n. jvarelia, l. CxeiZe
Sromis usafrTxoeba (informatika da marTvis sistemebi)
@`teqnikuri universiteti�@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
n. jvarelia, l. CxeiZe
Sromis usafrTxoeba (informatika da marTvis sistemebi)
damtkicebulia stu-s saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos mier
Tbilisi 2009
uak [331.45:681.3] (075.32) saxelmZRvaneloSi
warmodgenilia
Sromis
usafrTxoebis
ZiriTadi
cnebebi da debulebebi, informatikis, marTvis sistemebTan da personalur kompiuterebTan
usafrTxo
muSaobis
sakiTxebi.
Sromis
usafrTxoebis
Tanamedrove miRwevebis poziciidan ganxilulia mavne da saSiSi faqtorebi, Sromis pirobebis gajansaRebis, muSakTa janmrTelobisa da Sromisunarianobis
SenarCunebis
gzebi
_
organizaciuli,
teqnikuri,
samedicino-
profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi. saxelmZRvaneloSi pirobebiT
warmodgenilia
uzrunvelyofis
sakiTxebi:
sawarmoo
garemos
mikroklimati,
komfortuli
ventilacia,
kondi-
cireba, ganaTeba, xmauris Semcirebis RonisZiebebi, eleqtrodanadgarebTan usafrTxo muSaobis pirobebi, xanZarsawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi. saxelmZRvanelo fakultetis
yvela
gankuTvnilia specialobis
informatikisa bakalavrebisa
da da
marTvis
sistemebis
magistrantebisaTvis,
umaRlesi profesiuli swavlebis studentebisaTvis; saxelmZRvanelo saintereso da sasargeblo iqneba am sferoSi dasaqmebuli muSakebisaTvis.
recenzenti sruli profesori z. wveraiZe
© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009 ISBN 978-9941-14-494-3 http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/ yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
Tavi I 1.1.
Sromis usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminologia
Sroma _ adamianis mizanmimarTuli moRvaweobaa. sawarmoSi Sesrulebul Sromas sawarmoo moRvaweoba ewodeba. sawarmoo moRvaweoba xorcieldeba samuSao zonaSi. samuSao (sawarmoo) zona aris iatakidan 2,2 m an meti simaRlis sivrce an moedani, romelzec muSaobis procesSi mudmivad an droebiT imyofeba momuSave. muSaobis
procesSi
romlebic
samuSao
uaryofiTad
gauaresebas,
travmas
zonaSi
moqmedeben an
warmoiqmneba momuSaveze,
daavadebas.
negatiuri
negatiuri iwveven
faqtorebi,
janmrTelobis
faqtorebis
warmoqmna
ganapirobebs sawarmoo garemos iseT Tvisebas, romelsac sawarmoo garemos saSiSroeba ZiriTadi
ewodeba. cnebaa.
sawarmoo
negatiuri
garemos
sawarmoo
saSiSroeba faqtorebi
Sromis iyofa
usafrTxoebis
saSiS
da
mavne
faqtorebad. saSiSi sawarmoo faqtori iseTi faqtoria, romlis moqmedeba adamianze iwvevs travmas an letalur dasasruls. saSiSi sawarmoo faqtori moixseneba rogorc travmasaSiSi faqtori. mavne sawarmoo faqtoris moqmedeba iwvevs guneba-ganwyobis gauaresebas, xolo xangrZlivi moqmedeba _ daavadebas. saSiS da mavne sawarmoo faqtorebs Soris arsebobs garkveuli kavSiri. mavne faqtorebis maRali doneebi gardaiqmnebian saSiS faqtorebad. magaliTad, samuSao zonaSi mavne nivTierebis maRali koncentracia iwvevs mZime mowamvlas da sikvdilsac ki; radiaciis maRali done iwvevs sxivur daavadebas, romlis drosac
organizmSi
aRiniSneba
Seuqcevadi,
organizmisaTvis
SeuTavsebeli
cvlilebebi. saSiSi
sawarmoo
faqtoris
moqmedeba
iwvevs
travmebs
da
ubedur
SemTxvevebs. travma _ garemo faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli adamianis organizmis dazianebaa. matravmirebeli faqtoris mixedviT travma SeiZleba iyos:
3
Sromis usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminologia dadgenilia saxelmwifo standartebis, normebis, wesebis kompleqsis safuZvelze.
meqanikuri _ organoebis da qsovilebis mTlianobis darRveva; Termuli _ damwvroba, moyinva; qimiuri _ qimiuri nivTierebebis moqmedebiT gamowveuli; barotravma
_
haeris
atmosferuli
wnevis
mkveTri
cvlilebebiT
gamowveuli; eleqtrotravma _ eleqtruli denis moqmedebiT gamowveuli; fsiqiuri _ mZime fsiqologiuri faqtoris moqmedebiT gamowveuli; travmiT damTavrebul uecar da daugegmav SemTxvevas ubeduri SemTxveva ewodeba. mavne
sawarmoo
daavadebas.
faqtoris
magaliTad,
xangrZlivi
vibraciis
zemoqmedeba
xangrZlivi
iwvevs
moqmedeba
profesiul
vibrodaavadebis
gamomwvevia; xmauri iwvevs siyrues; radiacia _ sxivur daavadebas. Sroma unda iyos usafrTxo! usafrTxoeba _ moRvaweobis mdgomareobaa, romlis drosac gamoricxulia saSiSroebis gamovlena. `Sromis usafrTxoeba~-sTan erTad farTod gamoiyeneba cneba _ `Sromis dacva~. Sromis
dacvis
qveS
socialur-ekonomikuri,
igulisxmeba
organizaciuli,
samkurnalo-profilaqtikuri
sakanonmdeblo teqnikuri,
RonisZiebebis
da
aqtebis
sistema,
sanitariul-higienuri,
saSualebebis
erToblioba,
romlebmac unda uzrunvelyon Sromis usafrTxoeba, adamianis janmrTeloba da Sromisunarianoba. sawarmoo asacileblad
sanitaria
mavne
mimarTuli
sawarmoo
organizaciuli
faqtorebis
Sesamcireblad
RonisZiebebis
da
da
teqnikuri
saSualebebis sistemaa. sawarmoo
sanitariam
unda
uzrunvelyos:
normaluri
mikroklimaturi
parametrebi; racionaluri ganaTeba; xmauris da vibraciis mavne moqmedebis Tavidan acileba; sanitariul-sayofacxovrebo mowyobilobis funqcionireba. Sromis
higiena
_
adamianis
organizmze
moqmedi
sawarmoo
garemos
faqtorebis Semswavleli mecnierebaa, romelic sawarmos teqnologiis, SromiTi 4
procesebis, nedleulis, masalebis, sawarmoo narCenebis mavne zemoqmedebis Seswavlis
safuZvelze,
gamoimuSavebs
higienur,
samkurnalo-profilaqtikur
normatiul RonisZiebebs. usafrTxoebis saSualebebis
teqnika
sistemaa,
organizaciuli
romlis
mizania
RonisZiebebis saSiSi
da
sawarmoo
teqnikuri faqtorebis
zemoqmedebis Tavidan acileba. usafrTxoebis teqnikaSi igulisxmeba: sawarmoo mowyobilobebis, meqanizmebis,
procesebis
usafrTxoeba;
instrumentebis,
SemoRobviTi
sawarmoSi da
axali
manqanebis,
mablokirebeli
sistemebis,
avtomaturi signalizaciis, kompiuteruli sistemebis danergva. xanZarsawinaaRmdego
dacvis
sistema
organizaciuli
RonisZiebebis
da
teqnikuri saSualebebis erTobliobaa. isini mimarTulia xanZriT gamowveuli faqtorebis asacileblad da materialuri danakargebis Sesamcireblad. Sromis
usafrTxoebis
uzrunveyofis
umniSvnelovanes
etapad
iTvleba
saSiSroebis identifikacia. saSiSroebis identifikacia aris saSiSroebebis garCeva; maTi warmoqmnis mizezebis dadgena; saSiSroebis albaTobis, sididis da Sedegebis droiTi da sivrciTi maxasiaTeblebis dadgena.
1.2. Sromis dacvis samecniero baza
Sromis dacvis samecniero baza efuZneba: travmatizmis da daavadebebis Teoriul da eqsperimentul kvlevas; profesiuli daavadebebis, mowamvlebis, xanZrebis, afeTqebebis, sawarmoo travmatizmis yovelmxriv analizs; warmoebaSi Sromis pirobebis mecnierul analizs; warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli nivTierebebis, masalebis
da
nakeTobebis
usafrTxoebis
kvlevas;
usafrTxoebis
teqnikis
TvalsazrisiT
meqanizaciis,
avtomatizaciis,
distanciuri
marTvis,
telemeqanikis,
mablokirebeli
mowyobilobebis,
kompiuteruli
sistemebis
Sefasebas. Catarebuli adgilebze
mavne
kvlevis
da
maTi
da
saSiSi
analizis
sawarmoo
safuZvelze
faqtorebis
iqmneba
gamovlenis,
profilaqtikisa da salikvidacio zomebis SemuSavebis SesaZlebloba.
5
samuSao maTi
`Sromis dacvis~ disciplina warmoiqmna mravali sxva mecnierebis SerwymiT, rogoricaa socialur-uflebrivi, ekonomikuri, samedicino, teqnikuri da sxva. `Sromis
dacvis~,
fizikis,
qimiis,
zogadteqnikuri
rogorc
disciplinis,
eleqtroteqnikis, mecnierebebis
warmatebiT
maTematikis,
safuZvlebis
sxva codna.
asaTviseblad
saWiroa
sabunebismetyvelo Sromis
dacva
da da
usafrTxoeba mWidro kavSirSia ergonomikasTan, sainJinro fsiqologiasTan, medicinis yvela dargTan, garemos dacvasTan da rig sxva mecnierebebTan, romlebic asaxaven adamianis cxovelmyofelobis sakiTxebs da problemebs. jansaRi,
usafrTxo
da
maRalmwarmoebluri
Sromis
pirobebi
farTo
mecnierul kvlevebs efuZneba. Sromis
dacvis
samecniero-teqnikuri
programis
ganxorcielebiT
dakavebulia Sromis usafrTxoebis dargobrivi institutebi, Sromis higienis da profesiuli
daavadebebis
laboratoriebi
teqnologiuri usafrTxoebis kaTedrebi.
6
da
umaRlesi
saswavleblebis
Tavi 2. Sromis kanonmdeblobis safuZvlebi
2.1. Sromis dacvis sakanonmdeblo aqtebi Sromis
procesSi
aRZruli
sazogadoebriv-SromiTi
urTierTobebi
regulirdeba `saqarTvelos konstituciiT~, `saqarTvelos kanonTa kodeqsiT~, droebiTi
sakanonmdeblo
aqtebiTa
da
saqarTvelos
prezidentis
brZanebulebebiT. `saqarTvelos Sromis kanonTa kodeqsSi~, romelic iuridiul normaTa
erTobliobas
warmoadgens,
Sromis
Sesaxeb
ZiriTadi
debulebebi
mocemulia TavebSi: `Sromis dacva~, `samuSao dro~, `dasvenebis dro~, `qalis Sroma~,
`axalgazrdobis
Sesrulebaze~
da
saqarTveloSi
sxv.
da
`zedamxedveloba
`saqarTvelos
mcxovreb
dawesebulebebTan
Sroma~,
muSakTa
Sromis SromiT
organizaciebTan
organizaciul-samarTlebrivi
kanonTa
formisa);
Sromis
kanonebis
kodeqsi~
awesrigebs
urTierTobebs
(miuxedavad
maTi
saqarTvelos
sawarmosTan,
sakuTrebisa
moqalaqeTa
da
Sroma
Tavisufalia; iZulebiTi Sroma akrZalulia; muSaks ufleba aqvs moiTxovos Sromis usafrTxo da jansaRi pirobebis Seqmna da samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli janmrTelobis mdgomareobis moSlisas miyenebuli zianis mTliani anazRaureba (muxli 2). Sromis kanonTa kodeqsi gansazRvravs muSakis dasvenebis uflebas (muxlebi 57-74). es ufleba uzrunvelyofilia samuSao kviris xangrZlivobis, mTeli rigi profesiebis da sawarmoebisaTvis Semoklebuli samuSao dRis, Ramis periodSi Semoklebuli
samuSao
drois
dadgeniT;
yovelwliuri
anazRaurebadi
Svebulebisa da yovelkvireuli dasvenebis dReebis dawesebiT. Sromis kanonTa kodeqsiT gansazRvrulia muSakTa janmrTelobis dacvis ufleba, romelsac uzrunvelyofs
profilaqtikuri
RonisZiebebisa
da
garemos
gajansaRebis
RonisZiebebis CatarebiT, mozardi Taobis janmrTelobaze zrunviT, bavSvTa Sromis
akrZalviT
(Tu
igi
dakavSirebuli
araa
swavlebasTan
da
SromiT
aRzrdasTan). samuSao drois xangrZlivoba ar unda aRematebodes 41 saaTs kviraSi, xolo ekonomikuri da sxva saWiro pirobebis Seqmnis kvalobaze unda ganxorcieldes ufro Semcirebul samuSao kviraze gadasvla. Sromis mavne pirobebian
samuSaoze
dasaqmebuli 7
muSakebisaTvis
samuSao
kviris
xangrZlivobaa ara umetes 36 saaTi (muxli 43, 44). im sawarmoebis, saamqroebis, profesiebis sia, romelic iZleva Semcirebuli xangrZlivobis samuSao kviris uflebas, mtkicdeba kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT. zeganakveTuri
samuSaoebi
kanonmdeblobiT
dauSvebelia.
zeganakveTuri
samuSaoebi dasaSvebia mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi da mxolod sawarmos, dawesebulebis, organizaciis profkavSiris nebarTviT. TiToeuli muSakisaTvis es samuSao zedized ori dRis ganmavlobaSi ar unda aRematebodes 4 sT-s, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi ki _ 120 saaTs. zeganakveTuri samuSaos anazRaureba pirveli ori saaTis ganmavlobaSi erTnaxevari odenobiT xdeba, xolo momdevno saaTebisa _ ormagad. zeganakveTuri samuSaos kompensacia dRemagieris micemiT dauSvebelia
(muxlebi
54,
55,
56,
86).
Sromis
kanonTa
kodeqsSi
reglamentirebulia dasvenebis dro, romelsac miekuTvneba: Sesveneba samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi kvebisa da dasvenebisaTvis, yoveldRiuri da yovelkvireuli dasveneba, sadResawaulo arasamuSao dReebi da Svebuleba (muxlebi 57-74). Sromis
kanonTa
kodeqsSi
dadgenilia
sawarmos
administraciis
movaleobani (Sromis janmrTeli pirobebis uzrunvelyofa, muSakTa Sromis sworad mowyoba, maTi Sromisa da sayofacxovrebo pirobebis gaumjobeseba da sxv.). administracias ekisreba muSa-mosamsaxureTaTvis instruqtaJis Catareba usafrTxoebis teqnikis, sawarmoo sanitariis, xanZarsawinaaRmdego dacvisa da Sromis dacvis sxva wesebis Sesaxeb (muxli 143). masve ekisreba Sromis dacvis instruqciis yvela moTxovnis Sesrulebaze mudmivi kontroli. Tavis mxriv, muSa-mosamsaxureni
valdebulni
arian
mkacrad
daicvan
Sromis
dacvis
instruqciebi (muxli 144). Sromis kanonTa kodeqsSi dadgenilia qalebisa da mozardebis Sromis gamoyenebis SezRudvebi mZime da saSiS samuSaoebze, Ramis saaTebSi, simZimeTa gadatanaze da misT. saqarTvelos
Sromis
kanonmdeblobiT
16
welze
naklebi
asakis pirTa
samuSaoze miReba dauSvebelia. gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi sawarmos profkavSirTan SeTanxmebiT
nebadarTulia
samuSaoze
15
wlis
asakis
mozardTa
miReba.
swavlisagan Tavisufal dros SeiZleba samuSoze 14 wlis asakis mozardis miReba erT-erTi mSoblis an misi Semcvleli piris TanxmobiT msubuqi samuSaos Sesasruleblad,
romelic
zians
ar
miayenebs
daarRvevs swavlebis process (muxli 167). 8
mis
janmrTelobas
da
ar
16-dan 18 wlamde mozardebisaTvis dadgenilia 36 saaTiani samuSao kvira, 15 wlidan 16 wlamde asakis pirebisaTvis ki _ 24 saaTiani samuSao kvira. saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlisagan Tavisufal dros momuSave moswavleTa samuSao dro maqsimaluri xangrZlivobis naxevars ar unda aRematebodes (muxli 44). kanonmdeblobiT akrZalulia Sromis dacvis RonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebisaTvis gamoyofili saxsrebisa da saWiro masalebis xarjva sxva miznebisaTvis (muxli 145). Sromis kanonTa kodeqsiT gansazRvrulia spec. tansacmlisa da individualuri dacvis saSualebebis, sapnisa da gamauvnebeli saSualebebis, rZisa da samkurnalo-profilaqtikuri kvebis produqtebis gacema, agreTve cxel saamqroebSi muSebis uzrunvelyofa gaziani mariliani wyliT (muxlebi 146-149). sakanonmdeblo aqtebis safuZvelze SemuSavebulia da moqmedebs Sromis dacvis sxvadasxva normatiuli dokumenti: Sromis usafrTxoebis standartebi, sanitariuli da samSeneblo normebi da wesebi. usafrTxoebis teqnikasa da sawarmoo
sanitariis
wesebi,
mowyobilobis
konstruqciis
usafrTxoebis
moTxovnebi, debulebebi saxelmwofo zedamxedvelobis organoebis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, Sromis usafrTxoebis standartTa sistemebi. standartTa
sistema
moicavs:
saxelmwifo
standartebs,
dargobriv
standartebs da sawarmoo standartebs. sanitariuli da `samrewvelo
samSeneblo normebisa
sawarmoTa
proeqtirebis
da wesebis
sanitariuli
jgufs miekuTvneba: normebi~,
romlebic
iTvaliswineben, sanitariul-teqnikur RonisZiebaTa kompleqss teqnologiuri procesebis
Taviseburebebisa
da
samSeneblo
konstruqciebTan
kavSiris
mxedvelobaSi miRebiT; teqnologiuri mowyobilobebisadmi
procesebis higienuri
sanitariuli moTxovnebis
wesebi realizacia
da
sawarmoo
uzrunvelyofs
atmosferoSi da Camdinare wylebSi mavne nivTierebaTa mospobas an minimumamde dayvanas,
xmauris,
statikuri
eleqtrobisa
maqsimalurad Semcirebas.
vibraciis,
Semcirebas, wesebSi
da
ultrabgeris, maionizirebeli
adamianTa
teqnikuri
eleqtromagnituri
fizikuri
procesis
gamosxivebis daZabvisa
calkeuli
talRebis,
mospobas da
saxisaTvis
an
gadaRlis Sromis
janmrTeli da usafrTxo pirobebis uzrunvelsayofad moyvanilia konkretuli RonisZiebebi. 9
samSeneblo normebi da wesebi, rogoricaa: _ `samrewvelo sawarmoTa generaluri gegmebi~, _ `xanZarsawinaaRmdego normebi~, _ `sawarmoo Senobebi~, _ `administraciuli da sayofacxovrebo Senobebi~, _ `bunebrivi da xelovnuri ganaTeba~, _ `gaTboba, ventilacia da kondicireba~, _ `xmaurisagan dacva~ da sxv. gansazRvraven proeqtirebis normebs. ganasxvaveben
usafrTxoebis
teqnikisa
da
swarmoo
sanitariis
erTian,
dargTaSoris da dargobriv wesebs. erTiani wesebi saxalxo meurneobis yvela dargze vrceldeba. dargTaSorisi da dargobrivi wesebi ganamtkiceben Sromis usafrTxoebisa
da
higienis
uzrunvelyofis
umniSvnelovanes
garantiebs
ramdenime an erT dargSi. aRniSnuli
normatiuli
dokumentebis
garda
Sromis
dacvis
sferoSi
moqmedeben debulebebi: saxelmwifo saxanZro zedamxedvelobaze, saxelmwifo energetikul zedamxedvelobaze, profkavSiris teqnikur inspeqciaze, Sromis dacvis komisiaze. Sromis dacvis samsaxuris organizeba da Sromis dacvis sferoSi
Tanamdebobis
piris
movaleobani
ganisazRvreba
usafrTxoebis
teqnikasa da sawarmoo sanitariaSi samuSaoebis Sesaxeb tipuri debulebebiT. 2.2. Sromis dacvis kanonmdeblobis Sesrulebaze zedamxedveloba da kontroli
Sromis
usafrTxo
mniSvnelovani
nawilia
da
janmrTeli
Sromis
dacvis
pirobebis
uzrunvelyofis
normebisa
da
wesebis
sistemis
Sesrulebaze
saxelmwifo zedamxedveloba, sazogadoebrivi da Sigasauwyebo kontroli. yvela
sawarmoSi,
dawesebulebasa
da
organizaciaSi
miuxedavad
maTi
sakuTrebisa da organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formisa, Sromis kanonmdeblobis, Sromis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdeblobiTi sxva aqtebis moTxovnaTa Sesrulebaze saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobas axorcielebs saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis saministros Sromis inspeqcia.
10
es zedamxedveloba xorcieldeba: Sromisa da dasvenebis drois, Sromis xelSekrulebis, samuSaos
mozardebisa
Sesrulebisas
gamowveuli
zianis
SemTxvevebis
da
qalTa
sxeulis
dazianebis
anazRaurebis
gamokvlevisa
da
Sromis
wesis,
dacvaze;
an
sxva
warmoebaSi
aRricxvis
momuSaveTaTvis
zianis momxdari
debulebis
miyenebiT ubeduri
Sesrulebaze;
teqnologiuri procesebis, sawarmoo Senobebis, teqnologiuri mowyobilobebis, satransporto
saSualebebis,
saventilacio
da
sanitariul-sayofacxovrebo
makondicionirebeli
sistemebis,
mowyobilobebis,
muSakTa
individualuri
dacvis saSualebebis Sesabamisobaze Sromis usafrTxoebisa da samrewvelo sanitariis moTxovnebTan; agreTve gamwmendi nagebobebisa da mowyobilobebis swor eqspluataciaze da sxv. (muxli 237). saxelmwifo energetikuli zedamxedvelobis organoebi, romlebic Sedian saqarTvelos energetikis saministros sistemaSi, axorcieleben saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobas
eleqtro-
da
siTbogamomyenebeli
danadgarebis
usafrTxo
momsaxurebaze saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobis debulebis Sesabamisad (muxli 239). saxelmwifo sanitariul zedamxedvelobas sawarmoebis, dawesebulebebis, organizaciebis mier higienuri normebis, sanitariul-higienuri da sanitariulepidemiis sawinaaRmdego wesebis dacvaze axorcieleben saqarTevlos Sromis, janmrTelobisa epidemiologiuri zedamxedvelobis saministros,
da
socialuri samsaxuris
debulebis
saxelmwifo
uzrunvelyofis organoebi
Sesabamisad,
komitetebis
_
saministros saqarTvelos
xolo
da
sanitariul-
zogierT
uwyebebis
sanitariuli
ubanze_saTanado
samedicino
samsaxuri
(muxli240). Sromis kontrols
kanonmdeblobisa axorcieleben
da
Sromis
profesiuli
wesebis
kavSirebi
dacvis
kanoniT
sazogadoebriv
dadgenili
wesiT
(muxli 241). Sromis dacvis sazogadoebriv inspeqtorebs irCeven profkavSirTa jgufebi.
maT
movaleobas
Seadgens
samuSao
adgilebze
usafrTxoebis
moTxovnebis Sesrulebis, sawarmoo travmatizmisa da profesiul daavadebaTa Tavidan
asacilebel
RonisZiebaTa
droulad
Catarebis
kontroli.
administraciul-teqnikuri personalis (ostati, ubnisa da saamqros ufrosebi) mimarT, romlebic ar Seasruleben sazogadoebrivi inspeqtorebis winadadebebs, aRiZvreba disciplinaruli pasuxismgebloba. 11
Sromis dacis kontrolis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia Sigasauwyebo kontroli, romelsac axorcielebs administracia.
2.3. pasuxismgebloba Sromis kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis
saqarTvelos miuZRviT Sromis
Sromis
kanonmdeblobiT kanonmdeblobisa
dacvis
Tanamdebobis da
Sromis
SeTanxmebebiT
pirebs, dacvis
romlebsac wesebis
gaTvaliswinebul
brali
darRvevaSi,
valdebulebaTa
SeusruleblobaSi an profesiuli kavSirebis saqmianobisaTvis xelis SeSlaSi, ekisrebaT
disciplinaluri,
administraciuli,
materialuri
an
sisxlis
samarTlis pasuxismgebloba (muxli 242). disciplinaruli
pasuxismgebloba
iTvaliswinebs
SeniSvnas,
sayvedurs,
sastik sayvedurs, an daTxovnas. administraciuli
pasuxismgebloba
iTvaliswinebs
gafrTxilebas
an
dajarimebas. materialuri
pasuxismgebloba
Tanamdebobis
piris
mimarT
gamoixateba
dazaralebulis sasargeblod Tanxis mTlianad an nawilobriv dakavebiT. Tanamdebobis sisxlis
pirisaTvis,
samarTlis
romelmac
pasuxismgebloba
daarRvia
Sromis
ganisazRvreba
dacvis
saqarTvelos
wesebi, sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsiT. Tu Sromis dacvis kanonebis darRvevas SeiZleboda mohyoloda ubeduri SemTxveva,
sisxlis
samarTlis
pasuxismgebloba
iTvaliswinebs
1
wlamde
patimrobas, Tu Tanamdebobis piris mizeziT moxda ubeduri SemTxveva, maSin is isjeba sam wlamde patimrobiT, xolo Tu Sromis dacvis kanonebis darRvevas mohyva ubeduri SemTxveva mZime SedegiT, maSin Tanamdebobis piri isjeba 5 wlamde patimrobiT.
12
Tavi 3. informatikis da marTvis sistemebTan muSaobisas Sromis pirobebis organizeba
3.1. Sromis pirobebis organizebisadmi wayenebuli saerTo moTxovnebi Sromis
pirobebSi
igulisxmeba
adamianis
janmrTelobaze,
mis
Sromisunarianobaze da guneba-ganwyobaze moqmedi sawarmoo faqtorebi. nebismieri Sromis produqtiuloba didad aris damokidebuli mis swor organizebaze, romelic moicavs samuSao adgilis aRWurvas avejiT, specialuri mowyobilobebiT,
teqnikis
saWiro
saSualebebiT,
aseve
teqnologiur
dagegmarebas da Sromis pirobebis srulyofas. samuSao adgilis organizeba miznad isaxavs samuSao adgilis aRWurvas Sromis saSualebebiT da sagnebiT da maT funqcionalur ganlagebas. samuSao
adgilis
organizeba
xels
uwyobs
fizikuri
datvirTvis
da
gonebrivi energiis ekonomias, Sromis efeqturobis amaRlebas. samuSao adgilis swor organizebaSi igulisxmeba: − sanitariul-higienuri mikroklimaturi
normebis
parametrebis
dacva,
samuSao
SenarCuneba;
saTavsebSi
xmauris
optimaluri
Tavidan
acileba;
racionaluri ganaTebis mowyoba; − fsiqofiziologiuri
elementebi
_
Sromis
procesiT
ganpirobebuli
samuSao poza, fizikuri datvirTvebi, nervul-fsiqologiuri datvirTvebi da sxva; − esTetikis elementebi _ samuSao saTavsis feriTi kompozicia, mowyobilobebis, avejis, instrumentebis sworad dagegmva; − socialur-fsiqologiuri elementebi _ samuSao garemoSi fsiqologiuri klimatis Semadgeneli maxasiaTeblebis swori regulireba; − teqnologiuri procesis aRWurva uaxlesi teqnikuri mowyobilobebiT da saSualebebiT.
13
3.2. informatikis, marTvis sistemebTan da kompiuterTan muSaobisas moqmedi mavne da saSiSi sawarmoo faqtorebi
Sromis organizaciis procesSi aucilebelia momuSaveze mavne da saSiSi sawarmoo
faqtorebis
informirebulobasTan
zemoqmedebis
erTad
gaizarda
gaTvaliswineba. kompiuteruli
sazogadoebis
teqnikis
gamoyeneba
rogorc sawarmoebSi, ise saxlis pirobebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT aqtualuri gaxda
kompiuteruli
teqnikis
gavlena
adamianis
janrTelobaze
da
Sromisunarianobaze. informatikis da marTvis sistemis operatori, programisti, personaluri kompiuteruli
teqnikis
mflobeli
imyofeba
dabalenergetikuli
rentgenis,
eleqtromagnituri, ultraiisferi da infrawiTeli gamosxivebis, statikuri eleqtrobis, xmauris da temperaturis maRali doneebis zemoqmedebis qveS, xolo
Zrav-generatoris
sistemidan
freonis
gaJonvis
gamo
SesaZlebelia
momuSavis mowamvla. kompiuteris videomonitorma anu displeim, rogorc sxva progresulma siaxlem, adamianebs, erTis mxriv, gauadvila informaciis miReba-gadamuSaveba, gauadvila yofa, magram, meores mxriv, Seqmna axali problema _ `displeis daavadeba~. displei
(videoterminali,
videomonitori)
_
informaciis
vizualuri
asaxvisaTvis gankuTvnili eleqtronuli mowyobilobaa. arsebobs ori tipis displei: videoterminali eleqtronul-sxivuri miliT da Txevad-kristaluri displei. eletronuli-sxivur videoterminalze muSaobisas icvleba garemos fizikur-qimiuri
maxasiaTeblebi:
eleqtromagnituri
veli,
statikuri
eleqtroba, haeris aero-ionuri Semadgenloba, temperatura, tenianoba, ozonis, Jangbadis koncentracia da sxva mdgenelebi. TviT eleqtronul-sxivuri monitori aris rbili rentgenis, 200-400 nm ultraiisferi, 400-700 nm xiluli, 700-1050 nm infrawiTeli, 3 khc _ 30 mhc radiosixSiruli diapazonis, 0-3 khc ze- da infradabalsixSiruli diapazonis, eleqtrostatikuri velis gamosxivebis wyaro [1, 2, 3].
14
eleqtruli velis daZabulobis maqsimaluri done registrirdeba displeis ukana panelTan, SedarebiT naklebi _ displeis ekranidan da korpusidan 10 smis daSorebiT. videoterminalTan da sxva teqnikasTan muSaobis procesSi icvleba samuSao zonis
mikroklimati,
mcirdeba
garemos
fardobiTi
tenianoba
da
izrdeba
temperatura, monitoris gaxurebuli kvanZebis TandaTanobiTi destruqciis gamo gamoiyofa Wvartli, kvamli da mavne airebi. garemos
temperaturis
gazrdas
iwvevs
momuSave
eleqtrogamomTvleli
manqanebis (egm) mier gamoyofili siTbo. Tu ar xerxdeba siTbos drouli gayvana,
egm-is
dgarebSi
xdeba
temperaturis
aweva,
rac
iwvevs
mTlianad
agregatis gaxurebas. maRali temperatura uaryofiTad moqmedebs mexsierebis elementebze, iwvevs izolaciis, magnituri lentebis, perforuqebis gamoSrobas. normaze dabali tenianoba iwvevs informaciis matareblebis gamoSrobas, maRali tenianoba ki _ kvanZebis, kabelebis, sadenebis gajirjvebas. garemos sistemis
maRali
cveTas,
mtvrianoba
auaresebs
aCqarebs
signalis
informaciis
miRebas.
xanZris
Seyvana-gamoyvanis SemTxvevaSi
did
saSiSroebas warmoadgens freoni _ 4000C-ze zeviT is iSleba fosgenad da qlorwyalbadad, romlebic toqsikur nivTierebebs warmoadgenen. kompiuteris monitori iwvevs mxedvelobis organos gadaZabvas. gadaZabva vlindeba
roca
monitoridan
pirdapiri
sinaTle
ecema
mxedvelobiT
analizators, gamosaxulebaze dakvirvebisas, gamosaxulebis wvrili detalebis (xazebi, simboloebi) garCevisas, mcire kontrastis, uxilavi cimcimis gamo da sxva. operatoris profesiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia monitorze informaciis dakvirvebasTan dakavSirebuli muSaobis monotonuroba. monotonurobas Tan axlavs
fiqsirebul
samuSao
pozaSi
didxans
yofna,
didi
raodenobis
informaciis klaviaturidan Seyvanis da swrafad gamoyvanis aucilebloba, Sesvenebebis ararseboba. aranakleb mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs sainformacio da inteleqtualuri xasiaTis datvirTvebi.
15
3.3. kompiuterTan muSaobis gavlena operatoris organizmze
kompiuterizaciis pirvel wlebSi, displeis momxmareblebSi iyo SemCneuli specifiuri
mxedvelobiTi
gadaRla,
romelsac
daerqva
`kompiuteruli
mxedvelobiTi sindromi~ (CVS-Computer Vision Syndrome). sindromis warmoqmnas mravali mizezi aqvs. evoluciuri ganviTarebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli adamianis mxedvelobiTi sistemis Taviseburebaa, is rom adamianis Tvali aRiqvams nebismier obieqts (bunebis peizaJebi, naxati, dabeWdili teqsti da a.S.) arekvlil sinaTleSi. gamosaxuleba dakvirvebis diskretuli Seesabameba
displeize
principulad
obieqtebisgan.
displeis
wertilebisagan. bunebriv
ferebs.
gansxvavdeba
TvalisaTvis
ekrani
anaTebs,
kompiuteruli
feradi
magram
mxolod
SeCveuli
cimcimebs,
Sedgeba
gamosaxulaba
displeize
ar
gamosaxulebis
Taviseburebani ar aris mxedvelobiTi gadaRlis mizezi. kompiuterTan
mravalsaaTiani
muSaobis
procesSi
Tvals
ar
gaaCnia
modunebis saWiro fazebi, Tvalebi mudmivad daZabulia. mxedvelobis organo ganicdis
udides
datvirTvas
informaciis
Seyvanisas,
radganac
operatori
iZulebulia xSirad gadaitanos mzera ekranidan teqstze da klaviaturaze, romlebic imyofebian sxvadasxva manZilze da ganaTebis sxvadasxva pirobebSi. mxedvelobiTi mxedvelobis
gadaRlis
dabindvas,
Sedegad
kompiuteris
sirTuleebs
mzeris
momxmareblebi
gadatanisas
uCivian:
axlomdebare
sagnebidan moSorebiT mdebare sagnebze da piriqiT, sagnebis gaorebas, ferebis Secvlas,
TvalSi
arasasiamovno
SegrZnebebs
_
wvas,
`qviSis~
SegrZnebas,
quTuToebis SewiTlebas, mtkivneul SegrZnebas Tvalis moZraobisas, tkivilebs Sublis, kefis areSi, saerTo gadaRlas [4, 5]. aseT pirobebSi operatorebi avaddebian progresirebadi axlomxedvelobiT (miopia), astenopiiT da progresirebadi astigmatizmiT. progresirebadi miopia operatorebis Sedegad
profesiuli
warmoqmnili
daavadebaa.
astenopia
paTologiuri
aris
gadaRla,
daZabuli
muSaobis
romelic
iwvevs
Sromisunarianobis daqveiTebas da TvalSi funqionalur darRvevebs.
16
miopiis warmoqmnas da ganviTarebas xels uwyobs Sromis araxelsayreli pirobebi
_
arasakmarisi
ganaTeba,
samuSao
adgilis
araswori
organizeba,
rqovanas
Seuqcevadi
obieqtsa da fons Soris dabali kontrasti da sxva. progresirebadi
astigmatizmi
aris
Tvalis
cvlilebebi. is warmoiqmneba monitoris gamosxivebis, marcvlisebri gamosaxvis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad.
damaxinjebuli
astigmatizmiT
formebiT,
gaorebul
daavadebuli
wvril
xedavs
obieqtebs.
obieqts
astigmatizmi
ar
ganikurneba. kompiuterTan muSaobis procesSi sxeulis statikuri poza, ganmeorebadi moZraobebi da samuSao adgilis cudi organizeba iwvevs xerxemal-kunTovani sistemis moSlas, kisris osteoqondrozs. ganmeorebadi datvirTvebis Sedegad kunTebSi grovdeba daSlis produqtebi, romlebic iwveven wvis, Cxvletismagvar mtkivneul SegrZnebebs. kompiuterTan sxeulis swori da moxerxebuli poza aucilebelia sxeulis
kisris,
araswori
xerxemalze,
iwvevs
xelebis, da
zurgis
daavadebebis
profilaqtikisaTvis.
mouxerxebeli
mdgomareoba
zrdis
majis
sindroms.
kunTebis
gadaWimvas,
arxis
datvirTvas nax.
#1
warmodgenilia kompiuteris uaryofiTad moqmedi faqtorebis gavlena adamianis janmrTelobaze.
nax. 1. kompiuteris uaryofiTi faqtorebis moqmedeba adamianze
17
majis arxis sindromi _ majis travmaa. majis arxis sindromiT gamowveuli paTologiuri mdgomareoba Sualeduri nervis dazianebis mizezia. majis
arxis
sindromi
aris
kompiuterTan
sxeulis
araswori,
mravalsaaTiani jdomis Sedegi, romlis drosac xdeba Sualeduri nervis da xelis myesebis gasieba. kompiuteris profesiuli momxmareblebis damaxasiaTebeli daavadebebia: _ sayrden-mamoZravebeli aparatis daavadebebi; _ mxedvelobis organoebis daavadebebi; _ cetralur-nervuli da gul-sisxlZarRvovani sistemebis daavadebebi; _ kuW-nawlavuri traqtis daavadebebi; _ alergiuli moSlilobebi; _ garTulebuli orsuloba da mSobiaroba; _ nayofze arasasurveli gavlena; _ onkologiuri daavadebebis sawyisi simptomebi. monitoris eleqtromagnituri veli iwvevs centralur nervul da gulsisxlZarRvovan sistemebSi cvlilebebs. momxmareblebs aReniSnebaT nevrozebi, neirocirkularuli
distonia,
hipo-
da
hipertonia,
sunTqvis
organoebis
daavadebebi, imunitetis daqveiTeba. statikuri
eleqtrobis
arseboba
iwvevs
videomonitoris
ekranze
antigenebis da baqteriuli floris Semcveli mtvris nawilakebis mizidvas. eleqtrostatikuri veli zrdis mtvris da kvamlis dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilakebis
da
ionebis
koncentracias,
romlebic
xangrZlivad
muSaobis
SemTxvevaSi iwveven sasunTqi gzebis, xelebis da saxis kanis anTebebs.
3.4. ergonomikis roli informatikis da marTvis sistemebis muSaobisas
kompiuterul
dargSi
ergonomika
warmoadgens
axalgazrda
sferos,
romelic bolo 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi swrafad viTardeba da ufro da ufro aqtualuri
xdeba.
usafrTxoebis
kompiuterTan
wesebis
momxmarebeli
Seusrulebloba
did
iwvevs
dros
atarebs
guneba-ganwyobis
da da
janmrTelobis gauaresebas. rogorc kvlevebma aCvena samuSao adgilis cud organizaciasTan
erTad
xangrZlivi 18
drois
ganmavlobaSi
erTgvarovani
moZraobebi janmrTelobis dazianebas iwvevs. adamiansa da kompiuters Soris funqciebis
racionaluri
ganawilebis
da
SeTanxmebis
sferoSi
farTod
gamoiyeneba ergonomikuli meTodebi, romelic Sromis dacvis da usafrTxoebis teqnikis amocanebis efeqturad gadaWris saSualebas iZleva. ergonomikuli gadawyvetilebebi
mimarTulia
mavne
da
saSiSi
sawarmo
faqtorebis
likvidaciisken an minimumamde Semcirebisaken. ergonomika aris mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis teqnikur saSualebebTan da
garemosTan
adamianis
an
adamianTa
jgufebis
sistemur
usafrTxoebas.
ergonomikis terminologiaSi ixmareba termini `sistema-adamiani-manqana~ (sam). masSi
igulisxmeba
adamiani-operatoris
an
operatorTa
jgufisagan
da
kompiuterisagan Semdgari sistema. sistema
operatori-kompiuteri
maxasiaTeblebiT,
rogoricaa:
xasiaTdeba
iseTi
ergonomikuli
socialur-fsiqologiuri,
fiziologiuri,
fsiqofiziologiuri, antropometriuli da higienuri maxasiaTeblebi. socialur-fsiqologiuri konstruqciis, xasiaTTan.
agreTve
maxasiaTeblebi
samuSao
adgilis
fsiqofiziologiuri
iTvaliswinebs
Sesabamisobas
maxasiaTeblebi
manqanis
momuSaveTa
iTvaliswinebs
jgufis manqanis
Sesabamisobas adamianis energetikul, mxedvelobiT, smeniT, SegrZnebiT, ynosviT da
sxva
SesaZleblobebTan
da
TaviseburebebTan.
antropometriuli
maxasiaTeblebi iTvaliswinebs momuSavis sxeulis, misi zomebisa da formis Sesabamisobas
manqanasTan.
aq
igulisxmeba
samuSao
pozis
moxerxebuloba,
racionaluroba da a.S. higienur
maxasiaTeblebSi
temperatura,
tenianoba,
igulisxmeba
atmosferuli
saTavsis
wneva,
ganaTeba,
eleqtromagnituri
garemos velis
daZabuloba, garemos toqsiuroba, xmauri, vibracia da a.S. yvela es faqtori gansazRvravs Sromis pirobebis komfortulobis xarisxs.
3.5. adamianis analizatorebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi operatoris
moRvaweobaSi
adgili
aqvs
marTvis
obieqtis
da
garemos
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebas e.i informaciuli modelis aRqmas. adamianis
mier
informaciis
miRebis
procesSi 19
mis
gonebaSi
subieqturad
aisaxeba
moqmedi
(SegrZnebiTi)
obieqtis
ewodeba.
perceptiuli
safuZvels
warmoadgens
mgrZnobiare
nervuli
Sedgeba
xasiaTi
arsi,
faqtoris
analizatorebis
warmonaqmnebis
periferiuli
da
fiziologiur
analizatorebi
sistema.
da
perceptiuli
formirebis
muSaoba.
rTuli
receptorebisagan
romelsac
Tavis
yoveli
tvinis
aris
analizatori
qerqis
nervuli
centrebisagan. receptorebi _ mgrZnobiare nervuli boWkoebis daboloebebia (Tvalis badura, Siga yuri da sxva), romelTa saSualebiTac nervuli aRgzneba gadaecema
centralur
mniSvnelovania
nervul
mxedvelobiTi,
sistemas. smeniTi
operatoris
da
muSaobis
taqtiluri
procesSi
(Sexebis
grZnoba)
analizatorebi. amocanebis gadawyvetis procesSi operatorma unda aRmoaCinos, SeigrZnos da amoicnos signali. amocnobis procesi gamoisaxeba formuliT: . sadac:
_
(mxedvelobiTi
signalis
sididea;
_
SegrZnebis
=0,01;
analizatorebisaTvis
=0,1; taqtiluri analizatorebisaTvis
mudmivi
smeniTi
koeficienti
analizatorebisaTvis
=0,3).
operatori mxedvelobiTi analizatorebis saSualebiT iRebs informaciis mniSvnelovan sikaSkaSe,
moculobas
sxvadasxva
gamRizianebeli
(~93%).
magaliTad:
indikatorebis
aris
sinaTlis
Cvenebebi.
energia.
forma,
feri,
zoma,
mxedvelobiTi
Tvalis
obieqtis
analizatoris
baduraSi
warmoqmnili
impulsebis intensivoba damokidebulia obieqtis ganaTebulobis doneze da arekvlis
Tvisebebze.
koeficientiT:
TeTri
arekvlis=0,75-0,65; arekvlis=0,75-0,07;
sxvadasxva
zedapiri
arekvlis=0,9;
zedapirisaTvis
mwvane
zedapirisaTvis
SavisaTvis
xasiaTdeba
arekvlis=0,07;
arekvlis
yviTeli
arekvlis=0,61-0,1;
lurjisaTvis _
sxvadasxva
zedapirisaTvis
nacrisferisaTvis arekvlis=0,55
[6].
mxedvelobiTi analizatori SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc informaciis miRebis
da
gadacemis
unaris
mqone
gamtarunarianobiT.
20
mili
e.i.
xasiaTdeba
garkveuli
organoebis sxvadasxva ubnis informaciis gamtarunarianobis sidideebi cxrili 1
minimaluri gamtarunarianoba, biti/wm 5,6路109 20-70
informaciis gadacemis ubani fotoreceptori (Tvalis badura) Tavis tvinis qerqi mTlianobaSi (adamianis sapasuxo moqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT) adamianisaTvis elements.
es
moculoba
mxedvelobiTi
aRqmis
2-4
Seadgens
4-8
SezRuduloba
erTmaneTTan
daukavSirebel
ganpirobebulia
ara
Tvalis
baduris SesaZleblobebiT, aramed adamianis damaxsovrebis SesaZleblobebiT. mxedvelobis are xasiaTdeba adamianis uZravi Tvalis mier gansazRvrul kuTxur
zonaSi
SesaZlebelia sagnebis
detalebis
centraluri
amocnoba
garCevis
unariT.
mxedvelobis
SesaZlebelia
cxadi
detalebis
zonaSi,
mcire
xedvis
zonaSi,
mkveTri detalebis xolo
garCeva gareSe
obieqtebis
aRmoCena periferiuli xedvis zonaSi sxvadasxva sagnebze mzeris gadatanis unaris gamo farTovdeba Tvalis mxedvelobis are, rac SerCevis da saWiro sagnis Ziebis saSualebas aZlevs. mxedvelobiT aRqmas gaaCnia mxedvelobiTi reaqciis faruli _ latenturi periodi, rac misi inerciulobis Tvisebaa. latenturi periodi aris drois monakveTi signalis miwodebis momentidan SegrZnebis warmoqmnis momentamde. saSualod latenturi periodi Seadgens 0,16-0,24 wams, xolo aRqmis saSualo droa 0,2-0,5 wami. operatoris mxedvelobis organos mier saWiro obieqtis sainformacio Zebnaze daxarjuli dro SeiZleba Sefasdes Semdegi gamosaxulebiT
sadac:
aris Sesabamisad fiqsaciis da mzeris gadatanis dro; _ mzeris fiqsaciis raodenoba.
sxvadasxva operaciebisaTvis mxedvelobiTi fiqsaciis drois mniSvnelobebi Semdegia: ricxvebis, asoebis wakiTxva _ pirobiTi niSnebis Zieba _
=0,31 wami; =0,30 wami; 21
indikatorebis mdgomareobis fiqsacia=0,27 wami. pirobiTi niSnebiT gamosaxuli situaciis gacnoba _ informatikis bgeriTi
sistemebSi
informaciis
fiziologiurad
=0,04 wami; mniSvnelovani
miwodebis
Sedgeba
gare,
sakiTxebs. Sua
da
adgili adamianis
Siga
ukavia smeniTi
yurisagan,
adamianisaTvis analizatori
agreTve
smeniTi
nervisagan da tvinTan dakavSirebul nervuli sistemisagan. bgeriTi signalebis subieqturi aRqma gansxvavdeba bgeris fizikuri maxasiaTeblisagan, radganac smeniTi analizatori sxvadasxvanairad SeigrZnobs sxvadasxva sixSiris bgerebs. dabali sixSiris bgerebi adamians esmis naklebad, vidre igive intensivobis maRali sixSiris bgerebi. telekomunikaciis
sistemaSi
mniSvnelovani
adgili
ukavia
sityvieri
informaciis gadacemas, romlis aRqmasa da gacnobierebaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba gadacemis temps. informaciis aRqma xdeba, rodesac gadacemis tempia 160 sityva/wT. Tanxmovani asos warmoTqmis saSualo dro udris 0,02-0,3 wams, xolo xmovani asos warmoTqmis saSualo dro _ 0,35 wams. operatoris
muSaobis
procesSi
sawyisi
informaciis
damuSavebisas
ZiriTadi roli eniWeba adamianis individualur Tvisebebs _ azrovnebas da damaxsovrebis unars. #2 cxrilSi warmodgenilia miwodebul informaciaSi dasamaxsovrebeli simboloebis raodenoba cxrili #2
simbolo
analizatori mxedvelobiTi
smeniTi
aso
6,92
6,55
ricxvi
6,3
7,10
dadgenilia, rom adamiani ukeT imaxsovrebs moulodnel da kargad nacnob signalebs. informaciis analizis procesSi operators uxdeba iseTi amocanebis gadaWra, rogoricaa gadawyvetilebis miReba. es procesi damokidebulia rig obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebisagan, radganac gadawyvetilebis miRebis 22
procesi individualuria. gadawyvetilebis miRebas SeiZleba axldes riski, gadawyvetileba miiRebodes didi sifrTxiliT, gadawyvetileba iyos inertuli da
gawonasworebuli.
gadawyvetilebis
miRebis
procesze
gavlenas
axdens
operatoris emociuri xasiaTi, roca gadawyvetileba miiReba emociur fonze. rogorc gamokvlevebma aCvena, operatorTa im jgufis efeqturoba, romelic samuSaos maRal profesiul doneze asrulebda, 1,5-jer meti iyo, vidre im operatorebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic samuSaos asrulebdnen rogorc yvela, e.i. ukeTes Sedegebs aRwevda `riskis mqone~ da profesionali operatorebi. 3.6. operatoris samuSao adgilis ergonomikuli Sefaseba
operatoris
samuSao
adgili
aris
informaciis
asaxvis
saWiro
saSualebebiT da damxmare mowyobilobebiT aRWurvili obieqti. samuSao adgili SeiZleba iyos individualuri da koleqtiuri. samuSao adgilis organizeba damokidebulia
operatoris
sagnobriv-sivrcobrivi operatoris
sxeulis
mier
garemos muSa
gadasawyveti
amocanebis
xasiaTze
Taviseburebaze,
romlebic
gansazRvraven
mdgomareobas,
dasvenebisaTvis
da
pauzebis
SesaZleblobas, marTvis da asaxvis saSualebebis ganlagebas, individualuri dacvis
saSualebebis
aucileblobas,
mowyobilobebis
remontisaTvis
da
aRWurvisaTvis saWiro sivrces. Sromis
komfortuli
pirobebi
uzrunvelyofen
operatoris
Sromisunarianobis optimalur dinamikas, janmrTelobis SenarCunebas da karg guneba-ganwyobas. samuSao mdgomareobis-pozis ergonomikuli SefasebisaTvis rekomendebuli kriteriumebi moyvanilia #3 cxrilSi. cxrili #3
samuSao poza _ mdgomareoba
mimmarTveli Zalvis raodenoba
momuSavis gadaadgilebis intensivoba
jdomiTi
30-mde
mcire
monacvleobiTi
30-100
saSualo Cveulebrivi
dgomiTi
100-150
maRali 23
xelis moZraobis mimarTulebebi win-ukan gverdze win-ukan gverdze win-ukan gverdze
samuSao adgilze operatoris saqmianobis erT-erT komponents warmoadgens muSa moZraobebi. maTi racionaluri organizeba qmnis gadaRlis Semcirebis pirobebs, operatoris Sromisunarianobis da nayofierebis gazrdis rezervs. adamianis
mier
Sesrulebuli
moZraobis
tempis
mixedviT
adamianis
SesaZleblobebi xasiaTdeba Semdegi maCveneblebiT: mbrunavi _ 4-4,8 br/wm; wamyvani xelis daWeriT _ 6-7 daWera/wm; arawamyvani xelis daWeriT _ 5-3 daWera/wm; dartymiTi moZraobis maqsimaluri tempi _ 5-14 dartyma/wm; xangrZlivi muSaobisas rekomendebuli tempi _ 1,5-5 dartyma/wm.
mimdevrobiTi principis gamoyenebis dros mizanSewonilia daculi iyos kiTxvis stereotipi _ marcxnidan marjvniv da zemodan qveviT. operatoris moZraobis sivrciTi maxasiaTeblebi ganisazRvreba moZraobis traeqtoriiT da motoruli velis zomebiT _ miRwevadobis zonebiT. am TvalsazrisiT samuSao are iyofa sam ubnad: − axlo samuSao ubani _ manZili idayvidan xelebis mtevnebis CaTvliT. am ubanSi unda ganlagdes aucilebeli nivTebi; − Sualeduri samuSao ubani _ gaSlili xelebis miRwevadobis zona. am ubanSi unda ganlagdes arc ise xSirad mosaxmari nivTebi; − daSorebuli ubani _ iSviaTad mosaxmari nivTebisaTvis.
3.7. personaluri eleqtrogamomTvleli manqanebis (pegm) saTavsebis mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebi da samuSaoTa organizeba
personaluri xorcieldebodes
eleqtrogamomTvleli maT
mimarT
wayenebuli
manqanis
gamoyeneba
sanitariul-higienuri
unda normebis
Sesabamisad. sanitariul-higienur
normebTan
pegm-is
Sesabamisoba
parametrebiT: −
bgeriTi wnevis dasaSvebi done araumetes 50 db; 24
mowmdeba
Semdegi
−
eleqtruli
da
magnituri
velebis
dasaSvebi
doneebi,
droebiTi
ramdenadac pegm-is monitori aris dabalsixSiriani da maRalsixSiriani (2hc. . . 400 khc) susti eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis wyaro; −
informaciis asaxvis dasaSvebi vizualuri parametrebi;
−
atmosferuli
haerisaTvis
dadgenili
mavne
nivTierebebis
zRvruli
dasaSvebi koncentraciebi; −
rentgenuli
gamosxivebis
eqspoziciuri
dozis
simZlavre
5
metris
manZilze nebismier wertilSi ar unda aRematebodes 1 mkzv/sT (100 mkr/sT). saTavsSi, sadac xdeba muSaoba personalur el.gamomTvlel manqanebTan, unda moewyos bunebrivi da xelovnuri ganaTeba. saTavsis fanjrebi unda iyos orientirebuli CrdiloeTiT da Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, da aRWurvili unda iyos Jaluzis, fardebis tipis regulirebadi mowyobilobebiT. erTi samuSao adgilis farTi unda Seadgendes ara umcires 6 m2, saTavsis moculoba _ ara umcires 20 m3, saTavsis simaRle _ aranakleb 4 metrisa. saTavsebSi, sadac xdeba Warbi siTbos gamoyofa, aucilebelia momdengamwovi ventilaciis sistemebis gaTvaliswineba. #4 cxrilSi
warmodgenilia
mikroklimatis optimaluri parametrebi. cxrili #4
wlis periodi civi Tbili
samuSaos kategoria msubuqi msubuqi msubuqi msubuqi
_ _ _ _
1а 1в 1а 1в
haeris temperatura, 0C 22-24 21-23
haeris fardobiTi tenianoba, % 40-60 40-60
haeris moZraobis siCqare, m/wm 0,1 0,1
23-25 22-24
40-60 40-60
0,1 0,2
SeniSvna: 1 а _ jdomiTi samuSao, romelic ar saWiroebs fizikur datvirTvebs, energiis danaxarjiT 120 kkal/sT-mde; 1в _ samuSao, romelic tardeba jdomiT an dgomiT mdgomareobaSi da dakavSirebulia sirTulesTan, energiis danaxarjiT 120-170 kkal/sT.
kompiuterebi unda ganlagdes ise, rom bunebrivi sinaTlis nakadi samuSao magidas ecemodes marcxnidan (nax. 2). 25
saTavsebi, sadac moTavsebulia personaluri el.gamomTvleli manqanebi, dauSvebelia
samuSao
adgilebis
ganlageba oTaxis kuTxeSi an piriT kedlisaken (kedlidan daSoreba unda iyos aranakleb 1 metrisa). sasurvelia kompiuteri rom
ise
iyos
Tvalebis
ganTavsebuli,
awevisa
gadatanisas
da
mzeris
SesaZlebeli
iyos
yvelaze
ufro
daSorebuli
danaxva
_
aris
es
sagnis
mxedvelobiTi
organos gantvirTvis erT-erTi xerxi. ramodenime kompiuteris arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
manZili
kompiuteris
monitorsa da meore kompiuteris ukana panels Soris unda
iyos
aranakleb
2 metrisa, gverdiT panelebs Soris _ aranakleb swori nax. 2. saTavsSi kompiuterebis ganlageba
1,2
poza
mniSvnelovania aparatSi
metrisa. da
xelebis
daRlilobis
nax. 4. klaviaturaze operatoris xelebis ganlageba
26
ganlageba
sayrden-mamoZravebel
warmoqmnis da darRvevebis profilaqtikisaTvis [7].
nax. 3. kompiuterTan jdomisas operatoris swori pozicia
operatoris
sindromis
ergonomikis bolo kvlevebma aCvena, rom idealur mdgomareobad iTvleba, roca klaviaturis daxris kuTxea 12-150. klaviaturam unda uzrunvelyos yvela klaviSis da Rilakis Tavisufali, erTgvarovani svla. klaviSebis sayrdeni mowyobilobis minimaluri winaRoba unda Seadgendes 0,25 niutons, maqsimaluri _
1,5
niutons.
kompiuteris
yvela
funqcionaluri
nawili
(monitori,
klaviatura, printeri, sistemuri bloki, mausi) ganlagebuli unda iyos myar zedapirze. samuSao
magidis
konstruqciam
unda
uzrunvelyos
samuSao
zedapirze
mowyobilobebis da dokumentaciis optimaluri ganlageba maTi raodenobis da konstruqciis gaTvaliswinebiT.
nax. 5. samuSao zonaSi kompiuteris da dokumentaciis ganlageba
samuSao magida SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva konstruqciis, misi zedapiris sinaTlis arekvlis koeficienti unda Seadgendes 0,5-0,7. magidis simaRle Đ’3 unda Seadgendes 680-800 mm, magidis sigane _ 800, 1000, 1200, 1400 mm. kompiuteri magidaze an dgarze iseTnairad unda iyos ganlagebuli, rom ekranidan informaciis dakvirvebis manZili L1 ar unda aRematebodes 700 mm-s (optimaluri manZilia 450-550 mm). zogadad, dakvirvebis manZili airCeva ekranze gasarCevi niSnis simaRlis H da kuTxuri zomebis
mixedviT:
L1=H/2tg ( /2)
ricxvebisaTvis da asoebisaTvis
-s mniSvnelobebi unda iyos 15-dan 18-mde.
ekrani simaRlis mixedviT unda iyos ganlagebuli iseTnairad, rom ekranis centrsa da dakvirvebis horizontalur xazs Soris kuTxe 27
1
200-s Seadgendes.
aucilebeli dokumentacia saWiroa ganlagdes marcxnidan ise, rom kuTxe ekransa
da
dokumentacias
Soris
kuTxe
Seadgendes
2
30-400-s,
2
TviT
dokumentaciasa da operatoris Tvals Soris manZili unda iyos 450-500 mm. samuSao monacemebis uzrunvelyos
skami
(savarZeli)
gaTvaliswinebiT.
SeirCeva skamis
fiziologiurad
operatoris
(savarZlis)
racionaluri
antropometriuli
konstruqciam
samuSao
poza,
unda masze
mosaxerxebeli unda iyos pozis Secvla, raTa Semcirdes zurgis da kisris kunTebis statikuri daZabuloba da ar dairRves sisxlis cirkulacia. skams (savarZels) unda hqondes asawev-wriuli moZraobebis Sesasrulebeli meqanizmi, unda xdebodes sajdomis da sazurges daxris kuTxis regulireba. skami (savarZeli) unda iyos advilregulirebadi da saimedo fiqsaciiT. skamis (savarZlis) simaRle iatakidan unda Seadgendes 400-500 mm, sazurges gadaxris kuTxe unda Seadgendes Âą300. statistikuri
monacemebiT
ergonomiulad
sworad
SerCeuli
skami
(savarZeli) CveulebrivTan SedarebiT: _ orjer amcirebs Secdomebs; _ 7%-iT zrdis yuradRebis koncentracias; _ 9%-iT zrdis aqtivobis SenarCunebis faqtors. savarZlis gadasakravi unda iyos praqtikuli, fizikuri datvirTvebisadmi mdgradi, higienuri da komfortuli. jdomis muxlebis
idealuri
moxris
pozaa,
kuTxe
rodesac
Seadgens
~900.
fexebi
mTlianad
sayuradReboa
is
exeba
iataks
faqtoric,
da rom
sajdomis kideebs unda hqondes rbili momrgvalebuli forma, raTa ar moxdes dawola periferiul sisxlZarRvebze [7]. samuSao adgili unda iyos aRWurvili 300 mm siganis da 200-iani kuTxiT daxris mqone fexebis dasadebiT. sadgaris zedapiri unda iyos daRaruli.
3.8. kompiuterTan muSaobis usafrTxo parametrebi
fsiqologiurma
kvlevebma
gamoavlina,
rom
kompiuterTan
daZabuli
muSaobis procesSi operators gadaRla aReniSneba muSaobis dawyebidan oTxi
28
saaTis Semdeg. fiziologiuri maCveneblebis obieqturi cvlilebebi aRiniSneba orsaaTiani muSaobis Semdeg, amitom saWiroa Sesvenebis mowyoba. daRlilobis
xarisxi
ZiriTadad
damokidebulia
operatoris
muSaobis
xasiaTze, romelic SeiZleba iyos: a.
_ informaciis miReba-gadmotanasTan dakavSirebuli samuSao;
b.
_ informaciis SeyvanasTan dakavSirebuli samuSao;
g. _ kompiuterTan dialogis reJimSi SemoqmedebiTi samuSao. didi datvirTva mxedvelobiT organoze aRiniSneba informaciis Seyvanisas da dialogis reJimSi muSaobisas. am SemTxvevaSi damatebiT vlindeba Zlieri saerTo
gadaRla.
kompiuterul
gadaRlis
grafikasTan
TvalsazrisiT
dakavSirebuli
dialogis
samuSaoebis
reJimis
samuSaoebi
identuria,
romelic
mxedvelobaze axdens mniSvnelovan datvirTvas, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ekrani pataraa, xolo gasarCevi detalebis simkvrive _ maRali. amasTan dakavSirebiT, samuSaos daZabulobis da simZimis kategoriebis mixedviT dadgenilia SesvenebisaTvis saWiro dro. #5
cxrilSi
warmodgenilia
reglamentirebuli
dasvenebis
drois
damokidebuleba samuSaos simZimis kategoriasTan, niSnebis raodenobasTan da samuSaos xangrZlivobasTan. Sesvenebebis
dros
rekomendebulia
Tvalebis
da
saerTo
varjiSebis
Catareba. dauSvebelia Sesvenebebis gamoyeneba kompiuteruli TamaSebisaTvis. cxrili#5 kompiuterTan muSaobis kategoria I II III
niSnebis raodenoba cvlis cvlis xangrZlivoba _ xangrZlivoba _ 8 sT. 12 sT. 20000-mde 15000-mde 40000-mde 30000-mde 60000-mde 40000-mde
kompiuterTan muSaobis xangrZlivoba
Sesvenebebis jamuri dro, wuTSi.
2 sT-mde 4 sT-mde 6 sT-mde
30- - - - - 70 50- - - - - 90 70- - - - - 120
gansakuTrebul sifrTxiles moiTxovs bavSvebis da mozardebis xangrZlivi yofna kompiuterTan, radganac es iwvevs progresirebad axlomxedvelobas. 3 wlamde bavSvebis kompiuterTan yofna iwvevs mxedvelobiT da emociur datvirTvebs. 3-7 wlis asakis bavSvebisaTvis kompiuterTan TamaSisaTvis dro 29
unda Semoifarglos 15-20 wuTiT; me-2, me-5 klasis moswavleebisaTvis _ 15-20 wuTiT; me-6, me-7 klasis moswavleebisaTvis _ 20 wuTiT; me-8, me-9 klasis moswavleebisaTvis _ 25 wuTiT; me-10, me-12 klasis moswavleebisaTvis _ 20-30 wuTiT. studentebs, romlebsac muSaoba uwevT kompiuterTan, waeyenebaT damatebiTi moTxovnebi _ 1 kursis studentebisaTvis kompiuterTan muSaobis optimaluri droa 2 saaTi, maRali kursis studentebisaTvis _ 3 saaTi. TvalebisaTvis sasargebloa yovel 20-25 wuTSi saTanado varjiSebis Catareba. Ramis gaizardos,
cvlaSi aseTi
momuSaveTaTvis Sesvenebebi
Sesvenebebis
aucilebelia,
xangrZlivoba
mxedvelobiTi
30%-iT
unda
analizatorebis
dasvenebisaTvis, gadaRlilobisa da nervul-emociuri daZabulobis Sesamcireblad, hipodinamiis gavlenis asacileblad.
3.9. kompiuterTan muSaoba mxedvelobis sxvadasxva defeqtis dros
mxedvelobis SesaZlebloba
defeqtis
ganisazRvreba,
mqone
pirebisaTvis
erTis
mxriv
kompiuterTan
samuSaos
simZimis
muSaobis
xarisxiT
da
meores mxriv _ mxedvelobis defeqtis saxiT. yvela is piri, romelic apirebs kompiuterTan muSaobas, unda gaesinjos eqim-oftalmologs. I kategoriis simZimis samuSaoebs miekuTvneba: informaciis gadmotana 20000mde
niSani/cvlaSi,
saaTamde/cvlaSi
informaciis
dialogis
reJimSi
Seyvana muSaoba.
15000-mde aseTi
saxis
niSani/cvlaSi,
2
datvirTvebi
ar
miekuTvneba mxedvelobiT-daZabuls da operatori ar saWiroebs specialur gasinjvas. sasurvelia mxedvelobis simaxvilis koreqcia ar iyos 0,4-ze naklebi, rac iZleva 60-70 sm-is siSoreze standartuli Sriftis wakiTxvis saSualebas. II
kategoriis
niSani/cvlaSi,
simZimis
informaciis
samuSaoebia: Seyvana
30000
informaciis niSani/cvlaSi,
gadmotana dialogis
40000 reJimSi
muSaoba 4 saaTamde/cvlaSi _ miekuTvneba daZabul samuSaoebs. aseT samuSaoebze dakavebul pirebs SeiZleba hqondeT Sorsmxedveloba da axlomxedveloba 8,0 dioptriamde*, astigmatizmi 3,0 dioptriamde, mxedvelobis simaxvile koreqciiT
30
0,5/0,2.
dauSvebelia
kompiuterTan
samuSaod
glaukomiT
daavadebuli
piris
miReba. III
kategoriis
simZimis
samuSaoebia
_
informaciis
gadmotana
60000
niSnamde/cvlaSi, informaciis Seyvana 40000 niSnamde/cvlaSi, dialogis reJimi 6 saaTamde/cvlaSi.
aseT
samuSaoebze
daiSvebian:
Sorsmxedvelebi
_
3,0
dioptriamde, axlomxedvelebi _ 6,0 dioptriamde, astigmatizmis SemTxvevaSi _ 2,0
dioptriamde,
mxedvelobis
simaxvile
koreqciiT
aranaklebi
0,7/0,5.
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom akomodaciis*** faqtori damokidebulia asakze (20 wlamde _ 5,0 dioptria, 21-25 wlamde _ 4,0 dioptria, 26-30 wlamde _ 3,0 dioptria, 31-40 wlamde _ 2,0 dioptria). operators aucileblad unda hqondes binokularuli mxedveloba**. dauSvebelia iseTi pirebis dasaqmeba, romlebsac aqvT midrekileba maRali TvalisSida wnevisadmi. II da III kategoriis simZimis samuSaoebisaTvis ikrZaleba iseTi pirebis dasaqmeba, romlebsac aReniSnebaT Tvalis anTebiTi da alergiuli daavadebebi, baduras da mxedvelobiTi nervis dazianebebi. iseTi
programebis
mniSvnelovani
Sesrulebisas,
informaciis
matarebelia,
romlis
drosac
dauSvebelia
feris
feriTi
faqtori
mxedvelobis
defeqtis mqone adamianebis miReba, rogoricaa sibrmave wiTel (protonopia) da mwvane (deiteranopia) ferebze [8].
*dioptria _ linzis an linzebis sistemis optikuri Zalis erTeuli, is udris linzis fokusuri manZilis (metrebSi) Sebrunebul mniSvnelobas; ** binokularuli mxedveloba _ orive Tvalis mxedveloba, romlis drosac iqmneba sagnebis moculobiTi aRqma; ***akomodacia _ sxvadasxva manZilze myofi sagnebis garCevis unari da Segueba.
31
Tavi 4. informatikis da marTvis sistemebis muSaobisas sawarmoo garemos komfortuli pirobebis uzrunvelyofa 4.1. mikroklimati da sahaero garemo
sawarmos
saTavsis
mikroklimatur
pirobebSi
igulisxmeba
garemos
temperatura, fardobiTi tenianoba, haeris damtverianeba da moZraobis siCqare. sawarmoo
mikroklimati
moRvaweobaze,
mis
saSualebebis
udides
axdens
guneba-ganwyobilebaze,
saimedoobaze.
mikroklimaturi
gavlenas
sawarmoo
parametrebis
jamuri
adamianis
funqcionalur
janmrTelobaze
saTavsebisaTvis qmedeba.
da
marTvis
damaxasiaTebelia
miuxedavad
am
parametrebis
cvalebadobisa, sxeulis temperatura rCeba mudmiv doneze (36-370C) adamianis organizmSi mimdinare rTuli fiziologiuri da refleqtoruli procesebi uzrunvelyofen sxeulis temperaturis mudmivobas. am process Termoregulacia ewodeba, haeris temperatura aris mikroklimatis siTburi mdgomareobis ZiriTadi parametri. temperatura izomeba celsiusis an kelvinis gradusebSi. haeris moZraobis siCqare sxvadasxva Zalebis zemoqmedebiT haeris nakadebis gadaadgilebis siCqaris veqtoria. adamiani haeris moZraobas SeigrZnobs 0,15-0,2 m/wm siCqarisas. haeris maRali tenianoba aferxebs Termoregulaciis process, radganac dabali
kanis
zedapiridan
fardobiTi
da
filtvebidan
tenianobisas
(20%-ze
mcirdeba
naklebi)
tenis
adamians
aorTqleba.
uCndeba
zeda
sasunTqi gzebis lorwovani garsis simSrale. mikroklimatze
gansakuTrebulad
did
gavlenas
axdens
saTavsebSi
ganlagebuli eleqtrogamomTvleli manqanebi (egm), damxmare mowyobilobebi, ganaTebis
sistemebi,
siTbogamoyofis
momsaxure
saSualo
personali.
sidideebi
samanqano
Seadgens
310-400
darbazSi vati/m2;
egm-is
mier
periferiuli
aparaturis mier _ 125-140 vati/m2; sanaTi mowyobilobebisagan _ 35-70 vati/m2. momsaxure
personalis
mier
garemoSi
gamoyofili
siTbo
damokidebulia
momuSaveebis raodenobaze, samuSaos intensivobaze, mikroklimatur pirobebze. egm-is
mier
gamoyofili
siTbo
Seadgens
jamuri
siTbogamoyofis
80%-s;
ganaTebis mowyobilobebis mier _ 12%-s; momsaxure personalis mier _ 1-2%-s; 32
mzis
radiaciis
mier
_
6%-s.
aqedan
gamomdinare,
eleqtrogamomTvleli
manqanebis sTavsebi miekuTvneba e.w. `cxeli saamqroebis~ kategorias. adamianis organizmze, informatikis da marTvis sistemebis mowyobilobebis muSaobis xarisxze did gavlenas axdens haeris fardobiTi tenianoba. 40%-ze naklebi tenianoba iwvevs egm-is kvanZebis simyifes, izolaciis gauaresebas, statikuri eleqtrobis warmoqmnas. maRali tenianobis (80%-ze meti) pirobebSi mcirdeba
izolaciis
winaRoba,
icvleba
egm-is
elementebis
teqnikuri
maxasiaTeblebi. marTvis sistembTan momuSave personalis janmrTelobaze, guneba-ganwyobaze da egm-is elementebis muSaobis xarisxze did gavlenas axdens garemos maRali mtvrianoba. statikuri
eleqtrovelis
arseboba
ganapirobebs
antigenebis
da
baqteriuli floris Semcveli mtvris monitorTan mizidvas da mis zedapirze miwebebas. eleqtrostatikuri veli monitorsa da operators Soris zrdis mtvris
da
kvamlis
dadebiTad
damuxtuli
nawilakebis
da
ionebis
koncentracias. aseT pirobebSi xangrZlivi muSaoba iwvevs sasunTqi gzebis, saxisa da xelebis kanis daavadebebs. statikuri eleqtrobisagan dacva unda xdebodes sanitariul-higienuri normebis Sesabamisad, eleqtrostatikuri velis daZabulobis
dasaSvebi
done
ar
unda
aRematebodes
20
v/saaTSi.
imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom rentgenis rbili gamosxiveba (monitoris anodTan 20...22 kvolti), sqemis dengamtari ubnebis maRali Zabva haeris ionizacias iwvevs. adamianisaTvis mavne dadebiTi ionebis gamo, saWiroa egm-is darbazSi mudmivad tardebodes aeroionizaciis donis kontroli. operatoris sunTqvis zonaSi aeroionizaciis optimalur doned iTvleba, roca 1 m3 haerSi orive niSnis matarebeli, msubuqi aeroionebis raodenoba Seadgens 0,015-dan 0,00015-mde.
4.2. temperaturis, fardobiTi tanianobis da haeris moZraobis siCqaris normireba informatikis, marTvis sistemebis da mowyobilobebis sawarmoo saTavsSi temperaturis, fardobiTi tenianobis da haeris moZraobis siCqaris optimaluri da dasaSvebi mniSvnelobebi dadgenilia Warbi siTbos, samuSaos simZimis, wlis 33
sezonis, teqnologiuri procesis specifikis, kerZod, egm-is usafrTxo da saimedo funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofis gaTvaliswinebiT. #6
cxrilSi
warmodgenilia
moqmedi
sanitariul-higienuri
normebis
Tanaxmad samanqano darbazisaTvis da egm-is dgarebis SesasvlelebSi mikroklimatis parametrebis mniSvnelobebi.
samuSao zonaSi temperaturis, fardobiTi tenianobis da haeris moZraobis siCqaris optimaluri mniSvnelobebi cxrili#6 parametri saTavsi
fardobiTi tenianoba, %
haeris moZraobis siCqare, m/wm
20-22 zamTarSi 18-24 zafxulSi
50-60
0,2-0,3
18-20
60-65
_
14-16
60-70
_
temperatura, 0C
samanqano darbazi
egm-is dgarSi SesasvlelTan: _ samanqano darbazidan haeris miwodebis SemTxvevaSi; _ kondicionerebidan haeris miwodebis SemTxvevaSi
marTvis sistemebis da mowyobilobebis saTavsSi atmosferuli wneva unda iyos
101325Âą200
pa.
dadablebuli
wneva
auaresebs
egm-dan
siTbos
gayvanas,
amcirebs haeris Tbomaizolirebel Tvisebebs, xolo Warbi wneva (24-49 kpa) xels uSlis haeris normalur wrebrunvas saTavsSi [8].
4.3. saTavsebis ventilacia da kondicionireba
samuSao saTavsi aRWurvili unda iyos ventilaciis da kondicionirebis sistemiT. erTis mxriv, is agrilebs kompiuterebis kvanZebs (sistemuri bloki, monitori, printeri da sxva), meores mxriv, sufTa haeris nakadi amaragebs organizms moweva,
JangbadiT. dauSvebelia kompiuterTan muSaobis
ris
Sedegadac
sisxlSi
grovdeba
mavne
dros
naxSirbadis
sigaretis monoqsidi.
sigaretis moweva amcirebs kunTebis SemaerTebeli qsovilis simtkices, rac zrdis travmirebis albaTobas. 34
cnobilia, garemos
rom
ionur
monitoris
eleqtrostatikuri
Semadgenlobaze.
kvlevis
veli
Sedegad
moqmedebs
dadginda,
sahaero
rom
haeris
uaryofiTi ionebi (aeroionebi) biologiurad sasargebloa, xolo dadebiTi ionebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs organizmze. adamianis organizmSi aeroionebis mTavari SemTvisebelia sasunTqi organoebi da kani. amavdroulad aeroionebs intensiurad STanTqavs televizoris kineskopi da monitori. TviT kineskopis da monitoris zedapiri atarebs dadebiT muxts, romlis neitralizacia uaryofiTi ionebiT
auaresebs
sahaero
garemos.
personaluri
kompiuteris
saTavsebSi
aeroionebis nakleboba iwvevs Jangbadis Semcirebas da `mZime~ haeris SegrZnebas. daxuTul
haerSi
xangrZlivi
muSaoba
zrdis
gadaRlilobas,
negatiurad
moqmedebs guneba-ganwyobaze da janmrTelobaze, amitom saWiroa saTavsebis ventilacia ganiaveba.
da
TviT
aRematebodes,
kondicionireba,
kompiuteruli
haerSi
nivTierebebis
kerZod,
qimiuri amiakis
_
mg/m3;
zdk=0,2
teqnikis
saTavsebis
Semcveloba fenolis
_
zdk-s
xSiri
ar
unda
zdk=0,003
mg/m3;
formaldehidis _ zdk=0,01mg/m3; qlorvinilis _ zdk=0,005 mg/m3. amiaki NH3 _ mkveTri sunis uferuli airi. TduR=33,40C, Tdn=-770C, simkv. 0,59. SesaZlebelia aaleba 7800C da 15,5-27% koncentraciis pirobebSi. wyalSi ixsneba kargad. amiakiT mowamvlas mwvave xasiaTi aqvs _ Tvalisa da sasunTqi gzebis lorwovani garsis Zlieri gaRizianeba, cremldena, Tavis tkivili, gulisreva, saxmo xvrelis SeSupeba _ gagudvis SegrZneba, Tavbru, pulsis Sesusteba; Zalian saxifaToa amiakis wyalxsnaris moxvedra TvalSi. igi Rrmad aRwevs qsovilSi
da
SeuZlia
Zlier
daazianos
Tvali,
rac
mJRavndeba
mxolod
ramdenime dRis Semdeg. gadaudebeli Terapia: TvalSi moxvedrisas _ farTod gaxelili Tvalis swrafad amorecxva wylis WavliT; vazelinis an zeiTunis zeTis Cazelva; saTvale-konservi, 30%-iani albucidis xsnaris CawveTeba. kanis dazianebisas _ sufTa wyliT morecxva; Zmris, limonis, marilmJavas 5%-iani xsnaris safenebi. sasunTqi gzebidan mowamvlisas _ sufTa haeri, Tbili wylis orTqlis (umjobesia Zmarnarevi) CasunTqva, dasalevad _ borjomiani an sodiani Tbili rZe. mogudvis SemTxvevaSi _ Jangbadi; saxmo xvrelis spazmis dros _ kisris
areSi
xelovnuri
siTbo,
sunTqva.
Tbili
wyliT
damawynarebeli
inhalacia;
sunTqvis
saSualebebi
SeCerebisas
(valerianis
profilaqtika: muSa saTavsebis saerTo da adgilobrivi ventilacia. 35
_
nayeni).
fenoli C6H5OH _ damaxasiaTebeli sunis mqone uferuli kristalebi; simkv. 1,07. Tdn=420C,
TduR=181,40C. ixsneba wyalSi, spirtSi, eTerSi. fenolis
wyalxsnars karbolmJava ewodeba. toqsikuroba: fenoli aRizianebs sasunTq gzebs. iwvevs Tavis tkivils, gulisrevas, Tavbrus, gamaRizianeblad moqmedebs kanze. profilaqtika: adgilobrivi da saerTo-cvliTi ventilaciis gamoyeneba; pirveladi daxmareba: zeda sasunTqi gzebis lorwovani garsis gaRizianebisas _ sufTa haeri, tute inhalacia. eqimis gamoZaxeba. (WianWvelaldehidi)
formaldehidi
_
CH2O
umartivesi
alifaturi
aldehidi, mkveTri sunis mqone ufero airi. TduR=-19,20C. formaldehidis 40%-ian wyalxsnars
formalini
formaldehiduri
da
ewodeba.
formalini
gamoiyeneba:
Sardovana-formaldehiduri
fisebis
fenolwarmoebaSi
karbamiduli fisebis, fenolformaldehidis, izoprenis da sxva mniSvnelovani produqtebis misaRebad. muSa zonis haerSi gamoiyofa fenolformaldehiduri fisebisa da urotropinis daSlisas. formaldehidi Zlieri sawamlavia. iwvevs cilis
Sededebas. gamaRizianeblad moqmedebs
cxviris
lorwovan
garsze.
xangrZlivad
sasunTq
gzebze,
moqmedebisas
Tvalisa
iwvevs
da
bronqits,
koniunqtivits, dermatits. individualuri dacva da profilaqtika: sasunTqi organoebis, pirveladi
kanis
da
daxmareba:
Tvalis sufTa
dacva; haeri,
efeqturi Tvalebis
ventilaciis amorecxva
gamoyeneba.
wyliT,
eqimis
gamoZaxeba. informatikis, marTvis sistemebis, mowyobilobebis, samanqano darbazebis da sxva saTavsebis sufTa haeriT da optimaluri mikroklimaturi parametrebiT uzrunvelyofa
xorcieldeba
ventilaciisaTvis
saWiro
ventilaciiT
haeris
xarji
(m3/sT)
asimilaciis pirobebidan gamomdinare: L=QWarb/cĎ (tgaw.-tmomd.) dasac: QWarb _ gamoyofili siTbo, j/sT; c _ haeris xvedriTi Tbotevadoba, j/kg; Ď _ haeris simkvrive, kg/m3; tgaw. _ gawovili haeris temperatura, 0C; tmomd. _ modenili haeris temperatura, 0C. 36
da
kondicionirebiT.
isazRvreba
Warbi
siTbos
siTbogamoyofebis
pirobebSi
didi
mniSvneloba
eniWeba
gawovili
da
modenili haeris temperaturebis muSa sxvaobas (tgaw.-tmod). sxvaobis mniSvneloba unda iyos maqsimalurad didi, radganac amazea damokidebuli haeris kondicionirebis, ventilaciis haersadenebis danadgarebis zomebi. (tgaw.-tmod) sxvaoba daSvebulia
6-110C-is
damaxasiaTebelia
farglebSi.
100-iani
sxvaoba.
Tanamedrove aseTi
samanqano
sxvaobis
da
310
darbazebisaTvis vt/m2
pirobebSi
xvedriTi xarji Seadgens 110 m3/sT, xolo 3 metris simaRlis darbazebisaTvis haercvlis jeradoba Seadgens 35. samanqano darbazSi optimaluri mikroklimaturi parametrebis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneba xelovnuri (saerTocvliTi, adgilobrivi) da bunebrivi ventilacia. Tanamedrove eleqtrogamomTvlel manqanebSi standartuli dgarebis SigniT specialur platebze damagrebulia mravali elementi da ventilatorebi qveda da zeda ganlagebiT (nax. 6). ventilatoris
qveda
ganlageba
ganpirobebulia
dgarebis
konstruqciis
dabali aerodinamikuri winaRobiT (50-60 pa-mde) da mcire TbogamoyofiT. Tu konstruqcia arahermetulia, elementebis gasaciveblad haeri miewodeba Warbi wneviT _ ufro efeqturia ventilatoris zeda ganlageba. maRali saWiro
aerodinamikuri
Tburi
reJimis
winaRobis
dasamyareblad
da
Warbi
gamoiyeneba
Tbogamoyofis ventilatoris
pirobebSi, ormxrivi
ganlageba.
nax. 6. egm-is dgarebis iZulebiTi ventilaciis variantebi: a) ventilatoris zeda ganlagebiT; b) ventilatoris qveda ganlagebiT.
37
samanqano
darbazSi
efeqturi
damokidebulia
haeris
meTodebze
ventilaciis
maRali
e.i.
jeradobis
mikroklimaturi
miwodeba-ganawilebis
gamo
sqemebze.
saTavsis
Warbi
da
parametrebis
namuSevari
haeris
Tbogamoyofebis
ventilaciis
mowyoba
damyareba
da
gayvanis
haercvlis
sakmaod
rTuli
amocanaa. sasurvelia haeris miwodeba da gawova umoklesi gziT xdebodes.
nax. 7. haeris ganawilebis sqemebi: I. `zemodan-zeviT~; II. `zemodan-qveviT~; III. `qvemodan-zeviT~.
nax. 7-ze I sqemis mixedviT egm-is elementebi civdeba dgarebSi ganlagebuli ventilaciis
mier
Sewovili
haeriT.
namuSevari
haeri
gaiyvaneba
samanqano
darbazis Weridan. sqema martivia da dabalefeqturi, radganac haeri dgarebSi Seiwoveba Weridan iatakamde manZilis gavlis Semdeg. II sqemis SemTxvevaSi haeri Sedis samanqanoSi perforirebuli Weridan, Seereva Tbil haers da gaiwoveba saventilacio mesrebidan. ventilaciis aseTi sqema xels uwyobs mtvris swraf mocilebas. III sqemis mixedviT sufTa haeri miewodeba teqnologiuri iatakisqveSa milebiT,
saTavsis
mTel
perimetrze
ganlagebuli
momdeni
mesrebiT
da
xvrelebiT. gamwovi mesrebi moTavsebulia sadgaris Tavze. garda
zemoT
moyvanili
sqemebisa
sqemebi 60 sT-1 jeradobiT. 38
cnobilia
haercvlis
kombinirebuli
ganxiluli
sqemebis
analizi
iZleva
Semdegi
daskvnis
gakeTebis
saSualebas: modenili sufTa haeris gasanawileblad da namuSevari haeris mosacileblad
farTod
gamoiyeneba
teqnologiuri
iatakqveSa
da
Werszeda
sivrceebi; gamwovi mowyobilobebi moTavsebulia Tbogamomyofi danadgarebis Tavze.
aqedan
gamomdinare,
kombinirebuli aucilebelia
da
`III~
yvelaze sqemebi.
gaTvaliswinebuli
efeqturad
ventilaciis
iyos
iTvleba
haerganawilebis
konstruirebis
haersadenebis,
momdeni
da
procesSi gamwovi
zondebis mtvrisagan gawmenda. haeris
kondicirebis
danadgarebis
daniSnulebaa
sahaero
garemos
parametrebis dasaSvebi doneebis SenarCuneba. amJamad gavrcelebulia haeris kondicirebis ori sqema: gancalkevebuli da SeTavsebuli (nax. 8, 9). gancalkevebuli sistema aRWurvilia regulirebis ori zoniT. sistemis daniSnulebaa teqnikuri saSualebebis da samanqano darbazis uzrunvelyofa haeriT. aseTi sistemebi mizanSewonilia maRali simZlavris kompiuterebisaTvis. kondicirebis
SeTavsebuli
sqemis
SemTxvevaSi
haeri
erTdroulad
miewodeba samanqano darbazSi da egm-is elementebis gasaciveblad. amJamad gamoiyeneba II klasis filtrebiT, damtenianeblebiT aRWurvili КТА1-8ЭВМ da КТА1-25ЭВМ teqnologiuri
markis
avtonomiuri
iatakis
qveS
haeris
kondicionerebi, miwodebas.
isini
ganvixiloT
uzrunvelyofen gacivebis
da
kondicirebis gavrcelebuli sqemebi.
nax. 9. harcvlis gancalkavebuli sqema
nax. 8. haercvlis SeTavsebuli sqema
SeTavsebuli sqemis Tanaxmad samanqano darbazSi ganTavsebul avtomatur kondicionerebs (К) haeri miewodeba specialuri arxiT. garedan Semoyvanili 39
gafiltruli da recirkulaciuri haeris Sereva xdeba Werszeda gamwov arxSi. am narevis nawili miewodeba egm-is dgarebSi, xolo meore nawili _ samanqano darbazSi. gancalkevebuli sqemiT gare haeri Seiwoveba dabali simZlavris mqone К1 kondicioneriT, gadamuSavdeba, Seereva egm-idan gamosul haers. kondicioneri К2 uzrunvelyofs dgarebSi haeris miwodebas da egm-is elementebis gacivebas. К2 acivebs mxolod recirkulaciur haers. samanqano darbazSi haeris temperatura regulirdeba miwodebuli sufTa haeris temperaturis cvlilebiT. haeris
temperaturis
gazomva
xdeba
haersadenebSi
moTavsebuli
temperaturis gadamwodebiT.
4.4. informatikis da marTvis sistemis saTavsebis ganaTeba
Tanamedrove marTvis sistemebis saTavsebSi sawarmoo ganaTebas waeyeneba higienuri da teqno-ekonomikuri moTxovnebi. sawarmoo ganaTebis mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs is faqti, rom operatorebis da
programistebis
muSaobis
pirobebi
dakavSirebulia
mxedvelobiTi
informaciis (90%-mde) arsebobasTan. ganaTeba sinaTlis
da
Ф
nakadi
eleqtromagnituri aramed
gasanaTebeli _
energiis
fiziologiuri
garemo
xasiaTdeba
xilul
diapazonSi
nawilia.
sinaTlis
sididea,
radganac
Semdegi
(0,38-0,77 nakadi
axasiaTebs
parametrebiT.
mkm)
moqceuli
aramarto
fizikuri,
mxedvelobiT
aRqmas.
sinaTlis nakadis erTeulad miRebulia lumeni (lm). sinaTlis
Zala
I
_
sinaTlis
nakadis
sivrciTi
simkvrivea,
romelic
ganisazRvreba sinaTlis nakadis SefardebiT sxeulovan kuTxesTan (steradiani), romelSic
is
vrceldeba
I=Ф/ω. sinaTlis
Zalis
erTeulia
kandela
(kd).
ganaTebuloba E _ sinaTlis nakadis zedapiruli simkvrivea. ganaTebuloba aris zedapirze
dacemuli
sinaTlis
nakadis
Sefardeba
zedapiris
sididesTan
E=Фdac./S. ganaTebulobis erTeulia luqsi, 1 luqsi=1lm/m2. sikaSkaSe B _ sinaTlis Zalis zedapiruli simkvrivea da ganisazRvreba rogorc zedapiris mier gamosxivebuli sinaTlis Zalis Sefardeba zedapiris 40
farTobTan
B=I/S.
sikaSkaSis
sazomi
erTeulia
kandela/m2.
gasanaTebeli
zedapiris sikaSkaSe damokidebulia arekvlis koeficientze r= Фarekl./ Фdac. sadac:
Фarekl. aris
zedapiridan
areklili
sinaTlis
nakadi;
Фdac
_
zedapirze dacemuli sinaTlis nakadi. arekvlis
koeficienti
aris
fonis
maxasiaTebeli.
foni
_
zedapiria,
romelzec xdeba obieqtis garCeva. Tu r>0,4 _ foni naTelia; Tu 0,2≤r≤0,4 _ foni saSualoa; Tu r<0,2 _ foni muqia. obieqtis da fonis sikaSkaSeebis sxvaobis Sefardebas fonis sikaSkaSesTan K=(Bfoni- Bobieqti)/ Bfoni.
kontrasti ewodeba.
Tu K>0,5 _ kontrasti didia; Tu 0,2≤ K≤0,5 kontrasti saSualoa, Tu K<0,2 _ kontrasti mcirea. erTi saxis sikaSkaSidan meoreze gadasvla iwvevs mxedvelobiT adaptacias. ganasxvaveben sinaTleze adaptacias (mcire sikaSkaSidan maRalze gadasvla) da sibneleze
adaptacias
(maRali
sikaSkaSidan
mcireze
gadasvla).
sibneleze
adaptacia ufro xangrZlivia da araxelsayrel pirobebSi SeiZleba travmis mizezi gaxdes. ganaTebulobis cvlilebis xarisxis Sefaseba (cvladi denis SemTxvevaSi) xdeba pulsaciis koeficientiT, %.
aris ganaTebulobis maqsimaluri, minimaluri da
sadac:
saSualo mniSvnelobebi, luqsi. luminescenciur naTurebs pulsaciis maCvenebeli ufro maRali aqvT, vidre varvara
naTurebs.
is
iwvevs
mxedvelobis
gadaRlas,
Sromisunarianobis
daqveiTebas, moZravi da mbrunavi mowyobilobebis dakvirvebisas adgili aqvs stroboskopiul efeqts. stroboskopiuli efeqti mdgomareobs mxedvelobiTi organoebis
mier
siCqaris
da
mimarTulebis
damaxinjebul
aRqmaSi.
luminescenciuri naTurebis SemTxvevaSi pulsaciis Semcireba xdeba ganaTebis qselSi CarTvis specialuri xerxebiT. SenobaSi bunebrivi ganaTebis Sefaseba xdeba bunebrivi ganaTebulobis koeficientiT, bgk, %. bgk=(ESida/ Egare)·100 % 41
bgk aris Senobis SigniT gazomili ganaTebulobis Sefardeba Senobis gareT ganaTebulobasTan. saTavsebSi bunebrivi ganaTebulobis sidide damokidebulia weliwadis, dRe-Ramis droze, atmosferos gamWvirvalobaze, fanjrebis farTze, minebis xarisxze
da
SuqSeRwevadobaze,
saTavsebis
siRrmeze,
saTavsebSi
avejis,
mowyobilobebis ganlagebaze, kedlebis, Weris arekvlis koeficientze. adamianis
mxedvelobis
organoebisaTvis
bunebrivi
ganaTeba
Tavisi
speqtraluri SemadgenlobiT ukeTesia vidre sxvadasxva wyaroebiT warmoqmnili xelovnuri ganaTeba. garda amisa, rac ufro naklebia xelovnuri ganaTebis moxmareba, miT ufro naklebia ganaTebisTvis gaweuli xarjebi da miT ufro mizanSewonilia ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT.
4.5. ganaTebis sitemebi da saxeebi
sawarmoo ganaTebis sistemebs waeyeneba Semdegi ZiriTadi moTxovnebi: _
samuSao
adgilebis
ganaTebis
donis
Sesabamisoba
Sesasrulebeli
mxedvelobiTi samuSaos xasiaTTan da tipTan; _ garemoSi da samuSao zedapirebze sikaSkaSis Tanabari da sakmarisi ganawileba; _
mkveTri Crdilebis, pirdapiri da areklili bzinvarebis ararseboba acileba;
_
ganaTebulobis mudmivoba droSi;
_
ganaTebuli
mowyobilobebis
mier
gamosxivebuli
sinaTlis
nakadis
optimaluri mimarTuloba; _ eqspluataciis pirobebSi xangrZlivi muSaoba, ekonomiuroba, eleqtroda xanZarmedegoba, esTetiuroba, moxerxebuloba da simartive. sinaTlis energiis wyaros mixedviT ganasxvaveben bunebriv, xelovnur da SeTavsebul ganaTebebs. konstruqciuli niSniT bunebrivi ganaTeba SeiZleba iyos fanjrebidan _ gverdiTi
calmxrivi
gamWvirvale
da
ormxrivi;
gadaxurvebidan;
zevidan
kombinirebuli
erTdroulad. 42
_ _
saaeracio zevidan
fanjrebidan, da
gverdidan
mxedvelobiTi komfortis Sesaqmnelad da SesanarCuneblad did rols TamaSobs ganaTebis pirobebi. erTis mxriv, informaciis aRqmas monitoridan araferma ar unda SeuSalos xeli, meores mxriv _ operatori kargad unda xedavdes klaviaturas, asakref teqsts qaRaldze da, urTierTobisas, gverdiT myof operatorebs. informatikis, marTvis sistemebis, mowyobilobis saTavsebSi gamoiyeneba gverdiTi
calmxrivi
bunebrivi
ganaTeba.
egm-is
samuSao
adgilebi
unda
ganlagdes ise, rom bunebrivi ganaTebis ZiriTadi nakadi modiodes marcxnidan. Tu ekrani mimarTulia fanjrisaken, saWiroa specialuri ekranebis mowyoba. fanjrebi JaluzebiT.
unda
iyos
aRWurvili
saTavsebSi
bgk-is
Suqgambnevi
mniSvneloba
StorebiT
unda
iyos
da
regulirebadi
aranaklebi
1,5%-isa.
samuSao zedapirebis arekvlis koeficientebi unda Seadgendes WerisaTvis 0,7-0,8; kedlebisaTvis 0,5-0,6; iatakisaTvis 0,3-0,4; magidisaTvis 0,4-0,5; klaviaturisaTvis 0,4-0,6. kedlebis, interieris Seferiloba unda iyos baci-yviTeli, Zvlisferi, personaluri kompiuterebis magidis zedapiri _ naturaluri xisferi, bacimwvane, baci-nacrisferi. im SemTxvevaSi Tu saTavsebisaTvis bunebrivi ganaTeba araa sakmarisi, dRis saaTebSi xelovnuri ganaTeba gamoiyeneba. xelovnuri ganaTeba Sesasrulebeli amocanis xasiaTis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos muSa, avariuli, saevakuacio da dacviTi. muSa
ganaTeba
mowyobilia
samuSao
saTavsebSi,
gasasvlelebSi
da
transportis moZraobisaTvis gankuTvnil ubnebze. avariuli ganaTebis daniSnulebaa amoqmeddes saerTo ganaTebis uecari gamorTvisas (avariis SemTxvevaSi). aseTi ganaTeba mowyobilia uwyveti samuSao procesis
saTavsebSi,
rogoricaa
samanqano
darbazi,
sageneratoro,
sadispetCero da saxanZro punqti, dacvis saTavsi, kavSirgabmulobis oTaxi da sxva. saevakuacio
ganaTeba
saWiroa
muSa
ganaTebis
avariuli
gaTiSvisas
saTavsebidan adamianebis usafrTxod gasayvanad. saevakuacio ganaTebis dros gasasvlelebis iatakis doneze, kibis ujredebSi da safexurebze ganaTebuloba unda
Seadgendes
0,5
luqss.
saTavsebidan
specialuri mnaTi signali _ isrebi. 43
gasasvlel
karebze
unda
iyos
saavario
da
saevakuacio
ganaTebis
sanaTurebis
kveba
unda
xdebodes
damoukidebeli wyarodan. mTlianad gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemis saTavsebis da mimdebare teritoriis dacviTi ganaTeba arasamuSao dros muSa ganaTebis nawils warmoadgens. konstruqciuli Sesrulebis mixedviT xelovnuri ganaTeba aris saerTo, adgilobrivi da kombinirebuli. saerTo ganaTebis SemTxvevaSi yvela samuSao adgili
naTdeba
saerTo
ganaTebis
sistemidan.
adgilobrivi
ganaTebisas
sinaTlis nakadi mimarTulia mxolod calkeuli konkretuli samuSao adgilis gasanaTeblad.
mxolod
adgilobrivi
ganaTebis
gamoyeneba
dauSvebelia,
radganac is qmnis mkveTr Crdilebs da araxelsayrel faqtorebs, rasac Tan axlavs sxvadasxva ganaTebisadmi mxedvelobis adaptaciis aucilebloba. samanqano
darbazis
ganaTeba
unda
xorcieldebodes
saerTo
Tanabari
sistemiT. administraciul-sayofacxovrebo saTavsSi, upiratesad dokumentaciaze
muSaobisas,
daSvebulia
ganaTebis
kombinirebuli
sistema
_
saerTo
ganaTebasTan damatebiT moqmedebs adgilobrivi ganaTeba. samuSao
dokumentaciis
zonaSi,
magidis
zedapirze,
ganaTeba
unda
Seadgendes 300-500 luqss, sikaSkaSe ki ar unda aRematebodes 200 kd/m2-s. samuSao zedapirebidan (ekrani, magida, klaviatura) arekvlili bzinvarebis Semcireba
xdeba
sanaTurebis
tipis
sworad
SerCeviT,
samuSao
adgilTan
ganaTebis wyaros racionaluri ganlagebiT. am SemTxvevaSi ekranis sikaSkaSe ar unda aRematebodes 40 kd/m2-s. marTvis sistemebis saTvasebSi ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia maRali Suqgacemis mqone (80 lumeni/vatze da meti) ЛБ, ЛТБ markis luminescenciuri naTurebi. administraciuli
saTavsebisaTvis
daSvebulia
250
vati
simZlavris
metalohalogenuri naTurebis gamoyeneba. luminescenciuri naTurebi xasiaTdeba dabali sikaSkaSiT, maT mier gamosxivebuli sinaTlis speqtri axlosaa dRis sinaTlis
speqtrTan,
rac
uzrunvelyofs
ferebis
swor
aRqmas.
amasTan,
aRsaniSnavia luminescenciuri naTurebis uaryofiTi mxareebi: sinaTlis nakadis maRali pulsacia*, rac iwvevs stroboskopiul efeqts (obieqtis damaxinjebuli mxedvelobiTi
aRqma); CarTvis
rTuli
da
ZviradRirebuli sqema; garemos
*airganmuxtis naTurebisaTvis sinaTlis nakadis pulsaciis koeficinti ar unda
aRematebodes 10-20%.
44
temperaturis
cvlilebebis
mimarT
maRali
mgrZnobeloba;
vercxliswylis
orTqlis Semcvelobis gamo utilizaciis sirTule. saerTo ganaTeba Sesrulebulia sanaTurebis (el.gamomTvleli perimetruli
manqanebis
ganlagebis
lokalizebuli,
rigebad
SemTxvevaSi
TiToeuli
magidis
uwyveti an wyvetili xaziT
ganlagebisas),
xolo
sanaTurebis
ganlageba
Tavze
da
ufro
metad
kompiuterebis unda
iyos
operatorisken
mimarTuli. el.gamomTvleli manqanebis saTavsebis gasanaTeblad gamoiyeneba sarkisebri ЛПО36
mesriani
maRalisixSiriani mesris
da
sanaTurebis
seriis
sanaTurebi,
romlis
gamSvebmaregulirebeli
ganmbnevis maragis
gareSe da
gamoyeneba
koeficientebi
Sedis
В4ПРА. maekranirebeli
aparatura
sanaTurebis
pulsaciis
kompleqtaciaSi
dauSvebelia.
Sesabamisad
1,4
aseTi da
5%
Seadgens. samuSao zedapirebis ganaTebulobis kontroli xorcieldeba Ю117, Ю116 tipis luqsmetrebiT. luqsmetri aris gadasatani xelsawyo, romelic Sedgeba selenis fotoelementisagan, magnitoeleqtruli mzomisa da SuqmSTanTqmelebisagan.
selenis
fotoelementi
aris
firfita,
romelzedac
datanilia
SuqmgrZnobiare fena (speqtraluri mgrZnobeloba axlosaa Tvalis speqtralur mgrZnobelobasTan). es fena
axdens
sinaTlis
energiis
transformirebas
eleqtrul energiaSi. fotoelementis zedapirze moxvedrili sinaTlis nakadi aRZravs eleqtrul signals, romelic gadaecema mzom xelsawyos da iwvevs isris
gadaxras.
proporciulia. fotoelementiT,
eleqtruli 0-dan
100
denis
luqsamde
mSTanTqmelis
sidide
sinaTlis
diapazonSi gareSe.
nakadis
ganaTebuloba
intensivobis izomeba
mSTanTqmelebis
Ria
gamoyenebiT
ganaTebulobis gazomvis diapazoni mniSnelovnad farTovdeba (100000 luqsamde).
4.6 informatikis, marTvis sistemebis
saTavsebisaTvis bunebrivi da
xelovnuri ganaTebis normebi samSeneblo
normebisa
da
wesebis
Tanaxmad
bunebrivi
ganaTebis
reglamentireba xdeba bunebrivi ganaTebis (bgk) mniSvnelobiT. xolo xelovnuri
45
ganaTebis normireba _ samuSao zedapirebze ganTavsebis zRvruli umciresi mniSvnelobebiT. ganaTebis normebi Sedgenilia mxedvelobiTi samuSaoebis klasifikaciis mixedviT, romlis drosac gasaTvaliswinebelia samuSaos Tanrigi da gasarCevi detalebis zomebi. rekomendebuli saerTo ganaTebulobis mniSvnelobebi warmodgenilia #7 cxrilSi [9]. saerTo ganaTebis normebi informatikis da marTvis sistemebis saTavsebisaTvis cxrili #7 saTavsi samanqano darbazi egm-Tan momuSave personalisaTvis egm-is momsaxure teqnikuri personalisaTvis informaciis arqivi saventilacio danadgarebi kondicionerebi eleqtrokveba da safare analizuri laboratoria saTadarigo nawilebis, instrumentebis, xelsawyoebis sayofacxovrebo, garderobi
gasanaTebeli zedapiris daSoreba iatakidan, m h _ 0,8 h _ 0,8
saerTo ganaTeba, luqsi 500 500
pulsaciis koeficienti 15 15
h _ 0,8
500
15
_ h _ 0,8 h _ 0,7 v _ 1,5-1,8 h _ 0,8
300 20* 75 50* 400
20 _ _ _ 10
h _ 0,8
300
20
iatakis done
75-150
_
h _ horizontaluri sibrtye; v _ vertikaluri sibrtye; * _ varvara naTurebiT ganaTeba
46
Tavi 5. informatikis da marTvis sistemebis saTavsebSi xmauris Semcirebis RonisZiebebi 5.1. xmauris maxasiaTeblebi da misi normireba
sawarmoo
procesebis
kompiuterizaciis,
avtomatizaciis
ganviTareba
dakavSirebulia iseTi aparaturis da mowyobilobebis gamoyenebasTan, romlebic eqspluataciis procesSi warmoqmnian bgeriT rxevebs. fiziologiuri TvalsazrisiT xmauri bgeriTi procesia, romelic negatiur gavlenas
axdens
adamianis
nervul
sistemaze,
mis
smeniT
analizatorebze.
xmauri aris saTavsebSi moqmedi da gavrcelebuli mavne faqtori. adamianze xmauris
mavne
moqmedeba
mravalnairia:
80
db-is
donis
xmauri
iwvevs
Sromisunarianos daqveiTebas; 100-120 db-is donis xmauris xangrZlivi moqmedeba iwvevs
smenadobis
Seuqcevad
dakargvas;
120-140
db-is
donis
xmauri
smenis
organoebis meqanikuri dazianebis mizezia. xmauris
moqmedeba
zemoqmedebiT.
nervuli
ar
Semoifargleba
daboloebebiT
mxolod
xmauri
smenis
gadaecema
organoze
centralur
da
vegetatiur nervul sistemebs da maTi meSveobiT moqmedebs Siga organoebze, riTac mniSvnelovnad cvlis organizmis funqcionalur mdgomareobas. gadidebuli donis xmauris pirobebSi adamianebi uCivian Tavis tkivils, uZilobas,
swrafadganviTarebad
mexsierebis
daqveiTebas.
yvela
daRlilobas, es
simptomi
yuradRebis
operatorebis,
Sesustebas,
programistebis
saqmianobaSi iwvevs samuSaos mwarmoeblobis Semcirebas da Secdomebis zrdas. impulsuri da araregularuli xasiaTis xmauri mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens adamianis janmrTelobaze. bgeriTi talRebi xasiaTdeba rxevis siCqariT Ď&#x2026; (m/wm), bgeris wneviT P (pa), bgeris sixSiriT f (herci), bgeris intensivobiT I (vat/m2). adamianis smenis organo aRiqvams bgeris rxevebs 16-dan 20000 hercamde sixSiriT. 16 hercis sixSiris qvemoT (infrabgerebi) da 20000 herci sixSiris zeviT (ultrabgerebi) rxevebi ar aRiqmeba adamianis smenis aparatiT. sivrceSi bgeris talRis gavrcelebisas, xdeba energiis gadatana, romelic ganisazRvreba
bgeris
intensivobiT.
bgeris
47
intensivobis
qveS
igulisxmeba
drois erTeulSi talRis mier farTobis erTeulze gadatanili bgeris energia. intensivobis erTeulad miCneulia 1 vati/m2. bgeris intensivoba bgeris wnevasTan dakavSirebulia Semdegi gantolebiT: I=P2/ρ0⋅c, sadac: ρ0 aris garemos simkvrive, kg/m3; P _ bgeris wneva, pa; c _ bgeris gavrcelebis siCqare, m/w. ρ0⋅c namravls garemos xvedriT akustikur winaRobas uwodeben. is axasiaTebs masalebis xmaurmaizolirebel Tvisebebs. yuriT
aRqmul
bgeris
minimalur
intensivobas
smenadobis
zRvari
I0
ewodeba. SedarebisaTvis, standartul sixSired miCneulia 1000 herci. aseTi sixSiris dros smenadobis zRvari I0=10-12 vt/m2 da Sesabamisi bgeris wneva ρ0=2⋅10-5 pa. bgeris
maqsimalur
intensivobas,
romlis
drosac
iwyeba
mtkivneuli
SegrZnebebi, mtkivneuli zRvari ewodeba. mtkivneul zRvarze I=102 vt/m2 da P=2⋅102 pa. smenadobis da mtkivneulobis zRvars Soris mdebare ares smenadobis are ewodeba. bgeris intensivobis da wnevis cvlilebebis diapazoni Zalian farToa da amitom maTi Sefaseba absoluturi sidideebiT mouxerxebelia. adamianis smenis organo reagirebs ara bgeris intensivobis da wnevis absolutur namravlze, aramed maT fardobaze. imisaTvis, rom ar moxdes didi ricxvebiT operireba, a. belis mier iqna SemoTavazebuli logariTmuli erTeuli
_
decibeli
(db).
bgeris
intensivobis
done
L
(db)
ganisazRvreba
formuliT L=10lg (I/Io), xolo bgeris wnevis done Lp=20 lg(P/P0). Tu formulebSi CavsvamT Io, I an P0, P mniSvnelobebs _ miviRebT smenadi bgerebis diapazonis sidides. L1=Lp=L=10lg 102/10-12=20lg 2⋅102/2⋅10-5=140 db. amrigad, smenadi bgerebis diapazoni mdebareobs 0-dan 140 db zRvrebSi. bgeris intensivobis da bgeris wnevis done ar gansazRvravs xmamaRlobas, radganac adamians sxvadasxva sixSiris bgerebis mimarT gaaCnia sxvadasxva mgrZnobeloba,
amitom
sxvadasxva
sixSiris
bgerebis
SedarebisaTvis
SemoRebulia bgeris xmamaRlobis done, romelic izomeba fonebSi. magaliTad, 48
erTnairi wnevis donis da sxvadasxva sixSiris (100 da 1000 herci) mqone ori bgera adamianis yuris mier aRiqmeba rogorc sxvadasxva xmamaRloba. pirveli, 100 hercis mqone bgera esmis adamians rogorc ufro xmadabali, vidre meore. adamianis
smenis
organo
gansakuTrebiT
mgrZnobiarea
saSualo
da
maRali
sixSiris (700-4000 herci), vidre dabali sixSiris (20-100 herci) bgerebis mimarT. xmamaRlobis
done
fonebSi
ar
iZleva
xmamaRlobis
fiziologiur
SegrZnebas. imisaTvis, rom damyardes raodenobrivi kavSiri xmamaRlobis donesa da xmamaRlobis fiziologiur SegrZnebebs Soris, SemoRebulia xmamaRlobis subieqturi, sistemgareSe erTeuli _ soni. xmauris parametrebis Sefaseba xdeba oqtavur zolebSi. mTlianobaSi sixSire
s.g.
zolis ,
daxasiaTebisaTvis
sadac
da
aiReba
Sesabamisad
saSualogeometriuli
udablesi
da
umaRlesi
sixSireebia. #8
cxrilSi
moyvanilia
gamoTvliTi
teqnikis
da
mowyobilobebis
saTavsebSi bgeris wnevis dasaSvebi doneebi. samuSao adgilebze bgeris wnevis dasaSvebi doneebi cxrili #8 saTavsi egm-is teqnikuri personalis administraciuli samanqano darbazi servisuli aparaturis saTavsi saventilacio kamerebi, sageneratoro, meqanikuri saxelosnoebi
oqtavuri zolebis saSualogeometriuli sixSireebi, hc 63 125 250 500 1000 4000 8000
bgeris eqvivalenturi done, db
71
61
54
49
45
40
38
50
79 83
70 74
63 68
58 63
55 60
50 55
49 54
60 65
94
87
82
78
75
71
70
80
99
92
86
83
80
76
75
85
49
5.2 informatikis, marTvis sistemebis teqnikuri saSualebebis xmauris wyaroebi da maxasiaTeblebi
warmoSobis
mixedviT
xmauri
SeiZleba
iyos:
meqanikuri
(manqanebis
detalebis rxevebi an maTi urTierTgadaadgileba) da aerodinamikuri (drekadi konstruqciebi, airebi, siTxeebi, eleqtruli manqanebi). marTvis saSualebebis da mowyobilobebis samuSao adgilebze gvxvdeba xmauris
farTo
speqtri.
teqnikuri
saSualebebi
_
perforatorebi,
qmnian
meqanikur xmaurs; kondicionerebi, kompresorebi _ aerodinamikur xmaurs; Zabvis gardamqmnelebi
_
warmomqmnelia
procesorebi,
mimarTulebad gamoSveba,
iTvleba
amitom
standartisa
eleqtromagnitur
da
xmaurs.
sabeWdi
dabalxmauriani
SemoRebulia teqnikuri
aseve
mowyobilobebi. mowyobilobis
manqanebis
pirobebis
saTavsebSi
xmauris
perspeqtiul
konstruireba
teqnikuri
gaTvaliswinebiT
xmauris
manqanis
da
normireba. pasportSi
miTiTebulia xmauris maxasiaTeblebi. #9
cxrilSi
moyvanilia
egm-is
teqnikuri
saSualebebis
xmauris
maxasiaTeblebi. egm-ebis teqnikuri saSualebebis bgeris simZlavris doneebi, db cxrili #9 mowyobilobebi procesori EC-2050 perfolentaze gamosayvani mowyobiloba 7022
oqtavuri zolebis saSualogeometriuli sixSireebi, hc 63 125 250 500 1000 4000 8000 74
EC-
sabeWdi mowyobilobebi: EC-7030 EC-7032 perfolenta EC-9020-ze monacemTa momzadebis mowyobiloba magnitur lentze magrovebeli: EC-5010 EC-7903 EC-7018 EC-7077 EC-6012
75
76
78
76
70
65
73
78
72
80
86
89
88
76 78
76 80
78 79
84 81
84 80
80 80
69
74
75
74
74
73
74
73 53 76 61 68
74 64 80 68 68
77 80 84 72 73
80 78 84 74 82
79 74 85 75 79
69 72 77 70 74
70 71 73 64 67
50
86 85
rogorc wesi, samanqano darbazSi, servisuli da periferiuli aparatebis saTavsebSi ganlagebulia xmauris mravali wyaro. saventilacio da kondicionirebis mowyobiloba _ danadgarebis xmauri (8090 db) gadaecema Senobis konstruqciebiT da haersadenebiT samuSao saTavsebs. amitom
aerodinamikuri
xmauris
dadableba
maTi
gavrcelebis
gzebze
warmoadgens bgeris intensivobis da wnevis donis Semcirebis ZiriTad amocanas.
5.3. xmauris Semcirebis RonisZiebebi informatikis, xmaurisagan
marTvis
dacva
sistemebis
xorcieldeba
da
Semdegi
mowyobilobebis
meTodebiT:
saTavsebSi
xmauris
Semcireba
wyaroSive, individualuri da koleqtiuri dacvis saSualebebis gamoyeneba, sawarmoo saTavsebis racionaluri dagegmva da akustikuri damuSaveba. yvelaze efeqturia wyaroSive xmauris Semcireba an misi mimarTulebis Secvla, magram es iwvevs xmaurwarmomqmneli kvanZis konstruqciul gadakeTebas, rac moqmedi egmisaTvis xSirad miuRebelia. aerodinamikuri sadebi
_
Tavsdeba
rezini,
xmauris
Sesamcireblad
qeCa, korpi
manqana-aparaturis
da
Zirsa
gamoiyeneba
amortizatoris da
sayrden
xmaursaizolacio
mravali
zedapirs
saxeoba. Soris.
sadebi
magidaze
moTavsebuli xmaurwarmomqmneli aparatura _ gamomTvlelebi, perforaciuli manqanebi unda moTavsdes sinTetikuri masalisagan damzadebul sadebze, an rbil qsovilze. TviT magidis fexebis boloebSi unda damagrdes 6-8 mm sisqis rbili rezinis an qeCis sadebi. farTo gavrceleba hpova xmaurmaizolirebelma gadamRobma konstruqciebma, rogoricaa:
aguri,
xmaurmaizolirebeli masaze, acileba
fenebis
mina-bloki, Tvisebebi
raodenobaze,
ukeTesia
mZime
xe
da
mkvrivi
damokidebulia xmauris
speqtrze.
konstruqciebiT,
plastmasebi.
konstruqciis
gabaritebze,
dabalsixSiriani
maRalsixSiriani
maTi
xmauris
xmaurisaTvis
_
SedarebiT Txeli da msubuqi SemoRobvebis mowyoba. zog SemTxvevaSi xmauris donis Sesamcireblad gamoiyeneba akustikuri ekrani, romlis moqmedeba emyareba masze dacemuli bgeris talRebis STanTqmaze da arekvlaze. ekranebi mzaddeba mTliani, myari furclebisagan an farebisagan, 51
romlebzec xSirad orive mxridan datanilia 50 mm sisqis xmaurmSTanTqmeli masala. gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos is garemoeba, rom dabalsixSiriani e.i. ufro
grZeli
gamoyeneba
talRebi
ufro
advilad
efeqturia
Semouvlian
saSualo
SemoRobvas,
da
amitom
maRalsixSiruli
ekranis xmauris
Sesamcireblad. Tu
ar
xerxdeba
xmauris
Semcireba
wyaroSi,
zedapiridan
arekvlili
talRebis Semcireba miiRweva xmaurSTanTqmiT. xmaurSTanTqma aris akustikurad damuSavebuli zedapirebis Tviseba Seamciros bgeris intensivobis done bgeris energiis
siTbur
darbazis
energiaSi
servisuli
da
gardaqmnis
xarjze.
periferiuli
xmaurSTanTqma
aparaturis
samanqano
saTavsebis
xmauris
Semcirebis martivi da efeqturi RonisZiebaa. masalis
unari,
STanTqas
masze
dacemuli
bgeris
talRa,
xasiaTdeba
bgeraSTanTqmis koeficientiT α=EST/Edac. α=1-is SemTxvevaSi masala mTlianad STanTqavs bgeris talRebs. xmaurmSTanTqmelad iTvleba iseTi masalebi da konstruqciebi, romelTa bgeraTSTanTqmis koeficienti α≥0,2. saukeTeso
xmaurmSTanTqmeli
TvisebebiT
xasiaTdeba
boWkovan-forovani
masalebi: fibrolituri filebi, minaboWko, mineraluri bamba, foroplasti, forovani polivinilqloridi da sxva. es masalebi 8-15 decibeliT amcireben xmauris dones. #10 cxrilSi moyvanilia zogierTi samSeneblo masalis da konstruqciis mier bgeris STanTqmis koeficientis mniSvnelobebi. bgeris
STanTqmis
efeqti
izrdeba
saTavsis
simaRlis
Semcirebisas.
6
metris simaRlis saTavsSi mizanSewonilia xmauris wyarosagan minimalurad dacilebuli Camokiduli Weris mowyoba. didi farTobis saTavsebSi (500 m2-ze meti), xmauris wyarosagan kedlebis SesamCnevi dacilebis gamo, ar axdenen maT dafarvas xmaursaizolacio masaliT.
52
masalebis da konstruqciebis bgeris STanTqmis koeficientis sidideebi cxrili #10 SemoRobvis tipi
iataki
gadamRobi konstruqcia (kedlebi, Weri)
bgeraSTanTqmeli konstruqciebi fanjara
oqtavuri zolebis saSualogeometriuli sixSireebi, hc. 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,08 0,06 0,06 0,02 0,02 0,03 0,03 0,04 0,04 0,18 0,11 0,19 0,39 0,95 0,56 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,03 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,07
masala an konstruqcia betoni xis iataki 5 mm sisqis linoleumi xe-boWkovani fila, h=25 mm. SeRebili betoni aguris kedeli zeTis saRebaviT dafaruli kedeli mSrali baTqaSi xis paneli, h=10 mm perforirebuli akustikuri fila, h=20 mm minaboWkos sagebi, h=50 mm silikaturi mina
0,01
0,01
0,02
0,02
0,03
0,03
0,02 0,25
0,05 0,15
0,06 0,06
0,08 0,05
0,08 0,04
0,05 0,04
0,03
0,17
0,68
0,98
0,86
0,45
0,98 0,18
1,0 0,12
0,93 0,07
0,97 0,04
0,4 0,35
0,85 0,25
haersadenebidan, saventilacio da kondicionirebis danadgarebis arxebidan marTvis
mowyobilobebis
mayuCebis
gamoyenebiT.
saTavsebSi
mayuCi
SeRweuli
SeiZleba
iyos
xmauris aqtiuri
Semcireba
xdeba
(xmaurmSTanTqmeli
masaliT) da reaqtiuli (masalis gareSe). am mizniT gamoiyeneba aqtiuri mayuCebi _ milovani, firfitovani da kameriani. milovan mayuCSi xmauris Semcireba damokidebulia
Sida
amogebuli
zedapiris
farTze,
perimetrze,
amosageb
masalaze. maRali sixSiris xmauris CasaxSobad amosagebi fenis sisqe unda Seadgendes aranaklebi. 20-30 mm-s, dabalsixSiriani xmauris Sesasusteblad ki _ 80-100 mm. firfitovani da kameriani mayuCebi gamoirCeva konstruqciis sirTuliT da didi gabaritebiT. [10] Tu samuSao adgilze ar xerxdeba xmauris donis Semcireba dasaSveb zRvramde, gamoyenebul unda iqnas individualuri dacvis saSualebebi. konstruqciuli Sesrulebis mixedviT, individualuri dacvis saSualebebs miekuTvneba: saTavsebSi
xmaursawinaaRmdego sakmarisia
dacvis
sayurisi, martivi
muzaradi,
saSualebebis
CaCqani.
gamoyeneba,
elastiuri masalisagan damzadebuli xmaursawinaaRmdego sadebi. E
53
rogorc
wesi,
rogoricaa
Tavi 6.
informatikis da marTvis sistemebis eleqtrousafrTxoeba
6.1. eleqtruli denis moqmedeba adamianze
eleqtruli saSiSroebas
danadgarebi,
egm-is
warmoadgens, radganac
mowyobilobebi
adamianisaTvis
eqspluataciis procesSi an
did
saremonto
profilaqtikuri samuSaoebis Catarebisas momuSave SeiZleba Seexos Zabvis qveS myof nawilebs. eleqtrodanadgaris specifiuri saSiSroebaa dengamtari sadenebis, egm-is korpusis izolaciis dazianeba. eleqtrul denze adamianis reaqcia vlindeba mxolod maSin, rodesac is mis sxeulSi gaivlis. adamianis
sxeulSi
gamavali
eleqtruli
deni
iwvevs
Termul,
eleqtrolitur, meqanikur da biologiur moqmedebas. Termuli moqmedeba vlindeba sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilebis sidamwvreSi, eleqtrolituri-organuli fizikur-qimiuri
siTxeebis
Semadgenlobis
(sisxli,
limfa)
cvlilebaSi.
daSlaSi
meqanikuri
da
moqmedeba
maTi iwvevs
kunTovani qsovilis gaxleCas. denis biologiuri moqmedeba mdgomareobs deniT organizmis qsovilebis aRgznebaSi. eleqtruli denis mravalferovani zemoqmedebis Sedegia eleqtruli travma da eleqtruli dartyma. eleqtrul travmebs miekuTvneba: sxvadasxva xarisxis damwvrobebi; siRrmeSi
kanis
gamdnari
moliToneba-eleqtrorkalis liTonis
umciresi
moqmedebis
nawilakebis
Sedegad
SeWra;
kanis
monacrisfro-
moyviTalo feris eleqtruli niSnebi kanze; eleqtroofTalmia-eleqtrorkalis gamosxivebiT Tvalebis dazianeba. eleqtruli moqmedeba,
dartymis
romelic
ZiriTadi
mdgomareobs
gamomwvevi
organizmis
mizezia
denis
sasicocxlo
biologiuri
funqciebisaTvis
mniSnelovani bioeleqtruli procesebis darRvevaSi. eleqtrotravmebis gamomwvev mizezebs miekuTvneba: _ momsaxure personalis mier eleqtrousafrTxoebis wesebis da instruqciebis daucveloba; _ eleqtrosadenebis izolaciis dazianeba; _ gaumarTavi damcavi saSualebebis da instrumentebis gamoyeneba; 54
_ Zabvis qveS myof mowyobilobebis dengamtar nawilebTan uneblie Sexeba; _ mowyobilobebis damcavi Camiwebis an danulebis gaumarTaoba an ararseboba.
6.2 eleqtruli deniT daSavebis Sedegze moqmedi faqtorebi
adamianSi
denis
gavlisas,
Sedegebi
SeiZleba
iyos
sxvadasxvagvari,
dawyebuli umniSvnelo gaRizianebiT da damTavrebuli letaluri dasasruliT. ZiriTadi, rac gansazRvravs deniT daSavebis Sedegs aris adamianis sxeulSi gamavali
denis
moqmedebis
Zalis
sidide.
xangrZlivobas,
mis
didi
mniSvneloba
sixSires
da
eniWeba
sxeulSi
adamianze
denis
gavlis
denis gzas.
mniSvnelovani faqtoria aseve adamianis eleqtruli winaRoba da modebuli Zabva. denis
deniT
Zala.
daSavebis
ZiriTad
faqtorad
iTvleba
adamianSi
gamavali denis Zalis sidide. sagrZnobi deni aris adamianis sxeulSi gamavali deni, romelic iwvevs gaRizianebas. cvladi denis SemTxvevaSi gaRizianebis gamomwvevia denis Zala 0,5-1,5ma, xolo mudmivi denis SemTxvevaSi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 5-7ma. damWeri denis moqmedeba iwvevs xelis kunTebis spazmur SekumSvas, romlis drosac
adamiani
damoukideblad
ver
xsnis
TiTebs,
romelSic
moqceulia
dengamtari sadeni. zRvruli damWeri cvladi denis Zala tolia 10-15 ma, zRvruli damWeri mudmivi deni _ 50-60ma. fibrilaciuri deni organizmSi gavlis Semdeg iwvevs gulis fibrilacias. fiblaciis
iseTi
mdgomareobaa,
rodesac
guli
wyvets
gansazRvruli
TanmimdevrobiT SekumSvas da adgili aqvs gulis kunTis boWkoTa calkeul arakoordinirebul `biZgebs~, romlis drosac wydeba gulis tumbos funqcia da SeiZleba
momentaluri
sikvdiliT
damTavrdes.
cvladi
denis
SemTxvevaSi
zRvruli fibrilaciuri denis Zala udris 100ma, mudmivi denis SemTxvevaSi _ 300-500 ms. 5 amperze meti deni myisierad aCerebs guls. eleqtruli
denis
moqmedebis
xangrZlivoba.
gulze
denis
xangrZlivi
moqmedeba mTavrdeba mZime SedegiT. fibrilaciis gamo deniT daSavebis simZime damokidebulia imaze, Tu kardiociklis romel fazas emTxveva gulze denis gavlis
dro.
Tu
denis
moqmedebis
xangrZlivoba
udris
an
aRemateba
kardiociklis dros (0,75-1 wami), gamavali deni gadafaravs gulis muSaobis 55
yvela fazas, rac saSiSia organizmisaTvis. Tu denis moqmedebis dro 0,2 wamiT moklea kardiociklis xangrZlivobaze, daSavebis simZeme mkveTrad mcirdeba. denis moqmedebis xangrZlivobis gavlena daSavebis simZimeze gamoisaxeba , sadac
empiriuli formuliT
_ gamavali denis Zalis sidide, ma;
_
moqmedebis xangrZlivoba, wm. daSavebis xarisxi damokidebulia adamianSi denis gavlis gzaze. Tu denis gavlis gzaze aRmoCndeba sicocxlisaTvis mniSvnelovani organoebi, rogoricaa guli,
filtvi,
Tavis
da
zurgis
tvini,
maSin
daSavebis
safrTxe
didia.
eleqtrotravmebis analizis Sedegad dadgenilia, rom denis gavlis gzebi mravalgvaria:
`xeli-xeli~,
`xeli-fexi~,
`Tavi-fexebi~,
`fexi-fexi~
da
sxva.
`fexi-fexi~ SemTxvevaSi gulze gaivlis saerTo denis 0,4%, `xeli-xeli~ _ 3,3%. eleqtrodanadgarebis pirobebSi,
300
volt
momsaxurebis
Zabvamde
did
praqtika
gviCvenebs,
saSiSiroebas
rom
warmoadgens
erTnair
samrewvelo
sixSiris (50 herci) cvladi deni. ufro didi Zabvisas mudmivi deniT daSavebis safrTxe mkveTrad izrdeba. did saSiSroebas warmoadgens denis sixSire 50 hercidan 1000 hercamde. 1000 hercis zemoT arsebobs Termuli damwvrobis saSiSroeba. adamianis eleqtruli winaRoba. adamianis sxeuli eleqtrodenis gamtaria. eleqtrul dens did winaRobas uwevs kani. kani Sedgeba ori ZiriTadi fenisagan: gare-epidermisisa
da
Siga-dermasagan.
epidermisi
Tavis
mxriv
Sedgeba
ramodenime fenisagan, romelTagan yvelaze gareTa fenaa rqovana. mSral da dauzianebel mdgomareobaSi rqovana dieleqtrikia, misi xvedriTi winaRoba Seadgens 105-106 oms. rqovanas dazianebis SemTxvevaSi organizmis winaRoba 10005000 omamde ecema. Siga organoebis winaRoba udris 200-500 oms. adamianis sxeulis winaRoba cvladi sididea. igi damokidebulia kanis mdgomareobaze, garemo pirobebze, eleqtruli wredis parametrebze da sxva. eleqtrousafrTxoebis
pirobebi
damokidebulia
saTavsebSi
garemos
parametrebze (temperatura, tenianoba, dengamtari mtvris arseboba da sxva). datenianebul dengamtari
saTavsSi
mtvris
iqmneba
arseboba
deniT
eleqtruli
dengamtar nawilebTan, aseve miwasTan.
56
daSavebis
xelsayreli
kontaqtis
xelSemwyobia,
pirobebi. rogorc
6.3.
eleqtromowyobilobebis dengamtar nawilebTan Sexebis saSiSroebis analizi
informatikis, marTvis sistemebis da mowyobilobis saTavsebi gamoirCeva qselebis, denebis tipis da Zabvis doneebis mravalsaxeobiT. marTvis teqnikis da sistemebis kveba xorcieldeba 50 hercis sixSiris, 380/220 volti Zabvis mqone samfaza qselidan, calkeuli mowyobilobebis ki _ 5-dan 380 voltamde Zabvis rogorc cvladi, ise mudmivi denis erTfaza qselidan. gansakuTrebul saSiSroebas warmoadgens dengamtar nawilebTan orpolusa (nax. 10) Sexeba, roca adamiani aRmoCndeba qselis sruli muSa Zabvis qveS. , sadac
sxeulSi gamavali denis Zalis sidide iqneba fazuri Zabva, v., xolo
aris qselis
_ adamianis winaRoba, om.
nax. 10. samfaza qselTan orpolusa Sexebis sqema
rogorc
formulidan
Cans,
adamianSi
gamavali
denis
Zalis
sidide
damokidebulia qselis Zabvasa da adamianis winaRobaze. amdenad, usafrTxoebis erTerT zomad miCneulia qselis muSa Zabvis dadableba. magram teqnikuri pirobebis Tanaxmad, egm-is calkeuli blokebis muSa Zabvis sidide aRwevs iseT mniSvnelobebs, romlis drosac denis Zala bevrad aRemateba zRvrul damWer sidideebs da utoldeba fibrilaciuri denebis mniSvnelobebs. eleqtrotravmatizmis
SemTxvevebis
analizma
aCvena,
rom
samrewvelo
danadgarebis eqspluataciis procesSi orpolusa Sexeba iSviaTia. ufro xSirad adgili
aqvs
izolirebulneitralian
da
Camiwebulneitralian
qselebTan
erTpolusa Sexebas (nax. 11, 12). erTpolusa Sexeba naklebad saSiSia, radgan adamianze moqmedi Zabva 1,73-jer naklebia xazur Zabvaze, Sesabamisad naklebi 57
sididis deni gaivlis adamianSi. erTpolusa Sexebisas adamianSi gamavali denis Zala
damokidebulia
transformatoris
neitralis
reJimze.
gragnilebis
neitrali
SeerTeba
aris
Camamiwebel
generatoris
an
mowyobilobasTan.
nax. #11-ze warmodgenilia adamianis erTpolusa Sexebis sqema izolirebuli neitralian samfaza qselTan. naxazze r1, r2, r3 aris izolaciis winaRobebi, xolo C1, C2, C3 _ qselis tevadoba. qselTan erTpolusa Sexeba qmnis Sekrul eleqtrul wreds: pirveli fazis transformatoris gragnili-sadeni 1-adamianimiwa-meore da mesame fazis aqtiuri da tevaduri winaRobebi r2, r3, C2, C3 _ sadeni 2, 3 _ meore da mesame fazebis transformatoris gragnilebi.
nax. 11. samfaza izolirebulneitralian qselTan adamianis Sexebis sqema
dauSvaT, rom r1=r2=r3=riz., Sesabamisad C1= C2,=C3= C, maSin adamianSi gamavali denis Zalis sidide gamoiTvleba formuliT ad=3U/(3Rad+riz),
Tu U=220 v, Rad=1 kom-s, riz=7 kom-s, miviRebT, rom
ad=66
ma,
rac warmoadgens saSiSroebas, Tu gavzrdiT riz=500 kom-s, miviRebT mxolod
denis
ad=1,32
ma, rac adamianSi gamoiwvevs
SegrZnebas.
formulidan
da
gamoTvlebidan Cans, rom Tu uzrunvelyofili iqneba izolaciis Sexeba nax. 12. Camiwebulneitralian samfaza qselTan adamianis Sexebis sqema
winaRobis
mcire
maRali
tevadobis
done,
erTpolusa
izolirebulneitralian
qselTan usafrTxo iqneba. nax. #12 warmodgenilia Camiwebulneitralian samfaza
qselTan
erTpolusa
Sexebis
sqema.
erTpolusa Sexebisas Seikvreba eleqtruli wredi: transformatoris gragnili 1-sadeni 1-adamiani-miwa-Cammiweblis winaRoba r0-transformatoris gragnili 1. 58
adamianSi gamavali denis sidide gamoiTvleba formuliT:
ad=U/Rad.
realur
pirobebSi adamianis winaRobasTan erTad ganixileba fexsacmlis da iatakis winaRobebi. saorientaciod fexsacmlis winaRoba aiReba 1,5-8000 komi, iatakis winaRoba SeirCeva Semdegi monacemebis mixedviT: mSrali, xis iataki _ 10000 komi; nestiani, xis iataki _ 20-25 komi; mSrali, betonis iataki _ 75 komi; nestiani, betonis iataki _ 1,5 komi. am monacemebidan Cans, rom fexsacmlis da iatakis arseboba mniSvnelovan gavlenas
axdebs
denis
Zalis
formula miiRebs Semdeg saxes rfex.= riat=75 koms, denis Zala ganxiluli
sidideze.
magaliTebidan
SemTxvevaSi
zemoT
moyvanili
U/(Rad+ rfex.+ riat.), Tu U=220 v, Rad=1 koms,
ad=
ad=1,46
am
ma, rac iwvevs mxolod denis SegrZnebas.
Cans,
rom
adamianis
daSavebis
safrTxe
izolirebulneitralian qselSi CarTvisas ufro mcirea, vidre Camiwebulneitraliani qselebis SemTxvevaSi, radganac izolirebulneitralian qselebSi damatebiT moqmedebs sadenebis izolaciis winaRobebi. gaTvlebma aCvena, rom Tanabar
pirobebSi,
izolirebulneitralian
qselSi
CarTvisas
adamianSi
gamavali denis sidide 11-jer naklebia, vidre daSavebis deni Camiwebulneitralian qselSi CarTvisas. zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis garda, garkveul saSiSroebas warmoadgens bijuri Zabva. eleqtruli qselis izolaciis dazianebis SemTxvevaSi sadeni SeiZleba aRmoCndes miwaze. am SemTxvevaSi moxdeba denis gandineba miwaSi. Tu adamiani
imyofeba
potencials.
gandinebis
udidesi
elqtruli
zonaSi,
misi
potenciali
fexebi
miiReben
aRiniSneba
garkveul
sadenis
miwasTan
Sexebis adgilas. gandinebis wertilidan 1 m siSoreze Zabvis vardna Seadgebs 68%-s. 10 m-is siSoreze _ 92%-s. 20 m-is manZilze bijuri Zabvis mniSvneloba Ubiji=0. bijuri Zabvis SemTxvevaSi deni gaivlis gziT `fexi-fexi~. Tu Ubiji mniSvneloba aRemateba 100-500 v-s, moxdeba fexebis kunTebis krunCxva, adamiani daecema miwaze, ris Sedegadac daSavebis simZime mkveTrad gaizrdeba. eleqtruli
deniT
gamowveuli
ubeduri
SemTxvevebis
analizi
iZleva
saSualebas gamovlindes daSavebis ZiriTadi mizezebi: _ Zabvis qveS myof dengamtar nawilebTan uneblie Sexeba; _ dacviTi saSualebebis gaumarTaoba; _ sawarmoo mowyobilobebis liTonur nawilebze (SemoRobva, korpusebi, 59
garsacmi) Zabvis gadasvla; _ gamorTuli eleqtrodanadgarebis SecdomiT CarTva.
6.4. eleqtruli denisagan dacvis zomebi
eleqtrotravmatizmis sistemebis
saTavsebSi
organizebas.
asacileblad
moqmedi
didi
mniSvneloba
eleqtrodanadgarebis
eleqtrodanadgarebis
eniWeba
marTvis
momsaxurebis
mowyobis
wesis
swor
Tanaxmad
eleqtrodanadgarebi da qselebi SeiZleba iyos: 1000 v-is zeviT Camiwebuli da izolirebuli neitraliT; 1000 v-mde Camiwebuli da izolirebuli neitraliT. eleqtrodanadgarebis konstruqciebis
aseTi
mimarT
dayofa
iZleva
optimaluri
saSualebas
moTxovnebi,
xolo
SemuSavdes momsaxure
personalisaTvis _ usafrTxoebis zomebi da saSualebebi. marTvis sistemebis elqtromowyobiloba miekuTvneba 1000 v-mde momuSave danadgarebs. gamonakliss warmoadgens mxolod ramodenime kilovoltis mqone ekranis pultebi, displei, eleqtronul-sxivuri milaki. saTavsebis garemo, romelSic imyofeba informatikis, marTvis sistemebi, mowyobiloba, moqmedebs aparatura _ danadgarebis eleqtrul izolaciaze. am TvalsazrisiT
ganasxvaveben
usafrTxo
saTavsebs,
saTavsebs
gazrdili
safrTxiT da saTavsebs gansakuTrebiT gazrdili safrTxiT. usafrTxo saTavsebia _ mSrali, umtvero, romelSic haeris temperaturaa 18-220C, xolo fardobiTi tenoanoba _ 40-60%. gazrdili
safrTxis maRali
saTavsebi (+350C-ze
tenianobiT
da
arsebobiT;
gansakuTrebulad
xasiaTdeba meti)
saSiSs
haeris
75%-iani
temperaturiT, miekuTvneba
fardobiTi
dengamtari
100%-iani
mtvris
fardobiTi
tenianobis mqone saTavsebi (kedlebi, mowyobiloba, dafarulia teniT), qimiurad agresiuli garemo, romelic iwvevs izolaciis dazianebas. saTavsis kategoriis gaTvaliswinebiT saWiroa garkveuli dacviTi zomebis Catareba. magaliTad, gazrdili safrTxis saTavsebSi unda moixmarebodes ormagi izolaciis mqone eleqtroinstrumenti,
gadasatani
sanaTurebi,
aRematebodes 42 volts.
60
romelTa
Zabva
ar
unda
gansakuTrebulad saSiS saTavsebSi gadasatani sanaTurebis Zabva unda Seadgendes 12 v-s, xolo 42 v Zabvis mqone eleqtroinstrumentis sargebloba daSvebulia dieleqtrikuli xelTaTmanebis gamoyenebiT. mowyobilobebis profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT, saremontosamontaJo samuSaoebis Catareba daSvebulia Zabvis moxsniT da Zabvis moxsnis gareSe. Zabvis moxsnis gareSe samuSaoebs miekuTvneba egm-is calkeuli kvanZebis, blokebis
gamarTva.
aseTi
samuSaoebi(1000
v-ian
eleqtrodanadgarebSi)
garkveuli teqnikuri da organizaciuli RonisZiebebis Catarebas moiTxovs, rogoricaa:
dengamtari
xaliCebis,
nawilebis
xelTaTmanebis,
SemoRobva,
dieleqtrikuli
maizolirebelsaxeluriani
botebis,
instrumentebis
gamoyeneba.
6.5 Ddacvis teqnikuri saSualebebi
eleqtruli denisagan adamianis dasacavad gamoiyeneba Semdegi teqnikuri saSualebebi: SemomRobi mowyobiloba, dengamtari nawilebis izolacia (muSa, damatebiTi,
ormagi,gaZlierebuli),
potencialTa variaciaSi
gaTanabreba gamoyeneba
da
damcavi
sxva.
Camiweba,
CamoTvlili
uzrunvelyofs
danuleba,
amorTva,
saSualebebis
sxvadasxva
dengamtar
nawilebTan
adamianebis
Seuxeblobas, xolo Zabvis qveS aramyof dengamtar liTonur nawilebs daicavs Zabvis gadasvlisagan. SemomRobi saxuravebis,
mowyobilobebi
25Ă&#x2014;25
mm-iani
Sesrulebulia
badeebis
saxiT.
mTliani
uwvadi
damcavi
garsacmebis, garsacmebiT
SemoRobilia eleqtruli wredis gamTiSvelebi. SemoRobvebi icavs adamians eleqtruli rkalisagan. izolaciis fizikuri arsi mdgomareobs denis Zalis sididis SezRudvaSi. izolaciis
mdgomareoba
konstruqciaze,
sawarmo
damokidebulia garemos
masalaze,
mikroklimatur
eleqtrodanadgaris
pirobebze
(temperatura,
tenianoba, orTqli, mtveri). izolaciis xarisxi xasiaTdeba denis gadinebis winaRobiT. eleqtrodanadgarebis mowyobis wesebis Tanaxmad qselis nebismier ubanze
or
mcvels
Soris
gadinebis
deni
ar
unda
aRematebodes
0,001
a.
izolaciis winaRoba Riz unda Seadgendes 500000 oms, an aranakleb 1000â&#x2039;&#x2026;U (U _ 61
danadgaris
Zabva).
1000
voltamde
Zabvis
eleqtrodanadgarebSi
izolaciis
perioduli Semowmeba xdeba M1101 tipis magometris gamoyenebiT. 50 hercis sixSiris mqone qselebSi izolaciis mdgomareobis mudmivi kontrolisaTvis ПКИ, ТКТ-60
gamoiyeneba
tipis
aparatura.
izolaciis
winaRobis
Semcirebis
SemTxvevaSi aparatura gamoscems xmovan an sinaTlis signals. usafrTxoebis asamaRleblad,
sadenebis
funqcionaluri
daniSnulebis
gaTvaliswinebiT
SemoRebulia izolaciis Semdegi Seferiloba: Savi _ Zalovani qselebisaTvis, wiTeli-marTvis, sazomi da cvladi denis signalizaciis da cvladi denis qselebisaTvis, lurji _ mudmivi denis analogiur qselebSi, momwvano-yviTeli _
Camiwebis
qselebisaTvis,
sadenebisaTvis.
ormagi
cisferi
izolacia
_
nulovan
zrdis
xelis
sadenTan
mierTebuli
eleqtroinstrumentis
saimedoobas. damcavi Camiweba. damcavi Camiweba aris izolirebulneitralian qselebSi gamoyenebuli teqnikuri saSualeba damcav CamiwebaSi igulisxmeba eleqtrodanadgaris
aradengamtari
nawilebis
winaswari
mierTeba
miwasTan
an
mis
eqvivalentTan.
nax. 13. damcavi Camiwebis sqema
nax. #13-ze warmodgenilia izolirebulneitralian qselTan mierTebuli eleqtrodanadgari, romelzec moxda erTerTi fazis mokle CarTva korpusze. danadgaris korpusi Camamiwebeli mowyobilobiT mierTebulia miwasTan. damcavi Camiwebis
moqmedebis
principi
mdgomareobs
imaSi,
rom
adamianis
Sexeba
korpusTan usafrTxoa, radganac Camamiwebeli qmnis damcavi Camiwebis wreds adamianis
CarTvis
wredis
paralelurad.
radganac
Camamiweblis
wredis
winaRoba (4-10 omi) naklebia adaminis winaRobaze (1000 omi), ZiriTadi deni wava RC.m. wrediT, adamianSi ki gaivlis denis usafrTxo mniSvneloba. magaliTi: Tu 62
izoliaciis riz=10000 oms,
Rad=1000 oms, U=220 volts, Camamiweblis ararsebobis
Iad=3U/(3Rad+riz)
SemTxvevaSi
Iadâ&#x2030;&#x2C6;51
Tanaxmad
saSiSroebas warmoadgens. magram Tu R
C.m=10
ma,
rac
adamianisaTvis
did
oms, Iad=3 U/ riz (Rad/ RCm), miviRebT,
rom Iad=0,66 ma, rac iwvevs mxolod denis SegrZnebas. eleqtrodanadgarebis mowyobis wesis Tanaxmad damcavi Camiweba gamoiyeneba 380 v cvladi denis da 440 v
mudmivi
denis
eleqtrodanadgarebSi,
transformatirebSi,
kabelebis
garsacmebisaTvis, SemoRobvebisaTvis, gadasatani da gadaadgilebadi eleqtromimRebisaTvis. damcavi
Camiweba
warmnoadgens
Camamiweblis
da
Camamiwebeli
sadenebis
erTobliobas. Camamiwebeli SeiZleba iyos bunebrivi da xelovnuri, bunebriv Camamiweblad iyeneben foladis milebs (wvadi airebis da siTxeebis milebis garda), kabelebis liTonur garsacmebs, rkina-betonis saZirkvlebs. xelovnuri hirizontaluri Camamiweblebi SeirCeva mowyobilobebis farTis gaTvaliswinebiT. vertikaluri Camamiweblebi mzaddeba foladis milebisagan, badeebisagan,
da
sxva.
isini
zeda
boloTi
SeduRebulia
horizontalurad
moTavsebul SemaerTebel zolTan. gamoTvliTi centris saTavsebi aRWurvilia damcavi Camiwebis badisebri kontur-salteTi. kontur-salte Cawyobilia egm-is qveS badis saxiT, ujredebis zomiT 1200Ă&#x2014;1200 mm. egm-s calkeuli
yvela
kvanZi,
sadenebiT.
dabrkolebamdgradobis
bloki,
elementi,
samanqano
SeerTebulia
darbazSi
asamaRlebeli
sqemuri
kontur-saltesTan
gaTvaliswinebulia Camiwebis
egm-is
kontur-salte.
is
Sesrulebulia 120 mm2 kveTis mqone spilenZis saltesagan da Sexebis gareSe Cawyobilia
ZiriTadi
kontur-saltes
paralelurad.
orive
kontur-salte
mierTebulia erTmaneTTan gamanawilebel Zalovan karadaSi. damcavi danuleba. damcavi danuleba gamoiyeneba 1000 voltamde Zabvis cvladi denebis, rogorc izolirebulneitralian, aseve Camiwebulneitralian qselebSi.
danuleba
aris
eleqtrodanadgaris
liTonuri,
aradengamtari
nawilebis windawin mierTeba nulovan sadenTan. danulebis damcavi efeqti mdgomareobs korpusze CarTvis xangrZlivobis, anu adamianze eleqtruli denis
63
nax. 14. damcavi danulebis sqema
zemoqmedebis
xangrZlivobis
SemcirebaSi.
es
miiRweva
eleqtrodanadgaris
liTonuri korpusis transformatoris nulovan sadenTan mierTebiT. aseTi mierTeba
korpusze
fazur
da
nulovan
sadenebs
CarTvis dens, romlis drosac amoqmeddeba dacva avtomaturi
gaTiSva.
damokidebulia
am
fazuri
SemTxvevaSi da
warmoqmnis
mokle
_ xdeba qselidan danadgaris
adamianSi
nulovani
Soris
sadenebis
gamavali
denis
winaRobebis
sidide
fardobaze.
imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyofili iyos avariuli ubnis gamorTva, warmoqmnili mokle
CarTvis
denis
mniSvneloba
unda
iyos
didi.
eleqtrodanadgarebis
mowyobis wesebis Tanaxmad mokle CarTvis denis sidide nominalur dens 3-jer unda aRematebodes dnobadi mcvelis SemTxvevaSi, xolo avtomatis amoqmedebis nominalur dens 1,5-jer. damcavi
amorTva.
eleqtrotravmebis
eleqtrotravmatizmis
umetesoba
gamowveulia
statistika
dengamtar
aCvenebs,
nawilebTan
rom
uSualo
SexebiT e.w. eleqtrodanadgaris muSaobis normalur reJimSi. am SemTxvevaSi arc erTi zemoaRwerili dacvis RonisZieba ar uzrunvelyofs adamianis dacvas. damcavi amorTva aris swrafmoqmedi, qselidan eleqtrodanadgaris avtomaturi gaTiSvis
teqnikuri
saSualeba.
damcavi
amorTva
gamoiyeneba,
rogorc
izolirebulneitralian ise Camiwebulneitralian qselebSi. damcavi amorTvis mowyobiloba SemTxvevaSi
mudmivad gaTiSavs
akontrolebs qsels
an
ubans.
qsels
da
amorTvis
parametrebis
Secvlis
mowyobilobebi
Sedgeba
gadamwodisgan, gardamqmnelisa da Semsrulebeli elementisagan. potencialTa
gaTanabreba
_
bijuri
da
Sexebis
Zabvebis
Semcirebis
damcavi teqnikuri saSualebaa. potencialTa gaTanabreba miiRweva konturuli 64
Camamiweblis mowyobiT. konturuli Camamiweblidan denis Cadinebisas, konturis SigniT miwa iZens Camamiweblis potencials. amiT bijis da Sexebis Zabvebis maqsimaluri
mniSvnelobebi
mcirdeba.
gamoTvliT
centrebSi
potencialTa
gaTanabreba xorcieldeba egm-is liTonuri dgarebis, sanaTurebis korpusebis da sxva mowyobilobebis mierTebiT damcavi Camiwebis kontur-saltesTan.
6.6 pirveladi daxmarebis RonisZiebebi eleqtrodeniT daSavebis SemTxvevaSi
eleqtrodeniT gamowveuli ubeduri SemTxvevebis dros pirveli daxmareba moicavs or etaps: dazaralebulis ganTavisuflebas denis moqmedebisagan da misTvis samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCenas. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, daSavebis simZime didadaa damokidebuli denis zemoqmedebis xangrZlivobaze, amitom Zalian mniSnelovania dazaralebulis swrafi
ganTavisufleba
misgan.
dazaralebulis
ganTavisufleba
denis
zemoqmedebisagan SeiZleba sxvadasxva xerxis gamoyenebiT, magram pirveli da ZiriTadia eleqtrodanadgaris im nawilis an ubnis gamorTva, romelsac exeba dazaralebuli. gamorTva xdeba uaxlesi amomrTvelis, denmkveTis an sxva gamomrTvelis aparatis saSualebiT. Tu daSavebuli iatakidan an miwidan maRla imyofeba, saWiroa zomebis miReba, raTa igi ar daziandes Camovardnis dros. Tu danadgaris swrafi gamorTva SeuZlebelia, maSin saWiroa daSavebuli movaciloT dengamtar nawilebs, romelTac igi exeba. am dros damxmarem unda daicvas
usafrTxoebis
Sesabamisi
RonisZiebebi,
raTa
TviTon
ar
moxvdes
kontaqtSi dengamtar nawilTan. 400
voltamde
dengamtari
Zabvis
nawilidan
eleqtrodanadgarebSi
gamoviyvanoT
(gamovaTrioT)
daSavebuli mSrali
SeiZleba tansacmlis
boloebze xelis mokidebiT. am dros ar SeiZleba SevexoT daSavebulis sxeuls, mis
fexsacmels.
aseve
SeiZleba
xelebis
izolireba
dieleqtrikuli
xelTaTmanebiT. zog SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia daSavebuli sadens movaciloT mSrali ficriT an joxiT, an sadenis gadaWriT mSrali xistariani culiT. 400 voltze meti Zabvis danadgarebSi dengamtari nawilisagan daSavebulis gasaTavisufleblad aucilebelia dieleqtrikuli xelTaTmanebisa da botebis 65
gamoyeneba; agreTve unda vimoqmediT StangiT an specialuri maizolirebeli marwuxebiT. pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCenis RonisZiebebi damokidebulia denis
moqmedebisagan
misi
ganTavisuflebis
Semdeg
dazaralebulis
mdgomareobaze. Tu dazaralebuli gonebazea, magram manamde gulwasuli iyo, saWiroa davawvinoT da eqimis mosvlamde uzrunvelvyoT misi sruli simSvide da pulsisa da sunTqvis kontroli. Tu
dazaralebuli
grZnobadakargulia,
unda
davawvinoT
gulaRma,
gavuxsnaT tansacmeli da mivceT Tavisuflad sunTqvis saSualeba, vaynosinoT niSaduris spirti, saxeze movasxuroT wyali. Tu dazaralebuls ar esinjeba pulsi,
sunTqavs
Zalian
iSviaTad
da
araTanabrad,
saWiroa
dauyovnebliv
Cautardes xelovnuli sunTqva da gulis masaJi. xelovnuri sunTqis arsebuli xerxebidan yvelaze efeqturia xelovnuri sunTqva `piridan pirSi~ an `piridan cxvirSi~ haeris CaberviT. am xerxis gamoyenebisaTvis
saWiroa
dazaralebuli
davawvinoT
horozontalurad,
gavuRoT piri. xorxis gasaxsnelad saWiroa dazaralebuls gadavuxaroT Tavi ukan, cali xeli movkidoT kefis qveS, xolo meore xeliT davawveT mis Subls manam, sanam nikapi da yeli ar aRmoCndeba erT swor xazze. Tavis aseTi mdgomareobis
dros
ena
dacilebulia
xorxis
Sesasvlelidan,
riTac
uzrunvelyofilia haerisaTvis Tavisufali gasasvleli filtvebSi. amis Semdeg daxmarebis aRmomCeni Rrmad CaisunTqavs da Semdeg Zlierad Caberavs haers dazaralebuls pirSi, Tan cxviris nestoebi unda gadauketos saxiT (imisaTvis, rom pirSi Caberili haeri ukan ar gamovides). Semdeg gadaixreba ukan da axlad CaisunTqavs.
am
dros
dazaralebuli
akeTebs
pasiur
amosunTqvas.
haeris
Cabervis sixSire 1 wuTSi unda iyos 10-12-is toli. Tu
dazaralebuls
aucilebelia
gulis
darRveuli
gare
masaJis
aqvs
gulis
Catareba.
am
normaluri dros
muSaoba,
dazaralebulis
gulmkerdze xdeba ritmuli dawola, ris gamoc guli SeikumSeba mkerdis Zvalsa da xerxemals Soris da gamodevnis sisxls Rrudan. dawolis Sewyvetis Semdeg
gulmkerdi
da
guli
swordeba
miwodebuli sisxliT.
66
da
ukanaskneli
ivseba
venebidan
gulis masaJi mimdinareobs Semdegnairad: unda ganvsazRvroT mkerdis Zvlis qvemoTa mesamedis mdebareoba, davadoT masze erT-erTi xelisguli, Semdeg zemodan
_
meore
xelisguli
da
win
gadaxrili
korpusiT
davawveT
dazaralebulis gulmkerds. dawola unda moxdes swrafi biZgebiT ise, rom mkerdis Zvlis qvemoTa nawili Caizniqos 3-4 sm-iT, xolo msuqani adamianisaTvis _ 5-6 sm-iT. dawola xdeba daaxloebiT erTjer wamSi. yoveli 4-6 biZgis Semdeg keTdeba Sesveneba 2 wm, romlis drosac dazaralebuls utardeba xelovnuri CasunTqva.
Semdeg,
rodesac
dazaralebuls
ewyeba
amosunTqva,
xelaxla
awarmoeben mkerdze dawolas zemoaRniSnuli sixSiriT morig Sesvenebamde. zog
SemTxvevaSi
gamococxlebis
dazaralebuls
sxva
niSnebi
ar
esinjeba
(aRdgenilia
pulsi,
magram
damoukidebeli
saxezea sunTqva,
Seviwroebulia Tvalis gugebi da sxv.) amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos gulis fibrilacia, romlis drosac aucilebelia specialuri eleqtruli aparatis _ defibrilatoris gamoyeneba. defibrilatorSi gulis normaluri muSaobis aRsadgenad gamoiyeneba 6 kilovati
Zabvis
denis
impulsebi
10-10
wamis
xangrZlivobiT.
aseTi
saxis
impulsebis gulis areSi gatarebisas xdeba gulis ujredebis erTdrouli agzneba da gulis mTeli kunTis erTjeradi SekumSa. amis Semdeg SeiZleba aRdges gulis bunebrivi, riTmuli SekumSvebi. eleqtrodanadgarebis
usafrTxo
momsaxurebis
uzrunvelsayofad
maTi
saxeobis, nominaluri Zabvis, mkvebavi qselis neitralis reJimis da saTavsis garemo pirobebis mixedviT gamoyeneba dacviTi RonisZiebebis kompleqsi. maT miekuTvneba:
mcire
Zabvis
gamoyeneba,
izolaciis
dazianebis
kontroli
da
profilaqtika, dengamtar nawilebTan miuwvdomlobis uzrunvelyofa, damcavi Camiweba, ormagi izolacia da damcavi amorTva. am
dacviTi
RonisZiebebis
reglamentireba
xdeba
eleqtrodanadgarebis
mowyobis wesebis da sxva moTxovnebis Tanaxmad.
6.7. statikuri eleqtroba, moqmedeba da misgan dacva
statikuri masalebis
eleqtroba
gamoyenebisas.
vlindeba
maRali
sxeulis
eleqtrizacia 67
saizolacio ori
Tvisebebis
mqone
araerTgvarovani
zedapiris Sexebisas eleqtronebis da ionebis gadanawilebasTan dakavSirebuli rTuli procesia. aseTi zedapirebis Sexebisas warmoiqmneba ormagi eleqtruli fena. eleqtruli muxtis matarebeli zedapirebis meqanikuri gayofa maT Soris warmoqmnis potencialTa sxvaobas e.i. eleqtrul vels. eleqtrizaciis procesis gamomwvevia
myari
lentisebri
nivTierebebis
transportioris
damsxvreva-daqucmaceba,
muSaoba
da
Rveduri
tyavis
an
gadacema,
rezinis,
cecxlsaSiSi
siTxeebis (benzini, benzoli, toluoli, navTobi, eTeri) milebSi gadaqaCva, milebSi SekumSuli da gaTxevadebuli airebis moZraoba, fxvieri nivTierebebis Sereva,
dieleqtrikuli
masalisagan
Sesrulebul
iatakze
an
fenilze
adamianebis gadaadgileba da a.S. myari nivTierebis zedapirze eleqtruli muxti warmoiqmneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTi maTgani aris dieleqtriki, Tu orive sakontaqto zedapiri eleqtrogamtaria, (relaqsirdebian)
warmoqmnili da
ar
eleqtruli
eqneba
adgili
muxtebi
swrafad
eleqtrizacias.
ganibnevian
zedapirebs
Soris
manZilis gazrda adidebs potencialTa sxvaobas. Tu es sxvaoba gautolda zRvrul
sidideebs,
naperwkali
warmoiqmneba
warmoadgens
statikuri
naperwkluri eleqtrobis
ganmuxtva.
eleqtruli
mniSvnelovan
saSiSroebas.
radganac ganmuxtvis energia tolia an aRemateba wvadi airebis, siTxeebis, mtvris an maTi narevis aalebis minimalur energias, warmoiqmneba xanZirs gaCenis an afeTqebis saSiSroeba. statikuri
eleqtrizaciis
movlenebi
dakavSirebulia
sahaero
garemos
mdgomareobasTan. normalur pirobebSi haeri xasiaTdeba maRali saizolacio TvisebebiT.
mzis
da
kosmiuri
sxivebis,
miwis
qerqis
radioaqtiuri
nivTierebebis da sxva maionizirebeli faqtorebis moqmedebis Sedegad haeris neitraluri molekulebi ganicdian ionizacias dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ionebis warmoqmniT. ionizaciis Sedegad haeri xdeba gamtari. statikuri eleqtrobis muxti aris ubeduri SemTxvevebis, xanZris gaCenis da afeTqebis mizezi. naperwklovani denis muxti mcirea, is ar iwvevs adamianis dazianebas, mas adamiani
SeigrZnobs
eleqtrobis
muxti
rogorc iwvevs
mtkivneul
produqciis
Cxvletas. wuns.
garda
statikuri
amisa
statikuri
eleqtrobis
100
SemTxvevidan 39 modis xanZarze da afeTqebaze, 38 _ eleqtrul dartymaze, 23 _ teqnologiur defeqtebze. 68
informatikis da marTvis sistemebis saTavsebSi statikuri eleqtroobis ganmuxtvis denebi warmoiqmneba egm-is nebismier elementTan Sexebisas. es denebi SeiZleba gaxdnen egm-is dazianebis da mwyobridan gamosvlis mizezi. adamianze maRali Zabvis eleqtrostatikuri velis sistematuri zemoqmedeba iwvevs
centraluri
funqcionalur
nervuli,
cvlilebebs.
gul-sisxlZarRvovani
amitom
samuSao
da
adgilebze
sxva
sistemebis
eleqtrostatikuri
velis daZabulobis zRvruli dasaSvebi sidideebi normirebulia: eleqtruli velis zRvruli adamianze velis moqmedebis dasaSvebi Zabvebi E, kv/m xangrZlivoba t, sT 1----------------------------------------------------------- 60 2-----------------------------------------------------------42,5 3-----------------------------------------------------------34,6 4-----------------------------------------------------------30 5-----------------------------------------------------------26,8 6-----------------------------------------------------------24 7-----------------------------------------------------------22,7 8-----------------------------------------------------------21,2 9-----------------------------------------------------------20 warmoqmnili statikuri eleqtrobis muxtis sidideebi damokidebulia sakontaqto masalebis eleqtrul Tvisebebze _ xvedriT eleqtrul winaRobaze ρ. Tu ρ=105 omi.m-mdea, masalebi ar eleqtrizdebian, Tu ρ=108 omi.m an metia _ masalebi
Zlier
nivTierebebis benzinis
eleqtrizdebian.
gatareba
orTqlis
did
milsadenebSi
safrTxesTan
afeTqebisaTvis
aris
sakmarisia
wvadi
siTxeebis
dakavSirebuli.
mxolod
300
v
da
magaliTad, potencialis
arseboba. wvadi siTxeebis da feTqebadi nivTierebebis milebSi gatarebisas, muxtis warmoqmnis acilebis ZiriTadi RonisZiebebia _ yvela milsadenebis, cisternebis
Camiweba
da
siTxeebis
gadaadgilebis
siCqaris
Semcireba
3-4
metramde wamSi [9, 10]. marTvis
sistemebis
saTavsebSi
statikuri
eleqtrobis
sididis
Sesamcireblad saWiroa: teqnologiuri iataki daifaros ACH markis calfena polivinilqloriduli,
antistatikuri
linoliumiT.
dacvis
sxva
meTodebi
mdgomareobs ionizirebuli airiT eleqtrostatikuri muxtis neitralizaciaSi. warmoebebSi farTod gamoiyeneba radioaqtiuri neitralizatorebi. 69
samuSao adgilebze eleqtrostatikuri velis daZabulobis Semcirebis saerTo zomebia: _ samuSao zonidan eleqtrostatikuri velis wyaroebis mocileba; _ eleqtrostatikuri velis ekranireba; _
statikuri
eleqtrobis
muxtis
sawinaaRmdego
neitralizatorebis
ganoyeneba; _ masalebis datenianeba; _ eleqtrizebadi masalebis Secvla araeleqtrizebadi analogebiT; _
sakontaqto
zedapirebis
SerCeva
dabali
eleqtrizaciis
niSnis
mixedviT; _ manqanebis, misi elementebis, milsadenebis Camiweba; _
masalebis
eleqtrogamtarobis
gazrda
gamtari
danamatebis
da
dafarvebis xarjze; _
teqnologiuri
procesis
specifikidan
gamomdinare,
mosaxmari
da
gadasamuSavebeli nivTierebebis datenianeba; _ sawarmo saTavsebSi Sromis dacvis da uasafrTxoebis teqnikis wesebis mkacri dacva.
70
Tavi 7. eleqtromagnituri velebi da gamosxivebebi
sixSiris mixedviT eleqtromagnituri rxevebis speqtri mdebareobs 5â&#x2039;&#x2026;10-31022
hc
diapazonSi.
fotonebis
energiis
gaTvaliswinebiT
ganasxvaveben
aramaionizirebel da maionizirebel gamosxivebebs (nax. 15). samrewvelo
sixSiris
(50
hc)
eleqtromagnituri
velebis
xangrZlivi
moqmedeba adamianSi iwvevs Tavis tkivils, modunebas, uZilobas, mkerdis SeiZleba
maxsovrobis areSi
daqveiTebas,
tkivilebs,
ganviTardes
apaTias,
gulis
riTmis
centraluri-nervuli
gul-
moSlas. da
gul-
sisxlZarRvovani sistemebis funqcionaluri da sisxlis cvlilebebi. 50 hc sixSiris eleqtruli da magnituri velebis daZabulobis
zRvruli
damokidebuleba
maTi
reglamentirebulia
dasaSvebi
zemoqmedebis saxelmwifo
sidideebis
xangrZlivobasTan standartiT
da
sanitariuli normebiT. eleqtruli velebi. 50 hc sixSiris da 5 kv/m daZabulobis mqone eleqtruli velis pirobebSi yofna daSvebulia mTeli samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi. 50-dan 20 kv/m
daZabulobis
mqone
eleqtrul
velSi
yofnis
dasaSvebi dro iangariSeba formuliT T=(50/E-2), sT. 2025 kv/m daZabulobis pirobebSi, personalis yofnis dro ar
unda
aRematos
daZabulobis
10
zRvruli
wuTs.
eleqtruli
dasaSvebi
velis
mniSvnelobebi
sacxovrebeli Senobis SigniT unda Seadgendes 0,5 kv/m; ganaSenianebis
teritoriaze
1
kv/m;
dasaxlebul
teritoriaze (kurortebi, mwvane zonebi, qalaqis tipis nax. 15 eleqtromagnituri talRebis skala
dasaxlebebi) _ 5 kv/m; sahaero xazebis gadakveTis adgilebSi da I-IV kategoriis saavtomobilo gzebze
_ 10 kv/m; dasaxlebuli adgilebis iqiT (sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebi) _ 15 kv/m; Zneladmisadgom da specialurad Semofarglul adgilebSi _ 20 kv/m. 71
eleqtrostatikuri velis moqmedeba adamianze ganisazRvreba mis sxeulSi susti
denebis
(ramodenime
mikroamperi)
gavliT,
romlis
drosac
eleqtrotravmebi ar aRiniSneba. magram denze refleqtoruli reaqciis gamo, dasaSvebia meqanikuri travmebi da simaRlidan Camovardna. eleqtrostatikuri damaxasiaTebelia
velis
mosalodneli
moqmedebis ganmuxtvis
zonaSi
mimarT
momuSaveebisaTvis
`fobiebi~,
pulsis
da
arteriuli wnevis mouwesrigebloba. eleqtrostatikuri
velebis
daZabulobis
zRvruli
dasaSvebi
mniSvnelobebi 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi dadgenilia 60 kv/m-is toli. 20 kv/m pirobebSi
eleqtrostatikuri
velebis
daZabulobis
zonaSi
yofna
ar
normirdeba. magnituri velebi. magnituri velebis moqmedebis xarisxi damokidebulia samuSao
zonaSi
maqsimalur
daZabulobis
sidideze.
magnituri
velebis
qronikuli zemoqmedebisas aRiniSneba nervuli, gul-sisxlZarRvovani, sunTqvis sitsemebis,
momnelebeli
traqtis
funqciebis
moSla,
cvlilebebi
sisxlSi.
magnituri velebis lokaluri moqmedeba xelebze xasiaTdeba kanis qaviliT, galurjebebiT, SeSupebiT. samuSao adgilebze magnituri velis daZabulobis sidide ar unda Rematebodes 8 ka/m. 750 kv eleqtrogadacemis xazebze _ 20-25 a/m. aramaionizirebeli
radiotalRebi.
eleqtromagnituri
gamosxivebebis
speqtris udides nawils Seadgens radiotalRebi (3 hc-3000 ghc), umciress _ optikuri
diapazonis
gamosxivebebi.
rxevebi
radiosixSiris
_
infrawiTeli,
diapazonis
xolvadi,
eleqtromagnituri
ultraiisferi gamosxivebebis
zemoqmedebis xarisxi da xasiaTi adamianze ganisazRvreba nakadis simkvriviT, gamosxivebis
sixSiriT,
moqmedebis
xangrZlivobiT,
dasxivebis
reJimiT,
dasxvivebuli zedapiris zomebiT, organizmis individualuri TvisebebiT da a.S. zemoqmedebis biologiuri efeqti vlindeba sxvadasxva saxiT: umniSvnelo Zvrebidan janmrTelobis seriozul darRvevamde. adamianis organizmis mier eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebebis energiis STanTqmis Sedegia Tburi efeqti. garkveuli gacemas
zRvruli
calkeuli
sidididan
adamianis
organoebidan.
organizmi
gansakuTrebiT
ver
axerxebs
saSiSia
siTbos
gamosxivebebis
moqmedeba sustadganviTarebuli ZarRvovani sistemis an arasakmarisi sisxlis mimoqcevis
mqone
organoebisaTvis
da 72
qsovilebisaTvis
_
Tvalebi,
tvini,
Tirkmelebi,
kuWi,
saSarde
da
naRvlis
buSti.
Tvalebis
dasxiveba
iwvevs
brolis SemRvrevas (kataraqtas). kataraqtis ganviTareba 300 mhc â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 300 ghc sixSiriT da 10 mvt/sm2 energiis simZlavriT gamowveuli dazianebaa. xangrZlivi
eleqtromagnituri moqmedeba,
iwvevs
talRebis
Tvalis Seuqcevadi
gadidebuli
centraluri
nervuli
mniSvnelobebis
sistemis,
mimocvlis
procesebis moSlas. am dros aRiniSneba Tavis tkivili, arteriuli wnevis cvalebadoba, pulsis Semcireba, cvlilebebi gulis kunTSi, fsiqo-nervuli aSlilobebi, swrafadganviTarebadi daRla. yvela SemTxvevisaTvis radiosixSiruli diapazonis eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebi ar unda aRematebodes 10 vt/m2, xolo xelis mtevnebis lokaluri dasxivebisas _ 50 vt/m2. infrawiTeli gamosxiveba. infrawiTeli gamosxiveba aris 780 nm-1000 mkm sigrZis
talRebis
mqone
eleqtromagnituri
gamosxiveba,
romlis
STanTqma
iwvevs
Tbur efeqts. biologiuri moqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT infrawiTeli
gamosxiveba iyofa mokletalRovan 780-1400 mn, saSualotalRovan 1400-3000 nm, maRaltalRovan 3000 nm â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 10000 mkm ubnebad. maRali aqtivobiT xasiaTdeba mokletalRovani gamosxiveba, radganac is flobs fotonebis udides energias. maT gaaCniaT organizmis qsovilebSi Rrmad SeRwevis da qsoviluri siTxeebis STanTqmis unari. infrawiTeli safari
da
gamosxivebis
mxedvelobis
mimarT
organo.
mwvave
gansakuTrebiT dazianebisas
mgrZnobiarea Cndeba
kanis
sidamwvreebi,
kapilarebis mkveTri gaganiereba, pigmentaciis gaZliereba _ minamberebis da mdnobelebis saxis wiTeli feri. mxedvelobis organoebis mwvave dazianebebi gamoixateba rqovanas da brolis SemRvrevaSi. infrawiTeli sistemebze organizmSi
da
gamosxivebis
organoebze,
uaryofiTi
kerZod,
wyal-eleqtrolitur
moqmedeba
miokardSi
balansze,
vrceldeba
mimocvlis zeda
sxva
procesebze,
sasunTqi
gzebis
mdgomareobaze da a.S. infrawiTeli
gamosxivebis
normireba
xorcieldeba
nakadebis
jamuri
doneebis intensivobis, talRis sigrZis, dasxivebuli zedapiris zomebis da damcavi spectansacmlis Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. 73
xiluli (sinaTlis) gamosxiveba. ix. 4.4. saTavsebis ganaTeba. ultraiisferi gamosxiveba. ultraiisferi gamosxiveba ewodeba optikur diapazonSi
200
nm-dan
400
nm-mde
myof
eleqtromagnitur
gamosxivebas.
biologiuri efeqtis mixedviT gamoyofen sam ubans: ultraiisferi gamosxiveba 400-315 nm sigrZis talRiT, romelic xasiaTdeba susti biologiuri qmedebiT; 315-280
nm
raqitisagan;
sigrZis
talRebi
xels
nm
sigrZis
280-200
uwyobs
garujvas,
talRebi
mozardebis
gamoirCeva
dacvas
gamokveTili
baqteriociduli qmedebiT da aqtiurad moqmedebs cilebze da cximebze. ultraiisferi gamosxiveba Seadgens mzis gamosxivebis mTliani nakadis 5%-s da aucilebelia adamianis sicocxlisunarianobisaTvis. ultraiisferi sxivebis xangrZlivi ukmarisoba iwvevs organizmSi arasasurvel movlenebs, romelsac `sinaTlis SimSili~ uwodes. ultraiisferi gamosxiveba amcirebs organizmis mgrZnobelobas zogierTi mavne nivTierebebis mimarT (marganeci, vercxliswyali, tyvia) da xels uwyobs maT swraf gamoyvanas organizmidan. ultraiisferi
gamosxivebis
optimaluri
dozebi
aumjobesebs
gulis
ritms, sisxlwarmoqmnas, amaRlebs sunTqvis fermentis aqtivobas. ultraiisferi
sxivebis
xelovnur
wyaroebad
iTvleba
gazganmuxtvis
wyaroebi, eleqtruli rkali, lazerebi, plazmotronebi. isini SeiZleba gaxdnen mwvave da qronikuli daavadebebis mizezi. aseTi gamosxivebebisaTvis yvelaze ufro
mgrZnobiare
dazianebas
organo
eleqtrooftalmia
aris
mxedvelobis
ewodeba.
organo.
qronikul
Tvalebis
daavadebebs
mwvave
miekuTvneba
lorwovani garsis anTeba _ qronikuli koniunqtiviti, quTuToebis anTeba _ blefariti, brolis SemRvreva _ kataraqta. kanze ultraiisferi talRebis intensiuri gavlena mimdinareobs mwvave anTebis formiT _ gawiTlebiT, SeSupebiT, buStukebis warmoqmniT, Zlieri pigmentaciiT, aqercvliT. xangrZlivi moqmedeba ki iwvevs kanis daberebas da kanze avTvisebian warmonaqmnebs. ultraiisferi sxivebis da mavne nivTierebebis kombinirebuli qmedeba iwvevs fotosensibilizacias _ organizmis gadidebuli mgrZnobeloba sinaTlis mimarT fotoalergiuli reaqciebis ganviTarebiT. kanis
daucveli
adgilebisaTvis
(saxe,
kiseri,
xelis
mtevnebi)
ultraiisferi sxivebis zRvruli intensivobis done erTjeradi dasxivebisas,
74
araumetesi 5 wuTi, ar unda aRematebodes 10 vt/m2. ultraiisferi sxivebisagan dasacavad gamoiyeneba spectansacmeli, saxis da xelebis dacvis saSualebebi. lazeris gamosxiveba. mecnierebaSi, saxaxalxo meurneobis sxvadasxva sferoSi da medicinaSi sul ufro farTod gamoiyeneba optikuri qvanturi generatorebi an rogorc maT uwodeben lazerebi. lazeri ewodeba optikuri diapazonis (0,1-1000 mkm sigrZis talRis) eleqtromagnitur rxevebis generators, romlis moqmedeba dafuZnebulia iZulebiTi gamosxivebis gamoyenebaze. sxva
eleqtromagnituri
gamosxiveba
gamoirCeva
gamosxivebebisagan
monoqromatuli
gansxvavebiT,
(erTi
lazeris
sigrZis
talRebi)
kogerentulobiT (gamosxivebis yvela wyaro warmoqmnis talRebs erT fazaSi), sxivis mkveTri mimarTulobiT (gamosxivebis konis mcire gabneva). generaciis
xasiaTis
mixedviT
lazerebi
SeiZleba
iyos
impulsuri
(gamosxivebis xangrZlivoba 0,25 wm), uwyveti moqmedebis lazerebi (gamosxivebis xangrZlivoba 0,25 wamze meti). organizmze lazeris gamosxivebis xarisxi damokidebulia dasxivebis intensivobaze,
talRis
sigrZeze,
impulsis
xangrZlivobaze,
impulsis
ganmeorebis sixSireze da aseve organoebis da qsovilebis biologiur da fiziko-qimiur
Tvisebebze.
lazeris
sxivi
sxvadasxva
organoebze
moqmedebs
SerCeviT. lazeriT Tvalebis dasxiveba iwvevs rqovanas da brolis gamWvirvalobis Semcirebas, brolis gaxureba _ kataraqtas, baduras dazianeba _ mxedvelobis Seuqcevad
darRvevebs,
radganac
ujredebi
ar
aRdgeba.
lazeris
sxivebiT
dazianebis xarisxi damokidebulia Tvalebis ferze, mwvane da cisferi Tvalebi ufro ziandeba vidre muqi. kanze Tbur efeqts iwvevs 180-100000 nm. diapazonis nebismieri sigrZis talRebi, ris Sedegadac xdeba cilis Sededeba an bioqsovilis aorTqleba. kanis dazianeba SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxvagvari: _ SewiTlebidan kanis Rrma defeqtamde. 1400 nm sigrZis lazeris sxivebs gaaCnia sxeulSi Rrmad SeRwevis unari.
saSiSroebis
mixedviT
lazeris
sxivebi
4
klasad
iyofa:
I
klass
miakuTvneben TvalebisaTvis da kanisaTvis sruliad uvnebel sxivebs; II klass miekuTvnebian lazerebi, romelic warmoadgens saSiSroebas Tvalebis pirdapiri da areklili sxiviT dasxivebisas; III klass miekuTvneba lazerebi, romelTa 75
gamosxiveba
warmoadgens
saSiSroebas
Tvalebis
pirdapiri,
areklili
da
gabneuli sxiviT dasxvivebisas; IV klasi moicavs iseT lazerebs, romelTa gabneul-areklili gamosxiveba 10 sm-is daSorebiT saSiSroebas uqmnis Tvalebs da kans [9]. lazeris gamosxivebisagan dacvis RonisZiebebia: lazeris danadgaris saTavsSi optikur _ qvanturi generatoris ise ganTavseba, rom sxivTa konis gza ar
gadiodes
momsaxure
personalis
yofnis
adgilebSi;
sxivTa
konis
fokusirebis wertilis dacva diafragmiT; konis boloSi STanTqmelis mowyoba; lazeris saTavsSi ar unda iyos sarkisebri zedapirebi; individualuri dacvis saSualebebis (dieleqtruli xaliCebi, xelTaTmanebi, instrumentebi, damcveli saTvale da a.S.) gamoyeneba.
7.1. maionizirebeli
(radioaqtiuri) gamosxiveba
radioaqtiuri nivTierebebi da izotopebi farTod gamoiyeneba saxalxo meurneobis sxvadasxva dargSi. izotopi aris erTi da igive nivTierebis atomi, romelsac aqvs sxvadasxva atomuri wona. izotopebi iSlebian da iZlevian radioaqtiur
gamosxivebas.
iwvevs
rig
mTel
organizmi ionizaciis
adamianis
Seqcevad
Seicavs Sedegad
75%
organizmSi
radioaqtiuri
da
Seuqcevad
procesebs.
wyals,
dasxiveba
iwvevs
warmoiqmneba
Tavisufali
gamosxiveba
radganac
wylis
maRali
adamianis
radiolizs aqtivobis
e.i.
mqone
radikalebi H+ da OH-. isini Sedian qimiur reaqciaSi biologiuri qsovilis cilebTan,
fermentebTan
da
sxva
elementebTan,
rac
iwvevs
organizmis
bioqimiuri procesebis moSlas. TandaTanobiT am procesSi monawileobas iRebs organizmis
sxva
molekulebi,
ris
Sedegadac
irRveva
nivTierebaTa
cvlis
procesebi, neldeba da wydeba axali qsovilebis zrda, iqmneba axali qimiuri naerTebi. es naerTebi aris adamianis organizmisaTvis SeuTavsebeli naerTebi. sabolood wydeba calkeuli organos funqcionireba. radioaqtiuri dasxiveba organizmSi iwvevs sisxlwarmomqmneli organoebis funqciis moSlas; kuWnawlavuri funqciis darRvevas; organizmis imunitetis daqveiTebas;
janmrTeli
ujredebis
avTvisebianSi
SeiZleba gagrZeldes ramodenime saaTs, dRes, wels. 76
gardaqmnas.
es
procesi
radiaciuli efeqti SeiZleba iyos somatiuri da genetikuri. somatiuri efeqti vlindeba sxivuri daavadebis, sisxlis gaTeTrebis _ leikozis, damwvrobis, avTvisebiani warmonaqmnebis saxiT. genetikuri efeqti vlindeba Semdgom TaobebSi. Îł _ sxivebiT, 0,25 gr doziT dasxivebisas adgili aqvs mwvave dazianebebs. 0,25-dan
0,5
grei-mde
dasxivebisas
aRiniSneba
sisxlSi
droebiTi,
advilad
regenirebadi cvlilebebi. 1,5-2 grei iwvevs msubuqi formis sxivur daavadebas, romelic xasiaTdeba sisxlSi limfocitebis SemcirebiT. 2,5-4 grei iwvevs saSualo simZimis sxivur daavadebas, aseve aRiniSneba leikocitebis
swrafi
Semcireba,
adgili
aqvs
kanqveSa
sisxlCaqcevebs
da
letaluri dasasruli dgeba dasxivebidan 2-6 kviris Semdeg. 40-60 grei sxivuri daavadebis mZime formis gamomwvevia da adamiani kvdeba 1 Tvis Semdeg. moyvanili
magaliTebi
miekuTvneba
iseT
SemTxvevbs
roca
ar
tardeba
medikamentozuri mkurnaloba. dReisaTvis
farmakologias
gaaCnia
efeqturi
preparatebi,
romlebic
kompleqsuri mkurnalobis pirobebSi, roca dasxivebis doza 10 grei-s ar aRemateba, gamoricxavs sikvdils. radiaciis zemoqmedebis xarisxi damokidebulia im viTarebaze adamiani dasxivda garemodan, Tu radioaqtiur nivTierebam SeaRwia organizmSi (sakvebis, CasunTquli
haeris
meSeveobiT).
zogierTi
nivTiereba
grovdeba
adamianis
organizmSi, rac zrdis radiaciis dozas. radioaqtiuri nivTierebebis gamoyvana organizmidan
rTuldeba
imis
gamo,
rom
maT
organizmi
sxvadasxvanairad
iTvisebs. radioaqtiuri natriumi, kaliumi, ceziumi, Tanabrad nawildeba organizmSi da qsovilebSi. stronciumi, radiumi, kalciumi, fosfori grovdeba ZvlebSi. ruTeniumi, poloniumi _ RviZlSi, TirkmelSi, elenTaSi. iodi-131 grovdeba farisebr
jirkvalSi,
radioaqtiuri
iodis
romelic dagroveba
STanTqavs iwvevs
mTel
farisebri
iods
srul
jirkvlis
gajerebamde. hormonaluri
statusis moSlas. gansakuTrebulad saSiSia iodiT gajereba bavSvebSi, radgan
77
es organo maTi zrdisaTvis da ganviTarebisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania vidre didebisaTvis. organizmSi moxvedrisas yvelaze saSiSia plutoniumis da poloniumis
-
sxivebi. maionizirebeli
gamosxivebis
ZiriTadi
dasaSvebi
doneebi
da
dozebi
dadgenilia mosaxleobis Semdegi kategoriisaTvis: _
A
kategorias
miekuTvneba
_
adamianebis
jgufi,
romelic
muSaobs
teqnologiur wyaroebTan; _
B kategorias
miekuTvneba
adamianTa
jgufi,
romelic
ar
muSaobs
teqnologiur wyaroebTan, magram imyofeba dasxivebis zonaSi. _ danarCeni mosaxleoba. dasxivebis
mniSvnelovan
wyaros
warmoadgens
bunebrivi
uranis
da
Toriumis daSlis moklevadiani airadi produqtebi _ radon-222 da radon-220, romlis daSlis produqtia Îą-sxivebi, romelic SeisunTqeba haerTan erTad. radonis ZiriTadi nawili grovdeba daxurul, gauniavebel sivrceSi, is aRwevs binaSi
saZirkvlidan
an
gamoiyofa
mineraluri
warmoSobis
samSeneblo
masalebisagan _ graniti, kaJmiwa, Tixa, aguri, silikaturi wida. saSiSroebas warmnoadgens radonSemcveli wylis orTqli. radonis maRali koncentracia dafiqsirebulia samzareuloSi, gamaTbobel xelsawyoebTan (bunebrivi airi).
dozebis ZiriTadi zRvrebi cxrili #11 normirebuli sidideebi efeqturi doza eqvivalenturi doza: Tvalis brolisaTvis kanisaTvis idayvisa da terfebisaTvis
bunebrivi anomalur
radiaciuli
adgilebSi,
sadac
zona aris
dozis zRvari, mzv mosaxleoba kategoria A 20 mzv/w. 1 mzv/w. 150 500 500
meryeobs granitis
15 50 50
adgilmdebareobis masivebi
an
uamravi
mixedviT. bunebrivi
wyaroebi aRiniSneba bunebrivi radionuklidebis maRali koncentracia. polusebisaken mcxovrebi mosaxleoba Rebulobs 2-jer met dozas, vidre ekvatorze mcxovrebi, xolo maRalmTian raionebSi mcxovrebni 5-10-jer met 78
dozas iReben, vidre zRvis doneze mcxovrebni. cxrilSi moyvanilia efeqturi eqvivalenturi dozebis mniSvnelobebi sxvadasxva saxis dasxivebisaTvis: efeqturi eqvivalenturi dozebi cxrili #12 dasxivebis saxe feradi televizori, ekranidan 2 m daSorebiT feradi televizoris win wlis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiuri jdoma 1 saaTiani jdoma TviTmfrinavSi: 10-15 km simaRleze; 18-20 km simaRleze radonis Aabazanis miReba gulmkerdis rentgenografia rentgenuli mamografia kbilebis rentgenografia rentgenuli tomografia filtvebis kibos rentgenodiagnostika kuWnaWlavis rentgenodiagnostika Îł-sxivebiT Terapia
kompiuteruli
tomografia
efeqturi eqvivalenturi doza ~0,01 mkzv 5-7 mkzv 4-7 mkzv 10-30 mkzv 0,01-1 mkzv 0,1-0,5 mzv 0,1-1 mzv 2,-4 mzv 0,03-3 mzv 5-100 mzv 0,1-0,25 zv 0,2-0,5 zv
dasxivebis
dozis
5-50-jer
Semcirebis
saSualebas iZleva [10].
7.2. eleqtromagnituri velebisagan da gamosxivebebisagan dacva
eleqtromagnituri gamoiyeneba
Semdegi
velebisagan meTodebi
da
da
gamosxivebebisagan
saSualebebi:
dasacavad
gamosxivebis
wyaroSi
eleqtromagnituri energiis mSTanTqmelebis gamoyeneba; gamosxivebis wyarodan manZilis gazrda; gamosxivebis daekraneba; individualuri dacvis saSualebebis gamoyeneba. ekranebi
SeiZleba
perforirebuli,
fiWuri
iyos
Sekruli
an
badisebri
da
Ria,
sxvadasxva
masalisagan
formis,
damzadebuli.
zomis, mZlavri
maRalsixSiruli gamosxivebebis (1 ghc â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 35 ghc) daekranebisaTvis gamoiyeneba fiWuri mesrebi. garemos eleqtromagnituri dabinZurebis asacileblad axdenen dasxivebis daekranebas badisebri da fiWuri ekranebiT.
79
ekranebi
nawilobriv
STanTqaven
da
nawilobriv
ireklaven
eleqtromagnitur energias. STanTqvis da arekvlis xarisxis mixedviT, ekranebi SeiZleba iyos amrekli da mSTanTqmeli. amrekli ekranebi Sesrulebulia 5 mmiani
sisqis
mqone
gamtari
masalebisagan
_
foladi,
spilenZi,
alumini.
perforirebuli, badisebri da fiWuri ekranebis garda gamoiyeneba folgis da metalizirebulzedapiriani amreklebi. radiotalRebis mSTanTqmelad gamoiyeneba mSTanTqavi ekranebi. mSTanTqavi ekranebi
damzadebulia
sxvadasxva
kompoziciuri
masalisagan
_
kauCuki,
poroloni, penopolistiroli, penoplasti, metalokeramika da danamatebisagan _ Wvartli, aqtivirebuli naxSiri, naxSirbadiani rkinis fxvnilebi. yvela ekrani unda iyos Camiwebuli, radganac warmoqmnili muxtebi unda Caedinebodes miwaSi. eleqtromagnituri velebisagan dasacavad xSirad gamoiyeneba liTonuri badeebi. isini uzrunvelyofen teqnologiur procesze dakvirvebas da bunebrivi da
xelovnuri
ventilaciis
xarjze
mowyobilobebis
gaciebas.
ekranebis
efeqturoba fasdeba formulebiT, (db); ΔL=20 lg(E0/E); ΔL=20 lg(H0/H); ΔL=10 lg(ППЭ0/ППЭ); sadac E0, H0, ППЭ0 _ Sesabamisad, eleqtruli velis daZabuloba, magnituri velis daZabuloba, energiis nakadis simkvrive daekranebamzde; E, H, ППЭ _ igive parametrebi daekranebis Semdeg. eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebebisagan individualuri dacvis saSualebebs miekuTvneba: bambis kombinizonebi, kostiumebi, winsafrebi, saTvaleebi, niRbebi da
a.S..
kombinizonis
gamoiyeneba
efeqturoba
metalizirebuli,
aRwevs
25-30
kalaSemcveli
db-s.
minebi,
Tvalis
romlis
dasacavad efeqturoba
Seadgens 25-35 db-s.
7.3. maionizirebeli gamosxivebisagan dacva maionizirebeli gamosxivebisagan dasacavad saWiroa: gamosxivebis wyaromde manZilis
gazrda;
gamosxivebebis
daekraneba;
individualuri
dacvis
saSualebebis gamoyeneba. gamosxivebebis
zRvrul
sididemde
dayvana
xorcieldeba
ekranebis
gamoyenebiT. ekranis masalis SerCeva damokidebulia gamosxivebis tipze da 80
energiis sidideze. alfa-nawilakebs gaaCnia maRali maionizirebeli Tvisebebi, magram isini swrafad kargaven energias, amitom maTgan dacvisaTvis sakmarisia haeris 10 sm fena, organuli minis ekrani (nax. #16). beta-gamosxivebisagan dasacavad rekomendebulia dabali atomuri masis mqone masalebi _ alumini, pleqsiglasi, karboliti.
nax. 16. ι, β, γ-sxivebis SeRwevadobis unari
beta da gama-gamosxivebisagan kompleqsuri dacva xdeba kombinirebuli mravalfeniani ekranebiT. am ekranebis 1 fena gamosxivebis wyaros mxridan Sesrulebulia dabali atomuri masis mqone masalisagan, xolo Semdegi fena _ maRali atmomuri masis mqone masalisagan _ tyvia, foladi. gama da rentgenis sxivebi xasiaTdeba maRali SeRwevis unariT. maTgan dasacavad gamoiyeneba maRali atmomuri masis da simkvrivis mqone nivTierebebi _ tyvia, volframi da masalebi _ foladi, rkina, betoni, Tuji, aguri. neitronuli
gamosxivebisagan
dacvas
warmoadgens
wyalbadSemcveli
masalebi _ wyali, parafini, polieTileni. neitronis sxivebis maRali STanTqmis unariT gamoirCeva bori, beriliumi, kadmiumi, grafiti. radganac neitronuli gamosxivebis Tanmxlebia gama- sxivebi, saWiroa gamoyenebul iqnas mravalfeniani ekranebi: tyvia _ polieTileni; tyvia _ wyali da a.S. neitronuli gamosxivebisagan dacva warmoebs sxvadasxva konstruqciebis mqone mowyobilobebiT _ damcavi boqsebi, radioaqtiuri nivTierebebis seifebi, gadaadgilebadi da stacionaruli ekranebi.
81
Tavi 8. informatikis da marTvis sistemebis xanZarsawinaaRmdego dacvis organizeba
8.1 saxanZro saSiSroebis saerTo daxasiaTeba
xanZari
informatikis
gansakuTrebul
da
saSiSroebas,
marTvis
ramdenadac
sistemebisaTvis xanZari
did
warmoadgens
safrTxes
uqmnis
momuSaveTa janmrTelobas da sicocxles da dakavSirebulia did materialur zaralTan. xanZris gaCena SesaZlebelia wvadi nivTierebis, damJangvelis da aalebis wyaros urTierTqmedebisas. marTvis mowyobilobebis da aparaturis saTavsebSi xanZris warmomqmneli samive komponenti arsebobs. marTvis sistemebis saTavsebSi wvadi komponentebia-saTavsebis akustikuri da esTetiuri mopirkeTebisaTvis gamoyenebuli samSeneblo masalebi, tixrebi, fanjris
rafebi,
karebi,
iataki,
aveji,
stelaJebi,
perforuqebi
da
perfolentebi, sasignalo da Zalovani kabelebis, eleqtroZravebis, blokebis, dgarebis,
karadebis
izolacia,
plastikuri
masalebisgan
Sesrulebuli
konstruqciuli elementebi, egm-is kvanZebis da elementebis sawmendi siTxeebi. sawarmoo saTavsebSi mudmivad funqcionirebs mZlavri kondicionerebis centralizirebuli sistema. amitom Jangbadi, rogorc wvis procesis saukeTeso xelisSemwyobi, arsebobs saTavsis nebismier wertilSi. xanZris gaCenis kera SeiZleba gaxdes eleqtronuli sqema, eleqtrokvebis mowyobilobebi da xelsawyoebi, sxvadasxva darRvevebis Sedegad gadaxurebuli elementebi, eleqtronaperwkali, rkali da sxva. xanZarsaSiSroeba
ganpirobebulia
kabeluri
xazebis,
ventilaciis,
kondicionirebis, egm-ebis eleqtrokvebis ganStoebuli sistemis arsebobiT. egm-Si
samontaJo
firfitebis,
eleqtronuli
kvanZebis,
sqemebis,
sakomutacio kabelebis, rezistorebis, kondensatorebis da sxva elementebis ganlagebis
maRali
saSiSroebasTan.
simkvrive
elementebis
temperaturis matebas 80-100
dakavSirebulia
maRali
simkvrive
aalebis iwvevs
da
anTebadobis
sxvadasxva
kvanZebSi
-mde, rac SeiZleba saizolacio masalis aalebis
mizezi gaxdes. aalebis da xanZris gavrcelebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT kabelebi Sesrulebulia xanZarsawinaaRmdego danafariT. 82
egm-is
saremonto-profilaqtikuri
samuSaoebisas
gamoiyeneba
sxvadsxva
wvadi, da adviladaalebadi siTxeebi, gadasatani eleqtroaparatura, eleqtrodreli, eleqtrosarCilavi da sxva, riTac iqmneba xanZris gaCenis damatebiTi kera.
aseTi
samuSaoebis
Catarebisas
aucilebelia
saxanZro
usafrTxoebis
elementaluri wesebis dacva. eleqtromeqanikosis samuSao magida damzadebuli unda iyos uwvadi dieleqtrikuli masalisagan. wvadi siTxeebiT detalebis, ujredebis da sxva mowyobilobebis garecxva unda
xdebodes
momden-gamwovi
ventilaciiT
aRWurvil
saTavsebSi.
wvadi
siTxeebi unda inaxebodes liTonis yuTebSi da maTi saerTo raodenoba ar unda aRematebodes
normiT
daSvebul
raodenobas,
aseve
yuradsaRebia
uwvavi
analogebis gamoyeneba. xanZarsaSiS adgilad iTvleba informaciis Sesanaxi saTavsi, romelSic erTdroulad moTavsebulia perforuqebis, perfolentebis magnituri lentis diskebis didi raodenoba. xSirad es raodenoba aRemateba saTavsis wvad datvirTvas. informatikis
da
marTvis
sistemebis
eleqtromomarageba
xorcieldeba
satransformatoro qvesadguridan da Zrav-generatoruli agregatebidan. satransformatoro qvesadgurSi saSiSroebas warmoadgens Zravebis zeTiT gaciveba, radganac wvadi siTxis feTqvis temperatura Seadgens 1350C, xolo transformatoris gragnilis temperatura samuSao reJimSi 115-1200C Seadgens. amasTan
dakavSirebiT,
transformatorebs.
saTavsebSi
upiratesoba
Zrav-generatoruli
unda
agregatebis
mieniWos xanZar
mSral
saSiSroeba
ganpirobebulia gadatvirTvis, mokle CarTvis, eleqtronaperwklis arsebobiT. sawarmoo
Senobebis
teqnologiuri TaviseburebebiT.
da
procesiT,
saTavsebis
xanZarsaSiSroeba
gamoyenebuli
feTqebad-
da
masalebis
xanZarsaSiSroebis
ganpirobebulia
da
nivTierebebis
mixedviT
Senobebi
da
saTavsebi iyofa А, Б, В, Г, Д kategoriebad. А
_
feTqebadxanZarsaSiS
adviladaalebadi
siTxeebi
kategorias feTqvis
miekuTvneba: temperaturiT
wvadi araumates
airebi, 280C,
romlebsac SeuZliaT Seqmnan feTqebadi orTqlhaeris narevebi, romlis drosac saTavsebSi viTardeba 5 kpa-ze meti Warbi wneva; nivTierebebi da masalebi,
romlebic
wyalTan,
haeris
83
JangbadTan
an
erTmaneTTan
urTierTqmedebisas
feTqdebian
an
iwvian,
romlis
drosac
saTavsSi
mtveri,
boWkoebi,
viTardeba 5 kp-ze meti Warbi wneva. Б _FEfeTqebadxanZarsaSiS adviladaalebadi
kategorias
siTxeebi
miekuTvneba
feTqvis
wvadi
temperaturiT
280-ze
zeviT.
maT
SeuZliaT warmoqmnan feTqebadsaSiSi mtver-orTql-haer narevebi, romlis aalebisas viTardeba 5 kp-ze meti Warbi wneva. В _ xanZarsaSiS kategorias miekuTvneba wvadi da Zneladwvadi siTxeebi, wvadi da
Zneladwvadi
myari
nivTierebebi,
masalebi,romlebic
wyalTan,
JangbadTan an erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebisas mxolod iwvian. Г _ kategoriaSi Sedis arawvadi nivTierebebi, masalebi cxel, gavarvarebul, galRobil mdgomareobaSi. maTi gadamuSavebis process Tan axlavs sxivuri siTbos, naperwklebis, alis gamoyofa. Д _ kategoriaSi Sedis arawvadi nivTierebebi, masalebi civ mdgomareobaSi. informatikis
da
marTvis
sistemebis
saTavsebis
umetesoba
miekuTvneba
xanZrasaSiS В kategorias. saxanZro samSeneblo
profilaqtikis konstruqciebis
ZiriTad dacva
amocanas
ngrevisagan
warmoadgens da
xanZris
maRali
dros
temperaturis
pirobebSi maTi medegobis uzrunvelyofa. konstruqciebis unars _ garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi gauZlos xanZris zemoqmedebas
da
SeinarCunos
saeqspluatacio
funqciebi,
ewodeba. cecxlmedegobis zRvrebis da samSeneblo normebis
cecxlmedegoba gaTvaliswinebiT
ganasxvaveben I, II, III, IIIа, IIIб, IV, IVа, V cecxlmedegobis xarisxs. informatikis da marTvis sistemebis ZviradRirebuli eleqtronuli mowyobiloba, aparatura, xelsawyoebi
saxanZro
kategoriis
gaTvaliswinebiT,
miekuTvneba
cecxlmedegobis I da II xarisxs [11]. Senobis mowyobilia tamburebi,
erTi
nawilidan
meoreSi
xanZarsawinaaRmdego karebi,
fanjrebi,
cecxlis
kedlebi, sarqvelebi
gavrcelebis
tixrebi, da
sxva.
asacileblad
gadaxurvebi, qvemoT
zonebi,
moyvanilia
xanZarsawinaaRmdego gadaRobvebis cecxlmedegobis zRvrebi (saaTSi): kedeli _ 2,5; tixari _ 0,75; gadaxurva _ 2,5; kari da fanjara _ 1,2; tamburi, sarqveli _ 1. xanZrasawinaaRmdego tixrebi mowyobilia samanqano darbazebis servisuli da periferiuli aparaturis informaciis Sesanax saTavsebs Soris. samanqano 84
darbazs
da
saTavss
Soris,
sadac
ganlagebulia
aparatura,
xanZarsawina-
aRmdego fanjara ar unda iRebodes. gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebi waeyeneba sakabelo
komunikaciis
mowyobas
da
ganlagebas.
satransformatoro
qvesadguridan gamanawilebel faramde yvela saxis kabeli liTonis milebSi unda iyos ganTavsebuli. samanqano darbazebisaTvis kabeluri xazebi gayvanilia uwvadi masalisagan damzadebuli, asaxsneli teqnologiuri iatakis qveS, cecxlmedegobis zRvariT 0,5
sT.
teqnologiuri
iatakis
qveS
sivrce
dayofili
unda
iyos
uwvadi
xorcieldeba
yvela
tixrebiT (cecxlmedegobis zRvari 0,75 sT).
8.2. saTavsebidan adamianebis evakuacia
gasasvlelisaken
iZulebiTi
evakuaciis
procesi
saTavsidan erTdroulad. aseT situaciaSi iqmneba adamianTa ufro intensiuri nakadi,
vidre
normaluri
moZraobisas.
iZulebiTi
evakuacia
mimdinareobs
xanZris warmoqmnili saSiSi faqtorebis mzardi moqmedebisas. amitom xanZris dros adamianebis usafrTxoeba pirdapir kavSirSia SenobaSi yofnis drosTan. iZulebiTi derefnebiT,
evakuaciis
kibeebiT,
procesi
xorcieldeba
gasasvlelebiT,
romlis
saevakuacio
raodenoba
da
gzebiT, zomebi
reglamentirebulia samSeneblo normebiT. saevakuacio gasasvlelebi ise unda ,
iyos ganlagebuli, rom maT Soris minimaluri manZili Seadgendes sadac Đ&#x; aris saTavsis perimetri.
TiToeul sarTulze unda iyos aranakleb ori saevakuacio gasasvleli. sanitariuli normebiT yovel 25 kacze unda iyos erTi saevakuacio gasasvleli, Tu manZili yvelaze ufro daSorebuli wertilidan saevakuacio gasasvlelamde ar aRemateba 25 m. 50 momuSaveze daSvebulia meore gasasvleli gare kibeze. saevakuacio
gasasvlelis
(karis)
sigane
dgindeba
momuSaveTa
saerTo
raodenobiT da Seadgens 0,8 m-s, saevakuacio gasasvleli gzebis an derefnis sigane 2 m. saevakuacio kari unda iRebodes gareT. kibis marSis sigane unda iyos
saevakuacio
karis
siganis
toli.
safexurebis
zoma
SeirCeva
im
mosazrebiT, rom SenarCundes horizontalur ubanze moZraobis toli ritmi.
85
aqedan gamomdinare, safexurebis simaRle unda Seadgendes 15-18 sm-s, sigane 24sm-s. saevakuacio gzebze dauSvebelia xraxnuli kibeebis, brunvadi, gasawevi karis
mowyoba.
kibes
marjvena
mxridan
unda
hqondes
saimedo
SemoRobva
(moajiri). samanqano darbazSi Sesvla unda xdebodes tamburis gavliT, romlis kari
unda
iRebodes
samanqano
darbazisaken.
saevakuacio
gzaze
unda
funqcionirebdes rogorc bunebrivi, aseve xelovnuri avariuli ganaTeba.
8.3. informatikis da marTvis sistemebis
saTavsebis kvamlsawinaaRmdego
dacva
xanZris SemTxvevaSi adamianebis daRupvis mizezi xSirad xdeba ara cecxli da maRali temperatura, aramed Tbosaizolacio, akustikuri, dekoratiuli da sxva
sinTetiuri
mosapirkeTebeli
masalebis
wvis
Sedegad
gamoyofili
toqsikuri produqtebi. amitom saxanZro profilaqtikis upirveles amocanad iTvleba Senobis kvamlsawianaRmdego dacva da sxvadasxva saTavsidan wvis mavne produqtebis mocileba. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens kvamlsawinaaRmdego dacva, Tu Senoba mravalsarTuliania
da
aRWurvilia
salifto
SaxtebiT,
kibis
ujredebiT
haersadenebiT da a.S., romlis meSveobiTac kvamli advilad vrceldeba Senobis mTel vertikalSi. dadgenilia, rom wvis produqtebis gavrcelebis siCqare Senobis
vertikalur
arxebSi
20
m/wT-s
aRemateba,
xolo
intensiuri
dakvamlianeba xdeba xanZris gaCenidan 1-2 wuTSi. mravalsarTuliani Senobis kibis ujredis gaukvamlianeba miiRweva ori xerxiT pirveli xerxis SemTxvevaSi xdeba kibis ujredis gamoyofa mosazRvre saTavsebidan yru kvamlgaumtari kedlebiT. kibis ujredSi moxvedra xdeba aivnidan e.i. sahaero zonidan. xanZris SemTxvevaSi wvis produqtebi xvdeba sahaero zonaSi da atmosferuli difuziis gamo gaifanteba garemoSi. meore
xerxiT
kibis
ujredebis
gaukvamlianeba
xdeba
saventilacio
danadgarebis saSualebiT sufTa haeris daWirxniT 5 pa wneviT (muSa reJimSi) da 20 pa wneviT (avariul reJimSi). pirveli xerxi ufro saimedoa, xolo meore ufro
komfortuli.
gamoTvliTi
teqnikis 86
saTavsebSi
centrebSi
xSirad
gamoiyeneba kvamlsawinaaRmdego dacvis kombinirebuli sistema _ orive xerxis CarTviT. kvamlsawinaaRmdego dacvis saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba saTavsebidan da
sarTulebidan
wvis
produqtebis
gayvanas
sakvamle
Saxtebidan
da
Riobebidan. umetes SenobebSi sakvamle Riobebis funqcias asrulebs fanjrebi an
sasinaTlo
mowyobili
farnebi.
aqvs
sakvamle
avtomaturi
gamwov
sarqveli.
Saxtas gamwov
yvela SaxtaSi
sarTulis wvis
doneze
produqtebis
moZraoba iZulebiTia.
8.4. xanZris qrobis xerxebi, cecxlsaqrobi nivTierebebi da aparatura
xanZris qrobis praqtikaSi didi gavrceleba hpova wvis Sewyvetis Semdegma xerxebma: 1. wvis keris gacieba mis zedapirze siTbotevadi cecxlmqrobi saSualebebis (wyali, qafi da sxv) dafrqveviT; 2.
wvis
keris
izolacia
mis
zedapirze
maizolirebeli
cecxlmqrobi
saSualebebis (qviSa, qafi da sxv) dafeniT; 3.
wvadi
airebis,
mtvris,
orTqlis
koncentraciis
ganzaveba
wvis
zonaSi
inertuli airebis (azoti, naxSirbadis dioqsidi da sxv) SeyvaniT; 4. wvis reaqciis siCqaris intensiuri damuxruWeba _ inhibireba nivTierebebis an wvadi haer-orTql-mtvris sistemebis maflegmatizirebeli nivTierebebiT an SemadgenlobebiT ganzaveba. informatikis
da
marTvis
sistemebis
saxanZro
dacvis
meTodebis
damuSavebisas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos qrobis saSualebebis SerCevas, radganac xanZrisagan miyenebuli zaralis didi wili modis wyliT, qafiT
da
fxvnilebiT
ZviradRirebuli
mowyobilobebis,
aparaturis,
dazianebebze. informatikis da marTvis sistemebis mowyobiloba Zalian swrafad fuWdeba kvamlis
Wvartlis,
CamoTvlili ganviTarebis
xanZris
temperaturis qrobis
stadiaze,
mkveTri
xerxebis
xanZris
cvlilebebis
efeqturoba
masStabebze,
Taviseburebebze. 87
moqmedebiT.
damokidebulia
sxvadasxva
zemoT xanZris
masalis
wvis
ganvixiloT xanZris qrobis gavrcelebuli saSualebebi. wyali. wyals gaaCnia cecxlis qrobis sami Tviseba: aciebs wvis zonas, azavebs moreagire nivTierebebs da axdens wvadi nivTierebebis izolirebas. xanZrisqrobis
sxva
saSualebebTan
siTbotevadoba.
00C-dan
1000C-mde
SedarebiT
gaxurebiT
wyals
wyali
gaaCnia
STanTqavs
maRali
419
kjoul
siTbos, xolo aorTqlebisas _ 2260 kjouls. aorTqlebisas wyali 1750-jer matulobs moculobaSi. wvad airebTan Serevisas xdeba maTi ganzaveba da narevi kargavs wvis unars. wyali xanZris qrobis qimiurad neitraluri da yvelaze gavrcelebuli
saSualebaa,
magram
arsebobs
misi
gamoyenebis
garkveuli
SezRudvebi. wyali mraval wvad nivTierebaze (benzini, navTi, eTeri, acetoni, da sxva) mZimea, amitom es nivTierebebi amotivtivdebian, wylis zedapirze da ganagrZoben wvas. wyali Seicavs mraval xsnad marils da is saukeTeso eleqtrogamtaria. amasTan dakavSirebiT eleqtrodanadgarebze wyliT xanZriT qroba dauSvebelia. wylis
gamoyeneba
dauSvebelia
im
obieqtebze,
romlebic
Seicaven
tute
liTonebs, kalciumis karbids, Caumqral kirs. isini advilad Sedian reaqciaSi wyalTan, qmnian afeTqebis saSiSroebas, gamoyofen feTqebadsaSiS momwamlav airebs da amiT xels uwyoben xanZris gavrcelebas. wyalqimiuri dasvelebadobis
xsnarebi. unaris
xanZris
qrobis
gasazrdelad
efeqturobis
wyals
emateba
asamaRleblad sxvadasxva
e.i.
tipis
zedapirul-aqtiuri nivTierebebi (qafwarmomqmnelebi). magaliTad, wyalxsnari, romelic
0,5-2%
zedapirul-aqtiur
nivTierebas
Seicavs,
xanZris
qrobis
efeqturobis 2-jer gazrdis saSualebas iZleva. cecxlqrobis efeqturobis gazrda
SesaZlebelia
gamoiyeneba
wylis
poliakrilmJavas
siblantis natriumis
gazrdidac. marili,
wylis
Semsqeleblad
meTilceluloza.
`blanti~
wylis moqmedeba imiT aixsneba, rom wvad zedapirs Txel fenad gadaefaros. cecxlmqrobi qafebi. qafi aris sistema, romlis dispersiuli faza aris airi. siTxeSi airis buStukebi warmoiqmneba qimiuri procesebis an siTxis da haeris
meqanikuri
Serevis
Sedegad.
xanZris
qrobisas
qafi
gadaefineba
nivTierebas da axdens mis izolirebas garemosagan. qafis daSlis procesSi Txevadi fena asvelebs da agrilebs wvis zedapirs. ganasxvaveben qimiur da haer-meqanikur qafebs. 88
qimiuri qafi miiReba qafwarmomqmnel fxvnilze wylis moqmedebiT. fxvnili aris
aluminis
sulfatis,
natriumis
bikarbonatis
da
qafwarmomqmneli
nivTierebis mSrali narevi. wyalTan urTierTqmedebisas gamoiyofa naxSirbadis dioqsidi 1 kg qafwarmomqmneli fxvnilis da 10 l wylis SereviT warmoiqmneba 40-60 l koncentrirebuli emulsia, romelic Seicavs 80% naxSirbadis dioqsids, 19,7% wyals da 0,3% qafwarmomqmnel nivTierebas. qafis mdgradoba warmoqmnidan daSlamde 40 wuTia. haer-meqanikuri qafi warmoadgens qafgeneratorSi miRebuli 80-99% haeris; 9,7-0,96% wylis; 0,3-0,04% qafwarmomqmnelis meqanikur narevs. aseTi cecxlmqrobi narevis
Tvisebebi
ganpirobebulia
jeradobiT,
mdgradobiT
da
siblantiT.
jeradobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben dabaljerad (jeradobaâ&#x2030;¤10), saSualojerad (jeradoba=10-200) da maRaljerad (jeradoba=200-1000) qafs. haer-meqanikuri qafis mdgradoba qimiurze naklebia. is adamianebisaTvis usafrTxoa
da
uvnebeli,
ar
iwvevs
korozias,
xasiaTdeba
dabali
eleqtrogamtarobiT. inertuli
airebi.
azoti,
argoni,
heliumi,
naxSirbadis
dioqsidi
xasiaTdebian wvad airebTan da orTqlTan Serevis unariT, Sedegad wvis zonaSi mcirdeba Jangbadis koncentracia da wvis procesi wydeba. inertul airebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia naxSirbadis dioqsids (CO2). 3,5 mpa wnevis pirobebSi CO2 gardaiqmneba naxSirmJavad. misi Senaxva da transportireba xdeba foladis balonebiT 12,5 mpa wnevis pirobebSi. naxSirmJava swrafad orTqldeba (1 kg H2CO3 warmoqmnis 509 l airs), gadametcivdeba da warmoqmnis _ 790C temperaturis
mqone
`Tovlis
fantelebs~,
e.w.
ganzavebasTan
erTad
is
efeqturad acivebs wvis keras. naxSirmJava
saukeTeso
saSualebaa
eleqtrodanadgarebze
xanZris
Casaqrobad, radganac is dengaumtaria. yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom naxSirmJaviT xanZris qrobisas aucilebelia adamianebis evakuacia saTavsebidan, radganac saTavsis haerSi Jangbadis koncentracia mkveTrad ecema CO2-is koncentraciis zrdis xarjze (CO2-is koncenracia ar unda aRematebodes 10%-s). inhibitorebi
da
flegmatizatorebi.
es
nivTierebebi
amuxruWeben
wvis
qimiur riaqcias. amJamad xanZris Casaqrobad gamoiyeneba iseTi inhibitorebi, rogoricaa freoni 114B2 da freoni 13B1. isini ar atareben eleqtrodens, ar 89
azianeben
ZviradRirebul
eleqtronul
aparaturas,
amasTan
xasiaTdebian
maRali dasvelebadobis TvisebiT. freoni 114B2 ufero siTxea, duRilis temperaturiT 460C, TviTaalebis temperaturiT 5800C. 00C-ze 1l siTxe warmoqmnis 86,5 l orTqls. cecxlqrobis unaris mixedviT 10-jer aRemateba CO2-s. freoni ar iwvevs egm-is eleqtronuli mowyobilobis korozias. freoniT xanZris qrobis dro Seadgens â&#x2C6;ź60 wams, xolo wyliT an qafiT _ 10-15 wuTs. xanZris Semdeg freonis orTqli gaiwoveba momdengamwovi ventilaciiT, xolo wylis an qafwarmomqmnelis xsnarebis mocileba xorcieldeba wyalsakrebebiT da sadrenaJo mowyobilobebiT. freoniani
qrobis
stacionaruli
danadgarebi
gamoiyeneba
samanqano
darbazebSi, teqnologiuri iatakisqveSa sivrceSi, sakabelo arxebSi, SaxtebSi, perforuqebis da perfolentebis Sesanax saTavsebSi. cecxlsaqrobi
fxvnilebi
warmoadgenen
wvrilad
daqucmacebuli
mineraluri marilebis da sxvadasxva danamatebis meqanikur narevs. fxvnilovani narevebi
gamoirCevian
universalurobiT
da
cecxlqrobis
maRali
unariT
(cecxlis Caqroba miiRweva 5-7 wamSi). fxvnilebis cecxlqrobis efeqti kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa: wvis zonaSi qimiuri reaqciis inhibireba, wvis zonis gaciveba; wvis zonis ganzaveba, rogorc fxvniliT, ise misi daSlis produqtebiT. fxvnilebi xasiaTdebian dieleqrtrikuli TvisebebiT, ar iwveven korozias, ar
gamoirCevian
toqsikurobiT.
fxvnilebis
naklad
iTvleba
maTi
higroskopuloba, rac iwvevs maT datkepnas da dakoStebas. informatikis da marTvis sistemebSi xanZris qrobis saSualebebis da xerxebis SerCeva damokidebulia xanZris gaCenis adgilze. wylis gamoyeneba SeiZleba programistebis saTavsebSi, biblioTekaSi, sakonferencio darbazebSi, damxmare da saTadarigo saTavsebSi. naxSirbadis
dioqsidi
da
haer-meqanikuri
qafi
gamoiyeneba
teqnikur
sarTulebze, sakabelo jixurebSi, arxebSi, iatakisqveSa sivrceSi. samanqano darbazebSi, informaciis saTavsebSi, sakontrolo-mzomi aparaturis saTavsebSi efeqturia cecxlqrobis airadi mowyobilobebis gamoyeneba.
90
xanZris
likvidaciis
sawyis
stadiaze
gamoiyeneba
xanZris
qrobis
pirveladi saSualebebi: Sida saxanZro wyalgayvaniloba, xelis da gadasatani cecxlsaqrobebi, mSrali qviSa da sxva. informatikis
da
marTvis
sistemebis
saTavsebSi,
SenobebSi
saxanZro
onkanebi dayenebuli unda iyos derefnebSi, kibis ujredebSi, SesasvlelTan e.i. SesamCnev da misawvdom adgilebSi _ 1,35 m simaRleze, kedelSi SeRrmavebul niSaSi saxanZo WaurTan da 10-20 m-is mqone sadawneo saxelurTan erTad. wylis dawnevam unda uzrunvelyos wylis kompaqturi Wavlis moqmedebis radiusi, aranakleb 6 m-isa [11]. xanZris qrobis pirvelad saSualebebs miekuTvneba ОХП-10, ОХВП-10, ОУ-5, ОУ-8, ОУ-25, ОУ-80,
ОУ-2,
ОП-5-01 tipis cecxlsaqrobebi, romelTa teqnikuri
maxasiaTeblebi moyvanilia #13 cxrilSi. ОХП-10 da ОХВП-10 tipis qimiuri qafis cecxlsaqrobebis teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi cxrili #13 korpusis tevadoba, l. qafis gamosvlis jeradoba, aranakleb qafis Wavlis sigrZe, m. moqmedebis xangrZlivoba, wami cecxlsaqrobis masa, kg: damuxtvis gareSe, damuxtuli tutovani nawili, gr mJavuri nawili, gr
Zabvis
qveS
myofi
ОХП-10 8,7
ОХВП-10 8,7
5
50
6
4
60±5
50±10
4 14 458,5 470
4 14,1 958 450
eleqtrodanadgarebSi
xanZris
qroba
qimiuri
qafis
cecxlsaqrobebiT dauSvebelia. naxSirmJavur cecxlsaqrobebs miekuTvneba xelis, ОУ-2, ОУ-5, ОУ-8 tipis da gadasatani ОУ-25, ОУ-80 tipis mowyobilobebi. xelis cecxlsaqrobebi aris foladis maRalmdgradi baloni, romelic 6-7 mpa wneviT da 200C temperaturis pirobebSi Sevsebulia Txevadi naxSirmJaviT. 91
temperaturis matebiT wneva izrdeba da 310C-ze naxSirmJava gadadis airad mdgomareobaSi, rac iwvevs cecxlsaqrobis ganmuxtvas. Txevadi naxSirmJavas gardaqmnas airad naxSirbadis dioqsidSi Tan axlavs temperaturis mkveTri vardna da `Tovlis~ uwvrilesi kristalebis warmoqmna. muSa mdgomareobaSi cecxlsaqrobis
horizontalurad
daWera
dauSvebelia,
radganac
sifonidan
naxSirbadis dioqsidis gamosvla Zneldeba. informatikis, marTvis sistemebis da mowyobilobebis saTavsebSi yovel 4050
m2-ze
gaTvaliswinebulia
erTi
xelis
cecxlsaqrobi.
xelis
cecxlsaqrobebTan erTad farTod aris gamoyenebuli orborblian urikaze damontaJebuli gadasatani cecxlsaqrobebi da 2БР-2М tipis naxSirmJavuri stacionaruli danadgarebi. naxSirmJavuri cecxlsaqrobebis teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi cxrili #14 balonis tevadoba, l balonebis raodenoba Wavlis sigrZe, m moqmedebis xangrZlivoba, wm Slangis sigrZe, m muxtis masa, kg damuxtuli cecxlsaqrobis masa, kg.
ОУ-5
ОУ-8
ОУ-25
ОУ-80
2ВР-2М
5
8
25
40
40
1
1
1
2
2
2,9
3,5
2,5
3,5
_
35
40
60
90
120
_
0,6
3,4
10
30
35
5,6
17,5
28
50
15
20,7
73
220
292
ОП-5-01 tipis fxvnilovani cecxlsaqrobi Sedgeba korpusSi moTavsebuli fxvnilisagan, SekumSuli muSa airis (haeri an azoti) balonisagan, gamSvebi meqanizmisagan
da
muxtis
gamosaSvebi
mowyobilobisagan.
cecxlsaqrobis
moqmedebaSi moyvanisas muSa airi intensiurad afxvierebs fxvnils, gamodevnis mas saxelurSi, aRebs Camket sarqvels da fxvnilovani Wavli gadaefineba xanZris keras.
92
Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x;-5-01 tipis cecxlsaqrobis teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi cxrili #15 korpusis tevadoba, l muSa airis wneva balonSi, mpa fxvnilis Wavlis sigrZe, m Slangis sigrZe, m fxvnilis gamosvlis dro, wm muxtis masa, kg damuxtuli cecxlsaqrobis masa, kg
5 15 5 0,6 12-15 5 10,5
amJamad gamoTvliTi marTvis sistemebis sawarmoo saTavsebSi ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba naxSirmJavuri da fxvnilovani cecxlsaqrobebi.
8.5. saxanZro signalizaciis da xanZris qrobis avtomaturi sistemebi
saxanZro likvidacia,
avtomatikis saSiSi
mowyobilobebis
faqtorebisagan
daniSnulebaa
adamianebis
dacva.
xanZris
saxanZro
aRmoCena, avtomatika
moicavs avtomatur saxanZro signalizacais (ass), dacviT-saxanZro signalizacias (dss), xanZarqrobis avtomatur danadgarebs (xad) da maRalsarTuliani Senobebis
kvamlsawinaaRmdego
dacvis
sistemebs.
avtomaturi
saxanZro
signalizaciis sistemebis daniSnulebaa sawyis stadiaze xanZris aRmoCena da saxanZro
dacvis
samsaxurisTvis
signalis
Setyobineba
xanZris
gaCenis
adgilmdebareobis da drois Sesaxeb. signalizaciis sistemas waeyeneba Semdegi teqnikuri
moTxovnebi:
mas
unda
axasiaTebdes
amoqmedebis
minimaluri
inerciuloba, unda iyos gamoricxuli SecdomiTi amoqmedeba, esqpluataciis nebismier pirobebSi unda iyos saimedo. saxanZro signalizaciis ZiriTadi elementebia: _
saxanZro
signalizaciis
gadamwodi,
romelic
damontaJebulia
potenciurad xanZar- da feTqebadsaSiS adgilebSi; _ eleqtronul-gamaZlierebeli bloki, romelic uzrunvelyofs gadamwodis distanciur kontrols;
93
_ Semsrulebeli bloki, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba xanZrsawinaaRmdego sistemis da signalizaciis blokis CarTva_amoqmedeba. signalizaciis sistemis mTavar elements warmoadgens gadamwodi. makontrolirebeli niSnis mixedviT isini iyofa siTboze, kvamlze da sinaTleze moreagire gadamwodebad. siTburi
gadamwodebis
moqmedeba
efuZneba
mgrZnobiare
elementebis
Tvisebebis Secvlaze temperaturis matebasTan erTad. mgrZnobiare elementebad gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva geometriuli formis mqone bimetaluri firfitebi, Termowyvilebi, naxevargamtaruli da magnituri masalebi. amJamad gavrceleba hpova ИП-105-2/1 markis magniturma elementebma. garemo temperaturis 700C-mde awevisas TermomgrZnobiare feritebis magnituri gamWoloba mkveTrad ecema, rac iwvevs kontaqtebis gaTiSvas. aseTi gadamwodis inerciuloba 120 wams Seadgens. kvamlze moqmedi gadamwodis muSaobis principi efuZneba kvamlis aRmoCenis or xerxs: optikur-eleqtronul da radioizotopurs. radioizotopur
gadamwodSi
mgrZnobiare
elementad
gamoyenebulia
Ria
saionizacio da daxuruli sakompensacio kamerebi. orive kameraSi garemos ionizacia
xdeba
plutoniumis
radioaqtiuri
izotopis
α-nawilakebiT.
radioizotopur kvamlze moreagire gadamwodebis inerciuloba 10 wm-s Seadgens. aseTi gadamwodebis eqspluataciisas aucilebelia radiaciuli usafrTxoebis mkacri dacva. wyobidan gamosuli gadamwodebis da Sesacvleli gamosxivebis wyaroebis utilizaciisas da Camarxvisas daculi unda iyos radioaqtiuri nivTierebebis Camarxvis wesebi da normebi. sxivze moreagire saxanZro gadamwodebi reagireben Ria cecxlis sxivze. maT axasiaTebT maRali mgrZnobeloba da umniSvnelo inerciuloba (1-3 wm). maTi gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia iseTi wvis procesis aRmosaCenad, romelic swrafad viTardeba. informatikis danadgarebis
da
marTvis
gaTvaliswinebiT,
sistemebis haeris
ZviradRirebuli ventilaciis
da
aparaturisa
da
kondicionirebis
ganStoebuli sistemis arsebobiT, dafaruli komunikaciebis mravalsaxeobiT da simravliT, eleqtrogamomTvleli manqanebis elementebis aalebis specifikidan gamomdinare yvela saTavsSi unda iyos damontaJebuli kvamlze moriagire ori gadamwodi. 94
kvamlze moqmedi gadamwodebebis ganlagebis normebi warmodgenilia #16 cxrilSi. cxrili #16
gadamwodis dayenebis simaRle, m 3,5-mde 3,5-dan-6,0 6,0-dan-10,0 10,0-dan-12
saxanZro
erTi gadamwodis mier gasakontrolebeli farTi, m2 85 70 65 55
signalizciis
maqsimaluri manZili, m gadamwodebebs gadamwodebidan Soris kedlamde 9,0 4,5 8,5 4,0 8,0 4,0 7,5 3,5
sistemesTan
erTad
samanqano
darbazebSi,
informaciis Sesanax, servisuli da periferiuli aparaturis, egm-is teqnikuri momsaxurebis saTavsebSi
saWiroa xanZris qrobis avtomaturi danadgarebis
mowyoba. ganasxvaveben wylis, qimiur, qafis, airis, orTqlis da fxvnilovan xanZarsaqrob mowyobilobebs. saTavsebSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba airiT xanZris qroba.
xanZarsaqrob
nivTierebad
gamoiyeneba
xladoni
114B2
(tetraftordibromeTani). airis avtomaturi mowyobilobebi aRWurvilia xmovani da
sxivuri
evakuaciis
signalizaciiT,
aucileblobaze.
cecxlsaqrobi
nivTierebebis
romelic
auwyebs
gamafrTxilebeli gamofrqvevamde
saTavsebidan
signalizaciis 30
wamiT
adre.
adamianebis
CarTva
xdeba
erTdroulad
amoqmeddebian egm-ebis eleqtrokvebis da ventilaciis gasaTiSi mablokirebeli mowyobilobebi.
95
gamoyenebuli literatura
1.
http:/www.Aport.ru-drager.ru;
2.
http:/www.headNet.ru-Образование и наука;
3.
http:/www.Altavista.ru –medicus.ru./fitness;
4.
http:/www.Google.com –Наука и техника;
5.
http:/www.Км.ru–БЖД
6.
http:/www.Ssga.ru- Санитарно-гигиенические требования при работе с ПЭВМ;
7.
Охрана труда в химической промышленности. Под редакцией Г.В. Макарова. М.; "Химия", 1989, 493 с.;
8.
Баклашов Н.И., Китаева Н.Ж. Охрана труда на предприятиях связи и охрана окружающей среды. М., "Радио и связь". 1989, 286 с.;
9.
Долин П.А. Справочник по техника безопасности. М., Энергоиздат 1984.;
10. Сибаров Ю.Г., Сколотнев Н.Н. Охрана труда в вычислительных центрах. М., "Машиностроение". 1990, 192 с.; 11. Волков О.М., Замулюкин А.Т. Противопожарная защита вычислительных центров. М., Строииздат. 1982, 63 с.
96
s a r C e v i Tavi I ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 1.1. Sromis usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminologia------------------------3 1.2. Sromis dacvis samecniero baza----------------------------------------------------------------------5 Tavi 2. Sromis kanonmdeblobis safuZvlebi--------------------------------------------------------------7 2.1. Sromis dacvis sakanonmdeblo aqtebi-----------------------------------------------------------7 2.2. Sromis dacvis kanonmdeblobis Sesrulebaze zedamxedveloba da kontroli------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 2.3. pasuxismgebloba Sromis kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis------------------------12 Tavi 3. gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemasTan muSaobisas Sromis pirobebis organizeba--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 3.1. Sromis pirobebis organizebisadmi wayenebuli saerTo moTxovnebi--------13 3.2. gamoTvliT teqnikasTan da kompiuterTan muSaobisas moqmedi mavne da saSiSi sawarmoo faqtorebi-------------------------------------------------------------------14 3.3. kompiuterTan muSaobis gavlena operatoris organizmze-------------------------16 3.4. ergonomikis roli gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemebis muSaobisas-------------18 3.5. adamianis analizatorebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi---------------------------------19 3.6. operatoris samuSao adgilis ergonomikuli Sefaseba-----------------------------23 3.7. personaluri eleqtrogamomTvleli manqanebis (pegm) saTavsebis mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebi da samuSaoTa organizeba------------------------24 3.8. kompiuterTan muSaobis usafrTxo parametrebi------------------------------------------28 3.9. kompiuterTan muSaoba mxedvelobis sxvadasxva defeqtis dros--------------30 Tavi 4. gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemis muSaobisas sawarmoo garemos komfortuli pirobebis uzrunvelyofa--------------------------------------------------------32 4.1. mikroklimati da sahaero garemo-----------------------------------------------------------------32 4.2. temperaturis, fardobiTi tanianobis da haeris moZraobis siCqaris normireba---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33 4.3. saTavsebis ventilacia da kondicionireba-------------------------------------------------34 4.4. gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemis saTavsebis ganaTeba----------------------------------40 4.5. ganaTebis sitemebi da saxeebi----------------------------------------------------------------------42 4.6 gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemis saTavsebisaTvis bunebrivi da xelovnuri 97
ganaTebis normebi-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45
Tavi 5. gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemis saTavsebSi xmauris Semcirebis RonisZiebebi------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 5.1. xmauris maxasiaTeblebi da misi normireba------------------------------------------------47 5.2 xmauris wyaroebi gamoTvliTi teqnikis da egm-is teqnikuri saSualebebis xmauris maxasiaTeblebi---------------------------------------------------------50 5.3. xmauris Semcirebis RonisZiebebi-----------------------------------------------------------------51 Tavi 6.
gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemis eleqtrousafrTxoeba------------------------------54
6.1. eleqtruli denis moqmedeba adamianze--------------------------------------------------------54 6.2 eleqtruli deniT daSavebis Sedegze moqmedi faqtorebi-------------------------55 6.3.
eleqtromowyobilobebis dengamtar nawilebTan Sexebis saSiSroebis analizi----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------57
6.4. eleqtruli denisagan dacvis zomebi----------------------------------------------------------60 6.5 Ddacvis teqnikuri saSualebebi--------------------------------------------------------------------61 6.6 pirveladi daxmarebis RonisZiebebi eleqtrodeniT daSavebis SemTxvevaSi----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65 6.7. statikuri eleqtroba, moqmedeba da misgan dacva-------------------------------------67 Tavi 7. eleqtromagnituri velebi da gamosxivebebi-----------------------------------------------71 7.1. maionizirebeli
(radioaqtiuri) gamosxiveba---------------------------------------------76
7.2. eleqtromagnituri velebisagan da gamosxivebebisagan dacva-------------------79 7.3. maionizirebeli gamosxivebisagan dacva------------------------------------------------------80 Tavi 8. gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemebis xanZarsawinaaRmdego dacvis organizeba-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------82 8.1 saxanZro saSiSroebis saerTo daxasiaTeba--------------------------------------------------82 8.2. saTavsebidan adamianebis evakuacia--------------------------------------------------------------85 8.3. gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemis saTavsebis kvamlsawinaaRmdego dacva---86 8.4. xanZris qrobis xerxebi, cecxlsaqrobi nivTierebebi da aparatura--------87 8.5. saxanZro signalizaciis da xanZris qrobis avtomaturi sistemebi---------93 gamoyenebuli literatura-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------96
98
ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT
gadaeca warmoebas 01.05.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 15.05.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/8. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 6. tiraJi 100 egz.
sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77