saqarTvelos satranzito satransporto infrastruqtura da misi ganviTarebis garemosdacviTi da socialuri aspeqtebi
Tbilisi, 2007
sarCevi Sesavali ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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. 1. saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierToba transportis sferoSi ……………..
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2. infrastruqturuli politikis garemosdacviTi da socialuri aspeqtebi
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3. infrastruqturuli proeqtebis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebisas garemoze zemoqmedebis Semcirebis meqanizmebi saqarTveloSi .........................
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4. infrastruqturuli proeqtebis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebisas socialuri zemoqmedebis Semcirebis meqanizmebi saqarTveloSi .....................
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5. satranzito satransporto infrastruqturis proeqtebis ganxorcielebis magaliTebi saqarTveloSi ..............................................................
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5.1 E60 aRmosavleT-dasavleTis Cqarosnuli magistralis reabilitacia/gafarToebis proeqti ................................................................................
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5.2 samcxe-javaxeTis gzis reabilitacia ....................................................................... ..
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5.3 Tbilisisa da baTumis aeroportebi .............................................................................
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5.4 yulevis navTobterminali da misasvleli rkinigza ...............................................
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6. daskvna da rekomendaciebi ..........................................................................................
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Sesavali saqarTvelos moxerxebuli geografiuli mdebareoba kavkasiis centralur nawilSi, evropisa da centraluri aziis qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis potencialis fonze, warmoadgens dasavleTi-aRmosavleTi satransporto derefnis Camoyalibebis mniSvnelovan faqtors. 1990-2002 wlebSi gaizarda saerTaSoriso gadazidvebi, upirvel yovlisa navTobisa da navTobproduqtebiT vaWrobis zrdis Sedegad, ramac sakmaod didi gavlena iqonia regionze. gazrdil SemosavlebTan erTad, gaCnda iseTi mniSvnelovani problemebi, rogoricaa aralegaluri migracia, narkotikebiTa da iaraRiT vaWroba, sxvadasxva epidemiebis da ucxo saxeobebis gavrceleba, gazrdili prostitucia, mZime manqanebis gadaadgilebiT gamowveuli vibracia da mtveri. aRsaniSnavia, rom sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis Semdeg, satranzito satransporto infrastruqturis reabilitacia saqarTveloSi 1990-2002 wlebSi faqtobrivad ar mimdinareobda. gadawyvetilebebis miReba xdeboda qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebis strategiisa da mdgradi satransporto politikis araarsebobis pirobebSi, rac ar aZlevda saSualebas gadawyvetilebis mimRebT racionalurad daegegmaT qveynis sasicocxlo arteriebis funqcionireba da uzrunvelyoT Semosavlebis mdgradi gadanawileba. Sesabamisad 1990-2002 wlebSi saqarTvelom, Tavisi satransporto funqciis SesrulebiT, iTamaSa garkveulwilad ufro uaryofiTi, vidre dadebiTi roli saqarTvelos mosaxleobisaTvis. magaliTisTvis, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg da saqarTvelo-TurqeTs Soris savaWro uriTierTobebis gaRrmavebis Sedegad, 1995 wels q.valesTan gaixsna sabaJo gamSvebi punqti. E691 trasa, romelic akavSirebs azerbaijans, saqarTvelosa da TurqeTs da intensiuri moZraobiTa da tvirTebis gadazidviT gamoirCeva, gadis Sua qalaqSi. gazrdili saerTaSoriso saavtomobilo gadazidvebis Sedegad qalaqis ramodenime quCaze saxlebis nawili vibraciis Sedegad srulad daingra, nawili ki sicocxlisTvis saxifaToa. miuxedavad amisa, mosaxleoba iZulebulia saxlebSi gaagrZelos cxovreba. macxovrebelTaTvis damatebiT problemas qmnis gazrdili prostitucia, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebSi. 2003 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos satranzito infrastruqtura, saerTo jamSi, arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda; gamoirCeoda amortizaciis maRali xarisxiT, dabali gamtarunarianobiT, momsaxurebisa da moZraobis usafrTxoebis dabali doniT, susti marTvis sistemiTa da araadeqvaturi satarifo politikiT. yovelive aman mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis SeferxebaSi, xeli Seuwyo siRaribis zrdas, Seamcira investiciebi regionebSi da saqonlis gadazidvebi. 2003 wlis vardebis revoluciis Semdeg saqarTvelos mTavrobis erT-erTi mTavari prioritetia saavtomobilo gzebis rekonstruqcia-reabilitacia, agreTve sxva satransporto infrastruqturis modernizeba. mTeli aqcenti mTavrobas kvlav gadatanili aqvs ekonomikuri sargeblis miRebaze, xolo garemosdacviTi da socialuri sakiTxebis integrireba kvlav gamorCenil iqna gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa yuradRebidan. saqarTvelos mTavrobis da saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebulma satranzito satransporto proeqtebma, SesaZloa, axlo momavalSi Seuqcevadi ziani miayenos saqarTvelos garemos, Tu ar iqneba SemuSavebuli da amoqmedebuli specifiuri instrumentebi, rac saSualebas miscems qveyanas Tavidan aicilos da/an Searbilos infrastruqturuli proeqtebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi.
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1. saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierToba transportis sferoSi 1993 wels evrokavSirma Seqmna TRACECA-s programa1, romelic miznad isaxavda evrokavSiris dakavSirebas centralur aziasTan, CineTTan da indoeTTan Savi zRvis, saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da kaspiis zRvis gavliT. TRACECA-s programiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo teqnikuri daxmarebis gaweva, rac programis monawile qveynebs saSualebas aZlevda moexdinaT rkinigzis, saavtomobilo gzebis, aeroportebis, sazRvao portebisa da terminalebis rekonstruqcia, modernizacia da mSenebloba. sxvadasxva proeqtebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad gaizarda saqarTvelos gavliT garkveuli produqtebis, upirveles yovlisa, navTobisa da misi produqtebis tranziti centraluri aziidan evropaSi.
CanarTi 1. saqarTvelos satranzito satransporto infrastruqtura rkinigza – saqarTvelos rkinigzis Semosavlis naxevarze meti modis navTobisa da navTob-produqtebis TurqmeneTidan, yazaxeTidan da azerbaijanidan transportirebaze baTumisa da foTis portebSi. dagegmilia rom gadazidvebis raodenoba gaizrdeba 8.6 milioni tonidan (2004 w.) 18.7 milion tonamde (2015 w.)2. dReisaTvis saqarTvelos rkinigzis mTavari xazis saeqspluatacio sigrZe 1329 km-ia, igi moicavs 1422 xids, 32 gvirabs, 22 samgzavro funqciis matarebel sadgurs da 114 satvirTo sadgurs. saavtomobilo gzebi – saqarTvelos saavtomobilo gzebis qseli Sedgeba 1 474 km saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gzis, 3 392 km eronuli mniSvnelobis da 15 429km adgilobrivi gzisagan. meoradi gzebisa da adgilobrivi gzebis umetesoba jer kidev savalalo mdgomareobaSia. portebi – saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiroze sami mTavari portia – baTumi, foTi da soxumi. baTumisa da foTis portebi ZiriTadi portebia, romlebiTac gadaizideba navTobi da navTobproduqtebi, maTze modis aseve ZiriTadi sasaqonlo brunva, gansakuTrebiT azerbaijanisa da somxeTisaTvis. am portebis garda, foTTan axlos aSenda sufsis navTob-terminali, romelsac navTobi baqo-sufsis navTobsadeniT miewodeba. kidev erTi – yulevis navTob-terminali, mflobelTa gancxadebiT, 2008 wels amoqmeddeba. sahaero transporti – Tbilisis saerTaSoriso aeroporti orjer iqna rekonstruirebuli. pirvelad, 1996 wels 20 milion dolari gaiRo evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankma (ergb). meored, 2006 wels Tbilisis saerTaSoriso aeroportis terminalebis mSeneblobisa da asafreni bilikebis reabilitaciisaTvis ergb-m da saerTaSoriso safinanso korporaciam kidev 27-27 milioni dolari gaiRes. dagegmilia aseve Tbilisis saerTaSoriso aeroportSi3 35 milioni aSS dolaris Rirebulebis axali satvirTo terminalis mSenebloba. baTumis aeroportis reabilitaciisaTvis 2007 wels ergb-m 15 milion aSS dolari gamoyo. qveyanaSi aseve moqmedebs quTaisis, foTisa da senakis aeroportebi.
1 TRACECA-s programa ar moicavs aRmosavleT-dasavleT energetikul derefans, romlis Semadgeneli nawilebia energomatareblebis gadazidva milsadenebis sistemebiT. 2 ix. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/EXTECAREGTOPTRANSPORT/ 3 SeTanxmebas Tbilisis saerTaSoriso aeroportsa da britanul SPM-s Soris 2007 wlis martSi moewera xeli. dokumentis Tanaxmad, satvirTo terminali erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi aSendeba. ix. http://www.neurope.eu/ articles/71735.php; http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/ADN%20-%20Momberger/ACI-ADN%20April07.pdf
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evrokavSiri dResac aranakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebs dasavleTi-aRmosavleTis satransporto derefnis Camoyalibebis ideas. amis dasturia, evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi damtkicebuli sxvadasxva dokumentebi4, agreTve transportis maRali donis jgufis5 angariSi, romelic safuZvlad unda daedos evrokavSiris strategias “mTavari transevropuli satransporto qselebis gafarToebas mezobel qveynebsa da regionebSi“6. strategiaSi warmodgenili saproeqto ganacxadebisa da prioritetuli satransporto derefnebis ganviTarebis CamonaTvalSi saqarTvelo sakmaod mniSvnelovani derefnebis Semadgeneli nawilia: erT-erT prioritetul derefnad miCneulia samxeTaRmosavleTis RerZi, romelic evrokavSirs balkaneTisa da TurqeTis gavliT daakavSirebs kavkasiasa da kaspiis zRvis regionTan, agreTve egviptesa da wiTel zRvasTan. am mimarTulebiT maRali donis jgufi rekomendirebas uwevs foTidan da baTumidan azerbaijanis sazRvramde rkinigzis reabilitaciis proeqts. meore – zRvebis magistralebis satransporto RerZi – akavSirebs baltiis, xmelTaSua, Sav zRvebs da saxmeleTo gziT ukavSirdeba kaspiis zRvas. am satransporto derefanSi saqarTveloSi prioritetul proeqtebad gansazRvrulia foTisa da baTumis portis proeqtebis ganxorcieleba. mesame – centraluri mimarTuleba – akavSirebs evrokavSiris centralur nawils, ukrainisa da Savi zRvis gavliT, kavkasiasTan. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris samoqmedo gegma, romelic xelmoweril iqna 2006 wels, erT-erTi prioritetul sferod saxavs transports, romelic uzrunvelyofs “energetikisa da transportis sferoebSi efeqtur TanamSromlobas evrokavSiris, Savi zRvisa da kaspiis zRvis regionebis saxelmwifoebs Soris “baqos iniciativis farglebSi”.” saqarTvelo evrokavSiris samoqmedo gegma, agreTve moiTxovs „transportis mdgradi erovnuli politikis ganxorcielebas da daxvewas, yvela saxis transportis da masTan dakavSirebuli infrastruqturis ganviTarebis mizniT“, agreTve, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdeblobisa da maregulirebeli sistemebis daaxlovebas evropul da saerTaSoriso standartebTan, gansakuTrebiT usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi; da „zomebis miRebas garemosdacviTi sakiTxebis sxva politikis seqtorSi integrirebis gaumjobesebisaTvis“. Tu gadavxedavT saqarTveloSi mimdinare satransporto infrastruqturuli proeqtebis ganxorcilebis praqtikas, naTelia, rom samoqmedo gegmis rekomendaciebi Tanadroulia da saswrafod gansaxorcielebeli. zogierTi eqspertis Tanaxmad7, saqarTveloSi mimdinareobs mdgradi transportis politikis SemuSaveba. Tumca im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu aRniSnuli informacia simarTles Seesabameba, naklebad savaraudoa, rom dRevandeli kanonmdeblobisa da politikuri midgomebis fonze SemuSavebuli politika iyos mdgradi. dRes garemosdacviTi da socialuri aspeqtebi srulad ignorirebulia da araintegrirebuli, rogorc politikis SemuSavebis, aseve infrastruqturuli proeqtebis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis procesSi.
4 maT Soris iseTi dokumentebi, rogoricaa: evropis samezoblo politikis evrokavSiri-saqarTvelos samoqmedo gegma, Council Decision on granting a community guarantee to the European Bank against losses under loans and guarantees for projects outside the community, Brussels 2006, “baqos iniciativa” – evrokavSiris, Savi zRvisa da kaspiis zRvis qveynebis ministrebis deklaracia, 2004 w. da sxv. 5 evrokomisiam 2004 wels Seqmna transportis maRali donis jgufi, romelsac unda gamoevlina prioritetuli satransporto derefnebi da proeqtebi gafarToebul evropasa da mezobel 26 qveyanas Soris saerTaSoriso transportirebisa da gadazidvebis xelSesawyobad. evropis axali sazRvrebi gulisxmobs vaWrobis intensifikacias axal mezobel qveynebTan. amasTan, evrokomisia adasturebs, rom satransporto kavSirebs, garda saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa, fundamenturi roli ekisreba regionuli TanamSromlobisa da integraciisTvis. 6 High Level Group on the “extension of the major trans-European transport axes to the neighbouring countries and regions” 7 ix. http://enp.ge/data/file_db/download/engversion_final_AV.WwkTBxK.pdf
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2. infrastruqturuli politikis garemosdacviTi da socialuri aspeqtebi qveyanaSi ganviTarebuli infrastruqturis arseboba warmoadgens ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aucilebel pirobas. infrastruqtura pirobiTad SeiZleba davyoT garemosdacviT da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis, momsaxureobis mimwodebel infrastruqturad. mosaxleobisa da biznesisTvis garemosdacviT infrastruqturas sasmeli wylis, sanitariisa da kanalizaciis sistemebs Tu myari narCenebis marTvas, moaqvs sargebeli usafrTxo garemosa da sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis saxiT. saxelmwifo politika, romelic mimarTulia am infrastruqturis Seqmnisa da SenarCunebisaTvis pirdapir uwyobs xels „garemosdacviTi keTildReobis“ Seqmnas. sxva tipis infrastruqturis, magaliTad, hidravlikuri kaSxlebis, Cqarosnuli magistralebis, portebis an satransporto derefnebis ganviTarebas, SesaZloa mohyves pirdapiri uaryofiTi zegavlena garemoze, rac gamoixateba florisa da faunis saarsebo garemos ganadgurebaSi, Tevzebisa da frinvelebis samigracio gzebis cvlilebaSi, qimiuri nivTierebebis gafrqvevasa da sxva saxis uaryofiT cvlilebebSi. swored amitom saxelmwifo politika mimarTuli unda iyos infrastruqturuli proeqtebis dagegmvisas garemosdacviTi RonisZiebebis integrirebisken. es iZleva garemosdacviTi xarjebis Tavidan acilebis an Semsubuqebis SesaZleblobas ise, rom amavdroulad uzrunvelyofil iqnes energiis miwodeba, transportireba da wyaldidobebis kontrolis sargebeli adgilobrivi warmoebisaTvis. infrastruqtura zegavlenas axdens garemoze im momsaxurebis Sedegadac, romelsac gvTavazobs fizikuri struqturebi. aRniSnulis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens satransporto infrastruqtura – gzebi da/an aeroportebi uaryofiT zegavlenas axdenen garemoze aramarto mSeneblobisas, aramed funqcionirebisasac (sxvadasxva saxis gafrqvevebi haersa Tu wyalSi, qimiuri dabinZureba, mZime liTonebiT dabinZureba, xmauri da sxv.). wylisa da miwis resursebis, haeris da zogadad, saarsebo garemos qimiuri da mZime liTonebiT dabinZurebisgan dacva SesaZlebelia sivrciTi dagegmvis efeqturi politikiT – iseTi politikiT, romelic erTdroulad uzrunvelyofs usafrTxo garemos SenarCunebasac da mobilurobasac. satransporto infrastruqturis ganviTareba mniSvnelovania urbanuli mobilurobis uzrunvelsayofad. efeqturi satransporto sistemis ganviTarebis Sedegad, mcirdeba moqalaqeebis mier kerZo manqanebis moxmareba sazogadoebrivi transportis gamoyenebis xarjze, rac Tavis mxriv, amcirebs gamonabolqvs qalaqSi. avtomanqanebis teqnikuri daTvalierebisa da qalaqis sxvadasxva ubnebSi (mag., qalaqis centrSi) kerZo transportis SezRudvisken mimarTuli politika, aseve sawvavis gaumjobesebuli moxmarebis iniciativebi, efeqturad amcirebs gamonabolqvs, mobilurobis SeuzRudavad. infrastruqturul politikaSi garemosdacviTi aspeqtebis integrireba SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva gziT, maT Soris, efeqturi garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobiT, garemosdacviTi uwyebebis SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebiT, garemosdacviTi informaciis arsebobisa da misi xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofiT, garemoze zemoqmedebis strategiuli Sefasebis instrumentis sistematuri gamoyenebiT, rogorc erovnul, ise seqtorul doneze. am ukanasknelis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia mocul iqnes infrastruqturis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli garemosdacviTi sakiTxebis farTo speqtri da efeqturad Seamciros uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba da/an gazardos rogorc garemosdacviTi, ise sxva saxis infrastruqturuli sargebeli. garemoze zemoqmedebis strategiuli Sefasebis gamoyenebisas infrastruqturuli dagegmva xorcieldeba adgilobriv sazogadoebasTan konsultaciebiT, pirdapiri da
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arapirdapiri zemoqmedebebis ganxilvis gziT, miwis gamoyenebis efeqturi dagegmviT, garemosdacviTi zonirebiT; es saboloo jamSi amcirebs uaryofiT socialur zemoqmedebas da Semdgom garemosdacviT xarjebs. samwuxarod, jer kidev mcired xdeba infarstruqturul politikaSi socialuri miznebis integrireba. infrastruqturul politikaSi xSirad maxvildeba yuradReba iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa mTliani Sida produqtis zrda, momsaxurebis safasuris gansazRvra, momsaxurebis xarisxi, Sromis nayofiereba, momgebianoba da rogorc wesi, naklebi yuradReba eTmoba infrastruqturis ganawilebis efeqtebs (distribution effects). Sedegad, gazrdil efeqturobas SesaZloa mohyves Semcirebuli muSaxeli, dasaqmebis xarisxis gauareseba da infrastruqturuli momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomobis Semcireba. sul ufro da ufro meti kvleva miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom infrastruqturis privatizaciam da sabazro reformebma mniSvnelovnad Seamcira Raribi mosaxleobisa da mowyvladi jgufebis xelmisawvdomoba energiis sabaziso saxeebze, transportze, janmrTelobasa da sanitariul momsaxureobaze. swored infrastruqturuli politikis „gafarToeba“ uwyobs xels zemoaRniSnuli uaryofiTi socialuri zemoqmedebis Semcirebas. amdenad, dRes ekonomistebi mouwodeben mTavrobebs, faswarmoqmnis, saxelmwifo subsidiebis, normatiuli aqtebis da sivrciTi dagegmvis politikis SemuSavebisas gadaixedos infrastruqturis politikac.
3. infrastruqturuli proeqtebis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebisas garemoze zemoqmedebis Semcirebis meqanizmebi saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva infrastruqturuli proeqtebis ganxorcieleba, maT Soris, satranzito satransporto infrastruqturis ganviTareba/reabilitacia garkveul uaryofiT zegavlenas axdens rogorc garemoze aseve sociumze. swored am uaryofiTi Sedegebis Tavidan asacileblad damkvidrda Tanamedrove praqtikaSi iseTi instrumentebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa garemoze zemoqmedebis strategiuli Sefaseba (Strategic Environmental Assessment) da garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba (Environmental Impact 8 Assessment) . am instrumentebis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia minumumamde iqnes dayvanili bunebriv da socialur garemoze zemoqmedeba. saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier damtkicebuli saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis 2004-2006 wlebis erovnuli programa, Sesabamisi direqtivebis („garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“, „garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis Sesaxeb“) moTxovnebTan saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis harmonizacias prioritetulad miiCnevs. amavdroulad, 2006 wels xelmowerili saqarTvelo/evrokavSiris samoqmedo gegma xazs usvams, rom aucilebelia saqarTvelos mTavrobam gaaZlieros, struqturebi da procedurebi “garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis ganxorcielebis mizniT“ da ganamtkicos „administraciuli struqturebi da procedurebi“, raTa uzrunvelyos „garemosdacviTi sakiTxebis strategiuli dagegmva da maTi koordinireba Sesabamis subieqtebs Soris“. amasTan, gegmis Tanaxmad, aucilebelia iseTi kanonmdeblobis da procedurebis SemuSaveba, romlebic garemosdacviT informacias ufro xelmisawvdoms gaxdian da uzrunvelyofen garemosdacviT saqmianobaSi sazogadoebis monawileobas, ,,orhusis konvenciis‘‘ ganxorcielebis CaTvliT. yuradsaRebia, rom praqtikaSi viTareba sruliad gansxvavebulia da 2005-2007 wlebSi miRebuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi principulad ewinaaRmdegeba zemoaRniSnuli
8 evrokavSiris mier miRebulia Sesabamisi direqtivebi 90/313/EEC – informacia garemos dacvis Sesaxeb, 85/337/EEC da Sesworeba 97/11/EC - garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba, 2001/42/EC garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba.
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evrodireqtivebis samoqmedo gegmas.
arssa
da
mimarTulebebs,
agreTve
saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris
marTalia, dRes saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT mTeli rigi infrastruqturuli proeqtebi, maT Soris saerTaSoriso da erovnuli mniSvnelobis gzebis, rkinigzis, aerodromis, aeroportis, navmisadgomis proeqtebis ganxorcieleba saWiroebs rogorc mSeneblobis nebarTvas, aseve garemoze zemoqmedebis nebarTvas (garemoze zemoqmedebis nebarTvis gacemis proceduris nawilia proeqtis iniciatoris mier garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis Catareba). 2005 wels ganxorcielebuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu proeqts axorcielebs saxelmwifo dawesebuleba, proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad aRar aris saWiro garemoze zemoqmedebis nebarTvis miReba. amasTan, garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros mieniWa uflebamosileba, yovlad bundovani da gaumWvirvale proceduris safuZvelze gaaTavisuflos garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis Catarebis valdebulebisgan proeqtebi. garda amisa, „investiciebis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris Sesaxeb kanoni“ aZlevs „gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis investiciis“ statusis mqone investorebs9 uflebas miiRos winaswari licenzia/nebarTva ise, rom ar Caataros garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba da ar Seasrulos sazogadoebasTan konsultirebis arsebuli moTxovnebi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom kanoni iTxovs garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis Semdgom momzadebas, saxelmwifos mier dadgenil vadebSi, maSin rodesac saqmianobis dawyebis Semdeg garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis Catareba namdvilad azrs moklebulia. aRsaniSnavia, rom swored infrastruqtul proeqtebTan mimarTebaSi iCens saqarTvelos mTavroba siCqares, aTavisuflebs maT garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis Catarebis valdebulebisgan da aCqarebs sxvadasxva sanebarTvo dokumentaciis gacemas. yvela SemTxvevaSi, amgvar daCqarebas ewireba xarisxi da usafrTxoeba, rac mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, moiTxovs mniSvnelovani damatebiTi xarjebis gawevas. ukanasknel wlebSi ganxorcielebuli infrastruqturuli proeqtebis Seswavlisas, warmoCinda kidev erTi problema, romelic proeqtebis kategorizacias exeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom kanoni gansazRvravs mxolod erT kategorias proeqtebisa, romelic saWiroebs garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis Catarebas. proeqtebi, romlebic ar xvdeba CamonaTvalSi ubralod ar saWiroebs aranair winaswar garemosdacviT Seswavlas. amasTan, garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebas daqvemdebarebuli saqmianobebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, warmodgenilia zRvrebis gareSe, rac sirTuleebs uqmnis investorebs. magaliTisTvis, saerTaSoriso gzis Tundac erTi kilometri sigrZis monakveTis rekonstruqciisas garemoze zemoqmedebis nebarTvis misaRebad investorma iseTive procedurebi unda gaiaros, rogorc axali gzis mSeneblobisas (garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis angariSis momzadeba, sazogadoebrivi ganxilvebis mowyoba da sxv.). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom im SemTxvevebSic ki, rodesac saxelmwifo da/an investori ar gaurbis garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis Catarebis proceduras, Sefasebac da saxelmwifos mier Sefasebis angariSisTvis Catarebuli eqspertizac Zalze formalur xasiaTs atarebs. Sesabamisad, garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba ukve aRar warmoadgens arc gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa damxmare instruments da arc bunebriv da socialur garemoze zemoqmedebis Semcirebis saSualebas. im pirobebSi, rodesac sazogadoebas aRar aqvs ufleba monawileoba miiRos ama Tu im proeqtze gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, saxelmwifo organos aqvs mxolod 20 dRe gadawyvetilebis misaRebad da garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa Sesrulebaze kontroli ukiduresad sustia, arc proeqtis iniciatori da arc nebarTvis gamcemi organo aRar aris dainteresebuli srulyofilad warmarTos garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis da garemoze zemoqmedebis nebarTvis gacemis procedurebi. 9 kanonis Tanaxmad, am statusis miReba SesaZlebelia, Tu investiciis raodenoba aRemateba 8 mln lars (daaxloebiT 4 mln evro) an 2 mln lars (1 mln evro) maRalmTian regionebSi ganxorcielebul investiciebisaTvis.
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rac Seexeba garemoze zemoqmedebis strategiul Sefasebas, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba saerTod ar cnobs msgavs instruments. Sedegad, rig SemTxvevebSi, ganxorcielebuli proeqtebi safrTxes uqmnian ara mxolod erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT, aramed saerTaSoriso konvenciebiT dacul teritoriebs.
4. infrastruqturuli proeqtebis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebisas socialuri zemoqmedebis Semcirebis meqanizmebi saqarTveloSi socialuri zemoqmedebis Sefaseba, saerTaSoriso „kargi“ praqtikiT, garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis procesis nawilia. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT socialuri zemoqmedebis Sefasebisa da Sesabamisad, infrastruqturuli proeqtebis ganxorcielebiT gamowveuli uaryofiTi socialuri Sedegebis Semcirebis sakiTxi saerTod dauregulireblia. saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebi da transnacionaluri kompaniebi, arsebuli praqtikis Tanaxmad, waradgenen bunebriv da socialur garemoze Sefasebis angariSebs, Tumca socialur Sefasebas aranairi eqspertiza ar utardeba da arc misi Sesrulebis makontrebeli organo arsebobs. saqarTvelos konstitucia aRiarebs sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobas da iqve ganmartavs rom „am uflebaTa SezRudva SeiZleba mxolod kanonis Sesabamisad, demokratiuli sazogadoebis arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli saxelmwifo uSiSroebis an sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis, janmrTelobis dacvis, danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis an marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis mizniT“ (muxli 21). Sesabamisad, erTaderTi kanoni, romelic SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes infrastruqturuli proeqtebis ganxorcielebisas aris saqarTvelos kanoni „aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis sakuTrebis CamorTmevis wesis Sesaxeb“. Tumca am SemTxvevaSic, saubaria mxolod garkveuli saxis materialur zianis kompensaciaze. amavdroulad, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar cnobs im sakuTrebaze kompensaciis miRebis uflebas, romelzec mesakuTres ar gaaCnia sakuTrebis damadasturebeli dokumentacia; anu, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar cnobs tradiciuli sargeblobis sakuTrebis uflebas, sakuTrebas, romelic ar aris daregistrirebuli sajaro reestrSi, magram warmoadgens istoriulad an tradiciulad konkretuli piris da/an Temis sakuTrebas. kanonmdebloba, agreTve ar iTxovs proeqtis SesaZlo zemoqmedebis qveS myofi mosaxleobis adreul informirebas da konsultaciebis Catarebas, aseve ar moiTxovs proeqtis iniciatorisgan gadasaxlebis samoqmedo gegmis (Resettlement Action Plan) momzadebas. kanonis Tanaxmad, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, prezidentis brZanebulebis Sesabamisad, iniSneba eqspropriatori (kerZo an iuridiul piri) xolo sasamarTlos saboloo gadawyvetilebiT xdeba Sesabamisi kompensaciis gadaxdis Semdeg sakuTrebis eqspropriacia.
5. satranzito satransporto infrastruqturis proeqtebis ganxorcielebis magaliTebi saqarTveloSi 5.1 E60 aRmosavleT-dasavleTis Cqarosnuli magistralis reabilitacia/gafarToebis proeqti rogorc erT-erT wina TavSi aRvniSneT, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis Cqarosnuli magistrali warmoadgens evrokavSiris transportis maRali donis jgufis mier
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prioritetulad miCneul samxreT-aRmosavleT derefnis nawils. amJamad, mimdinareobs magistralis reabilitacia/gafarToebis proeqti (2 zolianidan 4 zolianamde gafarToeba) foTidan baqomde. proeqtis ganxorcielebaSi CarTulia rogorc azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelos mTavrobebi, aseve msoflio banki, aziis ganviTarebis banki da evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki. „erovnuli da saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis avtomagistralis mniSvnelovani rekonstruqciis“ proeqti, romlis Sedegadac mniSvnelovnad unda gaizardos gadazidvebi Savi da kaspiis zRvis regionebs Soris, kargi praqtikis Tanaxmad, unda daqvemdebareboda winaswar garemoze zemoqmedebis strategiuli Sefasebis Catarebas10. am Sefasebis Sedegad unda gamovleniliyo, Tu ra zegavlenas moaxdenda transportis gazrdili nakadebi regionis garemoze da adeqvaturad asaxuliyo socialuri zemoqmedeba. Tumca arc msoflio banks da arc regionis mTavrobebs msgavsi Sefaseba ar CautarebiaT, erovnul doneze es samuSaoebi metad SezRudulad tardeba. saqarTveloSi E60 Cqarosnuli magistralis samuSaoebi xorcieldeba saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da msoflio bankis mier. aRmosavleT-dasavleTis Cqarosnuli magistrali moicavs marSruts wiTeli xididan (azerbaijani-saqarTvelos sazRvari) Tbilisis gavliT foTamde, Semdeg samxreTiT sarfamde (saqarTvelo-TurqeTis sazRvari). 20052006 wlebSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam sabiujeto saxsrebiT aRadgina 15 km-is gza nataxtaridan aRaianamde da gamoyo Tanxebi sveneTi-ruisis monakveTis rekonstruqciisaTvis. msoflio bankis pirveli da meore kreditis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebulia „E60 aRmosavleT-dasavleTi magistralis modernizacia aRaiani-sveneTis monakveTze 2zolianidan 4-zolianamde, ori calke savali nawiliT (TiToeuli maTgani iqneba orzoliani), centraluri gamyofi nawiliT da misasvleli gzebis sruli kontroliT, transevropuli saavtomobilo gzis standartebis (tsg) Sesabamisad“. msoflio bankis aRmosavleT-dasavleTis Cqarosnuli magistralis aRdgenis pirveli kreditis farglebSi11 gamoyofil iqna 19 milioni aSS dolari aRaiani-igoeTis 13 km sigrZis monakveTis gafarToeba-aRdgenisaTvis. amJamad ganxilvis stadiaSi myofi aRmosavleTdasavleTis Cqarosnuli magistralis aRdgenis meore kreditis farglebSi12 dagegmilia 35 milioni aSS dolaris gamoyofa igoeTi-sveneTis 24km-iani monakveTis modernizaciisa da aRaianis asaqcevi gzis mSeneblobisTvis. amas garda, winasainvesticio kreditis13 farglebSi msoflio bankma gamoyo daaxloebiT erTi milioni aSS dolari, romelic moxmarda teqnikur daxmarebas, romlis saSualebiTac Sesrulda winaswari teqnikur-ekonomikuri kvlevebi, winasawari saproeqto samuSaoebi da nataxtari-aRaiani gzis aRdgenis garemosdacviTi Sefaseba. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, avtomagistralis reabilitaciis/ gafarToebis proeqti garemoze zemoqmedebis nebarTvis misaRebad saWiroebs garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebas. Tumca vinaidan, proeqts axorcielebs saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros saavtomobilo gzebis departamenti, anu saxelmwifo dawesebuleba, „licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad (muxli 1, punqti 2), proeqtis ganxorcielebisTvis ar aris aucilebeli garemoze zemoqmedebis nebarTvis mopoveba14. 10 magaliTad, evrokavSiris 2001/42/EC direqtivis me-3 muxlis „a“ paragrafi iTxovs yvela im gegmisa da programis garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebas Catarebas, romelic exeba soflis meurneobas, satyeo seqtors, meTevzeobas, energetikas, mrewvelobas, transports, narCenebis marTvas, wylis resursebis marTvas, teelkominikaciebs, turizms, qalaqisa da qveynis gegmarebas, an miwis gamoyenebas. 11 ix. http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/ 12 ix. http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/ 13 ix. http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/ 14 Upgrading of Agaiani-Igoeti Section of the E60 East West Highway, Environmental Management Plan, Ministry of Economic Development of Georgia, Department of Roads of Georgia, Tbilisi, December 2006
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yuradsaRebia kidev erTi garemoeba – miuxedavad imisa, rom proeqti, zemoaRniSnuli kanonis moTxovnis gamo, isedac aRar saWiroebda garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis Catarebas, saqarTvelos mTavrobam mainc gaaTavisufla nataxtari-aRaianis monakveTis reabilitacia-modernizaciis samuSaoebi garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebisgan15. amasTan, vinaidan aRaiani-igoeTis monakveTis mSenebloba finansdeba msoflio bankis mier da bankis ganmartebiT “avtomagistralis aRaiani-igoeTis seqcia ar aris sensitiuri“, msoflio bankis standartebiT igi miekuTvna B kategorias, rac iTvaliswinebs adgil-specifiuri gzS-s momzadebas masSi CarTuli garemosdacviTi menejmentis gegmasTan erTad”. es gadawyvetileba warmoadgens proeqtis kategoriiT manipulirebis da garemoze zemoqmedebis srulmasStabiani Sefasebis momzadebis valdebulebisgan Tavis aridebis klasikur magaliTs. msoflio bankis usafrTxoebis politikis Tanaxmad, Tu proeqts gaaCnia mniSvnelovani zemoqmedeba bunebriv da socialur garemoze (magistralis gadakeTeba 2 zolianidan 4 zolianad, iZulebiTi gadasaxleba da sxv.), is ganekuTvneba A kategorias, rac iTvaliswinebs garemoze zemoqmedebis angariSis srulfasovan Catarebas, agreTve gadasaxlebis samoqmedo gegmis momzadebas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu adgili aqvs mxolod ekonomikur gadasaxlebas16. igives moiTxovs evrokavSiris kanonmdebloba (85/337/EEC gzS-s direqtiva) da orhusis konvenciac. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, msoflio bankma da saqarTvelos mTavrobam E60 Cqarosnuli magistralis gafarToeba ganixiles ara rogorc erTiani proeqti, aramed rogorc ramodenime damoukidebeli proeqti. msoflio bankis ganmartebiT, is apirebda daefinansebina “daaxloebiT 40km gzis [sainvesticio proeqti] sami sxvadasxva sakredito xaziT. amitom Cven ganvixilavT sam sagzao monakveTs cal-calke. vinaidan Cven viTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom zog SemTxvevaSi adgili eqneba gadasaxlebas, zog SemTxvevaSi ki ara. Sesabamisad, efeqturobis uzrunvelsayofad migvaCnia, rom TiToeuli monakveTi unda ganvixiloT individualurad”17. amrigad, momzadda garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis angariSi da gadasaxlebis samoqmedo gegma TiToeuli monakveTisaTvis da ara mTlianad dagegmili saqmianobisaTvis, rasac warmoadgens E60 Cqarosnuli trasis gafarToeba, Tundac nataxtari – aRainais 60 km-ze. E60 avtomagistralis gafarToebisas msoflio bankma da saqarTvelos mTavrobam gamoiyenes e.w. „saliamis taqtika“; taqtika gulisxmobs proeqtis danawevrebas mcire proeqtebad da gadawyvetilebebis swored am danawevrebul proeqtebze miRebas. amgvari midgoma ar iZleva saSualebas srulad iqnes aRqmuli sawyisi proeqtis bunebriv da socialur garemoze zemoqmedebis suraTi. es aris praqtika, romelsac xSirad iyeneben sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebi da mTavrobebi satransporto infrasruqturis mSeneblobisas evrokavSiris axal wevrsaxelmwifoebSi, rac agreTve xdeba sazogadoebis ukmayofilebis sagani18.
15 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2006 w. 4 ivlisis N327 gankarguleba “saavtomobilo gzebis departamentis kontraqtori
firmis Sps “zimos” garemoze zemoqedebis Sefasebis angariSisgan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb” 16 msoflio bankis iZulebiTi gadasaxlebis politika 4.12, ix.http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/
OpManual.nsf/tocall/CA2D01A4D1BDF58085256B19008197F6?OpenDocument 17 msoflio bankis specialistis, qalbaton Tamar suluxias werili mwvane alternativasa da CENN-isadmi, 2004 wlis 15
oqtomberi 18 magaliTisTvis ixileT - WWF European Policy Office’s submission to public consultation on the report of the High Level Group
on the extension of the main trans-European transport axes to the neighbouring countries and regions and the way forward, 10 March 2006, ec.europa.eu/ten/transport/external_dimension/hlg/2006_02_17_tent_consultation/doc/ stakeholders_contributions/environmental/02wwf.pdf+salami+tactic+HLG&hl=ka&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=ge
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E60 Cqarosnuli magistralis aRaiani-nataxtaris gansaxlebis samoqmedo gegma19, romelic momzadda msoflio bankis proeqtis farglebSi, mkafiod asaxavs saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobisa da msoflio bankis standratebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis sisusteebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom gansaxlebis samoqmedo gegmam msoflio bankis 4.12 iZulebiTi gadasaxlebis politikis Tanaxmad, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi Seavso da aRmofxvra saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis xarvezebi. Tumca, Tu msgavsi proeqti ganxorcieldeba romelime saerTaSoriso safinanso institutis dafinansebis gareSe, mosalodnelia, rom mosaxleobaze zemoqmedeba ufro mZime iqneba.
5.2 samcxe-javaxeTis gzis reabilitacia „aTaswleulis gamowvevis korporacia“ infrastruqturul proeqtebs msoflio bankis standartebiT axorcielebs. aseTi proeqtebis rigs miekuTvneba samcxe-javaxeTis gzis reabilitaciis proeqti, romlis ganxorcielebisTvis 102 mln aSS dolaria gamoyofili. proeqts mieniWa A kategoria, rac niSnavs imas, rom proeqtma Sesaloa mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonios garemoze da amdenad Catarda srulmasStabiani garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba (gzS). aRsaniSnavia, rom E60 Cqarosnuli avtomagistralisagan gansxvavebiT, proeqti iTvaliswinebs mxolod sareabilitacio samuSaoebs20 da mcire manZilis asaqcevi gzebis mSeneblobas. gzS angariSi sakmaod detalurad ganixilavs garemosdacviTi TvalsazrisiT mgrZnobiare im ubnebs, romlebic proeqtis zegavlenis qveS eqceva, agreTve alternativebs sxvadasxva monakveTebTan mimarTebaSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom gza kveTs sakmaod sensitiur ubnebs, maT Soris karwaxis tbis Warbtenian teritorias. unda aRiniSnos rom Semarbilebel RonisZiebaTa sia sakmaod validuria, Tumca mainc rCeba ramodenime sakiTxi, romelic iwvevs SeSfoTebas. 2007 wlis TebervalSi sainformacio eleqtronuli qselis meSveobiT gavrcelda TeTriwyaros adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo organizaciis werili, romelic uaryofiTad afasebda Catarebul sazogadoebriv ganxilvas da iTxovda xelaxali ganxilvis Catarebas. organizaciis gancxadebiT, ganxilvaze mosul adamianTa umravlesoba (ZiriTadad mezobeli raionebidan) dainteresebuli iyo proeqtSi dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebiT, ris gamoc maT ar misces saSualeba proeqtis ganmaxorcieleblebs gaekeTebinaT prezentacia da pasuxi gaecaT TeTriwyaros mosaxleobis SekiTxvebze. amasTan, arasamTavrobo organizacia miuTiTebda, rom mniSvnelovania gzS-s sruli dokumentaciis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa. marTalia, korporaciam Seqmna specialuri veb-saiti da cxeli xazi (sam enazeqarTuli, somxuri, da rusuli), rac misasalmebeli da wingadadgmuli nabijia, magram dRevandel pirobebSi regionis mcxovrebTa umravlesobisTvis interneti xelmiuwvdomelia, xolo gzS-s sruli angariSis wardgena mxolod sakrebuloSi sakmarisi ar aris. korporaciam ar daakmayofila arasamTavrobo organizaciis moTxovna, im motiviT, rom es iyo bolo sajaro ganxilva da misi azriT, korporaciam gawia sakmarisi Zalisxmeva mosaxleobisTvis informaciis misawodeblad. 19 inglisur originalSi dokumentis saTauria Resettlement Action Plan, rac qarTulad iTargmneba rogorc
“gadasaxlebis samoqmedo gegma”; miuxedavad amisa, qarTulSi sityva “gadasaxlebis” nacvlad damkvidrda sityva “gansaxleba”. 20 proeqti iTvaliswinebs Semdegs: (1) gzis safaris reabilitacia/rekonstruqcia, (2) gzis vertikaluri da horizontaluri profilis lokaluri gaumjobeseba, (3) arsebuli sadrenaJe milebis reabilitacia/Secvla, axali sadrenaJe saSualebebis uzrunvelyofa, (4) soflebis uzrunvelyofa trotuarebiT da axali drenaJebiT, (5) arsebuli xidebis Secvla, SekeTeba da reabilitacia, (6) SerCeuli mokle mosavleli gzebis da TurqeTis sazRvarTan axali, mokle SeerTebis mSenebloba; (7) SerCeul punqtebSi dasasvenebeli adgilebis uzrunvelyofa; (8) sagzao kuTvnilebebis da markirebis uzrunvelyofa saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad; (9) cxovelTa binadrobis adgilebis damcavi saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofa; (10) samuSaoebis ganxorcielebis adgilis gareT muSaoba, rac, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebuli iqneba samSeneblo masalebis mopovebasTan axali an ukve arsebuli samSeneblo masalebis karierebidan (sabadoebidan).
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Tavisi qmedebiT korporaciam xazi gausva im faqts, rom misTvis mTavari iyo ara Catarebuli sajaro konsultaciebis xarisxi, aramed imis dafiqsireba, rom man Sexvedrebi Caatara. am formaluri midgomis safuZveli unda veZioT im faqtSi, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, swored investoria valdebuli moawyos gzS angariSis sajaro ganxilva da miiRos sazogadoebis mier warmodgenili SeniSvnebi da ara saxelmwifo organo. investorisaTvis sajaro ganxilva da SeniSvnebis miRebis procesi aris mxolod formaluri procedura, romelsac dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, principulad aranairi damatebiTi Rirebuleba ar moaqvs proeqtisTvis.
5.3 Tbilisisa da baTumis aeroportebi 2006 wels evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankma (ergb) da saerTaSoriso safinanso korporaciam 54 milioni aSS dolaris dafinanseba gamouyo kompania TAV Urban Georgia-s Tbilisis saerTaSoriso aeroportis proeqtisTvis. proeqtis Tanaxmad, kompanias unda aeSenebina axali saerTaSoriso terminali da Caetarebina sareabilitacio samuSaoebi asafren bilikebze, agreTve ganexorcielebina samSeneblo samuSaoebi, aRWurvilobisa da sistemebis modernizeba baTumis aeroportSi. ergb-sa da saerTaSoriso safinanso korporaciis politikis Tanaxmad, proeqts miekuTvna B kategoria, rac niSnavda garemoze zemoqmedebis ufro SezRuduli analizis Catarebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, proeqti eqvemdebareba garemoze zemoqmedebis srul Sefasebas garemoze zemoqmedebis nebarTvis misaRebad. Tbilisis aeroportis proeqtze gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesma yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba – garemoze zemoqmedebis nebarTvis gacemis process mxolod erTi kvira dasWirda; swored erT kviraSi moxerxda sazogadoebis monawileobis uzrunvelyofac, ekologiuri eqspertizis Catarebac da nebarTvis gacemac. investorma garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis Zalze uxarisxo angariSi warudgina nebarTvis gamcem organos; magaliTisTvis, angariSidan absoluturad gaugebari iyo, romeli saqmianobis zemoqmedebebi fasdeboda angariSSi – axali aeroportis mSeneblobis, axali terminalis mSeneblobis, Tu arsebuli aeroportis rekonstruqciis. miuxedavad gzS angariSis uxarisxobisa, nebarTva mainc gaica. saerTaSoriso safinanso korporaciis gancxadebiT, „TAV Georgia-m waradgina garemosdacviT moqmedebaTa gegmis Semadgeneli im konkretuli RonisZiebebis gatarebis gegmebi, romelTa Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi, Tbilisis aeroportis operireba SesabamisobaSi iqneba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis, saerTaSoriso da msoflio bankis jgufis politikebisa da saxelmZRvanelo dokumentebis Sesabamis normebsa da moTxovnebTan“. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, dRemde sazogadoebisaTvis xelmiuwvdomelia garemosdacviTi marTvis gegmebi. erTaderT gancxadebaSi, romelic ganTavsebulia aeroportis araoficialur saitze, naTqvamia: ”garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba SemuSavebuli iyo erovnul moTxovnebTan SesabamisobaSi da mzaddeba garemosdacviTi marTvis gegma raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes axali saerTaSoriso terminalis mSeneblobisa da operirebis Sesabamisoba samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis usafrTxoebisa da garemos dacvis standartebTan da saqarTvelos, evrokavSiris da msoflio bankis/saerTaSoriso safinanso korporaciis standartebTan“21. „saerTaSoriso standartebiT“ aSenebuli Tbilisis aeroporti gaxsnis dRidanve ramdenjerme moxvda sazogadoebis yuradRebis centrSi. gaxsnis dRes terminalSi 21 ix. http://www.airport.ge/Environmental.HTM an ttp://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=72813125308255&mkt=enUS&lang=en-US&w=64a3c9c0&FORM=CVRE
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wyali Camovida, xolo erTi kviris Semdeg, arcTu Zlieri qaris Sedegad, aeroportis saxuravi dazianda. saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis arqiteqturuli dagegmarebis kaTedris gamgis, akademikos vaxtang daviTaias mosazrebiT, Tbilisis saerTaSoriso aeroportis saxuravis dazianebis mizezi misi naCqarevi mSenebloba iyo da ara Zlieri qari. “bunebrivia, Senobis ase naCqarevad aSenebis SemTxvevaSi msgavsi problemebi mosalodneli iyo. meSinia, rom Senebis procesSi sxva, ufro seriozuli Secdomebi ar iyos gaparuli, ramac SesaZloa vTqvaT, miwisZvris dros iCinos Tavi. gamoricxulia, rom ase naCqarevad agebul Senobas wuni ar hqondes”. rac Seexeba baTumis aeroports, garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis angariSi saerTod ar iqna wardgenili. arsebul konteqstSi, sainteresoa holandiis garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis komisiis angariSi,22 sadac xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom baTumis sanapiro zolis inspeqtirebisas 2007 wlis TebervalSi, komisiam TvalnaTliv dainaxa sanapiro eroziis Sedegebi, rac iwvevs saxlebisa da Senobebis dazianebas, gansakuTrebiT aeroportis CrdiloeTiT mimdebare teritoriaze (sofeli adlia). komisiis daskvniT, “rekomendirebulia, rom rogorc gadaudebeli RonisZieba Semdegi wlisTvis, gamoyenebul iqnes mdinare Woroxidan amoRebuli masala da ganlagdes erozirebuli sanapiros seqciis gaswvriv. ...monakveTi, romelzec saswrafod unda ganxorcieldes sanapiros gamagreba aris aeroportis da misi CrdiloeTiT 2000 metrze mdebare teritoria”. komisia iqve xazgamiT miuTiTebs, rom es aris problemis moklevadiani gadaWris gza da mdinare Woroxidan natanis amoReba (gansakuTrebiT TurqeTis mier Woroxze kaSxlebis kaskadis aSenebis fonze), unda iyos erTjeradi RonisZieba. komisia iZleva rekomendacias, dawyebul iqnes garemosdacviTi Sefaseba/winaswari kvlevebi, raTa rac SeiZleba swrafad SemuSavdes sanapiro zolis mdgradi xangrZlivvadiani dacvis sqema.
5.4 yulevis navTobterminali da misasvleli rkinigza 2007 wels gaxsnili yulevis navTobterminali yovelwliurad sami saxis navTobproduqtis (nedli navTobi, dizelis sawvavi da mazuTi) transportirebas moaxdens. produqtebi rkinigziT Semova azerbaijanidan da Semdeg portidan gadaizideba gemebiT. aSenebulia ori navsadguri, sadac erTdroulad SesaZlebeli iqneba ori tankeris miReba. terminalis rezervuarebis moculoba 380 aTas kubur metrs Seadgens, gamtarunarianoba 15-20 mln tonas weliwadSi. terminals dReisaTvis 300 heqtarze meti teritoria ukavia. yulevis navTobterminalis mSenebloba saqarTvelos prezidentis eduard SevardnaZis 1999 wlis 8 seqtembris 1081 brZanebulebis safuZvelze daiwyo. terminalis mSenebloba erovnuli Tu saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebis uamravi darRveviT daiwyo: mSeneblobis dawyebamde ar iqna Catarebuli garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba, mSenebloba daiwyo garemosdacviTi da mSeneblobis nebarTvebis gareSe; miuxedavad imisa, rom terminalis teritoria moicavda ramsaris konvenciiT dacul Warbtenian farTobebs, terminalisTvis miwebis Sesyidva moxda ramsaris konvenciis samdivnos winaswari Setyobinebis gareSe;23 saqarTvelos parlaments ar mouxdenia ramsaris konvenciiT daculi teritoriis arsebuli sazRvrebis cvlilebebis ratificireba; 22 ix. http://docs1.eia.nl/os/i00/i0069/a69rr.pdf 23 miuxedavad imisa, rom ramsaris konvenciis Tanaxmad, konvenciis mxare (saqarTvelo) konvenciiT daculi teritoriis farglebSi arsebuli miwis statusis Secvlamde valdebulia acnobos samdivnos da Seasrulos misi moTxovnebi, iusticiis saministros gancxadebiT, terminalisTvis miwis privatizaciisas, kanonmdeblobis (ramsaris konvenciis) moTxovnebi ar darRveula. saqarTvelos mTavrobam oficialuri Setyobinebis werili samdivnoSi mxolod 2000 wlis dasasruls gaagzavna, mas Semdeg rac ramsaris samdivnos ukve miRebuli hqonda informacia sxva wyaroebidan da samSeneblo samuSaoebi ukve dawyebuli iyo. mTavrobis yvela qmedeba mimarTuli iyo ramsaris samdivnos dasarwmuneblad, rom arsebobs gadaudebeli saWiroeba mSeneblobisaTvis da rom ramsaris kriteriumebi ar miesadageba yulevis teritorias. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom dokumentSi avtorebi arsad axseneben, rom yulevis teritoria ramsaris konvenciiT daculi teritoriis SuagulSi da kolxeTis erovnuli parkis mravalmxrivi gamoyenebis zonaSia moqceuli.
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terminalSi navTobproduqtebis gadasazidad misasvleli rkinigzis daigegma kolxeTis erovnul parkis teritoriaze.
mSenebloba
saqarTvelos arasamTavrobo organizaciebis Zalisxmevis Sedegad, yulevis navTobterminalis mSeneblobis problemebiT dainteresdnen sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, maT Soris msoflio banki24. 2001 wlis seqtemberSi, finansuri problemebis gamo, navTob-terminalis sponsorTa jgufi25 iZulebuli gaxda Seewyvita proeqtis dafinanseba, xolo imavdroulad saqarTvelos prokuraturam aRZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme Sps „rkinigzisa“ da Sps „terminali 2000“-is winaaRmdeg26. vardebis revoluciis Semdeg 2004 wlis seqtemberSi mSenebloba kvlav ganaxlda. mSeneblobis mTavari investori gaxda „Savi zRvis terminali“ (qarTvel investorTa kompania, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda badri patarkaciSvili) da saerTaSoriso konsorciumi, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sedioda yofili mTavari investori „argomar oili“27. 2005 wels saqarTvelos mTavrobam gamosca gankarguleba28, romelsac safuZvlad daedo ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros mier momzadebuli dokumenti “md. xobiswylis SesarTavSi navTobproduqtebis gadasatvirTi sazRvao terminalis (yulevis terminali) mSeneblobis proeqtis gadaudebeli erovnuli interesis arsebobis dasabuTeba”. am gankargulebiT aRniSnuli mSenebloba miCneul iqna gadaudebel erovnul interesad da mowonebul iqna prezidentis gankargulebis proeqti, romliTac Sps “Black Sea Industry”-s yulevis terminalTan misasvleli gzis mSeneblobisaTvis, pirdapiri gankargvis wesiT, aRnagobis uflebiT gadaecemoda 41,37 ha miwis nakveTi29. am dokumentis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxda 12 km misasvleli rkinigzis “kolxeTi-yulevis” mSenebloba kolxeTis erovnuli parkis teritoriaze30.
24 msoflio banki da msoflio globaluri dacvis fondi 1998 wlidan saqarTveloSi axorcieleben sanapiro zolis integrirebuli marTvis proeqts, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara kolxeTis erovnuli parkis Seqmnas. Sesabamisad, bankis direqtorati Txovda saqarTvelos mTavrobas yulevis proeqtis SeCerebas. 2001 wels msoflio bankma gamoagzavna maRali donis misia, xolo 2002 daiqirava sakonsultacio kompania CEFAS-i, romelmac Seiswavla Zenith Gamma Consulting-is mier momzadebuli yulevis navTobterminalis gzS angariSi da masTan dakavSirebuli kvlevebi da warmoadgina Sesabamisi rekomendaciebi saqarTvelos mTavrobisTvis. CEFAS-is daskvniT, gzS angariSebi, rkinigzasa da sazRvao nawilTan mimarTebaSi, Seicavda mniSvnelovan problemebs. angariSi aseve moicavda sias im Semarbilebeli da sakompensacio RonisZiebebisa, romelic unda gatardes proeqtis rogorc sanapiro aseve saxmeleTo nawilSi. 25 argomar oili da Sps saqarTvelos rkinigza 26 am Temaze gadacemam “60 wuTi” gaakeTa Jurnalisturi gamoZieba, romlis Tanaxmad, sxvadasxva maqinaciebiT mSeneblobis procesSi moxda daaxloebiT 65 milioni aSS dolaris “garecxva”. 27 miuxedavad, proeqtis moculobisa da investiciis sididisa (daaxloebiT erTi miliardi dolari), informacia investorebis Sesaxeb sakmaod mcirea. argomar oili dafuZnda avstriaSi, Semdeg daregistirebul iqna kviprosze, 2005 wels Tavidan daregistrirda avstriaSi, Tumca 2006 wels ukve likvidaciis procesSi iyo (www.compnet.at/html/index394.html [05.04.2006]). amJamad erTaderTi ofisi registrirebulia azerbaijanSi. 28 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2005 w. 25 maisis #209 gankarguleba “yulevis navTobisa da navTobproduqtebis gadamtvirTavi sazRvao terminalisa da masTan misasvleli rkinigzis mSeneblobis sakiTxis gadaudebel erovnul interesad miCnevis Sesaxeb” 29 “mwvane alternativam” TxovniT mimarTa saqarTvelos premier-ministrs, moewodebina ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros mier momzadebuli dokumenti, romelic safuZvlad daedo aRniSnul gankargulebas, aseve garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministrosTan aRniSnuli proeqtis gankargulebis SeTanxmebis damadasturebeli dokumentis asli. mTavrobis kancelariam operatiulad gamoagzavna pasuxi (werili #35, 20.06.05), romelsac Tan erTvoda sakmaod didi moculobis dokumenti da aseve, e.w. SeTanxmebis furclis asli. 2005 wlis 13 ivliss saministroSi gamarTul Sexvedraze cnobili gaxda, rom kancelariis mier gamogzavnili dokumenti Tavis droze dawunebul iqna garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros mier. Sexvedris msvlelobisas imave saTauriT warmodgenil iqna sxva dokumenti, romelic ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministrom gaugzavna garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros da am ukanasknelis mier miRebul iqna 5 ivliss. anu, sakiTxi, romelic mTavrobis sxdomaze miRebul iqna maisSi da xma misca ministrma giorgi papuaSvilma, romlis mTavrobis sxdomaze gatanasac daeTanxma ministris moadgile irakli RvalaZe, saministros SeTanxmebisaTvis waredgina gadawyvetilebis miRebidan TiTqmis ori Tvis Semdeg. 30 “Another construction that infringes on Georgian environmental laws, World Bank agreements, and the Ramsar Convention is the establishment of a railway for oil transport to connect existing infrastructure with the Kulevi terminal. The new 12.5 km long railway will start from an existing track close to the city of Poti and run along the border of the KNP”, The Golden Fleece in trouble - the endangering of the Kolkheti peatlands (Georgia), Matthias Krebs & Hans Joosten, xelmisawvdomia: http://www.imcg.net/imcgnl/nl0601/nl0601_4.htm
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paralelurad, momzadda yulevis terminalTan misasvleli rkinigzis da sazRvao nawilis garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis dokumentebi31. msoflio bankis dafinansebiT daarsebulma sanapiro zolis integrirebuli marTvis centrma warmodgenili gzS angariSi Seafasa rogorc aradamakmayofilebeli, sazogadoebis monawileobis dabali donis, alternativebis arasruli ganxilvis, zemoqmedebebisa da Semarbilebeli RonisZiebebis identificirebis, da rac mTavaria, im faqtis gamo, rom rkinigza gadis kolxeTis erovnuli parkis teritoriaze, rac warmoadgens saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis darRvevas.32 msgavsi Sefaseba gaakeTa ramsaris konvenciis samdivnom, romlis Tanaxmad, terminalis sazRvao nawilis gzS da Semarbilebel RobisZiebaTa gegma zerele da aradamakmayofilebelia. 2007 wlis dasawyisSi badri patarkaciSvilsa da azerbaijanis saxelmwifo navTobis kompanias (SOCAR) Soris gaformda xelSekruleba yulevis navTobterminalis gayidvis Sesaxeb33. proeqtis investoris gancxadebiT saqarTvelos mTavroba daTanxmda yulevSi navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnis mSeneblobas. 2007 wels saqarTvelos prezidentis gankargulebiT pirdapiri miyidvis wesiT “Black Sea Industry”-s gadaeca 301 heqtari miwis nakveTi, rogorc navTobterminalis gafarToebis, ise misasvleli rkinigzis mSeneblobisaTvis. ramsaris konvenciis Tanaxmad, Tu konvenciis mxare konvenciiT daculi teritoriis siidan iRebs romelime teritorias da/an amcirebs farTobs, aucilebelia, rom amoRebuli an Semcirebuli teritoria Canacvldes msgavsi ekologiuri mniSvnelobis teritoriiT. 2005 wlis agvistoSi ramsaris konvenciis sakonsultacio misiam kidev erTxel gausva xazi, rom saWiroa moxdes detaluri Seswavla imisa, Tu ra ziani miadgeba terminalis mSeneblobiT ramsaris konvenciiT dacul teritoriebs da unda dadgindes zaralis kompensaciis detaluri gegma34. dReis mdgomareobiT, ar aris naTeli, Tu ra stadiaSia es samuSaoebi da rodis da rogor apirebs garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministro investorTan erTad ganaxorcielos aRebuli saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi.
31 unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministroSi 2005 wlis 13 ivliss Sedga misasvlel rkinigzasa da sazRvao nawilTan dakavSirebuli sazogadoebrivi ganxilva, gzS-s dokumenti ar gavrcelebula. “zenit gama konsaltingis” gancxadebiT, is uaxloes dReebSi gaxdida xelmisawvdoms dokumentacias, Tumca, danapirebi ar Sesrulebula. 32 “zogierTi mosazreba yulevis terminalis misasvleli rkinigzis garemoze zemoqmedebebis Sefasebis dokumentTan dakavSirebiT”, sanapiro zonis integrirebuli marTvis centris direqtoris mamuka gvilavas 2005 wlis 30 ivnisis werili garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros licenziebisa da nebarTvebis departamentis ufross, zviad WeiSvils, 33 ix. http://www.today.az/news/business/34842.html 34 Endangered ecosystems can only be conserved by an effective and powerful nature protection system like the Kolkheti National Park. Long-term support of the National Park could be made available through the establishment of a specific Heritage Fund, financed by the Black Sea Terminal Ltd and managed by wetland and marine experts and representatives of the Government (MOE), the Black Sea Terminal Ltd., and environmental NGOs. The Golden Fleece in trouble - the endangering of the Kolkheti peatlands (Georgia), Matthias Krebs & Hans Joosten, xelmisawvdomia: http://www.imcg.net/imcgnl/nl0601/nl0601_4.htm
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6. daskvna da rekomendaciebi rogorc wina TavebSi gamoCnda, saqarTveloSi dRemde ar arsebobs satransporto seqtoris mdgradi ganviTarebis politika, arasrulyofilia sakanonmdeblo baza, gansakuTrebiT sustia garemosdacviTi da socialuri dacvis meqanizmebi. politikis ararsebobisa da susti, arasrulyofili kanonmdeblobis fonze advili misaxvedria, rom praqtikac ar aris Tanmimdevruli. rogorc kvlevaSi warmodgenili magaliTebidan Cans, yoveli konkretuli proeqti gansxvavdeba gamWvirvalobis, sazogadoebis monawileobis uzrunvelyofis, garemosdacviTi da socialuri valdebulebebis asaxvis doniT. rogorc wesi, proeqtebis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebisas CamoTvlili aspeqtebi sustia da SedarebiTi „siZliere“, kvlav rogorc wesi, damokidebulia imaze, Tu vin axorcielebs ama Tu im proeqts. qveyanaSi satranzito satransporto infrastruqturis ganviTarebiT dainteresebulia saqarTveloc da saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobac, maT Soris, evrokavSiri. imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom satranzito satransporto infrastruqturis ganviTarebiT sruli sargebeli miiRos, aucilebelia aramarto politikuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebis, aramed socialuri da garemosdacviTi Sedegebis gansazRvra da integracia gadawyvetilebis miRebis yvela doneze. mTavari aqcenti unda gakeTdes Tanxebis efeqtur xarjvaze, qmedebebis mizanmimarTul sargebelze qveynis mosaxleobisaTvis da minimalur zianze garemosa da sazogadoebaze. rekomendaciebi - saqarTveloSi satranzito satransporto infrastruqturuli proeqtebis warmatebuli ganxorcielebisTvis, aucilebelia erovnuli sakanonmdeblo bazis harmonizeba evrokavSiris Sesabamis direqtivebTan; es saerTaSoriso saukeTeso praqtikis Sesabamisi horizontuli instrumentebis danergvisa da gamoyenebis saSualebas mogvcems. - nebismieri satransporto infrastruqturuli programis ganxorcielebas, upirveles yovlisa, win unda uswrebdes garemoze zemoqmedebis strategiuli Sefaseba, rom araferi vTqvaT proeqtebis doneze integrirebuli socialuri da garemosdacviTi Sefasebis Catarebis aucilebelobaze. - aucilebelia, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis sajaroobis uzrunvelyofa da sazogadoebrivi mosmenebis mowyoba rogorc strategiul gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas, ise konkretul proeqtebTan dakavSirebul sadavo sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. - Sesabamisi organoebi rutinulad unda axorcielebdnen rogorc garemosdacviTi, ise socialuri samoqmedo gegmebis monitorings da monitoringis Sedegebs xelmisawvdoms unda xdidnen sazogadoebisTvis. - vinaidan, rogorc wesi, infrastruqturuli programebi xorcieleba ufro swrafad vidre garemosdacviTi programebi, aucilebelia, Tavidan iqnes acilebuli uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba rogorc arsebul, ise dagegmil dacul teritoriebze, magaliTad, “zurmuxtovan qselSi” CarTul (rac warmoadgens natura 2000-is analogs) da ramsaris konvenciiT dacul teritoriebze.
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kvleva Catarda ”mwvane alternativa”-s proeqtis ”dialogi politikaze ukeTesi garemosdacviTi mmarTvelobisTvis” farglebSi. mwvane alternativa madlobas uxdis holandiis gansaxlebis, sivrciTi dagegmvisa da garemos saministros finansuri mxardaWerisTvis. gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi warmoadgens misi avtoris mosazrebebs, gamoxatavs ”mwvane alternativa”-s pozicias da ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes holandiis gansaxlebis, sivrciTi dagegmvisa da garemos saministros SexedulebaTa amsaxvelad.
© mwvane alternativa, 2007 avtori: manana qoClaZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0162 yifSiZis q. 5a. me-4 sadarb. me-7 sarT. tel: (+995 32) 221604; faqsi: (+995 32) 223874 el. fosta: greenalt@wanex.net veb gverdi: www.greenalt.org
mdgradi energetikis ganviTarebis winapirobebi saqarTveloSi Tbilisi, 2007