiis bazari. vaWrobas amgvari saxe hqonda:
magaliTad, Tuki vaWari, romelic rostovidan pirveli xarisxis
kuSnarevis Tambaqos gamoiwerda, dawesebuli iyo 22% SeRavaTi, meore xarisxze _ 18 %, mesameze ki
14-dan 15%-mde. amasTan, aqcizi maSinve
ixdeboda, xolo saqonlis Rirebulebis gadaxda SesaZlebeli iyo sam Tvemde vadaSi. saqonlis gadazidvis xarjebs ixdida vaWari, romelsac Semohqonda Tambaqo. garda am SeRavaTebisa, kuSnarevi vaWrebs
uwesebda
premiebs: Tuki is gamoiwerda 50 aTasi maneTis Rirebulebis Tambaqos, eZleoda SeRavaTi 2%-is odenobiT; 100 aTasi maneTis saqonelze _ 3%-is, 97
xolo 150 aTasi maneTis zeviT _ 4%-is odenobiT.128 bazarze arsebulma amgvarma viTarebam adgilobrivi Tambaqos msxvili fabrikantebi erTgvarad gamoacocxla da sakmaod gaaqtiures brZola
importirebuli
mza
nawarmis
Sesaviwroeblad.
isini
ukve
cdilobdnen myidvelisaTvis mimzidveli gaexadaT sakuTari saqoneli, kerZod, wina planze wamoswies Tambaqos SefuTvis sakiTxi, romelsac manamde
did
yuradRebas
ar
aqcevdnen.
papirosis
kolofi
momxmareblisTvis mimzidveli unda yofiliyo, garda amisa izrunes misi xarisxis gaumjobesebazec. aRsaniSnavia, rom adgilobrivi meTambaqoeobis nawarmi mxolod provinciebSi saRdeboda, xolo qalaqebSi ZiriTadad Semotanili papirosi iyideboda. garda amisa, rusi mefabrikeebis mier vaWrebisTvis
dawesebuli
zemoaRniSnuli
SeRavaTebiT
seriozuli
safrTxe emuqrebodaT adgilobriv fabrikantebs da isini iZulebulni gaxdnen
vaWrebisTvis
TviTonac
SemoRebuli SeRavaTebis aRmoCnda,
kuSnarevis
daewesebinaT
kuSnarevis
mier
tolfasi SeRavaTebi. es stimuli efeqtiani Tambaqos
Sesyidva,
romelic
mkveTrad
progresirebda, TandaTan Senelda da daiwyo Semcireba. am sapasuxo RonisZiebis Sedegad 1890-iani wlebis dasawyisSi rostovis Tambaqoze moTxovna 40%-iT Semcirda.129 garda zemoxsenebuli RonisZiebebisa, adgilobrivma fabrikantebma ruseTidan moiwvies am saqmis specialistebi. menejmentis gaumjobesebis Sedegad msxvilma fabrikantebma, mag. enfianjiancma da bozarjiancma did warmatebebs miaRwies da maTi nawarmi ara mxolod gautolda ruseTSi warmoebuli saukeTeso xarisxis nawarms, aramed ajobes kidec mas. am ori mewarmis mier gamoSvebul produqciaze arsebobda didi moTxovna ara
mxolod
adgilobriv
bazarze,
aramed
maT
gauCndaT
msxvili
SekveTebi moskovidan da peterburgidan. am cvlilebis gamo TandaTan mcirdeboda ruseTidan Tambaqos Semotana. 90-iani wlebis Tbilisis mrewvelobis dargebs Soris SedarebiT 128 129
Гулишамбаров Ст. ОФЗ по ЗК Тиф.1894. gv. 144 iqve 145
98
wina planze idga tyavisa da Tambaqos fabrikebi. 1892
wels maTi
777 936-sa da 560 881 maneTs.130
wliuri brunva Sesabamisad Seadgenda _
Tambaqos fabrikebs Soris warmoebis zrdiTa da misi doniT gamoirCeoda Tbiliseli rogorc
meore
es
wina
gildiis wlebSi
vaWris
iyo).
_
man
enfianjiancis
Tavis
fabrika
plantaciebSi
(iseve,
gaaumjobesa
Tambaqos xarisxi, fabrikaSi moaxdina damatebiTi investireba, kerZod, damontaJda
axali
kvalificiurad,
manqana-danadgarebi,
ramac
saboloo
jamSi
nedleuli xeli
xarisxdeboda
Seuwyo
mza
nawarmis
xarisxis amaRlebas da gafarTovda produqciis sarealizacio areali. mis
mier
warmoebuli
papirosi,
sigara
da
TuTuni
saRdeboda
amierkavkasiaSi, kaspiismiRma olqebsa da ruseTSi. 90-iani wlebis Tbilisis Tambaqos warmoebaSi SesamCnevi xdeba warmoebis
gamsxvilebis
procesi.
1895
wels
Tbiliselma
gildiis vaWrebma _ baindurovma, egiazarovma, avalianma
pirveli
da gokielma
daaarses saaqcio sazogadoeba “miri”. misi ZiriTadi kapitali 500 000 maneTs Seadgenda,
romelic dayofili iyo 2 000 aqciad _ TiToeuli 250
maneTad. saaqcio sazogadoebis saqmianobas sami kacisgan Semdgari sabWo ganagebda. mas yuradReba unda mieqcia aqciebis brunvisaTvis, wliuri angariSis,
balansisa
da
sabuRaltro
saqmeebisaTvis.
uzrunveleyo saWiro specialistebiT, Tvalyuri
warmoeba
unda
edevnebina Nnedleulis
Sesyidvisa da mza nawarmis realizaciisaTvis, daedo xelSekrulebebi rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve kerZo amxanagobebTan da sazogadoebasTan. wesdebiT saaqcio sazogadoebis arsebobis vada ar iyo gansazRvruli. im SemTxvevaSi, gadawyvetileba
Tuki unda
saWiro
gaxdeboda
mieRo
aqcionerTa
sazogadoeba “miri”, aRWurvili iyo cxrili
#2.4
cxadyofs,
sazogadoebis saerTo
daxurva,
krebas.
saaqcio
uaxlesi teqnikiT.
rom
saaqcio
sazogadoeba
miris
mier
gamoSvebuli produqcia sakmaod solidurad gamoiyureba. Mmiuxedavad 130
cincaZe d. kap. mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi XIX s. meore naxevarsa da XX s. dasawyisSi, Tb. 1979
99
imisa,
rom
III
xarisxis
TuTunsac
SeiZleba
sakmaod
iTqvas,
rom
mozrdili
es
sawarmo
raodenobiT
awarmoebda,
mainc
upiratesobas
ZiriTadad
I da II xarisxis Tambaqos warmoebas aniWebda. bazarze
prioritetulad II xarisxis Tambaqos miwodeba cxads xdis, rom fabrikas Tavisi warmoeba ZiriTadad am xarisxis Tambaqos
momxmarebelze
hqonda
gaTvlili. Mmis mier warmoebuli II xarisxis TuTunis raodenoba
44 837
fuTiT aWarbebs I xarisxisas da 153 030 fuTiT III xarisxis TuTunis raodenobas. igive SeiZleba iTqvas
papirosis
warmoebaze:
II
xarisxis
papirosis warmoeba 13 336 500 cali papirosiT aWarbebs I xarisxisas, III xarisxis papirosi ki saerTod ar iwarmoeba cxrilSi warmodgenili monacemebi
gviCvenebs,
rom
TuTunis.
warmoebaSi
importis
wili
maincdamainc STambeWdavi ar aris. importSic II xarisxis Tambaqo didad Warbobs
I
xarisxis
xarisxisas.Ppapirosis
Tambaqos
imports
importis
da
xarisxobriv
aseve
Warbobs
stuqturaSi
III
TiTqmis
Tanabaria I da II xarisxis nawarmis odenoba, I xarisxis papirosis gatana daaxloebiT 1 %-iT aWarbebs II xarisxisas. 1900 wels bozarjiancma Tavisi fabrika gadaakeTa firmad. Ffirmis wevrebi iyvnen n. bozarjianci, misi sami vaJi da erTic naTesavi. am amxanagobaSi mTlianad
10
mis 000
TiToeul maneTs
wevrs
2
Seadgenda.
000
maneTi
firmaSi
Sehqonda,
gareSe
kapitali
piris
Seyvana
ikrZaleboda, xolo Tuki amxanagobis romelime wevri miatovebda firmas, mas ekrZaleboda Tambaqos aramed
mTlianad
bozarjianci
ruseTis
daFmis
fabrikis gaxsna ara marto imperiaSi.
saqmianobasac
Ffirmis is
gamgebeli
ganagebda.
sazogadoebas savaWro saxlebi hqonda Tbilissa da baqoSi. cxrili #2.4
TbilisSi, Aam
iyo
n.
saaqcio Mmisi
131
saaqcio sazogadoeba “miris� mier warmoebuli produqcia (1906 w).
131
cincaZe d. kapitalisturi mrewvelibis ganviTareba saqarT. XIX s. meore naxevarsa da XX s. dasawyisSi. Tb. 1979
100
nawarmis
Ddamzadebuli
importirebuli
importis
produqcia (xarisxebis
prod.
wili
(xarisxebis
%
mixedviT)
dasaxe
mixedviT)
leba
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
0,7
9,8
5,4
_
7,5
6,6
_
801
_
_
_
TuTuni (girvan.)
257778
302615
149
1738
29825
585
801 0
papirosi (cali)
336785
47015000
_
00
sul
339362
47317615
78
warmatebebi Tbilisis
149
251250
310500
0
0
2514238
3134825
585
0
analogiur
sawarmoebs
Soris TvalsaCinoa,
igi bazarze aSkara lideria. Amas adasturebs is statistikac, romelic #2.5
cxrilSia mocemuli.
101
cxrili #2.5
132
Tbilisis Tambaqos ZiriTadi mwarmoeblebi (1908 w.)
warmoebuli produqciis raod. mewarme
muSaTa raod.
(man.) 1900w.
1908 w.
(kaci)
1900 w.
1908 w.
bozarjianci
731 429
715 661
401
206
“miri”
518 500
368 000
212
165
enfianjianci
515 800
336 053
315
459
1 765 729
1 419 714
928
630
__
1 718 074
__
818
sul samive saw. -Si sul Tbilisis Tamb. fabrikebSi.
warmodgenili. cxrilis mixedviT bozarjiancebis firma Tbilisis Tambaqos
warmoebaSi
enfianjiancis
udavo
fabrikisa
da
lideria. “miris”
Mmiuxedavad
saaqcio
imisa,
rom
sazogadoebis
mier
gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenoba sakmaod masStaburia, bozarjiancis warmoeba 1900 wels gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenobis mxriv orive maTgans bevrad uswrebs, xolo 132
1908 wels orives mier warmoebuli
Варзар, Список фабрик и заводов Росийской Империи. 1912
102
produqciis jamsac ki aWarbebs. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Tuki aseT masStabur warmoebas igi 1900 wels
401
muSaxelis
pirobebSi
axerxebda, 1908 wlisTvis man teqnikuri siaxleTa danergvis meoxebiT produqciis TiTqmis igive raodenobis warmoeba 206 muSaxelis pirobebSi SeZlo.
teqnikur
siaxleebSi
orTqlis
Zravebis
garda
benzinisa
da
eleqtoenergiaze momuSave Zravebic igulisxmeba. magaliTad, bozarjianis fabrika aRWurvili iyo Tambaqos saWreli eleqtroZraviani 4 manqaniT da garda amisa, mas gaaCnda benzinze momuSave 3 Zrava. M moulodnelia enfianjiancis raodenoba
warmatebuli
da
didi
warmoebis ukusvla.M mis mier
mkveTrad
ecema
raodenobas 1900 wlis
da
315-dan
amis
1908
fonze
wlis
gamocdilebis warmoebuli igi
mqone
produqciis
zrdis
muSaxelis
459 kacamde. rac Seexeba 1908
wlis Semdgom periods, vardnis Semdgom, momdevno 7-8 wlis ganmavlobaSi enfianjianci rogorc
ayalibebs
mosalodneli
samive sawarmos mier
gamoSvebul
sakmaod iyo,
msxvil
SeZlo
saaqcio
lideris
sazogadoebas
poziciis
da
damkvidreba.
wili mTlianad Tbilisis Tambaqos fabrikebis
produqciaSi
1908
wels
82,6
%-ia,
mxolod
bozarjiancis sawarmos wili ki _ 41,6 %, rac sakmaod STambeWdavia. “miris” fabrikam, miuxedavad imisa, rom masSi koncentrirebuli iyo xuTi mewarmis kapitali (rac zemoT mimovixileT), mainc ver SeZlo seriozuli konkurencia gaewia bozarjiancebis firmisaTvis. Aamis savaraudo mizezi jer erTi is iyo, rom bozarjiancebs naxevar saukuneze meti xnis gamocdileba gaaCndaT am sferoSi (jer kidev ambarcum bozarjiancis periodidan) da garda amisa, aq ufro msxvili kapitalis koncentracia moxda, vidre “mirSi”. warmodgenil sam fabrikaSi Tavmoyrili iyo mTlianad Tbilisis Tambaqos fabrikebSi dasaqmebul muSaTa 77 %. Mmrewvelobis
calkeuli
dargebis
ganviTarebis
kvaldakval
viTardeboda spirtis, aryisa da koniakis samrewvelo warmoebac. arayi ojaxur
pirobebSi
saqarTveloSi 103
manamdec
mzaddeboda,
romelic
ZiriTadad ojaxis saWiroebisTvis moixmardnen, magram mas sasaqonlo xasiaTi ar hqonda. Mmdgomareoba mas Semdeg Seicvala, rac saqarTvelo ruseTis
SemadgenlobaSi
saqarTveloSi
aRmoCnda.
damkvidrebam
ruseTis
arayze
jaris
moTxovna
nawilebis
gazarda.
saojaxo
meurneobis pirobebSi damzadebuli aryiT, raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT, ruseTis jaris dakmayofileba SeuZlebeli iyo. Bbazris gafarToebasTan da
Sromis
sazogadoebriv
danawilebasTan
erTad
venaxis
mflobel
mwarmoeblebs gamoeyvnen uSualod sasaqonlo produqciis mwarmoebelni, (romelTa
raodenobac
Semsyidvelebi,
XIX
romlebic
s.
I
naxevarSi
mwarmoebelsa
mcire
da
iyo)
da
momxmarebels
vaWarSoris
Suamavlis funqcia ikisres. XIX
s.
pirvel
saqarTveloSi
naxevarSi
kapitalisturi
aryis
tipis
wvrili
aryisa
da
warmoebis
spirits
garda
“qarxnebic”
arsdeba. spirtis qarxnebSi gamoyenebdnen daqiravebul Sromas, manqanaiaraRebsa
da
danadgarebs.
msxvili
kapitaldabandebebis,
meSveobiT
umjobesdeboda warmoeba, magaliTad, barbare imerliSvilis zubalaSvilis
(1838w.),
kalainis
(1854w.),
andrievskis
(1829w.),
(1847w.)
aryis
qarxnebi.133 60-ian iarseba
wlebSi
gaixsna
kuzminskis,
sawarmoebma. aRsaniSnavia
Aam baron
da
axal
bariatinskis,
periodis baxis
saaqcio
sistemis
mikirtiCevis,
aryis
qarxnebs
warmoeba,
romelic
iasenis,
Soris 1876
SemoRebamde Straubes
gansakuTrebis
wels
gaixsna
da
wyvetilebiT 900-ian wlebamde iarseba.134 1873
wlamde
amierkavkasiaSi bazarSi
sasmelebis
gadasaxadiT
gasayidad
gatanil
warmoeba ar
saqarTvelosa
ibegreboda.
sasmelze.
133
1873
da
mTlianad
Ggadasaxads
ixdidnen
wels
axali
saaqcizo
samsonaZe m. Tbilisis samrewveli ganviTareba saqarTveloSi XIX s. reformamdel xanaSi . gv. 124-131; gogolaZe d. kapitalisturi sawarmoebi soflis meurneobasa da mrewvelobaSi reformamdel saqarTveloSi (1830-1864 ww.), Tb. 1969, gv. 151-201. xoStaria e., dammuSavebeli mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi XIX s. 30-60-ian wlebSi _ istoriis inst. Sromebi, t. III, Tb. 1958, gv. 153-181. 134
Гулищамбаров Ст. ОФЗТ губернии, Т. 1888, ст.41-48
104
kanonmdeblobiT daibegra rogorc bazarze gatanili aryis sasaqonlo produqti, ise misi warmoebac. erTi vedro puris spirtis gamoxdaze dawesda
saaqcizo
gadasaxadi
5
kap.
odenobiT,
yurZnisa
da
xilis
spirtebze ki _ gadasaxadi gamosaxdeli masalis moculobisa da misi yoveldRiuri gamoxdis Sesabamisad (1 vedro moculobis qvabze dReRameSi
11
kap.
Aaqcizi)
SemoiRes.
saaqcizo
gadasaxadisagan
Tavisufldeboda venaxis mflobelTa is “qarxnebi�, romelTa produqti sasaqonlo xasiaTs ar atarebda. saaqcizo gadasaxadebis garda, dawesda aseve sapatento gadasaxadi. Mmisi
odenoba
ganrigebis
mixedviT
ganisazRvra.
pirvel
ganrigSi
Sevidnen TbilisSi arsebuli sawarmoebi, romelTa wliuri sapatento gadasaxadi dawesda 3 man. odenobiT. Mmeore ganrigisaTvis (sagubernio da saolqo qalaqebi ) _ 50 man; mesame ganrigisaTvis (sabazrobo qalaqebi da portebi) _ 30 man; meoTxe ganrigisaTvis (sxva danarCeni qalaqebi) _ 15 man. amasTan, sardafebs, samikitnoebs da duqnebs TavRia
WurWlidan
wvril-wvrilad
vaWroba
aryis produqtebiT aekrZalaT.
amisaTvis
sagangebo nebarTva iyo saWiro. I ganrigis savaWroebs TavRia WurWlidan aryis produqtebiT vaWrobisaTvis weliwadSi 200 man. Uunda gadaexadaT, II Tanrigis savaWroebs ki _ 100 man.135 saxelmwifom qarxnis warmoebis mixedviT spirits gamoxdis norma daawesa.
Nnormis
zeviT
gamoxdil
spirtze
mwarmoebeli
saaqcizo
gadasaxads aRar ixdida. Aam SeRavaTebma warmoebebs zrdis stimuli misca. Pproduqciis zrdis saSualeba qarxnis teqnikuri donis amaRleba iyo.
kargad
mowyobili
qarxnebi
did
Semosavals
iRebdnen.
Wvrili
mwarmoeblebi, romelTac qarxnis reorganizaciis saSualeba ar hqondaT, msxvili qarxnebis konkurencias ver uZlebdnen da ixurebodnen. 60-ian wlebSi
TbilisSi
arsebuli
18
aryis
sawarmodan,
axali
saaqcizo
sistemis SemoRebis Semdeg cxram arseboba Sewyvita. 1879 w. kanoniT sxvadasxva saxis specialuri aryis produqtebze e.w. 135
scsa f.7, aR. 6, s. 489, furc. 92, iqve, s. 437, furc. 12-13.
105
damatebiTi, sabanderolo gadasaxadi dawesda. igi aryis produqtebis odenobis mixedviT qarxnis patrons erTi, an naxevari wliT adre unda gadaexada, rac qarxnis mier gamoSvebul erT vedro arayze 1 maneTs udrida. Aaryis qarxnebisTvis ganisazRvra agreTve sabanderolo Tanxa. Tbilisis
aryis
qarxnebs
weliwadSi
2
000
man.
Bbanderoli
unda
SeesyidaT, sagubernio qalaqebs 1 000 maneTis, xolo samazro qalaqebs _ 500 maneTis. Tu romelime qarxana dawesebuli Tanxis banderols ver SeiZenda, mas avtomaturad daxurva eloda. Aaryis produqtebi qarxnidan mxolod
dabanderolebuli
saxiT
unda
gaetanaT,
banderolze
aucileblad aRniSnuli unda yofiliyo mwarmoebeli qarxnis, an firmis saxelwodeba, misi beWedi, adgilsamyofeli, sasmelis saxelwodeba da simagris xarisxi. Aaryis produqtebis simagris norma dadgenili ar iyo, igi qarxnebSi sasmelis xarisxis mixedviT ganisazRvreboda. 1890 wlidan aryis produqtebis savaldebulo simagre 40 gradusiT ganisazRvra.136 A amgvari wesebis SemoRebam Tbilisis aryis sawarmoebis xelaxali SezRudva
da
Sesabamisad
Semcireba
gamoiwvia.
darCenili
9
aryis
qarxnidan 6 daixura.137 zemoCamoTvlili warmoebis
sakanonmdeblo
Camoyalibebas
da
maT
aqtebi
xels
xelSewyobas.
uwyobda
wvrili
msxvili
mwarmoeblebi
sakanonmdeblo CarCoebs ver uZlebdnen da Tmobdnen poziciebs, Tumca maT mier damzadebuli produqciis sasaqonlo wili ar mcirdeboda, vinaidan, wvrili mwarmoeblebis mier gamoxdili arayi mxvil warmoebaSi nedleulad gamoiyeneboda. aryisa da spirtis msxvil warmoebaSi 80-iani wlebis bolodan dargobrivi specializacia gaRrmavda, amoqmedda spirtis sareqtifikacio (gamwmendi),
sxvadasxva
warmoebaSi
gza
warmoebis
saxis
gaikafes
aryisa
msxvilma
materialur_teqnikuri
da
koniakis
mewarmeebma,
aRWurva
qarxnebi.
spirtis
romlebmac
SeZles
umTavresad
Semotanili ZravebiT, manqana-danadgarebiT da aparaturiT. 136 137
Гулишамбаров Ст. ОФЗТ губ. Ggv. 49
iqve
106
ucxoeTidan
aRniSnuli
droidan
alkoholiani
sasmelebis
warmoeba
saqarTveloSi (igulisxmeba spirits sareqtifikacio, aryisa da koniakis warmoeba)
ZiriTadad
sami
msxvili
mrewvelis
_
d.
sarajiSvilis
(sarajevis), m. xublarovis da a. sogomonovis xelSi moeqca. maT Soris yvelaze
Zlieri
sarajiSvilis
warmoeba
iyo.
maT
ekuTvnodaT
iyo
spirits sareqtifikacio aryis da koniakis qarxnebi. am sawarmoebSi 80-iani wlebis bolos da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi alkoholuri sasmelebis warmoebis ganviTarebas mZlavri biZgi misca sxvadasxva saxis gaumjobesebuli manqana-danadgarebis, kerZod: giliomis, savalis, neimanis, bormanosa da Svedes sareqtifikacio, pistoriusis, Sarantis, deruas sakoniake spirtsaxdeli aparatebis danergvam, aseve orTqlis Zravis, orTqlis qvabebis, orTqlis saqaCavebis damontaJebam. spirtis reqtifikaciis dros uxarisxo spirtis, an aryis gawmendagasufTavebis,
misi
sxvadasxva
saxis
Sedegad umaRlesi xarisxis sufTa _
minarevebisagan
gaTavisuflebis
95-96 gradusis simagris spirts
iRebdnen. spirtis sareqtifikacio qarxnebis Seqmnamde aryisa da spirtis gawmenda
naxSirisa
da
silis
filtrebSi
xdeboda,
rac
umaRlesi
xarisxis spirtis miRebas ver uzrunvelyofda da ararentabeluric iyo. spirtis
sareqtifikacio
warmoebis
Seqmna
spirtiani
sasmelebis
warmoebaSi erTgvari gadatrialebis tolfasi iyo. pirveli
sareqtifikacio
aparati
amierkavkasiaSi
1886
wels
TbilisSi d. sarajiSvilma dadga.138 sareqtifikacio qarxnebi TbilisSi gaxsnes agreTve iv. sitovma 1886 w., n. sitovma 1887 w., a. sogomonovma 1892w., n. xublarovma 1893w. spirtisa aryis sawarmoebSi 1985 w. orTqlis qvabi daayenes sarajiSvilma da iv. sitovma, 1886 w. i. karaevma, 1890 w. s. meRvinovma, 1891 w. m. xublarovma, 1892 w., a. sogomonovma.139 konkurencias,
romelic
alkoholuri
sasmelebis
warmoebaSi
arsebobda, spirtis mwarmoebelTa nawili ver uZlebda. 90-ian wlebamde warmoebas CamoSordnen sitovebi, karaevi, 1890 wels meRvinovis qarxana m. 138 139
Dd. sarajiSvilis saxsovrad. Tb. 1911. Ggv.3-6 scsa, f. 370, s. 409, furc. 5. iqve 204, s. 563, furc. 3, 9, 20, 23, 34, 39, 89, 95
107
xublarovis kompanioni gaxda. 1897 wlidan m. xublarovis kompanionebi gaxdnen sakuTari Zmebi, xolo meRvinovi CamoiSora. TviT xublarovis warmoeba 1903 wlidan d. sarajiSvilis mflobelobaSi gadavida. d. sarajiSvilma pirveli sabiTumo sawyobi _ “qarxana” 1884 w. TbilisSi gaxsna. igi mTeli wlis gamavlobaSi muSaobda da wliurad 12 000 vedro spirts uSvebda, romlis Rirebulebac
48 000 man. iyo.
“qarxnis” teqnikur aRWurvilobas Seadgenda: erTi spirtsaxdeli aparati da
6
cxenisZalis
yovelwliurad
1
orTqlis 000
man.
qvabi.
Qqarxana
sawvavs
mazuTze
iyenebda.
muSaobda
produqciis
da
gasaReba
umTavresad Tbilissa da mis SemogarenSi xdeboda. qarxanaSi mudmivad dasaqmebuli
iyo
8
muSa,
samuSao
dRis
xangrZlivoba
ki
10
saaTs
udrida.140 oriode welSi sarajiSvilma qalaqis Tavis saaqcizo sammarTvelos da
samedicino
aamuSava
komisiis
axali
saTanado
danadgarebiT
daskvnis
Semdeg
aRWurvili
1886
w.
qarxana.141
8
marts
Qqarxnis
rekonstruqcias muSaxelis Semcireba mohyva, produqciis odenoba 12 000 vedrodan 1886 w. 25 000 vedromde gaizarda.142 1892Q w. qarxnis aRWurviloba kidev ufro gaumjobesda. daidga 10 cxenisZaliani orTqlis qvabi neimanis, bormanos da Svedes 17 koloniani safiltracio savalis tipis ori sareqtifikacio aparati (erTi 720 vedros, xolo meore _ 240 vedros tevadobis). muSaTa raodenoba 40 kacamde gaizarda. Qqarxanas dReRameSi 20 000 6
500 000
gradusi sxvadasxva
gradusi, xolo weliwadSi
xarisxis spirtis
gamoSveba
SeeZlo.*
qarxanasTan arsebobda spirtis Sesanaxi sawyobi, sadac spirtis sami cisterna idga. Mmisi tevadoba iyo 12 500 vedro, iqve arsebobda maRaziebi
140
scsa, f. 204, s. 592, furc 99 iqve, s. 591, furc 1-2 142 iqve, s. 654, furc. 89 *gradusiT aRiniSneba absoluturad uwylo spirtis raodenoba, romelic 120 mililitrs udrida. sazom erTeulad miRebuli iyo 12 litris tevadobis vedro, romlis measedi nawili aris 120 mililitri. 141
108
da sadurglo saxelosno.143 1885-1899 ww. warmoebuli produqciis zrdaze Semdegi monacemebi metyvelebs: 1885 w. sarajiSvilis Tbilisis qarxanam gasawmendad 39 463 gradusi naxevarfabrikati miiRo da 38 034 gradusi (4 564 man.) sufTa spirti gamouSva. 1899 w. gasawmendad miiRo 1 578 532 gradusi spirtis nedleuli da 1 521 383 gradusi (197 775 man.) reqtificirebuli spirti daamzada,144 e.i. 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoeba 40-jer gaizarda. 1901 wels sarajiSvilis preiskurantSi 65 dasaxelebis sxvadasxva arayia dafiqsirebuli, mzaddeboda aseve umaRlesi xarisxis liqiorebi: maraskini, benediqtini, Sartrezi, kakao-Suva, ananasis da sxva.145 1903
w.
sarajiSvilis
sareqtifikacio
sawarmo
Tbilisis
Seemata,
warmoebas
romelic
m.
kidev
erTi
xublarovisgan
iyida.
SeZenisTanave sarajiSvilma misi rekonstruqcia ganaxorciela, warmoeba ganaaxla da evropul standartebs gauTanabra. Mmis mier gamoSvebuli produqciis
80%
zedamxedvelebi
umaRlesi
xarisxis
maRal
spirti
Sefasebas
iyo.
saaqcizo
aZlevdnen
uwyebis
sarajiSvilis
sareqtifikacio warmoebas da aRniSnavdnen, rom iq spirtis gawmenda maRal
doneze
saimporto
xdeba,
spirtebis
specialurad
iReben
umaRlesi
standartebs
Catarebul
da
gamocdas,146
xarisxis
spirts,
Seesabameba
advilad
uZlebs
am
maSin,
rodesac
mizniT zogadad
saqarTvelos analogier produqcias uaryofiT Sefasebas aZlevdnen. sarajiSvilis sareqtifikacio qarxnis produqciis gasaReba amave qarxanasTan arsebuli spirtis sabiTumo sawyobidan xdeboda.Ees nawarmi didi mowonebiT sargeblobda rogorc amierkavkasiaSi, aseve ruseTis imperiaSi. P produqciis realizacia
xdeboda moskovSi, peterburgSi,
rigaSi,
feodosiaSi,
varSavaSi,
xarkovSi,
kievSi,
samaraSi,
odesaSi,
baqoSi, kiSiniovSi, mervSi, erevanSi, vladikavkazSi da a.S., firmis mier 143
144 145
Д.З. Сараджев, Тифл. 1901, gv.5.
scsa, f.371, s. 206, furc. 99; s. 181, furc. 22, 23, 60, 150. mirianaSvili m. kapitalisturi mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveliSi. Tb. 1980, gv. 65 146scsa,f. 370, s. 940, furc. 29: s. 947, furc. 21
109
gaxsnil savaWroebsa da sawyobebSi.147 amave tipis, magram SedarebiT mcire moculobis sareqtifikacio qarxnebi TbilisSi ekuTvnodaT sogomonovsa da xublarovs. Aarsebobis pirvel (1892 w.) wels sogomonovis qarxanam 27 363 gr. (3 150 man.) spirti gamouSva,
xublarovis qarxanam ki 1893 w. 34 484 gr. (4 137 man.). 1899
wlisTvis sogomonovis qarxnis produqciis odenoba 1 083 833 gradusamde (140 798 man.), xolo xublarovis _ 1 407 850 gradusamde (183 020 man.-mde) gaizarda.148
orive
qarxanaSi
idga
savalis
sistemis
sareqtifikacio
aparati. qarxanasTan arsebobda spirtis Sesanaxi
rezervuarebi, aseve
sadurglo da sazeinklo saxelosnoebi. 1895-1903
ww.
monacemebiT,
sogomonovis qarxanaSi 24 muSa muSaobda, xublarovis qarxanaSi _ 22.149 aRniSnuli maRaziebidan sawyobebi xolo
qarxnebi
amierkavkasiasa
da
sakuTari
ruseTSi
sawyobebidan
asaRebdnen.
da
xublarovs
hqonda: TbilisSi, baqoSi, erevanSi, SuSasa da rostovSi,
saagentoebi
_
sarajiSvilis TiTqmis
produqcias
moskovSi,
varSavaSi,
sareqtifikacio
yovelTvis
Warbobda
rostovsa
qarxnis
xublarovisa
da
dvinskSi.150
produqciis
da
odenoba
sogomonovis
qarxnis
warmoebas, xolo xublarovis warmoebis mierTebis Semdeg sarajiSvilis wilad modioda TbilisSi reqtificirebuli spirtis 85%. garda amisa, teqnikuri aRWurvis donis mixedviT sarajiSvilis qarxnebs isini bevrad Camouvardebodnen.
Aar
hqondaT
saaldehido
kolonebi,
muSaobdnen
sakontrolo mowyobilobebis gareSe da SedarebiT dabali xarisxis produqcias uSvebdnen. d.sarajiSvili ruseTis imperiaSi koniakis pirveli specialuri qarxnis
damaarseblad
da
koniakis
samrewvelo
warmoebis
iTvleba. 1888 wlis oqtomberSi TbilisSi amoqmedda koniakis
qarxana.
Mmis
mier
147
Д.З. Сараджев, Тифл. 1905, gv.1
148
scsa, f. 371, s. 181, furc. 22-23.
149
daarsebuli
Tbilisis
pionerad
sarajiSvilis qarxana
ruseTis
Фаврично-заводская промышленность России, 1897. С. 922. Список фабрик и заводов Европейской России, 1903, с. 680. 150 Сведения о производительности заводов Хубларова с братьями в Тифлисе. Тиф. 1901, gv.3
110
imperiis pirveli srulyofili, specializebuli qarxana iyo.151 igi
aRiWurva
Aspecialurad
Sveicariidan
miRebuli
sakoniake
spirtsaxdeli aparatiT, romelic 41 vedros tevadobis iyo da Sedgeboda deflegmaciuri cilindris, ori TefSisa da klaknila macivrisagan.152 qarxanaSi yvela piroba iyo Seqmnili saimisod, rom saukeTeso xarisxis sakoniake spirti miRebuliyo. am spirtis warmoebisaTvis kaxeTisa da qarTlis saukeTeso xarisxis Rvinoebi gamoiyeneboda. Ggamoxdis Sedegad miiReboda 55-58 gradusi simagris spirti. am spirts inaxavdnen mcire zomis _ 20 vedros
tevadobis muxis kasrebSi, romelic saqarTvelos
maRalmTian raionebSi sagangebod koniakis daZvelebisTvis SerCeuli da kargad gamomSrali muxisagan mzaddeboda. imisaTvis, rom muxis merqans damaxasiaTebeli
surneli
SeenarCunebina,
misgan
kasrebs
yovelgvari
damduRvrisa da orTqlSi gatarebis gareSe amzadebdnen.153 qarxanaSi yvela piroba iyo Serqmnili saimisod, rom saukeTeso xarisxis
sakoniake
spirti
mieRoT.
am
spirtis
sarajiSvili diRmis, kaxeTis, yizlaris da sxva
warmoebisaTvis
mamulebSi dawuruli
saukeTeso xarisxis sakuTari warmoebis masalas iyenebda. Sogomonovi da xublarovi am mizniT erevnisa da elizavetpolis mamulebis Rvinoebs iyenebdnen.154 sarajiSvilis koniakis qarxanaSi xdeboda warmoebisaTvis saWiro Rvinomasalis koniakis adgendnen
SerCeva
dayenebisa spirtis
iTvaliswinebdnen
da da
misi
gamocda.
dakupaJebis
vargisianobas, misi
zustdeboda
teqnologia, koniakis
warmoebisaTvis
da
akvirdebodnen
damzadebis
saWiro
ixveweboda
yvela
da
procesSi wess.
Am
TvalsazrisiT, es qarxana erTgvar laboratoriad iqca. sarajiSvilis warmoebis masStabebis Sesaxeb warmodgenas iZleva cxrili # 2.6.
151
Д.Сараджев 1905 gv. 6 iqve, gv. 7 153 mirianaSvili m. kapitalisturi mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. Tb. 1980, gv.89 154 iqve, gv.92 152
111
cxrili #2.6155 d. sarajiSvilis qarxnis wili sareqtifikacio qarxnebis saerTo produqciaSi (1896-1903 ww.)
Tbilisis Pproduqciis sarajiSvilis sarajiSvilis qarxnebis saerTo qarxnis qarxnis wili raodenoba Rirebuleba produqciis Tbilisis Rirebuleba qarxnebSi (man.) (man.) (%)
wlebi
1896
3
415 738
273 898
65
1897
3
328 269
197 406
60
1898
3
258 179
142 496
55
1899
3
518 012
197 775
38
1900
3
736 416
299 604
40
1901
3
679 481
374 968
55
1902
3
703 485
404 065
57
1903
3
678 020
387 775
57
cxrilis
monacemebidan
irkveva,
rom
Tbilisis
sareqtifikacio
qarxnebSi 1896 wlis momdevno or wels _ 1898 wlis CaTvliT warmoebuli produqciis vardna
raodenobis
SeiniSneba
periodisaTvis bazris
155
mcirdeba.
AaRniSnul
sarajiSvilis
Tbilisis
dasapyrobad.
aryis ruseTSi
warmoebaSic.
mwarmoeblebi maT
periodSi
mier
am
ibrZodnen warmoebuli
analogiuri konkretuli ruseTis produqciis
mirianaSvili m. kapitalisturi mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. Tb. 1980 Ggv.
20
112
gasaReba Wirda, radgan iq myarad
damkvidrebul
ZiriTadad moixmardnen ukve cnobilsa rusulsa
romelTan
konkurenciasac
produqcia.
mwarmoeblebis
ver
da
sazRvargareTul nawarms,
uZlebda
brZola
saqarTveloSi
ruseTis
bazris
warmoebuli
dapyrobisaTvis
didad Seaferxa 1900 wels SemoRebulma axalma saaqcizo romelmac wesebiT
gaaormaga
saaqcizo
aryis
Tanxa
warmoebaze
damzadebul
da
gaweuli 1
wesebmac,
xarjebi.
vedro
aryis
dadgenili
produqtze
1
maneTidan 2 maneTamde gaizarda.156 A aryis warmoebisTvis erTgvar Semaferxebel faqtorad is movlenac iqca, rom aRniSnul periodSi spirtisa da aryis mwarmoeblebma mTeli yuradReba koniakis warmoebaze gadaitanes. am faqtorTa gamo daiwyo produqciis Semcireba da warmoebis daqveiTeba. Aaseve sagulisxmoa, rom sarajiSvilis warmoebas dargSi imdenad mozrdili wili hqonda (es cxrilis monacemebidanac Cans) rom misi warmoebis vardna aucileblad axdenda
gavlenas
mTlianad
Tbilisis
sareqtifikacio
qarxnebSi
warmoebuli aryis moculobaze. rogorc cxrilSi warmodgenili statistikuri masalidan Cans, 1899 wlidan
aRmavloba
sareqtifikacio
aRiniSneba
qarxnebSi,
aseve
aRmavloba
aSkaraa
warmoebaSic.
es
stabiluria.
sarajiSvilis
analogiuri
rogorc
monacemebi
Tu
saqarTvelos
konkretulad da
warmoebisa
(zrdisa,
zogadad
1899 da
sarajiSvilis
wlidan
1902
zogadad
daqveiTebis
wlamde
saqarTvelos
suraTi)
amjeradac
erTmaneTs emTxveva. sarajiSvilis warmoebis maRali done parizis
saerTaSoriso
gamofenasa
da
dadasturda 1900 wlis
1901
w
kavkasiis
sasoflo-
sameurneo gamofenaze, sadac sarajiSvilis aryis nawarmi oqros medliT dajildovda.157 Mmanamde,M1889 wels, parizis saerTaSoriso gamofenaze sarajiSvilis qarxnis produqcia ori vercxlis medliT dajildovda. amave 156 157
wels,
kavkasiis
sasoflo-sameurneo
gamofenaze
_
ori
oqros
mirianaSvili m. kapitalisturi mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. Tb. 1980, gv. 71 Д.Сараджев, 1901 gv. 13
113
medliT.158 miuxedavad calkeuli
warmatebebisa, romelic saqarTvelos aryis
warmoebaSi 1900 wlidan kvlav daiwyo, es warmatebebi ar iyo stabiluri.
158
iqve, gv. 12
114
Tavi III ucxouri kapitali Tbilisis guberniaSi XIX s. da XX s. dasawyisSi
3.1 germanuli kapitali Tbilisis guberniaSi XIX s. 60-ian wlebSi ruseTis imperiaSi batonymobis gauqmebam gza gauxsna
qveynis
kapitalistur
ganviTarebas.
rogorc
ruseTSi,
aseve
amierkavkasiaSi. am movlenam mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi gamoiwvia mTeli imperiis masStabiT. kapitalizmis ganviTarebis daCqarebisTvis Seiqmna friad xelsayreli politikuri
viTareba,
uzrunvelyofda dargebis
pirobebi, Tumca mxolod social-ekonomikuri da Tundac
wiaRiseul
mrewvelobisa
swraf
aRmavlobas.
da
simdidreTa
zogadad
saWiro
iyo
siuxve
ekonomikis mniSvnelovani
ver
calkeuli odenobiT
Tavisufali kapitali, romelic naklebad gaaCnda rogorc adgilobriv, aseve ruseTis burJuazias. ruseTis xelisuflebam scada Tavis Tavze aeRo soflis meurneobis, aseve mrewvelobis, transportis, vaWrobis, sabanko
saqmis
ganviTareba,
rac
warumatebeli
aRmoCnda.
am
warumateblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom mefis mTavroba yvelanairad uwyobda
xels ucxouri kapitalis
Semosvlas
da ucxoel
mewarmeTa
damkvidrebas amierkavkasiaSi. adgilobrivi
da
rusuli
kapitalis
sisustiT
sargeblobdnen
ucxouri kapitalis warmomadgenlebi da sakmaod myarad ikidebdnen fexs amierkavkasiis mrewvelobis wamyvan dargebSi _ manganumis, spilenZis, navTobis
warmoebaSi.
es
Tavis
mxriv
xels
uwyobda
amierkavkasiaSi
saSinao bazris Camoyalibebas, romelic ruseTis bazris Semadgeneli nawili iyo. XXs.-is kapitalisturi wamyvanma
damdegisaTvis sistemis
kolonistma
ukve
Seqmna.
qveynebma
dasrulebuli
dedamiwa _
ZiriTadad
inglisma,
iyo
msoflio
gadainawiles
safrangeTma,
ruseTma.
axalgazrda, msxvili da mzardi kapitalisturi qveyana, rogoric iyo 115
germania, Tavs daCagrulad grZnobda da ama Tu im formiT msoflios xelaxali gadanawilebisken iswrafvoda. arsebuli viTarebis pirobebSi igi
gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas
uTmobda
kolonializmis
arapirdapir
formebs _ sxvisi koloniebis teritoriebze germanuli dasaxlebebis Seqmnas, ama Tu im saxis qonebis SeZenas, kapitalis gatanas da a.S. igi iZulebuli iyo miemarTa rTuli taqtikuri manevrebisaTvis da gamoeZebna eqspansiis
moqnili
meTodebi.
am
mxriv
gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas
insaxurebda berlini_baRdadi_bosforis rkinigzis mSenebloba, romelic unda qceuliyo germaniis ekonomikuri SeRwevis mTavar arteriad ara mxolod
TurqeTSi,
aramed
mcire
da
Sua
aziaSi.
am
strategiaSi
moiazreboda germaniis poziciebis gamtkiceba kavkasiaSi da britaneTis indoeTSi.
am
generaluri
gegmis
mixedviT
moqmedebdnen
germanuli
monopoliebi, politikuri agentura, diplomatia da samxedro wreebi. germanuli kapitali, iseve, rogorc zogadad ucxouri kapitali, romelic ruseTSi Semodioda XIX s.-is meore naxevridan, miznad isaxavda maqsimaluri mogebis miRebas. am droisaTvis ruseTSi sakuTari kapitalis dagrovebis procesi jer kidev ar iyo damTavrebuli da amdenad ucxouri kapitalis SemodinebiT ruseTis imperiaSi xeli ewyoboda ekonomikis ganviTarebas. imisaTvis, rom ucxoel kapitalistebs maqsimaluri mogeba mieRoT,
SemohqondaT
uaxlesi
teqnika
da
teqnologiebi.
amasTanave,
vinaidan ucxoeTidan maRalkvalifikaciuri muSaxelis Semoyvana Zalze Zviri jdeboda, ucxouri, maT Soris germanuli kapitalis meSveobiT xdeboda
profesiuli
momzadeba,
rac
ekonomikas
nawilobriv
mainc
uvsebda kvalificiuri kadrebis deficits, maT Soris saqarTveloSic. XIX-s-is 90-iani wlebidan swrafad viTardeba germaniis sagareo vaWroba. 1890 wlisTvis igi Seadgenda 7,5 mlrd. markas oqroTi, 1900 wlisTvis igi 10 mlrd. markamde gaizarda, xolo 1913 wels miaRwia 12 mlrd.
markas.
aseTi
zrdis
miuxedavad,
germaniis
sagareo
vaWrobis
balansi mainc pasiuri rCeboda. Semotanili nedleulisa da produqciis Rirebuleba mniSvnelovnad Warbobda samrewvelo saqonlis eqsportis 116
Rirebulebas.159 XIX
s-is
80-iani
wlebis
dasawyisasi
germaniis
investiciebma
sazRvargareT 5 mlrd. markas miaRwia.160 1893 wels _ 10, xolo 1905 wlisTvis _ 15-18 mlrd. markas.161 am periodisTvis arsebobs gansxvavebuli monacemebic da zusti cifris dadgena Wirs. rac Seexeba germaniisa da saqarTvelos sameurneo urTierTobebs, germanelTa
mxriv
saqarTveloTi
daintereseba
XIX
s.
Sua
xanebidan
SeimCneva. germanulma kapitalma XIX s-is bolos da XX s-is dasawyisSi firma
“simensi
da
halskes”,
samTamadno
saaqcio
sazogadoebebis
_
“gelzenkirxenisa,” “germaniis kaizeris”, saaqcio sazogadoeba “zingeris”, da aseve uamravi wvrili sawarmos saxiT mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia saqarTvelos ekonomikur ganviTarebaze. arsebiTia saukuneebis
is
garemoeba,
ganmavlobaSi
rom
germaniasa
garda da
aRniSnuli
saqarTvelos
periodisa,
hqondaT
met-
naklebad mniSvnelovani urTierTobebic, romlebic ZiriTadad samxedropolitikuri xasiaTis iyo. zogjer mas komerciuli mimarTulebac hqonda, kerZod, jer kidev antikuri xanidan, mTeli Suasaukuneebis manZilze saqarTvelo
imyofeboda
savaWro
gzajvaredinze
dasavleTisa
da
aRmosavleTis qveynebs Soris. am gzebis erTi ganStoeba, romelic mcire aziidan
xmelTaSua
da
Savi
zRvis
gavliT
aRmosavleTisaken
miemarTeboda, swored saqarTveloze gadioda da es transkontinenturi savaWro-saqaravno _ “abreSumis didi gza” CineTs evropasTan akavSirebda. am gziT saqarTveloSi mravalgzis Camosulan evropeli da maT Soris germaneli vaWrebi.162 didi
geografiuli
evropelebma satransporto 159 160 161 162
upiratesoba
aRmoCenebis saokeano
vaWrobac Senelda.
Sedegad, gzebs
aqedan
XVI-XVII
mianiWes
gamomdinare,
da
saukuneebSi saxmeleTo-
saqarTvelomac,
Лукин-Антонов Н.М. _ Очерки по новейщей истории Германии 1890-1914 гг. М. 1925, gv. 37. Кучинский Ю. _ История условия труда в Германии. М. 1949 г. gv. 1 Fis H. _ Europe the World’s Banker _ 1870-1914. New Haven 1930 p.70 D _ gvelesiani r. germania-saqarTvelos ekonomikuri urTierTobebi.
117
rogorc
“abreSumis
didi
gzis”
erT-erTma
monakveTma
mniSvneloba
dakarga. XVIII-XIX
saukuneebSi
saqarTveloTi
germanelTa
daintereseba
sameurneo interesebma ganapiroba, gaCnda interesi saqarTvelos bunebrivi wiaRiseuli _
simdidreebisadmi.
erekle
romelmac
II-is
karze
xeli
Seuwyo
1779-1783
cxovrobda
da
saqarTvelos
wlebSi saqarTvelos mefe
moRvaweobda samTamadno
iakob
reinegsi,
warmoebis
teqnikis
gaumjobesebas, Tofis wamlis evropuli wesiT warmoebas, zarbaznebis Camomsxmeli
“qarxnis”
daarsebas,qarTuli
meurneobis
gaumjobesebas.
garda
sastambo
amisa,
i.
–
poligrafiuli
reinegsma
(romelsac
saqarTveloSi iakob beis saxeliT moixseniebdnen) mefis sasaxlis erTerT
darbazSi
TviTon
gaxsna
“sabatoniSvilo
da YTbiliseli kaTolike
skola”,
patrebi
sadac
batoniSvilebs
aswavlidnen. maT pirvelad
SemoiRes ucxo enebis: frangulis, germanulis, italiuris, laTinuris swavleba. reinegsis daxmarebiT gaizarda jaris raodenoba, dadginda jarSi jarSi
samsaxuris vada, ulufa, jamagiri ise, rogorc es germanul iyo.
gafarTovda
Tbilisis
zarafxana,
sadac
1832
wlamde
iWreboda qarTuli fuli. manve wvlili Seitana saqarTveloSi vaWrobisa da
xelosnobis
poloneTTan,
ganviTarebaSi.
moiwvia
iqauri
mimowera
xelosnebi,
gamarTa
romlebmac
avstriasa mravali
da
siaxle
Semoitanes. XIX s-Si daiwyo germanelTa gadmosaxleba amierkavkasiaSi, romelic garda zemoT aRwerili
politikuri
strategiisa, mizezTa kompleqsma
ganapiroba. mag. akad. p. guguSvili saqarTveloSi germanel kolonistTa gamoCenas ekonomikuri mizezebiT xsnis da religiuri faqtori mxolod sababad
miaCnia.
gadmosaxlebis
is,
rom
sakmaod
religiuri safuZvliani
faqtori
ara
mizezi
sababi,
unda
aramed
yofiliyo,
damajereblad sabuTdeba prof. a. cincaZis mier; kerZod, 1817-1818 wlebSi saqarTveloSi pirveli germanuli koloniebis damaarsebelni ZiriTadad iyvnen
viurtenbergidan
da
badenidan. 118
swored
aq
arsebobda
Rrmad
fesvgadgmuli
separatuli
religiuri
moZRvreba,
romelic
bibliis
safuZvelze aqcents akeTebda apokalifsze, anu qristes meored mosvlaze da
mis
mier
aTaswlovani
samefos
apokalifsisTvis mzadebas da xedavdnen
aRmosavleTiT
Seqmnis
Sesaxeb.
maTi
sulieri ganwmendis
gadasaxlebaSi
da
moZRvarni
SesaZleblobas
TavianT
mimdevrebs
mouwodebdnen maRalmTian amierkavkasiaSi gadasaxlebisken, sadac maTi mosazrebiT SesaZlebeli iqneboda gankiTxvis dRisagan Tavis gadarCena. amgvari religiuri Sexedulebebis propagandisaTvis isini idevnebodnen germaniis
oficialuri
Seviwroeba kavkasia
da da
eklesiisagan.
politikuri
amas
Tan
uuflebobiT
gansakuTrebiT
daerTo
gamowveuli
qristianuli
ekonomikuri ukmayofileba.
saqarTvelo
maT
am
winaaRmdegobebisagan Tavis daxsnis erT-erT axal socialur garemod dasaxes, sadac sabolood moxda kidec maTi pirovnuli da sameurneokulturuli adaptireba. ruseTis xelisufleba ar iyo winaaRmdegi am gadmosaxlebis, mag. general ermolovs, romelic 1816 w. kavkasiis mTavarmmarTeblad dainiSna, miaCnda, rom qarTvelebs meurneobis gaZRolis unari ar SeswevdaT, anu ar hqondaT sameurneo kultura da rom kargi iqneboda igi sxvebisgan, am SemTxvevaSi germanelebisgan
eswavlaT. Tumca sayovelTaod iyo cnobili,
rom sameurneo kulturis mwvave deficits sxvebze aranaklebad Tavad ruseTi
ganicdida.
mowyobaze
Tanxebi,
ixarjeboda,
romelic
sakmaod
axal
soliduri
miwebze iyo
(sami
kolonistebis aTasi
maneTi
saSualod TiTo ojaxi). 1810 wels da ufro vrceli saxiT 1816 wels gamoica
kanoni
xazinis
mier
aRniSnuli
xarjebis
Sewyvetis Sesaxeb.
miuxedavad amisa, mTavrobam germanelTa amierkavkasiaSi dasasaxleblad Tavdapirvelad 100 000 man. mainc gaiRo.163 viurtembergelTa pirveli jgufi 31 ojaxis odenobiT (181 kaci) 1817 w. seqtemberSi ukve TbilisSi iyo. am kolonistebisaTvis mTavrobam miwebi 163
scss, mia, fondi 75, saqme 578|171. f. 1_29; fondi 151, saqme 3|19, 1821-1835 ww. f. 516.
119
Tbilisis TiToeul
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, ojaxze
sarTiWalis maxloblad gamoyo.
gaTvaliswinebuli
iyo
60
desetina
sacxovrebeli binebis asaSeneblad generalma stalma ermolovis moadgilem)
daasaqma
jariskacebi,
miwa.
maTTvis
(mTavarmmarTebel
xolo
sanam
saxlebs
aaSenebdnen, axalmosaxleni sof. martyofSi daabinaves. 1818 wlis
dasawyisisTvis
yvela
germaneli
daasaxles
Semdeg
adgilebSi: 1. 1817 w. Camosuli 31 ojaxi marienfeldSi md. iorTan sarTiWalaSi, Tbilisidan 35 versis manZilze. TiToeul ojaxs misces 35 desetina saxnavi, agreTve saZovrebi, tyeebi; 2. 1818 w. viurtembergidan Camosuli 17 ojaxi (148) kaci dasaxlda petersdorfSi, marienfeldidan naxevari versis manZilze, Semdeg es ori kolonia gaerTianda; 3.
23
ojaxi
(99kaci)
dasaxlda
aleqsandersdorfSi,
Tbilisis
Crdilo-dasavleTiT maSindeli didubis saxazino miwebze (665 desetina); 4. kolonistebis erTi nawili (49 ojaxi, 200 kaci), romlebmac icodnen sxvadasxva xeloba, dasaxlda kukiaze (TbilisSi); 5. 65 ojaxi (307 kaci) dasaxlda elizabettalSi _ md. algeTis xeobaSi samaCveTis saxazino miwebze; 6. 102 ojaxi (350kaci) _ md. maSaveras xeobaSi ekaterinenfeldSi, Tbilisidan 60 versis manZilze; 7. 91 ojaxi (237kaci) _ anenfeldSi, Samqoris saxazino miwebze, Tbilisidan 155 versis manZilze; 8.
130
ojaxi
(501
kaci)
_
elenendorfSi,
ganjis
maxloblad.164
Camosaxlebuli germanelebi adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT upiratesobebiT
sargeblobdnen,
magaliTad,
iRebdnen
saxelmwifo
daxmarebas, Tavisufldebodnen valis gadaxdisagan, ixdidnen sxvebTan SedarebiT nakleb gadasaxads, maTze gaicemoda adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi 164
scss. mia, fondi 75, saqme #250, 1839-50 ww. furc. 40.
120
ufasod
mokrebili
CamosaxlebulTa
xorbali.
Sorisac.
germanelebs
magaliTad,
upiratesoba
iranidan
da
mianiWes
TurqeTidan
saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebul somxebs misces 6 desetina miwa 1 ojaxze; TurqeTidan Camosaxlebul berZnebs _ 3 desetina, xolo germanelebs _ 35 desetina miwa. (uSualod TbilisSi dasaxlebul germanel xelosnebs _ 2 desetina). 1842
w.
romlebic
saqarTveloSi
freidentalSi
germanelTa
(abasTumanTan)
kidev
10
dasaxldnen,
ojaxi
Camovida,
kolonistTa
es
jgufi savargulebis ukmarisobis gamo ukmayofiloni darCnen da maTi umravlesoba marienfeldTan gadasaxlda. miuxedavad imisa, rom mTavroba namdvilad cdilobda Camosaxlebul germanelTa yovelmxriv daxmarebas, arsebobda mTeli rigi mizezebisa, romelic xels uSlida maT sameurneo aqtiurobas da zogadad axal garemosTan TareSis
adaptacias.
jer
kidev
kerZod,
srulad
1.
saqarTvelos
aulagmavoba;
2.
tradiciul
mterTa
saqarTvelos
miwebze
sakuTrebis uflebis gaurkvevloba, ris gamoc miwis erTsa da imave nakveTze xSirad pretenzias acxadebdnen calke memamuleebi, calke xazina da calke eklesia; 3. kolonistebisaTvis uCveulo hava da garemo da 4. dabrkoleba,
romelic
momdinareobda. saqme
maTive
mistikur-religiuri
exeba kolonistebs Soris
Sexedulebebidan
erTxans
miwynarebul
separatul moZraobas, romelic kvlav gamwvavda 1832 wels,165 Semdeg
1835
wels, gansakuTrebiT ki _ 1843 wels,166 rodesac separatistTa liderebi ukve niSnavdnen dRes (30 maiss), rodesac unda daetovebinaT koloniebi da “uzenaesi Zalebis” STagonebiT palestinaSi unda gamgzavrebuliyvnen. am moZraobis centri iyo ekaterinenfeldi. religiur sakiTxebze davaSi garTulni uyairaTobas iCendnen ara mxolod soflad dasaxlebuli kolonistebi, aramed TbilisSi (kukiaze)
165
АСКАК, VIII , № 161-163, gv. 229-232.
166
АСКАК, IX, № 573 gv . 680-691.
121
dasaxlebulebic,
miuxedavad
ostatebi
am
iyvnen.
kvalificiur
dros
ostatebze
imisa, ki
da
rom
isini
sxvadasxva
TbilisSi
didi
moTxovna
yoveli
rigiani
ostatis
xelobis arsebobda
Sroma
Zvirad
fasobda. mTavroba ra Tqma unda xangrZlivad ver Seegueboda kolonistebis amgvar
yofas.
generalma
neidgardtma
maTgan
moiTxova
davalianebis
dafarva, rodesac am xerxmac ar gaWra, mTavarsardalma brZaneba gasca isini samxedro ZalebiT SeeCerebinaT.167 amave wlis agvistoSi mTavrobis SegonebiT
separatistebma
dasaxlebis
sami
SesaZleblobebis
kaci
miavlines
gasarkvevad.
palestinaSi,
mivlinebulebi
maTi
imave
iq
wels
dabrundnen da moitanes informacia, rom SeuZlebeli iyo palestinaSi gadasaxleba. amis Semdeg germaneli kolonistebi TandaTan damSviddnen da guli daudes sameurneo cxovrebas. isini evangelistur moZraobas miekedlnen
da
Sromasac
ufro
muyaiTad
mohkides
xeli.
amrigad,
germanelebma, romlebic mTeli ocdaxuTi wlis manZilze “Cemodnebze isxdnen”,
sameurneo
cxovrebas
xeli
ormocdaaTian
wlebSi
mohkides.
Camosaxlebulma germanelebma sakmaod gaaqtiures sameurneo cxovreba da daiwyes samewarmeo saqmianoba. sakmaod mniSvnelovani iyo germanelTa interesebi amierkavkasiaSi da kerZod, saqarTveloSi. momravlda axalSenebi, sadac kompaqturad saxldebodnen germanelebi. kolonistebs xelisufleba didad uwyobda xels,
maT
mravaljer
gadaecaT
Tanxa
daubrunebeli
sesxis,
Tu
daxmarebis saxiT imisaTvis, rom SeeZinaT Senoba-nagebobebi mewarmeobis dasawyebad, wisqvilebi, arxebi da a.S. maT fexi moikides saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT ki TbilisSida Tbilisis 1886
wlis
SemogarenSi,
amas
mowmobs
monacemebi. keZod, Tbilisis guberniaSi aRiricxeboda 1984,
xolo mTlianad saqarTveloSi 3455 germaneli.
germanelebma
xeli
mihyves xelosnobas, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac XIX s. 60-ian wlebSi gatarda
saamqro
167 АСКАК, IX, № 573,
reforma
da
saxelosnoebi
gv. 695-700.
122
erTian
saqalaqo
mmarTvelobas
dauqvemdebares.
germaneli
xelosnebi
erTiandebodnen
amqarSi upiratesad rogorc ustabaSebi, an misi kandidatebi. magaliTad, kotrinma Seqmna etlebis mkeTebelTa amqari, bemlers ekuTvnoda germanel meCeqmeTa, xolo klotcs germanel mefunTuSeTa amqari.168 sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs
“simensisa
da halskes” firma,
romelic GgermaniaSi eleqtrotelegrafis damfuZneblad iTvleba. mas gansakuTrebuli warmatebebi hqonda eleqtroganaTebis SemoRebis Semdeg, aseve, erTerTi pirvelTagani iyo kapitalis gatanaSi. Mman amierkavkasiaSi Tavisi saqmianoba XIX s. 50-ian wlebSi satelegrafo xazebis gayvaniT daiwyo. satelegrafo xazebis gayvana ruseTis xelisuflebis interesebSi Sedioda,
raTa
kavSiri
daemyarebina
kavkasiis
sxvadasxva
regionSi
ganlagebuli jaris nawilebis sardlobasTan swrafi kontaqtebisTvis. samxedro
uwyebam
es
saqme
“simenssa
da
halskes”
daavala.
Mman
satelegrafo xazi gaiyvana Tbilisidan kojris mimarTulebiT. Ees xazi 1858 wlis ivlisSi amuSavda da pirveli iyo amierkavkasiaSi. Aam xazis Semdeg amoqmedda kavkasiis sxva satelegrafo xazebic: Tbilisi_foTis (borjomis
ganStoebiT),
kavkasia_sparseTis,
Tbilisi_stavropolis,
kavkasia_TurqeTis
da
Tbilisi_baqos,
aseve,
indoeT_evropis
satelegrafo xazi Tbilisze gavliT.169 simensebis meSveobiT
mier
germaniis
am
regionSi
kapitalistebi
gayvanili
satelegrafo
xazebis
gacilebiT
srulyofil
cnobebs
iRebdnen aq sameurneo-ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb. XIX
s.
telegrafis kavSiri
sxva
70-iani qseliT.
wlebisaTvis Yyvela
qalaqebTan.
1865
TiTqmis
mozrdil wels
mTeli
qalaqs
kavkasia
hqonda
satelegrafo
daifara
satelegrafo
kavSiri
damyarda
Tbilissa da Teirans Soris, garda amisa, Tbilisis saSualebiT Teirani ukavSirdeboda moskovsa da peterburgs, maTi meSveobiT ki evropas.
170
“simensma da halskem” saqarTveloSi mtkiced daimkvidra adgili ara 168
169 170
D _manjgalaZe g. “germaneli kolonistebi amierkavkasiaSi”Tb. 1970.
iqve, gv. 35. iqve gv. 36
123
mxolod
satelegrafo
xazebis
mSeneblobaSi,
aramed
ekonomikis
sxvadasxva dargebSic: spilenZisa da navTobis warmoebaSi, kobaltisa da Zvirfasi liTonebis mopovebaSi. Mmisi damsaxurebaa aseve amierkavkasiaSi eleqtrosadgurebis saqarTveloSi
mSenebloba.
sul
ufro
am
mSeneblobiT
metad
moixmardnen
amierkavkasiasa
da
eleqtroenergias
da
Sesabamisad, izrdeboda moTxovna eleqtroteqnikur saqonelzec. `simensma da
halskem”
daiwyo
mniSvnelovani
raodenobiT
eleqtroteqnikuri
saqonlis Semotana da warmatebiT vaWrobda. garda msxvili kapitalisa, saqarTveloTi dainteresebulni iyvnen kerZo pirebic.
60-iani wlebis zemoT naxseneb saamqro reformamde, 1852
wels prusielma karl meicnerma Tbilisis maxloblad, md. veraze sof. dreSi gaxsna maudis safeiqro sarewi. meicneris varaudiT, maudi unda ewarmoebina
umTavresad
kavkasiis
calke
korpusis
armiisaTvis.Bmisi
varaudiT, sruli datvirTvis pirobebSi am ,,fabrikaSi” unda emuSava 269 kacs.
,,fabrikas”
damxarisxebeli, saamqroebSi
hqonda
sarTavi
mxolod
da
matylis
sarecxi,
sapenti,
saSrobi,
safeiqro
saamqroebi.
sarTavsa
safeiqro
matyls
amuSavebdnen,
meorexarisxovan
xolo
daxarisxebis Semdeg miRebuli pirvelxarisxovani matyli gankuTvnili iyo saeqsportod ucxoeTisa da moskovis bazrebisaTvis. “fabrikis” nawarmis yofiliyo,
adgilobrivi
mTavari momxmarebeli samxedro uwyeba unda xelisuflebis
mier
mesarewesTan
dadebuli
xelSekruleba _ kavkasiis calke korpusisaTvis Sida ruseTSi arsebuli fasebis mixedviT am sarewis mier maudis miwodebis Sesaxeb _ gaauqmes, radgan es daazaralebda ruseTis Sida guberniebSi arsebul
igive
profilis fabrikebs, romlebic mauds aseve armiisaTvis amzadebdnen. momdevno wlebSi am maudis ,,fabrikam” kvlav ver miaRwia imas, rom armiis maudis
mimwodebeli
gacilebiT
iafi
gamxdariyo,
daujdeboda
miuxedavad
xazinas,
vidre
imisa,
rom
ruseTis
es
maudi
guberniebidan
Semotanili. ministri
mizanSeuwonlad miiCnevda dres fabrikisTvis 124
wliurad
90 arSini maudis SekveTas da man am Txovnaze Sesabamisi rezolucia daado: ,,...
по мнению моему едва ли удобно допустить, чтобы промышленности
означённого края было оказываемого поощрение в ущерб промышленности внутренних губернии”171 am winaaRmdegobaTa gamo, ramdenime wlis Semdeg, 1860 w. es fabrika daixura. meicneris warmoebaSi iyo manufaqturuli da fabrikuli warmoebis elementebi.
xeliT
warmoebas
sakmaod
mozrdili
adgili
eWira,
aq
safeiqro saamqroSi moqmedebda 9 xelis dgimi (saqsovi dazgis detali) da 2 meqanikuri dgimi. XIX s-is 60-iani wlebidan amierkavkasiaSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda liTondammuSavebel sawarmoTa raodenoba. momravlda aseve is sawarmoebi, sadac sxva komponentebTan (umTavresad xis masalebTan) erTad iyenebdnen liTonis
detalebs.
germanelTa
mier
mowyobili
amgvari
liTondammuSavebeli sawarmoebi ZiriTadad TbilisSi iyo ganlagebuli. am sawarmoebs didi saxelosnoebis saxe ufro hqondaT, vidre fabrikaqarxnebisa. 1860
wlidan
TbilisSi
arsebobda
ernst
zomeris
meqanikuri
saxelosno, romelic liTonis saxvadasxva nakeTobebs awvdida rogorc TviT qalaqs, ise mTels amierkavkasias. saxelosnoSi 10 qargali da 12 Segidi muSaobda,172 saxelosno amzadebda saxvadasxva saxis manqana _ iaraRebs. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia am saxelosnos mier damzadebuli simindis safxvneli xelis manqana, 50 c. odenobiT. 1862 wels soflis meurneobis
sammarTvelom
aRniSnuli
manqanebi
sawarmos
SeukveTa,
TiToeuli 30 maneTad. amave wels, saSemodgomo gamofenaze es manqana waradgines
da
mowoneba
daimsaxura,
ris
Sedegadac
zomerma
Tavisi
warmoeba mniSvnelovnad gaafarToa. amave periodSi moqmedebda gotlib geningenis sawarmo, sadac 9 ostati 171 172
iyo
dasaqmebuli
da
liTonis
sxvadasxva
saxis
nakeTobebs
ЦГИАЛ, док. 1268. оп. 7, д №350, 1835 г. л. 25
xoStaria e _ mrewvelobis ganviTareba da muSaTa klasis Camoyalibeba XIX s saqarTveloSi. Tb. 1966. gv. 129.
125
amzadebda. uSvebda.
igi
weliwadSi
6000
maneTamde
Rirebulebis
produqts
173
60-iani wlebis bolosaTvis meqanikuri saxelosno gaxsna prusielma vilhelm
frankenma.
sawაrmoSi
saqmianobda
15
muSa
da
ZiriTadad
mzaddeboda sasoflo sameurneo iaraRebi da manqanebi, romelTa saerTo Rirebuleba weliwadSi 6-7 aTasi maneTi iyo. 70-ian wlebSi es saxelosno frankenis qvrivis _ luiza frankenis xelSi gadavida, Tumca garkveuli siZneleebis miuxedavad saxelosno warmatebiT ganagrZobda muSaobas. 1883 wels TbilisSi meqanikuri saxelosno gaxsna emanuel Svarcma. TviT Svarci fizikurad am saxelosnoSi ar muSaobda, igi saxelosnos nawarmiT vaWrobda. saxelosnoSi muSaobda 12 muSa, maT Soris 8 iyo mcirewlovani. saxelosnoSi warmoebuli wliuri produqciis moculoba iyo 10 000 man.174 mogvianebiT, 1900 wels, amave profilis SedarebiT msxvili sawarmo gaxsna beplem. am sawarmoSi
erTi wyaros cnobiT 13-14, xolo meoreTi _
21 muSa muSaobda. wliuri produqciac erT SemTxvevaSi naCvenebia 5-6 aTasi man, xolo meoreSi
_ 10 000 man.
1901 wlidan am sawarmoSi gazis
Zravac amoqmedda.175 zemoaRniSnul mzaddeboda
meqnikur
rkina_kaveuli,
sayofacxovrebo
sawarmoebSi sxvadasxva
sagnebi da
sxva.
manqana-iaraRebTan
saxis
furnitura,
germanelTa
erTad
kliteebi,
saxelosnoebi
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen avejis warmoebaSic. 1846 wels fridrix zaitcerma
TbilisSi
daaarsa
avejis
saxelosno,
romelic
Semdgom
TandaTan gafarTovda da 80-iani wlebisaTvis kapitalistur sawarmod iqca. sawarmoSi xisa da liTonos nawilebisagan amzadebdnen yovelgvar avejs da maRali xarisxis parkets. aq am droisaTvis muSaobda 40 muSa maT Soris_15 mcirewlovani. fabrikis yovelwliuri produqcia 40 000 man. aRwevda. 173 174 175
iqve, gv 137 Гулишамбаров ОФЗТ губернии, Тб.1888. gv. 184-185. xoStaria e. – dasax. naSromi. gv. 133
126
1877w avejis saxelosno gaxsna rencma. aq mzaddeboda kar-fanjrebi, magidebi, wliurad
skamebi, 7000
karadebi.
maneTis
sawarmoSi
produqcias
6
kaci
muSaobda,
uSvebdnen.
1900
romlebic
wlisTvis
aq
dasaqmebuli iyo 24 kaci, xolo wliuri brunva iyo 11 000 man.176 etlebis warmoebaSi yuradRebas iqcevs
meore gildiis vaWari
kotrini, romelmac gaamsxvila Tavisi saxelosno da
1884 wels sawarmo
daaarsa. igi weliwadSi amzadebda 10 etlsa da 40 sazidars _ 10 400 man. Rirebulebis
produqcias.
kotrinis
sawarmoSi
20-24
kaci
muSaobda.
sawarmo mdebareobda Tbilisis germanelTa koloniaSi, kotrinis sakuTar saxlSi.
177
etlebis damamzadebeli, SedarebiT mcire, saxelosno hqonda d. meiers. aRsaniSnavia, rom am sawarmoebSi iSviaTad iyenebdnen meqanikur Zravebs, Tumca isini iyenebdnen mravali saxis xelsawyo_iaraRebs da mravalnair mowyobilobas_saxarato dazgebs, burRebs, samWedlo qurebs da
sxva,
rac
kvalifikacias
muSebisa moiTxovda.
da
ostatebis
Tavisi
saTanadod
xasiaTiT
es
daspecialebas
sawarmoebi
da
ZiriTadad
kapitalistur, martivi tipis kooperatiul sawarmoebs warmoadgendnen. maT
did
umravlesobas
manufaqturis
saxe
hqonda,
sadac
Sroma
danawilebuli iyo. SedarebiT msxvili iyo beples samWedlo_meqanikuri sawamo, sadac Tavdapirvelad meqanikur Zravas iyenebdnen. am sawarmos 900-ian wlebSi aSkarad qarxnis saxe hqonda, dasaqmebuli iyo 20-ze meti muSa da misma wliurma brunvam 14000 man. Seadgina.178 sakmaod mozrdili iyo vuderlixis rkina-kaveulis sawarmo, sadac saukunis miwurulisaTvis muSaTa raodenoba 12-dan 25-mde gaizarda da 25 000 maneTis nawarmi mzaddeboda. maRali xarisxis instrumentebs amzadebda anderegis sainstrumento saxelosno. aq 10-mde ostati muSaobda da wliuri produqciis Rrebuleba 176
Гулишамбаров Ст. iqve, gv. 187-189 manjgalaZe g. DD _ “germaneli kolonistebi amierkavkasiaSi”Tb. 1970 178 iqve 177
127
700 maneTs Seadgenda. aRniSnuli
sawarmoebi,
romelTa
umravlesobasac,
msxvili,
gafarToebuli saxelosnoebis saxe hqondaT, farTod iyenebdnen teqnikur da teqnologiur siaxleebs, sxvadasxva saxis gaumjobesebul iaraRebs. maT
umravlesobaSi
Sroma
danawilebuli
iyo.
zogierT
maTganSi
mogvianebiT meqanikuri Zravebic gamoiyenes. yovelive es miuTiTebs, rom aRniSnuli saxelosnoebi Tavis xasiaTiT manqanur warmoebaze gardamaval sawarmoebs warmoadgenen. kapitalisturi tipis mozrdili saxelosnoebi, romlebsac
germaneli
kolonistebi
aarsebdnen,
Tavisufali
iyo
tradiciuli amqruli organizaciisagan. germanelma
mewarmeebma,
romelTa
saxelosnoebi
XIX
s.
30-iani,
gansakuTrebiT ki 40-iani wlebidan arsdeba, erTgvari wvlili Seitanes saqarTvelosa
da
amierkavkasiaSi
manqanuri
elementebis
danergvaSi.
SemdgomSi maT safuZvelze warmoiqmna fabrikul_qarxnuli sawarmoebi. f. meierma
80-ian wlebSi aamuSava wisqvilebi orTqlis Zravaze. am
wisqvilebSi adgilobrivi xorblisagan ifqveboda sxvadasxva xarisxis 50 000 fuTi fqvili _ sul 59 000 man. Rirebulebis. wisqvili aRWurvili iyo erTi orTqlis qvabiT da ori wylis ZraviT, aq muSaobda 17 muSa. wisqvilSi
warmoebuli
produqcia
adgilze,
Tbilisis
guberniaSi
iyideboda, rasac TviTon meieri uZRveboda. aseve
orTqlis
wisqvili,
oRond
SedarebiT
wvrilmasStaburi
hqonda prusiel fedoroviCs, misi warmadoba weliwadSi saSualod
1 000
maneTis Rirebulebis produqcia iyo.179 mniSvnelovania, rom TbilisSi Seqmnili iyo zingeris saxelosno. ruseTis imperiaSi “kompania zingeri” saaqcio sazogadoebis saxiT 1897 wels Seiqmna, rodesac mTavrobam daamtkica misi wesdeba. iuridiulad mis damaarseblad
amerikuli
firma
iTvleboda,
magram
mis
saqmianobas
germanuli firmis warmomadgenlebi ganagebdnen. TbilisSi igi ruseTis podolskis 179
qarxnis
erTgvar
filials
warmoadgenda.
rodonaia n. Tbilisis mrewveloba XIX s. meore naxevarSi. Tb. 1961.
128
“zingeris”
saxelosno TbilisSi Tavdapirvelad awyobda manqanebs sazRvargareTisa da ruseTidan Semotanili nawilebiT. Semdgom saxelosno gaafarToes da daiwyes sakeravi manqanebis calkeuli detalebis damzadeba da manqanebis SekeTeba.180 myidvelTa mosazidad “zingeri” farTod iyenebda Zveli manqanebis Cabarebis wess, rac ucxoeTSi arsebuli “zingeris” sazogadoebebidan gadmoiRes.
am
wesis
Tanaxmad,
axali manqanis SeZenisas, an ubralod
myidvelis surviliT, kompania iZenda nebismieri klasisa da modelis Zvel manqanebs. Tu SesaZlebeli iyo, manZanebs aremontebdnen da yiddnen ufro dabal fasebSi, Tu ara da vargis nawilebs xsnidnen da danarCens jarTad
iyenebdnen.
(ganvadebiTac
yidda).
xelmZRvanelobisa kreditunarianobis qonebisa
da
“zingeri“ igi
da
Tavis pirvel
agentebis
dadgenas,
Semosavlebis
sakerav rigSi
kreditiT
cdilobda
maRaziis
meSveobiT
agrovebdnen
Sesaxeb,
manqanebs
Tavisi
cnobebs
arkvevdnen,
klientebis
yoveli
SeeZlo,
Tu
myidvelis ara
mas
yovelkvireuli, an yovelTviuri gadasaxadi Tanxis Setana. imis gamo, rom mosaxleobis didi nawili miwaTmoqmedi iyo, sakeravi manqanebiT vaWroba damokidebuli iyo mosavalze. Dkargi mosavli s pirobebSi isini zrdidnen SekveTebs manqanebsa da mis nawilebze, Tu ara da, mommarageblebisgan nakleb saqonels iTxovdnen. Ees kompania sakeravi manqanebiT vaWrobda rogorc maRaziebis, aseve e.w.
amkrebebis,
igive
agentebis
meSveobiT,
romelTac
ekrZalebodaT
yovelgvari sxva saqmianobis SeTavseba. maT TavianT samoqmedo ubanze kardakar unda evloT da gaeyidaT TveSi aranakleb oTxi manqanisa, amasTan, unda gaesaRebinaT saTadarigo nawilebi da Zafi, romelsac Tan daatarebdnen. prof. a. cercvaZis
gaangariSebiT, “zingeris” sakeravi manqana
ganvadebiT 85 maneTad iyideboda, misi TviTRirebuleba ki iyo 17 maneTi. amave sistemis fexis sakeravi manqana ganvadebiT Rirda 125 maneTi, xolo 180
D. cercvaZe a.germania-saqarTvelos ekonomikuri urTierTobebi. Tb. 1999.
129
misi TviTRirebuleba 21 maneTamde iyo.
181
kompania “zingerma� 1908 wels gaxsna golovinis prospeqtze mdebare mTavari maRazia. saqarTveloSi adgili
uWiravT
ludis
warmoebis
germanelebs,
ganviTarebaSi
romelTa
gansakuTrebuli
dasaxlebebic
saqarTveloSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki Tbilisis guberniaSi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, dasawyisidan
Cndeba.
maT
xelisuflebisagan
hqondaT, raTa Seguebodnen
sagangebo
XIX s.
xelSewyoba
garemo pirobebs da gamoeCinaT sameurneo
aqtiuroba.
Tavdapirvelad,
saqmianobaSi
raime
Camosaxlebul
mniSvnelovani
germanelebs
iniciativa
ar
sameurneo gamouCeniaT.
Camosaxlebidan aTi-TxuTmeti wlis Semdeg isini SesamCnevad gaaqtiurdnen da
xeli
mohkides
mewarmeobas,
upiratesad
awyobdnen
meqanikur
saxelosnoebs, ludsaxarSebs, awarmoebdnen yvels, karaqs da a.S. 1850 w. germanul koloniaSi maderma sakmaod
mdare
xarisxis
Sav
luds
daarsa ludsaxarSi, sadac
amzadebdnen.
igi
adgilobriv
kolonistebs Soris saRdeboda. TbilisSi ludis warmoebas stimuli gansakuTrebiT 1865 wlidan mieca, rodesac vetcelma moawyo ludsaxarSi da daiwyo bavariuli ludis warmoeba. warmateba imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom vetcelma SeZlo axali qviTkiris Senoba aego da germaniidan moewvia
gamocdili
specialisti,
ris
Sedegadac
SesaniSnavi
ludis
damzadeba daiwyes. vetcelis warmoeba imdenad warmatebuli iyo, rom mewarmeobis stimuli sxva germanel kolonistebsac miecaT. aseve
germanul
koloniebSi
ditrixma
da
gutbrodma
gaxsnes
ludsaxarSebi. SemdgomSi gutbrodma gayida Tavisi ludsaxarSi, romelic lorTqifaniZem
iyida
da
rogorc
zemoT
warmatebuli warmoebac aawyo.
Dditrixs
ludis
hqonda.
mozrdili
savaWroebic
ukve ludis
Dditrixma
aRvniSneT,
sakmaod
sawarmos da
maderma
garda 90-ian
wlebSi Tavis sawarmoebSi danerges teqnikuri siaxleebi da ludi ufro konkurentunariani gaxades. Lludis warmoebis garda, 1879 wels maderma 181
iqve, gv. 82
130
limonaTis “qarxanac” aamuSava, sadac 6 muSa muSaobda da saSualo wliuri produqciis raodenoba iyo 7 500 man.182 ludis
warmoebas
uSualod
ukavSirdeba
yinulis
warmoeba
da
ganixileba, rogorc uSualod misi danamati. amierkavkasiis masStabiT yinulis warmoeba
mxolod TbilisSi
arsebobda da igi farmacevt
zemels ekuTvnoda. xelovnuri yinulis warmoebas
didad Seuwyo xeli
iman, rom 1887 w. TbilisSi erTob Tbili zamTari iyo da
aRniSnulma
sawarmomac mTeli zamTari da zafxuli sruli datvirTviT imuSava. momdevno wels yinulis
man
mTlianad
warmoebisaTvis
Sewyvita
saWiro
arseboba.
yvela
erTi
mowyobiloba
wlis
Semdeg
SeiZina
vinme
drboglavma quTaisis ludis qarxnisaTvis. aqve davZenT, rom zemeli cnobili iyo, rogorc farmacevti da misi samewarmeo saqmianoba im mxrivac
imsaxurebs
wylebs
amzadebda.
xelovnurad
yuradRebas, manamde
damzadebis
rom
igi
saxelganTqmul
amierkavkasiaSi
tradicia
TiTqmis
mineralur
mineraluri ar
wylebis
arsebobda.
zemeli
awarmoebda: viSis, karlsbadis, oberzalcburgis, emis, mware ungruls, mJave
rkina-pirofosforis,
zelteris
samkurnalos,
nitroliTiumis
mineralur wylebs. garda amisa, igi sxva mineralur wylebzec Rebulobda SekveTebs.
Mmisi
xelovnuri
mineraluri
wylebis
sawarmoSi
5
muSa
muSaobda da wliurad saSualod 6 000 man. Pproduqcias qmnidnen. zemelma aseve
scada daemzadebina sxvadasxva xilis wvenebic: ananasis, msxlis,
limonis, Jolosa da vanilis, Tumca es mcdeloba warumatebeli aRmoCnda. zemelis aRmocenda
mier
axali
yinulis
yinulis
warmoebis
mwarmoebeli
SeCerebis sawarmo
Semdeg, vetcelis
TbilisSi mier.
mis
warmoebaSi yinuli mzaddeboda naxSirmJavas SesqelebiT, romelic Tavis mxriv miiReboda natriumis marilisagan. warmoebis mowyoba vetcels
30
000 man. daujda. aq hqondaT saqvabe da orTqlis manqana 30 cx. ZaliT. sawarmoo simZlavreebi uzrunvelyofda dReRameSi 200 fuTi yinulis damzadebas. vetcels fuTi yinulis warmoeba 10 kap. ujdeboda da yovel 182
Гулищамбаров Ст. ОФЗТ губернии, gv. 35-36
131
100 fuT yinulze 20 fuTi sawvavi (mazuTi) ixarjeboda.183 yinulis sawarmo didi warmatebiT muSaobda da emsaxureboda ara mxolod Tavad vetcelis ludis
warmoebas,
aramed
is
mravalricxovan
kerZo
SekveTebsac
akmayofilebda. aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari sawarmoebis warmateba didad iyo
damokidebuli
zamTris
xangrZlivobasa
da
simkacreze.
mkacri
zamTris SemTxvevaSi myidvelebi axerxebdnen yinulis damaragebas da yinulis
qarxana
zafxulSic
ki
TiTqmis
umuSevari
rCeboda.
rbili
zamTris dris ki SekveTebi didad izrdeboda. vetcelma yinulis sawarmo im mizniT Seqmna, raTa sakuTari ludis sardafi yinuliT uzrunveleyo, Tumca Semdgom man upiratesoba mianiWa sardafebSi
Tanabari
temperaturis
SenarCunebis
meTods
da
maTs
keTilmowyobas. am mizniT man TbilisSi sakuTari ludis qarxanasTan moawyo
vrceli
sardafebi,
romelic
aguris
svetebs
eyrdnoboda
da
aguriTve iyo mopirkeTebuli. amgvar sardafebSi SesaZlebeli iyo ludis eqvsi TviT dayovneba. vetceli TbilisSi sami xarisxis luds awarmoebda. eseni iyo: Lager –Bier, Export-Bier, Bock-Bier. sxva ludis mwarmoeblebi mxolod erTi xarisxis ludis warmoebas sjerdebodnen. bevrgan mzaddeboda e.w. naxevarludi, magram
is
gasayidad
adgilobrivi
ar
iyo
gankuTvnili,
aramed
mxolod
muSebisTvis.
vetcels
ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT
sakmaod
saintereso
winadadebebic hqonda. magaliTad, rkinigzis xelmZRvanelobas SesTavaza miecaT
misTvis
ufleba,
rom
amierkavkasiis
rkinigzaze
emoZrava
mis
sagangebod aRWurvil vagons, romliTac baqodan Semoitanda sawvavs, baqos ki miawvdida sanacvlod luds erTis pirobiT, rom luds miawvdida sawvavis
tarifiT.
vetcelma
am
SeTavazebaze
rkinigzis xelmZRvanelobam ar CaTvala
igi
uari
miiRo,
radgan
momgebianad.
germanel kolonistTagan garda vetcelisa, gansakuTrebiT sanimuSo qarxnebi moawyes da farTomasStabiani warmoeba aamoqmedes maderma da 183
Ст. Гулишамбаров, ОФЗТ губерний gv. 35-39,Т. 1888.
132
ditrixma.
sagangebod
aris
aRsaniSnavi,
rom
ditrixis,
maderisa
da
vetcelis qarxnebi sisufTaviTa da akuratulobiT gamoirCeodnen. maT hqondaT
qviTkiris
macivrebiT.
Senobebi
vetcelsa
mowyobiloba.
da
saukeTesod
maders
germanelTa
mowyobili
gaaCndaT
sardafebiTa
saqvabeebi
ludsaxarSebSi
da
ZiriTadad
da
manqanuri
adgilobrivi
muSaxeli iyo dasaqmebuli. magaliTad, vetcelTan muSaobda 15, maderTan _ 14, ditrixTan ki 5 adgilobrivi muSa da TiToeul mewarmesTan or-ori germaneli muSa. sul germanelTa mier daarsebul ludsaxarSebSi 1888 wlisTvis
dasaqmebuli
teritoriaze
iyo
saxlobda
40
da
kaci.
es
Tviurad
muSaxeli 15-25
uSualod
maneTamde
qarxnis
anazRaurebas
iRebda.184 XIX s. bolosTvis ludis mwarmoeblebs Soris vetcelis qarxana yvelaze metad iyo dawinaurebuli da liderad iTvleboda. aRniSnul periodSi
TbilisSi
arsebuli
ludsaxarSebis
mier
warmoebuli
produqciis raodenobis Sesaxeb monacemebi motanilia cxrilSi # 3.1-Si. cxrilis Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac ki TvalsaCinoa vetcelis aSkara upiratesoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom vetcelis mier gamoSvebuli produqciis
raodenoba
sakmaod
klebulobs,
aSkara
upiratesobas
1883
igi
welTan
ludis
inarCunebs.
danarCen rac
ganaxlebisken swrafvam da marTvis im rac
zemoT
Semcireba,
ukve
iyo
rogorc
Cans,
SedarebiT
momdevno
mwarmoeblebTan didad
sam
wels
SedarebiT
ganapiroba
mudmivi
moqnili meTodebis gamoyenebam,
mimoxiluli. mis mier warmoebuli produqciis konkurenti
mewarmeebis
gaaqtiurebiT
aris
ganpirobebuli, romelic swored 1884 wlidan fiqsirdeba. warmoebuli produqciis raodenobis mxriv, momdevno _ meore da mesame
adgilebs
ikaveben
maderi
da
lorTqifaniZe,
romelTa
mier
warmoebuli produqciis raodenoba stabilurad izrdeba, Tumca momdevno wels maT Sesaxeb informacia aRar moipoveba.
26. Сборник стат. сведений по Зак. краю. Часть 1, gv. 238
133
ludis bazarze sakmaod warmatebiT ikideben fexs kiriSCevi da cxrili #3.1 Tbilisis ludsaxarSebis mier warmoebuli ludis dinamika
mewarmeebi
gamoSvebuli pr. raodenoba (vedro)
wlebi
1883
1884
1885
1886
1888
1889
1890
vetceli185
63 943 57 516
51 935
62 000
65 000
73 000
95 000
maderi186
_
30 000
32 000
40 000
_
_
_
lorTqifa
_
26 000
27 000
35 000
_
_
_
ditrixi188
_
_
6 000
7 000
_
_
_
kiriSCevi
_
1 000
4 000
_
_
_
65 000
73 000
95 000
niZe187
260
189
sul
185 186
187 188 189
63 943 113 776
117 935
148 000
Гулишамбаров СТ. ОФЗ. по Зак. Кр. , gv. 144, Тиф. 1894 Гулишамбаров СТ. ОФЗ. Тифл. Губернии., gv.132, Тиф. 1888
iqve iqve iqve
134
ditrixi.
maT
Soris
yuradRebas
iqcevs
kiriSCevi,
romlis
mier
warmoebuli produqciis raodenoba pirvel (1884 w.) wels SedarebiT mokrZalebulad gamoiyureba _ 260 vedro, Tumca yovel momdevno wels am ludsaxarSSi gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenoba oTxmagdeba. mTlianad, ludis warmoebaSi
zrda
1883 wlidan momdevno sam wels ganuxrelia.
1888 wlidan, bazridan konkurentebis gasvlis Semdeg, vetcelma Tavisi warmoebis maqsimaluri aCvena, xolo
1990
produqciis
wlisTvis
raodenoba ukve
amierkavkasiis
raodenoba _ 65 000 mis
vedro
mier
ludi
warmoebuli
95 000 vedros aRwevs.
sarkinigzo
xazis
mSeneblobisa
da
Tbilisis
sarkinigzo sadguris mowyobis Sedegad Tbilisis ganaSenianeba daiwyo sadguris mimdebare teritoriebisken. amis Sedegad germanelTa kolonia male
qalaqs
mosaxleobaSic warmoebis
Seerwya.
ludis
gaaqtiurda.
moculobac
moxmareba
moxmarebis
gaizarda.
TandaTan
zrdis
sabolood,
adgilobriv
kvaldakval
ludis
ludis
warmoeba
1887
wlisTvis 1886 welTan SedarebiT TiTqmis gaormagda. 1864 wlis saglexo reformis Semdgom saqarTveloSi sasaqonlo meurneobebi
iqmneba
mecxoveleobaSic,
sadac
aqtiurad
monawileobda
germanuli kapitalic. gansakuTrebiT ganviTarda yvelis warmoeba. Tavdapirvelad 1862 wels aleqsandersdorfis kolonistebisaTvis xelisuflebam
Sveicariidan
yvelis
damzadebis
ostati
moiwvia.
mas
xelfass imaSi uxdidnen, rom koloniaSi daemzadebina yveli da es xeloba
adgilobrivi
Sveicaruli yoveldRiurad
yvelis
mosaxleobisTvisac qarxana,”190
abarebda
rZes,
xolo
realizaciis Semdeg iRebdnen fuls. 190
sadac
gaz. “guTnis deda”, 1864w. # 1
135
eswavlebina. koloniis
misgan Y
`gaimarTa mosaxleoba
damzadebuli
yvelis
yvelis damamzadebeli kapitalisturi sawarmoebi Seqmnes baronma fon
kuCenbaxma,
nidigerma,
kezelma,
baron
fon
kuCenbaxs
yvelis
warmoebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi yvelaze TvalsaCino adgili uWiravs. mas amierkavkasiaSi Camosvlisas araviTari kapitali ar gaaCnda, mxolod xazinis
mier
micemuli
SeRavaTiani
pirobebiT
gamoyofili
sesxis
meSveobiT SeZlo Tavisi meurneobis mowyoba. man aleqsandershilfSi daaarsa Zroxebis ferma. 1863 wels mTavrobas mimarTa TxovniT, rom misTvis gamoeyoT 5 000 man. uprocento sesxi, razec man Tanxmoba miiRo. saZroxe meurneobis sakvebiT uzrunvelsayofad 16 wlis vadiT arendiT aiRo 2 600 desetina miwa,
raSic
14
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
unda
gadaexada
800
man.,
xolo
momdevno or wels ki _ 1 000 man.191 kuCenbaxma
Tavdapirvelad 90 suli adgilobrivi jiSis pirutyvi
SeiZina. starti warmatebuli aRmoCnda da xelisuflebam misi Semdgomi xelSewyobis mizniT Sveicariidan 16 suli (13 suli Zroxa da 3 suli xari) gaumjobesebuli sarZeve jiSis pirutyvi gamoiwera, rac mas 4794 maneTi daujda transportirebis xarjebis gareSe. gzaSi 3 suli pirutyvi daeca da sabolood kuCenbaxma 13 suli pirutyvi miiRo, ramac didi stimuli misca mis warmoebas.192 kuCenbaxma amierkavkasiaSi
msxvili
kapitalisturi
pirvelma
daiwyo
tipis
Sveicaruli
sawarmo yvelis
Seqmna
da
warmoeba.
mas
amierkavkasiis bazari ukve aRar akmayofilebda da didi raodenobiT nawarmi gahqonda ruseTsa da sazRvargareTis qveynebSi. am qarxanaSi imdenad maRali xarisxis yvels amzadebdnen, rom 1882 wels moskovis gamofenaze eqspertebma arc ki daijeres, rom kavkasiaSi SesaZlebeli iyo aseTi yvelis damzadeba da amis gamo is gamofenaze ar dauSves. kuCenbaxs yovelwliurad bazarze gahqonda 1000-1200 fuTi Sveicaruli yveli, aseve, 300 fuTze meti karaqi.193 191 192 193
manjgalaZe g. D _ “germaneli kolonistebi saqarTveloSi” Ерицов А. Указатель соч. к изучению эк. быта гос. крестян Зак. краяю 1874. Мачалов В.Д.- крестянское хазяйство в Закавказье к канцу XIX б.М.1958.
136
1896
wlisTvis
mis
meurneobaSi
41
mudmivi
muSa
muSaobda.
aleqsandersdorfis sazogadoebrivi ferma 1865w aerTianebda 12 wevrs da amzadebda 85 fuT yvels. momdevno wlebSi gaizarda am fermis wevrTa da aseve damzadebuli yvelis raodenobac. mag: 1875w. daamzada 448 fuTi, 1885w _ 766; 1877w. _ 1181; 1890w. _ 1190; 1891w.
_ 1341, xolo 1892w . _ 1541
fuTi yveli.194 am wlebSi fermaSi hyavdaT 10 mudmivi daqiravebuli muSaxeli.195 rac Seexeba vaWrobas, germaneli kolonistebi saSuamavlo vaWrobas TiTqmis ar misdevdnen. isini ZiriTadad sakuTari nawarmis (es iqneboda xelosnuri, Tu sasoflo-sameurneo) realizacias eweodnen. warmatebebis paralelurad kuCenbaxis meurneoba sakmaod xSirad zaraldeboda
sxvadasxva
saxis
epizooturi
problemebis
gamo,
ris
Sedegadac didi raodenobiT pirutyvi exoceboda. aseT SemTxvevebSi mas xelisuflebis mxridan yovelTvis hqonda materialuri xelSewyoba. 1882
wlisTvis
kuCenbaxma
kvlav
mTavrobis
mxardaWeriT
moawyo
evropuli SuSis qarxana, romelic Tanamedrove teqnikiT iyo aRWurvili. igi uSvebda RZisferi, naxevradrZisferi da muqi mwvane feris sakmaod maRali xarisxis boTlebs. SuSis warmoeba garda boTlebisa, amzadebda sxvadasxva xarisxis da sididis lampis SuSebsa da lampis rezervuarebs, sanaTi
mowyobilobebis
abaJurebs,
Wiqebs,
grafinebs,
qilebs,
aseve
pirsabanebs da sxva.196 cota xanSi aseve Sveicaruli yvelis qarxana gaxsna nidigerma, romelsac kompanionad hyavda ori germaneli kolonisti. kuCenbaxis yofilma ostatma_ametrim Seiamxanaga ori germaneli da daarsa
fabrika.
vinaidan
am
amxanagobas
ar
gaaCnda
miwa
pirad
mflobelobaSi, igi arendiT aiRo adgilobrivi miwis mesakuTris _ xudadovisagan. maT hyavdaT 320 Zroxa, yovelwliurad
194
гулишамбаров. офз тифл. губернии. ст 37. Т. 1888
195
*iqve
196
iqve, gv. 147-150
gv. 207
137
amzadebdnen 1200
fuT
yvels da 200 fuT karaqs. es produqcia TbilisSive saRdeboda.197
rac
Seexeba
nidigerisa
da
kezelis
fabrikebs,
pirveli
maTgani
yovelwliurad uSvebda 630 fuT yvels da 100 fuT karaqs, xolo meore _ 250 fuT yvels da 70 fuT karaqs.198 ametris, nidikerisa da kezelis fabrikebSi mxolod daqiravebuli Sroma gamoiyeneboda. 1908
wels,
Tbilisis
guberniis
germanelTa
koloniaSi
(elenendorfSi) ixsneba ori koniakis qarxana. erTi maTgani ekuTvnoda almendingers, meore _ sazogadoeba “unions”. “unionSi” gaerTianebuli iyo 40-ze meti germaneli wvrili mevenaxe. qarxnebis gaxsna ukanasknel wlebSi yurZnis kargma mosavalma da Rvinoze fasebis vardnam gamoiwvia (1907-1908 ww. 1 vedro Rvino 60 kap. Rirda). dadga Warbi
da iaffasiani
Rvinis utilizaciis sakiTxi. nedleulad orive qarxana kargi xarisxis Rvinos iyenebda. spirtis erTi nawili xmardeboda Rvinis gamagrebas, nawils ki muxis kasrebSi aZvelebdnen.199 1908 wlisTvis orive qarxanam 214 971 gr. spirti gamoxada, xolo momdevno wels _ 238 398 gradusi.200 1909 wlidan YyurZnis mosavlianobis klebis gamo Rvinis fasic gaizarda.
Aam
garemoebam
aRniSnuli
qarxnebis
warmoebazec
iqonia
gavlena. 1910 wels sazogadoeba “unionma” 40 296 grad. (12 078 man.) koniaki Camoasxa, almendingerma ki _ 1175 grad. (352 man).201
almendingeris mier
warmoebuli produqciis realizeba amierkavkasiis masStabiT xdeboda, xolo sazogadoeba “unionis” _ garda amierkavkasiisa, mcire partiebad ruseTSic gahqondaT, kievis
da
kerZod, stavropolis, podolskis, Cernigovis,
ekaterinoslavis
guberniebSi,
gahqondaT
aseve
varSavaSic.
mogvianebiT, 1914 wels msoflio omis dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT sakoniake spirtis
warmoeba SeizRuda, garda amisa, gaizarda saaqcizo
197
Гулишамбаров Ст. ОФЗ по Зак. кр. gv. 139-152 iqve 199 mirianaSvili m. kapitalisturi mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. Tb. 1980. Gv. 105 200 iqve 201 iqve 198
138
gadasaxadi 1 grad. spirtze 7 kapikidan 14 kapikamde. imis gamo, rom spirtis gayidva SeizRuda, gaWirda misi gasaRebac. warmoeba Semcirda da spirti ZiriTadad samedicino momsaxurebisTvis igzavneboda.202 1912
wlis
statistikuri
monacemebiT:
almendingeris
wliuri
produqcia Seadgenda _ 5 015 man., xolo qarxanaSi dasaqmebuli iyo sul 3 kaci. amave periodSi “unionis” wliuri produqciaa _ 13 600 man., dasaqmebul muSaTa raodenoba ki _ 3 kaci. Ees ukanaskneli monacemi eWvs iwvevs, Tumca am sakiTxze ufro sarwmuno masalebi ar moipoveba.203 Tbilisis
guberniaSi
arsebuli
germanelTa
warmoebuli produqciis raodenobiT, xarisxiTa
ori
qarxnidan
da savaWro operaciebis
masStabebiT arc erTi ar gamoirCeoda, metadre, Tu SevadarebT im droisaTvis
moqmed
sarajiSvilisa
da
sxva
aryisa
da
koniakis
mwarmoebelTa masStabebs. miuxedavad amisa, maTi warmoeba yuradRebas udavod imsaxurebs.
202 203
iqve, gv.106 Срисок фабрик и заводов Росийской Империи, 1912, gv. 248
139
3.2 sxva evropuli qveynebis
kapitali Tbilisis ekonomikaSi
saqmianobis gaaqtiureba igrZnoboda ara mxolod germanelebs Soris, aramed zogadad ucxoelebis mxridanac. magaliTad, XIX s-is pirvel naxevarSi saqarTveloSi arsebul SedarebiT msxvil sawarmoTagan yuradRebas imsaxurebs frangi vaWris _ kastelas mier TbilisSi xazinis daxmarebiT daarsebuli abreSumsaxvevi da sarTavi “fabrika�. (kastela XIX s. zogierT cnobarSi moxseniebulia, rogorc kosteli). kastelas mier daarsebuli sawarmos mimoxilvamde, Tuki Tvals gadavavlebT safeiqro dargSi arsebuli manufaqturebis daarsebis kanonzomierebas, TvalsaCino gaxdeba, rom maTi warmoqmna_amoqmedeba damokidebuli iyo metropoliis interesebsa da nebaze, vinaidan am manufaqturebis funqcia unda yofiliyo imperiis bazris momarageba masalebiTa da naxevarfabrikatebiT. magaliTad, abreSumis Zafis amosaxvevi da sarTavi, aseve matylis sapenti da sarTavi sarewebis daniSnuleba unda yofiliyo ruseTis safeiqro fabrikebisaTvis abreSumisa da matylis narTis miwodeba. XIX s-is dasawyisisTvis saqarTveloSi meabreSumeobis ZvelTaganve tradiciuli dargi mTlianad iyo dacemuli. ruseTi dainteresda amierkavkasiaSi meabreSumeobis ganviTarebiT, raTa SesaZlebeli yofiliyo sakuTari fabrikebis adgilobrivi iafi nedleuliT uzrunvelyofa. am SemTxvevaSi ruseTis xelisufleba xels uwyobda meabreSumeobis dargis aRorZinebas, Tumca es xelSewyoba rogorc ukve aRiniSna, mxolod nedleulis warmoebas Seexeboda da ara mis gadamuSavebas, vinaidan metropolis interesebSi ar Sedioda, rom saqarTveloSi warmoSobiliyo nedleulis gadamamuSavebeli fabrikebi. ruseTis xelisuflebis moTxovniT, koloniidan unda gasuliyo nedleuli metropolis mrewvelobisTvis, radgan Tuki koloniaSi xels Seuwyobda gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis ganviTarebas da gamouSvebdnen mza nawarms, am SemTxvevaSi kolonia waarTmevda mas bazars. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi da zogadad amierkavkasiaSi dasaSvebi iyo nedleulis mxolod pirveladi, anu nawilobrivi damuSaveba. amis uflebasac ruseTis xelisufleba mxolod imitom iZleoda, rom daumuSavebeli nedleulis gadazidva did satransporto xarjebsTan iyo dakavSirebuli, rac mZime tvirTad daawveboda mis sust ekonomikas. garda amisa, mas ar hqonda ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura. 1804 w. mTavarmmarTebelma cicianovma peterburgSi daayena sakiTxi TbilisSi bambeulis manufaqturis gaxsnis Taobaze, 1806 wels ki _ sakiTxi TbilisSi adgilobrivi matylis bazaze maudis fabrikis daarsebis Sesaxeb, romelsac kavkasiis jaris nawilebi unda uzrunveleyo 140
Saleulis samosiT. cicianovis Suamdgomlobani centraluri xelisuflebis mier daukmayofilebeli darCa im mosazrebiT, rom koloniaSi “fabrikebis daarseba gamoiwvevda nedleulze fasebis zrdas, garda amisa, am “fabrikebis” saTanado instrumentebiT, saRebavebiTa da ostatebiT uzrunvelyofa Zviri dajdeboda, rac Tavis mxriv gaaZvirebda adgilobrivad warmoebul mauds imaze metad, vidre ruseTSi warmoebuli maudis adgilze Camotana dajdeboda. maudis fabrikis mowyobis mcdeloba hqonda rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, frang kastelas, romelmac 1823 w. xelisuflebas sTxova TbilisSi maudis safeiqro fabrikisa da abreSumsaxvevi fabrikis mowyoba. amasTanave igi am fabrikis Sesabamisi nedleuliT momaragebis uflebasac iTxovda (mxedvelobaSi hqonda tibeturi Txebis moSeneba sanedleulo bazis uzrunvelyofis mizniT).am ukanasknel Txovnaze man raime saxis garkveuli pasuxi ver miiRo xolo maudis fabrikis mowyobaze kategoriuli uari eTqva imave mosazrebiT, rac manamde arsebobda, anu Tbilisis maudis safabriko warmoebas SesaZlebeli iyo Seeviwroebina metropolis maudis warmoeba. rac Seexeba abreSumis fabrikas, misi mowyoba mizanSewonilad CaTvales im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki kastela mas moawyobda im saxiT, rogorc es imJamad italiasa da safrangeTSi arsebobda, anu warmoeba unda mowyobiliyo mowinave teqnologiur bazaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi ruseTis fabrikebi Tbilisur narTs miiRebdnen ufro iafad, vidre misi sazRvargareTidan Semotana ujdebodaT. ruseTis xelisufleba da gansakuTrebiT iqauri mewarmeebi moixiblnen kastelas winadadebiT imis Sesaxeb, rom mas TbilisSi, baqosa da yulevSi unda gaexsna savaWro kantorebi, sadac is ruseTSi warmoebuli maudis realizacias apirebda. kastela aseve apirebda iranidan da levantidan vaWrebis mozidvas, raTa maTi meSveobiT aRmosavleTis bazrebze gasuliyo rusuli maudi, sadac misi varaudiT Seaviwroebdnen iq gabatonebul inglisursa da frangul mauds. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, 1823 wels kastelam iTxova abreSumsaxvevi fabrikis mowyoba. mas amave wels Sepirdnen aTwliani privilegiis micemas, miTumetes, rom kastela damatebiT pirobasac iZleoda, rom igi vels mohkidebda ara mxolod amierkavkasiuri narTia amoxvevas, aramed iranulisac da am naxevarfabrikatebiT is moamaragebda ruseTis abreSumis safeiqro fabrikebs. garda amisa, is pirobac rCeboda ZalaSi, rom mis mier warmoebuli narTi imdenad xarisxiani iqneboda, rom daiwyebda vaWrobas evropis mTavar bazrebzec da evropul analogiur nawarmsac Tavisuflad gauwevda konkurencias. kastela saeve amtkicebda, rom dakvirvebis Sedegad mivida im daskvnamde, rom esoden xarisxiani abreSumis narTis miReba mxolod saqarTveloSi iyo SesaZlebeli. 141
kastelas “fabrikas” unda daerTo abreSumi da gadaemuSavebina saqsel, misaqsel da aseve sakerav Zafad, romelic manamde ucxoeTidan SemohqondaT. am wamowyebis mxardasaWerad kastela dauaxlovda finansTa ministrs _ kankrins, romelic am periodSi TiTqmis mTlianad ganagebda imperiis komerciul cxovrebas. 1826 w. kastelas moTxovna dakmayofilda da mieniWa ufleba, rom esargebla ucxoeli stumris privilegiebiT, an Tuki ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sevidoda, esargebla pirveli gildiis vaWris privilegiebiT _ sagildio gadasaxadis gareSe. momdevno wels imperatorisagan srulad da yovelmxriv dakmayofilda kastelas Txovna da sarewavisTvis gamoeyo 30 desetina miwa TbilisSi, romelzec garda “fabrikis” aSenebisa, unda gaeSenebina TuTis xe, bamba, Safrani, Tambaqo, endro da sxva samRebro da sarewi mcenareebi. garda amisa, gamoeyo sxvadasxva adgilebSi 2 000 desetina miwa, desetinis Rirebuleba _ 25 kapikad, rac mas sWirdeboda italieli, frangi da sxva specialistebis dasasaxleblad. cnobilia kastelas erT-erTi msxvili damfinansebeli _ Tavadi golicini, romelmac naxevari mln. man. asignebani Seitana am wamowyebaSi da garda amisa, TbilisSi gamogzavna 18 yma Tavisi mamulebidan. am ymebs Tavisi SromiT unda gadaexadaT sabatono begara. fabrikis siaxloves aSenda dasaxleba, sadac 200-mde patimari qali Camoasaxles ruseTidan, romlebsac xazina inaxavda. am sruliad muqTi muSaxelis sruli ganmkargulebeli iyo sawarmos mepatrone. 1828 wels “fabrika” amoqmedda. aq gamoiyeneboda safrangeTidan Camotanili dazgebi da mowyobilobebi. daasaqmes safrangeTidan Camoyvanili kvalificiuri ostatebi, Tumca warmoebaSi ZiriTadad adgilobriv mcxovrebTagan daqiravebuli muSebi muSaobdnen. am ukanasknelTa raodenoba periodulad ormocdaaTsac aRwevda, xolo saSualod 15-20 kacs utoldeboda. zogjer, ZiriTadad ki damxmare samuSaoebze (dazgebis moZraobaSi moyvana, yaWis daxarisxeba, SeSis dapoba da sxv.) tyve Turqebis da umTavresad ruseTidan Camoyvanili patimari qalebis Sromas iyenebdnen. 204 amgvari araTavisufaliL Sromis gamoyeneba, rogoric aris patimar qalTa, aseve ymebis eqsploatacia, ruseTis qalaqebSic gamoiyeneboda, xolo saukuniT adre, safrangeTsa da prusiaSic. kastelam saxazino uwyebas sTxova, rom misTvis valad gamoeyoT nedleuli abreSumis parkis saxiT. am moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad mas gamoeyo krediti ara 204
p. guguSvili _ manufaqturuli warmoebis istoriisaTvis amierkavkasiaSi. Tb. 1939.
142
nedleulis, aramed 30 000 maneTis saxiT. abreSumsaxvev fabrikaSi muSaobda 12 dazga da wliurad 500 fuTze met abreSums amuSavebdnen, romelic nawilobriv adgilze iyideboda, xolo nawilobriv moskovSi gadioda.205 1828 w. “fabrikis” mepatrone _ kastela gardaicvala. mis sawarmos axali memkvidre aRar gamouCnda. warmoebaSi dabandebuli kapitali rom ar daekarga, xazina iZulebuli gaxda am “fabrikisaTvis” Tavad moekida xeli. imisaTvis, rom dakmayofilebuliyo moTxovna TveSi 80 fuTi parkis gadamuSavebaze, saWiro iyo damatebiT 40 dazga. kastelas daumTavrebeli darCa sazeinklo, Zafsaxvevi da sarTavi saamqroebi, romelTa mosawyobadac damatebiT gadairicxa saWiro Tanxa. miuxedavad amisa, am sarewma xazinis xelSi ver imuSava warmatebiT, vinaidan saxelmwifos mier daniSnuli moxeleebi TaRliTobdnen da Tavad iTvisebdnen Semosavals, xazinas ki mxolod xarjebis dafarva uwevda. Semdeg aq Camoyalibda “abreSumsaxvevi saswavlo saxelosno”, romelic unda momsaxureboda kvalificiuri kadrebis momzadebas amierkavkasiis safeiqro warmoebisaTvis. 1830 wlisaTvis kavkasiis mTavarmmarTeblad paskeviCi dainiSna, romelsac saerTodac mizanSeuwonlad miaCnda koloniebSi fabrikebis da qarxnebis Seqmna da misi stimulireba. igi finansTa ministrs _ kankrins werda: “aq fabrikebisa da qarxnebis damaarsebelTaTvis privilegiebis miniWeba arc unda xdebodes; radgan me mgonia kidev gadauwyvetelia sakiTxi saqarTveloSi fabrikebisa da qarxnebis (gansakuTrebiT zogierTis) waqezebis sargeblianobis Sesaxeb. xom ar unda vuyurebdeT saqarTvelos rogorc kolonias, romelic unda awodebdes uxeS masalas (nedleuls) abreSums, bambas da sxv. Cvens fabrikebs da mihqondes ruseTidan manufaqturuli nakeTobani? winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saqarTveloSi amgvari manufaqturebis daarsebiT bunebrivad xom ar Sesustdeba misi kavSiri ruseTTan? ruseTis mier amierkavkasiis provinciebSi jaris Senaxvaze daxarjul kapitalsac ar eqneba maSin SesaZlebloba dabrundes ruseTSi.”206 xelisuflebis mxridan amgvari midgomis Sedegad, kastelas “fabrika”, romlis bazazec saswavlo saxelosno arsebobda, gadaakeTes yazarmebad jarisaTvis, xolo arsebuli iaraRebi da mowyobilobebi mihyides “meabreSumeobisa da mesareweobis kavkasiur sazogadoebas”, romelic im xanebSi daarsda. am sazogadoebis xelSic warumatebeli 205 p. guguSvili _ kapitalizmis amierkavkasiaSi. Tb. 1941. 206
warmoSoba
da
ganviTareba
saqarTvelosa
guguSvili p. kap. warmoSoba da ganviTareba saqarTveloSi.Tb.1941. gv.354
143
da
aRmoCnda saqme da TandaTan sarTavi da saxvevi instrumentebis da iaraRebis gayidva iwyes kerZo pirebze. sabolood, es instrumentebi mTels amierkavkasiaSi mimoifanta. 50-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis abreSumsaxvevi sarewis arseboba mTlianad iqna miviwyebuli. mewarmeobis am dargisaTvis kastelas wamowyeba warumateblobis miuxedavad, mainc sargebliani iyo. am wamowyebam xeli Seuwyo kapitalisturi warmoebis ganviTarebas. imasac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aq gamoiyeneboda daqiravebuli Sroma da Sroma danawilebuli iyo, igi warmoadgenda manufaqturis tipis msxvil sawarmos manqanuri warmoebis elementebiT. saqarTveloSi mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis kvaldakval gaaqtiurda saqalaqo cxovreba. gaCnda moTxovnileba Sromis saSualebaTa (instrumentebis) damamzadebeli warmoebis mowyobisa. es gansakuTrebiT 50-iani wlebidan igrZnoboda. 1850 wels TbilisSi mcxovrebma Sveicarielma Stiusem mefisnacval voroncovs sTxova 2 desetina miwa TbilisSi meqanikuri sawarmos mosawyobad.207 imave wels voroncovis gankargulebiT mas misces 4819 kvadratuli saJeni miwis nakveTi Tbilissa da navTluRs Soris _ mirzabaTSi aRniSnuli sawarmos mosawyobad.208 momdevno, 1851 w. ianvarSi Stiusem voroncovs sesxad sTxova 10 000 man. meqanikur-samsxmelo qarxnis mosawyobad, romelic amierkavkasias Zlier esaWiroeboda.209 igi valdebulebas iRebda, rom sawarmos erT weliwadSi moawyobda. voroncovi daTanxmda Stiuses Txovnas. kavkasiis soflis meurneobis sazogadoebam aseve savsebiT moiwona Stiuses winadadeba da Tavisi wevrebis _ andreevskis, maqsimoviCisa da ivanickis SemadgenlobiT Seiqmna komisia, romelsac unda ganexila Stiuses proeqti da meTvalyureoba gaewia qarxnis mowyobisaTvis. Stiusem komisiasTan dado kondicia (xelSekruleba), romlis Tanaxmadac: 1) valdebulebas iRebda xelSekrulebis damtkicebidan 1 weliwadSi moewyo meqanikur-samsxmelo warmoeba; 2) Stiuse iTxovda 10 000 maneTs uprocentod, 5 wlis vadiT, ris Semdegac daiwyebda mis gadaxdas da 10 wlis vadaSi dafaravda; 3) qarxnis mTeli mowyobilobani: manqanebi, instrumentebi,saqarxno nagebobani miwiT da saWiro masalebi xazinis sesxis sawindrad iTvleboda; 4) fuli Stiuses unda mieRo saWiroebis mixedviT; 5) qarxnisTvis saWiro manqanebi da instrumentebi Stiuses sazRvargareTidan unda Semoetana sabaJo gadasaxadis gareSe; 6) Tu 207
scsa fondi, aRwera 1, saqme 39, furc. 11 iqve, furc. 14. 209 scsa, fondi 241, aRwera 3, saqme 39, furc. 1. 208
144
Stiuse sikvdilis, an avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi ver moawyobda qarxanas, maSin am saqmeSi pasuxismgebeli iqneboda misi naTesavi, aseve Sveicarieli _ ludvig leitcingerni; 7) imis gamo, rom komisiam sawarmos ufro farTo masStabiT mowyoba moiTxova, amitom StiusesaTvis damatebiT unda miecaT sesxad 5 000 man.210 kondicia damtkicda da Stiuse Seudga qarxnis mowyobas. man avstriidan (venidan) gamoiwera saTanado ostatebi da manqanainstrumentebi, romelic 1852 wlis dasawyisSi miiRo TbilisSi. 1852 wlis dasawyisSi sawarmos mowyoba ZiriTadad damTavrebuli iyo. mas mxolod samsxmelo Rumeli da cxenisZrava aklda. es iyo pirveli kerZo meqanizebuli qarxana, romelSic ucxoeTidan Semotanili manqanadanadgarebi damontaJda. qarxana ori ZiriTadi Senobisgan Sedgeboda: samsxmelo da meqanikuri. maT asagebad daixarja 7 404 man; venaSi manqana-instrumentebis sayidlad daixarja 2 069 man; Tbilisamde maTi CamotanisaTvis _ 1 775 man; sxvadasxva saWiroebisaTvis da mTlianad sul daixarja 11 935 man.211 amis garda Stiusem miiRo fuli Tujis, rkinis da sxvaTa sayidlad. 1852 w. 15 agvistos Tbilisis meqanikurma qarxanam muSaoba daiwyo.212 1853 wlis maisSi sawarmo aRweres Tbilisis guberniis arqiteqtorma beloim, nadvorni sovetnikma _ blombergma da inJiner-teqnologma _ lemkulma. aqve davZenT, rom lemkuli, romelic manamde Stiuses qarxnis teqnologiur procesebs akontrolebda, mogvianebiT, ise momravlda mowinave teqnikiT aRWurvili qarxnebi, rom saWiro gaxda misTvis am fabrika-qarxnebis teqnikuri zedamxedvelis Tanamdeboba CaebarebinaT. lemkulis qarxana Sedgeboda: 1) kramitiT daxuruli orsarTuliani qviTkiris Senobisagan (sigrZe _ 12,3 saJeni, sigane _ 5,3 saJeni). amave SenobaSi iyo ganTavsebuli meqanikuri ganyofileba. am ganyofilebis qveda sarTulze iyo mowyobili Tujis sadurglo, sazeinklo da saxarato mowyobilobani. aqve idga erTi rusuli Rumeli. zeda sarTuli ekava samzareulosa da sakuWnaos. 2) meqanikuri ganyofilebis gverdiT qvis erTsarTulian fligelSi (sigrZe _ 24 saJeni, sigane _ 4 saJeni) moTavsebuli iyo samsxmelo ganyofileba, garda amisa, aq iyo sardafi, sajinibo, 1 cxenZrava danadgarebis asaZravad, samWedlo da sxva. samsxmelo ganyofilebaSi iyo 2 samsxmelo Rumeli: erTi didi, meore 210
scsa, fondi 10, saqme 39, furc. 10-13.
211
iqve, furc. 49-50.
212
iqve, furc. 63.
145
patara.213 venis Taboris fabrikidan gamoweril manqanebsa da instrumentebs Soris, saxarato nawilSi, iyo 1 didi mCarxavi Tujis dazgiT (romlis sigrZe iyo 18 fuTi, xolo sigane _ 19 duimi) da saxarato dazga. samsxmelo brZmedebs SeeZloT CamoesxaT weliwadSi 4 000 fuTamde Tuji.214 qarxana mTlianad (nagebobebi, manqanebi, instrumentebi da sxv.) Sefasebul iqna 21 243 maneTad.215 Tbilisis es samsxmelo-meqanikuri warmoeba rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mowyobili iyo “metad zusti nakeTobis manqanebiT”.216 Stiuses samsxmelo-meqanikuri qarxnis muSaobaze warmodgenas iZleva qvemoT moyvanili cxrili #3.2
cxrili#3.2 Stiuses samsxmelo-meqanikuri qarxnis mier warmoebuli produqcia
gamoSvebuli produqcia (man.)
wlebi
saxazino
kerZo
Camosxmuli
dakveTiT
dakveTiT
Tuji (fuTi)
1852
1 355
4 320
633
5 675
M1853
7 199
3 959
1 297
11 158
1854
11 837
4 267
2 176
16 164
1855
3 191
3 460
__
6 651
213
iqve, furc. 105. iqve, furc. 112-117. 215 Акты Т_Х, gv. 887. 216 scsa, fondi 10, saqme 39, furc. 105 214
146
sul
qarxanam muSaobis dawyebis wels (1852w.) awarmoa: saxazino dakveTiT _1 355 maneTis, xolo kerZo dakveTiT _ 4 320 man. produqcia. sul 1852 wels sawarmom gamouSva 5 675 man. produqcia. aseve, sawarmoSi Camoasxes 633 fuTi Tuji. amoqmedebis pirveli wlisaTvis es maCveneblebi sakmaod STambeWdavia.
Tumca
arsebobs
aseve
gansxvavebuli
cnobac,
romlis
mixedviTac amave wels sawarmom gamouSva 10 000 man. produqcia.217 1853 wels qarxanam saxazino dakveTiT awarmoa 7 199 man., xolo kerZo
dakveTiT
3 959 man.,
sul _ 11 158 man.
Produqcia, anu saxazino
dakveTebis mateba aSkaraa da es tendencia momdevno _ 1854 welsac aranaklebi gaizarda.
tempiT 1854
gadaaWarba produqciis
wina
gagrZelda,
wels wels
roca
mxolod
dakveTebi
saxazino
qarxnis
Rirebulebas.
es
mier
dakveTebis
wliurad
metnaklebi
11 837
maneTamde
Rirebulebam
warmoebuli
mdgradoba
SeiniSneba
mTeli kerZo
dakveTebSic, Tu ar CavTvliT umniSvnelo klebas. zogadad ki,
1852_1854 wlebSi qarxnis mier warmoebuli produqciis
raodenoba stabilurad matulobda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Camosxmuli Tujis raodenobazec, misi matebis tempi friad STambeWdavia, yovel momdevno wels warmoebuli Tujis raodenoba TiTqmis ormagdeba. 1855
weli
gardamtexi
aRmoCnda
(uaryofiTi
TvalsazrisiT)
qarxnisaTvis. aq saxazino dakveTiT _ 3 191 man., kerZo dakveTiT _ 3 460 man., sul
ki 6 651 man.
produqcia gamouSves. sawarmoo
maCvenebelTa
vardnis procesi momdevno, 1856 welsac gagrZelda, amis gamo warmoebis patroni
iZulebuli
gaxda
daqiravebuli
muSebis
nawili
gaeSva
da
saerTod, warmoeba Seemcirebina.218 1855 wlamde arsebuli maCveneblebis mixedviT qarxnis warmatebebi aSkaraa. qarxana SekveTebs mTeli amierkavkasiidan Rebulobda. sawarmo amzadebda samrewvelo da sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRebs, aseve aremontebda maT.
rkinisa da Tujis damuSaveba sawarmos metad Zviri ujdebodaT,
vinaidan nedleulis importireba ruseTidan xdeboda. 217 218
iqve, furc. 106_113. ЦГИАЛ, ф. 1 268, оп 44 (1 854 г.) , д. 2 426. л. 173.
147
1852
w.
germanelTa
maSaveras xeobaSi),
koloniis
_
ekaterinenfeldis
axlos
(md.
saxazino miwaze aRmoCnda rkinis madani, romlis
damuSavebasac Stiuse brZmedebis mowyobiT Seecada, Tumca ver SeZlo misi ganxorcieleba. kerZod, Stiusem madnis Rirseba qarxanaSi Seamowma, gamodnobis Sedegad miRebul iqna “60% Zalian kargi Tuji”, magram qarxnamde misi transportireba Zviri jdeboda, aseve, dnobis procesi moiTxovda didi raodenobiT naxSirs, ris gamoc Stiusem miatova igi. amave dros qarxnis warmatebas xeli SeuSala yirimis omma, romlis periodSic
Soreuli
transportireba
adgilebidan
gaZvirda,
nedleulis
radgan
isedac
_
rkinis,
mwiri
naxSiris
infrastruqtura
ZiriTadad saomar procesebSi CarTes; amas isic daemata, rom cxovrebis gaZvirebis
gamo,
SekveTebi
Semcirda,
rac
cxadad
aisaxa
1855
wlis
maCveneblebSi. sawarmoo
xarjebis
Semcirebis
mizniT,
Stiusem
ganizraxa,
rom
cxenZrava, romelsac danadgarTa asaZravad iyenebda, metad xarjiani iyo da saWiro iyo misi wylis borbliT Secvla, romelic mtkvarze unda moewyo.
misi
angariSiT,
Semcirdeboda
3 000
amiT
sawarmoo
maneTamde”,
xarjebi
xolo
“yovelwliurad
brZmedis
moqmedeba
gaormagdeboda.219 Stiuses mier borblis amoqmedebis Sesaxeb cnobebi aRar moipoveba. 1856 wlidan Stiuses unda daewyo xazinidan miRebuli 15 000 man. sesxis gadaxda. man ramdenjerme iTxova gadaxdis gadavadeba, mTavroba akmayofilebda mis Txovnas. 1860 w. Stiusem TbilisSi, md. mtkvarze moawyo didi zomis amerikuli sistemis safqvavi wisqvili.220 mis mosawyobad man sasursaTo uwyebidan 40 000 man. sesxi aiRo. amrigad, sesxis saxiT mas miRebuli
hqonda
55 000
man.
safqvavi
wisqvili
uwyvetad
da
kargad
muSaobda. am sawarmoSi Semosuli TanxiT igi ixdida mTlianad aRebul
219 220
iqve, furc. 114-117. iqve.
148
sesxs. 1868 wlisTvis mas gadaxdili hqonda 23 898 man.221 amave wels Stiuse gardaicvala da wisqvili gadavida e.w. koleJski asesoris _ Smidtis xelSi, man gaagrZela darCenili valis gadaxdac. rac Seexeba sasxmel-meqanikur qarxanas, mas reformamdel xanaSi muSaoba ar Seuwyvetia. 1861 wlis uwyisSi Tujsasxmelis da safqvavi wisqvilis (romelic Stiuses ekuTvnoda) mier gamoSvebuli produqcia erTadaa aRricxuli.222 Tujsasxmeli da safqvavi wisqvili erT sawarmoo erTeulad
aris
CaTvlili
imave
uwyisSi
(Чугунно-дшеуйный
завод
с
мукомольною мельницей).223 cxadia, Stiuses sawarmoebi igulisxmeba. 1857 w. Tbilisis Tujsasxmelma sawarmom 21 000 man. produqcia gamouSva.224 1858 wels 10 000 man.,225 1860 wels _ 10679 man.,226 1861 wels safqvav wisqvilTan erTad _ 16 679 man. produqcia.227
1862 wels Tujsasxmelma sawarmom
gamouSva 2 000 man, xolo safqvavma wisqvilma _ 39 000 man. produqcia.228 1864 wlidan Stiuses Tujsamsxmelo qarxana moixsenieba, rogorc, Tbilisis meqanikur-sazeinklo saxelosno, romelmac gamouSva 6 000 man. produqcia.,229 momdevno, 1865 wels ki 10 000 maneTis.230 TbilisSi yorRanovsac.
Stiuses
garda
“Tujis
meqanikur-sazeinklo
qarxana”
saxelosnoebze
hqonda
polkovnik
moTxovna
TbilisSi
dRiTidRe izrdeboda da maT momravlebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. am tipis saxelosnoebSi mzaddeboda samrewvelo da sasoflo - sameurneo iaraRebi. amgvari warmoebis saSualebaTa mwarmoebeli saxelosnoebi ki srul
manufaqturul
sawarmoebs
SemTxvevaSi, igulisxmeba 221
222 223 224
warmoadgendnen.
am
konkretul
Stiuses sawarmo, Sroma danawilebuli iyo
ЦГИАЛ, ф. 1 268 . оп. 10 (1862), д. 134. л. 10.
saq. cssa, fondi 10, saqme 30, furc. 168. ЦГИАЛ, ф. 1268, оп. 10, (1862), д. 134, л. 134.
iqve 225 iqve, aR. 9 (1858), s 311 .f. 27. 226 iqve, aR. 10 (1860), s. 170. f. 63. 227 iqve, (1861), s. 228. f. 118. iqve, (1862), s. 134. f. 93. 229 iqve, (1863), s. 108. f.10. 230 iqve, (1865), s. 127. f.67.
149
safexurebis mixedviT. BburRs, saxarato dazgas, saWrels, Tav-Tavisi muSebi
hyavda,
xarisxis
romelTa
mixedviT.
Sorisac
Tbilisis
arsebobda meqanikuri
ierarqia
daxelovnebis
Tujsasxmeli
sawarmo
daqiravebuli SromiTa da Sromis amgvari danawilebiT kapitalisturi sawarmo iyo. 1865 w. TbilisSi msxvili meqanikuri “qarxana” aamuSava ingliselma ruqsma, manve mogvianebiT (1887 w.) aaSena Tujsasxmeli saamqroc. garda amisa, 1881 w. TbilisSi amuSavda Tujsasxmeli qarxana, romelic r. o. renkvistis xelSi gadavida. am qarxanaSi moqmedebda:
rva cxenisZaliani
lokomboli, 1 brZmedi, 3 saxarato dazga, 2 ventilatori, saWreli, 1 sarandavi dazga
da sxva meqanikuri
1 xraxnis
dazgebi. renkvistis
qarxana Tavdapirvelad gadaamuSavebda ucxoeTidan importirebul Tujs, oriode wlis Semdeg gadavida rusul nedleulze. 1880-ian wlebSi igi uSvebda wliurad 10_20 aTasi
fuT Tujis da 5_10 aTasi fuTi rkinis
sxvadasxva nakeTobas. igi ZiriTadad amierkavkasiis rkinigzis SekveTebze muSaobda. am xanebSi misi wliuri produqciis Rirebuleba 70_150 aTas maneTs aRwevda. aq daaxloebiT 120-mde kaci muSaobda, xolo samuSao dro 10,5 saaTs grZeldeboda.231 1879 wels TbilisSi frangi qveSevrdomis _ a. toles mier amuSavda Tambaqos fabrika. aq dasaqmebuli iyo 22 muSa, aqedan 10 ostati da 12 muSa. 1880 wels sawarmoSi damzadda 1 240 980 c. papirosi, 40 000 c. sigara, 110 fuTi da 26,5 girvanqa TuTuni, sul 22 450 maneTisa. amave wels SeiZines 774 fuTi adgilobrivi Tambaqo da 65 fuTi da 11 girvanqa importuli; erTi fuTi adgilobrivi Tambaqo SeiZines 10 maneTad, xolo amave raodenobis importuli Tambaqo _ 150 maneTad. sawarmoSi idga 4 Tambaqos saWreli dazga. toles fabrikis mier warmoebuli produqciis realizacia adgilobriv XIXs 231
bazarze xdeboda.232
30-40-iani wlebidan TbilisSi gaizarda moTxovna maRali
p. guguSvili _ kapitalizmis amierkavkasiaSi. Tb. 1941..
232
warmoSoba
Гулишамбаров, ОФЗТ губернии Тб.1888, gv.108
150
da
ganviTareba
saqarTvelosa
da
xarisxis
stearinis
sanTlebze.
sarewebSi
warmoebuli
qonis
izrdeboda sanTlebi
stearinis
dabali
adgilobriv
xarisxis
iyo
da
stearinis sanTlebi yazanidan SemohqondaT. 1943 wels xelisuflebis xelSewyobiT germanel Sulcs stearinis sanTlis fabrikis mosawyobad mieca privilegiebi da 5 wlis vadiT gamuyves saxazino miwis farTobi. am mewarmis mier awyobili warmoebis Sesaxeb saarqivo monacemebi aRar moipoveba, Tumca cnobilia, rom mis Semdgom warmoebas daeufla dezolmi, xolo amis Semdgom warmoebis mflobeli xdeba tole. tolem izruna warmoebis gadaiaraRebaze da aRWurva igi ori orTqlis manqaniT da avtoklaviT, romelTa meSveobiTac man SeZlo 12 000 fuTi qoni gadaemuSavebina. am teqnologiiT metis
gadamuSavebis SesaZleblobac
produqcia moskovis
imdenad
xarisxiani
manufaqturuli
iyo,
nawarmis
hqonda. toles rom
1882
mier warmoebuli
wels
gamofenaze,
mas ufro
igi
sadac
waradgines mis
mier
warmoebulma produqciam medali miiRo. rkinigzis
gaxsnis
Semdeg
aRmosavleTi
saqarTvelo
dasavleT
saqarTvelos, xolo misi gavliT ruseTs daukavSirda. mimosvlisa da tvirTebis brunvis daCqarebas ukavSirdeba sxva
danarCenSi),
konkurenciis
saqonels konkurencias
am dargSi (iseve, rogorc
gamZafreba.
toles
mier
warmoebul
uwevda ruseTidan Semotanili saqoneli. tolem
Secvala taqtika da Tuki manamde mis mier warmoebuli saqoneli sakmaod Zvirad fasobda, iZulebuli gaxda Tavisi saqoneli importirebulze 2-3 kapikiT iafad gaeyida. magaliTad: ruseTis “nevis amxanagobis” sanTlebi Rirda _ 26 kapiki, krestovnikovebis yazanidan _ 24 kap., odesis _ 18 kap., xolo tolesi _ 23 kap. 1883 wels tolem awarmoa 3 400 fuTi sanTeli, 1884 wels _ 3 500, 1885 wels _ 4 460 da 1886 wels _ 5 000 FfuTi.233 sanTlis
warmoebasTan
erTad
TbilisSi
ganviTarda
sapnis
warmoebac. sapnis sarewebi TbilisSi adreul periodSic, saqarTvelos monarqebis drosac arsebobda, xolo 1843 mis 233
Гулищамбаров Ст. ОФЗТ губернии, Тб. 1888 gv. 98
151
warmoebas xeli mokida
Sulcma,
xolo
mogvianebiT
_
60-iani
wlebis
bolos
dezolmma.
mas
stearinis warmoebisas rCeboda 46 %-mde oleumi, romlis utilizaciis mizniT wamoiwyo sapnis warmoeba. am warmoebis patroni momdevno etapze xdeba
tole.
Tavdapirvelad
sapnis
warmoeba,
misi
maRali
fasis
miuxedavad, izrdeboda. momdevno etapze, TandaTan gaizarda konkurencia sxva adgilibrivi mwarmoeblebis mxridan, ramac ganapiroba toles mier warmoebul
saponze
fasebis
vardna,
Semcirda
aseve
warmoebuli
produqciis raodenoba. mag. 1883 wels warmoebul iqna 33 000 fuTi saponi, 1884 wels _ 24 000 fuTi, 1885 wels _ 20 300 fuTi, xolo 1886
wels _ 21
000 fuTi.234 Tuki tole Tavdapirvelad sapnis sawarmoeblad iyenebda oleums, qons, da natriumis mJavas,
imis gamo, rom daeZlia konkurencia, daiwyo
warmoebuli saqonlis im ingredientebis gamravalferovneba, romelsac iyenebda, magaliTad, inglisidan iwerdnen qoqosis cxims, romlis erTi fuTis Rirebuleba iyo 6 man. da 50 kap. inglisidanve daiwyes natriumis mJavas gamowera, fuTis Rirebuleba _ 3 man da 20 kap., kanifoli _ 2 maneTad. toles
warmoebaSi
20
kaci
muSaobda
da
yvela
adgilobrivi
muSaxeli iyo. isini kargad iyvnen daxelovnebulebi da ZviradRirebul ucxoel muSaxels warmatebiT cvlidnen.235
male
warmoebis
muSaxelisaTvis cnobili gaxda toles firmis saidumlo receptura da am recepturis
mixedviT,
kustaruli
wesiT
daiwyes
sapnis
damzadeba.
marTalia igi gacilebiT dabali xarisxis iyo, vidre toles safabriko nawarmi,
magram
samagierod
gacilebiT
iafi
Rirda
da
soflebSi
warmatebiT saRdeboda. TbilisSi arsebobda erTaderTi Sokoladis “fabrika�, romelic ekuTvnoda
frang
diufurs.
am
erTaderT
fabrikaSi
ra
Tqma
unda
Sokoladic mzaddeboda, magram upiratesad sxvadasxva saxis kanfetebsa da sakonditro sawarms (mag. namcxvrebs) amzadebdnen. sakonditroSi 1886 234 235
iqve, gv. 112-113 iqve.
152
wels muSaobda 10 kaci da weliwadSi 1 000 fuTi sxvadasxva saxis nawarmi iwarmoeboda,
sul
25
000
maneTis
Rirebulebis.
TiTqmis
amgvarive
sakonditro sawarmo, oRond SedarebiT mcire masStabis hqonda aseve frang lots.236 ucxoelebis saqarTveloSi mimdinareobda.
amgvari
gaaqtiureba
Tbilissa
zogadad
imaze metyvelebs, rom kapitalisturi evolucia aqtiurad XIX
s.
meore
naxevari
burJuaziul qalaqad Camoyalibebis
Tbilisis
periodia,
ganviTarebis kapitalistur stadiaze gadavida.
236
da
iqve, gv. 139
153
istoriaSi
misi
misi
mrewveloba
d a s k v n a 1.
XIX s. 20_30_iani wlebis saqarTveloSi xelsayreli pirobebi
iqmneba
burJuaziuli
gardaqmnebisaTvis.
kapitalisturi
sasaqonlo_fuladi urTierTobebis da sawarmoo ganviTarebis Sedegad TandaTan Camoyalibda erovnuli bazari, romelic ruseTis imperiis Semadgeneli nawili iyo; 2.
1821
w.
ruseTis
xelisuflebis
mier
amierkavkasiaSi
SeRavaTiani tranzitis SemoRebis mizani iyo kontinenturi evropis fabrikuli saqonlis iranSi mizRvaveba, iq konkureciul brZolaSi inglisis damarcxeba da amierkavkasiis bazris gawmenda aRmosavluri da adgilobrivi saqonlisagan. es politika ar aRmoCnda efeqtiani, qarTvelma vaWrebma isargebles amiT da rusul bazarze adgilobriv saqonels
yiddnen,
evropuli
saqoneli
xolo
amoRebuli
SemohqondaT.
fuliT
iafma
da
ara
rusuli,
xarisxianma
aramed
evropulma
saaqonelma ki adgilobriv bazarze rusuli saqoneli Seaviwrova; 3.
saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis am etapze savaxSo
operaciebSi dabandebul kapitals ufro maRali mogeba mohqonda, vidre saqalaqo,
an
aristokratia, ekonomikuri
sasoflo maT
mimarT
antagonizmis
meurneobaSi. aSkara gamo,
qarTveli
mtrobas aramed
feodaluri
iCenda,
imitomac,
ara
mxolod
rom
savaWro
kapitalis warmomadgenlebis erovnuli siWrelis gamo maTi socialuri interesebi xSirad ar emTxveoda qarTul erovnul interesebs; 4.
kapitalistur
sarewebSi
adreul
etapze
saxvadasxva
kategoriis muSaxeli hyavdaT. Warbobda muSaxeli, romelic jer kidev ar iyo mowyvetili sakuTar meurneobas. SedarebiT naklebad, magram aseve iyenebdnen Tavisufal, an eqsproprirebul muSebs; 5.
saqarTveloSi
manufaqturebis
SedarebiT
mcire
nawili
gadaiqca fabrika-qarxnebad. ufro xSirad fabrika-qaxnebis mowyoba154
daarseba
xdeboda
ara
arsebuli
manufaqturuli
sawarmoebis
gardaqmniT aramed sruliad damoukideblad; 6.
ruseTSi,
sakredito
60-ian
sistemis
wlebSi
gatarda
kapitalisturi
finansuri
reforma
reorganizacia,
da
romelic
saqarTvelozec gavrcelda. kerZod, daiwyo kapitalisturi kreditis ganviTareba.
kareditze
moTxovnis
zardam
dawesebulebaTa daarseba. am reformam
ganapiroba
sakredito
daaCqara saqarTvelos (da sxva
koloniebis) ruseTTan ekonomikuri integracia; 7.
XIX
s.
70-iani
wlebidan
XIX
s.
bolomde
SeiniSneba ubanizaciis tempis daCqareba. am xeli
Seuwyo
amierkavkasiis
rkinigzis
saqarTveloSi
process gansakuTrebiT
dasrulebam.
1897
wlisTvis
saqarTvelos qalaqebSi cxovrobda 305,8. kaci. qalaqebSi mcxovrebTa umravlesoba _ 52,5 % TbilisSi iyo
Tavmoyrili. mrewveloba yvelaze
metad ganviTarebuli iyo sam qalaqSi: TbilisSi, quTaissa da baTumSi; 8.
safabriko-saqarxno warmoebis ganviTarebam moTxovna gazarda
kavlificiur
kadrebsa
kapitalistur
da
da
specialistebze.
manufaqturul
sawarmoTa
xelosnur,
wvril
kvalificiur
muSakTa
umetesobas garedan (ruseTidan da evropis qveynebidan) mosuli kadrebi warmoadgendnen. isini euflebodnen kidec wvrili warmoebis mraval axal sferos. ZiriTadad xelisuflebis SemweobiT daiwyo sxvadasxva saxis
saxelosno-saswavleblebisa
skolebis
daarseba.
kontingentis
Sesabamisad,
Camoyalibeba.
Tu
profesiuli,
daiwyo
axali
adgilobrivi
aseve
teqnikuri
skolebis
dawyebiTi kadrebis
garda,
bevri
ganaTlebas ruseTSi iRebda; 9. amqruli
1864 w. reformamdel saqalaqo meurneobaSi wamyvani Zala iyo xelosnoba.
administracias xelosnobis
1865
w.
daeqvemdebara.
degradacia
da
kanonmdeblobiT amis
Sedegad
gafarTovda
amqari
daiwyo
amqarsgare
masStabi, sadac dasaqmebulebi iyvnen daqiravebuli muSebi; 155
saqalaqo
tradiciuli xelosnobis
10.
XIX s. 30-ian w. iyo mcdeloba, daenergaT Saqris warmoeba. am
warmoebas Taosnobdnen zubalaSvilebi, romlebsac msxvili savaqro kapitali gaaCndaT. miuxedavaT im SeRavaTebisa, rasac maT xelisufleba uwevdaT
es
warmoeba
adgilobrivi
Saqris
warmatebiT
ver
mewarmeTaTvis
amoqmedda.
gacilebiT
rogorc
ioli
Cans,
gamdidrebis
saSualeba iyo SeRavaTian pirobebSi Semotanil nedleulze muSaoba, vidre adgilobrivi sanedleulo bazis Seqmna; 11. moikida
Rvinis tradiciul qveyanaSi ludis warmoebam karga xans ver fexi.
adgilobrivi
warmatebuli mewarmis
aRmoCnda _
germaneli
lorTqifaniZis
kolonistebisa mier
da
daarsebuli
ludsaxarSebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom warmoebuli ludi sakmaod dabali xarisxis iyo, soliduri fasi (1.2-1.6 man.)
Rirda. importirebuli ludi
Tbilisis bazarze adgilobrivs seriozul konkurecias ver uwevda; 12.
saqalaqo cxovrebisa da mSeneblobis gaaqtiurebam jer kidev
reformamdel
periodSi,
warmoSva
meqanikur
sarewTa
arsebobis
aucilebloba. amgvar sarewTa Soris aRsaniSnavia Tbilisis saxazino sawaxnago
fabrika,
sadac
daqiravebuli
muSebi
muSaobdnen.
aq
warmoebuli produqciis nawili saeqsportod peterburgSi igzavneboda; 13.
reformamdel
saqarTveloSi,
gansakuTrebiT
ki
TbilisSi
Tavili masStabebiT yuradRebas ipyrobs agurisa da sapnis sarewebi, dawinaurda aseve tyavis, kramitisa da aryissaxdeli sarewebi; 14.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saglexo reforma saqarTveloSi 1864 w.
memamuleTa
interesebis
maqsimaluri
gaTvaliswinebiT
gatarda,
man
mainc Seuwyo safuZvlian cvlilebebs xeli. glexebma miiRes ra piradi Tavisufleba, saSualeba miecaT SeeZinaT qoneba, wamoewyoT vaWroba, an mewarmeoba; 15.
reformisSemdgom
periodSi
gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas
ipyrobs sarkinigzo mSenebloba, romliTac saqarTvelos mrewvelobaSi 156
daiwyo
axali
xana,
gadatrialeba.
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
infrastruqturulma
namdvili
cvlilebebma
samrewvelo
xeli
Seuwyo
kapitalisturi mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis daCqarebul ganviTarebas; 16.
qveynis
ekonomikuri
warmoSoba.
sabanko
feodaluri
aristokratia,
kapitalistebi
dawinaurebis
saqmianobis
sul
gaaqtiurebis
TandaTan
ufro
metad
Sedegi
iyo
bankebis
kvaldakval
bankidan
idevneboda,
xolo
euflebodnen
vaWrebi
qveynis
da
sameurneo
cxovrebas. mimdinare safinanso procesebma sabolood Seuwyes xeli memamuluri
miwaTmflobelobis
rRvevas
da
kapitalisturis
damkvidrebas ara mxolod qalaqad, aramed sofladac; 17.
XIX
sawarmoTa
s.
bolosTvis
aRmoceneba,
TbilisSi
romlebic
SesamCnevi
ZiriTadad
xdeba
msxvil
adgilobrivi
savaWro
kapitalis meSveobiT fuZndeboda. amgvar warmoebaSi moiazreba tyavis, mitklis, Tambaqos, alkoholuri sasmelebis da sxvaTa warmoeba; 18.
adelxanovis
firmas
dedaqalaqis
mrewvelobaSi
gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira, rogorc kapitalisturi mrewvelobis flagmans. misi tyavis, fexsacmlisa da Culeulis fabrikaSi mudmivad inergeboda mowinave teqnika. igi maragdeboda ZiriTadad adgilobrivi nedleuliT, aseve moixmardnen importirebul masalebs. adelxanovis mza
nawarmi garda saqarTvelosi,
saRdeboda TiTqmis mTel ruseTsa
da mis saimperio sivrceSi; 19.
aRniSnul
periodSi
fabrika
ekuTvnis
nawili
samrewvelo
aRWurvili
iyo
mirzoevs,
bambeulis romelmac
kapitalad
inglisuri
aqcia.
mozrdili
savaWro misi
manqana-danadgarebiT
sarTav-saqsovi
kapitalis fabrika da
udidesi
ZiriTadad
specialistebic
inglisidan hyavda mowveuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi warmatebebi ar iyo stabiluri, sawarmo Tbilisis da ara marto Tbilisis ekonomikis erT-erT mowinave sawarmod iTvleba;
157
20.
Tambaqos
dammuSavebel
mrewvelobas
saqarTveloSi,
kerZod
TbilisSi safuZveli XIX s. 50-ian wlebSi Caeyara. am dros Tambaqos sawarmoebs Soris yuradRebas iqcevs enfianjiancisa da bozarjiancis Tambaqos fabrikebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad manufaqturuli tipis sawarmoebs warmoadgendnen, xolo 80-90-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis maT ukve kapitalisturi fabrikebis saxe miiRes, mogvianebiT ki Tambaqos zogierTi sawarmo msxvil saaqcio sazogadoebebad erTiandeba; 21. qarxana
ruseTis imperiaSi koniakis pirveli specialuri samrewvelo TbilisSi
ekuTvnoda.
igi
gamoirCeoda
gaixsna
sxva
1888
w.
danarCeni
masStabebiT,
igi
mrewvels
analogiuri nedleulis
d.
sarajiSvils
qarxnebisagan
mkveTrad
SerCeviT,
gamoxdis
TaviseburebebiT da koniakis dayenebis teqnologiis rTuli procesebis srulad
dacviT.
misma
saqmianobam
biZgi
misca
koniakis
warmoebis
ganviTarebas ruseTis imperiaSi. misi nawarmi importirdeboda ruseTis imperiisa da szRvargareTis bazarze; 22.
ucxouri
kapitalis
warmomadgenlebi,
sargeblobdnen
adgilobrivi da rusuli kapitalis sisustiT da amierkavkasiis da saqarTvelos
bazarze
sakmaod myarad ikidebdnen
fexs.
maT
Soris
yuradRebas iqcevs germanuli kapitali. imisaTvis, rom maqsimaluri mogeba mieRoT, SemohqondaT uaxlesi teqnika da teqnologiebi; 23.
xelisufleba
saxelmwifo
daxmarebebiT
xels
uwyobda
Camosaxlebul germanel kolonistebs. maT xeli mihyves xelosnobas, gansakuTrebiT 1865 w. saamqro reformis Semdgom. maT daamkvidres axali xelosnuri dargebi, mag. etlebis warmoeba, meZexveoba, mekasreoba da a.S; 24.
msxvili
saxelosnoebis
daarsebis
garda,
saqarTveloSi
Semosuli iyo msxvili germanuli kapitalic, mag. `simensi”, `zingeri”, `gelzenkirxeni”, da sxv. romelic warmatebiT moRvaweobda ara mxolod TbilisSi, aramed saqarTvelosa da zogadad ruseTis imperiaSi; 158
25.
TbilisSi ara mxolod germanelebis saqmianobis gaaqtiureba
igrZnoboda, aramed sxva evropeli moqalaqeebis mxridanac. am mxriv yuradRebas imsaxurebs kastelas mier daarsebuli abreSumis fabrika da
Stiuses
sawaxnago
fabrika.
aseve
toles
sanTlisa
da
sapnis
warmoebebi. 26.
XIX s. meore naxevari Tbilisis ekonomikis istoriaSi misi
burJuaziul
qalaqad
Camoyalibebis
periodia.
ganviTarebis kapitalistur stadiaze gadavida.
159
misi
mrewveloba
gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxa 1. D _manjgalaZe g. “germaneli kolonistebi amierkavkasiaSi”Tb. 1970. 2. D_DmirianaSvili m. kapitalisturi mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. Tb. 1980 Ggv. 20 3. D_cercvaZe a. germania _ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri urTierTobebi. (1817-1917 ww.) 1999 w. 4. gaz. “guTnis deda”, # 1 1864w. 5. gaz. “droeba”, #17 1866. 6. gaz. `droeba”, #24 1869 7. gaz. “droeba”, #22 1871 8. gaz. “droeba” #24, 1872 9. gaz. “droeba” # 110 1875 10. gaz.”droeba” #88 1881 11. gaz. “droeba” # 42. 1883. 12. gaz. “iveria”, #66. 1888. 13. gaz. “iveria”, #111 1891. 14. baqraZe g. saqarTveloSi kapitalisturi mrewvelobis ganviTareba, zogierTi sakiTxis swori gagebisaTvis _ Tsu Sromebi. t. 100, 1963 15. gamyreliZe g. _ xelosnoba TbilisSi, Tb. 1926 w. 16. gogolaZe d. kapitalisturi sawarmoebi soflis meurneobasa da mrewvelobaSi reformamdel saqarTveloSi (1830-1864 ww.), Tb. 1969. 17. guguSvili p. kapitalizmis warmoSoba da ganviTareba saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi. Tb.1941. 18. guguSvili p. manufaqturuli warmoebis istoriisaTvis amierkavkasiaSi. Tb. 1939. 19. guguSvili p. saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTarebaXIX_XX ss., t IV, w. I, Tb., 1965, gv. 20. guguSvili p. safabriko-saqarxno mrewvelobis ganviTareba amierkavkasiaSi, Tsu Sromebi, t. XVI. 1940. 21. guguSvili p. fulis niSnebi da triali saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi me-19 saukuneSi, Tb. 1937. 22. guliSambarovi st. zogierTi ram Cvens ekonomikis mdgomareobaze, `droeba” #24, 1872. eZgveraZe l. social-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa burJuaziuli evolucia saqarTveloSi. 1986. gv. 84, 23. manjgalaZe g. germaneli kolonistebi amierkavkasiaSi. Tb 1970. 24. majd-os-saltane, “qalaq Tbilisis aRwera”, Tb. 1971 25. m. mirianaSvili d. sarajiSvilis saxsovrd. Tb. 1981 26. nikolaZe n. _ mirzoevis mitklis saqsovi fabrika TbilisSi. gaz. “droeba” # 48, 1871. 27. nikolaZe n. _ mirzoevis mitklis saqsovi fabrika TbilisSi. gaz.”droeba”,#24, 1872. 160
28. rodonaia n. Tbilisis mrewveloba XIX s. meore naxevarSi. Tb.1961. 29. samsonaZe m. saqarTveloSi samrewveli ganviTareba XIX s. reformamdel xanaSi. 1968. sexniaSvili c. ekonomikis istoria, naw. I, 2000 w. 30. umikaSvili p. _ ramdenime sityva mirzoevis fabrikazed _ gaz.“droeba” #3 1872. 31. RuduSauri m. saqarTvelos ekomika XIX dasawyisSi.sexniaSvili c. `ekonomikis istoria”, naw. I Tb. 2000 w. (Tanaavtori) 32. yifiani n._ saxelosno Skola teqnikuri sazogadoebisa _ gaz.“droeba” #3, 1872. 33. cincaZe d. kap. mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi XIX s. meore naxevarsa da XX s. dasawyisSi, Tb. 1979. 34. WavWavaZe i., Txz. t.VI. 1953. 35. WavWavaZe i., Txz., t. IX, 1957. 36. WiWinaZe z., mrewveloba, vaWroba-xelosnoba saqarTveloSi, Tb.1909 37. xoStaria e. damuSavebiTi mrewveloba saqrTveloSi XIX s. pirvel naxevarSi. TB. 1958. 38. xoStaria e. dammuSavebeli mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi XIX s. 30-60-ian wlebSi istoriis inst. Sromebi, t. III, Tb. 1958. 39. xoStaria e. .mrewvelobis ganviTareba da muSaTa klasis Camoyalibeba XIX s. saqarTveloSi. Tb. 1966. 40. javaxiSvili iv. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria. Tb. 1930 w. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi (scsia) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
scsia, scsia, scsia, scsia, scsia, scsia, scsia, scsia, scsia, scsia, scsia, scsia, scsia,
f. f. f f. f. f. f f. f. f. f. f. f.
4, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, A 204, 240, 370, 204, 370, 414,
saq. 2. saq. 486. saq. 640. saq. 3574. saq. 8954. saq. 8977. saq. 9004. saq. 654. saq. 1291. saq. 150. saq. 654. saq. 207. saq. 10.
saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi 14. scsa f. 2, saq. 39 15. scsa, f. 2, saq. 3109. 161
16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.
scsa, f. 7, saq. 437 scsa, f. 7, saq. 489 scsa, f. 7, saq. 2 229. scsa, f. 10, saqme 30. scsa, f. 10, saq. 39 scsa, f. 10, saq. 1823. scsa, f. 10, saqme 1835. scsa, f. 12, saq. 1460. scsa, f. 17, saq. 2283. scsa, f. 204, saq. 563. scsa, f. 370, saq. 409. scsa, f. 204, saq. 591. scsa, f. 204, saq. 592. scsa, f. 370, saq. 940. scsa, f. 370, saq. 947. scsa, f. 371, saq. 181. scsa, f. 371, saq. 206. scsa, f. 416, saq. 800. xelnawerTa institutis fondi, R- S 2513_16.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Газ.«Кавказ», № 17. 1854. Газ. ”Кавказ”, # 116, 1875. `Кавказский календарь” на 1872 г. `Кавказский календарь” на 1875 г. `Кавказский Kалендарь”,на 1887г . Ахвердов Ю. Тифлисские Амкары. Т. 1883 г. Бендианишвили А. Аграрные отношения в Грузии в 1890-1917 гг. Тб. 1965г. Варзар, Список фабрик и заводов Росийской Империи. 1912г. Гнедич А.Г., Обзор промышленности фабрично-заводс горнозаводской губерний и областей Кавказского края, составлено в Гулишамбаров Ст. Обзор Фабрик и Заводов Тифлисской губернии, Т. 1888 Гулишамбаров Ст. ОФЗ по Зак. краю. Тиф. 1892г. 10. Гулишамбаров Ст. ОФЗ по Зак. краю. Тиф. 1894г. 11. Ерицов А. Указатель соч. к изучению эк. быта гос. крестян Зак. края.1874г. 12. Кучинский Ю. История условия труда в Германии. М. 1949 г. 13. Лукин-Антонов Н.М. Очерки по новейщей ист. Германии 1890-1914 гг. М. 1925г. 14. .Мачалов В.Д. Крестянское хазяйство в Закавказье к канцу XIX в.М.1958г. 15. Никифоров Н. эк.быть Немецких колонистов в Закавказском Крае. м. 1885 г. 16. Сараджев Д.З., Тифл. 1901г. 17. Сараджев Д.З., Тифл. 1905г. 18. Акты, т. Х, стр. 160. 19. Акты т. Х, стр. 887. 20. Краткий очерк истории возникновения, развития и современ. положениn акц. общества кожевенного и войлочного производства на Кавказе Г.Г. Адельханова. Т.1901. 21. Сборник сведении о Кавказе, т. VII, Тифлис, 1880. 1886г 162
22. Сборник статистических сведении по Закавказскому краю, часть I, Т. 1902. 23. Сборникъ статистическихъ свъдъний по Зак. краю, часть 1, Т. 1902 24. Сведения о производительности заводов Хубларова с братьями вТифлисе. Т. 1901г.. Список фабриk и заводов Европейской России, 1903 25. Фабрично-заводская промышленность России, 1897. ЦЕНТРАЛЬНЫЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ АРХИВ ГРУЗИИ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
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163
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