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anton baliaSvili, pavle kurtaniZe

sarkinigzo transporti

`teqnikuri universitetiâ&#x20AC;?@

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

a. baliaSvili, p. kurtaniZe

sarkinigzo transporti

rekomendebulia stu-is saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos mier. 17.03.2010, oqmi #2

Tbilisi 2010

uak 656.2 b - 212 Sedgenilia sarkinigzo transportis yvela mimarTulebis specialobis umaRlesi profesiuli kolejisa da bakalavriatis msmenelTaTvis gankuTvnili moqmedi saswavlo programebis mixedviT. ganxilulia sarkinigzo transportis yvela ZiriTadi sameurneo erTeulis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi teqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebi. did sargeblobas moutans sarkinigzo transportis ZiriTad sameurneo erTeulebSi dasaqmebul inJiner-teqnikur personals.

recenzenti teqnikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori g. SaraSeniZe

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2010 ISBN 978-9941-14-802-6 http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/ yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

Sesavali Tanamedrove teqnikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, yvela saxis satransporto saSualebaTa Soris wamyvani adgili uWiravs sarkinigzo transports, romelic msoflio ekonomistebis ganmartebiT, warmoadgens damakavSirebel rgols rogorc mopovebisa da gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobebis, ise gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobisa da momxmareblebs Soris. garda amisa, sarkinigzo transports didi roli akisria samgzavro gadazidvebSic miuxedavad didi konkurenciisa, romelsac mas uwevs Sor manZilebze (1000 km da meti) saaviacio transporti da axlo manZilebze (500 km-mde) saavtomobilo transporti. sarkinigzo transports aqac wamyvani roli ekuTvnis, gansakuTrebiT ki saSualo da didi teritoriebis mqone qveynebSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom orliandagiani sarkinigzo xazis mSeneblobisaTvis saWiroa 14 m siganis zoli, Tanamedrove avtobanisaTvis ki 37 m zoli, e.i. 2,8-jer meti farTobi. sarkinigzo transporti warmoadgens metad rTul (sainJinro teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT) satransporto dargs, romelSic Sedis: • liandagi da saliandago meurneoba; • moZravi Semadgenlobebi (lokomotivebi, vagonebi da maTi movla-Senaxvis meurneobebi); • signalizaciisa da kavSirgabmulobis nagebobebi da mowyobilobebi; • rkinigzebis eleqtromomarageba; • rkinigzis sadgurebi da kvanZebi. sarkinigzo transportis muSaobis ZiriTadi maCveneblebi gaizomeba: • tvirTbrunviT (tona-km); • mgzavrTa gadayvaniT (mgzavri-km). sarkinigzo transportis gamarTuli muSaoba didad aris damokidebuli zemod CamoTvlil misi yvela sameurneo erTeulis teqnikurad gamarTul muSaobaze.

Tavi I gabaritebi gabariti franguli sityvaa da niSnavs sagnebis zRvrul gare moxazulobas (mag manqanebis, xidebis, vagonebis, lokomotivebis da sxva). rkinigzis xazebisaTvis arsebobs orgvari gabariti: • nagebobaTa miaxloebis gabariti (liandagis perpendikularuli RerZis marTobTan miaxloeba); • moZravi Semadgenlobis gabariti (liandagis perpendikularuli RerZidan daSoreba). nax 1.1-ze mocemulia nagebobaTa miaxloebis zRvruli zomebi liandagis vertikalur RerZTan, sadguris teritoriaze da gadasarbenebze. sadguris teritoriaze

gadasarbenebze

nax. 1.1. rkinigzis liandagTan nagebobis miaxloebis gabariti

rkinigzis mSeneblobis praqtikaSi moqmedebs Semdegi gabaritebi: • nagebobaTa gabariti (nax 1.1-is mixedviT);

•

I, II da III xazebi dadgenilia gadasarbenebisa da sadguris teritoriaze arsebuli mTavari liandagis xelovnuri nagebobebisaTvis; • Ia, IIa, IIIa da IVa xazebi - dadgenilia sadguris gverdiTi liandagebisaTvis. samSeneblo gabaritis sigane erTliandagiani gzebisaTvis aris 4900 mm. sadgurze Casasxdom – gadmosasxdomi baqnebis zomebia: • maRali baqnebisaTvis – 1100 mm, relsis Tavidan; • dabali baqnebisaTvis - 200 mm, relsis Tavidan. sarkinigzo transportis moZravi Semadgenlobis gabaritebi Semdegia: 1 –T da T anu 1 – ВМ; 02 - ВМ; 0 -ВМ; da 03 -ВМ. aqedan 1 –T da T gabariti moqmedebs Cven rkinigzaze. 02 -ВМ da 0 -ВМ moqmedebs rogorc CvenTan, ise evropis rkinigzebze. xolo 03 -ВМ moqmedebs CvenTan, evropisa da aziis qveynebis rkinigzebze. rogorc wesi, samSeneblo gabaritsa da moZravi Semadgenlobis gabaritebs Soris aris Tavisufali sivrce, romelsac gabaritTaSorisi sivrce ewodeba (nax. 1.2).

nax. 1.2. samSeneblo nagebobaTa da moZravi Semadgenlobis gabaritebis urTierTganlagebis sqema

teqnikuri eqspluataciis wesebis (tew) Tanaxmad, orliandagiani gzebisaTvis swori ubnebis gadasarbenze liandagebis RerZebs Soris manZili tolia 4100 mm-sa, xolo im SemTxvevaSi Tu gvaqvs imave gadasarbenze mesame liandagi, misi da misi mezobeli liandagis RerZebs Soris manZili tolia 5000 mm-s (nax. 1.3). rac Seexeba sadguris teritoriaze arsebul liandagebs, aq gvaqvs Semdegi:

nax. 1.3. sworubnian gadasarbenze samliandagiani rkinigzis xazebis urTierTganlagebis sqema

Cveulebriv sadgurebSi or mezobel liandags Soris manZili tolia 4800 mm-sa, xolo meorexarisxovani liandagebisa da satvirTo ezoebis liandagebs Soris manZili tolia 4500 mm-s. rogorc cnobilia, rkinigzebze eqspluataciaSia vagon-baqnebi da naxevarvagonebi, romelTa meSveobiT gadaizideba e.w. “ugabarito” tvirTebi (xe-tye, manqana-danadgarebi da sxva). im sadgurebSi an samrewvelo sawarmoebSi, sadac warmoebs aseTi tvirTebis masobrivi datvirTvebi, aucilebelia gvqondes e.w. “gabarituli karebi”, romelSic Tavisuflad unda gaiaros aseTi tvirTebiT datvirTulma vagonma. rac Seexeba metropolitens, maTi gabaritebis monacemebi warmodgenilia nax 1.4-ze.

nax. 1.4. metropolitenis wriuli kveTis erTliandagiani gvirabis miaxloebisa da moZravi Semadgenlobis gabaritebis urTierTSeTavsebis sqema 1 – nagebobis miaxloebis gabariti; 2 – mowyobilobaTa miaxloebis gabariti; 3 - moZravi Semadgenlobis gabariti; 4 – samosamsaxuro biliki; 5 – avtosdeqebis dayenebis adgili; 6 – betonis saZirkveli rTd – relsis Tavis done

sakontrolo kiTxvebi 1. 2. 3. 4.

ras warmoadgenc nagebobaTa miaxloebisa da moZravi Semadgenlobis gabaritebi? rogor Semowmdes gabaritis moTxovnaTa usrunvelyofa? ras udris gadasarbensa da sadguris teritoriaze ganlagebuli liandagebis RerZebs Soris manZili? ras warmoadgens “gabarituli karebi”.

Tavi II rkinigzebis mSenebloba, liandagi da saliandago meurneoba 2.1. rkinigzebis daproeqteba rkinigzebis daproeqteba iwyeba imiT, rom jer SeirCeva mocemuli qveynis regioni, sadac unda gaiaros momavalma rkinigzam. Semdeg xdeba am mimarTulebaze e.w. “yvelaze iolad dasamuSavebeli” teritoriis geodeziuri Seswavla. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom damproeqtebels winaswar eZleva momavali rkinigzis kategoriis niSani. dReisaTvis gvaqvs oTxi kategoriis sarkinigzo xazebi: • Cqarosnuli moZraobis; • gansakuTrebuli tvirTdaZabuli muSaobis, romelic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa I, II da III kategoriebad. TiToeuli maTganisaTvis dadgindeba da damuSavdeba e.w. grZivi profili, romelic moicavs mocemul mimarTulebaze yvela im dadebiT da uaryofiT elementebs, romlebic Tavs iCens maTi eqspluataciis dros. mag. e.w. saangariSo qanobi, romlis mixedviTac dgindeba mocemul mimarTulebis ubanze matareblis – Semadgenlobis wona, moZraobis siCqare, wevis saxeoba da sxva.

2.2. rkinigzis liandagi 2.2.1. liandagis qveda nagebobebi liandagis qveda nagebobebs miekuTvneba: - miwis vakisi da is xelovnuri nagebobani, romlebzec gadis rkinigzis xazi. miwis vakisi warmoadgens rkinigzis qveda nagebobebis kompleqss, romelic miiReba miwis zedapiris specialuri damuSavebis Sedegad da romelzec SemdgomSi ganTavsdeba liandagis zeda nagebobebi.

nax. 2.1. xidebi gzagamtarobiTY a) zeda gatarebiT; b) qveda gatarebiT; g) Sua gatarebiT

rkinigzis xazis mSeneblobisas miwis vakisi SeiZleba iyos yrilis an amonaWrelis saxiT (nax. 2.2 da nax. 2.3). es imitom xdeba, rom momaval rkinigzas ar hqondes zedmeti Cavardna an maRla asvla. arsebuli erTliandagiani rkinigzis xazisaTvis miwis vakisis ZiriTadi moednis (romelzec unda ganTavsdes zeda nageboba) fuZis sigane aris:

• •

rbili qanebis SemTxvevaSi – 5,5 m. magari qanebisas – 5,0 m.

nax. 2.2. yrilis tipuri normaluri profili (zomebi moyvanilia metrebSi) 1 –wyalgamyvani arxi; 2 –berma; 3 –ZiriTadi baqani; 4 –miwis vakisis wveri; 5 –vakisis ferdobi; 6 –maragi; h - miwis vakisis simaRle; ℓ - yrilis ferdobis Ziris sigrZe; 1:n – ferdobis daxra

nax. 2.3. amonaWrelis tipi ganivi profili (zomebi moyvanilia metrebSi) 1 –arxi mTis mxridan; 2 –kavaleri; 3 –banketis iqiTa arxi; 4 –banketi; 5 –kiuveti; 6 –Wrilis daxris wveri; b0 -CamonaWeris sigane; b0П -ZiriTadi baqnis sigane.

xelovnuri nagebobebi moewyoba iq, sadac rkinigzis xazi gadakveTs: mdinareebsa da wyliT datboril adgilebs, sxva rkinigzis xazebs, maRal mTebs, cicabo ferdobebze gzis gayvanisas da sxva. rkinigzebis mSeneblobaSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli xelovnuri nagebobebia xidebi da gzagamyvani da wyalgamtari milebi ≈90%.

xidebi Tavisi konstruqciiT Semdegia: zeda gatarebiT, Sua gatarebiT da qveda gatarebiT; Sesrulebuli masalis mixedviT: xis, qvis, liTonisa da rkinabetonis (nax. 2.1). sigrZis mixedviT: mcire – 25 m-de; saSualo – 100 m-de; grZeli - 100÷500 m-de da uklaso 500 m-ze meti. gzagamyvani milebi moewyoba iq, sadac rkinigza gadakveTs adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis gzebs an mcire mdinareebs. gvirabebi moewyoba mxolod iq, sadac SeuZlebelia miwis vakisis samuSaoebis Catareba (didi moculobis gamo). Tu gvirabis sigrZe 1000 m-ze metia, iq unda moewyos ventilacia. sayrdeni da damcavi kedlebi, agreTve derefnebi, moewyoba cicabo ferdobebisas an mdinareebisa da zRvis sanapiroebze gavlisas. 2.2.2. liandagis zeda nagebobebi rkinigzis liandagis zeda nagebobebis daniSnulebaa, misces garkveuli mimarTuleba masze moZrav Semadgenlobas, miiRos Tavis Tavze moZravi Semadgenlobis dawoliT gamowveuli statikuri da dinamikuri datvirTvebi da Tanabrad ganawilebis principiT gadasces isini liandagis qveda nagebobebs. nax 2.4-ze mocemulia liandagis zeda nagebobebis principuli sqema, sadac gvaqvs relsebi; Spalebi, sabalasto fena, miwis vakisis zeda nawili, romelzedac gvaqvs wvrili qviSis fena. garda amisa zeda nagebobebs miekuTvneba agreTve saisro gadamyvanebis mowyobilobebi, relsebis garekvis sawinaaRmdego damagrebebi, damatebiTi xiduri da gadamyvani Zelebi da sxva.

nax. 2.4. orliandagiani sarkinigzo xazis ganivi Wrili 1 – sabalasto fena; 2 –wvrili qviSis baliSi; 3 –Spali; 4 – relsi; 5 -miwis vakisi. bg – Spalis gare kididan yrilis wibomde manZili. hg – Spalis qveS arsebuli RorRis fenis sisqe

aqve (nax. 2.5) mocemulia moZravi Semadgenlobis borblebidan liandagis zeda nagebobebze, dawolis Zalis gadacemisa da mis elementebze am Zalis ganawilebis sqematuri naxazebi.

nax. 2.5. borblis dawolis Zalis gadacemis da ganawilebis sqema liandagis zeda nagebobaze

nax. 2.6. borblis dartyma relsis pirapirze

relsebi warmoadgens maRali simtkicis naxSirbadian foladisagan damzadebul ortesebr Zelebs, romlis profili Sedgeba Tavis, yelisa da Zirisagan (nax. 2.7). Tanamedrove magistraluri rkinigzebis mSeneblobaSi gadasarbenebze gamoiyeneba 25 m sigrZis standartuli Р50, Р-65 da Р-75 tipis relsebi, sadac “Р” niSnavs relss, xolo cifrebi aRniSnavs am relsis 1 grZivi metris wonas kg-Si.

nax. 2.7. relsis ganivkveTi 1 –Tavi; 2 –yeli; 3 –Ziri; hr –relsis sruli simaRle; bZ – relsis Ziris simaRle; b2 –relsis Tavis sigane; SZ –relsis Ziris sisqe

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom mrudebSi Siga sarelso ZafisaTvis iyeneben Semoklebul (24,84 da 24,92 m-is) relsebs, rac uzrunvelyofs moZravi Semadgenlobis wyvilTvalis orive borblis erTdroul Sesvlas pirapirze. garda amisa, saisro gadamyvanebsa da upirapiro (SeduRebul) sarelso Zafis CanarTebSi gamoiyeneba Zveli standartis relsebi sigrZiT 12,5 m an misi Semoklebuli variantis: 12,46; 12,42 da 12,38 m. sarelso damagrebebi Sedgeba relsis sadebisa da omboxebisagan (xis Spalebis SemTxvevaSi) an specialuri

WanWikebisagan (rkinabetonis Spalebis SemTxvevaSi) (nax. 2.8; 2.9 da 2.10).

nax. 2.8. xis Spalebze relsebis damagreba a) ganuyofeli; b)Sereuli; 1–relsi; 2–ombosi; 3–sadebi; 4-Spali

nax. 2.9. relsis ankeruli samagri rkinabetonis Spalze 1 –safeni; 2 –safenis qveda; 3 –ankeri; 4 –monoregulatori; 5 –maizolirebeli kuTxe; 6 –rezinis sadebi

aqve unda ganvixiloT relsebis urTierTTan SeerTebis (gadabmis) sakiTxic. relsebi erTmaneTTan gadabmulia specialuri sadebebis meSveobiT, romelTac aqvT ortesebri Zelis forma. sadebi iseTi zomisaa, rom is simaRleSi Tavisuflad Tavsdeba relsis yelSi. gadabmis zonaSi relsebs aqvT or-ori naxvreti, imave zomis, rac sadebs. sadebebi daedeba relsebs orive mxridan da damagrdeba specialuri didi simtkicis mqone WanWikebiT.

relsis pirapirebis SeerTeba SeiZleba iyos konsoluri (nax. 2.11) an sayrdenisebri (ormag Spalze ganlagebiT).

nax. 2.10. zambaruli gancalkevebuli damagreba 1 –plastmasis gverdiTi sabjeni; 2 –liTonis gverdiTi sabjeni; 3 –zambaruli safeni; 4 –rezinis sadebi; 5 –Cadgmuli bloki; 6 –WanWiki; 7 –sayrdeni kavi; 8 –ganZelSi sicarielis Semavsebeli

nax. 2.11. relsebis konsoluri SeerTeba ormxrivi sadebis gamoyenebiT

eleqtroficirebuli rkinigzebis SemTxvevaSi relsebis Sepirapireba warmoebs izolirebuli Sepirapirebis meTodiT (nax. 2.12,a,b). es imitom keTdeba,

rom xeli ar SeuSalos avtoblokirebis sistemis muSaobas. rac Seexeba relsebis “warekvis” sawinaaRmdego mowyobilobas, isini 25 m sigrZis relsebisas ukeTdebaT 18÷44 cali TiToeul relsze (nax. 2.13). isini orgvari konstruqciisaa drekadi-zambaruli da TviTaRmdgenidamabrunebeli. isini wamoecmeba relsis Ziris qvemodan da korpusiT 30÷40 sm-ze Casobilia RorRis fenaSi. es mowyobiloba xels uSlis relsis Spalebze gasrialebasgarekvas, maSin, rodesac borbali Sedis relsis qimze da agreTve gaWimul daRmarTebSi xangrZlivi damuxruWebis dros.

a) b) nax. 2.12. izolirebuli Sepirapirebis Wrilebi: a) sadebiT, b) CamagrebulWanWikiani 1 –relsi; 2 –sadebi; 3 –gverdiTi sadebi; 4 –polieTilenis sadebi WanWikis qveS; 5 –SemzRudavi; 6 –milsayi; 7 –qveda saizolacio sadebi; 8 –sadebi; 9 –sapirapire WanWiki; 10 -qanCi; 11 –sayeluri; 12 –izolaciis safeni; 13 –izolacia WanWikze

nax. 2.13. warekvis sawinaaRmdego zambaruli mowyobiloba

Spalebi relsebTan erTad warmoadgens liandagis zeda nagebobebis erT-erT ZiriTad elementebs, romelTa daniSnulebaa: daimagros relsebi garkveul (muSa) mdgomareobaSi da miiRos relsebidan mosuli dawolis Zalebi da gadasces isini sabalasto fenas. damzadebuli masalis mixedviT, Spalebi aris: xis, rkinabetonis da rkinis (nax. 2.14 da 2.15).

b) g) nax. 2.14. xis Spalebi a) CamonaWreli; b) naxevrad CamoWrili; g) CamouWreli; hg – Spalis simaRle; δ´ - zeda wibos sigane; δ1 – qveda wibos – Ziris sigane

nax. 2.15. rkinabetonisagan damzadebuli Spali 1 – betoni; 2 – armatura

xis Spalebis standartuli sigrZea 2750 mm, xolo rkinabetonisa 2700 mm. xis Spalebi gaJRenTilia (moxarSuli) specialuri zeTis Semcveli siTxiT. maTi gamZleobis vadaa 15÷18 weli. dReisaTvis msoflios rkinigzebis 85%-ze gamoiyeneba xis Spalebi. rac Seexeba rkinabetonis ganZelebs, isini gamoiyenebian 1957 wlidan. misi konstruqciaa: armirebuli mZime betonisagan damzadebuli specialuri Zelis formis, romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia relsis damagrebis yvela niuansi. rkinabetonis Spalebis muSaobis vadaa 40÷50 weli. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom sxvadasxva kategoriis rkinigzebisaTvis, 1 km manZilze dagebuli Spalebis raodenoba sxvadasxvaa. kerZod, CvenTan moqmedi standartis mixedviT gvaqvs: 1440, 1600 da 2000. sabalasto fena warmoadgens rkinigzis zeda nagebobis fuZes, romelic uSualod ukavSirdeba miwis vakiss. sabalasto fenad pirveli da meore kategoriis, anu maRali kategoriis, gzebze gamoyenebulia damtvreuli RorRi (25÷60 mm diametriT), danarCeni gzebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes qviSa, wida, niJarebiani qviSa, azbestis Semcveli masa da sxva. sabalasto fenam unda uzrunvelyos Spalebidan miRebuli dawolis Zalis Tanabari gadacema miwis vakisis zedapirze. is ar unda itkepnebodes, kargad unda atarebdes sinestes zemodan qvemoT da piriqiT. sabalasto RorRma rom ar daazianos da ar CaiWedos miwis vakisis zeda fenebSi, maT Soris moTavsdeba e.w. ”qviSis baliSis” fena 20 sm-mde sisqiT. sabalasto fenas aqvs prizmis forma, romlis gverdiTi wiboebis daxraa 1:1,5. 2.2.3. sarelso xazebis mowyobiloba sarelso xazebis mowyobilobebi mWidro kavSirSia rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis wyvilTvlebis konstruqciasTan. wyvilTvala, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens ori borblisa da RerZis erTobliobas, sadac borblebi yrudaa dasmuli RerZze ise, rom borblebis Siga zedapirebs Soris manZili aris 1440 mm. rogorc viciT

Cven rkinigzaze relsebs Soris manZili, anu rogorc mas uwodeben “liandagis sigane” tolia 1520 mm. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom evropisa da aziis qveynebSi liandagis sigane tolia 1430 mm-sa. wyvilTvlis borblis gorvis zedapiri warmoadgens konuss, romlis daxraa 1/20, rac aadvilebs borblis gavlas mrudeSi. garda amisa, borbals aqvs qimi, romelic moTavsebulia Siga mxareze, riTac uzrunvelyofilia, normaluri eqspluataciisas, moZravi Semadgenlobis relsidan argadmosvla. borblis qimis zomebia: sisqe – fuZeze 33 mm, xolo simaRle – 28 mm. rac Seexeba sarelso Zafebis ganlagebas erTmaneTis mimarT, t.e. wesebiT dasaSvebia, rom swor ubnebze erTi relsi meores mimarT, vertikalSi iyos 6 mm-mde maRla, xolo mrudeebSi xdeba gare relsis amaRleba, mrudis radiusis mixedviT, Semdegi maTematikuri damokidebulebiT: v2 , (2.1) R sadac h gare relsis amaRlebaa mm-Si, dasaSvebia maqsimum 150 mm; v - mocemul ubanze dasaSvebi maqsimaluri siCqare; R - mrudis radiusi m-Si. gare relsis amaRlebis aucilebloba gamowveulia imiT, rom matareblis mrudeSi moZraobisas, liandagze vertikaluri da dinamikuri Zalebis garda moqmedebas iwyebs centridanuli Zala, romlis sidide damokidebulia moZravi erTeulis masaze, mis moZraobis siCqareze da mrudis radiusze – rac mcirea radiusi da didia siCqare, miT ufro didia centridanuli Zala. garda am RonisZiebisa, mrudeSi awarmoeben liandagis siganis momatebas Semdegi pirobebis dacviT: roca R ≥ 350 m, maSin sigane aris normaluri, e.i. 1520 mm; xolo roca R = 349÷300 m, maSin sigane =1530 mm; Tu R ≤ 299 m-ze naklebia, maSin sigane =1535 mm. unda aRiniSnis, rom swor ubnebze anu normaluri saganis dros – 1520 mm, relsis Tavis Siga waxnagisa da borblis qims Soris RreCo tolia 8 mm, xolo Tu h = 12,5

mrudeSi gavzrdiT am RreCos sidides, maSin wyvilTvlis mrudeSi gavlisas Semcirdeba Tvlis qimisa da relsis cveTa. rac Seexeba sarelso xazebSi relsebis pirapirebs Soris RreCos, is ar unda aRematebodes 21 mm-s. RreCos mowyobis aucilebloba gamowveulia imiT, rom garemos temperaturis cvalebadobisas warmoebs relsebis Sesabamisad gafarToeba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; dagrZeleba an SekumSva. amitom rkinigzis xazis mSeneblobisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes rodis Sendeba (zafxuli an zamTari) da rogor regionSi (civi, zomieri, cxeli). sarkinigzo xidebsa da gzagamtarebze liandagis mowyobisas, rkinis xidebze liandagis misawyobad 10-15 smis daSorebiT ganivad daawyoben xis Zelebs da masze daamagreben relsebs. xolo Tanamedrove rkinis xidebze daawyoben betonis filebs da masze sabalasto feniT ganaTavseben Spalebsa da relsebs. amave wesiT swarmoebs qvisa da rkinabetonis xidebze liandagis mowyoba. 2.2.4. rkinigzis xazebis SeerTeba da gadakveTa moZravi Semadgenlobis erTi liandagidan meoreze gadasayvanad gamoiyeneba liandagis specialuri mowyobiloba, romelsac saisro gadamyvani ewodeba igi Sedgeba: gadasayvani meqanizmis; CarCo relsebis; kalamis; kontrrelsebis; jvaredini ulvaSas; jvaredini gulanasa da gadamyvani Zelebisagan. liandagebis daniSnulebisa da SeerTebis pirobebis mixedviT saisro gadamyvanebi aris: erTmagi; ormagi da gadasakveTi. erTmagi saisro gadamyvanebi aris: Cveulebrivi (nax. 2.16); simetriuli (nax. 2.17) da arasimetriuli. Cveulebrivi saisro gadamyvanebis saSualebiT swarmoebs mTavari liandagidan ganStoebis mowyoba rogorc erT, ise meore mxares. simetriuli saisro gadamyvanebis saSualebiT warmoebs mTavari liandagis or Tanabar liandagebad gayofa e.i. mTavari liandagidan gadaxvevis kuTxe aris erTnairi.

nax. 2.16. Cveulebrivi erTmagi saisro gadamyvanis sqema

nax. 2.17. simetriuli saisro gadamyvanis mowyobilobaTa principuli sqema

arasimetriuli gadamyvanebis SemTxvevaSi, mTavari liandagidan orive mxares gadayvanili liandagebis ganStoebisas kuTxe sxvadasxva sididisaa. garda amisa, arsebobs: ormagi saisro gadamyvanebi, romelTa meSveobiT xdeba mTavari liandagis sami mimarTulebiT gaSla. arsebobs sxvadasxva konstruqciis liandagebis gadakveTis saisro gadamyvanebi (nax. 2.18, 2.19 da 2.20),

romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba ori mTavari liandagis urTierTgadakveTa.

nax. 2.18. jvaredini gadakveTis saisro gadamyvanis sqema

nax. 2.19. Cveulebrivi erTmagi saisro gadamyvanis sqema

nax. 2.20. liandagebis yru gadakveTis principuli sqema

saisro gadamyvanebis mTavari elementia jvaredina, romelic sxvadasxva zomisaa, ris gamoc isini daiyofian sxvadasxva markad (nax. 2.21 da 2.22). kerZod gvaqvs: 1/8; 1/9; 1/11; 1/18 da 1/22 markis saisro gadamyvanebi. es imas niSnavs, rom es jvaredinebi Tavisi zomebiT gansxavdebian erTmaneTisagan imiT, rom jvaredinas fuZis K-s Sefardeba misi gulanis sigrZesTan ℓ-Tan aris sxvadasxva sididis.

K ≅ tgα . A

(2.2)

nax. 2.21. jvaredinas sqema 1 –ulvaSa; 2 –safeni; 3 –gulana; 4 –jvaredinas kudi; ℓ - jvaredinas gulanas sigrZe; α –jvaredinas kuTxe K – jvaredina fuZis sigane.

nax. 2.22. jvaredina moZravi gulaniT

cx 2.1-Si mocemulia Cven rkinigzebze gamoyenebuli saisro gadamyvanebis monacemebi. cxrili 2.1

relsis tipebi

jvaredinis marka

jvaredinis kuTxe α

nax. 2.19-is mixedviT ZiriTadi zomebi m-Si

P75 P65 P65 P65 P65 P65

1/11 1/22 1/18 1/11 1/11*1 1/11*2

5°11'40'' 2°35'50'' 3°10'12'' 5°11'40'' 5°11'40'' 5°11'40''

14,06 31,95 25,63 14,06 14,06 14,06

19,30 38,59 38,19 19,30 20,42 23,58

P65 P50

1/9 1/6*3

6°20'25'' 9°27'45''

15,23 9,95

15,81 10,56

P50

1/6*4

9°27'45''

6,95

10,56

SeniSvna

relsis daxriT jvaredini moZravi gulaniT mimReb-gamgzavni liandagi gorakis liandagebis

2.2.5. saliandago meurneoba saliandago meurneobis ZiraTadi daniSnulebaa liandagisa da mTeli misi mowyobilobis mudmivad gamarTul mdgomareobaSi yofna. am amocanis misaRwevad, rkinigzis mTliani xazi dayofilia distanciebad, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs distanciis ufrosi. liandagis SekeTebaSi gamoiyeneba maRali mwarmoeblobis sagzao manqanebi. Tavis mxriv, saliandago distanciebi iyofa ubnebad, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs ubnis ufrosi, xolo ubnis SemkeTebelTa brigadaSi Sedis 15÷20 maRali kvalifikaciis muSa. rac Seexeba xelovnuri nagebobebis movla-Senaxvas, mas awarmoeben e.w. “specializebuli xidebis saremonto matareblebi”. liandagis movla-Senaxva moicavs oTx etaps: • liandagis mimdinare movla-Senaxva;

• •

liandagis aweviTi da saSuali SekeTeba; liandagis kapitalur SekeTeba; perioduli SekeTebaTa Catarebis vadebis norma damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdeni milioni tona bruto tvirTi gaivlis mocemul ubanze drois arsebul intervalSi (nax. 2.23)

nax. 2.23. liandagis perioduli SekeTebaTa Catarebis sqema

liandagis mimdinare movla-Senaxva warmoadgens sagzao samuSaoebis erT-erT ZiriTad formas. am dros warmoebs yovelgvari “wvrilmani” defeqtebis aRmoCena da aRmofxvra. kerZod, liandagisa da sxva nagebobebis daTvaliereba da Semowmeba; sabalasto fenis nawilobriv Secvla; relsebis pirapirebsSorisi RreCos Semowmeba da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi Secvla da sxva. rac Seexeba aweviT, saSuali da kapitalur SekeTebebs, am dros warmoebs Sesabamisi moculobebis samuSaoebi miwis vakisis, sabalasto fenisa da sarelso mowyobilobebis ganaxlebisa da nawilobrivi Secvlis mizniT.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

aRwereT miwis vakisis yrilisa da Wrilis formebis Taviseburebebi. miwis vakisis ferdobis gamagrebis ra meTodebi arsebobs? CamoTvaleT xelovnur nagebobaTa saxeebi da axseniT maTi daniSnulebebi. CamoTvaleT xidebis konstruqciis ZiriTadi elementebi. CamoTvaleT liandagis zeda nagebobebis elementebi da maTi mdgomareoba. ra ganapirobebs liandagis klasis miniWebas? ra moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes sabalasto fena? Spalebis daniSnuleba, maTi tipebi da sigrZe. relsebis daniSnuleba, maTi tipebi. sarelso SeerTebis aRwera. ras warmoadgens upirapirebo relsebi? rogor aris mowyobili sarelso Zafebi pirdapir da mrudeebSi. daasaxeleT maTi siganeebi. rogori unda iyos sarelso Zafebis urTierTganlagebis done swor ubnebze. ras udris gare relsis maqsimaluri amaRleba mrudeSi? saisro gadamyvanebis daniSnuleba. isargadamyvani jvaredinis daniSnuleba. CamoTvaleT saisro gadamyvanebis markebi, mTavar, misaReb-gasagzavn da gverdiT liandagebze. daasaxeleT saisro gadamyvanis ZiriTadi elementebi. ras warmoadgens saisro quCa?

Tavi III rkinigzebis eleqtromomarageba eleqtroficirebuli rkinigzebis eleqtromomaragebis wesebi da moTxovnebi ganpirobebulia t.e. wesebiT, romelic moiTxovs: • matarebelTa Seuferxebel moZraobas, dadgenili siCqarisa da Semadgenlobis woniT; • rkinigzis signalizaciis da kavSirgabmulobisa da rkinigzis mTliani sameurneo sistemis Seuferxebel eleqtromomaragebas. eleqtroficirebuli rkinigzebis eleqtromomarageba warmoebs saraiono eleqtrosadgurebidan (hidro an Tboelsadguridan), aseve saraiono qvesadgurebis gavliT. am ukanasknelidan eleqtroenergia moewodeba rkinigzis wevis qvesadgurebs. dReisaTvis rkinigzebis eleqtroficireba ganxorcielebulia ori meTodiT: • mudmivi denis – 3000 v (min. 2700 v, maqs. 3300 v); • cvladi denis – 25 000 v (min. 22,5 kv, maqs. 27,0 kv). rkinigzis wevis qvesadgurebi ganlagebulia rkinigzis xazis siaxloves. is Sedgeba maRali Zabvis anu Semomsvleli da “dabali Zabvis” (Cven SemTxvevaSi 3000 v), mowyobilobebisagan. mudmivi deniT eleqtroficirebuli rkinigzis qvesadgurebis “dabali Zabvis” mxares gvaqvs specialuri denis gammarTvelebi – naxevar gamtaruli blokebis saxiT. wevis qvesadgurs rogorc maRali, ise dabali Zabvis mxridan aqvs specialuri dacvis mowyobilobebi, romelic icavs mokled SerTvisa da gadaZabvebisagan. wevis qvesadguris simZlavre damokidebulia imaze, ra kategoriis rkinigzas emsaxureba is. agreTve mniSvnelovania wevis qvesadgurebs Soris manZili. mudmivi denis SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs 10÷20 km, xolo cvladi denis SemTxvevaSi 40÷50 km. sakontaqto qseli warmoadgens damakavSirebels, wevis qvesadgursa da rkinigzis eleqtromoZrav Semadgenlobebs

Soris. wevis qvesadguridan sakontaqto qsels deni miewodeba e.w. mkvebavi fiderebiT. sakontaqto anu wevis qseli Sedgeba sakontaqto da sarelso wredebisagan. sakontaqto qseli warmoadgens haerSi Camokidebul eleqtrulad izolirebul sistemas, romelic Sedgeba: anZebisagan, fiqsatorebisagan, mzidi gvarlisagan, simebisa da sakontaqto sadenisagan (nax. 3.1). nax. 3.1. jaWvuri Camokidebis sakontaqto qselis sqema 1-anZa; 2-wevara; 3-konsoli; 4,9-izolatori; 5-mzidavi gvarli; 6-sakontaqto sadeni; 7-simi; 8-fiqsatori

nax. 3.2. sakontaqto sadenebis sayrdenebi – anZebi a -konsoluri rkinabetonis; b –rkinis moqnadi ganivebisaTvis; g – rkinabetonis moqnadi ganivebisaTvis. 1 –misawoli; 2–diafragma; 3–cxauras ganiva; 4–dgari; 5–ganivi ferma; 6–mafiqsirebeli gvarli

sakontaqto qselis anZebi (nax. 3.2) (romelTa sigrZea ≈15,0÷15,6 m) damzadebuli masalis mixedviT arsebobs: xis, rkinis konstruqciisa da rkinabetonis. anZebi ganlagebulia liandagis gaswvriv mkacrad dacul samSeneblo gabaritis moTxovniT liandagis RerZidan aranakleb 3100 mm-ze. anZebs Soris manZili jaWvuri Camokidebisas tolia 70-75 m. daniSnulebis mixedviT, anZebi gvaqvs: Sualeduri da saankero. anZebze fiqsatorebiTa da konsolebiT Camokidebulia mzidavi gvarlis, simebisa da sakontaqto sadenis erToblioba, romelic mTlianad eleqtroizolirebulia. sakontaqto sadeni, liandagis geometriuli RerZis mimarT Camokidebulia zigzagurad (gadaxriT ±300 mm, rac saSualebas iZleva Zlieri qaris dros iyos mdgrad mdgomareobaSi da xels uwyobs denmimRebi srialebis Tanabrad cveTas. jaWvuri Camokideba gvaqvs erTmagi da ormagi. erTmagi Camokidebisas sakontaqto sadeni elastikuri simebis meSveobiT uSualod Camokidebulia mzidav gvarlze, ormagi Camokidebisas ki mzidav gvarlze simebiT jer Camokidebulia e.w. “gamaZlierebeli” (Sualeduri) sadeni, xolo am ukanasknelze specialuri (mokle simebiT) sakontaqto – erTi an Sewyvilebuli, ori sakontaqto sadeni.

nax. 3.3. МФ – markis sakontaqto sadenis profili

sakontaqto sadenebi mzaddeba specialuri profilis kveTis (nax. 3.3), rac aadvilebs mis Camokidebas. sakontaqto sadenebi ganivkveTis farTis mixedviT aris: 85 mm2; 100 mm2 da 150 mm2. isini damzadebulia eleqtrolituri

spilenZisagan. rac Seexeba mzidav gvarlebs, isini gvaqvs spilenZis, kveTiT 120 mm2 da bimetaluri jamuri kveTiT 95 mm2. bimetaluri gvarlis centrSi gvaqvs spilenZis an aluminis sadeni da mis gareT (simtkicisaTvis) daxveulia foladis mravalwveri. sarelso Zafebi, mudmivi denis eleqtroficirebuli rkinigzebis SemTxvevaSi, asrulebs uaryofiTi sadenis rols, risTvisac relsebis pirapirebze gare mxridan miduRebuli aqvs spilenZis SemaerTebeli wnuli. ori mezobeli wevis qvesadguris kvebis mxrebis SeerTebis adgilze ganTavsebulia seqcionerebis postebi ise, rom sakontaqto sadenebi erTmaneTis mimarT izolirebulia, xolo denmimRebze Zabva momentalurad miewodeba orive mxridan. vinaidan mudmivi denis eleqtroficirebuli rkinigzebis gaswvriv orive mxares ≈5 m manZilze adgili aqvs e.w. “moxetiale denebis” arsebobas, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom gammarTvel mowyobilobaSi “ar gaimarTeba” maRali sixSiris denebi, amitom yvela is liTonis konstruqciis mowyobiloba, romlebic ganlagdebian eleqtroficirebuli rkinigzis gaswvriv 5 m da ufro axlos aucileblad unda damiwdes. rac Seexeba sakontaqto qselis movla-Senaxvas, am mizniT mTeli qseli dayofilia distanciebad: 150÷250 km mudmivi denisas da 200÷300 km - cvladi denisas. distanciebs hyavs inJiner-teqnikuri personali, aqvs Sesabamisi teqnikuri saSualebebi da SemkeTebeli brigadebi, romlebic awarmoeben mimdinare da periodul SekeTebebs.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi 1. 2. 3.

denis ra sistemebi gamoiyeneba eleqtroficirebul rkinigzebze? rogoria Zabvis dasaSvebi doneebi sakontaqto qselSi cvladi da mudmivi denis dros? ra teqnikuri saSualebebiT vicavT sakontaqto sadens cveTisagan?

Tavi IV lokomotivebi da salokomotivo meurneoba 4.1. lokomotivebis klasifikacia rkinigzebze moZravi satranporto saSualebebi iyofa: _wamyvani anu lokomotivebi; _mimyoli anu vagonebi; _TviTmavali anu Zraviani eleqtromatareblebi, dizelmatareblebi, metropolitenis matareblebi, tramvai da sxva. pirveladi energiis wyaros mixedviT lokomotivebi iyofa: orTqlmavlebi, Tbomavlebi, eleqtromavlebi, gazoturbomavlebi da atomuri lokomotivebi. daniSnulebis mixedviT, lokomotivebi iyofa: samgzavro, satvirTo da samanevro. orTqlmavali warmoadgens avtonomiur lokomotivs, romlis mTavari energetikuli danadgaria orTqlis qvabi, sadac garkveuli sawvavis wvis Sedegad aduReben wyals, Rebuloben orTqls, romlis saSualebiTac muSaobs orTqlis manqana, romelsac mrudmxara meqanizmis saSualebiT moZraobaSi mohyavs es lokomotivi. orTqlmavlebi, rogorc wevis ZiriTadi saSualeba mTels msoflioSi gamoyenebuli iyo XIX saukunis 50 wlebidan XX-saukunis 50-ian wlebamde. am lokomotivebs aqvT Zalian dabali margi qmedebis koeficienti, 5-7% da isini amJamad iSviaTad gamoiyenebian. Tbomavali, rogorc orTqlmavali, warmoadgens avtonomiur lokomotivs, romlis pirveladi energiis wyaroa Sigawvis anu dizelis Zrava. imisda mixedviT Tu dizelis Zravas muxla lilvze ganviTarebuli mabrunebeli momenti rogor gadaecema am lokomotivis wamyvan wyvilTvlebs, Tbomavlebi iyofa: eleqtrogadacemiT; meqanikuri gadacemiT da hidromeqanikuri gadacemiT Tbomavlebad. dReisaTvis amaTgan yvelaze gavrcelebulia eleqtrogadacemiani Tbomavlebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba magistralur samgzavro da satvirTo gadazidvebSi da agreTve samanevro samuSaoebSi.

eleqtrogadacemiT momuSave Tbomavali (nax.4.1) Sedgeba: Zarisagan, romelSic ganlagebulia Sigawvis Zrava, romlis muxla lilvze mierTebulia mTavari da damxmare eleqtrogeneratorebi. aqvea ganlagebuli dizelis Zravas normaluri muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnili mowyobilobebi da sxva. aqvea moTavsebuli samuxruWo sistemis motor-kompresori, marTvis kabina (an kabinebi orseqciani variantisas). Tbomavlis ekipaJuri nawili anu urikebi aris 2 an samRerZiani SesrulebiT. urikebs Soris, Zaris qveS, Camokidebulia sawvavis avzi, romlis tevadoba isea SerCeuli, rom sawvaviT Tbomavali uzrunvelyofili iqnes 1000-1200 km garbenisas. eleqtrogadacemis mqone Tbomavlis muSaobis principi Semdegia: mTavari generatori gamoimuSavebs 10001100 v mudmiv dens, romelic specialuri aparaturis meSveobiT (memanqanis kontrolis, jgufuri da individualuri kontaqtorebis, reversiuli gadamrTvelisa da sxva) miewodeba wevis Zravebs, romlebic ganlagebulia urikebSi. TiToeul RerZs aqvs calke Zrava. Tanamedrove TbomavlebSi wevis Zravebs aqvT ”sayrdenRerZuli” Camokideba. magistraluri satvirTo muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnili Tbomavlebi, maTi simZlavris gazrdis mizniT, Sesrulebulia 2,3 da meti seqciiT. TiToeul seqciaSi dgas dizelis Zrava 2000-3000 cxenisZalis simZlavriT. TbomavlebSi urikebi erTmaneTTan SeuRlebuli araa, ris gamoc wyvilTvlebis mier ganviTarebuli wevis Zala, urikis CarCodan saqusleebis meSveobiT gadaecema Zaris CarCos, aqedan ki avtogadasabmeliT vagonebs. Tbomavlebi xasiaTdeba maRali m.q.k-iT, da is Seadgens 29÷30%-s, xolo dizelis Zravebis m.q.k. aris 40÷41%.

34 nax. 4.1. mowyobilobaTa ganlageba 2ТЭ10В Tbomavalze 1 –marTvis pulti; 2 _xelis muxruWi; 3 _Zaris gagrilebis ventilatori; 4 _wevis generatoris gagrilebis ventilacia; 5 _ventilatoris reduqtori; 6 _sifoni; 7 _centridanuli damWirxni; 8 _Sesaberi haeris macivari; 9 _wevis generatori; 10 _dizelis Zrava; 11 _gamosaqSeni mili; 12 _turbo- kompresori; 13 _xanZarsawinaaRmdego agregatis rezervuari; 14 _wylis avzi; 15 _ventilatoris saqusle; 16 _ventilatoris borbali; 17 _ kardanuli lilvi; 18 _macivris seqcia; 19 _ventilatoris hidroamZravi; 20 _wevis eleqtroZravi; 21 _ CarCo-urikis; 22 _urika; 23 _sawvavis avzi; 24 _ deSifratoris kolofi

4.2. eleqtromoZravi Semadgenlobebi eleqtromoZrav Semadgenlobebs miekuTvneba eleqtromavlebi da el.Zraviani vagonebi (eleqtromatareblebi, metropolitenis matareblebi da tramvais vagonebi). imisda mixedviT Tu romel denze muSaoben eleqtromoZravi Semadgenlobis Zravebi, eleqtromoZravi Semadgenlobebi aris: mudmivi denis da cvladi denis. saqarTvelos rkinigzebi mTlianad eleqtroficirebulia mudmiv denze ZabviT 3000v, amitom CvenTan eqspluataciaSia mxolod mudmivi denis eleqtromoZravi Semadgenlobani. nebismieri eleqtromoZravi Semadgenloba Sedgeba: _meqanikuri nawilisagan; _eleqtruli nawilisagan; eleqtrodenze momuSave mowyobilo-bebisagan; _pnevmatikuri mowyobilobebisagan; Tavis mxriv eleqtromoZravi Semadgenlobis meqanikuri nawili Sedgeba: _Zarisagan da ekipaJuri nawilis anu urikebisagan. eleqtromavlis Zara warmoadgens liTonis konstruqciis karkass, romelic gankuTvnilia eleqtroaparaturisa da sxva mowyobilobebis mosaTavseblad. Zaris konstruqciis mTavari elementia Zaris CarCo, romelzedac akrefilia gverdiTi kedlebi, Subla kedlebi da saxuravi. Zaris CarCos aqvs saqusle - ganivi Zelebi, romlebiTac is eyrdnoba urikebs, amave CarCos orive boloSi (erTseqciani Zaris dros) moTavsebulia avtogadasabmelis budeebi. aseTi konstruqciis Zaris CarCos mzidavi CarCo ewodeba radganac masze modis gawevisa da dartymis Zalebi (eleqtromavlebi ВЛ-10, ВЛ11, ВЛ-60, ВЛ-80), xolo ВЛ-8 da ВЛ-23-is seriis elmavlebis Zaris CarCoebi ara mzidavi konstruqciisaa, radgan am elmavlebSi avtogadasabmeli CamontaJebulia urikis CarCoSi. Ee.i. aq urikis CarCoebi aris mzidavi konstruqciis. nax 4.2-ze gamosaxulia ВЛ-10 elmavlis erTi seqcia Tavisi mowyobilobebiT.

nax. 4.2. mudmivi denis eleqtromaval ВЛ – 10ze mowyobilobaTa ganlagebis sqema. 1 –marTvis pulti; 2 –memanqanis savarZeli; 3 –swrafmoqmedi avtomati; 4,5 –induqciuri Suntisa da rezistoris koWebi; 6,8 – agznebis Sesustebisa da gaSvebis rezistorebis blokebi; 7 – denmimRebi; 9 –motor-ventilatori; 10 –motor-kompresori; 11 – elmavlis meore seqciis Zara; 12 -wevis Zrava; 13 –gogrwyvili

urikebi warmoadgens eleqtromoZravi Semadgenlobis erT-erT umTavres sakvanZo nawils, romelTa meSveobiT borblebiT relsebs gadaecemaT Zaris woniT gamowveuli dawolis Zala. urikis CarCo warmoadgens uybo konstruqciis ori grZivi Zelisa da ramdenime ganivi Zelisagan Semdgar konstruqcias. CarCos Zelebi SeduRebuli konstruqciisa (ВЛ-10 aramzidavi CarCos dros), xolo ВЛ-8 elmavlis aris mzidavi da mzaddeba Camosxmis wesiT. urika Sedgeba: CarCosagan, wyvilTvala buqsas kvanZebisagan, resoruli Camokidebis sistemisagan, samuxruWo-berketuli sistemisagan, aqvea Camagrebuli wevis Zravebi Tavisi kbilanuri gadacemis sistemiT. (sayrden-RerZuli Camokidebis dros) (nax. 4.3). wyvilTvala Sedgeba: borblebisagan, RerZisagan, sabuqse kvanZebisagan, mimyoli kbila Tvlebisagan. wyvilTvalas borbali Sedgenili konstruqciisaa da Sedgeba (nax. 4.4): morgvisagan, badrosa da moxsnadi artaxisagan.

RerZi Sedgeba centraluri nawilisagan, morgvqveSa nawilebisa da yelebisagan, romlebzedac moTavsebulia sabuqse kvanZebi.

nax. 4.3. ВЛ – 80 eleqtromavlis urika 1 –wyvilTvala; 2 –furclovani resori; 3 –xraxnuli zambara; 4 –urikis CarCos gverdiTi Zeli; 5 –kronSteini

nax. 4.4. eleqtromavlis wyvilTvala 1 –buqsa; 2 –artaxi; 3 -kbila Tvlis gvirgvini; 4 - kbila Tvlis centri; 5 –borblis centri-morgvi; 6 –RerZi

cxrili 4.1 Tbomavlebi ZiriTadi parametrebi

gamoSvebis dawyebis

2ТЭ10М

М62

2ТЭ116

2ТЭ121

1973

1965

1972

1979

weli momsaxurebis saxe sabobrble formula gadabmis wona-masa (t) RerZze mosuli dawola (kn) dizelis Zravas tipi dizelebis ricxvi seqciaSi cilindrebis ricxvi cilindrebis ganlageba simZlavre dizelis mixedviT (kvt) konstruqciuli siCqare, km/sT xangrZlivi reJimis siCqare, km/sT wevis Zala xangrZlivi reJimis dros

eleqtrogadacemis tipi

satvirTo 2(30-30) 2×138 230 10Д100

(30-30) 119 193 1Д40

1 1 10 12 vertikaluri

2(30-30) 2×138,5

2(30-30) 2×158

226 5Д49

245 5Д49

1 16

1 16 V-sebri

2×2200

1470

2×2200

2×2940

100

23,5

20,0

24,2

27,0

2×253

200

2×253

2×300

mudmivi denis

wevis generatoris tipi

ГП-311Б42

wevis Zravas tipi saekipirebo maragi erTi seqciisTvis (kg) sawvavi wyali zeTi qviSa

cvalebad-mudmivi denis ГС-501А

А-714-У2

ЭД-118А

ГП-312 А-714 ЭД-107

ЭД-118

ЭД-126У

2×6300 2×1500 2×1500 2×1000

3400 950 800 600

2×7000 2×1250 2×1000 2×1000

2×9000 2×1480 2×1430 2×600

cxrili 4.1

ТЭ3

ТЭП60

ТЭП70

ТЭМ5

ТЭМ7

ЧМЭ3

1953

1960

1973

1976

1978

1964

satvirTo

samgzavro

samanevro

2(30-30) 2×126

30-30 129

30-30 128

30-30 126

20+20 180

30-30 121

210 2Д100

215 11Д45

215 2А- 5Д49

210 6Д49

225 2-2Д49

202 КБ310Д

1 10 vertikaluri

1 16

1 12

1 6 vertikaluri

2×1470

2200

2940

882

1470

993

100

160

100

203,5

11,5

10,3

11,4

2×202

129

170

210

268

230

mudmivi denis

cvalebad -mudmivi denis

mudmivi denis

МПТ-99/47

ГП-311В

cvalebadmudmivi denis ГС-501АУ2

ГП-319Б

ГС-515

ТД-802

ЭДТ-200Б

ЭД-107

ЭД-121АУ1

ЭД-107А

ТЭ006

2×5440 2×800 2×1200 2×700

5000 1580 1060 600

6000 1480 1430 600

5440 1050 430 2000

6000 5440 430 2000

5250 1100 400 2000

mudmivi denis

1 16 V-sebri

V-sebri

40 siCqare, km/sT

konstruqciuli

reJimisas, km/sT

siCqare saaTuri

saaTuri reJimisas, kn

wevis Zala

saaTuri reJimis dros, kvt

wevis Zravebis simZlavre

dawola (kn)

RerZidan relsze

gadabmis wona (t)

100

42,6

346

4200

225

184

100

47,3

387

5200

225

184

___ ___

1985

ВЛ15

100

48,7

387

5360

225

184

100

47,7

651

9000

245

300

2(20-20) 2(20-2020)

2(20-20)

saborble formula

20+20+20+20

satvirTo

___

1975

1967

1953-1957 1967

ВЛ11

ВЛ10

ВЛ8

momsaxurebis saxe

weli

gamoSvebis damTavrebis

gamoSvebis dawyebis weli

ZiriTadi parametrebi

160

88,0

163

4200

201

123

30-30

1961

1960

ЧС2

___

1983

ЧС7

1979

ЧС200

190

115,8

255

8400

202

164

180

87,8

146,8

6160

210,9

172

220

135,9

216,5

8400

201

156

20+20+20+20 2(20-20) 20+20+20+20

samgzavro

1981

1979

ЧС6

mudmivi denis elmavlebi

cxrili 4.2

41 Zabva koleqtorze

saaTur reJimSi, kvt

wevis Zravas simZlavre

wevis Zravas tipi

wris diametri, mm

borblis (axali) gorvis

zedapiramde, mm

denmimRebis srialas

sis Tavidan daSvebuli

650 1500

1500

ТЛ-2К

НБ-406Б 525

1 250

1 200

5 121

3 160

3 105

Zaris sigane, mm

5 100

32 840

elmavlis simaRle rel-

90,7

1500

670

ТЛ-2К1

1 250

5 120

3 160

32 840

rekuperatiuli

90,2

27 520

89,1

Soris, mm

dasabmelis RerZebs

elmavlis sigrZe avtoga-

eleqtrodamuxruWeba

enti, %

margi qmedebis koefici-

1500

750

ТЛ-3

1 250

5 120

3 100

33 080

91,0

1 250

5 120

3 000

34 040

reostaturi

91,0

1050 1500

700 1500

1500

770

4AL-4846eT 1A14741F1 1A14846

1 250

5 120

3 030

3 240

5 100

18 920

ara aqvs

90,6

45 000

88,0

1500

1050

1A4741F1

1 250

5 120

3 100

33 080

91,0

mudmivi denis eleqtromavlebis eleqtromowyobilobebs miekuTvneba maRal Zabvaze momuSave da dabal Zabvaze momuSave mowyobilobebi. maRali Zabvis mowyobilobebs miekuTvneba: denmimRebi-pantografi, swrafmoqmedi avtomati (”БВ”), maRali Zabvis gamSveb-maregulirebeli kontaqtorebi, damxmare manqanebi da, rac mTavaria wevis Zravebi. dabali Zabvis aparaturaa: memanqanis kontroleri, sakontrolo mzomi xelsawyoebi, damcavi da maregulirebeli releebi da sxva. denmimRebi, rogorc wesi magistralur eleqtromavlebze ori calia, isini ganlagebulia Zaris saxuravze. amaTgan erTi muSaobs, meore ki samarago rols asrulebs (saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba oriveTi paralelur reJimSi muSaoba). maRali Zabvis gamSveb maregulirebeli aparatura da “БВ”, moTavsebulia Zaris e.w. “maRali Zabvis kameraSi”. damxmare maqanebi ganlagebulia ZaraSi maRali Zabvis kameris erT an orive mxares. maT miekuTvneba: motor-kompresorebi 2 cali, motor-ventilatorebi wevis Zravebis gacivebisaTvis 2 cali, motorgeneratorebi (rekuperaciisreJimian elmavlebSi) – 2 cali; marTvis generatori, marTvis denis misaRebad. Mmemanqanis kabinebi moTavsebulia elmavlis Zaris orive boloSi. Aaq moTavsebulia: memanqanis kontroleri, samuxruWo sistemis onkanebi, marTvis pulti sxvadasxva daniSnulebis RilakebiT, siCqaris mzomi, “sifxizlis saxeluri”, xmovani signalis saxeluri, avtoblokirebis “dubliori” da sxva.

4.3. salokomotivo meurneoba salokomotivo meurneoba warmoadgens sarkinigzo transportis erT-erT wamyvan dargs, romlis ZiriTadi funqciaa uzrunvelyos lokomotivebis teqnikurad gamarTul mdgomareobaSi yofna, rac ZiriTadi pirobaa sarkinigzo gadazidvebis droulad da xarisxianad SesrulebisaTvis. salokomotivo meurneobis ZiriTadi sameurneo erTeulebia: 1) ZiriTadi salokomotivo depoebi, romelTac aqvT specialuri saxelosnoebi, sadac xdeba lokomotivebis calkeuli kvanZebis da mowyobilobebis SekeTeba; 2) teqnikuri momsaxurebis punqtebi; 3) saekipirebo punqtebi da 4) brigadebis Secvlis punqtebi (nax. 4.5, 4.6 da 4.7). _teqnikuri momsaxurebis punqtebi ganlagebulia rogorc ZiriTad depoebTan, ise mobrunebis punqtebisa da saekipirebo punqtebSi. _lokomotivebis mobrunebis punqtebi ganlagebulia wevis mxrebis boloebSi, sadac lokomotivebi elodeba ukan dabrunebas. _lokomotivebis saekipirebo punqtebi, rogorc wesi ganlagebulia depoebis teritoriaze. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi es punqtebi ganTavsebulia didi satvirTo sadgurebis mimReb-gamgzavni parkebis teritoriaze, sadac warmoebs lokomotivebis ekipireba Semadgenlobidan auxsnelad (ZiriTadad, TbomavlebisaTvis). _brigadebis Secvlis punqtebi ganlagebulia saubno sadgurebze. isini uzrunvelyofen brigadebis normalur muSaobas. yvela lokomotivi miwerilia romelime salokomotivo depoze an uSualod gzaze da warmoadgens depos an gzis inventarul parks. inventaruli parki, Tavis mxriv, iyofa: saeqspluatacio da arasaeqspluatacio parkebad. saeqspluatacio parks miekuTvneba yvela is lokomotivi, romlebic gasulia depodan samuSaod, imyofeba ekipirebaze an teqnikur gasinjvaze, an brigadebs Soris miReba-Cabarebis procesSi.

nax. 4.5. lokomotivebis brunvis zona

nax. 4.6. lokomotivebis mier matarebelTa momsaxurebis sqemebi. a - ZiriTadi depoSi SesvliT; b – wriuli momsaxurebiT. A -ZiriTadi depo; B,C – misabrunebeli depoebi; AB, AC wevis mxareebia

nax. 4.7. gagrZelebuli wevis mxareebze lokomotivTa mier matarebelTa momsaxurebis sqemebi. A -ZiriTadi depo; B,C – mobrunebis punqtebi; D, F – salokomotivo brigadebis Secvlis punqtebi

arasaeqspluatacio parkSi Sedis is lokomotivebi, romlebic imyofeba gegmur SekeTebaSi an maragSi. lokomotivebis teqnikurad gamarTul mdgomareobaSi yofnas uzrunvelyofs SekeTebaTa Semdegi saxeebi: td-1; td-2; td-3; td-4; mS-1; mS-2; mS-3; kS-1; da kS-2; sadac tdteqnikuri daTvalierebaa; mS- mimdinare SekeTeba; kSkapitaluri SekeTeba; _td-1-s awarmoebs salokomotivo brigada lokomotivis miRebisas _td-2-s awarmoebs specialuri sazeinklo brigada, lokomotivis ekipirebis dros. yovel (12-24) saaTSi erTxel. _td-3-s da td-4-s awarmoeben salokomotivo depoebSi specialuri kompleqsuri brigadebi, romelSic monawileobs am lokomotivze momuSave brigadebi, yoveli 12,5 aTasi km-s garbenis Semdeg. _mS-1-s awarmoeben depoSi 25000 km-s garbenis Semdeg. _mS-2-s awarmoeben depoSi 175000 km-s garbenis Semdeg. _mS-3-s awarmoeben depoSi 350000 km-s garbenis Semdeg. _kS-1-s awarmoeben qarxnebSi 700000 km-s garbenis Semdeg. _kS-2-s awarmoeben qarxnebSi 210000 km-s garbenis Semdeg.

sakontrolo 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

kiTxvebi

ra aris avtonomiuri da araavtonomiuri lokomotivebi? ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris? lokomotivebis klasifikacia Sesrulebuli samuSaos mixedviT? rogor xdeba elmavlebSi siCqaris regulireba? CamoTvaleT mudmivi denis elmavlis meqanikuri da eleqtruli nawilis mowyobilobani? CamoTvaleT Tbomavlis mowyobilobani? CamoTvaleT salokomotivo meurneobis ZiriTadi nagebobebi da mowyobilobani? romeli ZiriTadi meTodiT warmoebs salokomotivo brigadebis mier lokomotivebis momsaxureba? aRwereT eleqtromavlebisa da Tbomavlebis ekipirebis procesi?

Tavi V vagonebi da savagono meurneoba 5.1. vagonebis klasifikacia vagonebi miekuTvnebian mimyol moZrav SemadgenlobaTa kategorias. daniSnulebis mixedviT vagonebi daiyofian: samgzavrod da satvirTod. samgzavro vagonebi Tavis mxriv, aris: mgzavrebisaTvis gankuTvnili, safosto, sabargo, vagon-restornebi, vagon-laboratoriebi, vagonklubebi, samosamsaxure da specialuri daniSnulebis vagonebi. satvirTo vagonebis parks miekuTvnebian: daxuruli vagonebi, vagon-baqnebi, naxevarvagonebi, cisternebi, hoperis tipis vagonebi, izoTermuli vagonebi, vagontransportiorebi da specialuri vagonebi. yvela vagoni Sedgeba Semdegi ZiriTadi kvanZebisagan: Zara, urikebi, dasartymel-gasawevi mowyobileba da samuxruWo-berketuli sistemebi. garda aRniSnulisa, samgzavro vagonebi aRWurvilia e.w. â&#x20AC;&#x153;komfortis uzrunvelmyofeliâ&#x20AC;? mowyobilebiT, kerZod: ganaTebiT, gaTbobiT, ventilaciiT, haeris sakondicio danadgariT da sxva. aseve damatebiTi mowyobilebebia dadgmuli izoTermul vagonebze. RerZebis raodenobis mixedviT vagonebi (ZiriTadad, satvirTo) ori, oTxi, eqvsi, rva da mravalRerZianebi. Cven rkinigzaze dReisaTvis samgzavro vagonebis dayofa xdeba klasebad, rac gamomdinareobs vagonis komfortuli aRWurvilobidan. esinia: I, II, da uklaso an III klasis - saerTo daniSnulebis. vagonis Zara warmoadgens sakmaod rTuli konstruqciis kvanZebis erTobliobas. Zara Sedgeba: CarCosagan, romelzedac ganlagebulia iataki, gverdiTi kedlebisagan, saxuravisagan da Subla kedlebisagan (nax 5.7).

nax. 5.1. Sori mimosvlis mTliani liTonis samgzavro vagoni

nax. 5.2. mTliani liTonis oTxRerZiani vagoni-baqani 1 –gverdiTi asakeci kalTa; 2 –kalTebis SemzRudveli; 3 –asakeci Subla kalTa

nax. 5.3. mTliani liTonis oTxRerZiani naxevarvagoni

nax. 5.4. hoperis tipis oTxRerZiani mTliani liTonis vagoni

nax. 5.5. rvaRerZiani vagon-cisterna

nax. 5.5. ocRerZiani vagon-transportiori

nax. 5.7. vagonis Zaris CarCos sqema 1 – saqusle Zelebi; 2 – saxerxemlo Zeli; 3 – bolo ganivi Zelebi; 4 – Sualedi ganivi Zeli; 5 – gverdiTi grZivi Zeli; TC – grZivi Zalebi; R – liandagis vertikaluri reaqcia

Zaris CarCo warmoadgens specialuri Svelerebisagan, SeduRebis wesiT, damzadebul konstruqcias romlis mTavari elementebia: saxerxemlo Zeli, gverdiTi da ganivi Zelebi, rogoricaa: sabufero Zelebi, saqusle Zelebi, Sualedi ganivi Zelebi. saxerxemle Zelze, garda vertikaluri datvirTvisa modis gamWimavi da SemkumSavi Zalebi, vinaidan avtosabmis sistemebi moTavsebulia am Zelis orive bolos zonaSi. rac Seexeba saqusle Zelebs, am Zelebze ganTavsebulia Zaris saqusle mowyobilobani, romliTac is eyrdnoba urikebs. dReisaTvis, yvelanairi vagonis Zara warmoadgens mTlianad liTonisagan damzadebul konstruqcias, riTac sagrZnoblad gazrdilia maTi eqspluataciaSi yofnis vadebi. mTliani liTonis vagonis gverdiTi kedlebis vertikaluri Zelebi da saxuravis rkalis Zelebi ise arian ganlagebuli, rom isini emTxvevian erTmaneTs da xdeba maTi SeduReba, xolo gverdiTi kedlebis vertikaluri Zelebis Zirebi emTxveva CarCos ganivi Zelebis ganlagebas, sadac xdeba maTi SeduReba. Aamgvarad, iqmneba wre: iatakis Zelebi, gverdiTi kedlebis vertikaluri Zelebi, saxuravis rkalis Zelebi, sabolood vRebulobT e.w. milisebr konstruqcias,

romelic mTlianad muSaobs gamWimav, SemkumSav da vertikalur Zelebze. vagonis urika warmoadgens savali nawilebis (wyvilTvlebis, resoruli Camokidebisa da buqsebis) krebuls, romelic gaerTianebulia samgzavrosaTvis specialuri CarCoTi, xolo satvirTo vagonebSi urikis gverdiTi ZelebiT. Uurika Tavis Tavze Rebulobs vertikalur statikur da dinamikur datvirTvebs da gadascems relsebs; agreTve horizontalur grZiv da gverdiT Zelebs, romlebic warmoiSobian Sejaxebisas, aCqareba-Senelebisas, mrudeSi gavlisas, qaris dawolisa da sxva. Tanamedrove vagonebSi gamoiyeneba: samgzavrosaTvis 150 km/sT siCqaremde КВ3-ЦНИИ-s (nax. 5.8) da 150 da meti siCqarisas ki ТСК-s tipis urikebi. rac Seexeba satvirTos, aq yvela tipisa da seriis vagonebSi (garda refreJeratorebisa) gamoiyeneba ЦНИИ-ХЗ-0-s tipis urikebi (nax. 5.9).

nax. 5.8. КВ3-ЦНИИ-is tipis samgzavro vagonis urika 1 – samuxruWo xundi; 2 – buqszeda resoruli Camokideba; 3 – sriala; 4 – saqusle; 5 – CarCo; 6 buqsa; 7 – centraluri resoruli Camokideba; 8 – rxevebis Camqrobi; 9 – samuxruW0 xundi

nax. 5.9. ЦНИИ-ХЗ-0-is tipis urika 1 – wyvilTvala; 2 – gverdiTi Zeli – gverdula; 3 – resorebis kompleqti; 4 – rxevebis solisebri Camqrobi; 5 – buqsa; 6 - samuxruWo xundi

dReisaTvis samgzavro da satvirTo vagonebis (garda refreJeratorulisa) resorul CamokidebaSi gamoiyeneba mxolod zambarebi (nax.5.10,a). a) b)

nax. 5.10. vagonebSi gamoyenebuli resorebi

urika Sedgeba: 1). samgzavro vagonisagan, CarCosagan, centraluri da sabuqsire (ormagi) resoruli Camokidebebisagan, wyvilTvala-buqsas kvanZisagan. 2) satvirTo vagonis urikas, gansxvavebiT samgzavrosagan, aqvs erTmagi resoruli Camokideba, romelic ganTavsebulia urikis centrSi resorzeda Zelis qveS (nax. 5.9).

nax. 5.11. vagonebSi gamoyenebuli resoruli Camokidebis sqemebi

samgzavro da satvirTo vagonebis wyvilTvlebi (borblebi RerZebiT) erTnairia. borblebi damzadebulia datvirTvis wesiT da aqvT 950 mm gorvis wris diametri (nax 5.12).

nax. 5.12. vagonis wyvilTvala 1 – artaxiani borbali; 2 – vagonis RerZi; 3 – RerZis Sua nawili; 4 – morgvqveSa nawili; 5 – mTlianad natvifri borbali; 6 – morgvis wina nawili; 7 – RerZis yeli; 9 – borblis centri – badro; 10 – artaxis dasamagrebeli rgoli; 11 - artaxi

samgzavro da satvirTo vagonebis buqsas korpusebi mzaddeba CamosxmiT. isini erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba konstruqciiT. samgzavros e.w. uybo; satvirTos ki ybiani. orive SemTxvevaSi sakisrebad gamoiyeneba gorvis sakisrebi (nax. 5.13). rogorc ukve aRvniSneT urikaze ganlagebulia samuxruWo–berketuli sistema. es sistema moicavs: wevarebs, berketebs, treangelebs - ganiv Zelebs da xundebis damWer elementebs. xundebad gamoiyeneba rogorc Tujis, ise kompoziciuri (Tujisa da plastmasis nareviT damzadebuli) xundebi.

nax. 5.13. gorgolaWsakisrebiani buqsa 1 – korpusi; 2 – gorgolaWi; 3 – dasaTvalierebeli saxuravi

samgzavro vagonebis urikebSi xundebi ganlagebulia borblis orive mxares (Siga da gare), xolo satvirToebSi (garda refreJeratisa) borblis erT mxares - Siga mxares. vagonis dasartymel-gawevis sistemis mTavari elementia avtogadasabmeli CA-3, romelic warmoadgens mTliani CamosxmiT damzadebul korpuss da Sedgeba: Tavisagan, tanisa da kuduras- bolosagan. avtosabmis Tavs aqvs: xaxa, didi da patara kbilebi. xaxaSi ganlagebulia Camket-gamRebi meqanizmis elementebi (nax. 5.14).

nax. 5.14. vagonis avtogadasabmeli 1 – kronSteini; 2 – ukana sabjeni; 3 – gadaxsnis wevara; 4 – damWeri sadebi; 5 – STamnTqmeli aparati; 6 – wevis caluRi; 7 – misabjeni fila; 8 – soli; 9 – wina sabjeni; 10 – dartymis rozeti; 11 – damWeri; 12 – qanqarasebri sakidi; 13 – macentrebeli Zeli; 14 – avtosabmis korpusi; 15 – jaWvi; 16 – sabjeni; 17 – patara kbili; 18 – klite; 19 – didi kbili

korpusis bolo mibjenilia STamnTqmeli aparatis korpusze da masTan dafiqsirebulia wevis caluRiT, romelSic ganTavsebulia es aparati. STamnTqmeli aparati zambarul - friqciuli konstruqciisaa. aqve gvaqvs wina da ukana sabjeni filebi, romlebic muSaoben gamWimav-wina da SekumSvis Zalebze - ukana. avtogadabmis Cabma xdeba avtomaturad, gadaxsna ki adamianis CareviT, risTvisac vagonis orive boloSi gvaqvs wevaras saxelurebi. 5.2. vagonebis teqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebi vagonebis teqnikur - ekonomikuri maCveneblebis gansazRvris dros mTavari yuradReba eqceva: maT RerZianobas, tvirTamweobas, taras, taris koeficients, mis

xvedriT moculobas, iatakis xvedriT farTobis (vagonbaqnebisas), wyvilTvalas mier relsze dawolis sidides da mTlianad vagonidan liandagis 1 grZiv metrze mosul dawolas. amaTgan mTavaria vagonis RerZianoba, romelic pirdapir damokidebulebaSia vagonis tvirTamweobasTan. rac Seexeba vagonis taris koeficients, is warmoadgens vagonis teqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebis erT-erT mTavar elements da ganisazRvreba formuliT:

ΚT =

Τ ; Ρ

(5.1)

sadac Taris vagonis tara; P-vagonis tvirTamweoba (t). xolo vagonis xvedriTi moculoba formuliT:

Vv =

V , P

gamoiTvleba (5.2)

sadac V vagonis Zaris tevadobaa; P - tvirTamweoba (t). vagonis iatakis xvedriTi farTi:

fv =

F P

(5.3)

sadac F aris baqnis iatakis farTobi (m2). 5.3. savagono meurneoba. savagono meurneobis daniSnulebaa uzrunvelyos satvirTo da samgzavro vagonebis teqnikurad gamarTul mdgomareobaSi yofna. amisaTvis sarkinigzo transports gaaCnia Semdegi sawarmoo erTeulebi: savagono depoebi, savagono ubnebi, cisternebis gamrecxi-gaorTqvlis sadgurebi da teqnikuri gasinjvis punqtebi. satvirTo vagonebis mTliani parki warmoadgens rkinigzis departamentis inventarul parks. isini miwerili ar arian romelime savagono depoze (garda im vagonebisa, romlebic warmoadgenen romelime msxvili sawarmosqarxnis sakuTrebas).

rac Seexeba samgzavro vagonebs, yvela saxis samgzavro vagoni miwerilia samgzavro vagonebis SemkeTebel depoze da warmoadgenen mis inventarul parks. satvirTo vagonebisaTvis dawesebulia mimdinare movla-patronobis Semdegi saxeebi: mimdinare SekeTeba-1 (mS-1), romelic xorcieldeba vagonis daTvalierebiTa da wvrilmani defeqtebis aRmofxvriT, yoveli datvirTvis win teqnikuri gasinjvis punqtebSi (tgp-Si). mS-2 - vagonis mimdinare SekeTebiT tgp-Si tranzituli matareblebidan axsniT an maxarisxebel sadgurebSi, aRmoCenili defeqtebis likvidaciiT. satvirTo vagonebis sadepoo SekeTeba warmoebs yovel 1,5 an 2 weliwadSi erTxel, xolo saqarxno anu kapitaluri 12-13 wlis Semdeg. samgzavro vagonebisaTvis dadgenilia SekeTebis Semdegi saxeebi: teqnikuri momsaxureba-1, (tm-1) - vagonebis Semowmeba matareblis reisSi yoveli gasvlis win. tm-2 eqvs TveSi erTxel Semadgenlobis sezonisaTvis momzadebisaTvis (zafxulis an zamTris). tm-3 - erTiani teqnikuri revizia 6 Tvis Semdeg vagonis qarxnidan gamosvlis an gegmuri (sadepoo) SekeTebis Semdeg. samgzavro savagono ubnebSi warmoebs SemadgenlobaTa ekipireba, rac iTvaliswinebs vagonebis daTvalierebas, TeTreuliT, wyliTa da sawvaviT momaragebas, agreTve tm1-is programiT gasinjvas. rac Seexeba cisternebis gamrecx-gaorTqlis sadgurebs, isini moewyoba navTobproduqtebis gadasazidi cisternebisaTvis, masobrivi Camosxmis adgilebSi. mag., baTumSi gvaqvs.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

daasaxeleT samgzavro da satvirTo vagonebis ZiriTadi tipebi? ra aris vagonis taris koeficienti? daasaxeleT vagonis konstruqciis ZiriTadi elementebi? daasaxeleT samgzavro da satvirTo vagonebis momsaxurebisa da SekeTebis ZiriTadi saxeebi? CamoTvaleT rkinigzaze arsebuli savagono meurneobis sawarmoebi? ra daniSnulebisaa saremonto-saekipirebo depo?

Tavi VI avtomatika, telemeqanika, signalizacia da kavSiri sarkinigzo transportze 6.1. scb sarkinigzo transportze sarkinigzo transportze avtomatikisa da telemeqanikis anu, rogorc maT uwodeben, signalizaciisa da blokirebis (scb) mowyobilobaTa daniSnulebaa matarebelTa usafrTxo moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobis uzrunvelyofa. daniSnulebis mixedviT sarkinigzo scb iyofa or jgufad: gadasarbenebisa da sadgurebis scb-d. sadgurebis scb-s miekuTvneba; eleqtruli, dispeCeruli da maxarisxebeli gorakebis mowyobilobaTa kompleqsi. gadasarbenis scb-s miekuTvneba: avtomaturi blokireba (SuqniSnebi), salokomotivo avtomaturi signalizacia, saliandago naxevrad avtomaturi blokireba, moZraobisadmi sadispetCero kontrolis sistema da sarkinigzo gadasasvlelebis signalizacia. 6.2. signalebis klasifikacia. signali ewodeba xmovan an xedviT pirobiT niSans, romlis meSveobiTac gadaecema esa Tu is brZaneba, romlis Sesrulebac savaldebuloa yvelasaTvis, visac ki exeba. sarkinigzo transportze moqmedi t.e.w-is Tanaxmad, signalebi iyofa: xedviTi-danaxviTi da xmovan signalebad. danaxviTi signalebi aRniSnulia ferebiT, romlebic SeiZleba gamoxatuli iyos SuqniSniT, farebiT, droSiT (almebiT) da badroTi. am signalebis ZiriTadi dadebiTi Tviseba isaa, rom isini SeiZleba gadaeces did manZilze. danaxviTi signalebi Tavis mxriv iyofian dRisa da Ramisad. danaxviTi signalebi, sasignalo xelsawyoze damokidebulebiT aris mudmivebi (SuqniSnebi da salokomotivo

SuqniSnebi) da gadasatani (farebi, sanaTurebi-farnebi, droSebi da sxva). SuqniSnebi – Tavisi daniSnulebis mixedviT iyofian: Sesasvle-lebi, gasasvlelebi, SezRudvis, samarSrutoebi, sxvadasxva gamafrTxilebeli, gadasarbenis da sxva. SuqniSnebze gamosaxuli ZiriTadi ferebia: wiTeli, mwvane, yviTeli, TeTri, lurji. xmovani signalebi aRniSnulia xmis xangrZlivobis da raodenobis mixedviT. xmovani signali miecema sastveniT, sayviriT, sireniT da sxva. 6.3. scb-s mowyobilobani gadasarbenze Tanamedrove erTliandagian da orliandagian rkinigzebze moZraobis regulirebis ZiriTad sistemas warmoadgens avtoblo-kireba-(ab). ab-Ti mowyobili sarkinigzo gadasarbenebi dayofilia blokubnebad, romelTa sigrZe Seadgens 1,0 ÷ 2,6 km (100 ÷ 250 km/sT siCqareebisaTvis). ab-arsebobs or, sam da oTxniSna SesrulebiT, rac imis mauwyebelia, Tu ra manZilzea win mimavali matarebeli. mag. samniSnas dros matareblebs Soris aris sami Tavisufali blokubani. oTxniSnas dros ZiriTad ferebs emateba yviTeli feri, romelic iuwyeba, rom win mxolod erTi Tavisufali blokubania. orniSna anu orzoniani avtoblokirebis sqema mocemulia nax. 6.1ze.

nax. 6.1. orzoniani avtoblokirebis sqema ИС –izolirebuli Sepirapireba; ПР – saliandago rele; ПБ – saliandago batarea; Р – maregulirebeli winaRoba; СБ – sasignalo batarea

ab-s gavuSvaT 8wuTiani 4wuTiani

mowyobiloba saSualebas iZleva matareblebi mocemul gadasarbenze erTmaneTis miyolebiT intervaliT, xolo eleqtromatareblebi 3 intervaliT. 6.4. salokomotivo avtomaturi signalizacia (sas)

moZraobis usafrTxoebis gazrdisa da salokomotivo brigadis samuSao pirobebis gaumjobesebis mizniT, lokomotivebze dadgmulia e.w. sas-is sistema, romelic exmareba memanqanes cudi amindis an sxva SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ar Cans gadasarbenis SuqniSnis Cveneba, is kabinaSi dadgmuli signalizatoris meSveobiT xedavs winamdebare SuqniSnis fers (nax.6.2). garda amisa amave mowyobilobaze damontaJebulia e.w. sifxizlis saxeluri, romelic xmovani signalis gadacemidan Tu ar gamorTo memanqanem 5 wamis Semdeg, samuxruWo magistrals SeuerTebs avtosferos da matarebeli iwyebs damuxruWebas, memanqanis Caurevlad.

nax. 6.2. uwyveti moqmedebis salokomotivo avtoblokirebis sqema ЛС –lokomotivis SuqniSani; ДШ – deSifratori; Г – generatori; У – gamaZlierebeli; Ф – filtri; СВ – sastveni; РБ - sifxizlis saxeluri; ЭПК – eleqtropnevmatikuri sarqveli; ТМ – samuxruWo magistrali; ПК – mimRebi koWebi

6.5. scb-s mowyobiloba sadgurebSi mcire da saSualo sadgurebis teritoriaze ganlagebuli SuqniSnebisa da saisro gadamyvanebis avtomaturi marTva ganxorcielebulia e.w. eleqtruli centralizaciiTa. am sistemiT aRWurvil sadgurebSi matareblis miRebis an gaSvebisaTvis momzadebis dro, xeliT marTvasTan SedarebiT, mcirdeba 40%-iT (nax.6.3). am sistemas kidev uwodeben saisro gadamyvanebis sareleo sistemas. sistema warmoadgens sadguris morigis samuSao oTaxSi damontaJebul stends, romelzedac gamosaxulia am sadguris teritoriaze ganlagebuli liandagebis, saisro gadamyvanebisa da SuqniSnebis ganlagebis principuli sqema, Tavisi CamrTveli da gamomrTveli RilakebiT. sadguris moriges, samuSao oTaxidan gausvlelad SeuZlia miiRos da gaamgzavros matareblebi orive mimarTulebiT. 6.6. dispetCeruli centralizacia (dc) sarkinigzo transportze, matarebelTa moZraobis xelmZRvanelobas, sadgurebis morigeebTan erTad, awarmoeben sadispetCero aparatis muSakebi. am mizniT, mTliani rkinigzis xazi dayofilia sadispeCero ubnebad, romelTa sigrZea 150 รท 250 km, sadac Sedis 20 รท 30 Sualeduri sadguri. rogorc wesi, sadispetCero ubnis sazRvrebia maxarisxebeli an saubno sadgurebi. dReisaTvis moZraobis dispetCeruli marTvisa da kontrolis saxes warmoadgens e.w. dispeCeruli centralizacia (dc). dc - warmoadgens mowyobilebaTa kompleqss, saidanac warmoebs mocemuli wevis mxarze arsebuli, yvela SuqniSnisa da saisro gadamyvanis marTva. am mizniT dispetCeris samuSao oTaxSi damontaJebulia specialuri stendi, romelzedac datanilia mocemuli wevis mxarze arsebuli yvela sadgurisa da gadasarbenis sqema, Tavisi

64 nax. 6.3. mcire sadguris signalebisa da isrebis sareleo centralizaciis sqema Ч1, Ч2, Ч3 –luwi SuqniSnebis aRniSvna; Н1, Н2, Н3 –kenti Suq-niSnebis aRniSvna; IП; IIП da ЧП –sadguris liandagebi pultze; ДСП – sadguris morige; 1-6 – saisre gadamyvanebis nomrebi

SuqniSnebiTa da gadamyvanebiT (nax.6.4).

avtomaturi

marTvis

saisro

nax. 6.4. dispetCeruli centralizaciis sqema АБВ –sadgurebi; Н – kenti mxridan Sesasvleli SuqniSnebi; Ч – luwi mxridan Sesasvleli SuqniSnebi; РЦ – isrebisa da signalebis sareleo centralizaciis aparatura; КУ – makodirebeli mowyobiloba; ДУ – dekoderebis mowyobiloba; ПП – gadamcemi aparatura; ВТ – gamomyvani tablo; М – manipulatori; П – matareblografi; С – kavSiris paneli

6.7. kavSiri da kavSirgabmuloba sarkinigzo transportze. dReisaTvis, sarkinigzo transportze, informaciis gadacemisaTvis gamoiyeneba: radiokavSiri, radiosareleo, specialuri sadenebiani da Tanamgzavruli. amaTgan yvelaze gavrcelebulia sadenebiani kavSiri, romelic ganxorcielebulia sahaero sadenebiT an kabelebiT. Tavisi daniSnulebis mixedviT sadenebiani kavSiri aris: saerTo teqnologiuri, operatiul - teqnologiuri,

samagistraluri, sagzao, ganyofilebebis, adgilobrivi da sasadguro. sarkonigzo transportze farTodaa gamoyenebuli agreTve radiokavSiri, romelic arsebobs Semdegi saxis: samatareblo da sadguris. samatareblo radiokavSiris principuli sqema mocemulia (nax. 6.5).

nax. 6.5. ormxrivi samatareblo kavSiris sqema АБВ –sadgurebi; 1 –samatareblo dispetCeri; 2 –gamoZaxebis mowyobiloba; 3 –sadguris morige; 4 –marTvis bloki; 5 –sasadguro radio; 6 -samatareblo dispetCeruli kavSiris xazi; 7 –salokomotivo radiosadguri ЖР

Tavis mxriv sasadguro radiokavSiri arsebobs: samanevro, maxarisxebeli gorakis, t.g.p-s da sxva. samatareblo radiokavSiris saSualebiT memanqanes ukavSirdebian: samatareblo dispetCerebi, sadguris samanevro dispetCerebi da sadguris morige. am kavSiris ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia 50-60 km-ze pirdapiri xedvis dros, e.i. Tu ar aris mTagoriani reliefi.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi 1. 2.

CamoTvaleT scb-s mowyobilebaTa daniSnuleba? ra aris signali? ras uzrunvelyofs signalebi sarkinigzo transportze? 3. rogori sasignalo ferebi gamoiyeneba rkinigzaze? 4. risTvisaa gamoyenebuli samatareblo signalebi? 5. CamoTvaleT sadgurze ganlagebuli scb-s mowyobilobani. 6. ras uzrunvelyofs isrebisa da signalebis centralizacia? 7. ra aris dispetCeruli centralizaciis Taviseburebani? 8. CamoTvaleT maxarisxebeli gorakis avtomatikis ZiriTadi saxeebi da maTi daniSnuleba. 9. CamoTvaleT scb-s ZiriTadi mowyobilobani gadasarbenze. 10. ra gansxvavebaa naxevrad avtomatur da avtomatur blokirebas Soris? 11. ras uzrunvelyofs salokomotivo avtomaturi signalizacia? 12. kavSiris ra saxeebi gamoiyeneba sarkinigzo transportze?

Tavi VII G

gamyofi punqtebi, sadgurebi da kvanZebi 7.1. gamyofi punqtebis klasifikacia

matarebelTa mocemuli raodenobis usafrTxo moZraobisa da rkinigzis xazebis gamtarunarianobis gazrdis mizniT, mTliani xazi dayofilia gadasarbenebad an blok-ubnebad da gamyof punqtebad, romlebic gansazRvraven mocemuli ubnis gamtarunarianobas. gamyofi punqtebi aris saliandago ganviTarebiT: asaqcevebi, gadasaswrebi punqtebi, sadgurebi da punqtebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT saliandago ganviTareba. esenia: postebi, naxevrad avtomaturi blokirebiT gamavali SuqniSnebi, avtoblokirebis SemTxvevaSi. asaqcevi warmoadgens (erTliandagiani gzebisas), gamyof punqts, romelsac aqvs saliandago ganviTareba, matarebelTa gadasaswrebad da asaqcevad. gadasaswrebi punqtebi moewyoba orliandagian gzebze, romelsac aqvs saliandago ganviTareba, matarebelTa gadasaswrebad an erTi mTavari liandagidan matareblis gadasayvanad meoreze. sadguri e.w gamyofi punqti, romelsac aqvs garkveuli saliandago ganviTareba, matarebelTa miReba-gamgzavrebis, asaqcevad da gadasaswrebad; saTavsebi da saSualebani bargisa da tvirTebis Senaxva-gadatanisaTvis da mgzavrebis momsaxurebisaTvis, xolo did sadgurebSi matarebelTa formirebisa da ganformirebisaTvis saWiro liandagebi. sadgurebs, sadac Tavs iyris aranakleb sami mimarTulebis rkinigza ewodebaT sakvanZo sadgurebi. sadgurebi, sadac didi moculobis samuSaoebi sruldeba da aRWurvilia maRali teqnikiTa da teqnologiebiT iwodeba uklaso sadgurebad, xolo danarCeni dayofilia I รท V klasebad.

7.2. sadguris liandagebi da maTi daniSnuleba gamyof punqtebSi arsebuli rkinigzis liandagebi daiyofian: sadgurisa da specialuri daniSnulebis liandagebad (nax.7.1).

nax. 7.1. gamyofi punqtis sqema ПЗ –samgzavro Senoba; ГУ – satvirTo mowyobiloba; I – mTavari liandagi; 2-4 – misaReb-gasagzavni liandagebi; 5, 6, 7 – Sesabamisad, gasatani, datvirTva-gadmotvirTvisa da gawevis liandagebi; 8, 9 – Sesabamisad, damcavi da damWeri Cixebi; - - - samgzavro baqnis SesaZlo varianti

sadgurisas miekuTvneba: mTavari, mimReb-gamgzavni, maxarisxebeli, gamwevi, dasatvirT-dasacleli, sadepoo (salokomotivo da savagono), SemaerTebeli da sxva. specialuri daniSnulebis liandagebia: damcavi da damWeri Cixebi, agreTve sawarmoebTan misasvleli liandagebi. sadguris liandagebi, romelTa meSveobiTac am sadgurze swarmoebs erTidaigive samuSaoebi, gaerTianebulia parkebad (mimRebi, gamgzavni, maxarisxebeli). sadguris Sesasvlel da gasasvlel teritoriaze ganlagebul saisro gadamyvanebs sadguris yelebi ewodeba. (nax. 7.2). mocemuli sadguris liandagebis raodenoba da sigrZe SeirCeva am sadguris kategoriis mixedviT. dReisaTvis sadguris liandagebis sasargeblo sigrZed miRebulia 850 - 1050 m.

sadguris liandagebis sasargeblo sigrZe e.w manZilis sakontrolo boZidan gasasvlel SuqniSnamde. sakontrolo boZi mdebareobs iq, sadac isar-gadamyvanis ganStoebis Semdeg liandagebis RerZebs Soris manZilia 4,1 m. rac Seexeba gasasvlel SuqniSnebs is moTavsdeba aranakleb 3.5 m manZilze sakontrolo ubnidan.

nax. 7.2. sadguris saisro yelis sqema ПО –mimReb-gamgzavni parki; С – daxarisxebis parki; I, II – mTavari liandagi; 3 – samgzavro matareblis mimReb-gamgzavni liandagi; 10÷15 – maxarisxebeli liandagebi; 16 – gawevis liandagi

sadguris liandagebis TiToeul liandags aqvs Tavisi nomeri. mTavari liandagebi danomrilia romauli cifrebiT, xolo gverdiTi arabuliT. rac Seexeba saisro gadamyvanebs isini danomrilia mimarTulebis mixedviT. kerZod, wyvili mimarTulebisa 2, 4, 6..., xolo kenti mimarTulebisa 1, 3 5... da a.S. 7.3. gamyofi punqtebis mowyobilobani da muSaoba 7.3.1. asaqcevebi, gadasaswrebi punqtebi da Sualedi sadgurebi asaqcevebze, rogorc wesi, erTliandagiani ubnebisaTvis gvaqvs: mTavari liandagi da erTi-ori gverdiTi liandagi, matarebelTa asaqcevad an

gadasaswrebad. aqvea samgzavro Senoba da baqnebi mgzavrebis Casxdoma-gadmosxmisaTvis. asaqcevebze matarebelTa aqceva swarmoebs Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: matarebels, romelic pirveli Semova sadguris teritoriaze, miiReben romelime gverdiT liandagze da gaaCereben, xolo Semxvedrs miiReben mTavar liandagze da gaatareben gauCereblad. nax. 7.3-ze warmodgenilia asaqcevebis mowyobis sxvadasxva variantebi.

7.3. asaqcevi punqtebis liandagebis sqemebi: a - grZivi calmxrivi; b – naxevrad gaswvrivi da g – gardigardmo ganlagebiT ПЗ –samgzavro Senoba; I, IIa – mTavari liandagi; 2-3 –misaRebgasagzavni liandagebi; 5,30 m. –liandagebs Soris manZili; SeerTebuli matareblis asaqcevi liandagis dagrZeleba; asaqcevi orliandagiani CanarTis dagrZeleba, matarebelTa gauCereblad aqcevisaTvis

gadasaswrebi punqtebi moewyoba orliandagiani gzebis im adgilebSi, sadac gadasarbenebis manZili-sigrZe (or mezobel sadgurebs Soris manZili) 40 ÷ 60 km-s aRemateba. gadasaswreb punqtebSi, rogorc wesi, mTavari liandagebis garda, TiToeul mimarTulebaze, gvaqvs TiTo gverdiTi liandagi.

nax. 7.4 gadasaswreb punqtebSi gvaqvs samgzavro operaciebis Senoba da gverdiT liandagebTan Casasxdomgadmosasxdomi baqnebi. Aam punqtebis yelebTan mowyobilia e.w “sadispetCero gadasasvlelebi”, romelTa meSveobiT dispetCeris gankargulebiT, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba matareblebis gadayvana kenti mimarTulebis mTavari liandagidan wyvilze da piriqiT.

7.4. liandagebis gardigardmo ganlagebis mqone gadasaswrebi punqtis sqema ПЗ – samgzavro Senoba I, II – mTavari liandagebi; 3-4 –misaRebgasagzavni liandagebi; 4,10; 5,30 m –liandagebs Soris manZili, gadasarbensa da gadasaswreb punqtSi; meore liandagebSi SesaZlo gadasasvleli adgili

Sualeduri sadgurebi moewyoba rogorc erT, ise or da mravalliandagian gzebze. arsebobs Sualeduri sadgurebis sami tipi: liandagebis grZivi, naxevrad grZivi da gardigardmo ganlagebiT. nax. 7.5-ze warmodgenilia Sualeduri sadguris sqema liandagebis naxevrad gaswvrivi ganlagebiT.

7.5. erTliandagiani xazis sadguris sqema, liandagebis naxevrad gaswvrivi ganlagebiT ПЗ –samgzavro Senoba; ГУ –satvirTo mowyobiloba; I– mTavari liandagi; 2-4 –misaReb-gasagzavni liandagi; 5 –gasatani liandagi; 6 –datvirTva-gadmovtirTvis liandagi; 7 –gasawevi liandagi; 8 –damcavi liandagi; 4,8; 5,3; 7,5; 11,8 - liandagebs Soris manZili; liandagis dagrZeleba, matarebelTa gauCereblad gatarebisaTvis

Sualeduri sadgurebis mimReb-gamgzavni liandagebis ricxvi, mTavari liandagebis garda tolia 2-dan 4-mdea. 7.3.2. saubno sadgurebi matarebelTa momsaxurebis organizaciis, salokomotivo brigadebis muSaobis gaumjobesebis, lokomotivebis teqnikuri momsaxurebis, ekipirebisa da mimdinare gegmuri SekeTebis, saubno da amkrefi matareblebis formirebisa da ganformirebisaTvis, vagonebis t.g.p-s mowyobis mizniT, rkinigzis xazebi dayofilia ubnebad, romelTa daboloebazec mowyobilia e.w saubno sadgurebi. aRniSnuli funqciebis Sesrulebis mizniT, saubno sadgurebi aRWurvilia samgzavro momsaxurebis, satvirTo raionis, salokomotivo da savagono meurneobis mowyobiloba-nagebobebiT. mgzavrebis ukeT momsaxurebis mizniT, saubno sadgurebi aRWurvilia: mgzavrebisaTvis mosacdeli nagebobebiT, Casasxdom-gadmosasxdomi baqnebiT, liandagebze gadasasvleli xidebiT, liandagebs qveS gasasvleli gvirabiT, safosto da sabargo ganyofilebebiT da sxva. satvirTo matareblebis momsaxurebisa da satvirTo operaciebis ukeT Catarebis mizniT, saubno sadgurebi aRWurvilia saTanado saliandago ganviTarebiT, satvirTo raioniT da sxva. amave sadgurebTan gvaqvs salokomotivo da savagono meurneobis sawarmoo erTeulebi - depoebi an tg punqtebi. yvela aRniSnuli mowyobilobebisa da nagebobaTa saubno sadguris teritoriaze ganlagebis mixedviT, saubno sadgurebi gvaqvs: gardigardmo ganlagebiT, grZivi ganlagebiTa da naxevrad grZivi ganlagebiT. nax. 7.6-ze mocemulia gardigardmo ganlagebis mqone saubno sadguris sqema.

7.6. erTliandagiani xazis saubno sadguris sqema, mowyobilobaTa gardi-gardmo ganlagebiT ПЗ –samgzavro Senoba; ПО –mimReb-gamgzavni parki; ШЧ –signalizaciis distancia; ПЧ –saliandago distancia; ПТО –teqnikuri gasinjvis punqti; ГР -satvirTo raioni; sadguris gaswvrivis tipad gadakeTebis varianti

7.3.3. maxarisxebeli sadgurebi rknigzis sadgurebs, sadac xdeba satvirTo matareblebis masobrivi formireba da ganformireba maxarisxebeli sadgurebi ewodeba. es sadgurebi mowyobilia didi samrewvelo raionebis, msxvili sarkinigzo kvanZebisa da masobrivi datvirTva - gadmotvirTvis ubnebSi. yvela maxarisxebel sadgurs aqvs: maxarisxebeli parki gorakiT, mimReb-gamgzavni parkebi (kenti da wyvili mimarTulebiT), salokomotivo da savagono meurneobis nagebobani da is damxmare nagebobebi da mowyobilobebi, rac aucilebelia sadguris funqcionirebisaTvis. maxarisxebeli sistemis mixedviT es sadgurebi aris: calmxrivi da ormxrivi. Nnax. 7.7-ze mocemulia ormxrivi maxarisxebeli sistemis mqone sadguris sqema. rogorc wesi, am sadgurebis muSaobas xelmZRvaneloben gorakis morige, mimRebi da gamgzavni parkebis morigeebi, xolo saerTo xelmZRvanelobas awarmoeben sadguris morige-dispetCerni. maxarisxebali sadgurebi parkebis ganlagebis mixedviT aris: paraleluri, mimdevrobiTi da kombinirebuli ganlagebiT.

7.7. ormxrivi maxarisxebeli sadguris sqema П1, П2 –wyvili da kenti mimarTulebis matareblebis misaRebi parkebi; C1, C2 – maxarisxebeli parkebi; O1, O2 – wyvili da kenti mimarTulebis matareblebis gagzavnis parkebi; Tp1, Tp2 – wyvili da kenti tranzituli matareblebis misaReb-gasagzavni parkebi; ЛХ, ВХ –salokomotivo da savagono meurneobis nagebobebi; ЭУ – saekipirebo mowyobiloba; I, II – mTavari liandagebi; 1 samgzavro matarebelis gaCerebis punqtebi; 2 - maxarisxebeli gorakebi; maxarisxebeli sistemebis SeerTebis varianti

maxarisxebali sadguris goraki warmoadgens sadguris maxarisxebeli parkis Sesasvlel yelTan mowyobil, xelovnur miwayrils,romlis asasvlelis qanobi tolia 0,008-0.020 da aqvs 100-150 m sigrZe, xolo daSvebas aqvs qanobi: dasawyisSi 0,050, xolo saangariSo boloSi 0,0006 (nax.7.8). dasaSvebis qanobis simaRle damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra sigrZisaa gorakis parkis liandagebi, es ukanasknelni ki ganapirobeben gorakis simZlavres. rac metia sigrZe, miT maRalia goraki da miT metia daSvebis siCqare. aqedan gamomdinare, gorakebs aqvT vagonebis daSvebis siCqaris SemzRudavi-samuxruWo mowyobilobebi, romlebic ise Seaneleben CaSvebuli vagonis siCqares, rom parkSi mdgom vagonebTan Sejaxebisas ar unda hqondes 1,5 m/wm-ze meti (es aris daaxloebiT 5,5 km/sT) siCqare.

7.8. maxarisxebeli gorakis sqema da profili П – matarebelTa misaRebi parki; C – maxarisxebeli parki; Lp – manZili gorakis wverodan saangariSo wertilamde; H gorakis saangariSo simaRle

7.3.4. satvirTo sadgurebi satvirTo sadgurebi moewyoba tvirTebis masobrivi datvirTva- gadmotvirTvis raionebSi. es sadgurebi ZiriTadad ganlagebulia msxvil sawarmoo raionebsa da did qalaqebTan, agreTve saporto qalaqebTan. daniSnulebis mixedviT es sadgurebi aris: saerTo sargeblobis (araspecializebuli), specializebuli, gadasatvirTavi da saporto. saerTo daniSnulebis satvirTo sadgurebSi warmoebs yvela saxis tvirTebis datvirTva-gadmotvirTva. rogorc wesi isini ganlagebulia qalaqis gareubnebSi –qalaqis samrewvelo raionis mimdebare teritoriaze nax. 7.9ze mocemulia saerTo daniSnulebis satvirTo sadguris

sqema. Nnax. 7.10-ze sadguris sqema.

mocemulia

saporto

satvirTo

7.9. satvirTo sadguris sqema ПЗ – samgzavro Senoba; ПО –mimReb-gamgzavni parki; C – maxarisxebeli parki; 1 –administraciuli Senoba; 2 – satransformatoro; 3 –avtokarebis Senoba; 4 – daxuruli satvirTo sawyobi; 5 - daxuruli satvirTo baqani; 6 –Ria satvirTo baqani; 7 - daxuruli gadasatvirTi baqani; 8 – sakonteinero moedani; 9 –mZime wonis tvirTebis moedani; 10 –RerZiani tvirTebis gadmosatvirTi baqani; 11 –Robe; 12 – Camosayreli tvirTebis amaRlebuli liandagi; 13 –Cayradi tvirTebis gorebi; 14 –Ria sawyobebis TanamSromelTa samosamsaxuro-neqnikuri Senoba

7.10. saporto satvirTo sadguris sqema ПП –misaRebi parki; CO – maxarisxebel-gamgzavni parki; ЛХ, ВХ – salokomotivo da savagono meurneobis obieqtebi

7.3.5. samgzavro sadgurebi samgzavro sadgurebi moewyoba did qalaqebSi da maTi raodenoba ama Tu im qalaqSi damokidebulia qalaqis mosaxleobis ricxvze. 77

samgzavro sadgurebi aRWurilia mgzavrebis momsaxurebisaTvis yvela saWiro mowyobiloba-nagebobiT, agreTve safosto da sabargo momsaxurebisaTvis saWiro nagebobebiTa da samgzavro matareblebis saekipirebo punqtebiT. ZiriTadi daniSnulebis mixedviT samgzavro sadgurebia: sadgurebi, romlebic emsaxurebian Sori mimosvlis, adgilobrivi da sagareubno mimosvlis mgzavrebs; _saTave sadgurebi, romlebic emsaxurebian mxolod sagareubno mimosvlis mgzavrebs; _zonuri samgzavro sadgurebi, romlebic emsaxurebian sagareubno mgzavrebs, romlebic midian gadasajdom punqtebamde. liandagebis ganlagebis mixedviT samgzavro sadgurebi aris: gamWoli da Cixuri tipis (nax. 7.11 da 7.12). gamWoli tipis sadguris teritoriaze, rogorc wesi, satvirTo matareblebi, moZraobs maTTvis gankuTvnil liandagebze gauCereblad, xolo Cixuri tipis sadgurebSi, isini saerTod ar Sedian. samgzavro sadgurebs aqvT saWiro raodenibis saliandago ganviTareba, sadac mowyobilia 0,2 m simaRlis Casasxdom - gadmosasvleli dabali baqnebi an 1,1 m simaRlis baqnebi (zoma aRebulia relsis Tavidan). am baqnebis sigrZea 600-800 m. baqnebis siganea: sadgurTan axlos (peronze) aranaklebi 6 m, xolo liandagebs Soris 4 m. Cqarosnul gzebze (150 km/sT da meti) am baqnebis siganea 8 m. 7.3.6. rkinigzis kvanZebi sarkinigzo kvanZi ew. im adgils, sadac Tavs iyris aranakleb sami sarkinigzo xazi da sadac ganlagebulia specialuri sarkinigzo sadgurebi, romelTac sakvanZo sadgurebi ewodeba. am sadgurebze warmoebs satvirTo da samgzavro matareblebis gatareba maTi mimarTulebis SecvliT, agreTve mgzavrebis Casxdoma-gadmosxdoma, erTi mimarTulebidan meoreze.

79 7.11. samgzavro sadgurebis sqemebi, misaRebi da gasagzavni liandagebi a – gamWoli tipis; I, II, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 –liandagebi matareblebis miReba-gagzvnisaTvis; 5 – gasasvleli liandagi; s –Ria satvirTo baqani; 7 - daxuruli gadasatvirTi baqani; 8 –sakonteinero moedani; 9 –mZime wonis tvirTebis moedani; 10 –RerZiani tvirTebis gadmosatvirTi baqani; 11 –Robe; 12 –Camosayreli tvirTebis amaRlebuli liandagi; 13 –Cayradi tvirTebis gorebi; 14 –Ria sawyobebis TanamSromelTa samosamsaxuro-teqnikuri Senoba

7.9. samgzavro teqnikuri sadguris sqema 1 –vagonebis gasarecxi; 2 –salokomotivo meurneobis ganTavsebis varianti; 3 –adgilobrivi da sagareubno Semadgenlobebis sadgomi; 4 – mza Semadgenlobebis gagzavnis parki; 5 – matarebelTa misaRebi parki; 6 – administraciis Senoba; 7 – samarago vagonebis parki; 8 –savagono depo; 9 – sadezinfeqcio liandagi; 10 –saremonti-saekipirebo depo

didi qalaqebis satransporto kvanZebSi, garda sarkinigzo kvanZebisa SeiZleba gaerTianebuli iyos sazRvao an samdinaro, saavtomobilo, saaviacio, milsadenebis da sxva transporti. samuSaos moculobisa da xasiaTis mixedviT sarkinigzo kvanZs SeiZleba hqondes gaerTianebuli Semdegi mowyobilobani: maxarisxebeli da satvirTo sadgurebi, samgzavro da teqnikuri sadgurebi, gadasasxdomi punqtebi da sxva. ZiriTadi elementebis ganlagebis mixedviT sarkinigzo kvanZebi aris: erTsadguriani, jvaredinisebri, samkuTxedisebri, ZiriTadi sadgurebis paraleluri da mimdevrobiTi ganlagebiT, naxevrad wriuli da kombinirebuli. erTsadguriani kvanZi (nax. 7.13) moewyoba ori sarkinigzo xazis gadakveTis an erTmaneTis siaxloves gavlis adgilebSi. jvaredinis tipis kvanZebi (nax. 7.14) moewyoba iq, sadac ori xazis gadakveTaa, oRond am xazebs Soris vagonnakadebis gacvla aris umniSvnelo. am SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli xazisaTvis kvanZSi mowyobilia saubno sadgurebi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi erTi xazisaTvis mowyobilia maxarisxebeli sadguri, xolo meoresaTvis saubno. samkuTxedisebri kvanZi moewyoba iq, sadac kvanZSi Tavs iyris sami mimarTulebis sarkinigzo xazi (nax. 7.15). am

kvanZis TiToeuli sadguris ganlagebis adgili damokidebulia qalaqis ganlagebaze. Cven sqemaze: 1-aris samgzavro sadguri, 2-saubno, xolo 3- satvirTo.

7.13. erTsadguriani kvanZis sqema ПЗ – samgzavro Senoba; ПО1, ПО2 –mimReb-gamgzavni parkebi; C – maxarisxebeli parki; ЛХ –salokomotivo meurneoba; А,Б – kvanZSi Sesasvleli liandagebi

7.14. jvaredinis tipis kvanZis sqema А, Б, В, Г - Sesasvleli liandagebi

7.15. samkuTxis tipis kvanZis sqema А-Б-В – kvanZSi Semosasvleli liandagebis aRniSvna. 1 –samgzavro sadguri; 2 –saubno sadguri; 3 –satvirTo sadguri

sakontrolo 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

kiTxvebi

rogoria gamyofi punqtebis daniSnuleba? CamoTvaleT gamyofi punqtebis arsebuli saxeebi. ra da ra daniSnulebis liandagebia sadgurebze? ra aris sadguris yeli? rogori unda iyos sadguris liandagebis gegma da profili? 6. ra gansxvavebaa asaqcevsa da gadasaswreb punqtebs Soris? 7. ra daniSnulebisani arian saubno da maxarisxebeli sadgurebi? 8. ra daniSnulebisani arian samgzavro da satvirTo sadgurebi? 9. ra samuSaoebi da operaciebi warmoebs samgzavro teqnikur sadgurebSi? 10. ras ewodeba sarkinigzo kvanZi?

Tavi VIII matarebelTa moZraobis organizacia satvirTo da komerciuli muSaoba sarkinigzo transportze 8.1. satvirTo gadazidvebis dagegmva sarkinigzo transportze sarkinigzo transportze gadazidvebis procesi moicavs: tvirTebis datvirTva-gadmotvirTvas, vagonebis miwodebas am operaciebisaTvis, vagonebis CarTvas da axsnas Semadgenlobidan, maT gadayvanas satvirTo operaciebis adgilze da sxva. tvirTebis gadatana, sarkinigzo transportze warmoebs tvirTis gamgzavnis mier SekveTili ganacxadiTa da tvirTis gadamtanis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. Ggadasatani tvirTebis raodenobis mixedviT adgenen gadazidvis moculobas - gegmas, romlis mixedviTac gvaqvs: sadReRamiso, Tviuri, kvartaluri da wliuri gegmebi. amis mixedviT igegmeba saWiro muSaxelis, vagonebis, lokomotivebisa da sxvaTa raodenoba. Ggadazidvis procesis xarisxobrivi da raodenobrivi maCveneblebis SefasebisaTvis dadgenilia Semdegi sidideebi: satvirTo gadazidvebis moculoba, tvirTbrunva, saSualo sadReRamiso datvirTva, matareblis Semadgenlobis saSualo masa, vagonze mosuli statikuri datvirTva, tvirTis gadatanis saSualo manZili da sxva. Aarsebobs e.w. sasurveli da arasasurveli tvirTebi. sasurvelia tvirTi, romelic ar moiTxovs specialur vagonebs, xolo ara sasurvelia is tvirTebi, romlebic gadasatanad saWiroeben specialur vagonebs.

8.2. vagonnakadebis organizacia vagonebis raodenobas, romlebic erTi romelime punqtidan igzavneba garkveuli mizniT, meore punqtamde e.w. vagonnakadi. datvirTuli da carieli vagonnakadebis gadaadgileba emyareba matarebelTa formirebis gegmas, romelic ganapirobebs, Tu romeli saubno, satvirTo an maxarisxebeli sadguris mimarTulebiT unda gaigzavnos esa Tu is Semadgenloba. matareblis Semadgenlobis formirebisas cdiloben, rom mocemul SemadgenlobaSi Tavi mouyaron erTi romelime daniSnulebiT mimaval datvirTul vagonebs. am meTods ewodeba gadazidvis marSrutizireba. garda amisa arsebobs e.w. tvirTgamgzavnTa marSrutebi, romelSic gaerTianebulia erTi da igive tvirTgamgzavnis vagonebi. im SemTxvevaSi Tu erTi tvirTgamgzavnis vagonebis ricxvi sakmarisi ar iqneba Semadgenlobis srulyofisaTvis, maSin matarebels Seadgenen erTidaigive mimarTulebiT mimavali ramdenime damkveTis vagonebiT. am meTods safexurebrivi marSrutizireba ewodeba. daniSnulebis vagonebis ricxvis mixedviT Sedgenili matareblebi SeiZleba iyos erTjgufuri an mravaljgufuri. matarebelTa formirebis gegmis vargisobis maCveneblebia: vagonTa saSualo garbenis manZili gadamuSavebis gareSe, saeqspluatacio xarjebi da sxva. 8.3. matarebelTa klasifikacia da maTi momsaxureba matarebeli ewodeba ramdenime vagonisa da lokomotivisagan Semdgar Semadgenlobas an eleqtroda dizelmatarebels an calke aRebul lokomotivs, romelnic moZraoben garkveul ubanze da aqvT garkveuli nomeri. mocemul sarkinigzo ubnebze

dadgenilia matarebelTa moZraobis Semdegi rigiToba: urigod moZravi da garkveuli rigiT moZravi. urigod moZraoben: saxanZro, saavario-aRmdgeni, Tovlsawmendebi, vagonebis gareSe moZravi lokomotivebi, specialuri TviTmavali moZravi erTeulebi da sxva. rigiTobiT moZravi matareblebisaTvis dadgenilia Semdegi mimdevroba: jer gaatareben Sori mimosvlis Cqar matarebels, Semdeg Cqars, Semdeg danarCen samgzavroebs, Semdeg safosto da sabargoebs, Semdeg samxedro daniSnulebis, samgzavro-satvirToebs, aCqarebuli tvirTebisas, Cveulebriv satvirTos, sameurneo daniSnulebis matareblebs da sxva. yvela zemoT CamoTvlili matarebelTaTvis dawesebulia Semdegi nomeracia: CqarisaTvis- 1 ÷ 99; Sori mimosvlis samgzavrosaTvis 171 ÷ 299; gamWoli satvirTosaTvis 2001 ÷ 2998; satvirTo-saubnosaTvis amkrefi satvirTosaTvis 3401 ÷ 3498; 3001 ÷ 3398; sagareubnosaTvis 6001 ÷ 6999 da sxva. satvirTo matareblebis formirebisas (Sedgenisas) adgenen mis masas anu bruto wonas, romelic damokidebulia mocemul ubanze arsebuli e.w. saangariSo qanobis sidideze da wevis saxeobasa da lokomotivebis simZlavreze. garda amisa iTvaliswineben mocemuli ubnis sadgurebis liandagebis sasargeblo sigrZes. saangariSo qanobi ewodeba 5%-ze meti simaRlis qanobs, romlis sigrZec aRemateba an tolia am ubanze dawesebuli samuxruWo manZilisa. rac Seexeba samuxruWo manZils igi damokidebulia am ubanze daSvebuli maqsimaluri siCqariT moZraobis sidideze. kerZod, dReisaTvis gvaqvs: 100 km/sT siCqarisaTvis 1000 m; 150 km/sT-saTvis 1600 m; 200 km/sT-saTvis 2400 m.

8..4. matareblis Semadgenlobis wonisa da moZraobis siCqaris gansazRvra imisaTvis, rom davadginoT mocemul wevis mxarze matareb-lis wona da moZraobis siCqare saWiroa gvqondes Semdegi teqnikuri monacemebi: _mocemuli ubnis mTel sigrZeze liandagis mowyobis kategoria-klasi (I,II,III), _am ubanze eqspluataciaSi dasaqmebuli lokomotivebis teqnikuri monacemebi: _konstruqciuli siCqare, _simZlavre, romelsac is ganaviTarebs avtosabamze, _lokomotivis masa-wona, _am wevis mxarze saangariSo qanobis sidide, Tu ramden aTasiania. mag. 10%= ii . saangariSo qanobi ew. iseT aRmarTs, romelsac aqvs 5 metrze meti amaRleba yovel aTas metrze da aqvs iseTi sigrZe, romlis gavlasac mocemuli matarebeli maqsimaluri siCqariT Sesvlis Semdeg, mocemuli lokomotiviT daamTavrebs e.w. “Camdgari anu saangariSo” siCqariT. mocemuli lokomotivisaTvis matareblis wonis gaangariSebas awarmoeben formuliT: F − P(ω ′ + i ) Q = mx t. (8.1) ω ′′ + i sadac Fmx lokomotivis mier ganviTarebuli wevis Zalaa (kg). P - lokomotivis wona. (t) ω ′ - lokomotivis xvedriTi winaaRmdegobaa wevis reJimSi (kg/t). ω ′′ - Semadgenlobis xvedriTi winaaRmdegoba (kg/t). i - mocemuli wevis mxarze arsebuli saangariSo qanobi. 8.5. samgzavro gadazidvebis safuZvlebi. samgzavro gadazidvebis mTavari moTxovnilebaa: mgzavrebisaTvis maRali komfortis Seqmna. mgzavrebisaTvis maRali komfortis Seqmna moiTxovs ori ZiriTadi amocanis gadaWras: siCqaris gazrdas - mgzavris droulad

miyvanas daniSnulebis adgilze da vagonSi myofi mgzavrisaTvis maRali sayofacxovrebo pirobebis Seqmnas (ganaTeba, ventilacia, gaTboba, haeris kondicireba da sxva). msoflios praqtikaSi dadgenilia, rom Tu mgzavri Tavisi sacxovreblidan miemgzavreba 300 km manZilze, is irCevs avtomobils, Tu 300-dan 1000 km-mde, irCevs matarebels, xolo 1000-is zeviT irCevs TviTmfrinavs. rogorc vxedavT konkurencia sakmaod didia. Cvens rkinigzaze eqspluataciaSi myofi samgzavro vagonebi dayofilia sam kategoriad-klasad: I klasis, II klasis da uklaso anu saerTo vagonebad. amaTgan yvelaze maRali komforti aqvT I klasis vagonebs. ukanaskneli 10 wlis manZilze, Cven rkinigzebze eqspluataciaSia eleqtromatareblebi, romelTac aqvT I klasis Sesabamisi komforti. samzavro matareblebi daiyofian: Sori mimosvlisa da adgilobrivi mimosvlis matareblebad; Cqar da samgzavro matareblebad da sagareubno mimosvlis matareblebad. 8.6. matarebelTa moZraobis ganrigi (grafiki) sarkinigzo transportze matarebelTa moZraoba mowesrigebulia specialuri normatiul-teqnologiuri dokumentiT, romelsac matarebelTa moZraobis ganrigi ewodeba. am dokumentiT reglamentirebulia yvela im sarkinigzo transportis qvedanayofebis muSaoba, romlebic dakavSirebulni arian matareblebis moZraobasTan, kerZod, rkinigzis sadgurebisa da kvanZebis, salokomotivo da savagono meurneobis, eleqtromomaragebis, signalizaciisa da kavSirgabmulobis, saliandago meurneobisa da sxva. matarebelTa moZraobis ganrigi warmoadgens koordinatTa sistemas, romlis abscisaze â&#x20AC;&#x201C; horizontalur mdgenelze, datanilia dro dReRamis mixedviT, e.i. 24 saaTi, xolo TiToeuli saaTi kidev dayofilia 10 wuTian intervalebad, xolo ordinatze - Tanabari intervaliT dayofilia da gatarebulia imdeni

horizontaluri xazi, ramdeni asaqcevi punqtic aris mocemuli wevis mxarze anu im ubanze, romlisTvisac unda Sedges es ganrigi.

nax. 8.1. erTliandagiani ubnis matarebelTa moZraobis ganrigi А, Б, В, Г – gamyofi punqtebis aRniSvna 0, 1, 2… -dro saaTebSi; ricxvebi daxril xazebze (2201, 25, 3022...) matarebelTa pirobiTi nomrebia

nax. 8.2. orliandagiani ubnis matarebelTa moZraobis ganrigi А, Б, В – gamyofi punqtebis aRniSvna 0, 1, 2... -dro saaTebSi. ricxvebi daxril xazebze matarebelTa pirobiTi nomrebia

nax. 8.3. matarebelTa jgufuri moZraobis grafiki А, Б, В – gamyofi punqtebis aRniSvna 0, 1, 2… -dro saaTebSi. ricxvebi daxril xazebze matarebelTa pirobiTi nomrebia

nax. 8.4. matarebelTa paketuri moZraobis ganrigi. А, Б, В – gamyofi punqtebis aRniSvna. 0, 1, 2… -dro saaTebSi. ricxvebi daxril xazebze matarebelTa pirobiTi nomrebia.

ganrigis Sedgenisas miRebulia masStabebi: drois 4 mm10 wT da manZilis 2 mm - 1 km. (nax. 8.4; 8.5; 8.6; 8.7). ganrigze drois aRricxva iwyeba 0 saaTidan da mTavrdeba 24 saaTiT. ganrigze, zemodan qvemoT daitaneba kenti mimarTulebis matareblebis moZraobis xazebi, xolo qvemodan zemoT ki wyvilis. ganrigis Sedgenisas: masze jer daitaneba saerTaSoriso mimosvlis samgzavro matareblebi, Semdeg qveynis SigniT moZravi Cqari matareblebi, Semdeg adgilobrivi samgzavro matareblebi da a.S im rigiTobiT, romelic aRwerilia 8.3-Si. gadasarbenze mTavari liandagebis raodenobis mixedviT ganrigebi arsebobs; erTliandagiani (nax.8.4) da orliandagiani (nax.8.5). wyvili da kenti mimarTulebis matareblebis raodenobis mixedviT ganrigebi aris: Sewyvilebuli grafiki roca isini tolia da araSewyvilebuli - utolobis dros. ganrigze, erTi mimarTulebis matareblebis ganlagebis mixedviT, arsebobs paketur - jgufuri, rodesac matareblebi erTmaneTs misdevs erTi gadasarbenis manZilze da paketuri, rodesac matarebeli misdevs ori blok-ubnis manZilze. agreTve gvaqvs nawilobriv paketuri. 8.7. satvirTo da komerciuli muSaobis organizacia sarkinigzo transportze, satvirTo da komerciuli samuSaoebis warmoebisaTvis Seqmnilia specialuri wesdeba. satvirTo samuSaoebs awarmoeben saerTo sargeblobis adgilebsa da arasaerTo sargeblobis anu specialur adgilebSi. saerTo sargeblobis adgilebs miekuTvnebian: daxuruli da Ria sawyobebi, agreTve rkinigzis sadgurebze gamoyofili specialuri ubnebi, kerZo mflobelobaSi arsebuli infrastruqturebi tvirTebisa da konteinerebis datvirTva-gadmotvirTvisa da Senaxvis operaciebis CaTvliT. arasaerTo sargeblobisas miekuTvnebian satvirTo samuSaoebis is punqtebi, sadac warmoebs specialuri daniSnulebis tvirTebis damuSaveba.

dReisaTvis gadasatani tvirTebis 60%-ze metis damuSavebas awarmoeben sawarmoebisa da organizaciebis kuTvnil liandagebze. rkinigzis sadgurebSi tvirTebis datvirTvagadmotvirTvasTan erTad awarmoeben: tvirTis momzadebas, awonas da gasagzavnad miRebas, gadasazidi dokumentebis gaformebas, gadasazidis Rirebulebis gadaxdevinebas, vagonebis daluqvas, mosuli tvirTebis Senaxvasa da tvirTis mflobelebze gacemas.

nax. 8.5. daxuruli sawyobi liandagebis FSiga ganlagebiT

nax. 8.6. sakonteinero terminali jojgina amwiT

TiToeul tvirTze, tvirTis gamgzavni adgens e.w. gadazidvis Semdeg sabuTebs: zednadebis originals, sagzao uwyiss, tvirTis miRebis qviTars. sagzao uwyisi da zednadebis dokumentebi, tvirTTan erTad igzavneba tvirTis mimRebTan. yvela datvirTul vagonze unda Sedges e.w. savagono furceli, romelSic aRniSnulia am vagonis monacemebiwona, tvirTis saxeoba, zednadebis nomris CvenebiT. savagono furclis mixedviT amowmeben adgilze misul tvirTs. savagono furclebi gadaecema sadguris teqnikur centrs, romelTa mixedviTac Sedgeba e.w. sanaturo furceli. rac Seexeba sakonteinero da SefuTul-tariani tvirTebis gadatanas sqemiT “vagoni-avtomobili”, es sistema farTod amuSavda ukanaskneli 20-30 wlis ganmavlobaSi. dReisaTvis eqspluataciaSia, rogorc mcire 3 ÷ 5 t da saSualo 10toniani, ise didtoniani 20, 24, 40, t konteinerebi. am sistemiT gadatanili tvirTebis gadazidvis Rirebuleba Semcirda 15-30%-iT, xolo Sromis nayofiereba gaizarda 3-4-jer (nax.8.5; 8.6; 8.7).

nax. 8.7. SemaRlebuli liandagi fxvieri tvirTebis dasaclelad

sakontrolo kiTxvebi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

CamoTvaleT gadazidvis procesTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi operaciebi. rogori wesiT sruldeba matarebelTa formirebis gegma? rogori wesiT warmoebs matarebelTa upiratesobis dadgena? CamoTvaleT romeli samgzavro matareblebi miekuTvnebian Sori, adgilobrivi da sagareubnos tipebs. rogoria matarebelTa moZraobis grafikis mniSvneloba da masze wayenebuli moTxovnilebani. ra ganmasxvavebeli niSnebiT warmoebs matarebelTa moZraobis grafikis klasifikacia? CamoTvaleT grafikis elementebi da misi ZiriTadi maCveneblebi. ra aris rkinigzis gamtari da gadazidvis unari?

Tavi IX metropolitenebi 9.1. ZiriTadi cnebebi da ganmartebebi metropoliteni warmoadgens saqalaqo eleqtrorkinigzas, romelic ganTavsebulia ara qalaqis quCebSi, aramed qalaqis farglebSi arsebul miwis qveSeTSi an specialurad mowyobil estakadebsa da dausaxlebeli miwis zedapirze. metropoliteni Sedgeba Semdegi ZiriTadi sainJinroteqnikuri mowyobilobebisa da nagebobebisagan: liandagi da saliandago meurneoba, moZravi Semadgenlobani, sadgurebi da sasadgure meurneobani, scb-sa da kavSirgabmulobis mowyobilobani, eleqtromomaragebis mowyobilobani, saeskalatoro meurneoba, gvirabebis saventilacio mowyobilobani, wyalmomaragebisa da gaTbobis sistemebi, gruntis wylebis gamomtani sistema, sakanalizacio sistema, avariuli da xanZarsawinaRo sistema da bolos, moZravi Semadgenlobis SemkeTebeli qarxnebi, depoebi da sxva. metropolitenis xazebi aris: miwisqveSa, miwis zedapiruli da miwis zemoTa anu estakadebze ganlagebuli. _miwisqveSa metropolitenebi Tavis mxriv daiyofian: Rrma ganlagebiT (20 m da meti) da mcire siRrmeze ganlagebiT (8-12 m). _miwis zedapirze ganlagebuli metropolitenebi ZiriTadad mowyobilia metros xazebis bolo punqtebTan, sadac qalaqis meCxeri dasaxlebaa. _miwis zeda metropolitenebi-estakadebi, ZiriTadad mowyobilia iq, sadac rTuli topografiuli pirobebia mdinareTa, saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo xazebis gadakveTaze. vinaidan metropolitenis mSenebloba, SedarebiT sxva saxis saqalaqo transportTan, moiTxovs did

kapitaldabandebas, amitom mas aSeneben iseT qalaqebSi, sadac mosaxleoba 1 milionze metia da Tanac am qalaqebis im ubnebsa da raionebSi, sadac mgzavrTa nakadi 1 saaTSi aRemateba 25000 kacs. 9.2. metropolitenebis teqnikuri aRWurvilobani daMmowyobilobebi Cveni qveynis metropolitenisa da magistraluri rkinigzebis mowyobilobebisa da eqspluataciis saSulebani da pirobebi ZiriTadad identuria. ase, magaliTad, liandagis sigane swor ubnebsa da 400 metrze meti radiusis mqone adgilebSi aris 1520 mm. gadaxris normebi: metoba +6 mm; Seviwroeba _4 mm. Tu mrudis radiusi 99m-ze naklebia maSin gaganiereba gazrdilia 8 mm-mde. iseve, rogorc sarkinigzo transportze, aqac matarebelTa moZraoba daregulirebulia grafikis mkacri dacviT. rac Seexeba qanobebs metropolitenebSi maTi mniSvneloba gazrdilia. kerZod gvirabebSi is Seadgens 3‰-dan 40‰-mde, gamonaklisis SemTxvevaSi, izrdeba 50 ÷ 60‰- mde. miwisqveSa sadgurebi ganlagebuli unda iyos 0,003 ÷ 0,005, xolo im SemTxvevaSi Tu nulovan qanobzea, maSin sadguri unda aRiWurvos gruntis wylebis gamdeni saSualebiT. metropolitenis sadgurebi, rogorc wesi, ganlagebulia swor ubnebze. gamonaklisis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba ganTavsdes mrudze, romlis radiusia aranaklebi 800 m. metropolitenis sadgurebs Soris manZili aris 1 ÷ 2 km. rogorc wesi, sadgurebi moewyoba im adgilebSi, sadac didi raodenobis mgzavri iyris Tavs. kerZod, moednebTan, qalaqis didi avtomagistralebis gadakveTaze, sarkinigzo, saavtomobilo, samdinaro da sazRvao sadgurebTan da portebTan, stadionebTan, did parkebTan, msxvil samrewvelo sawarmoebTan da sxva. sadgurebSi baqnebis sigane tolia 10 ÷ 12 metrisa, xolo sigrZe 6 ÷ 10 m-iT metia matareblis saangariSo sigrZeze. baqnebis simaRle relsis Tavidan Seadgens 1100 mm, rac zustad

emTxveva vagonis gaRebuli karebisas, vagonis iatakis ganlagebas. bolo sadgurebTan metropolitenis matareblebis mosabruneblad da erTi liandagidan meoreze gadasarTvelad gamoiyeneba liandagis Semdegi sqemebi: nax. 9.1; 9.2 da 9.3.

nax. 9.1. Cixur sadgurebSi matarebelTa mobrunebis da dgomis sqemebi.

nax. 9.2. matarebelTa mobrunebis yulfuri sqema.

. nax. 9.3. matarebelTa erTi xazidan meoreze gadasasvleli mowyobiloba

metropolitenSi matarebelTa gvirabebidan amosasvlelad moewyoba specialuri liandagebi, romelTa meSveobiT is ukavSirdeba miwis zemoT

ganlagebul SemkeTebel sawarmoebs, sarkinigzo xazebs da sxva. 9.3. metropolitenebis liandagi da saliandago meurneoba metropolitenis miwis zeda ubnebsa da saisro gadamyvanebis adgilebSi liandagebi ganlagebulia sabalasto fenaze, xolo gvirabebSi betonis safuZvelze. betonis fenaSi CaWedilia xis Spalebi ise, rom zemoT rCeba 1 sm-is simaRle, razedac Semdeg damagrdeba sarelso sadenebebi. Spalebi damzadebulia fiWvisagan sigrZiT 2,7 m. mTavar liandagebze 1 km dawyobilia: gvirabebSi- 1680,miwis zemoT arsebul xazebze 1840 ÷ 2000 Spali. relsebad gamoyenebulia mTavar liandagebze P 50, P 65, xolo danarCenebze P 43 tipis relsebi. relsebis standartuli sigrZea 25 m da 12,5 m. swor ubnebze moewyoba .e.w. upirapiro- SeduRebuli relsebi, sigrZiT 300 m-mde, metros mTavar liandagebze mowyobilia relsebis garekvis sawinaaRmdego mowyobilobebi, xolo mrude ubnebSi (300 m-ze naklebi radiusisas) moewyoba kontra relsebi. metropolitenis liandagis mowyobis sqemebi sadgurebsa da gadasarbenze warmodgenilia naxazebze: 9.4 da 9.5.

nax. 9.4. liandagis zeda nageboba sadgurebze: 1 –saliandage betoni; 2 –Spalebi; 3 –wyalgamtari; 4 –qveda sadebis betonis fena

nax. 9.5. metropolitenis miwiszeda xazis ganivkveTi a) yrilze; b) sadgurze 1 –Robura; 2 –RorRi; 3 –qviSa; 4 –boZi signalisaTvis; 5 –ganaTebis anZa; 6 –qalaqSi gasasvleli; 7 -2-3 sm. sisqis asfalti; ℓ - liandagebs Soris sivrce 10,9 - 8 m siganis baqanisas; 12,9 – 10 m siganis baqanisas

metropolitenebis sadgurebis farglebSi gamoiyeneba Semoklebuli naxevar Spalebi sigrZiT 90 sm, rac zrdis e.w. relsebs Soris sivrceSi Ziris CaRrmavebas 40 ÷ 45 sm-iT. metropolitenebSi yvelgan gamoyenebulia 1/9 markis saisro gadamyvanebi, xolo parkirebis adgilebSi 1/5 markis gadamyvanebi. yvela mTavari liandagis marjvniv (mimarTulebis mixedviT) ganlagebulia sagzao da moZraobis maregulirebeli niSnebi. rac Seexeba sakontrolo boZebs, isini ganlagebulia liandagebis miaxloebis im adgilebSi (saisro gadamyvenebTan), sadac liandagis RerZebs Soris manZili aris 3400 mm.

9.4 metropolitenebis moZravi Semadgenlobani metropolitenis moZravi Semadgenloba Sedgeba Д, Е, 81-717 da 81-714 tipis mTliani liTonismotoriani vagonebisagan. am vagonebis yvela RerZi motoriania, e.i. yvela RerZze dgas sakuTari wevis Zravi. mogvyavs metropolitenis aRniSnuli vagonebis teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebis cxrili. cxrili 9.1 vagonis tipi 81-718 81-714 Д Е

maCvenebeli

vagonis sigrZe avtosabmis gadabmis RerZebs Soris, mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vagonis sigane, mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vagonis simaRle, mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . adgilebis raodenoba: dasajdomi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fexze sadgomi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . motoriani vagonis wona, t. . . . . . . . . . wevis Zravas simZlavre, kvt. . . . . . . . . maqsimaluri siCqare, km/sT. . . . . . . . .

19166 2700 3695

19166 2700 3650

44 220 36,2 73,0 75

44 220 33,0 68,0 90

19210 2718 3662 40/44 225/229 34/33 110,0 90

metropolitenis yvela vagoni aRWurvilia specialuri avtogadasabmelebiTa da eleqtropnevmatikuri samuxruWo sistemebiT. aseve, yvela vagonSi damontaJebulia radiomauwyeblobis mowyobiloba da saswrafo dakavSirebis sistema - “mgzavri- memanqane”. 9.5. metropolitenebis eleqtromomaragebis sistemebi metropolitenebis eleqtromomarageba warmoebs Semdegi sqemiT: saqalaqo eleqtroqselidan, 50 herci sixSiris cvladi deni maRali ZabviT 6 ÷ 8 kilovolti, miewodeba metropolitenis wevis qvesadgurs an wevis damadablebel qvesadgurs, sadac specialuri kaJmalis gammarTvelebiT gardaiqmneba mudmiv denad, ZabviT 825 100

volti da kabelebis saSualebiT miewodeba wevis qsels, romelic Sedgeba sakontaqto relsisagan niSniT(+), xolo uaryofiT sadenad gamoyenebulia savali relsebi. sakontaqto relsi ganlagebulia liandagis gaswvriv, gare relsis Tavidan 160 ± 6mm-is simaRleze da 690 ± 8mm-is daSorebiT. rac Seexeba denmimRebs, is ganTavsebulia vagonis urikis gverdiT Zelze arsebul specialur konstruqciaze, romlis mimRebi kontaqti mudmivad mibjenilia sakontaqto relsze zambaris dawolis ZaliT (qvemodan zemoT), riTac uzrunvelyofilia denis saimedo moxsna. sakontaqto relsic da denmimRebic eleqtrulad mTlianad izolirebulia sxva mowyobilobebisagan. nax. 9.6 sakontaqto relsebad gamoyenebulia 12.5 m da 25,0 m sigrZis relsebi. gvirabebsa da 300m-ze meti mrudeebis SemTxvevaSi relsebs SeaduReben 100m-mde sigrZeze, miwis zeda Ria ubnebze sakontaqto relsebs aduReben 37,5m sigrZeze.

nax. 9.6. sakontaqto relsis Camokidebaa 1 –savali relsi; 2 –denmimRebi; 3 -sakontaqto relsis damagrebis kvanZi; 4 -sakontaqto relsi; 5 –sayrdeni-kronSteini; 6 –Spali; 7 –foladis sadebi; 8 -sarWi

101

9.6. avtomatikis, telemeqanikisa da kavSiris mowyobilobani metropolitenebSi matarebelTa usafrTxo moZraobis mizniT metropolitenis xazebi aRWurvilia: _ matarebelTa moZraobis marTvis kompleqsuri sistemiT, romelic Sedgeba matarebelTa siCqaris regulirebisa da avtomaturi marTvis qvesistemebisagan(mam). _ isrebisa da signalebis eleqtruli centralizaciiT (ec) romlis daniSnulebaa isrebisa da SuqniSnebis marTva. _ saisro gadamyvanebisa da signalebis - SuqniSnebis marTva sadispetCero punqtidan. _ damuSavebulia da zogierT qveyanaSi ganxorcielebulia avtomemanqanis sqemebiT marTva. _ metropolitenebSi ise rogorc rkinigzaze moZraoba ganxorcielebulia or da erTliandagian ubnenze, risTvisac farTod gamoiyeneba avtoblokirebis SuqniSnebiani sistemebi, romelTa ferebis daniSnuleba igivea, rac rkinigzaze. Mmetropolitenis yvela xazs unda hqondes kavSiris Semdegi saxeebi: _samatareblo sadispetCero; _samatareblo radiokavSiri, _gvirabebis, _eleqtrosadispetCero, _eleqtromeqanikuri sadispetCero, _sadispetCero kavSiri avariulis aRmdgen brigadebTan, _eskalatorebis sadispetCero, _saisro; _samosamsaxuro saoperacio sadispetCero punqtebs Soris kavSirisaTvis. metropolitenis xazebi aRWurvilia buqsebis gadaxurebis avtomaturi kontrolis (ponabis) mowyobilobebiT.

102

9.7. matarebelTa moZraobis organizacia metropolitenebSi metropolitenebSi gadazidvebis organizaciis mTavar safuZvels warmoadgens matarebelTa moZraobis grafiki, romlis meSveobiTac warmoebs: sadgurebis, depoebis, wevis qvesadgurebis, teqnikuri gasinjvis punqtebis, saliandago distanciebis, signalizaciisa da kavSiris, saeskalacio meurneobisa da sxva damxmare qvedanayofebis muSaobis organizeba. zemoT CamoTvlili sameurneo danayofebis roli da adgili mkacrad aris ganpirobebuli metropolitenebisaTvis daweril teqnikuri eqspluataciis wesebSi (tew) da calkeuli danayofisTvis daweril instruqciebSi. metropolitenebSi ganxorcielebulia dispetCeruli marTvis sistema, rac imas niSnavs, rom TiToeuli sameurneo danayofs hyavs Tavisi dispetCeri. 9.8. metropolitenebis gamtarunarianobisa da gadazidvisunarianobis gansazRvra metropolitenis gamtarunarianoba ganisazRvreba matarebelTa im maqsimaluri raodenobiT, romelic mas SeuZlia gaataros 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. imis gamo, rom metropolitenis xazis mTavari liandagebis orive mimarTulebaze moZravi matareblebis raodenoba erTi da igivea, sakmarisia, rom ganvsazRvroT erTi mimarTulebis gamtarunarianoba da is gavavrceloT orive mimarTulebiT. metropolitenis erTi mTavari xazis gamtarunarianobas vangariSobT formuliT: 60 sT , (9.1) N maqs = I wT sadac

sT N maqs

aris mTavar xazze moZravi matareblebis

raodenoba 1 saaTSi;

103

I wT

matarebelTa

Soris

drois

intervali

wuTebSi, romelic damokidebulia: avtoblokirebis sistemaze, blok-ubnebis sigrZeze, vagonebis samuxruWo saSualebebze. sadgurebSi matareblebis dgomis xangrZlivobaze, mobrunebis punqtebSi arsebul teqnikur saSualebebsa da sxva. Tanamedrove metropolitenebSi avtoblokirebis sistemebs SeuZlia uzrunvelyos gaataros 40 wyvili matarebeli 1 saaTSi, xolo Tu am sistemasTan erTad gvaqvs avtomaturi salokomotivo signalizaciac, maSin gamtarunarianoba SeiZleba gaizardos 48 wyvil matareblamde. rac Seexeba sadgurebSi gaCerebisas dgomis dros is arsebobs 20 Ăˇ 40 wamis farglebSia. metropolitenebis gadazidvisunarianoba gamoiTvleba formuliT: sT sT Amaqs = N maqs â&#x2039;&#x2026; Bmat ,

(9.2) sadac

Bmat

aris

erT

matarebelSi

mgzavrebis

tevadoba(raodenoba).

sakontrolo 1. 2. 3. 4.

kiTxvebi

metropolitenis gabaritisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi. metropolitenis liandagis mowyobilobaTa CamonaTvali. ra tipis vagonebia gamoyenebuli metropolitenSi da ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris? rogori TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba metropolitenis eleqtromomarageba?

104

literatura 1.

saqarTvelos

sarkinigzo

transportis

teqnikuri

eqspluataciis wesebi (tew). Tbilisi, 1999 w. 2.

roiniSvili.

vagonebi.

konstruqcia,

Teoria

gaangariSeba. Tbilisi, 1988 w. 3.

i. roiniSvili. savagono meurneoba. Tbilisi, 1971 w.

a. baliaSvili. vagonebis eleqtromowyobilobani, maTi eqspluatacia da remonti. Tbilisi, 1994 w.

m. leJava, i. martoleki. avtomuxruWebi. Tbilisi, 1968 w.

g. SaraSeniZe. vagonebis dinamika, Tbilisi, 2001 w.

a. CxaiZe. gadazidvebis procesebis organizacia da marTva

rkinigzis

transportze.

wignebi.

Tbilisi, 2001 w. 8.

Под редакцией профессора Ю.И. Ефименко: Общий курс железных дорог. Москва: “Транспорт”. 1979 г.

Под редакцией В.В. Деева и Н.А. Фуфрянского. Подвижнлй состав и тяга поездов. Москва: “Транспорт”. 1979 г.

10. В.И. Градюшко и др. Вагонное хозяйство. Москва: “Транспорт”. 1979 г.

105

sarCevi Sesavali

3 Tavi I

gabaritebi sakontrolo kiTxvebi

4 7

Tavi II rkinigzebis mSenebloba, liandagi da saliandago meurneoba 2.1. rkinigzebis daproeqteba 2.2. rkinigzis liandagi 2.2.1. liandagis qveda nagebobebi 2.2.2. liandagis zeda nagebobebi 2.2.3. sarelso xazebis mowyobiloba 2.2.4. rkinigzis xazebis SeerTeba da gadakveTa 2.2.5. saliandago meurneoba sakontrolo kiTxvebi Tavi III rkinigzebis eleqtromomarageba sakontrolo kiTxvebi Tavi IV lokomotivebi da salokomotivo meurneoba 4.1. lokomotivebis klasifikacia 4.2 eleqtromoZravi Semadgenlobebi 4.3. salokomotivo meurneoba sakontrolo kiTxvebi Tavi V vagonebi da savagono meurneoba 5.1. vagonebis klasifikacia 5.2. vagonebis teqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebi 5.3. savagono meurneoba sakontrolo kiTxvebi Tavi VI avtomatika, telemeqanika, signalizacia da kavSiri sarkinigzo transportze 6.1. scb sarkinigzo transportze 106

8 8 8 8 11 18 20 25 27 28 31 32 32 35 43 46 47 47 56 57 59

60 60

6.2. 6.3. 6.4. 6.5. 6.6. 6.7.

signalebis klasifikacia scb-s mowyobilobani gadasarbenze salokomotivo avtomaturi signalizacia scb-s mowyobiloba sadgurebSi dispetCeruli centralizacia (dc) kavSiri da kavSirgabmuloba sarkinigzo transportze sakontrolo kiTxvebi Tavi VII gamyofi punqtebi; sadgurebi da kvanZebi 7.1. gamyofi punqtebis klasifikacia 7.2. sadguris liandagebi da maTi daniSnuleba 7.3. gamyofi punqtebis mowyobilobani da muSaoba 7.3.1. asaqcevebi, gadasaswrebi punqtebi da Sualedi sadgurebi 7.3.2. saubno sadgurebi 7.3.3. maxarisxebeli sadgurebi 7.3.4. satvirTo sadgurebi 7.3.5. samgzavro sadgurebi 7.3.6. rkinigzis kvanZebi sakontrolo kiTxvebi Tavi VIII matarebelTa moZraobis organizacia satvirTo da komerciuli muSaoba sarkinigzo transportze 8.1. satvirT gadazidvebis dagegmva sarkinigzo transportze 8.2. vagon nakadebis organizacia 8.3. matarebelTa klasifikacia da maTi momsaxureoba. 8..4. matareblis Semadgenlobis wonisa da moZraobis siCqaris gansazRvra 8.5. samgzavro gadazidvebis safuZvlebi 8.6. matarebelTa moZraobis ganrigi (grafiki) 8.7 satvirTo da komerciuli muSaobis organizacia sakontrolo kiTxvebi Tavi IX metropolitenebi 9.1. ZiriTadi cnebebi da ganmartebebi. 9.2. metropolitenebis teqnikuri aRWurvilobani

107

60 61 62 63 63 65 67 68 68 69 70 70 73 74 76 78 78 83

84 84 85 85 87 88 88 91 94 95 95

daMmowyobilobebi 9.3. metropolitenebis liandagi da saliandago meurneoba 9.4 metropolitenebis moZravi Semadgenlobani 9.5 metropolitenebis eleqtromomaragebis sistemebi. 9.6 avtomatikis telemeqanikisa da kavSiris mowyobilobani metropolitenebSi 9.7. matarebelTa moZraobis organizacia metropolitenebSi 9.8. metropolitenebis gamtarunarianobisa da gadazidvunarianobis gansazRvra sakontrolo kiTxvebi literatira

108

96 98 100 100 102

103 103 104 105

redaqtori l. mamalaZe

gadaeca

warmoebas

19.03.2010.

xelmowerilia

dasabeWdad

01.04.2010. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 6,5. tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77