საერთაშორისო პოლიტიკური ეკონომია by georgianpolitics

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomia momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

saleqcio kursi socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

nino Jvania

Tbilisi

2006

socialur mecnierebaTa seria mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 2 - 3

securities at most. Therefore, each country is somehow necessitated to strengthen its militaryeconomic potential. Military equipment is rather expensive and its price constantly increases along with its improvement and development. Accordingly, advanced military armament is a prerogative of highly developed countries. In this light, one should delineate two cases: production of military equipments and its import. Import is widely-accepted, especially by less developed countries; however, starting from 1980s more and more developing countries are developing their military industries and some of them are even exporting military equipment. The period of Cold War, rivalry between the NATO and the Warsaw Pact countries, arms race and the balance of nuclear weapons certainly could not be avoided within this topic, and these issues are also touched upon and analyzed. Finally, the concept of military conversion is explained and its economic aspects examined. Military conversion envisages turn of military industry/production into civilian and also re-training of people employed in military industry and providing them new jobs.

Concluding remark: As mentioned in the beginning, not all the aspects of the international political economy could be touched upon within this course; however, I tried to outline basic issues of the international political economy most frequently taught and providing the principal understanding of the discipline. In addition, I would like to note that since IPE is a rather new discipline, which is closely related to contemporary political and economic events, it is incredibly dynamic and constantly developing.

sarCevi

1. Sesavali

2. saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiis sami Teoria

3. hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria

4. safinanso-savaluto urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg

5. saerTaSoriso vaWroba. savaWro urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg

6. mesame samyaros gaCena da ekonomikuri sistemis sami qvesistema

7. globalizacia

8. kapitalis moZraoba

9. evropis integracia

10. erovnuli usafrTxoeba da ekonomika

11. Political Economy of International Relations Course Resume

Sesavali

kursis mizania axsnas politikisa da ekonomikis urTierTdamokidebuleba saSinao da saerTaSoriso doneebze. warmoaCinos is, Tu rogor gansazRvravs politika ekonomikas da piriqiT. kursi agreTve miznad isaxavs globalizaciis procesis axsnas da globaluri ekonomikis ganviTarebis etapebis aRweras. kursis erT-erTi mTavari mizania daexmaros studentebs saqarTvelos poziciidan ganixilon saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis sxvadasxva sakiTxebi da Tavisuflad imsjelon saqarTvelos rolze dRevandel saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. ekonomikuri faqtorebi mTeli istoriis manZilze did rols asrulebdnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. ekonomikuri miznebi, resursebi da instrumentebi xSirad gansazRvravdnen qveynebis sagareo politikas. Cven SegviZlia gavixsenoT uamravi istoriuli movlena — es iqneba omebi, zavebi, SeTqmulebebi, koaliciebis warmoSoba Tu sxva, da maTi kargad Seswavlis Semdeg davinaxavT, rom nebismieri maTganis ukan iyo ekonomikuri daintereseba an, piriqiT, garkveuli ekonomikuri movlenebi politikuri qmedebebis gamoxmaureba iyo an konkretuli politikuri miznis miRwevas emsaxureboda. magaliTad, didi britaneTis adrindeli industrializacia mecxramete saukuneSi misi politikuri siZlierisa da msoflioSi dominant saxelmwifod gadaqcevis ganmsazRvreli faqtori gaxda. aseve aSS-s ekonomikurma siZlierem ganapiroba misi samxedro Zliereba da meoce saukuneSi politikuri dominantis rolis Sesruleba. sTiven gilisa da devid los wignSi (The Global Political Economy: Perspectives, Problems and Policies) politikisa da ekonomikis mWidro urTierTkavSiris saCveneblad moyvanilia meoce saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili movlenis — aparteidis magaliTi: samxreT afrikis politikuri viTareba cdeboda am qveynis kompetencias. mis mogvarebaSi aqtiurad Caebnen dasavleTi (am SemTxvevaSi — aSS da zogierTi evropuli saxelmwifo) da aRmosavleTi (pirvel rigSi ssrk da Semdeg misi sateliti socialisturi saxelmwifoebi). orive mxaris politikosebisaTvis debatebi samxreT afrikisa da aparteidis Sesaxeb ar iyo mxolod samarTlianobisa da samoqalaqo uflebebis gamo, aramed, avtorebis azriT, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis ZalTa balansis, grZelvadiani usafrTxoebisa da samxreT afrikaSi maTi investiciebis masStabebis gamo. dasavleTis antiaparteidulma lobim miaRwia ekonomikuri sanqciebis dawesebas samxreT afrikisaTvis. am qveyanaze saubrisas saWiroa movixsenioT strategiuli nedleuli, romlis eqsportsac eweoda samxreT afrika aSS-sa da iaponiaSi da romlis alternatiuli mimwodebelic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iyo ssrk. wminda ekonomikuri sanqciebis dawesebis miRma naTlad ikveTeboda politikuri interesebi da gaTvlebi. amgvarad, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomia yovelTvis arsebobda. meoce saukuneSi ki misi, rogorc disciplinis, Camoyalibeba daiwyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom politika da ekonomika mudam axdendnen erTmaneTze gavlenas, maTi urTierTdamokidebuleba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala meoce saukuneSi. amis erT-

of stability and long-term peace. In today’s world the scale of capital flow is huge and there are different reasons for this: development of transnational corporations and increase of their number, rapid increase of export of machinery construction and improvement of transportation, etc. Starting from the end of the twentieth century capital mainly goes to developed countries, while earlier the tendency was different and the capital was mainly moving from developed to developing countries. This change is primarily connected to the changes in the recipient fields. Export of state capital and export of private capital are separately described and compared. Different forms of state capital, such as long-term loans, credits, non-cost assistance, etc., are characterized and their aim analyzed both country-level and international-level. As for the export of private capital, its various forms are examined and its influence on the recipient country overviewed. For example, foreign direct and foreign indirect investments are analyzed both from the position of the investing country and the recipient country, and both sides’ arguments provided. Over again, critic of developed countries’ investment policy by the third world countries is offered and examined. As a continuation of the theme of capital flow, the issue of transnational corporations is discussed within the course, as one of the forms of the export of capital. As Rhys Jenkins notes in his book “Transnational Corporations and Uneven Development: The Internalization of Capital and the Third World,” only a few economic institutions raise such emotional and contradictory debates as transnational corporations do. Special attention is given to the notion transnational corporations and different terms such as multinational corporations, multinational enterprises, international firms, etc., and the reasons provided why UN selected the term transnational corporation against all others listed above. Brief history of transnational corporations’ development is provided and their forms and internal structures discussed. The role of these corporations in international political and economic system overviewed and their advantages analyzed. And finally, transnational corporations’ and third world countries’ relationship discussed and noted that starting from the end of the twentieth century developing countries’ hostile attitude towards transnational corporations has alleviated compared to earlier periods. Further, the political economy of the European integration is examined. The topic begins with brief overview of the history of unification of the European countries and its political and economic aspects: Pan-European movement; establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; creation of Benelux; establishment of the Council of Europe; Paris agreement on coal and steel among six European countries: Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxemburg; and certainly, the Maastricht Treaty of course. Many scholars believe that the Paris agreement on coal and steel among six European countries was one of the turning points towards the European integration. Besides its economic aspects, the agreement clearly followed political aims: agreement between Germany and France could become one of the guarantees for stability and long-term peace on the continent. Benefits and advantages of free and liberal economy are analyzed from the perspectives of the European Union and success achieved by the European countries examined. What is the advantage of being united? Does it bring economic and social welfare only, if ever? Do these countries sacrifice their national interests? Is it world leadership aspiration? Is the European Union real candidate for future world hegemony? According to many scholars one of the major reasons for establishment of tight political and economic relations among the European states was to balance the United States and even to become the world leader after the US. The European currency Euro and creation of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development were additional instruments towards this goal. The next issue of the course is the economy and national security: military-industrial rivalry in the global economy. Within this topic it is attempted to analyze the logic of military-industrial rivalry and the way it influences the policies and arms production. It is also tried to understand why countries spend enormous amounts of money on militarization and how it is connected to the national security. Since military expenditures are constantly growing and arms rapidly spreading, one should raise a question: why arms production and military spending became a regular feature of the global economy? Every country tries to secure its national security at most. But even the most powerful country cannot be sure that its national security is guaranteed, since it is not the only country that tries to solve this problem, and its neighboring or rivalry countries are also trying to secure their national

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomia SedarebiT axali disciplinaa, romelmac Camoyalibeba daiwyo gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi. misi warmoSoba ganpirobebuli iyo saerTaSoriso politikasa da ekonomikas Soris swrafad mzardi mWidro urTierTkavSiriT da im mosazrebiT, rom ekonomika da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi cal-calke metad viwro disciplinebia imisaTvis, rom axsnan saerTaSoriso politikuri da saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sakvanZo aspeqtebi. aRniSnuli kursi ver moicavs disciplinis yvela aspeqts. igi gagacnobT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis ZiriTad Teoriebs, aRwers safinanso-savaluto da savaWro sistemebs meore msoflio omis Semdeg (breton-vudsis konferencia da momdevno movlenebi) da adarebs maT Tanamedrove sistemebs. kursis farglebSi axsnilia saerTaSoriso investiciebis logika da Tanamedrove tendenciebi am sferoSi, ganxilulia globalizaciis procesi da misdami araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba, aseve evropis integracia. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba saerTaSoriso da samTavrobaTaSoriso organizaciebis rols saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikur ekonomiaSi.

kursis mizani

analyses give an understanding of differences between the planned and market economies, political motivations for existence of this subsystem and reasons why it collapsed. Countries from this subsystem were isolated from the West and they were no members of none of the Breton-Woods institutions. Nowadays, these countries started joining and many of them already became members of the WB, IMF and other international organizations. In this aspect, the western countries are facing number of challenges such as control of interdependence in the western subsystem, facilitation of economic relations between the two competed subsystems and enhancement of the Eastern European countries’ economies. Further, within this chapter, petroleum exporting countries are overviewed with the aim to understand their place in the international political and economic system, their development perspectives and problems faced. Brief history of OPEC is provided, as well as structure and main goals of the organization. The organization, which established in 1960, was supposed to unite all major oil exporting countries, coordinate common policy in controlling oil prices and quality and protect its members’ interests on international market. As Joan Spero notes, OPEC’s common action to grab the control over the world’s oil markets was the most successful effort of southern countries to alter their dependent relationship with the North. Acting in this way they managed to increase somehow their political power. As noted above, although many developing countries have been trying, the example of OPEC was difficult for them to reproduce. In the beginning, after couple of attempts, OPEC managed to agree on the common production reduction schemes and its members succeeded in increasing their revenues. As a result, starting from 1970s, Western countries found themselves dependent on the threat of supply disruption and reduction. However, number of oil crisis weakened the organization. In addition, non-OPEC production increased, causing surplus and, accordingly, decrease of prices. Further, main historical and contemporary political events in relationship with oil are discussed aimed at analyzing which political reasons are behind the struggles over the world oil control. Special attention in the course is given to the globalization process. What is globalization and when did it start? Is it internationalization (increase and intensification of international transactions)? Is it liberalization (open political and economic relations)? Is it universalization (universal dissemination/spread of different peoples’ experience)? Is it westernization or even Americanization? Or is it weakening of the role of national borders and, generally, of the territorial/geographic factor? For many reasons, a generally-accepted definition of the globalization does not exist and debates over this are underway among scholars. Nevertheless, globalization itself has numerous insistent opponents as well as loyal proponents. But even those who come out against it are constantly benefiting from the fruits of globalization in their everyday life. Global economy is indispensable part of the contemporary world. Hardly one can find a place in the world where globalization or at least some of its components is not the part of the everyday life. Benefits of global production do not raise doubts. Currently collection of raw materials can take place in one geographic destination, manufacturing – in another, branding, advertising, promoting, and marketing – all in different places and countries. Global economy, or as many call – economy beyond borders have significantly raised the efficiency, mobility and cost-effectiveness of national economies and provided wide range of choice/alternative both for producers and consumers. Distances and borders become the question of minor importance in this process. Development of global production facilitated creation of special economic zones, export zones and free production, where maximum conditions are created for free trade. Global financial interactions are also discussed and analyzed. As attitude towards globalization is contradictory world-wide and the terms “anti-globalists” and “”anti-globalizm manifestations” became so common for the international political and economic life, it is attempted in the course to offer anti-globalists’ main arguments against globalization. The issue of capital flow is the next topic of the course. Flow of capital is one of the most important global events in today’s world. Borders do not exist for the capital and it searches quick, guaranteed and high profit. After the WWII flow of capital has significantly increased. Simultaneously, the role of the United States in the capital export enhanced. Later on, the Federal Republic of Germany and Japan caught up. France was keeping one of the leading positions, however, Great Britain’s role weakened compared to the nineteenth century. According to many scholars, export of capital establishes tighter relations than international trade. Export of capital strengthens relations among states and these relations are the guarantee

erTi mizezi, gilpinis azriT, isaa, rom sagZnoblad amaRlda mosaxleobis gaTviTcnobierebis done rogorc politikur, aseve ekonomikur sakiTxebSi da xalxi mixvda, rom mas SeuZlia (an hgonia, rom SeuZlia) gavlena moaxdinos da Secvalos ekonomikuri procesebi. am codnisa da politikuri demokratiis farTod gavrcelebis Sedegad naTeli gaxda, rom qveynebs an garkveul jgufebs SeuZliaT aqtiurad imoqmedon ekonomikaze da, Sesabamisad, simdidris gadanawilebaze. amgvarad, dRevandel msoflioSi umuSevroba, inflacia da sxv. aRiqmeba da ganixileba ara rogorc ekonomikis gardauvali kanonzomiereba, aramed rogorc adamianebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis Sedegi, anu xdeba ekonomikis politizacia. edvard qaris mixedviT, ekonomikis mecniereba gulisxmobs garkveul wyobas, wesrigs da igi ar SeiZleba iyos Seswavlili politikis gareSe. rig mecnierTa azriT ki, piriqiT, yoveli politikuri struqturis ukan dgas ekonomikuri safuZvlebi. dRes dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom arc politika da arc ekonomika ar aris sruliad avtonomiuri da, Sesabamisad, orive mosazreba marTebulia. joan spiros azriT, politikuri faqtorebi sami saxiT axdenen gavlenas ekonomikaze:

• politikuri sistema ayalibebs ekonomikur sistemas, vinaidan ekonomikuri sistemis struqtura da saqmianoba didwilad ganpirobebulia saerTaSoriso politikuri sistemis struqturiTa da saqmianobiT; • politikuri mosazrebebi xSirad ganapirobeben ekonomikur politikas, vinaidan ekonomikuri politika ganisazRvreba politikuri interesebidan gamomdinare; • saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebi Tavad aris politikuri urTierTobebi, vinaidan saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri interaqciebi, politikuri interaqciebis msgavsad, aris procesi, romlis drosac qveynebi an sistemis sxva monawileebi, cdiloben moagvaron TavianTi problemebi, miaRwion saerTo miznebs, iTanamSromlon da aS. erTi mxriv, politika farTod gansazRvravs ekonomikuri saqmianobis CarCoebs da mimarTulebas aZlevs mas, xolo meore mxriv, ekonomikur procesebs wvlili SeaqvT Zalauflebisa da simdidris gadanawilebaSi. isini cvlian Zalauflebriv urTierTobebs jgufebs Soris, rasac, Tavis mxriv, mivyavarT politikuri sistemis transformaciisaken, xolo amas — ekonomikuri urTierTobebis axali struqturisaken. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ekonomikuri politika aris mecniereba ekonomikur motivebze, saqmianobasa da politikaze, romlebic gavlenas axdenen politikaze. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomika aris saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi ormxrivi da dinamiuri urTierTqmedeba simdidrisa da Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT. (Robert Gilpin: Power and the Multinational Corporations: The Political Economy of Direct Foreign Investment). saxelmwifosa da bazris paraleluri arseboba da urTierTqmedeba Tanamedrove msoflioSi qmnis politikur ekonomikas. saxelmwifos ararsebobis pirobebSi fasis meqanizmi da bazris Zalebi gansazRvravdnen ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedegebs. es iqneboda wminda ekonomistis samyaro. bazris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo gamoyofda ekonomikur resursebs. es iqneboda wminda politikosis samyaro. politika da bazari mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSia. yvela politikuri movlenis ukan aris ekonomikuri aspeqti, da, piriqiT. politikuri ekonomia Seiswavlis ekonomikuri movlenebis politikur safuZvlebs an meTodebs, romelTa meSveobiTac saxelmwifo gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze, bazris funqcionirebaze. SeiZleba asec iTqvas — politikuri ekonomia Seiswavlis politikuri movlenebis ekonomikur safuZvlebs. 1970-iani wlebi politikuri ekonomiiis aRorZinebis periodia, rac ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom realur da mecnierul faqtebs Soris ekonomikasa da politikaSi ufskruli gaCnda. moxda ekonomikuri problemebis Zlieri politizireba, xolo politikuri procesebi, Tavis mxriv, ganicdida ekonomizacias. garda amisa, Rarib da mdidar qveynebs Soris gaizarda ufskruli. prioritetulad iqca globaluri problemebi axali ekonomikuri wesrigis Seqmnis moTxovniT.

saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiis sami ideologia — sami Teoria

`liberalizmi” 1912 wlidan gamoiyeneba — mas Semdeg, rac espaneTSi Seiqmna liberaluri partia da liberalebma moaxerxes samoqalaqo konfliqtSi konservatiuli da avtoritaruli Sexedulebebis mowinaaRmdegeebis gaerTianeba. es sityva laTinuridan momdinareobs da Tavisuflebas niSnavs. liberaluri Teoria adam smitisa da devid rikardos moZRvrebebidan iRebs saTaves. liberaluri ekonomikuri Teoria Tavisufali bazris da saxelmwifos minimaluri Carevis momxrea. liberalizmi aris Tavisufali adamianebis, Tavisufali bazris da SezRuduli mTavrobis ideologia. liberalizmi aris doqtrina sazogadoebis wevrTa erTmaneTTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb. igi cdilobs adamians Seuqmnas normaluri, bunebrivi da mSvidobiani ganviTarebis pirobebi. liberalizmi transformacias ganicdida da mas sxvadasxva saxelwodeba hqonda: klasikuri Teoria, neoklasicizmi, keinsianizmi, monetarizmi da sxv. ekonomikuri liberalizmis yvela forma aRiarebs bazars da fasis warmoqmnis meqanizms, rogorc Sida da sagareo ekonomikis organizebis yvelaze efeqtur xerxs. liberalizmi SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc doqtrina da principebis erToblioba sabazro ekonomikis organizebisa da marTvisaTvis, raTa miRweul iqnes maqsimaluri efeqturoba, ekonomikuri zrda da bazris yvela monawilis piradi keTildReoba. ekonomikuri liberalizmis mixedviT, bazari warmoiqmneba spontanurad, raTa daakmayofilos adamianis moTxovnileba. xolo funqcionirebs bazari Tavisi Sida logikis mixedviT. adamianebi bunebiT arian ekonomikuri cxovelebi da amitom bazari viTardeba bunebrivad, logikurad, centraluri direqtivebis gareSe. adam smiTis azriT, sazogadoebrivi, erovnuli da kerZo dovlaTis warmoqmnis wyaro aris TiToeuli adamianis mudmivi, ganuwveteli da rutinuli Zalisxmeva, gaiumjobesos sakuTari pirobebi. sabazro sistemis logika isaa, rom is zrdis ekonomikur efeqturobas, maqsimalurs xdis ekonomikur zrdas da, Sesabamisad, aumjobesebs adamianebis keTildReobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom, liberalebis azriT, ekonomikuri saqmianoba aZlierebs qveynis Zalauflebasa da usafrTxoebas. maT swamT isic, rom ekonomikuri saqmianobis ZiriTadi da umTavresi mizani aris TiToeuli adamianisaTvis sargeblis motana. liberalizmis mixedviT, kerZo momxmarebeli, firma Tu ojaxi aris sazogadoebis safuZveli. kerZo pirebi iqcevian racionalurad, gonivrulad da cdiloben daikmayofilon TavianTi moTxovnilebebi yvelaze dabal fasSi. individualuri mwarmoeblebi da momxmareblebi Zalian mgrZnobiareni arian fasis mimarT, rac xels uwyobs moqnili ekonomikis warmoqmnasa da arsebobas, romlis pirobebSic fasis nebismieri cvlileba gamoiwvevs Sesabamis cvlilebas warmoebaSi, moxmarebasa da ekonomikur institutebSi. WeSmaritad konkurentuli bazris pirobebSi gacvlis pirobebi ganisazRvreba mxolod miwodeba-moTxovniT da ara ZalauflebiT, uxeSi CareviTa da direqtivebiT. Tu gacvla nebayoflobiTia da orive mxaris surviliTaa ganpirobebuli, maSin am procesSi orive mxare mogebulia da kmayofili. sabazro ekonomika ZiriTadad imarTeba moTxovnis kanoniT, romlis mixedviTac, xalxi iyidis met saqonels, Tu fasi daiwevs, da naklebs, Tu is gaizrdeba; xalxi aseve iyidis mets, Tu misi Semosavali gaizrdeba, da naklebs, Tu igi Semcirdeba. nebismieri cvlileba fasSi da bazris monawilis SemosavalSi imoqmedebs SeZenili saqonlis raodenobaze. xolo rac Seexeba miwodebas, liberalebis azriT, adamianebi cdiloben Tavisi

developed countries to the OPEC members. The majority of developing countries believed that OPEC was a good example of what could be achieved by them and which role they could play in the international economic life. Nevertheless, the success of the OPEC was overestimated and it became obvious for everyone during the 1981 oil crisis. On the other hand, the crisis showed the western counties that the success of the OPEC is largely depended on the demand on oil, and the demand, obviously, comes mainly from them. What is interesting, that the number of attempts of the developing countries to unite and struggle jointly for common interests also failed, for many reasons, such as: differences in ideology, culture, industrialization level, etc. According to radical countries, the main reason for the unfair international political and economic system is the liberal international economic order created after the WWII. Gilpin notes that after the World War II the developed countries had made numerous attempts to provide support to postcolonial and other developing countries in hastening their economic growth, but the process was not deliberate, well planned and, in many cases, far from being fair. As an illustration, he brings the example of deterioration of the economic situation in Africa, suspension of the economic growth in Latin America in 80s of the last century and entire concentration of attention on the Far East. In this chapter of the course the phenomenon of Newly Industrialized Countries is also discussed with the aim to understand what were the main reasons, both economic and political, for their incredibly high rate of economic growth. The success of these counties questions the issue of global poorness. If these countries, dependent in the past, managed to achieve such a high economic growth rate, why other similar countries did not manage to do the same? Can Georgia learn anything from these countries and what internal and external political preconditions should be in place to ensure similar developments? According to many scholars the future of the Newly Industrialized Countries largely depends on the growth rate of the global economy, openness of the markets of the developed countries and the progress in the sphere of industrial technologies. Subsystems of international economic system, proposed by Joan Spero, are discussed further in the course. The Western System, which is also called the system of interdependence, unites highly developed countries with the advanced economies. Relationship among the countries is so tight that their economies are extremely sensitive to both political and economic changes in each of these countries. The western subsystem unites countries sharing the ideas of liberalism. Here it is attempted to explain what are the benefits of such tight interrelationship and interdependence and, on the other hand, what are minuses. Is there real threat to the political independence of the countries? Do they have to sacrifice their national interests, culture, etc? Why this interdependence has so many opponents? All these issues are analyzed in the course and questions answered. The second subsystem is the North-South subsystem, also called the subsystem of dependence. Unlike the western subsystem, countries of this subsystem are radically different from each other. It unites western well developed countries and Latin American, Asian and African developing countries. Tension between them is obvious and it has long history. The main problem of this subsystem is dependency. The dependency exists when south courtiers have intensive interaction with the northern countries and when this interaction is vitally important for national economies of the south countries and, consequently, these countries become dependent on all political and economic events taking place in the northern countries. However, for the northern countries these interactions are not qualitatively important. Hence, interdependence is symmetric, while dependence is - asymmetric. There are different forms of dependence: in trade, in investments, in financial spheres, etc. The course tries to examine why the dependence exists, its roots, tendencies and perspectives. Also, attempts to look at the problem from both sides and analyze pro and contra arguments, and again, think over the Georgia’s perspectives based on other countries’ experience. What niche can Georgia hold in today’s international economic system and which role it is ready to play? Which political preconditions are necessary for this? The third system proposed by Joan Spero was the East-West subsystem, also called the independence subsystem. The subsystem included the Soviet Union and its satellite socialist countries, mainly in Eastern Europe. Naturally, the subsystem does not exist currently, but its

miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebis mier SemuSavebulia araerTi Teoria ekonomikasa da politikas Soris urTierTobebis asaxsnelad, es sami — liberalizmi, nacionalizmi da damokidebulebis Teoria yvelasagan gamorCeulia. maT udidesi gavlena moaxdines rogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebaze, aseve Tavad politikaze da saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiis Camoyalibebidan dRemde ar kargaven aqtualurobas.

liberalizmi

currency. Further, the course describes the Breton-Woods monetary institutions – the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund and tries to explain the reasons for criticizing their activities, especially from the less developed countries’ side. Since Georgia is a member of both of these organizations from 1992, the course also attempts to analyze IMF and WB activities in Georgia. What kind of political and economic benefits the country has received from their work, if it has ever? Why and who is criticizing these institution in Georgia and what the country like Georgia should do to use the assistance provided by these institutions most efficiently. Similar to the financial situation, state of the trade sphere after the WWII was also far from being perfect. The course touches upon the United States leadership in the post-war period international trade system and analyses its reasons. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is also one of the Breton-Woods institutions, created with the aim to achieve free and fair trade through reducing tariffs and removing other trade barriers. The major rule for implementing free trade was the principle for non-discrimination (most-favored-nation principle). The second element of non-discrimination was the provision for national treatment designed to prevent discrimination against foreign products after they enter a country. GATT was associated with the club of rich countries and was seriously criticized by developing countries. As many of them acknowledged, the system worked very well for the developed countries and most quotas and other barriers were eliminated, facilitating overall liberalization of the international trade. However, little efforts were put on implementation of non-discrimination principle and some others, important for developing countries. Within the course, GATT and the World Trade Organization are compared with the aim to show why the GATT failed and which new or additional instruments the WTO possesses to facilitate free and fair international trade, achieve non-discrimination against countries, facilitate fair competition among countries, and provide special assistance to developing countries. The course also focuses on the reflections of Joan Spero on what the new international trade system is going to look like and if it is going to change. According to Spero, the structure of the future order will largely depend on to at what extent the current leading states will consider less developed countries’ (such as Argentina, Mexico, etc.), OPEC member countries’ and newly industrialized countries’ role in the order. Most of these countries have intensive trade relations both with developed and the third world countries and many of them have started extensive investing in developed countries. In the close future these countries will demand and they will receive the right to participate in the management of the system. The future international trade system will be managed multilaterally. Many scholars believed that Japan, considering its extremely high rate of economic development, would have played the leading role in the trade system along with newly industrialized countries. However, by the beginning of the twenty-first century the number of supporters of this idea has reduced and currently many think that the united Europe is the real aspirant for the leadership. Next issue the course tackles is the emergence of the third world, economic system subsystems, new industrialized and OPEC countries’ economic development overview and their place in the international political and economic system. The term “third world” emerged along with the development of nationalist movements initially in Latin America, and later in Asia and Africa. Argentinean Economist Raul Prebisch was one of the firsts who raised the issue of the unfair world economic and political order. In 1944-48ss when the Breton-Woods system was designed along with its financial and trade institutions, Asian, African and Latin American countries’ involvement in this process was insignificant, as many of them had to gain political independence and were intensively fighting for achieving this goal. Besides the fact that by that time developing countries were making the majority of the UN General Assembly, the situation was completely different in the IMF, WB and GATT. However, starting from 60s of the last century developing countries began demanding the new economic order, in which their interests would have been considered. They were requesting trade benefits for their countries taking into account their ‘baby’ economics. In 1974, the request for the new economic order was officially declared in the United Nations May Resolution. Adoption of the resolution was primarily prompted by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries’ (OPEC) success in ensuring high prices on oil, as a result of which huge amount of money flew from

interesebis dakmayofilebas deficitisa da resursebis arasakmarisi raodenobiT arsebobis pirobebSi. saqonelze miwodebis an moTxovnis cvlilebas aucileblad mohyveba saqonlis fasis cvlileba. arsebiTad, liberalebs swamT, rom vaWroba da ekonomikuri urTierTqmedeba saxelmwifoebs Soris mSvidobiani urTierTobebis safuZvelia, vinaidan vaWrobiT miRebuli ormxrivi sargebeli da zrdadi urTierTdamokidebuleba erovnul ekonomikebs Soris aZlierebs saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromlobas. swored amitom Tavisufali vaWroba da kapitalis Tavisufali brunva unda gansazRvravdnen saxelmwifoTa ekonomikur politikas da ara piriqiT. liberalizmis saSinao politikis mizani igivea, rac sagareosi — mSvidoba. liberalebs swamT kacobriobis srulyofili TanamSromlobis. liberalizmi Tavisi arsiT kosmopolituri ideologiaa. xolo liberali - msoflio moqalaqe, kosmopoliti. liberalizmi winaaRmdegia omisa da yvelanairi konfliqtis. omi aiZulebs saxelmwifoebs Caiketnon, xolo Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis pirobebSi Caketili qveynis ekonomika sustdeba da moqalaqeTa keTildReoba klebulobs. liberalis azriT, kerZo sakuTreba mSvidobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi garantia rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve mTlianad msoflioSi. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela saxelmwifos valia kerZo sakuTrebis gafrTxileba da misi dacva. adre liberalebi Tvlidnen, rom omi surdaT da omobdnen monarqebi da ara erebi. Sesabamisad, maTi azriT, dinastiebi unda SeecvalaT xalxis mier arCeul mTavrobebs. bevri mecnierisa da politikosis azriT, liberalur-demokratiuli mTavrobebi naklebad konfliqturebi arian da iSviaTad an saerTod ar omoben. liberalizmis gavrcelebasTan erTad xdeba saxelmwifo sazRvrebis dadgena samxedro, istoriuli da sxva pirobebiT. Tumca liberalebi ar aRiareben sazRvris strategiul mniSvnelobas. liberalebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi miRwevaa referendumebi da plebiscitebi. leveling roqveli, Tanamedrove amerikeli politikosi da Jurnalisti, eWvs gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom liberalizmi Tavisi pirvandeli saxiT dReisaTvis aRar arsebobs, da ambobs, rom WeSmarit liberalur koncefcias axla klasikuri liberalizmi unda ewodos. igi wers: `me-18 da me-19 saukuneebSi liberalizmis cneba, sazogadod, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis filosofias niSnavda, romelsac Semdegi principi gaaCnda — sazogadoebebs da maT komponentebs raime saxis centraluri mmarTveloba da kontroli ar sWirdebaT, radgan sazogadoebebi, Cveulebriv, sakuTar Tavs marTaven sakuTar wevrTa nebayoflobiTi da urTierTsasargeblo TanamSromlobis gziT. dRes amgvar filosofias liberalizms ver vuwodebT, vinaidan es cneba demokratiuli totalitarizmis mier iqna miTvisebuli. imisaTvis, rom es filosofia xelaxla Cveni drois Sesatyvisad warmovaCinoT, Cven mas axali saxeli — klasikuri liberalizmi unda vuwodoT. klasikuri liberalizmi iseT sazogadoebas niSnavs, sadac Cemi ocneba realobaa. sadac Cven prezidentis saxelis xseneba sulac ar gvesaWiroeba, sadac arCevnebis Sedegebi mniSvnelovani araa, radgan sazogadoeba kanonebiT, da ara adamianebis mier, imarTeba. rodesac Cven ar gveSinia Cveni mTavrobis, radgan mas Cvengan arc araferi miaqvs da arc araferi moaqvs, aramed is gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom Cven Cveni cxovreba, sazogadoebrivi yofa da momavali Tavadve ganvsazRvroT~. (leveling roqveli. liberalizmis safuZvlebi, gv. 86, Tavisuflebis biblioTeka, wigni I, 2004w.).

nacionalizmi ekonomikurma nacionalizmma, liberalizmis msgavsad, mravali metamorfoza ganicada saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi: merkantilizmi, sTeiTizmi (saxelmwifoebriobizmi), proteqcionizmi, germanuli istoriuli skola, bolo xanebSi ki — neoproteqcionizmi. ekonomikuri nacionalizmis centraluri ideis mixedviT, ekonomikuri saqmianoba unda daeqvemdebaros saxelmwifos miznebsa da interesebs. saerTaSoriso sistemis mowyobisa da funqcionirebisaTvis umTavresi aris saxelmwifo, erovnuli usafrTxoeba da samxedro Zlevamosileba. zogierTi nacionalisti miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifos usafrTxoebisa da gadarCenisaTvis erovnuli ekonomikuri interesebis dacvas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba ara aqvT. am mimdinareobas keTili, kargi merkantilizmi ewodeba. nacionalistebis meore

nawili Tvlis, rom saerTaSoriso ekonomika aris imperialisturi eqspansiisa da sazRvrebis gafarToebis arena. nacionalizmis am agresiul formas SeiZleba vuwodoT cudi merkantilizmi. germaniis nacisturi mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika aRmosavleT evropasTan mimarTebaSi 1930-ian wlebSi swored amgvari xasiaTis iyo. nacionalistebi xazs usvamen ekonomikuri faqtorebis rols saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da miiCneven, rom saxelmwifoebs Soris brZola ekonomikuri resursebisaTvis gavrcelebulia da TviT saerTaSoriso sistemis bunebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. vinaidan ekonomikuri resursebi saWiroa erovnuli ZlierebisaTvis, yvela konfliqti erTdroulad ekonomikuric aris da politikuric. saxelmwifoebi cdiloben erTdroulad moipovon simdidre, Zalaufleba da damoukidebloba. ekonomikuri nacionalizmi me-16 — me-18 saukuneebSi erTgvari gamoxmaureba iyo politikur, ekonomikur da samxedro movlenebze da masSi swored am periodis viTarebam pova asaxva. am dros Cndeba Zlieri nacionaluri saxelmwifoebi, romlebic mudmiv qiSpobaSi arian erTmaneTTan. am dros warmoiSveba da Zlierdeba saSualo klasi, romelic Cabmulia ekonomikur saqmianobaSi — vaWrobaSi da, umTavresad, manufaqturaSi, warmoebaSi. es erTis mxriv ganpirobebuli iyo axali samyarosa da misi resursebis aRmoCeniT. monetizirebuli sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da samxedro sferoSi cvlilebebs aseve udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda. nacionalistebma daadgines, maTi azriT, misaRebi balansi vaWrobasa da erovnul usafrTxoebas Soris. ramdenime mizezis gamo nacionalizmis ZiriTadi mizani industrializaciaa. pirvel rigSi, nacionalistebs swamT, rom industria axdens gardamtex efeqts ekonomikaze da mas mivyavarT ekonomikis srul ganviTarebamde. meore mizezi aris is, rom nacionalistebisaTvis ganviTarebuli industria asocirdeba ekonomikur TviTuzrunvelyofasTan da politikur avtonomiasTan. mesame da yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom industria aris samxedro siZlierisa da, Sesabamisad, erovnuli usafrTxoebis safuZveli. TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifoSi, liberalurSic ki, mTavrobebis politika mimarTulia industriis ganviTarebisaken. moqiSpe saxelmwifoebis samyaroSi nacionalistebi miiCneven calxriv mogebas ufro mniSvnelovnad, vidre ormxrivs. liberalebs miaCniaT, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba ormxrivad sasargebloa, maSin roca nacionalistebi Tvlian, rom es urTierTobebi aucileblad konfliqturia da wesrigi SesaZlebelia mxolod hegemonis an ZalTa balansis arsebobis pirobebSi. nacionalistebi, dawyebuli aleqsandre hamiltoniT da damTavrebuli Tanamedrove mecnierebiT, xazs usvamen TviTuzrunvelyofis upiratesobas ekonomikur urTierTdamokidebulebasTan SedarebiT.

damokidebulebis Teoria ganviTarda 1950-iani wlebis bolos prebiSis ideebis safuZvelze. prebiSi da misi Tanamoazreebi Tvlidnen, rom ekonomikur zrdas wamyvan qveynebSi ar moyveboda Raribi qveynebis ganviTareba. ufro metic, maTi azriT, ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri saqmianoba xSirad seriozul ekonomikur problemebs qmnida Rarib saxelmwifoebSi. es ewinaaRmdegeboda neoklasikosebis Sexedulebebs, romelTa mixedviT, ekonomikuri zrda xelsayreli iyo yvelasTvis (Pareto Optimal — ekonomikuri viTareba, romelSic Tu erTi adamianis an jgufis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba umjobesdeba, meoris — uaresdeba. aravis SeuZlia gamdidreba vinme sxvis gaRaribebis gareSe), maSinac ki, Tu mogeba ar nawildeboda Tanabrad. prebiSi am faqts ase xsnida: Raribi qveynebi iZulebulni arian pirveladi produqcia (nedleuli) miyidon ganviTarebul qveynebs, romlebic Semdgom am nedleulis gadamuSavebis Sedegad Seqmnil produqcias Rarib qveynebSi yidian. mza produqcia yovelTvis ufro Zviri Rirs, vidre nedleuli, Sesabamisad, Rarib qveynebs verasodes eqnebaT imdeni Semosavali eqsportidan, rom gadaixadon importSi. am problemis mosagvareblad, prebiSis azriT, saWiro iyo Semdegi: Raribi saxelmwifoebi unda SeerTebodnen importis gacvlis programas (Program on Import Substitution), raTa maT ar SeeZinaT mza produqcia mdidari saxelmwifoebisagan. Raribi qveynebi kvlav gayididnen TavianT pirvelad saqonels msoflio bazarze, magram maTi ucxouri gacvliTi rezervebi ar iqneboda gamoyenebuli ucxoeTisagan mza produqciis SesaZenad.

USA (aspirant – Soviet Union), USA (aspirant – China? EU?). The course tries to explain why many scholars do not agree with the theory, considering that importance of distribution of power and existence of the dominant nation fades in the presence of the international organizations, such as the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, World Trade Organization, European Union, etc. However, realists do not consider international organizations having real power and capable of playing significant role in international economic and political life. The World Leadership Long Cycles Theory of Modelski and Thompson and the Long Cycles Theory of Goldstein are also described and analyzed within the course. Finally, the course attempts to reflect on who is going to be the following leader, who are the aspirants and what their chances are. In regards with the major IPE theories, discussed within the course and briefly reviewed above, it is attempted to cover all their aspects and show their developments in time and consequent changes occurred. It is also tried to provide opposite opinions on each of them. Further in the course, financial relations after the World War the II are discussed. The conference, held in Breton-Woods and attended by forty-four countries, was aimed at creating a new stable liberal economic order. The new order was initially foreseen as a system, managed by international organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Establishment of these organizations was also decided at the conference. As the period between the two wars proved the floating exchange rate to be not favorable for the development of the international economy, the countries agreed on introducing the fixed rate (par value system). In addition, the countries participating in the conference agreed to avoid economic wars and beggarthy-neighbor policies, and developed the conduct code which was incorporated into the IMF charter. However, despite all the efforts of the Breton-Woods system constructors, the postwar monetary system did not become stable. Only the US and a couple of other countries were able to fulfill obligations in front of other countries and the Breton-Woods institutions. Europe and Japan were so weakened after the war that their solvency was almost zero. In 1947 IMF suspended issuing loans. According to many scholars, the crisis of 1947 was directly linked to political problems: Germany was politically and economically declined; Great Britain, partly due to its economic difficulties was withdrawing from India and Palestine, and was unable to fulfill its commitments to Greece and Turkey regarding security and political support; political situation in France and Italy was far from being stable; Soviet Union was intensively working on sovietization/socialization of the Eastern Europe and were gaining certain support in France, Italy and other western European countries. Starting from 1947 the Breton-Woods system that was envisaged as a system managed by international organizations, became a system managed by the US. US was both able and willing to take this responsibility, and as some scholars notice, the US’s role was a combination of altruism and interests. Experience the world received between the two wars helped the US political and economic leadership and acknowledgment of this leadership by other states. Gold and pound were no longer able to play the role of the world currency, and as the US dollar was the only convertible currency, it naturally became the world currency. The US dollar became a base for international trade, investments, banking, etc. Starting from 1959, economic situation in the western European countries and Japan significantly improved and their currencies gradually became convertible. The Breton-Woods history is divided into two periods: dollar shortage (also called the US unilateral management period) and the dollar surplus period (also called the multilateral management period). In 1971, the US President Nixon, unilaterally, without consulting with other countries, officially declared the new economic policy, according to which dollar’s convertibility towards gold was stopped. This was the end of the Breton-Woods system. However, the official ending of the system was announced at the Jamaica meeting of the IMF leading states. As Gilpin notes, de facto end of the Breton-Woods system and the fixed exchange rates became de jure at this conference. As for some scholars, the system is still functional, since its institutions – IMF and WB play an important role nowadays in the international economy and the US dollar is still world leader

damokidebulebis Teoria

Dependency theory developed in the end of 1950s on the ideas of Raul Prebisch. According to this theory, economic growth in developed countries did not entail economic developments in developing countries, and even more, economic activities of developed countries often created serious economic problems to poor countries. Difference in incomes between developed and developing countries was constantly increasing instead of decreasing. According to the theory, developing countries are to sell raw products to developed countries, who in their turn sell back to the developing countries manufactured products out of those raw commodities. As price for the processed product is always higher than for the raw material, poor countries will never have enough income from the export to cover their import expenses. Prebisch argued that the third world countries were not as much underdeveloped as they were badly developed. To solve this problem Prebisch was demanding special benefits for developing countries and suggested that developing countries should had been joined the programs on import substitution, though it was rather difficult for a number of reasons. The reasons are provided in details in the course. The dependency theory tries to explain the reasons for massive unemployment in the third world, reasons for consequent deterioration of their economies, internal problems hampering improvements, etc., and argues that inequality among states is an inherent part of interactions among them. Most dependency theorists regard capitalism as a motive for dependency, thus accusing it of causing the most of the problems connected to the unfairness of the current international economic system. Structuralism and Marxism connected to the dependency theory are also tackled within the course. In relationship with the dependency theory and the third world problems the history and current activities of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) are described and those goals listed that UNCTAD managed to achieve in favor of developing countries during its existence. However, it concludes that besides noticeable accomplishments a lot of work is left to be done by this body. Further, major modern theories in the international political economy are listed such as: Dual Economy Theory (strongly influenced by the liberalism theory), Modern World Systems Theory (strongly influenced by the Marxism theory) and the Hegemonic Stability Theory (influenced by the realism), and the brief description of the first two provided. While the last one is discussed in more details due to its extensive prevalence and popularity. The hegemonic stability theory is close to the realism. According to this theory distribution of power among nations is the essential factor for the international economic stability. The theory was initially proposed by Charles Kindleberger in the 1970s. It underlines the importance of presence of a dominant/hegemonic state as a condition for the existence of an open, liberal and stable world economy. In this aspect, a special attention is given to Robert Gilpin’s thoughts regarding the theory. He tries to explain thoroughly why the theory is related only to the liberal economic system and why the hegemonic state should be strongly devoted to liberal values itself. The hegemonic nation should serve as a coordinator for other nations and should be willing and able to impose conduct code and ensure its implementation. And this code should inevitably be liberal, pro open market and against the beggar-thy-neighbor policies. The course provides brief overviews of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930) and the Marshall Plan (1947) as of two different actions (antithesis) of the US, a leader nation after the World War II. In the first case the country was not willing or prepared to take a leading role in the international system and coordinate its monetary policies with other countries. But the isolationism had negative consequence firstly for the US and secondly for other countries. The Marshall Plan was a lesson learned from the Smoot-Hawley Tariff experience. Long-term economic and political goals of the Plan are discussed in light of the United States’ relationship with the USSR and its satellite countries. Tight connection between politics and economy in this historical period is particularly emphasized and analyzed. Soviet critic of the Plan and rational behind this criticism is also provided. The course notices that besides the fact that there are different opinions on the hegemonic stability theory itself, almost all its followers agree on the existence of the following hegemonic countries, aspirants willing to become leaders and the historical periods for their hegemony: Portugal (aspirant - Spain), Netherlands (aspirant – England), Great Britain (aspirant – France),

amis ganxorcielebas arTulebda sami momenti: Raribi qveynebis Sida bazari ar iyo sakmarisad didi imisaTvis, rom xeli Seewyo mdidar saxelmwifoebSi arsebuli ekonomikebis mTeli speqtrisaTvis, raTa SeenarCunebina dabali fasebi; meore sakiTxi exeboda Raribi qveynebis politikur nebas aRar yofiliyvnen pirveladi nawarmis mwarmoeblebi; mesame sakiTxi exeboda imas, Tu ramdenad akontrolebdnen Raribi saxelmwifoebi TavianT pirveladi warmoebis saqonels, gansakuTrebiT imas, romelic qveynis gareT iyideboda. amgvarad xsnida damokidebulebis Teoria Raribi saxelmwifoebis mudmivi siRaribis mizezebs. tradiciuli neoklasikuri midgoma arafers ambobs am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mxolod adasturebs im faqts, rom Rarib qveynebSi solidurma ekonomikurma saqmianobam gvian moikida fexi da rom rogorc ki maT Tanamedrove ekonimikis teqnika aiTvises, siRaribe TandaTan ukuiqca. Tumca, marqsistuli Teoriebi mudmiv, mdgrad siRaribes ganixilavdnen rogorc kapitalisturi eqsploataciis Sedegs. axali midgomis - “msoflio sistemebis” Tanaxmad, siRaribe aris mdidrebis sasargeblod da Raribebis sazianod Sromis metad uxeSi gadanawilebis uSualo Sedegi. liberaluri reformis momxreebis (prebiSi), marqsistebisa (andre gunder franki) da “msoflio sistemebis” Teoretikosebis (valerstaini) debatebi metad cxare da inteleqtualuri TvalsazrisiT sakmaod saintereso iyo. damokidebulebis sxvadasxva Teoriebis mimdevrebs Soris kvlav SeiniSneba seriozuli xasiaTis uTanxmoeba garkveul sakiTxebSi da amitom Znelia davinaxoT damokidebulebis Teoriis erTiani, SeTanxmebuli varianti. Tumca, yvela xsenebuli Teoriis analizi garkveul universalur postulatebs eyrdnoba. damokidebuleba SeiZleba ganvmartoT rogorc qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, rodesac erovnuli, Sida ekonomikuri politika ganicdis gareSe zegavlenas, iqneba es politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli xasiaTisa. gilpins moyavs Teotonio des santosiseuli ganmarteba, romelSic igi xazs usvams damokidebulebis mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs: `[damokidebuleba aris] istoriuli mdgomareoba, romelic gansazRvravs msoflio ekonomikis garkveul struqturas. es ukanaskneli “wyalobs” rig qveynebs sxvaTa sazianod da zRudavs damokidebuli ekonomikuri sistemebis ganviTarebis asparezs. [damokidebuleba aris] situacia, romelic garkveuli ekonomikuri sistemis ganviTarebisa da gafarToebis xarjze ganapirobebs am sistemas daqvemdebarebuli sxva qveynebis ekonomikur mdgomareobas~ (Teotonio dos santosi, “damokidebulebis struqtura”, Readings in U.S. Imperialism, red.: k.t. feni da donald hojisi, bostoni: Porter Sargent, 1971, gv. 226). zemoT moyvanili ganmartebebi Seicaven sam saerTo maxasiaTebels, romlebsac damokidebulebis Teoriebis umetesi nawili iziarebs. upirvelesad, damokidebuleba damaxasiaTebelia saerTaSoriso sistemisTvis, romelic qveyanaTa or jgufs moicavs. maT sxvadasxva Teoriebis Tanaxmad ewodebaT dominanturi/damokidebuli, centraluri/periferiuli an metropolia/sateliti. dominanturi saxelmwifoebi arian ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis wamyvani samrewvelo qveynebi. damokidebul saxelmwifoTa siaSi ki Sedian laTinuri amerikis, aziisa da afrikis is qveynebi, sadac saerTo erovnuli produqtis raodenoba erT sul mosaxleze mcirea da sadac ucxouri valutis Semodinebis wyaro erTi romelime saxis saqonlis eqsportia. garda amisa, orive ganmartebis Tanaxmad, damokidebuli qveynebis ekonomikur aqtivobaSi ganmsazRvrelia gareSe Zalebis roli. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs saerTaSoriso korporaciebs, saerTaSoriso sasaqonlo birJebs, ucxour daxmarebas, komunikaciaTa qsels da bevr sxva rames, risi saSualebiTac wamyvani samrewvelo saxelmwifoebi axorcieleben sakuTar ekonomikur interesebs ucxo qveynebSi. mesame saerTo niSani isaa, rom damokidebulebis cnebis yvela ganmarteba miuTiTebs dominantur da damokidebul saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis dinamiur xasiaTze, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom qveynebis am or jgufs Soris arsebulma urTierTobebma SeiZleba ara mxolod ganamtkicos, aramed ufro intensiuri gaxados uTanasworobis modeli. metic, damokidebulebas, rogorc istoriul process, metad Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli da igi saTaves iRebs kapitalizmis internacionalizaciidan. damokidebuleba mimdinare dinamiuri procesia. amis magaliTia laTinuri amerika, romelic meTeqvsmete saukunidan moyolebuli saerTaSoriso sistemis

nawilia, romlis dominanturi wevrebic amJamad ganviTarebuli qveynebi arian. damokidebulebis Teoria cdilobs axsnas zogierTi saxelmwifos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabali done qveynebs Soris arsebuli urTierTqmedebebis modelebis Seswavlis gziT da am modelebis aucilebel da ganuyofel pirobad miiCnevs qveynebis uTanasworobas. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebis umetesoba saerTaSoriso kapitalizms miiCnevs damokidebulebis ganmapirobebel faqtorad. maTi azriT, istoriuli kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom ganviTarebis dabali done ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi umeteswilad ganpirobebulia rogorc maTi qveynebis istoriiT, aseve mimdinare ekonomikuri da sxva saxis urTierTobebiT maTsa (ekonomikurad CamorCenil satelitebsa) da amJamad ganviTarebul metropoliebs Soris. metic, es urTierTobebi aris nawili msoflio masStabis erTiani kapitalisturi sistemisa. am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, kapitalisturma sistemam xeli Seuwyo da ganamtkica Sromis uxeSi gadanawileba, romelmac msoflios bevr regionSi ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba gamoiwvia. damokidebuli saxelmwifoebidan moedineba iafi nedleuli, soflis meurneobis produqcia da iafi muSaxeli, garda amisa, damokidebuli qveynebi mdidari saxelmwifoebisaTvis warmoadgens Warbi kapitalis gadanawilebis, moZvelebuli teqnikisa da warmoebuli saqonlis gasaRebis bazars. amgvari interaqcia Rarib qveynebs damokidebuls xdis Zlier saxelmwifoebze, vinaidan aseTi kavSirebis wyalobiT satelitur qveynebSi marTlac Semoedineba fuli, saqoneli da momsaxureba, magram am resursebis ganawilebis politikas dominanturi saxelmwifoebi SeimuSaveben da masSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli damokidebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri interesebi. Sromis amgvari gadanawileba, saboloo jamSi, iwvevs siRaribes, xolo kapitalizmisTvis aseTi viTareba resursebis efeqturi ganawilebis aucilebeli pirobaa. umeteswilad damokidebulebis modelebi eyrdnoba im mosazrebas, rom ekonomikuri da politikuri Zalaufleba ZiriTadad koncentrirebuli da centralizebulia industrializebul qveynebSi. am mosazrebas iziareben imperializmis marqsistuli Teoriis momxreebic. Tumca damokidebulebis yvela Teoretikosi marqsisti rodia, amitom unda gavmijnoT damokidebulebisa da imperializmis Teoriebi. imperializmis marqsistuli Teoria emsaxureba dominanturi saxelmwifoebis eqspansiis axsnas, damokidebulebis Teoria ki ekonomikuri CamorCenisas. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, marqsistuliTeoriebi ganmartaven imperializmis warmomSob mizezebs, damokidebulebis Teoriebi ki imperializmis Sedegebs. maT Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. marqsistuli gagebiT, imperializmi msoflio transformaciis procesis nawilia da, aqedan gamomdinare, socialisturi revoluciis katalizatori. marqsi dadebiTad afasebda britaneTis kolonializms indoeTSi. misi azriT, ingliss ori misia ekisra indoeTSi: erTi destruqciuli, meore ki regeneraciuli — Zveli aziuri sazogadoebis ganadgureba da aziaSi dasavluri sazogadoebis materialuri safuZvlebis Seqmna. damokidebulebis TeoretikosebisTvis ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba yovelmxriv uaryofiTi mdgomareobaa, romelic xangrZlivi da avtonomiuri ekonomikuri RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis aranair saSualebas ar aZlevs damokidebul qveyanas. garda amisa, imperializmis marqsistuli Teoria Tavisi arsiT TviTlikvidacias gulisxmobs, damokidebulebis Teoria ki TviTgadarCenas. leninizmis CarCoebSi imperializmis bolo aris is Jami, roca ori dominanturi Zala erTmaneTs oms gamoucxadebs swrafadklebadi saeqsploataciod vargisi saSualebebis gamo. leninis azriT, pirveli msoflio omi am ideis naTeli dadastureba iyo. omis Semdeg inglisi da safrangeTi daepatronen germaniis yofil koloniebs. damokidebulebis Teoria aseT midgomas ar eTanxmeba. damokidebuleba arsebobs imisda miuxedavad, Tu konkretulad romelia dominanturi qveyana. is, rom dominanturi saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs SeebrZolon damokidebuli teritoriebisTvis, TavisTavad faseul informacias ar warmoadgens (garda imisa, rom dominanturi saxelmwifoebis omianobis periodSi damokidebul saxelmwifoebs saSualeba eZlevaT gawyviton arsebuli urTierTobebi). damokidebulebis TeoriisTvis globaluri ekonomikis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli aris mTeli Tanamedrove periodis manZilze mdgradi siRaribe da am procesis Seuqcevadoba msoflios erTsa da imave regionSi, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli saxelmwifo akontrolebs situacias. garda amisa, damokidebulebis zogierTi Teoretikosi ar Tvlis, rom aseTi urTierTobebis ganmsazRvrel faqtors kapitalizmi warmoadgens. xsenebuli urTier-

International Political Economy is a relatively new discipline, developing since 70th last century. Its formation was necessitated by rapidly increased tight interrelationship between international politics and economy, and an assumption that economics and international relations separately were too narrow disciplines to explain central aspects of international political and international economic relations. This course cannot cover all aspects of the discipline. It introduces main theories of the international political economy, describes monetary and trade systems after the WWII (Breton Woods Conference and following events) and compares them to the current systems. It also attempts to explain the logic of international investments and current trends in this sphere. Further, the course tackles the issues of globalization from different perspectives (globalization and the third world) and tries to give a thorough understanding of the European integration process. Special attention is given to the role of international and intergovernmental organizations in the international political economy. Purpose of the course is to introduce some of the fundamental relationships between politics and economics on both the domestic and international levels, and explain how these two are mutually dependent. Furthermore, the course examines the politics of globalization from different perspectives and illustrates historical developments of the global economy. The course also aims at encouraging students to think about different aspects of the international political economy from the Georgia’s perspective. The course introduction provides views of different scholars on the relationship between politics and economics, such as Edward Carr, Joan Spero, Robert Gilpin, etc., offers couple of historical facts illustrating tight relationship between politics and economy and concludes that these two are in constant interaction and all international level political decisions intervene on all economic decisions and vice versa. Further, the course describes three major theories in the international political economy: liberalism, nationalism and dependency. Liberalism, which takes its roots from Adam Smith and David Ricardo, is a theory of free market and minimal state interference in economy. According to this theory the market is managed by the rule of demand: people will buy more goods if the price decreases and buy fewer goods if the price increases. Also, people will buy more goods if their income increases and less if their income decreases. It means that each single change in the price and the income of the market player will influence the amount of the purchased goods. As for the supply, according to liberals, people are rational animals who try to satisfy their interests in the existence of deficit and lack of resources. Changes in demand and supply will automatically change the price of the product. Goal for the internal policy of liberals is the same as for the foreign policy – peace and total cooperation. Alike in people, if nations’ involvement in economic interactions happens voluntarily, than both sides satisfy their interests and are content with the process. Total economic cooperation and overall involvement in trade, financial transactions, etc., is a strong guarantee for long-term peace and prosperity. While, on the other hand, wars drive nations to close their borders and their economies weaken. Liberals do not recognize strategic importance of borders and liberal, himself, is the world’s citizen, cosmopolitan. According to the nationalism theory economic activities should be subordinated to the state goals and interests. For the smooth functioning of the international system existence of sovereign nation, national security and military power are of the supreme importance. Wars and conflicts between nations are natural because they fight for resources which are important for economic strength, which, in its turn, is important for military power. Each conflict is simultaneously economic and political, as nations try to gain wealth and national power at the same time. Nationalists, starting from Alexander Hamilton, consider that one-sided benefit is more important than mutual and give advantage to self-confidence (self-sustainability) versus economic interrelationship.

Nino Jvania

POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COURSE RESUME

Toba upirvelesad ganpirobebulia Zalauflebis sistemiT da naklebad sarwmunoa, rom Zalaufleba mxolod kapitalizms eyrdnobodes. magaliTad, yofili socialisturi blokis damokidebuli saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebi (Tundac aRmosavleT evropa da kuba) Zalian hgavs Raribi qveynebisa da wamyvani kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebs. imis daSveba, rom damokidebuli mdgomareoba ZalauflebaTa uTanasworobasTan ufro axloa, vidre konkretuli ekonomikuri sistemis ama Tu im maxasiaTebelTan, metad damaintrigebelia da Seesabameba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis iseT SedarebiT ufro tradiciul analizs, rogoricaa realizmi. gilpini ganixilavs ramdenime mosazrebas, romlebic, misi azriT, damokidebulebis Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgens, Tumca yvela maTgani sakamaToa. esenia: 1. ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba aris mdgomareoba, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba ganuviTareblobisgan. es ukanaskneli Seesabameba im mdgomareobas, romelic ar gulisxmobs resursebis gamoyenebas. magaliTad, amerikeli kolonistebi CrdiloeT amerikas ganuviTarebel regionad Tvlidnen. miwa, misi potenciuri SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saTanadod ar muSavdeboda. ekonomikuri CamorCena ki niSnavs im situacias, roca resursebi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba, Tumca maTi gamoyenebiT sargeblobs dominanturi saxelmwifo da ara is Raribi qveyana, romlis teritoriazec moipoveba resursebi. 2. ekonomikur CamorCenilobasa da ganuviTareblobas Soris sxvaoba msoflios Rarib qveynebs absoluturad gansxvavebul istoriul konteqstSi aTavsebs. es qveynebi msoflios mdidar qveynebs arc CamorCebian da arc ewevian, isini imitom ki ar arian Raribebi, rom evropis samecniero gardaqmnebsa Tu ganmanaTleblobis Rirebulebebs ver aubes mxari, aramed imitom, rom ZaldatanebiT gaerTiandnen evropis ekonomikur sistemaSi mxolod rogorc nedleulis da naxevarfabrikatebis mimwodeblebi an rogorc iafi muSaxelis wyaro, da imitom, rom maT principulad ar miecaT SesaZlebloba gaetanaT bazarze TavianTi resursebi da ama Tu im gziT konkurencia gaewiaT dominanturi saxelmwifoebisTvis. 3. damokidebulebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, resursebis alternatiuli gamoyenebis gza sjobia resursebis gamoyenebis im modelebs, romlebic Tavsaa moxveuli dominanturi saxelmwifoebis mier. privilegirebuli modelebis naTlad Camoyalibebuli definicia ar arsebobs, Tumca garkveuli kriteriumebi SeiZleba davadginoT. magaliTad, ganviTarebadi qveynebis erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia soflis meurneobis produqtebis eqsporti, rac Zalian xSirad damokidebulebis TeoretikosTa kritikis sagania. kritikis mizezi aris is, rom ekonomikurad CamorCenil bevr qveyanaSi fiqsirdeba sakvebis ukmarisobis maRali maCvenebeli, maSin roca am qveynebs didi raodenobiT sakvebi produqti gaaqvT eqsportis saxiT. damokidebulebis bevri Teoretikosis azriT, Raribi qveynebis sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebi unda gamoiyenebodes maTive moxmarebisTvis sakvebis ukmarisobis maCveneblis Sesamcireblad. 4. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebis azriT, arsebobs garkveuli erovnuli ekonomikuri interesi, romelic TiToeul qveyanas SeuZlia sakuTari keTildReobisTvis aamoqmedos, da es asec unda xdebodes. am TvalsazrisiT, damokidebulebis Teoria realizmis principebs iziarebs. gansxvavebuli midgoma isaa, rom, damokidebulebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, qveynis erovnuli interesebi mxolod maSin iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli, roca dakmayofildeba Tavad am sazogadoebis Raribebis moTxovnilebebi da ara samTavrobo an korporaciuli interesebi. Zalian rTulia imis garkveva, Tu ra aris ukeTesi RaribebisTvis. am problemis gadawyveta did dros moiTxovs. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebs jer ar SeumuSavebiaT erovnuli ekonomikuri interesis srulyofili da gamoyenebadi ganmarteba. 5. xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi (stabilurad damokidebuli mdgomareoba evropis eqspansiidan, anu meTxuTmete saukunidan iwyeba) resursebis gadineba ara marto dominanturi saxelmwifoebis iniciativiT xdeba, aramed, agreTve, Tavad damokidebuli qveynebis elitis mier. damokidebulebis Teoriis analitikosebis azriT, elitarul wreebs xels aZlevs arsebuli damokidebuli mdgomareoba, radgan maTi piradi interesebi dominanturi qveynebis interesebs emTxveva. ase rom, damokidebuleba sinamdvileSi â&#x20AC;&#x153;nebayoflobiTiâ&#x20AC;? mdgomareobaa. aravin amtkicebs imas, TiTqos damokidebuli qveynis elita mizandasaxulad Ralatobdes sakuTari qveynis RaribTa interesebs. ubralod mmarTvel elitas gulwrfelad sjera, rom ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobaa liberaluri ekonomikuri doqtrinis morCilad miReba.

internet resursebi: www.mitpress.mit.edu www.tandf.co.uk www.drake.edu www.bisa.ac.uk/groups/ipeg www.tn.regentsdegrees.org www.indiana.edu/~ipe www.ucpress.edu/books/SIPE www.mtholyoke.edu www.gamethory.net/dictionary www.pupress.princeton.edu www.duke.edu www.guilford.edu www.pup.princeton.edu www.routledge.com www.ssc.upenn.edu/polisci www.curzonpress.co.uk www.reference.routlege.com www.revision-notes.co.uk/revision www.rrojasdatabank.org www.state.gov/r/pa/ho www.wikipedia.org/wiki www.consulting.ru/econs_art www.wto.org www.opec.org www.imf.org

raul prebiSi

bibliografia:

raul prebiSi daibada argentinaSi 1901 wels. igi cnobili gaxda rogorc laTinuri amerikis ekonomikuri komisiis direqtori da struqturalizmisa da damokidebulebis Teoriebis fuZemdebeli. man ganaTleba miiRo buenos-airesis universitetSi da 1925 wels imave universitetSi daiwyo leqciebis kiTxva. 1950 wels prebiSi gaxda gaero-s laTinuri amerikis ekonomikuri komisiis aRmasrulebeli mdivani. man intensiurad daiwyo mesame samyaros qveynebis problemebis Seswavla da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda laTinuri amerikis saxelmwifoebs. prebiSi ganixilavda vaWrobis pirobebs ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis (periferiisaTvis). man aCvena, rom vaWrobis pirobebi periferiisaTvis aTwleulebis manZilze uaresdeboda da sul ufro aZnelebda am qveynebis ganviTarebas. amasTan, ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis Semosavlebs Soris gansxvaveba, Semcirebis magivrad, gamudmebiT izrdeboda. es problema mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli, agreTve, umuSevrobasTan periferiaSi, rac aormagebda ra Raribi qveynebis mZime mdgomareobas, xels uSlida maT TavianTi resursebis srulad gamoyenebaSi. prebiSi iyo ekonomikuri ganviTarebis struqturalisturi xedvis fuZemdebeli. struqturalizmma mkafiod gamijna ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis ekonomikebis struqturebi. am TeoriiT prebiSs surda aexsna, Tu ratom iyo mesame samyaros qveynebSi masobrivi umuSevroba, ratom uaresdeboda maTi vaWroba, ratom izrdeboda sxvaoba Semosavlebs Soris da a.S. amisaTvis man ganixila rogorc saerTaSoriso vaWroba, aseve Sida faqtorebi, romlebic aferxebdnen ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi ekonomikur zrdas. prebiSis ideebi safuZvlad daedo, agreTve, damokidebulebis Teorias, romelmac Semdgom Tavisi ganviTareba, sakmaod radikaluri formiT, pova sxva laTinurmerikeli ekonomistebis naSromebSi. 1963 wels prebiSi gaxda vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze gaero-s konferenciis (UNCTAD) generaluri mdivani, xolo 1969 wels — ekonomikuri da socialuri dagegmis gaeros laTinuramerikuli institutis generaluri direqtori.

1. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, aleqsandre rondeli, Tbilisis damoukidebeli universiteti, 1996; 2. nacionalizmi da globalizacia, zurab daviTaSvili, fondi `Ria sazogadoeba — saqarTvelo~, socialur mecnierebaTa seria. Tbilisi, 2003; 3. ra aris globalizacia? ulrix beki, elfis gamomcemloba, 2003; 4. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria. qrestomaTia. samoqalaqo iniciativebis instituti, 2004; 5. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali — leqsikoni-cnobari, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi 2003; 6. liberalizmis safuZvlebi, Tavisuflebis biblioTeka, wigni I, ekonomikuri codnis gavrcelebis sazogadoeba, 2004; 7. The Political Economy of International Relations, Robert Gilpin, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1987; 8. Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order; 9. The Global Political Economy (Perspectives, Problems and Policies), Stephen Gill and David Law, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1993; 10. Transnational Corporations and Uneven Development (The Internalization of Capital and The Third World), Rhys Jenkins, Methuen, London and New York 1987;

gaeros konferencia vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze UN Conference on Trade and Development – UNCTAD)

11. The Politics of International Economic Relations, Joan Edelman Spero, Fourth Edition, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1990;

gaeros konferencia vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze (unktadi) aris gaeros generaluri asambleis ZiriTadi organo vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebSi. igi dafuZnda rogorc mudmivi mTavrobaTaSoriso organo 1964 wels JenevaSi Catarebuli konferenciis pirvel sesiaze. misi dafuZneba miznad isaxavda ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebas da ekonomikur ganviTarebas, pirvel rigSi, ganviTarebad qveynebSi. unktadi Tavis mandats axorcielebs Semdegi meTodebiT: politikis analizi, problemis ganxilva, konsensusis miRweva da mTavrobaTaSoriso doneze molaparakebebis gamarTva, kontrolis ganxorcieleba, praqtikuli muSaoba da teqnikuri TanamSromloba. unktadis wevr saxelmwifoebs surT miaRwion stabilur, mdgrad zrdas yvela qveyanaSi da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebas ganviTarebad qveynebSi, raTa yvelam isargeblos warmatebebiT socialur-ekonomikur sferoSi. unktadis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 188 saxelmwifo. damkvirveblebis statusiT sargebloben mTavrobaTaSorisi da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. misi samdivno aris JenevaSi. umaRlesi organoa konferencia. rogorc wesi, konferencia atarebs sesiebs ministrebis doneze oTx weliwadSi erTxel politikis ZiriTadi principebis SesamuSaveblad. unktadi finansdeba gaeros regularuli biujetidan. misi wliuri biujeti operaciuli saqmianobisaTvis Seadgens daaxloebiT 55 milion aSS dolars. Tavisi arsebobis periodSi unktadma SeZlo mniSvnelovani amocanebis Sesruleba, romlebic, pirvel rigSi, ganviTarebadi qveynebis interesebs Seesabameba. miRweul iqna SeTanxmebebi pirveladi warmoebis (nedleuli) saqonlis sferoSi da Seiqmna kvleviTi jgufebi, romlebic dakompleqtebulia nedleulis mwarmoebeli da nedleulis momxmarebeli qveynebiT; miRebuli iqna SeRavaTTa ganzogadoebuli sistema (Generalized System of Preferences), romelic iTvaliswinebs ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mier

12. Globalization in Question. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Second Edition, 1996;

13. On Liberty, John Stuart Mill, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Division of Meredith Publishing Company, New York; 14. Transnational Corporations, United Nations, UNCTAD Division on Investment, Technology and Enterprise Development, 2004; 15. Дипломатический словарь, Издательство политической литературы, том II, Москва 1971.

samsaxurebis SeTavazebas. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politekonomiis erT-erTi mimdinareobac aris, romelic konkretulad Seiswavlis konversiis tendenciebs da perspeqtivebs Tanamedrove msoflioSi. dasavleTis politikis oponentebi miiCneven, rom imisaTvis, rom moxdes ganiaraReba da SenarCunebuli iyos mSvidoba, strategiis SemmuSaveblebma unda miscen magaliTi sxva saxelmwifoebs. upirveles yovlisa, iaraRis Semomtanma ZiriTadma qveynebma — aSS-ma, ruseTma, didma britaneTma da safrangeTma unda gamoiCinon simkacre iaraRis gavrcelebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseve maT unda gaakontrolon aralegaluri iaraRis mTavari gadamtanebi afrikaSi — ukraina, bulgareTi da slovakeTi, rom gaamyaron kontroli iaraRis transportirebaze. Semdeg, ganviTarebulma qveynebma Tavis Tavze unda aiRon didi pasuxismgebloba iaraRiT movaWreebze da usafrTxoebis kerZo kompaniebze. am kuTxiT muSaobisTvis SemuSavda iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativa (Proliferation Security Initiative - PSI), romelic aris globaluri mcdeloba SeaCeros masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrceleba. am proeqtis Sesaxeb gamoacxada prezidentma buSma 2003 wlis 31 maiss. es xedva aseve gacxadebuli iyo 2002 wlis nacionalur strategiaSi, romelic qveynis erT-erT prioritetad asaxelebda masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg brZolas. es strategia cxadyofs, rom saWiroa qveynebis sayovelTao kooperacia am saxis iaraRis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mTel msoflioSi. iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativis mTavari mizania Camoayalibos ufro dinamiuri, axleburi da aqtiuri midgoma iaraRis swrafi gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. es yvelaferi moxdeba am iniciativis TanamSromlobiT saxelmwifoebTan da mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan. amasTan, gamoyenebuli iqneba saerTaSoriso organizaciebis xelTarsebuli yvela berketi, raTa saqmianoba ganxorcieldes saerTaSoriso samarTlis farglebSi. 2003 wlis seqtemberSi avstralia, safrangeTi, germania, italia, iaponia, niderlandebi, portugalia, espaneTi, didi britaneTi da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi daeTanxmnen iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativas da aRiares igi oficialur amkrZalav principad. mas Semdeg bevrma qveyanam dauWira mxari am principebs. iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativaSi msurvelebs gawevrianeba SeuZliaT Riad. PSI—s partniorebi sTxoven saxelmwifoebs PSI -s mxardaWeras da urCeven gaiaron is etapebi iaraRis gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic gaiara PSI-m. PSIs daxmareba kidev erTxel cxadyofs, rom ufro seriozuli zomebia misaRebi iaraRis swrafi gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad sxva qveynebTan TanamSromlobiT.

ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis satarifo SeRavaTebis miniWebas — cxrametma ganviTarebulma saxelmwifom 10 wliT calmxrivad moxsna sabaJo gadasaxadebi ganviTarebadi qveynebis gadaumuSavebel da naxevradgadaumuSavebel produqciaze, (SeTanxmeba moqmedebs 1971 wlidan); miRebulia rezolucia, romelic iTvaliswinebs ganviTarebis mizniT dabalSemosavliani ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis davalianebis retroaqtiul koreqtirebas (moqmedebs 1978 wlidan); SemuSavebulia davalianebis restruqturizaciis sferoSi saerTaSoriso zomebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi (1980w.) da sxv. garda amisa, unktadma gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis (Less Developed Countries) mobilizaciis saqmeSi. am Temas mieZRvna unktadis mier organizebuli ramodenime konferencia, sadac SemuSavda samoqmedo gegma naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri zrdis dasaCqareblad. miuxedavad yovelive zemoT aRniSnulisa, gaeros konferenciam vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze ver SeZlo mTeli rigi dasaxuli problemebis gadaWra, da kvlav bevria gasakeTebeli ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikuri aRmavlobisTvis.

hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria

SeniSvna: vinaidan saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis kursi axali sagania da, garda amisa, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Tanamedrove politikur da ekonomikur movlenebTan, igi Zalian dinamiuria da mudmivad cvalebadi.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis Tanamedrove TeoriebSi aRsaniSnavia sami Teoria. pirveli aris ormagi ekonomikis, anu dualizmis Teoria (Dual Economy Theory), romelic gamomdinareobs liberaluri Teoriidan. mis mixedviT, bazris warmoqmna pirdapir ukavSirdeba sayovelTao survils miRweul iqnes maqsimaluri efeqturoba da maqsimaluri mogeba. meore aris Tanamedrove msoflio sistemebis Teoria (Modern World Systems). masze udidesi gavlena iqonia marqsistulma moZRvrebam. am Teoriis mixedviT msoflio bazari aris ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi ekonomikis mqone qveynebis mier naklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis eqsploataciis meqanizmi. mesame da dResdReobiT yvelaze gavrcelebuli Teoriaa hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria. igi axlos aris realizmTan da misi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebulobisa da popularobis gamo swored masze gveqneba detaluri saubari. robert gilpinis, stefan krasnerisa da realisturi skolis sxva warmomadgenlebis mixedviT, Zalauflebis ganawileba saxelmwifoebs Soris saerTaSoriso ekonomikis stabilurobis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi faqtoria. hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria, romelic pirvelad Carlz kindlebergerma wamoayena 1970 wels, aqcents akeTebs wamyvani saxelmwifoebis rolze, magaliTad, did britaneTze mecxramete saukuneSi da aSS-ze meoce saukuneSi, da imaze, Tu rogori gavlena aqvs SesaZleblobebisa da Zalauflebis ganawilebas msoflio ekonomikaze. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, erTi saxelmwifos yovelmxrivi dominireba saWiro aris Ria, liberaluri da stabiluri msoflio ekonomikisaTvis. amgvari hegemonis daniSnulebaa koordinacia gauwios sxva saxelmwifoebs da daawesos maTTvis qcevis garkveuli wesebi. aseT pirobebSi sxva saxelmwifoebi SedarebiT mSvidad grZnoben Tavs. maT ar eSiniaT gaxsnan TavianTi bazrebi da Tavs arideben im politikas, romlis arsia `gaaRaribe mezobeli”. Sesabamisad, Teoriis mixedviT, hegemonis dasustebas moyveba ekonomikuri dacema, arastabiluroba da moqiSpe regionuli blokebis Seqmna. robert gilpini SeniSnavs, rom hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis gansazRvraSi ZiriTadi sityva aris `liberaluri~ (The Political Economy of International Relations, p. 72), rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom TeoriaSi igulisxmeba Ria da aradiskriminaciul Tavisufal bazarze damyarebuli saerTaSoriso ekonomika. iseTi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi, rogoricaa liberaluri, ver ganviTardeba srulad hegemoni/dominanti saxelmwifos gareSe. Tumca mxolod hegemonis arseboba ar aris sakmarisi liberaluri ekonomikuri sistemis Camoyalibebasa da funqcionirebisaTvis. hegemoni Tavad unda iyos liberaluri principebisa da Rirebulebebis erTguli mimdevari da damcveli. hegemonis roli ar Semoifargleba mxolod ekonomikuri sistemis SenarCunebiT, igi mzad unda iyos moagvaros krizisuli situaciebi da daicvas qveynebi SesaZlo safrTxisgan. hegemoni

saxelmwifos dasustebisa da axali hegemonis gaCenis periodebi, Teoriis mixedviT, konfliqtebiT xasiaTdeba. Tumca aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom konfliqtebis masStabi da xangrZlivoba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenad aris Seguebuli yofili hegemoni Tavis dasustebas da axal mdgomareobas, ramdenad sworad gansazRvravs igi samomavlo politikur da ekonomikur strategias da ramdenad moaxerxeben Zveli da axali hegemonebi konstruqciul TanamSromlobas ekonomikuri transformaciebis Tanmdevi problemebis gadasaWrelad. mecxramete saukuneSi didi britaneTi asrulebda ekonomikuri hegemonis rols msoflios umetes nawilze. britaneTis lideroba asocirdeboda bazrebis globalizaciasTan, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis intensifikaciasa da kapitalis brunvasTan, transnacionaluri korporaciebis ricxvis zrdasTan da, zogadad, ekonomikur da politikur stabilurobasTan, romelic axasiaTebda, yovel SemTxvevaSi, evropas mainc. pirvelma msoflio omma uecrad mouRo bolo rogorc britaneTis hegemonias, aseve mis mier dawesebul wesebsa da Seqmnil pirobebs. mzardma proteqcionizmma, regionuli blokebis Camoyalibebam da kapitalis brunvis Semcirebam 1920-1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi xeli Seuwyo ekonomikur arastabilurobas da depresias. pirveli msoflio omis damTavrebisTvis aSS iyo ekonomikurad yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo msoflioSi. magram man uari ganacxada Seesrulebina lideris roli, romelsac ukve veRar asrulebda britaneTi. amis yvelaze kargi ilustracia iyo smuTholei tarifi (1930), romlis mixedviTac, aSS-Si saSualo gadasaxadi importze gaizarda 40 procentiT. didi depresiis dasawyisSi aSS-ma Caketes Tavisi sazRvrebi ucxouri saqonlisaTvis da amgvarad xeli Seuwyes msoflio ekonomikis arnaxul dakninebas. amerikis uarma gaekontrolebina savaluto sistemebi kidev ufro gaamwvava mdgomareoba. msoflios ekonomikuri hegemonis amgvarma izolacionisturma poziciam uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia danarCeni saxelmwifoebis umetesobaze da Tavad amerikazec.

1930 wlis ivnisis smuT-holeis tarifis aqtiT, aSS-Si dawesda qveynis istoriaSi yvelaze maRali tarifebi. aqts xeli moawera prezidentma huverma. avtorebi iyvnen respublikeli senatori smuTi iutas Statidan da respublikeli kongresmeni holei oregonidan. tarifis mizani iyo Sida fermerebis dacvis gaZliereba ucxoeli sasoflo-sameurneo saqonlis importis sawinaaRmdegod. es aqti misi miRebidan dRemde gansjis mudmivi sagania. bevri miiCnevs, rom smuT-holeis tarifma seriozulad gaaRrmava didi depresia da es ugunuri proteqcionizmis naTeli magaliTi iyo. am tarifis istoria huveris saprezidento kampaniidan iwyeba, rodesac prezidentobis kandidati dapirda fermerebs maTi saqonlis importze tarifebis gazrdas. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1920-iani wlebi zogadad amerikis keTildReobis periodi iyo, soflis meurneoba dacemas ganicdida. 1920-1929ww. saSualo Semosavlebi am sferoSi Semcirda. 1929 wlis martSi, gaprezidentebis Semdeg huverma wamoayena tarifebis gazrdis idea, Tumca mas mxari ar dauWires ara marto demokratebma, aramed respublikelebis nawilmac. 1929 wlis agvistoSi dawyebuli didi depresiis (ase aTariRebs ekonomistebis umravlesoba, Tumca zogierTi didi depresiis dasawyisad oqtomberSi sabirJo bazris kraxs miiCnevs) pirobebSi senatSi moxerxda saWiro xmebis dagroveba aqtis misaRebad 245 xmiT 177-is winaaRmdeg. mas mxari dauWires respublikelebis umetesobam da demokratebis 15 warmomadgenelma, romelTagan 10 iyo luizianadan da florididan. isini warmoadgendnen citrusebisa da Saqris interesebs, romlebsac axali aqti mniSvnelovan proteqcias hpirdeboda. smuT-holeis tarifma gamoiwvia sxva saxelmwifoebis sapasuxo qmedebebi da gaxda `gaaRaribe Seni mezobeli” (beggarthy-neighbor) politikis simbolo. am politikis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad iklo saerTaSoriso vaWrobam. smuT-holeis tarifi aris proteqcionizmis naTeli magaliTi meoce saukuneSi. am daSvebuli Secdomis sapirispirod 1934 wlidan amerikis savaWro politikaSi aSkarad

gadajaWvuli samoqalaqo dargebTan, romelTa sazRvrebi saxelmwifoebs Soris faqtiurad waiSala~ (zurab daviTaSvili, nacionalizmi da globalizacia. Tbilisi. 2003. gv. 225). dRevandel msoflioSi yvela saxis teqnologia saocari tempiT vrceldeba da am dros Zalin Znelia gamijno samoqalaqo da samxedro teqnologiebi. magram maSinac ki, rodesac es xerxdeba, samxedro teqnologiebi mainc vrceldeba saerTaSoriso ekonomikis konkurentuli bunebis gamo. imisaTvis, rom qveyana konkurentunariani iyos maRalteqnologiur dargebSi, man unda gaataros dabalansebuli ekonomikuri kursi, xolo Tu misi Sida bazari ar aris sakmarisad didi, eqsports sasicocxlo mniSvneloba eniWeba, raTa qveyanam miiRos Semosavali da daafinansos Semdgomi kvlevebi. erovnuli usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, qveynebma SeiZleba isurvon moaxdinon romelime samxedro industriuli teqnologiis monopolizacia, magram teqnologiuri inovaciebis ekonomika aiZulebs maT mimarTon gavrcelebis xelSewyobis politikas. xSirad supersaxelmwifoebi sxva mniSvnelovan saxelmwifoebze yidian Tanamedrove iaraRs, raTa moipovon maTze gavlena. samxedro teqnikiT vaWroba farTod gavrcelebuli praqtikaa da mas qveynebisTvis soliduri Semosavali moaqvs. saerTo RirebulebiT (brunviT) iaraRiT vaWroba pirvel adgilzea msoflioSi. 1970-1980-ian wlebSi iaraRiT gamalebuli momarageba xdeboda navTobiT mdidari saxelmwifoebis aziaSi — arabuli saxelmwifoebi da, meore mxriv israeli, irani da meore mxriv — erayi. iaraRis mimwodeblebi iyvnen aSS da sabWoTa kavSiri da am supersaxelmwifoebis Sejibri (arms race) am regionSi grZeldeboda. gamonaklisi ar iyo am mxriv arc afrikis kontinenti, romlis danawilebasac gavlenis sferoebad cdilobdnen igive supersaxelmwifoebi. aSS-s gansakuTrebuli istoriuli interesi hqondaT da aqvT samxreT amerikaSi, Sesabamisad samxedro teqnikasTan dakavSirebuli garigebebi maT Soris yovelTvis iyo. iaraRiT vaWroba xdeboda da xdeba rogorc Riad saxelmwifoebis mier, aseve farulad an kerZo kompaniebis saSualebiT. am mxriv SeiZleba dasaxeldes sabWoTa kavSiris magaliTi axlo aRmosavleTSi Tundac palestinasTan mimarTebaSi da sxv. SeiZleba aseve aRiniSnos birTvuli iaraRis saidumloebebis miyidvis faqtebi aRmosavleTis zogierTi qveynisaTvis da sxva mravali. dRemde birTvuli omis muqara da mZime kalibris iaraRis raodenobis swrafi zrda dominirebda debatebSi globaluri usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb. garigebebi cecxlsasroli da msubuqi kalibris iaraRis (small arms and light weapons - SALW) SeZenaze saSualebas aZlevda mimReb qveynebs mieRwiaT SeTanxmebisaTvis da aRniSnuli iaraRis nacvlad SeetanaT mZime kalibris iaraRi. 1990-iani wlebis damdegs debatebi birTvul iaraRze Seicvala gacxovelebuli msjelobiT SALW-ze, rogorc did saSiSroebaze globaluri usafrTxoebisaTvis, risTvisac sakmaod seriozuli mizezi iyo. civi omis Semdgom periodSi namdvili omebis gaCenam ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi da am omebSi Cabmuli urTierTdapirispirebuli mxareebis warmodgenam aseve Secvala SALW-is roli da igi damxmare SeiaraRebidan masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRad aqcia. mSvidobis programis, romelic wyvets iaraRis gavrcelebis problemas, kampaniis wevrebma kargad unda icodnen am problemis Taviseburebebi. upirveles yovlisa, SALWi arTulebs konfliqtebs da xels uwyobs banditizms, magram ar warmoqmnis maT. Semdeg, warmatebuli kampania ver akrZalavs naRmebs, radgan SeuZlebelia SALW-is produqciis akrZalva. marTalia, cota vinme Tu uaryofs imas, rom qveiTsawinaaRmdego naRmebi arahumanuria da maT postkonfliqtur saxelmwifoebSi aTeuli wlebis Semdegac ewirebian adamianebi, magram vinaidan SALW-i gamoiyeneba sportsa da usafrTxoebis dacvaSi, igi gacxarebuli kamaTis sagani xdeba. SALW-ze kamaTi yovelTvis exeba, agreTve qveynis nacionalur suverenitets. saboloo Tanxmobis micema iaraRis gatanasa da realizaciaze mxolod mTavrobas SeuZlia. imaze, rom SALW—is SeTanxmebebis umravlesoba ukanonoa da rom es SeTanxmebebi eyrdnoba ukanono gadatanebs, dRes Riad laparakoben diplomatiur wreebSi da saerTaSoriso konferenciebze. civi omis Semdgom msoflioSi zesaxelmwifoebi xSirad saubroben sayovelTao ganiaraRebaze, konversiaze, da es saubrebi, garkveulwilad, kargi tonic aris diplomatiaSi. konversia aris samxedro mrewvelobis, samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqsis gadayvana samoqalaqo produqciis an ormxrivi daniSnulebis produqciis warmoebaze. garda amisa, konversia gulisxmobs samxedro personalis an samxedro industriaSi dasaqmebuli pirebis gadamzadebas da maTTvis axali, samoqalaqo

smuT-holeis tarifi

wlamde aSS-ma 9,6 trilioni dolari daxarjes SeiaraRebaze. msoflios samxedro danaxarjebi uzarmazari iyo da mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda 1970-ian wlebSi. 1980-ian wlebSi samxedro danaxarjebis zrda gagrZelda industrializebul saxelmwifoebSi, magram daaxloebiT 1982 wlidan am xarjebma iklo naklebadganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi. msoflios samxedro danaxarjebi 1975-1984 wlebSi

(aSS miliard dolarebSi) procentuli wili msoflioSi

1975

1981

1982

1983

1984

ise

257,534

290,278

307,827

324,230

348,697

53.7

aise

171,972

185,448

189,757

191,671

196,133

30.2

Zneq

33,352

45,143

48,598

44,874

44,988

6.9

43,452

54,238

61,862

60,018

57,419

8.8

mTliani

507,480

576,860

609,900

622,800

649,070

100.0

SeniSvna: ise — industriuli sabazro ekonomikebi; aise — araindustriuli sabazro ekonomikebi; Zneq — ZiriTadi navTob eqsportiori qveynebi; dm — danarCeni msoflio Stephen Gill and David Law. The Global Political Economy: Perspectives, Problems and Policies. p.106. Source: R. Luckman, “Disarmament and Development – the International Context”IDS Bulletin (October 1985), Vol. 16, No. 4, p.3.

is faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobebs samxedro danaxarjebs da gavlenas axdenen maT aseT maRal maCveneblebze, kompleqsuria. zogierTi faqtori ganekuTvneba erovnuli politikuri ekonomikis Sida struqturas, zogierTi — globaluri politikuri ekonomikis struqturas. maTgan zogierTi ki iseT ekonomikur faqtorebs, rogoricaa cvlilebebi teqnologiis doneSi. ra Tqma unda, gare da Sida faqtorebi erTmaneTTanaa kavSirSi. garda amisa, is kavSirebi, qiSpoba Tu TanamSromloba, romelic arsebobs saxelmwifoebs Soris usafrTxoebis sferoSi, gulisxmobs, rom gadawyvetilebebi SeiaraRebasTan dakavSirebiT ar SeiZleba iyos miRebuli damoukideblad, zogadi tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. aq qveynebi iTvaliswineben Zalian bevr faqtors: zogad tendenciebs msoflioSi, maT mdgomareobas regionSi, maTi strategiuli partniorebis saerTaSoriso statuss da SeiaraRebis dones, im rols, romlis TamaSsac es saxelmwifo apirebs msoflio politikaSi (mag., samarTlianobisaTvis mebrZoli saxelmwifos roli, istoriulad neitraluri roli, regionSi lideris roli da sxv.), Tavis geopolitikur mdebareobas (Tumca samxedro teqnikis ganviTarebis pirobebSi sazRvrebis rolis mniSvnelobis dasustebam es faqtori, xSir SemTxvevaSi, kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena). dekolonizacias, romlis Sedegadac saxelmwifoTa ricxvma imata, mohyva omebi mesame samyaroSi da regionaluri konfliqtebi. aman, TavisTavad, gazarda samxedro xarjebi am qveynebSi. es zrda ufro didi iyo, vidre ganviTarebul qveynebSi. swored amitom, 1950 wlidan sagrZnoblad Semcirda super-saxelmwifoebis samxedro danaxarjebis wili msoflio samxedro danaxarjebSi, da es imis miuxedavad, rom 1950 wlidan masiurad izrdeboda SeiaraRebis (teqnikis) fasebi. aSS-is wili, magaliTad, 1950 wels Seadgenda 50 procents, 1980 wlisaTvis ki misi wili ukve Seadgenda daaxloebiT 23 procents. daaxloebiT amdenives Seadgenda am periodisaTvis sabWoTa kavSiris wili. zurab daviTaSvilis azriT, imis gamo, rom Tanamedrove samxedro teqnologia mecnierebatevadi da specializebuli dargia, saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromloba iaraRis warmoebaSi gansakuTrebuli siswrafiT izrdeba. igi aseve exeba transnacionaluri korporaciebis rols am sferoSi da aRniSnavs: `dasavleTis qveynebis TavdacviTi industriis transnacionalizacia momdinareobs komerciuli logikidan, rac erovnuli usafrTxoebis interesebs aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba, magram es tendencia sayovelTaoa. miT ufro, rom samxedro mrewveloba mWidrod aris 62

gamoikveTeba vaWrobis liberalizacia, da aSS kisruloben mTavari rolis Sesrulebas Tavisufali saerTaSoriso vaWrobis xelSewyobaganviTarebaSi (GATT, NAFTA, WTO). izolaciis saxifaTo mxareebi (minusebi) kargad Seiswavles amerikelma politikosebma meore msoflio omis Semdeg. aSS-ma aRar gaimeores daSvebuli Secdomebi da dauyovnebliv ikisres msoflio lideris roli. daiwyo Ria saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis (dafuZnebuli gatze) da stabiluri savaluto sistemis (dafuZnebuli breton-vudsis sistemaze) Seqmna. marSalis gegma smuT-holeis tarifis pirdapiri antiTezisi iyo. igi ansaxierebda amerikis mier Tavisi gansakuTrebuli rolisa da pasuxismgeblobis aRiarebas sakuTar sazRvrebs gareT mSvidobisa da keTildReobis damyareba-SenarCunebis saqmeSi. eWvebi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Zalauflebis Sesaxeb kvlav gaCnda 1960-iani wlebis bolosa da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. amerikis ekonomikuri upiratesobebi danarCen msofliosTan SedarebiT swrafad iklebda, maSin, rodesac sxva qveynebi intensiurad viTardebodnen da eweodnen aSS-s. amis sapasuxod amerikaSi izrdeboda proteqcionisturi grZnobebi, romlebic upirispirdebodnen iq arsebuli Tavisufali vaWrobis tradiciul politikas. amerikis aseTi qmedebis gamo dairRva, agreTve, saerTaSoriso savaluto bazrebis stabiluroba. amave dros vietnamis omma xeli Seuwyo amerikaSi inflaciis zrdas, romelic eqsportirdeboda sazRvargareT saerTaSoriso gacvlebSi dolaris rolis gamo. amerikis partniorebi, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTi da germania, ukmayofiloni iyvnen aSS dolaris, rogorc msoflios sarezervo valutis, fasis amgvari dacemiT. sabolood am problemebma uari aTqmevina amerikas breton-vudsis konferenciis Sedegad dadgenili myari gacvliTi kursis sistemaze, da daiwyo mcocavi kursis xana. amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikis politikam safuZveli Cauyara bazrebis mzard globalizacias, amerikuli hegemoniis dakninebam mravali eWvi dabada, gansakuTrebiT Tavad amerikaSi, msoflio ekonomikis stabilurobisa da perspeqtivebis mimarT. amJamad amgvari eWvebi amerikis mimarT aRar arsebobs. 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodisaTvis amerikis hegemoniis dasrulebis safrTxe aRar iyo realuri. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis, iaponiis Tanmimdevruli dasustebis, evropaSi umuSevrobis maRali donisa da ekonimikis zrdis neli tempebis, agreTve, aRmosavleT evropis evrokavSirSi integraciis problemebis fonze, amerikis industria kvlav konkurentunariani gaxda. rogorc omebs Soris periodSi amerikis moqmedebidan Cans, saukeTeso resursebis qona ar niSnavs avtomaturad yvelaze gavlenian saxelmwifod gadaqcevas. erT-erTi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar miiCnevs zogierTi mecnieri Zalauflebis ganawilebas saxelmwifoebs Soris saerTaSoriso ekonomikis ganmsazRvrel erTaderT faqtorad, aris saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da maTi roli. iseTi saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, rogorebicaa gaero, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro organizacia da evrokavSiri, uzrunvelyofen informaciis gacvlas wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris, aadvileben molaparakebebs da SeTanxmebebs maT Soris, agreTve, akontroleben miRebuli wesebis dacvas da xandaxan sjian SeTanxmebebis damrRvevebs. am organizaciebis gareSe saerTaSoriso ekonomika da saerTaSoriso politika bevrad ufro arastabiluri, naklebad gaxsnili da metad konfliqturi iqneboda. Tumca saerTaSoriso organizaciebis roli da gavlena sadavoa. realistebi, ZalauflebisaTvis maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli xazgasmiT, ar miiCneven saerTaSoriso organizaciebs realur Zalad da Tvlian, rom maTi gavlenianoba damokidebulia da ganisazRvreba wevri saxelmwifoebis qmedebebiT. evrokavSirSi, magaliTad, germania TamaSobs hegemonis rols. bevrs, umetesad evropel mecnierebs, miaCniaT, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebs aSS akontroleben, da, Sesabamisad, isini aSS interesebs gamoxataven. gansakuTrebiT es exeba saerTaSoriso savaluto fondsa da msoflio banks, romlebsac aSS iyeneben sakuTari gavlenis gasavrceleblad.

marSalis gegma marSalis gegma oficialurad wamoyenebuli iyo aSS saxelmwifo mdivnis jorj marSalis mier 1947 wels, rogorc omis Semdgomi evropis aRorZinebisa da ganviTarebis gegma. misi ganxorcieleba daiwyo 1948 wels da dasrulda 1949 wels. igi iTvaliswinebda amerikis mier evropisaTvis ekonomikuri daxmarebis gawevas. gegmis wevri iyo yvela evropuli saxelmwifo, sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebis garda. daxmarebis gareSe darCa, agreTve, espaneTi, frankos reJimis gamo, da dasavleT germania. es ukanaskneli 1949 wels gaxda marSalis gegmis wevri. gegmis ganxorcielebaze kontroli daekisra amisaTvis specialurad Seqmnil amerikul organizacias — ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis administracias marSalis gegmis farglebSi aSS-ma gamoyves 12 miliardi dolari. rogor isargebla am gegmiT amerikam? aSS-Si seriozulad eSinodaT, rom meore msoflio omis Semdeg ar dabrunebuliyo 30-iani wlebis SimSili da umuSevroba. marSalis gegmis erT-erTi mizani iyo amerikis ekonomikis SenarCuneba. imdroindel erT-erT amerikul gazeTSi gamoqveynebulia statia amerikeli biznesmenebisaTvis: `marSalis gegma aris biznes-gegma.... es aris saofise da sawarmoo da sasawyobo samuSao. marSalis gegma niSnavs samuSaos, da Tqven iqnebiT masSi momuSaveebi”. (Kiplinger Magazine, Washington D.C., May 1948). marSalis gegmis ganxorcielebis periodSi fuli, romelic evropulma saxelmwifoebma miiRes, daixarja aSS-is mier warmoebul sursaTsa da saqonelSi. amerikis ekonomika ayvavda. Tu Tavdapirvelad marSalis gegmis logo iyo `evropis aRorZinebisaTvis — aSSsgan”, 1955 wlidan is Seicvala da gaxda `siZliere Tavisufali msofliosaTvis — aSSsgan”. es ukanaskneli kargad gamoxatavda marSalis gegmis erT-erT umTavres mizans — Tavisufali da maRalganviTarebuli ekonomika da msoflio daepirispirebina komunizmisaTvis. marSalis gegma Tavidanve seriozulad iyo gakritikebuli ssrk-s mier. igi ganixilavda marSalis gegmas rogorc imperialisturi politikis erT-erT ZiriTad aqts, romelic miznad isaxavda amerikuli monopoliebis mier evropis ekonomikebis eqspansiasa da agresiuli samxedro blokebis sistemis Seqmnas. misi mizani iyo, agreTve, SeenarCunebina meore msoflio omis Sedegad dasavleT evropaSi kapitalizmis Seryeuli poziciebi, gaeZlierebina evropis damokidebuleba amerikaze da win aRdgomoda progresul socialur cvlilebebs. (Дипломатический словарь, Издательство политической литературы, том II, Москва 1971).

Carlz kindlebergeri (1910 — 2002) Carlz kindlebergeri iyo amerikeli ekonomisti, romelic iTvleba hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis mamad. igi iyo, agreTve, erT-erTi avtori marSalis gegmisa. 1932 wels man daamTavra pensilvaniis universiteti, xolo 1937 doqtoris xarisxi miiRo kolumbiis universitetSi. Semdeg muSaoba daiwyo niu-iorkis federalur sarezervo bankSi. 1985 wlidan gaxda amerikis ekonomistTa asociaciis prezidenti. iyo amerikis xelovnebisa da mecnierebis akademiis wevri, amerikis filosofiuri sazogadoebis wevri. aris asamde samecniero naSromisa da wignis avtori, maT Soris – saerTaSoriso ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelosi, romelic pirvelad 1957 wels gamoica. 1991 wels daibeWda misi avtobiografia `ekonomistis cxovreba~.

basa da erTmaneTis daxmarebaze, ramac warmoqmna sabWoTa politikursamxedro aliansi aRmosavleT evropaSi. varSavis paqti upirispirdeboda natos. 1949 wels Camoyalibebuli, natosgan gansxvavebiT, varSavis paqti ar iyo damoukidebeli organizaciuli struqtura, aramed mas hqonda sabWoTa kavSiris, Tavdacvis saministros nawilis funqciebi. sabWoTa kavSiri iyenebda varSavis paqts Tavisi daarsebidan 30 wlis manZilze rogorc mTavar meqanizms aRmosavleT evropaSi saomari da politikuri kontrolis damyarebisaTvis. sabWoTa kavSirs sWirdeboda varSavis paqti, raTa Seeqmna STabeWdileba erToblivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da daemala simarTle Tavisi politikuri dominirebis da saomari Carevis Sesaxeb mravali qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi. sabWoTa kavSiri varSavis paqts iyenebda, agreTve aRmosavleT evropuli socialisturi qveynebis jarebis gasaviTareblad da maTi saomari strategiis gamosayeneblad. 1955 wlis paqtis dadebamde didi xniT adre sabWoTa kavSirma Camoayaliba aRmosavleTevropuli qveynebis aliansi, romelic emsaxureboda misi usafrTxoebis interesebs. aRmosavleT evropis faSisturi germaniisgan ganTavisuflebisas, meore msoflio omis dros, wiTelma armiam daamyara politikuri da saomari kontroli am regionze. sabWoTa kavSiris sididem, ekonomikurma wonam da didma samxedro Zalam ganapiroba misi, rogorc qveynis, dominireba evropis am nawilSi. sabWoTa kavSirs undoda aRmosavleT evropis gamoyeneba buferul zonad Tavisi dasavleTi sazRvrebis dasacavad da ideologiuri gavlenis gasavrceleblad. meore mizezi iyo samSoblos dacva sabWoTa kavSiris uSiSroebis prioritetebis ierarqiaSi. aRmosavleTevropuli qveynebis daqvemdebarebiT sabWoTa kavSirma uzrunvelyo Tavisi kontroli regionze. 1955 wlis maisSi sabWoTa kavSirma Camoayaliba aRmosavleT evropis aliansis sistema. varSavaSi erTad Seikribnen warmomadgenlebi albaneTidan, bulgareTidan, Cexoslovakiidan, ungreTidan, poloneTidan da rumineTidan. maTi mizani iyo xeli moeweraT mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebisaTvis megobrobaze, TanamSromlobaze da urTierTdaxmarebaze, romelic hgavda ukve ZalaSi Sesul maT ormxriv SeTanxmebas sabWoTa kavSirTan. legaluri mravalmxrivi aliansis formirebam gaaZliera sabWoTa kavSiris pretenzia msoflioSi socialisturi sistemis liderobaze, gazarda misi prestiJi da daakanona misi arseboba da gavlena aRmosavleT evropaSi. natos Camoyalibebamde (1949 wels) sabWoTa kavSirs mniSvnelovani mizezebi hqonda araformaluri kavSiris sistemis CamoyalibebisaTvis, magram varSavis paqtma, rogorc formalurma organizaciam, saSualeba misca sabWoTa kavSirs, rom oficialurad SewinaaRmdegeboda natos dasavlur-aRmosavlur diplomatiaSi. varSavis paqtma misca sabWoTa kavSirs Tanaswori statusi amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan, radgan igi iyo lideri damoukidebeli qveynebisa, romlebic mxars uWerdnen mis Sinagan politikas saerTaSoriso arenaze. varSavis paqti asevev daexmara sabWoTa kavSirs gaeadvilebina saSinao politikis gavrceleba aRmosavleT evropaSi. varSavis paqtma sabWoTa kavSirs daakanonebina sabWoTa jaris yofna da Tavisi didi gavlena aRmosavleT evropaSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mravali mosazreba arsebobs Tavad hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis Sesaxeb, mis momxre mecnierTa umetesoba Tanxmdeba qvemoT moyvanili hegemonebis arsebobaze istoriaSi da maTi hegemonobis vadebze. TiToeulis hegemonobis periodi daaxloebiT saukune grZeldeboda: portugalia — 1494 — 1580ww. (italiuri omebis dasasrulidan espaneTis meir portugaliis dapyrobamde). emyareboda portugaliis dominirebas navigaciaSi.

zogierTi mecnieris azriT, meoce saukunis 80-iani wlebisTvis amerikis ekonomikis TandaTanobiTi Sesustebis erT-erTi mizezi swored es samxedro Sejibri iyo, romelmac mniSvnelovnad Secvala qveynis ekonomikuri struqtura da saTanado yuradRebis gareSe datova qveynisaTvis sxva mniSvnelovani dargebi. laparaki aRar aris ssrk-ze, romlis gegmiuri ekonomika Tavidanve ganwiruli iyo da civi omis dasrulebisaTvis ukve naTeli xdeboda sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesis Seuqcevadoba. civi omis damTavrebam SesaZlebloba misca amerikis SeerTebul Statebs mniSvnelovnad SeemcirebinaT Tavisi samxedro xarjebi. 1991 wels erovnuli usafrTxoeba asaqmebda daaxloebiT eqvs milion adamians kerZo samxedro industriaSi, aqtiur samxedro samsaxurSi da Tavdacvis departamentSi. 1991 wlidan 2001 wlamde (aT weliwadSi) es ricxvi daaxloebiT 2,5 milioniT Semcirda. meore msoflio omidan 1988

saWiro. magram vinaidan es ase ar aris da `amasTan, Tavdasxmis SiSi — usafrTxoeba subieqturi gagebiT — ar aris SedarebiTi Zlierebis proporciuli. Tu es mcdari mosazrebaa, maSin, ratom grZnobs zogierTi susti da daucveli saxelmwifo Tavs ufro usafrTxod, vidre aSS?” (saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria. qrestomaTia. samoqalaqo iniciativebis instituti, 2004). sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom samxedro teqnika sakmaod Zviria da misi fasi ganuwyvetliv izrdeba mis ganviTarebasTan da gaumjobesebasTan erTad. xolo samxedro teqnikis efeqturoba swored mis TanamedroveobaSi da upiratesobaSi mdgomareobs. Sesabamisad, samxedro teqnikis ganviTarebas qveyanaSi, an mis importirebas, mniSvnelovani danaxarjebi aqvs. swored amitom, xSirad miiCneven, rom kargi SeiaraReba mxolod maRalganviTarebuli industriuli qveynebis prerogativaa. aq gasamijnia ori momenti — samxedro SeiaraRebis warmoeba da misi importi. rac Seexeba warmoebas, amis SesaZlebloba SeiZleba hqondes im qveyanas, romelsac gaaCnia seriozuli ekonomikuri resursebi, Sesabamisi ekonomikuri struqtura, inteleqtualuri kapitali da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, amis tradicia. Tanamedrove samxedro SeiaraReba moiTxovs maRalteqnologiuri dargebis mniSvnelovan ganviTarebas, xolo maRalteqnologiuri dargebis ganviTareba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia dabalganviTarebuli ekonomikis pirobebSi. samxedro danaxarjebi, mSvidobian periodTan SedarebiT, erTi-orad izrdeba omis dros. amas emateba adamianuri resursebi, ekonomikis sxva, ara samxedro sferos, danaxarjebi, bunebrivi resursebis gazrdili xarjebi da sxva. rac Seexeba samxedro SeiaraRebis imports, es msoflioSi miRebuli praqtikaa da mas TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo mimarTavs, Tumca umetesad naklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT yvela is zemoT CamoTvlili piroba, romelic saWiroa Tanamedrove da efeqturi SeiaraRebis warmoebisaTvis. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom sul ufro meti naklebadganviTarebuli qveyana iwyebs 1980-iani wlebidan Tavisi SeiaraRebis ganviTarebas da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, eqsportsac ki. umetesad laTinur amerikaSi (brazilia) da aziaSi. paralelurad es qveynebi SeiZleba SeiaraRebis importsac eweodnen. naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, rogorc wesi, muSa xelis deficiti naklebia, Tumca xSiria maRalkvalificiuri samxedroebis an samxedro teqnikis mcodneTa nakleboba an ararseboba. naklebadganviTarebuli qveynebi xSirad yiduloben (qiraoben) samxedro-industriuli sferos specialistebs da adgilzeve cdiloben samxedro SeiaraRebis warmoebas, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs maT danaxarjebs mza produqciis importirebasTan SedarebiT. ratom sWirdeba Zlier da ekonomikurad maRalganviTarebul saxelmwifos Tanxebis daxarjva SeiaraRebaze da aris Tu ara ekonomikuri siZliere samxedro Zlierebis safuZveli? am sakiTxebze saubrisas, gverds ver avuvliT meoce saukunis iseT movlenas, rogoric iyo civi omi (iTvleba, rom daiwyo 1946 wels uinston CerCilis sityvebiT: `rkinis farda~ CamoeSva dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris). am periodSi e.w. Sejibri SeiaraRebaSi (arms race; гонка вооружений) aqtiurad mimdinareobda or zesaxelmwifos — aSS-sa da ssrk-s Soris (msoflio politikuri sistema bipolaruli iyo). civi omis periodSi ukanaskneli donis da masStaburi SeiaraReba pirdapir asocirdeboda erovnul usafrTxoebasTan (Zalis demonstrireba — grandiozuli aRlumebi samxedro teqnikis CvenebiT, omebi sxva saxelmwifoebSi — vietnami, avRaneTi, da sxv.). civi omis periodSi koleqtiur usafrTxoebaze zrunvis Sedegad dapirispirebuli saxelmwifoebi gaerTiandnen samxedro blokebSi — dasavleTi — CrdiloeTi atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizaciaSi (nato), sabWoTa kavSiri, Tavis satelitebTan erTad — varSavis paqtSi.

hegemonobaze pretendenti: espaneTi; niderlandebi — 1580 — 1688ww. (utrextis 1579 wlis xelSekrulebidan uiliam oranelis Camosvlamde inglisSi). emyareboda niderlandebis mier fulisa da kreditebis kontrolirebas. hegemonobaze pretendenti: inglisi; britaneTi — 1688 — 1792ww. (didi revoluciidan napoleonis omebamde). emyareboda britaneTis safeiqro mrewvelobas da mis mier didi zRvebis kontrols. hegemonobaze pretendenti: safrangeTi; britaneTi — 1815 — 1914ww. (venis kongresidan pirvel msoflio omamde). emyareboda britaneTis industriul upiratesobas da rkinigzas. hegemonobaze pretendenti: germania; aSS.. 1945 — 1971ww. emyareboda navTobsa da Sida wvis Zravas. hegemonobaze pretendenti: ssrk. am qronologiur sqemasTan aRsaniSnavia modelskisa da tomfsonis msoflio liderobis grZeli ciklebis Teoria. isini Tavis TeoriaSi emyarebian am sqemas da acxadeben, rom TiToeul ciklSi oTxi fazaa gamoyofili: 1. globaluri omi; 2. msoflio batonoba; 3. delegitimacia; 4. dekoncentracia. Teoriis mixedviT, lideri saxelmwifo ibadeba globaluri omis Sedegad, romlis drosac vlindeba politikurad da ekonomikurad yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo, romelsac Seswevs Zala marTos saerTaSoriso sistema, daawesos TamaSis garkveuli wesebi da SeinarCunos isini sxva saxelmwifoebisaTvis. aqedan iwyeba meore faza, romelsac msoflio batonoba hqvia. qveyana Tavisi siZlieris zenitSia yvela aspeqtSi. magram hegemonobas da liderobas pliusebTan erTad minusebic aqvs: liderobis SenarCunebas sWirdeba seriozuli resursebi da energia. amasTan, mSvidobianobis periodSi nel-nela Zlierdebian sxva saxelmwifoebic (globalur omSi damarcxebuli), izrdeba pretenziebi hegemonis mimarT da Cndeba ambiciebi hegemonobaze. aq iwyeba mesame faza: hegemonobaze pretendentis seriozuli ganacxadi da arsebuli wesrigis delegitimacia. delegitimacias mohyveba areuloba sistemaSi, sistemis decentralizacia da isev globaluri omis dawyeba axali hegemonis gamosavlenad. am Teoriis mixedviT, globalur omebs Soris mSvidobiani periodebi daaxloebiT 80 weliwadia, da meore msoflio omis Semdeg momdevno globaluri omi daaxloebiT 2030 wlisaTvis unda daiwyos. goldstainis grZeli ciklebis Teoriis mixedviT, globaluri omebi seriozuli ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dawyebis Tanmdevia, vinaidan ekonomikur aRmavlobas da keTildReobas sWirdeba soliduri resursebi, romelTa mosapoveblad da maTze kontrolis dasamyareblad aucilebeli xdeba brZola. swored amitom hegemonobis pretendenti saxelmwifo iwyebs samxedro Zalis gamoyenebas da amiT Tavisi ekonomikuri Zlierebis uzrunvelyofas. magram omi Zalian Zviri siamovnebaa, moiTxovs uzarmazar danaxarjebs, da qveyanas didi xani ar SeuZlia misi gagrZeleba. igi sustdeba da iwyeba mSvidobiani periodis axali 50-wliani cikli. am Teorias meorenairad ekonomikuri aRmavlobisa da omebis ciklis Teoriasac uwodeben (a. rondeli. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi. Tbilisi, 1996). meoce saukunis meore naxevridan hegemonobaze pretenzias sabWoTa kavSiric acxadebda, Tumca misma daSlam da, zogadad, komunisturi reJimis ngrevam amerika kvlav erTaderT hegemonad datova. vin iqneba Semdegi hegemoni? erTiani evropa? CineTi? Tu kvlav amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi SeinarCuneben hegemonobas?

varSavis paqti 1985 wlis aprilSi sabWoTa kavSiris, bulgareTis, Cexoslovakiis, germaniis demokratiuli respublikis (aRmosavleT germania), ungreTis, poloneTisa da rumineTis komunisturi da mSromelTa partiebis generaluri mdivnebi Seikribnen varSavaSi. maT xeli moaweres dokuments, romelic agrZelebda 1955 wlis SeTanxmebas megobrobaze, TanamSromlo60

safinanso-savaluto urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg didi depresiisa da meore msoflio omis Semdeg dasavleTis demokratiulma saxelmwifoebma gamoyes ori ekonomikuri prioriteti: ekonomikuri zrdisa da sruli dasaqmebis miRweva da stabiluri msoflio ekonomikuri wesrigis damyareba. yvelafer amas ar unda daeSva axali ekonomikuri da politikuri kolafsi da kidev erTi samxedro konfliqti. es iyo saerTaSoriso konsensusi, vinaidan wina monetarulma sistemebma, romlebic ZiriTadad bazris Zalebs eyrdnoboda, ar gaamarTla. 1944 wels bretonvudsSi (niu-hemfSiri, aSS) Catarda konferencia. masSi monawileobda ormocdaoTxi saxelmwifo. konferenciis mizani swored amgvari stabiluri msoflio ekonomikuri wesrigis Seqmna iyo. jon keinsi britaneTSi da heri deqster uaiti aSS-Si iyvnen am sistemis arqiteqtorebi. es ekonomikuri sistema Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc liberaluri, romelsac ganamtkicebda saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba da romelic xels Seuwyobda xangrZliv mSvidobas msoflioSi. orwliani ormxrivi molaparakebebis Sedegad aSS-sa da did britaneTs Soris (msoflios imJamindeli politikuri da ekonomikuri liderebi) axali saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemis Seqmnis gegma daisaxa. Tavdapirvelad igi Cafiqrebuli iyo, pirvelad istoriaSi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier marTvad sistemad, iseTebis, rogorebicaa msoflio banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi. maT unda ekisraT savaluto funqciebis Sesruleba saerTaSoriso sistemisaTvis. aRniSnuli organizaciebis daarsebac swored bretonvudsSi gadawyda. breton-vudsis sistemaSi Semdegi mTavari punqtebi iyo Camoyalibebuli: 1. vinaidan omebs Soris periodma cxadyo, rom Tavisuflad rxevadi savaluto kursebi araxelsayrelia saerTaSoriso ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis, monawile qveynebma ikisres valdebuleba gamoacxadon TavianTi valutebis “par valu”, rogorc dadgenili gacvlis kursi or valutas an valutasa da oqros Soris dadgenili garkveuli wonis da valutasa da valutebis kalaTs Soris. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis ZiriTadi mizani iyo gacvliT kursebSi stabilurobis damyareba. SemuSavda sistema, romelsac erqva par (equal) valu sistema. aSS-ma gansazRvres TavianTi dolari ase: erTi uncia oqro iyo 35 dolari. sxva saxelmwifoebma gansazRvres TavianTi valutebi dolarTan mimarTebaSi. isini itovebdnen, agreTve, Carevis uflebas, raTa valutebis rxevadoba daeyvanaT minimumamde +1-dan —-1-mde; 2. qveynebi SeTanxmdnen Tavi aeridebinaT yovelgvari ekonomikuri omebisTvis. amasTan dakavSirebiT Seiqmna monawileTa qcevis kodeqsi, romelic Caiwera saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wesdebaSi. amiT ganmtkicda mravalmxrivi gadaxdebi savaluto konvertabelurobis bazaze;

estoneTi, TurqmeneTi, latvia, litva, makedonia, moldova, rumineTi, ruseTi, saqarTvelo, slovakia, slovenia, somxeTi, tajikeTi, uzbekeTi, ukraina, ungreTi, fineTi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, Sveicaria, SvedeTi da sxv. ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos is tendenciebi, romlebic SeiniSneba am organizaciaSi civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg. es aris natos gafarToeba aRmosavleTiT da es organizaciis swored im funqcias ukavSirdeba, romelic gulisxmobs evropaSi stabilurobisa da mSvidobis SenarCunebas. vinaidan natos wevrobis kandidatebi yofili socialisturi saxelmwifoebia, gasakviri ar aris, rom am procesiT ukmayofiloa ruseTi. evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki daarsda 1991 wels centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi komunisturi reJimis dacemis sapasuxod, raTa xeli Seewyo am saxelmwifoebSi kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebisaTvis demokratiul garemoSi. amJamad banki exmareba 27 qveyanas aRmosavleT da centralur evropaSi, damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis CaTvliT. ZiriTadi mizania daexmaros qveynebs Tanmimdevrulad gadavidnen sabazro ekonomikaze. Tavisi fulis investirebis garda banki axdens didi raodenobiT ucxouri investiciis mobilizaciasac qveynebisaTvis. bankis daxmareba gaicema sesxebis saxiT umetesad finansebSi, infrastruqturasa da warmoebaSi. gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba mcire da saSualo biznesze. kerZo seqtoris garda, banki muSaobs, agreTve saxelmwifo seqtorSic da xels uwyobs privatizaciis process, saxelmwifos kuTvnilebaSi myofi kompaniebisa da municipaluri samsaxurebis restruqturizacias. bankis investiciebs Tan axlavs teqnikuri daxmarebis programebi, romelTa mizania xeli Seuwyon qveyanas gardamaval periodSi politikur, ekonomikur da garemos dacvis doneebze. bankis kapitali Seadgens 20 miliard evros.

erovnuli usafrTxoeba da ekonomika

breton-vudsis sistemas ar Seucvlia oqroze gacvlis standarti. amave dros saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis savaluto rezervi ganixileboda rogorc sakmarisi nebismieri problemis gadasawyvetad. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondSi Tavdapirvelad Caido daaxloebiT 8,8 miliardi dolari, romelic Sedgeboda wevri saxelmwifoebis Senatanebisgan oqroSi da maT erovnul valutaSi. magram omis Semdgomi savaluto urTierTobebi ver gaxda stabiluri. mxolod aSSma, kanadam da centraluri amerikis ramdenime saxelmwifom SeZles dadgenili wesebis Sesruleba. danarCenebi imdenad dasustebulebi iyvnen, rom TavianTi valutebis

am sakiTxis ZiriTadi mizania gavarkvioT, Tu ratom xarjaven saxelmwifoebi uzarmazar Tanxebs SeiaraRebaze, ra principiT da risi gaTvaliswinebiT ixarjeba es Tanxebi, ra kavSirSia SeiaraReba, samxedro siZliere da erovnuli usafrTxoeba, ra kavSirSia ekonomikuri siZliere samxedro ZlierebasTan da ra tendenciebia meore msoflio omis Semdgom msoflioSi samxedro industriis ganviTarebis sferoSi. nebismieri saxelmwifo zrunavs Tavis erovnul usafrTxoebaze da cdilobs maqsimalurad uzrunvelyos igi. magram yvelaze Zlier saxelmwifosac ki ar SeuZlia absoluturad iyos darwmunebuli, rom mis erovnul usafrTxoebas safrTxe ar emuqreba, vinaidan is ar aris erTaderTi, vinc am problemis mogvarebaze zrunavs, da misi mezobeli Tu moqiSpe saxelmwifoebi, mis paralelurad, gamalebiT aumjobeseben da xvewen TavianT usafrTxoebas. amgvarad, yvela qveyana, surs mas es Tu ara, iZulebulia gaaZlieros Tavisi samxedro da samxedro-ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi. rogorc aleqsandre rondeli aRniSnavs Tavis wignSi `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi~, `radgan safrTxe ara mxolod fizikurad arsebobs, aramed xSirad Zalze subieqturadac da igi yvelas mier gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba, usafrTxoebas mniSvnelovani fsiqologiuri aspeqtic axasiaTebs. usafrTxoebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi mis obieqtur Sefasebasa da aRqmas metad arTulebs da, xSir SemTxvevebSi, erovnuli usafrTxoebis prioritetebisa da politikis gansazRvrisas, araracionaluri gadawyvetilebebis miRebas ganapirobebs~. arnold uolfersis azriT, usafrTxoeba da Zala sinonimuri cnebebi iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad mxolod Zalis dagroveba iqneboda

3. qveynebi SeTanxmdnen savaluto problemebis gadasawyvetad SeeqmnaT erTgvari savaluto instituti. Seiqmna saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi Tavisi Sesatani wesebiTa da kvotebiT, romelic gascemda sesxebs. amgvar instituts analogi ar hqonda istoriaSi. mas daekisra sami ZiriTadi funqcia: 1. valutis gacvliTi kursebis da konvertabelurobis regulireba; 2. damatebiTi valutiT, oqroTi uzrunvelyofa (finansuri funqcia); 3. sakonsultacio funqcia.

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. metic, maTi azriT, aSS-is tipis saxelmwifod evrokavSiris gadaqcevis nebismieri mcdeloba SeiZleba misi daSliTac ki damTavrdes. ufro savaraudoa, rom evropis momavali mowyoba konfederaluri tipis iyos (Globalization in Question. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Second Edition, 1996). hersti da tomfsoni aRniSnaven, rom evrokavSiri aris mravalerovnuli ekonomikuri marTvis yvelaze ambiciuri proeqti Tanamedrove msoflioSi, magram mas jer kidev sWirdeba daxvewa. misi ZiriTadi problema, avtorebis azriT, Sida komunikacia da isaa, rom mis Semadgenel qveynebs gansxvavebulad warmoudgeniaT kavSiris momavali, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uSlis erTiani sagareo politikis ganxorcielebas. igive avtorebis azriT, dRevandel msoflio ekonomikaSi dominirebs sameuli — evrokavSiri, iaponia da Crdilo-amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (North American Free Trade Agreement – NAFTA), da Tu isini SeTanxmebulad imoqmedeben, SeZleben msoflio ekonomikis mimarTulebis efeqturad gakontrolebas. avtorebs eWvi ara aqvT, rom wminda Tavisufali bazari Zalian mgrZnobiarea da Znelad Sesacnobi. Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso ekonomikis momavali stabilurobisaTvis aucilebelia msoflio savaWro sistemis marTvis formis mofiqreba da danergva. xolo vinaidan dRevandel ekonomikur sistemaSi lideroben, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, evrokavSiri, iaponia da Crdilo-amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asociacia, mmarTvelobis formazec isini unda SeTanxmdnen. anu, savaraudod, mmarTveloba unda iyos mravalmxrivi, ufro sworad — sammxrivi. xolo efeqturi mmarTvelobisaTvis sameulis qmedebebi unda iyos koordinirebuli. amas arTulebs ramdenime garemoeba: maSin, rodesac Crdilo-amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asociaciaSi dominanti saxelmwifoa aSS, aris, iaponiis ekonomika ki erT saxelmwifos efuZneba, es orni martivad Tanxmdebian garkveul sakiTxebze da kompromisebsac advilad pouloben. evrokavSirTan mimarTebaSi ki mdgomareoba ufro rTulia. misi Semadgeneli saxelmwifoebi xSirad ver pouloben saerTo enas da kavSiris rols msoflio ekonomikis marTvis saqmeSic gansxvavebulad xedaven. msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi wevri saxelmwifoebi warmodgenilia evrokavSiris mier da gadawyvetilebebsac maT magivrad iRebs. es gadawyvetilebebi efuZneba qveynebis SigniT miRebul (nacionaluri done) da Semdeg kavSiris doneze (supranacionaluri done) miRebul gadawyvetilebebs. amas sam doneze TamaSis Teorias uwodeben. amgvarad, evrokavSiris zemoaRniSnuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, dRevandeli msofliosaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania is, Tu ra gadawyvetilebebs iRebs evrokavSiri da ra mimarTulebiT ganviTardeba igi.

CrdiloeTi atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia North Atlantic Treaty Organization – NATO)

nato Seiqmna 1949 wels rogorc samxedro kavSiri, Tumca Zalian male man seriozuli politikuri funqciac SeiZina. Tavdapirvelad natos ZiriTadi mizani iyo wevri saxelmwifoebis dacva komunisturi sabWoTa kavSirisagan. am ukanasknelis daSlis Semdeg ki misi mizani Seicvala da axla evropaSi stabilurobis SenarCunebaSi mdgomareobs. amJamad natoSi gaerTianebulia Semdegi saxelmwifoebi: aSS, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, italia, belgia, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi, kanada, norvegia, dania, islandia, portugalia, saberZneTi, TurqeTi, germania, espaneTi, CexeTi, ungreTi, poloneTi. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa daexmaros wevr saxelmwifoebs agresiis mogeriebaSi, iTanamSromlos saerTaSoriso davebis mSvidobiani mogvarebisaTvis, ekonomikuri kavSirebis ganmtkicebisaTvis da sxv. natos umaRlesi politikuri organoa Crdilo-atlantikuri sabWo. natos CarCoebSi moqmedebs evrojgufi, romelSic Sedian nato-s wevri dasavleT evropuli qveynebis (safrangeTis da islandiis garda) Tavdacvis ministrebi. misi mTavari amocanaaa am jgufSi gaerTianebuli qveynebis SeiaraRebis gegmebis koordinacia. natos farglebSi moqmedebs evroatlantikuri partniorobis sabWo (1991w.), romlis mizania ganamtkicos mWidro urTierToba yofil socialistur qveynebTan. misi wevria natos yvela wevri da, agreTve avstria, azerbaijani, albaneTi, belorusia, bulgareTi, 58

konvertacias ver axerxebdnen. amitom evropis da iaponiis sagadamxdelo saSualebebi nolze iyo. 1945 wlidan 1947 wlamde aSS aqtiurad moiTxovdnen wevri saxelmwifoebisgan breton-vudsis SeTanxmebebis Sesrulebas da finansuri institutebis srulfasovan muSaobas. amisaTvis did Zalisxmevas mimarTes aSS-ma. amerikam did britaneTs 3,75 miliardi dolaris odenobis sesxi misca, rom am ukanasknels daemTavrebina qveynis SigniT aRdgeniTi-sarekonstruqcio samuSaoebi da funti sterlingi kvlav konvertabeluri gaexada. miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, 1947 wels amerika darwmunda, rom breton-vudsis sistema ar muSaobda. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis rezervebi amoiwura da daarsebidan ori wlis Semdeg, 1947 wels, sesxebis gacema SeCerda. zogierTi mecnieris azriT, 1947 wlis ekonomikuri krizisi pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli politikur problemebTan: germania politikurad da ekonomikurad ganadgurebuli iyo; italiasa da safrangeTSi omisSemdgomi mdgomareoba arastabiluri iyo; didi britaneTi, nawilobriv Tavisi ekonomikuri siZneleebis gamo, tovebda indoeTsa da palestinas da veRar asrulebda saberZneTisa da TurqeTisTvis micemul pirobebs usafrTxoebisa da politikuri mxardaWeris Sesaxeb; sabWoTa kavSiri intensiurad muSaobda evropaSi da Tanmimdevrulad `asocialistebda~ saxelmwifoebs (poloneTi, rumineTi, bulgareTi, Cexoslovakia, ungreTi, iugoslavia); amasTan, komunisti partizanebi wartmatebiT ibrZodnen saberZneTSi da komunisturi partiebi garkveul ndobas ixveWdnen evropis saxelmwifoebSi (mag., safrangeTSi, italiaSi). 1947 wlidan, aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, breton-vudsis sistema, romelic saerTaSoriso savaluto institutebis mier unda yofiliyo marTuli, gadaiqca aSS-is mier marTul sistemad. mTeli simZime daawva amerikis SeerTebul Statebs, romelsac sWirdeboda, rom sxva qveynebSi ekonomikuri aRmavloba dawyebuliyo, raTa iq ar dawyebuliyo komunisturi ideebis gavrceleba, ar Sesuliyo komunizmi. 1947 wlidan 1960 wlamde amerikas SeeZlo da survilic hqonda ekisra es funqciebi. rogorc mecnierebi aRniSnaven, aSS-s roli iyo altruizmisa da interesebis narevi. amerikis ekonomikurma siZlierem da omebs Soris periodSi miRebulma gamocdilebam xeli Seuwyo mis ekonomikur da politikur liderobas da am faqtis cnobas sxva saxelmwifoebis mier (am SemTxvevaSi laparakia ZiriTadad evropaze). 1947 wels naTeli gaxda, rom oqro da funti sterlingi veRar asrulebdnen msoflio fulis rols. oqros warmoeba ar iyo sakmarisi, raTa daekmayofilebina saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da investiciebis mzardi moTxovnilebebi. didi britaneTis ekonomikuri sisustis gamo funti veRar iyo msoflio valuta. erTaderTi Zlieri valuta im periodSi iyo aSS dolari (igi myar mimarTebaSi iyo oqrosTan — 35 dolari udrida erT uncia oqros). garda amisa, aSS-is mTavroba Tanaxma iyo gaecvala dolari oqroze aRniSnuli kursiT, rac kidev ufro aZlierebda dolars. realurad dolari ukeTesic iyo, vidre oqro, vinaidan misdami interesi izrdeboda da igi gamoiyeneboda vaWrobasa da finansebSi. omis bolos amerika flobda msoflios oqros valutis 3/4¾-s. vinaidan oqros fizikuri warmoeba iyo Zalze Semcirebuli, dolari gaxda ara mxolod wamyvani sayrdeni valuta, aramed centraluri bankebis ZiriTadi sarezervo faseuloba. omis Semdeg oqros standarti dolaris standartad iqca. amrigad, bretonvudsis sistema gaxda hegemonuri savaluto wesrigi, agebuli dolarze. saerTaSoriso vaWroba, investireba — yvelaferi dolarze damyarda. aSS lideri gaxda civi omis pirobebSi da xelSi Caigdo dasavleT samyaros marTva. aSS-s izolacionizmi Cabarda warsuls. es garkveuli garigeba iyo aSS-sa da evropas Soris — aSS-s hegemonizms sxva mokavSireebi sakuTari ekonomikebis gaumjobesebis sanacvlod daTanxmdnen. Tumca aman garkveuli problemebic Seuqmna aSS-s. dolarze mzardma moTxovnilebam aSS-s uzarmazari deficiti gauCina. breton-vudsis sistemis istoria iyofa or periodad: dolaris naklebobis periodi da dolaris siWarbis periodi. pirveli periodi gagrZelda 1958 wlamde, meore ki — 1971 wlamde. 1950-1956 wlebSi didi sesxebi ar gacemula. pirvel periodSi, romelsac xSirad aSS-is erTpirovnuli menejmentis periodsac uwodeben, rogorc vTqviT, aRiniSneboda dolaris, rogorc msoflios ZiriTadi valutis, nakleboba. Tavad aSS-Si vaWroba gamalebiT izrdeboda da seriozuli ekonomikuri aRmavloba iwyeboda. magram imisaTvis, rom sistemas emuSava, saWiro iyo es procesi evropaSic dawyebuliyo da momxdariyo dolaris gadineba. dolaris gadineba moxda aSS-is daxmarebis programebiT: trumenis gegma saberZneTisa da TurqeTis dasaxmareblad, daxmareba ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebs da, yvelaze mniSvnelovani, 19

marSalis gegma, romlis farglebSic Teqvsmetma evropulma saxelmwifom miiRo daxmareba 1948-1952ww. 17 miliardi dolaris odenobiT. qveynidan gasuli fuli nawilobriv kvlav qveyanaSi brundeboda amerikuli saqonlisa da servisis SeZenis gziT. sistema muSaobda. evropisa da iaponiis ekonomikebi aRorZinda. 1950 wels saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma, romelic faqtiurad umoqmedo iyo aSSis erTpirovnuli menejmentis periodSi, daiwyo ufro aqtiuri rolis Sesruleba. 1958 wlidan iwyeba dolaris siWarbis, anu breton-vudsis meore periodi, romelsac xSirad uwodeben mravalmxriv menejments aSS-is liderobiT. dolari aRar iyo erTaderTi Zlieri valuta. evropa da iaponia Tanmimdevrulad viTardebodnen da 1959 wlis bolosTvis maTi rezervebi aSS-sas miuaxlovda. aSS-is oqros maragma daiklo 24,4 miliardi dolaridan 1948 wels 19,5 miliard dolaramde 1959 wlis bolosTvis. ucxoeTSi akumulirebuli dolaris maragi gaizarda 7,3 miliardidan 1948 wels 19,4 miliardamde 1959 wels. 1960 wlis noemberSi dafiqsirda ramdenime SemTxveva, rodesac spekulantebma dolari gadaaxurdaves oqroze. es ar niSnavda dolaris gaufasurebas. amerika kvlav lideri iyo da misi ekonomika janmrTeli, Tumca es imaze mianiSnebda, rom amerikas aRar SeeZlo erTpirovnulad emarTa safinanso sistema da saWiro gaxda sxva wevrebis aqtiuri Cabma. jer evropuli valutebis gaZlierebam, Semdeg, cota mogvianebiT, 1964 wels, iaponiis valutis gamyarebam da konvertabelurad gadaqcevam dabada am qveynebSi survili, rom maTTan aRar akumulirebuliyo aSS dolari. amitom am qveynebma intensiurad daiwyes dolarisgan gaTavisufleba. amas Tan daerTo vietnamis omi da axali politikur-ekonomikuri realobis Camoyalibeba. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi faqtiurad veRar asrulebdnen nakisr valdebulebebs. 1968-1971 wlebSi saerTaSoriso savaluto sistema da misi menejmenti paralizebuli iyo. 1971 wlis 15 agvistos aSS-is prezidentma niqsonma, saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemis sxva wevrebTan SeTanxmebis gareSe, calmxrivad gamoacxada axali ekonomikuri politika: SeCerda dolaris konvertacia oqrosTan mimarTebaSi. es faqtiurad breton-vudsis dasasruli iyo. 1976 wels kingstonSi (iamaika) Sedga saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wamyvani saxelmwifoebis Sexvedra, sadac sabolood gacxadda breton-vudsis sistemis dasasruli. rogorc gilpini aRniSnavs, breton-vudsisa da fiqsirebuli gacvliTi kursis de faqto damTavreba de iure gaxda iamaikis konferenciaze (Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations, p. 140). konferenciaze qveynebi SeTanxmdnen Semdeg sakiTxebze:

rogoricaa: inflaciis da saprocento ganakveTebis Semcireba, biujetis deficitisa da valebis kontroli, evropis savaluto sistemis gacvliTi kursebis meqanizmiT rekomendirebuli normaluri CarCoebis dacva. is saxelmwifoebi, romlebic moaxerxebdnen am pirobebis Sesrulebas, gadadiodnen Semdeg etapze; •

1999 wlidan 2002 wlamde unda daarsebuliyo evropis centraluri banki, romelic gaakontrolebda gacvliT kursebs da xmarebaSi Seiyvanda erTian valutas — evros. is saxelmwifoebi, romlebmac Seasrules wina abzacSi CamoTvlili pirobebi, ase vTqvaT, gadavidnen Semdeg etapze da maT qveynebSi mimoqcevaSi Sevida evro. Tavdapirvelad es saxelmwifoebi iyo: espaneTi, portugalia, italia, belgia, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi, safrangeTi, germania, avstria, irlandia da fineTi. oTxi saxelmwifo — didi britaneTi, saberZneTi, dania da Svecia — ar aris evros arealSi;

•

evrokavSiris erT-erTi mizani unda yofiliyo socialuri da ekonomikuri Tanasworobis miRweva evropaSi. amisaTvis 1994 wels Seiqmna Tanasworobis (solidarobis) fondi, romelsac finansuri daxmareba unda gaewia naklebadganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da regionebisaTvis, gansakuTrebuli aqcentiT iseT seqtorebze, rogorebicaa garemos dacva da satransporto infrastruqtura. am daxmarebiT isargebles espaneTma, saberZneTma, portugaliam da irlandiam.

konferenciaze, marTalia, oficialurad dadasturda arsebuli sistemis daSla, magram axali ar Seqmnila. sTiven gilisa da devid los azriT,breton-vudsis sistema bolomde ar dasrulebula, vinaidan saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da msoflio banki (breton-

maastrixtis xelSekrulebis ratifikacia arc ise advili aRmoCnda, rogorc elodnen, Tumca igi ZalaSi mainc Sevida 1993 wlis 2 noembers. dReisaTvis evropis kavSiri Sedgeba sami organizaciisagan. esenia: evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianeba, evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba, evropis atomuri energiis komisia (evratomi). kavSiris ZiriTadi organoebia: komisia, evroparlamenti da ministrTa sabWo. evrokavSiri saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi subieqtunarianobis mqone gaerTianebaa. igi aRiarebulia damoukidebel subieqtad, romelsac ufleba aqvs dados xelSekruleba rogorc sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan, aseve saxelmwifoebTan. komunisturi reJimebis ngrevasTan erTad gafarTovda evrokavSiris politikuri da ekonomikuri amocanebic: demokratiuli sistemebis SeqmnaSi, adamianis uflebebis dacvaSi da gegmiuri ekonomikidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlaSi daxmarebis gaweva. 1999 wels evrokavSiris wevrebi gaxdnen ungreTi, poloneTi da CexeTi. Semdegi kandidatebi arian TurqeTi, malta da kviprosi. am da kontinentis kidev sxva danarCeni qveynebis gawevrianebiT evropas istoriuli Sansi eZleva umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrulos saerTaSoriso scenaze. Tumca, evropis Semdgom gaerTianebas seriozuli oponentebic hyavs Tavad evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebSi. maTgan yvelaze mdidari da Zlieri qveynebi SiSoben, rom aseTi mzardi tempebiT kavSiris gafarToeba da iseTi moumzadebeli da ekonomikurad araTanaswori qveynebis gaerTianeba, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, TurqeTi da kviprosi, seriozul problemad SeiZleba iqces maTTvis. am ideas gansakuTrebiT bevri mxardamWeri hyavs germaniaSi, avstriaSi da safrangeTSi. garda imisa, rom aseTi naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis kavSirSi SesvliT damatebiTi jafa daawveba kavSiris mdidar qveynebs, mosalodnelia seriozuli emigraciac axlad gawevrianebuli qveynebidan, rac kidev ufro daamZimebs suraTs, rogorc ekonomikurs, aseve politikurs. miT ufro, rom, maTi azriT, kavSirs sxva bevri problemac aqvs. ase, magaliTad, mniSvnelovani politikuri Zalauflebis miRwevis miuxedavad, iugoslaviis konfliqtma, sadac gadamwyveti roli kvlav aSS-ma da natom iTamaSa, evropas aCvena, rom mas jer kidev bevri dro sWirdeba, rom Tavisi politikuri da ekonomikuri problemebi mTlianad Tavad gadawyvitos. bevri mecnieri Tvlis, rom evropis kavSiri aris am kontinentis saxelmwifoebs Soris myari ekonomikuri da politikuri erTianoba, dafuZnebuli saerTo erovnul interesebze, da erT dRes igi SeiZleba gaxdes `evropis SeerTebuli Statebi”. Tumca am mosazrebis oponentebi miiCneven, rom movlenebis msgavsi ganviTareba ararealuria, vinaidan, miuxedavad imisa, rom kavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebs gaaCniaT saerTo miznebi, maTi ekonomikebi, socialuri standartebi da garkveuli politikuri miznebi

• moxda mcuravi gacvliTi kursebis legalizacia; • oqros, rogorc rezervis, roli Semcirda. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis oqros rezervis erTi meeqvsedi daubrunda wevr saxelmwifoebs yofil oficialur fasSi maTi kvotebis proporciulad. kidev erTi meeqvsedi gaiyida Ria bazarze da miRebuli Tanxa sesxad gaica ganviTarebad qveynebze; • saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis kvotebi gaizarda, gansakuTrebiT opekis qveynebisTvis; • gaizarda dafinanseba naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis da amiT, mecnierTa azriT, gaizarda ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis damokidebuleba; • qveynebs Tavad unda ganesazRvraT Tavisi valutebis par valu. amgvarad, erovnul mTavrobebs TviTon unda moewesrigebinaT TavianTi safinansosavaluto sistemebi saerTaSoriso wesrigSi Sesvlamde.

1946 wels didi britaneTis yofili premier-ministris uinston CerCilis mier warmoTqmuli sityva ciurixis universitetSi, bevris azriT, omis Semdeg pirveli nabiji iyo evropis integraciisaken. CerCilis TqmiT, mTeli evropa iseTive Tavisufali da bednieri unda yofiliyo, rogorc Sveicaria. amis miRweva, misi azriT, SesaZlebeli iyo erTiani evropuli ojaxis SeqmniT da misi iseTi struqturiT uzrunvelyofiT, romlis pirobebSic mSvidobiani, usafrTxo da Tavisufali cxovreba iqneboda. misi azriT, Sesaqmneli iyo evropis gaerTianebuli Statebi, xolo amisken gadadgmuli pirveli nabiji unda yofiliyo TanamSromloba safrangeTsa da germanias Soris. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, pirveli mosflio omis Semdgomi periodisagan gansxvavebiT, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma aRar mimarTes izolacionistur politikas da, rogorc msoflios uZlieresma saxelmwifom, Tavis Tavze aiRes pasuxismgebloba Careuliyvnen evropis saSinao saqmeebSi. amerikis mTavroba darwmunda, rom Tavisufali vaWrobis Semaferxebeli garemoebebis didi damsaxureba iyo is saerTaSoriso daZabuloba, romelmac, saboloo jamSi, meore msoflio omamde miiyvana qveynebi. amrigad, 1945 wlidan Tavisufali vaWrobis agitacia da misi mxardamWeri politikis gatareba amerikis ZiriTadi piroba gaxda im evropuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis, romlebsac surdaT aSS-isagan ekonomikuri daxmarebis miReba. civi omis pirobebSi amerikam SeimuSava marSalis gegma, romlis mizanic iyo evropaSi ekonomikuri zrdisa da ganviTarebis daCqareba, raTa is ar gadaqceuliyo komunisturi reJimis gavlenis sferod. aseve aSS-is iniciativiT 1949 wels dasavleT evropis umetesma saxelmwifom, aSS-ma da kanadam daaarses CrdiloeTatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia (nato), romelic upirispirdeboda socialistur qveynebs. es iyo koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis organizacia da masSi gaerTianebiT evropulma saxelmwifoebma kidev erTi nabiji gadadges politikuri erTianobisaken. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom evropis samma qveyanam garkveuli nabiji gaerTianebisken jer kidev meore msoflio omis dros gadadga. esenia: belgia, niderlandebi da luqsemburgi. 1944 wels maT Seqmnes beniluqsi — sabaJo kavSiri. 1948 wels am qveynebma daiwyes saerTo sagareo tarifis SemoRebaze muSaoba. 1949 wels evropis sabWos Seqmna kidev erTi nabiji iyo evropis gaerTianebisken. misi mizani iyo evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris politikuri TanamSromlobisaTvis xelSewyoba, demokratiuli sistemebis mxardaWera da adamianis uflebebis dacva. evropis kavSiris Seqmnis procesSi pirveli nabiji iyo 1950 wels safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris robert Sumanis winadadeba, safrangeTsa da germanias, agreTve yvela sxva msurvel saxelmwifos SeeerTebinaT TavianTi qvanaxSirisa da foladis resursebi. am ekonomikur integracias Sors gamiznuli gegma hqonda — mWidro ekonomikuri kavSiriT daezRviaT evropa SesaZlo omisagan. 1951 wels parizis xelSekrulebiT evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianeba daarsda, romlis damfuZnebelic iyo eqvsi qveyana: safrangeTi, germania, italia, belgia, niderlandebi da luqsemburgi. naTeli iyo, rom ekonomikuri kavSiri erTaderTi SesaZlo gza iyo politikuri erTianobisaken, da im istoriul etapze ekonomikuri kavSirebi ufro myari SeiZleboda yofiliyo evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris, vidre politikuri da samxedro. 1957 wels eqvsi saxelmwifos sagareo saqmeTa ministrebma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb da evropis atomuri energiis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb. 1992 weli gardamtexi periodia evropisaTvis. am wels xeli moewera maastrixtis xelSekrulebas (evropis kavSiris xelSekruleba). masSi modificirebuli iyo parizis, romisa da sxva sakvanZo xelSekrulebebi, daxvewili da ganvrcobili iyo evropis mokle da gZelvadiani ekonomikuri miznebi da Camoyalibebuli evropis qveynebis politikuri TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi amocanebi. maastrixtis xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdeg oficialurad damkvidrda termini `evropis kavSiri~ (evrokavSiri). ramdenime ZiriTadi momenti xelSekrulebidan: •

1990 wlidan 1993 wlamde evrokavSiris prioriteti unda yofiliyo kapitalis Tavisufali brunvis/moZraobis xelSewyoba;

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1994 wlidan 1999 wlamde wevr saxelmwifoebs unda moexdinaT TavianTi ekonomikuri politikis koordinacia, raTa mieRwiaT saerTo miznebisaTvis, 56

vudsis safinanso institutebi) dResac umniSvnelovanes rols asruleben saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi. Xolo, rac Seexeba, aSS dolars, igi kvlavac rCeba msoflios lider valutad, romelsac mravali qveyana ufardebs TavianT valutebs, gansakuTrebiT laTinuri amerika da sxva ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi. msoflio banki msoflio bankis Seqmna gadawyda breton-vudsSi 1944 wels. muSaoba daiwyo 1945 wels. igi gaeros specializebuli dawesebulebaa, magram mis wevrad miiRebian mxolod saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wevri saxelmwifoebi. Stab-binaa vaSingtonSi. misi umaRlesi organoa mmarTvelTa sabWo. bankis operatiul saqmianobas axorcielebs direqtorati. banks hyavs prezidenti. pirveli sesxi bankma misca safrangeTs 1947 wels omis Semdgomi rekonstruqciisaTvis (250 milioni aSS dolari). am mizniT sesxis gacema mas Semdeg msoflio bankis erT-erTi prioritetuli sferoa. bankSi 180-ze meti wevria. misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizania siRaribesTan brZola mTels msoflioSi. msoflio banki yovelwliurad aqveynebs msoflios ganviTarebis angariSs. saqarTvelo msoflio bankis wevria 1992 wlidan. amJamad bankSi gaerTianebulia xuTi instituti: • rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki (International Bank for Reconstruction and Cooperation - IBRD): Seiqmna 1945 wels. aerTianebs 184 qveyanas. mizania Seamciros siRaribis done qveynebSi mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSewyobiT. amisTvis gascems sesxebs, grantebs, kreditebs. exmareba qveynebs analitikuri da sakonsultacio samsaxuris meSveobiT. • saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis asociacia (International Development Association - IDA): daarsda 1960 wels. aerTianebs 162 wevrs. xels uwyobs reformebs saxelmwifoebSi ganaTlebisa da jandacvis sferoebSi, sufTa wyalmomaragebis sakiTxebSi da sxv. misi saqmianoba, agreTve, mimarTulia umuSevrobis aRmofxvrisa da socialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebisaken. • saerTaSoriso safinanso korporacia (International Finance Corporation – IFC): daarsda 1956 wels. aerTianebs 175 wevr saxelmwifos. misi mizania ekonomikis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba kerZo seqtoris gaZlierebis gziT. muSaobs biznespartniorebTan, investirebas axdens ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis kerZo seqtorSi da aZlevs maT grZelvadian sesxebs, exmareba konsultaciebiT. • mravalmxrivi investiciebis garantiis saagento (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency – MIGA): daarsda 1988 wels. aerTianebs 157 wevrs. mouwodebs ucxoel investorebs moaxdinon kapitaldabandebebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi. iZleva garantias arakomerciul riskTan dakavSirebiT — eqspropriacia, valutis arakonvertabeluroba, transferebis SezRudva, omi, samoqalaqo areuloba da sxv. teqnikur daxmarebas uwevs qveynebs SesaZlo ucxouri investiciebis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebaSi. • investiciebis sferoSi davebis mosagvarebeli saerTaSoriso centri (International Center for Settlement of International Disputes – ICSID): daarsda 1966 wels. aerTianebs 134 wevr saxelmwifos. xels uwyobs investiciebis mozidvas sxvadasxva qveynebSi, risTvisac SeimuSavebs saerTaSoriso investirebis wesebs, davebis mogvarebis kanonebs. gaugebrobisa da konfliqturi situaciebis SemTxvevaSi iZleva rCevebs saerTaSoriso investirebis kanonis Sesabamisad. 21

2004 wels msoflio bankma gasca 20,1 miliardi aSS dolari 245 proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad, romlebic mimarTuli iyo msoflios ganviTarebad qveynebSi siRaribesTan sabrZolvelad. teqnikurad msoflio banki gaeros sistemis nawilia, magram misi mmarTvelobis struqtura gansxvavebulia. bankis wevroba xmis uflebas iTvaliswinebs, magram aseve arsebobs damatebiTi xmis ufleba, romelic damokidebulia organizaciaSi finansuri kontribuciis odenobaze. Sesabamisad banki ZiriTadad kontroldeba ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mier, maSin roca misi ZiriTadi klientebi arian ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi. 2004 wlis noembris monacemebiT, aSS-s gaaCndaT xmebis mTliani raodenobis 16,4%, iaponias — 7,9%, germanias — 4,5% da did britaneTsa da safrangeTs Tanambrad 4,3%. vinaidan seriozuli gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad saWiroa xmaTa 85%, aSS-s SeuZliaT dablokon nebismieri cvlileba. kritikosebis azriT, saWiroa bankis mmarTvelobis arsebuli struqturis Secvla, raTa ukeT iyos gaTvaliswinebuli ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis interesebi da maTTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi maTive aqtiuri monawileobiT wydebodes. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi aris gaeros specializebuli dawesebuleba, romelic Seiqmna 1944 wels breton-vudsis konferenciis gadawyvetilebiT. fondi sruli avtonomiiT sargeblobs. fondis wevria 180-mde qveyana. wesdebis mixedviT, fondma xeli unda Seuwyos saerTaSoriso savaluto TanamSromlobas, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis gafarToebas, Tvalyuri adevnos valutis stabilurobas da gasces kreditebi wevr saxelmwifoebze sagadasaxado balansebis gasawonasworeblad. fondis ZiriTad kapitals Seadgens wevri saxelmwifoebis kvoturi Senatanebi. TiToeuli saxelmwifos kvoturi Senatanis odenoba ganisazRvreba qveynis finansurekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelTa gadaxedvac periodulad xdeba. sawevroebis 25 procenti ixdeba oqrosa da aSS dolarSi, xolo 75 procenti — erovnul valutaSi. kreditebis odenoba, romelic SeiZleba avtomaturad miiRos TiToeulma qveyanam, Seefardeba mis `oqros wils~. fondidan am odenobaze meti Tanxis miReba SezRudulia. kreditebi fondis wevr qveyanas eZleva misTvis saWiro ucxouri valutis miyidvis gziT, raSic valdebulia gadaixados erovnuli valuta. 1970 wlidan fondi uSvebs saerTaSoriso sakredito saSualebebs — e.w. valutis `sasesxo specialur uflebebs~, romlebic fondis wevrebs Soris maTi kvotebis proporciulad nawildeba. fondSi gadamwyvet rols asruleben aSS, inglisi, germania, safrangeTi, iaponia, italia, kanada, belgia, niderlandebi da Sveicaria (e.w. aTTa jgufi), romlebsac xmebis umravlesoba aqvT da gansazRvraven saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis savaluto politikas. fondis umaRlesi organoa mmarTvelTa sabWo, romelic weliwadSi erTxel ikribeba. sabWoSi Sedis TiToeuli wevri saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli. fondis Stab-bina mdebareobs vaSingtonSi. saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wevria 1992 wlidan.

evropis integracia saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis internet-gverdis 2005 wlis oficialuri monacemebiT, dReisaTvis evrokavSiris ekonomika udidesia da misi erTiani Sida produqti, Seadgens ra 12 865 602 milion aSS dolars, odnav uswrebs aSS-s igive maCvenebels (11 734 300 milioni). evrokavSiris ekonomikuri zrda 1990 wlamde CamorCeboda aSS-s, xolo umuSevrobis done amerikaze maRali iyo. igive wyaroSi miTiTebuli gaTvlebiT, 2006 wels evrokavSiris ekonomikuri zrda Seadgens 2,3%. amasTan, ekonomikuri zrdis procentuli maCvenebeli kavSiris Zvel wevrebSi bevrad naklebia, vidre mis axal wevr qveynebSi. evrokavSiri aseve erT-erTi lideria saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi da misi ZiriTadi savaWro partniorebi arian: iaponia, Sveicaria da aSS. ra gza gaiara evropam gaerTianebamde da ra iyo evropuli integraciis mizani? evropelebis umetesobisaTvis pirveli msoflio omi niSnavda evropuli civilizaciis dasasruls. Tumca umciresoba xvdeboda, rom evropis gadarCena da misi usafrTxoeba damokidebuli iyo mis unarze, daeZlia agresiuli nacionalizmi, romelmac evropis kontinenti katastrofamde miiyvana, da gaeTavisebina idea mSvidobiani da erTiani evropis Sesaxeb. 1923 wels avstrielma rixard kudenxov-kalergim daaarsa panevropuli moZraoba. 1926 wels man moaxerxa erTad Seekriba evropis sxvadasxva gamoCenili politikuri figurebi pirvel panevropul kongresze venaSi. aRniSnul kongresamde, evropa, rogorc politikuri koncefcia, ar arsebobda. kudenxov-kalergis azriT, urTierTzizRi evropaSi wamlavda atmosferos da evropis problemebis mogvareba mxolod Tavad evropelebs SeeZloT. misi azriT, evropis mSvidobiani gaerTianebis gzaze erTerTi urTulesi dabrkoleba safrangeTsa da germanias Soris arsebuli aTaswliani SuRli iyo. pan-evropuli moZraobis oqros wlebi meoce saukunis 20-iani wlebis meore naxevari iyo, rodesac xelmoweril iqna lokarnos SeTanxmeba (1925w. germaniis dasavleTis sazRvrebis garantiis Sesaxeb) da brian-kelogis paqti (1928w. omze, rogorc saxelmwifo politikis iaraRze, uaris Tqma). 1929 wels safrangeTis premier-ministrma brianma Semdegnairad Camoayaliba evropis saxelmwifoebis federaciis idea: federacia, romelic efuZneba solidarobasa da survils, miRweul iqnes ekonomikuri simdidre da politikuri da socialuri TanamSromloba. ideas aRfrTovanebiT Sexvdnen evropis politikuri da ekonomikuri moRvaweebi. evropis qveynebis ekonomikuri da politikuri erTianobis koncefcia swrafad farTovdeboda da Zlierdeboda, Tumca rigma ekonomikurma da, Semdeg, politikurma movlenebma ramdenime wliT Seaferxa misi saboloo formiT Camoyalibeba da sruli realizeba. 1930 wels daiwyo ekonomikuri depresia yvela Tanmdevi problemebiT, xolo 1933 wels germaniaSi xelisuflebaSi movida hitleri. nacionalizmma kidev ufro didi simZafriT iCina Tavi, da evropa axalma katastrofam moicva. meore msoflio omis Semdeg kidev ufro cxadi gaxda evropis erTianobis saWiroeba. evropam gaacnobiera Tavisi sisuste — omma bolo mouRo evropis tradiciul hegemonias msoflioSi. or axal supersaxelmwifos — aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs — gaaCndaT bevrad ufro dawinaurebuli ekonomika, isini bevrad ukeTes politikur da samxedro mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, vidre evropis yvela saxelmwifo erTad. orive msoflio omi daiwyo, rogorc evropis omi da evropis kontinenti mTavari saomari veli iyo orive SemTxvevaSi. erTaderTi gamosavali Seqmnil viTarebaSi iyo evropuli saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebaSi. am ideis matarebelni imedovnebdnen, rom am gaerTianebiT Seiqmneboda mesame (im periodis or supersaxelmwifos — aSS-sa da ssrk-s Semdeg) ekonomikuri da politikuri centri, da evropa daibrunebda Tavis istoriul funqcias msoflio sistemaSi. umniSvnelovanesi xdeboda germaniisa da safrangeTis Serigebis sakiTxi, maT Soris, arsebuli istoriuli problemebis mogvareba. Suamavlad SeiZleba aSS gamosuliyo, da es mSvidobis garantia gaxdeboda. garda amisa, mecnierTa azriT, evropelebs Soris sul ufro da ufro matulobda survili ecxovraT Tavisufal, samarTlian da ekonomikurad Zlier kontinentze, sadac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi ganviTardeboda urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze. 55

wlebSi iseTma prokapitalisturma qveyanamac ki, rogoricaa brazilia, vrceli sajaro seqtori ganaviTara, romelSic Sevida aseve samrewvelo sawarmoebi. yovelive es amtkicebs, rom nacionalizmi kvlavac mniSvnelovania da, rom misi mniSvneloba srulebiTac ar Semcirebula mesame msoflios saxelmwifo biurokratiaSi. bevri miiCnevs, rom transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobis SezRudviT mTavrobebi sakuTari mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg moqmedeben, vinaidan erovnuli korporaciebi xSirad ver uzrunvelyofen produqciaze iseTive fasebs, rogorsac transnacionaluri korporaciebi, amasTan maT mier warmoebuli produqciis an momsaxurebis xarisxic SeiZleba ufro dabali iyos. Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi, momxmarebels mouwevs ufro maRali safasuris gadaxda naklebad xarisxian saqonelSi. arsebobs azri, rom sazogadoeba cudad aris informirebuli imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xarji Tu mogeba mohyveba qveyanaSi transnacionaluri kompaniebis moqmedebis SezRudvas an gamoricxvas. es gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa iseT dargebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT momgebiania an perspeqtiuli. am sferoebis nacionalizacia ise xdeba xolme, rom sazogadoeba ar aris informirebuli xarjebis Sesaxeb msoflios sxva regionebSi. ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi transnacionaluri kompaniebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli politika, Cveulebriv, ganixileba, rogorc erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da ekonomikuri damoukideblobis xelSemwyobi RonisZieba da ara rogorc ekonomikuri zrdis Seferxebis mizezi. es gadawyvetileba ki, rogorc wesi, mosaxleobis umravles nawilze uaryofiTad aisaxeba, maSin, roca politikuri elita, romelic irCevs amgvar politikas, importisa da transnacionaluri kompaniebis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli RonisZiebebidan sargebels poulobs. Tumca, ar aris aucilebeli, rom aseTma viTarebam Sedegad gamoiRos transnacionaluri kompaniebis saqmianobis Seferxeba an aRkveTa. piriqiT, SeiZleba adgilobrivma elitam erTobliv sawarmoSi gaerTianeba da am gziT Tavisis Semosavlebis gazrda isurvos. damokidebulebis Teoriis oponentebis azriT, swored elitis arasaxelmwifoebrivi qmedebebi da procesebze uaryofiTi gavlena ganapirobebs politikuri Zalauflebis, simdidrisa da codnis uTanasworo gadanawilebas ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetes nawilSi. ucxouri sawarmoebis nacionalizacia yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebelia nedleulis warmoebis seqtorisTvis. es aris koloniuri gamocdilebis gamoZaxili. ucxouri batonoba asocirdeba swored am seqtorTan, romelzec mTeli ekonomika iyo damokidebuli. nedleulis mogebaze orientirebulma warmoebam seriozuli wvlili Seitana mTliani erovnuli produqtis maCveneblis zrdaSi da ucxouri valutis Semodenis ZiriTad wyarod iqca. situacia ar Secvlila rig ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, magaliTad, spilenZis warmoeba zambiaSi, sadac nacionalizebuli warmoeba nawilobriv damokidebuli darCa transnacionalur kompaniebze. es urTierToba “marTvis xelSekrulebis” saxiT gaformda xsenebuli warmoebis adrindel mflobelebTan. sxvaTa Soris, aseTi xelSekrulebis Sedegad, 70-iani wlebis bolosa d 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi spilenZis fasebis dacemis simZime ufro metad zambias daawva, vidre transnacionalur kompaniebs. gasuli saukunis 1980-iani wlebidan ganviTarebadi qveynebis mtruli ganwyoba transnacionaluri kompaniebis mimarT 60-ian wlebTan da 70-iani wlebis dasawyisTan SedarebiT Serbilda. am droisTvis bevrma maTganma ukve moaxerxa, rom TavianTi sabadoebisa da plantaciebis kontolis umetes wils dapatroneboda. 1970-ian wlebSi, navTobis fasebiT gamowveuli Sokis pirobebSi, ganviTarebadi qveynebi, romlebic navTobis imports eweodnen, sagadasaxado balansTan dakavSirebuli problemebis winaSe aRmoCndnen. maT meti ucxouri valuta esaWiroebodaT da amisi erT-erTi saSualeba iyo saeqportod gankuTvnili warmoebis asamuSaveblad TavianT qveynebSi transnacionaluri kompaniebis mozidva. swored aman ganapiroba saeqporto saqonlis gadamamuSavebeli zonebis momravleba. sagadasaxado balansTan dakavSirebuli problemebi kidev ufro damZimda wina saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, radgan ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri daqveiTeba niSnavda ganviTarebadi qveynebis saeqsporto saqonelze moTxovnilebis dacemas. Sedegad, bevrma ganviTarebadma qveyanam mimarTa saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds da msoflio banks sesxebis asaRebad. orive es organizacia muSaobs, raTa xeli Seuwyos ganviTarebad qveynebs ukeT gaecnon transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobas, ndobiT ganewyon maT mimarT, Seecadnon maT mozidvas TavianT qveynebSi da Semdeg ukve SeZlon maTTan TanamSromloba. 54

saerTaSoriso vaWroba. savaWro urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg vaWrobas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. zogierTi mecnieri imdenad Sors midis vaWrobis rolis SefasebaSi, rom vaWrobasa da oms saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ZiriTad Semadgenlebad miiCnevs. saerTaSoriso vaWroba udides gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso politikaze, vinaidan qmnis mWidro saqmian kavSirebs qveynebs Soris. igi mSvidobis faqtoria. Tanamedrove urTierTdamokidebul msoflioSi sabazro ekonomika kidev ufro mniSvnelovans xdis saerTaSoriso vaWrobas. dRes saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi Cabmulia yvela qveyana, vinaidan verc erTi maTgani ver SeZlebs iyos TviTkmari da mxolod sakuTari warmoebis produqciiT uzrunvelyos Tavisi Tavi. Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis pirobebSi qveyanas yovelTvis sWirdeba garkveuli produqciis importireba, xolo saimporto xarjebis dafarva SesaZlebelia eqsportidan miRebuli SemosavliT. rac ufro didia qveyana, miT ufro didi nawili misi erovnuli produqciisa aris Cabmuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis arsis da misi bunebis axsnas cdilobs ori erTmaneTisagan Zalze gansxvavebuli Teoria. erTi efuZneba liberalur tradiciebs (mas dRes heqsCerolin-samuelsonis Teorias uwodeben, SemoklebiT — H-O), xolo meore — nacionalisturs. am TeoriebSi absoluturad gansxvavebulad aris axsnili saerTaSoriso vaWrobis mizezebi, miznebi da Sedegebi. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis liberaluri Teoria adam smitisa da devid rikardos Teoriebidan iRebs safuZvels, Tumca misi Tanamedrove varianti garkveulwilad saxecvlilia. liberalebs sjeraT vaWrobis Ria sistemis, romelzec vrceldeba kanonierebis principi. maTi azriT, Tavisufali vaWroba momgebiania masSi Cabmuli yvela mxarisaTvis. Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela mxare aucileblad Tanabradaa mogebuli am procesSi. gilpini liberalebis am mosazrebis axsnisas aRniSnavs, rom Tavisufali vaWrobis dasacavad mTavari argumenti ara mogebis Tanabari ganawilebaa, aramed maqsimaluri efeqturoba da msoflio simdidris gazrda. Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba zrdis individualur produqtiulobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs erovnuli da msoflio simdidris Seqmnasa da dagrovebas. Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba da misi gaRrmaveba msoflio ekonomikis ayvavebis da saerTaSoriso keTildReobis sawindaria. Tavisufal vaWrobas sargebeli moaqvs sxva xalxebisTvisac. ekonomistebi ukve didi xania Tvlian, rom vaWroba aZlevs uflebas qveynebs miaqcion ZiriTadi yuradReba im saqonlis warmoebas da im momsaxurebas, romelTa maRali xarisxic SeuZliaT uzrunvelyon am qveynebma maqsimaluri efeqturobiT. mgvarad, isini amaRleben mTeli msoflio Tanamegobrobis sawarmoo simZlavreebs. ufro metic, vaWroba xels uwyobs ekonomikisa da socialuri stabilurobis zrdas, demokratiis ganviTarebas calkeul qveynebSi, agreTve msoflios ayvavebas, kanonierebis damyarebas da mSvidobis uzrunvelyofas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. vaWrobis Ria sistema moiTxovs, rom qveynebma ganaxorcielon samarTliani da diskriminaciisgan Tavisufali SeRweva erTmaneTis bazrebze. amisaTvis qveynebi unda Seecadon Seuqmnan sxva qveynebs xelsayreli pirobebi Tavis bazrebze SesaRwevad — Seamciron TavianTi savaWro barierebi mravalmxrivi da ormxrivi SeTanxmebebis dadebis gziT. miuxedavad imisa, rom vaWrobis liberalizaciisas ZiriTadi yuradReba tradiciulad eTmoba tarifebisa da garkveuli arasatarifo barierebis Semcirebas, ukanasknel wlebSi gaCnda axali saSualebebi am liberalizaciis uzrunvelsayofad. yvela qveynis savaWro kanonmdebloba da savaWro praqtika unda iyos gamWvirvale, anu, sxvagvarad, yvelam unda icodes wesebi da yvelas unda hqondes Tanabari Sansebi konkurenciaSi monawileobisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom dReisaTvis Tavad liberalebic ki aRiareben, rom wminda saxiT Tavisufali vaWroba praqtikaSi ar arsebobs da `uxilav xelze~ efeqturi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo Carevaa, am Teoriis mimdevrebi mainc rCebian ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos minimaluri Carevis momxreebad. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis liberaluri Teoriis oponentebi Tvlian, rom Tavisufali 23

vaWroba mxolod ganviTarebuli da Zlieri qveynebisTvisaa momgebiani, romelTa ekonomikac ar aris damokidebuli erT romelime seqtorze da erT konkretul produqtze. xolo ekonomikurad SedarebiT dabalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis ekonomikuri proteqcionizmi ufro momgebiani da mizanSewonilia. nacionalistebi nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben saerTaSoriso vaWrobas da miaCniaT, rom qveynis eqsporti unda aRematebodes imports — qveyanam unda gayidos meti produqcia, vidre iyidos. Tumca Tu am pozicias yvela qveyana gaiziarebs, maSin gasayidi aRaraferi iqneba da saerTaSoriso vaWrobac aRar iarsebebs. liberalebi miiCneven, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba mSvidobis garantiaa, da rac meti qveyanaa Cabmuli masSi, miT ufro usafrTxo da stabiluria msoflio, nacionalistebi ar eTanxmebian da Tvlian, rom dRevandelma globalurma ekonomikam, romelic TiTqmis yvela qveynis ekonomikas moicavs, moitana damokidebulebis axali formebi da Seqmna niadagi ekonomikuri konfliqtebisaTvis. Tanamedrove yvelaze maRalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis istoriaSi iyo periodebi, rodesac isini mkveTrad uxvevdnen ekonomikuri proteqcionizmisken. ase, magaliTad, amerikeli saxelmwifo moRvawe aleqsandre hamiltoni aSS-is samrewvelo ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad moiTxovda proteqcionistuli tarifis SemoRebas, da unda iTqvas, rom misi rekomendaciebi xSirad sruldeboda. hamiltoni ar iziarebda adam smitis `Tavisufali bazris“ ideas da miaCnda, rom saxelmwifos seriozuli daxmareba unda gaewia industriis ganviTarebisaTvis. amerikulma proteqcionizmma Tavis piks miaRwia 1930 wels, rodesac miRebul iqna smuT-holei tarifi (ix. zeviT), romelmac mkveTrad gazarda aSS-Si SemoRebuli tarifebi. germanelma ekonomistma fridrix listmac ekonomikuri proteqcionizmi miiCnia mizanSewonilad Tavisi qveynisaTvis. laparakia mecxramete saukunis Sua periodis daqucmacebul da sust germaniaze. listis rekomendaciiT germanulma saxelmwifoebma garkveuli barieri dauweses inglisur saqonels maRali baJis saxiT, riTac moaxerxes sakuTari mrewvelobis dacva, misTvis xelSewyoba da, saboloo jamSi, ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dawyeba. rogorc gilpini aRniSnavs, liberalebic da nacionalistebic Tanxmdebian, rom warmoebas sWirdeba dacva mis sawyis etapze, magram maTi Sexedulebebi fundamenturad gansxvavdeba imasTan mimarTebaSi, Tu ra aris am dacvis, anu proteqcionizmis, mizani. nacionalistebisTvis proteqcionizmi saboloo mizania, romelsac mohyveba industriuli Zalaufleba da Zlieri saxelmwifo. liberalebisTvis ki — proteqcionizmi droebiTi etapia, romelic qveyanas saSualebas aZlevs mixvdes, Tu romel sferoSi aqvs mas SefardebiTi upiratesoba. saboloo mizani ki — Tavisufali vaWroba da msoflio simdidris Seqmnaa. liberalebis azriT, yvela ekonomikas gaaCnia SefardebiTi upiratesoba rameSi da amitom maT ar unda eSinodeT Tavisufali vaWrobis.

pirvel msoflio omamde msoflio ekonomika moqmedebda oqros standartis arsebobis pirobebSi. es imas niSnavda, rom SesaZlebeli iyo, ama Tu im konkretuli kursis mixedviT, yvela qveynis valutis konvertireba oqroSi. amgvarma sistemam ganapiroba fiqsirebuli savaluto kursebis SemoReba, e. i. yvela qveynis valutis gacvla nebismieri sxva qveynis valutaze SesaZlebeli iyo myarad dadgenili, ucvleli kursiT. fiqsirebulma savaluto kursebma xeli Seuwyo msoflio vaWrobis ganviTarebas, vinaidan maT erTgvarad gamoricxes is gaurkvevlobis faqtorebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo e.w. mcurav kursebTan. magram am sistemas, mecnierTa azriT, hqonda sul cota ori nakli. jer erTi, oqros standartis pirobebSi qveynebs ar hqondaT SesaZlebloba gaekontrolebinaT TavianTi oqros masebi. amis nacvlad yoveli qveynis oqros masa ganisazRvreboda oqros im nakadiT, romelic gamoiyeneboda sxva qveynebTan angariSsworebis dros. meorec is, rom yvela qveyanaSi oqros politika ganicdida oqros mopovebis tempebis gavlenas. mecxramete saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi, rodesac oqro mcire raodenobiT moipoveboda, oqros masa mTels msoflioSi neli tempiT izrdeboda, raTa ar CamorCenoda ekonomikis zrdas. amis Sedegi iyo deflacia, fasebis dacema. SemdgomSi, mecxramete saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, aliaskaze da samxreT afrikaSi oqros sabadoebis aRmoCenam gamoiwvia mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis raodenobis

saxelmwifoebSi, transnacionaluri kapitalis zegavlena SeiZleba metad mniSvnelovani iyos. marqsisti analitikosebi miiCneven, rom aSS-Si amerikuli transnacionaluri korporaciebis interesebi dominirebs. ase rom, maSin, roca transnacionaluri kompaniebis pirdapiri Zalaufleba, garedan zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba arc Tu ise mniSvnelovnad CaiTvalos, roca saubaria “centralur” qveynebze, am qveynebis SigniT maTi struqturuli siZliere umaRles wertils aRwevs, gansakuTrebiT ideologiur doneze. nawilobriv kapitalisturi sistemis xelSemwyobi koncefciebis kanonTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanis didi Zalisxmevis wyalobiT iseT qveynebSi, rogorebicaa aSS, iaponia, germania, safrangeTi da britaneTi, da saxelmwifos qcevasa da ekonomikuri aqtivobis doneze saqmiani koniunqturisa da mtkice saqmiani poziciis damsaxurebiT, kapitalis Zalauflebam SeiZleba TiTqmis hegemonur statuss miaRwios. Tu imuSavebs ekonomikuri aqtivobis ZiriTadi liberaluri kanonebi, saqmiani koniunqturis internacionalizacia imas niSnavs, rom saerTaSoriso masStabiT mobiluri kapitalis struqturuli Zalaufleba marTlac rom Zalze didi iqneba. es pozicia aris transnacionaluri kompaniebis Zalauflebis dominirebadi realisturi interpretirebis meore mxare. realistebi xazs usvamen saxelmwifos avtonomiurobas da “erovnuli interesebis” ideis dominantur zegavlenas, rac wina planze ayenebs usafrTxoebas. am TvalsazrisiT, transnacionaluri kompaniebi iqamde gaSlian TavianT saqmianobebs da gaizrdebian, sanam es Zlier saxelmwifoebis interesebSi iqneba. saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan calsaxad gaimijnon. amitom, saxelmwifo politika ar unda ganixilebodes mxolod “erovnuli” TvalsazrisiT. saxelmwifos mier warmoebuli politika da is daZabuloba, romelic saxelmwifo kursis gatarebas axlavs, dakavSirebulia aseve klasobriv da klasebis struqturuli elementebis interesebTan. joan spiros azriT, ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis politika pirdapir ucxour kapitalTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebulia. kerZod, ganviTarebadi qveynebi xSirad SiSiT uyureben transnacionalur korporaciebs da metic, cdiloben SezRudon maTi saqmianoba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu korporaciebi Cabmulni arian nedleulis, kerZod, mineraluri nedleulis mopovebaSi. amgvari damokidebuleba bunebrivia imis gaTvalsiwinebiT, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis didi nawilis mier transnacionaluri korporaciebi aRiqmeba mxolod ganviTarebuli qveynebis politikis gamtareblad, romelTa interesic calmxrivi mogebaa. ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesoba xvdeba nedleuliTa da naxevarfabrikatebiT vaWrobis uperspeqtivobas da yvelanairad cdilobs pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis mozidvas warmoebis sferoSi. meoce saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi ganxorcielda sagadasaxado sistemis met-naklebi liberalizacia, moxda saxelmwifos mier momsaxurebis garkveuli saxeebis subsidireba, Seiqmna saeqsportod gankuTvnili saqonlis warmoebis specialuri zonebi da gatarda sxva RonisZiebebi, romlebic mimarTuli iyo iseTi transnacionaluri korporaciebis mozidvaze, romlebic imuSavebdnen qveynisaTvis strategiuli mniSvnelobis sferoebSi da xels Seuwyobdnen erovnuli ekonomikebis ganviTarebas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom vinaidan ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis speqtri mravalferovania, maTi damokidebuleba transnacionaluri korporaciebis mimarT aseve araerTgvarovania. zogi ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos naklebad keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba sabazro meqanizmis, konkurenciisa da zogjer kerZo warmoebis mimarT ganpirobebulia bevri ganviTarebadi qveynis damokidebulebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobisadmi, rogorc sabazro sistemisadmi, romelic CrdiloeTSi ufro kargad muSaobs, vidre samxreTSi. amgvarad, kerZo sawarmoebis, gansakuTrebiT ki transnacionaluri kompaniebis, mimarT ganxorcielebuli SezRudvebi ganixileba rogorc aucilebeli RonisZiebebi, raTa saxelmwifos ufro meti wili darCes ucxouri investiciebisa da vaWrobis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlidan an imisTvis, rom ganviTardes axlad aRmocenebuli sawarmoebi. ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi xSirad aRiniSneba saxelmwifos zewola transnacionalur korporaciebze. politikur elitebs ar surT damokidebulni iyvnen ucxour kompaniebze da maT sapirispirod iwyeben sajaro seqtoris ganviTarebis xelSewyobas, gansakuTrebiT, im sferoebSi, romlebic, maTi azriT, strategiuli mniSvnelobisaa. mag. indoeTSi aseT sferoebad miCneulia qimiuri, farmacevtuli, navTobgadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba da nedleulis mopoveba. meoce saukunis 60-70-ian

savaWro urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg

kalurad integrirebuli transnacionaluri sawarmoebi ar dominireben ganviTarebadi qveynebis savaWro saqmianobaSi. aSS-s sawarmoebis magaliTze Tu vimsjelebT, mzardi internacionalizacia da warmoebis vertikalurad integrirebuli sistema mxolod dasavleT evropiTa da kanadiT Semoifargleba. vertikaluri integraciis modelTan Tanaarsebobs, agreTve konglomeratis elementebi, garda amisa, ufro da ufro xSiria sxvadasxva qveynebis transnacionaluri firmebis TanamSromloba da erToblivi sawarmoebis Camoyalibebis SemTxvevebi. bevri miiCnevs, rom aseTi tipis urTierTobebi riskis faqtors amcirebs (gadaanawilebs) da gamokvlevebis masStabebis TvalsazrisiTac ekonomiuria. meoce saukuneSi masobrivi warmoebisa da gamokvlevebze damyarebuli mrewvelobis ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo axali firmebis bazarze SeRwevas da oligofoliis ganviTarebas. meore msoflio omis Semdeg mwarmoebeli transnacionaluri korporaciebi gansakuTrebiT momZlavrdnen qimiuri preparatebis, avtomobilebis, kompiuterebisa da eleqtrosaqonlis warmoebaSi. meoce saukunis TiTqmis mTeli periodis manZilze am kompaniebs samrewvelo ganviTarebis maRali maCvenebeli hqondaT. mogvianebiT, transnacionaluri kompaniebi ganviTarda momsaxurebis sferoSic. es gansakuTrebiT exeba safinanso, sabanko, monacemTa gadamuSavebis, kavSirgabmulobisa da mediis sferoebs. Cndeba monacemTa globaluri bazebi. xolo teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis zrdis paralelurad SesaZlebeli xdeba safinanso bazrebis dakavSireba da maTi integracia. imavdroulad, transnacionalizaciam ganviTareba daiwyo sacalo vaWrobis sferoSic, romelic, ar aris CarTuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi, radgan, Cveulebriv, moiTxovs klientTan axlo urTierTobas da axlo distancias. zogierTi mecnieris azriT, garkveuli drois Semdeg, Sesaferisi globaluri politikis pirobebSi, transnacionaluri kompaniebi ufro metad ganviTardeba, vidre wmindad nacionaluri firmebi. amis mizezi gaxdeba maTi ekonomiuroba, rasac ganapirobebs maTi masStaburoba, aseve kapitalis ufro mravalferovani da iafi wyaroebis mopoveba da gadasaxadebis dabali faqtiuri ganakveTi. am ukanasknelSi igulisxmeba is, rom transnacionalur kompanias SeuZlia fasebis dakleba an momateba saqonelze, masalebze an sesxebze, Tavisi kompaniis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mdebare filialebs Soris. amitom, transferuli fasebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba or damoukidebel kompanias Soris SeTanxmebuli fasebisgan, anu im fasebisgan, romlebic asaxavs sabazro pirobebs. vinaidan transnacionalur kompanias SeuZlia aseTi intrastruqturuli savaWro operaciebis warmoeba im qveyanaSi, romelSic korporaciuli gadasaxadebi maRalia, kompaniis mogeba SeiZleba imaze dabali maCvenebliT gaformdes, rasac realurad warmoadgens. amis miRweva SeiZleba, magaliTad, im nawilebze fasebis daklebiT, romlebic sxva qveyanaSi, dabali gadasaxadebis pirobebSi arsebul Svilobil kompaniaSi gadaigzavneba. amgvarad, transnacionalur kompanias manevrirebis bevrad meti saSualeba aqvs, vidre nacionalurs, da es saSualebas iZleva vivaraudod, rom transnacionaluri kompaniebis ricxvis zrda Seuqcevadi procesia. transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da mimRebi saxelmwifoebis urTierTobis sakiTxi mudmivi gansjis Temaa, vinaidan bevri qveyana miiCnevs, rom transnacionaluri korporaciebi politikur gavlenas amyareben mimReb qveyanaze. zogi mecnieris azriT, yvela saxelmwifo SeiZleba ufro da ufro metad daeqvemdebaros transnacionaluri kompaniebis Zalauflebasa da gavlenas, maTi globaluri bunebisa da yvelgan SeRwevadobis gamo. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom liberalur saxelmwifoebs naklebadkonfliqturi urTierTobebi aqvT transnacionalur korporaciebTan. spiros azriT, yvela qveyanaSi aris imisi moTxovnileba, rom moizidon pirdapiri ucxouri kapitali da gamonaxon ucxour firmebTan urTierTobis saukeTeso gza. transnacionalur firmebTan urTierTobisas yvela saxelmwifo awydeba garkveul problemebs da daZabulobas, Tumca, zogierTi urTierTobis tipi ufro metad daZabulia, vidre sxva. ufro mravalmxrivad rom warmovadginoT es sakiTxi, vityviT, rom transnacionaluri kompaniis, anu transnacionaluri kapitalis, rogorc klasobrivi struqturis nawilis, Zalaufleba gansxvavdeba imisda mixedviT, Tu ra tipisaa konkretuli saxelmwifo. msoflio sistemaTa terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, am SemTxvevaSi ganmsazRvrelia mocemuli qveynis statusi — centraluria igi, periferiuli, Tu naxevrad periferiuli. Tumca, zemoT Tqmulis mixedviT, transnacionaluri kompaniebi gare Zalas warmoadgenen, maSin roca saxelmwifoebs SigniT, gansakuTrebiT ki “centralur” 52

mkveTri zrda, rasac mohyva inflacia, fasebis zrda. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg qveynebi Seecadnen aRedginaT oqros standarti, magram igi gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebis didi depresiis periodSi mTlianad daeca. zogierTi ekonomisti acxadebda, rom oqros standartis dacva ar aZlevda saSualebas xelmZRvanel fulad-sakredito dawesebulebebs gaezardaT mimoqcevaSi fulis raodenoba saqmiani aqtiurobis aRsadgenad saWiro sakmaod swrafi tempebiT. meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodi aRiniSneba msoflio vaWrobis liberalizaciis dawyebiT. am procesSi lideris funqcia ikisra amerikam. es ganpirobebuli iyo aSS-is ekonomikuri siZlieriT da, rac aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania, misi surviliT Seesrulebina msoflio hegemonis roli. aSS-Si mixvdnen, rom stabiluroba qveyanaSi da mokavSireebis erTgulebis SenarCuneba SesaZlebeli iqneboda maTi ekonomikis aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi. amerikis daxmarebas am saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda, Tumca ekonomikuri damoukideblobisa da misi Semdgomi zrdis misaRwevad maT esaWiroebodaT, agreTve, saeqsporto bazrebi, gansakuTrebiT aSS-is udidesi bazari. 1944 wels msoflios wamyvani qveynebis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen breton-vudsSi, Stati niu-hemfSiri, raTa SeeqmnaT axali saerTaSoriso finansuri sistema. vinaidan im dros SeerTebuli Statebis wilad modioda msoflioSi arsebuli oqros naxevarze meti, wamyvanma qveynebma gadawyvites miebaT msoflios valutebi dolarisaTvis da moexdinaT, aRniSnul qveynebs Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, misi konvertireba oqroSi —erT unciaSi 35 dolari. amerikam, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ikisra lideris roli da saTaveSi Caudga vaWrobis liberalizaciis process. man didi roli Seasrula tarifebisa da vaWrobis generaluri SeTanxmebis (gati) SeqmnaSi, romelic warmoadgenda satarifo da savaWro wesebis saerTaSoriso krebuls da mas xeli moewera 1947 wels. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sferoSi qcevis wesebis krebulis SemoRebis garda, gati (vaWrobisa da tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba) gamovida mravalmxrivi savaWro molaparakebebis ramdenime raundis sponsoros rolSi, xolo amerika, liderobda ra am saqmeSi, aqtiurad monawileobda yovel maTganSi. meoce saukunis ormocdaaTian wlebSi urugvais raundze, romelsac ase ewoda imis gamo, rom igi daiwyo pulta-del-estaSi (urugvai) molaparakebebisas, qveynebi sabolood SeTanxmdnen vaWrobis Semdgomi liberalizaciis Sesaxeb da dasaxes samoqmedo gegmebi. vaWrobisa da tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba (General Agreement on Tarrifs and Trade – GATT) vaWrobisa da tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba (gati) ganixileboda rogorc mdidari qveynebis klubi. gatis wesebi esaa — e.w. vaWrobis liberaluri wesebi mdidarTa sasargeblod. gati Seiqmna 1947 wels. mizani iyo wevr qveynebs Soris Tavisufali vaWrobisaTvis xelSewyoba, rac gamoixateboda molaparakebebis warmoebaSi tarifebis daregulirebisa da Semcirebis Sesaxeb. Tavisufali vaWrobis gafarToeba da gaintensiureba, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobda kacobriobis cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebas. mas, agreTve unda SeemuSavebina davebis mogvarebis meqanizmebi. Stabbina iyo JenevaSi. gatis molaparakebebs uwodeben raundebs. gatis unda mieRwia Tavisufali da ufro samarTliani vaWrobisaTvis, tarifebis Semcirebisa da sxva savaWro barierebis moxsnis gziT. igi Tavis saqmianobaSi eyrdnoboda sam princips: • aradiskriminacia, mravalmxrivoba, da yvelaze sasurveli saxelmwifos principis (Most-Favoured Nation Principle) gavrceleba SeTanxmebis yvela wevrze (yvelaze

sasurveli qveynis principi niSnavs imas, rom yovelTvis, rodesac wevri saxelmwifo SeRavaTebs awesebs erTi savaWro partniorisTvis, man igive SeRavaTebi unda mianiWos msoflio savaWro organizaciis yvela danarCen wevrs, raTa yvela iyos Tanabar pirobebSi); • vaWrobis gaintensiureba wevr Semcirebis gziT;

saxelmwifoebs

Soris

savaWro

barierebis

• upirobo TanamSromloba yvela wevrs Soris. unda Seqmniliyo msoflio savaWro reJimi an universaluri kanonebi savaWro politikis warmoebisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRmosavleTis bloki da naklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis umetesoba ar SeuerTda gats da ar scnes misi principebi, xolo wevri saxelmwifoebi srulad ar asrulebdnen TavianT movaleobebs, gatma mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli omis Semdgom periodSi msoflio vaWrobis liberalizaciis process. 1980-ian wlebSi bevrma saxelmwifom eWvi Seitana gatis SesaZleblobaSi SeenarCunebina liberaluri vaWrobis reJimi. amis mizezi iyo struqturuli cvlilebebi msoflio ekonomikaSi, romelTa Sedegadac Seirya gatis principebi. saxelmwifoebs surdaT scodnodaT, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara liberaluri reJimi, da Tu ara, romeli reJimi Secvlida omis Semdgom liberalur savaWro wesrigs. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom meore msoflio omis Semdeg gatis farglebSi Catarebuli ramdenime warmatebuli raundis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad Semcirda tarifebi da gaizarda msoflio vaWroba. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis mzardma qselma TandaTan CaiTria saxelmwifo ekonomikebi erTian urTierTdamokidebulebis sistemaSi, rasac mohyva spekulacia imis Sesaxeb, rom iwyeba mWidrod integrirebuli msoflio ekonomikis era, romelsac dadebiTze meti uaryofiTis motana SeuZlia erovnuli ekonomikisTvis. amis Sedegad Seicvala balansi liberalizaciisa da ekonomikuri nacionalizmis momxreTa Soris. 1970-iani wlebis Sua periodisaTvis SesamCnevi gaxda ekonomikuri nacionalizmis upiratesoba liberalizmTan SedarebiT da vaWrobam Semcireba iwyo, rac aseve aisaxa savaWro sistemis bunebaze. 70-ian wlebSi vaWrobis Semcirebasa da ekonomikuri proteqcionizmisaken dabrunebas xeli Seuwyo ramodenime fundamenturma movlenam: • mcocav savaluto kursze gadasvlam; • 1973-74 ww. zamTarSi navTobze fasis masiurma momatebam; • iaponiasTan konkurenciis gaZlierebam; • Zlier konkurentunariani axali industriuli saxelmwifoebis msoflio bazarze;

gamoCenam

• aSS-is ekonomikis SedarebiTma dasustebam; • evropuli ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis daSlam; • globaluri stagflaciis (stagnacia+inflacia) niSnebma.

horizontaluri integracia gulisxmobs erTi tipis qarxnebis muSaobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, anu rodesac centraluri qarxana da misi Svilobili kompaniebi identuri saqmianobiT arian dakavebulni. konglomeratuli tipis korporaciebi bevr gansxvavebul sferoSi arian Cabmulni erTdroulad, mag., navTobis, soflis meurneobis, narCenebis gadamuSavebis, mediis, sammxedro teqnikis warmoebis da sxv. transnacionaluri korporaciebi gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCevian TavianTi orientaciis mixedviT globalur warmoebasa da realizaciasTan mimarTebaSi. firma transnacionalurad iTvleba maSinac ki, roca mas mxolod erTi an ori Svilobili kompania aqvs, romlebzec modis misi mTliani produqciis mxolod mcire nawili. maT sapirispirod, zogierTi transnacionaluri korporacia sakuTari produqciis umetes nawils mSobliuri qveynis sazRvrebs gareT awarmoebs, magaliTad, Sveicaruli firma “nestle” (erT-erTi pirveli transnacionaluri korporacia msoflioSi). zogierT transnacionalur korporacias mxolod erT romelime regionSi aqvs filiali, zogi ki WeSmaritad globaluria, vinaidan misi Svilobili kompaniebi mTel msoflioSia ganfenili. magaliTad, “fordma” da “jeneral motorsma” manqanebis iseTi modelebi Seqmnes (“msoflio manqanebi”), romlebic TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi saRdeba, sadac SedarebiT normaluri gzebia, maTi awyoba ki warmoebis sxvadasxva adgilebSi SeiZleba. gaeros gamokvleva Semdeg kategoriebs warmoaCens: orientaciis mixedviT, korporaciebi aseve iyofian eTnocentrul (mSobliur qveyanaze orientirebul), policentrul (maspirZel qveyanaze orientirebul) da geocentrul (msoflio orientaciis) tipebad. “maspinZeli” qveynis xelisufleba xSirad SiSobs, rom ucxouri kompania mis ekonomikur suverenitets SezRudavs da metic, mis saSiano saqmeebSi Caereva, raTa sakuTari qveynis sagareo politikuri interesebi ganaxorcielos. rac Seexeba transnacionaluri kompaniebis saqmianobas, rogorc nebismieri biznes dawesebuleba, isinic orientirebulni arian mogebaze, korporaciul zrdasa da sabazro wilis matebaze. transnacionaluri korporaciebi aseve gansxvavdebian imisda mixedviT, Tu ramdenad arian CarTulni iseT mwarmoeblur saqmianobaSi, romelic pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis dabandebis Cveulebriv tips ar Seesabameba - igulisxmeba Svilobili kompaniebis floba umravlesobis mier (rac Seexeba operaciebis efeqtur kontrols, tipiuria 30%-ze meti wilis floba, Tumca, zogierT SemTxvevaSi saxezea TiTqmis 100% mflobeloba). saportfelo investiciebisgan gansxvavebiT, produqciisa da realizebis kontroli pirdapiri investirebis ZiriTad arss warmoadgens. is gulisxmobs codnis, unar-Cvevebisa da Tanxebis pakets (erTianobas).

pirdapiri ucxouri investicia — iseTi investicia, rodesac investori iRebs (Seisyidis) kontrols im firmaze, romelSic is axdens investirebas. saportfelo investicia — ucxouri firmis aqciebis Sesyidva firmaze yovelnairi kontrolis an menejmentSi monawileobis gareSe.

yovelive aman xeli Seuwyo meore msoflio omis Semdeg dawyebuli vaWrobis liberalizaciis procesis SeCerebas. gati iyo wesebis krebuli, mravalmxrivi SeTanxmeba instituciuri fundamentis gareSe. es iyo mcire samdivno, romelic miznad isaxavda saerTaSoriso savaWro organizaciis daarsebas. dRes arsebuli msoflio savaWro organizacia ki mudmivi institutia Tavisi samdivnoTi. gatis kanonebi exeboda mxolod saqonels da mxolod mis irgvliv aregulirebda urTierTobebs. msoflio savaWro organizaciis kanonebi ki exeba, agreTve momsaxurebis sferos da inteleqtualuri qonebis savaWro aspeqtebs. gatisagan gansxvavebiT msoflio savaWro organizacias gaaCnia davebis mogvarebis ufro efeqturi da swrafi meqanizmebi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi ormxrivobam farTod Secvala gatis mravalmxrivobis principi, da ekonomikuri urTierTobebisa da ekonomikuri politikis gansazRvrisas sul ufro metad xelmZRvaneloben politikuri mosazrebebiT. breton-vudis sistemis Tanaxmad, qveynis centraluri bankebis winaSe, aSS-s federaluri sarezervo sistemis garda, daisva amocana — daecvaT fiqsirebuli gacvliTi kursebi TavianT valutasa da dolars Soris. amas isini akeTebdnen ucxour savaluto bazrebze intervenciis gziT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ama Tu im qveynis valutas

transnacionaluri korporacia zogjer erTobliv sawarmoSi erTiandeba, sadac kontroli Tavidanve gadanawilebulia. gilpini aseve asaxelebs transnacionaluri korporaciis ucxoeTSi moRvaweobis mesame tips, marTvis xelSekrulebas, korporacia ar aris mflobeli, Tumca marTvis sferoSi sakvanZo Tanamdebobebis umetesoba mas ukavia. ucxo qveynebSi saqmianobis kidev erTi variantia e.w. “mza proeqti”, roca transnacionaluri korporacia daqiravebulia mTeli qarxnis asawyobad da asamuSaveblad da adgilobrivi muSaxelis gasawvrTnelad. am SemTxvevaSi mas ar gaaCnia Cveulebrivi aqciebis wili qarxanaSi. masTan SezRuduli urTierToba SeiZleba gagrZeldes mas Semdegac, rac qarxana adgilobriv mflobels gadaecema — marTvis sakiTxebSi konsultaciebisa da teqnikuri TanamSromlobis saxiT. transnacionalurma korporaciebma SeiZleba ubralod Seisyidon resursebi da produqcia ucxouri momwodeblebisgan. xSirad, adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebi damokidebulni xdebian ucxoel klientebze. zogjer, transnacionaluri korporacia ufro metia, vidre Cveulebrivi klienti, radgan adgilobrivi mwarmoeblisTvis xan sesxis, xan masalisa da teqnikuri konsultaciebis wyarod iqceva. transnacionaluri saqmianobis erT-erTi aspeqti aris korporaciis Sida savaWro operaciebis gafarToeba, romlebic Zalian farTo speqtrs moicaven. gilpinis azriT, farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, verti-

praqtikulad im qveynebs ekuTvnian, romlebSic funqcionireben da ewevian TavianT saqmianobas. es xdeba kontraqtaciis bazaze. vinaidan transnacionaluri korporaciebis upirvelesi mizania maqsimaluri mogeba, isini dReniadag aumjobeseben menejments, marketingul xelovnebas, eZeben iaf sawarmo resursebs, iaf adamianur resursebs, strategiul teritoriebs, raTa minimaluri danaxarjebiT SeinarCunon an gaaumjobeson produqciisa da momsaxurebis xarisxi da miiRon maqsimaluri mogeba saqminobisgan. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani momenti transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobaSi, iseve, rogorc nebismier warmoebaSi, aris momxmareblis da myidvelis swori SerCeva da masze orientireba. Zalian bevri transnacionaluri korporacia, magaliTad, CvenTvis iseTi kargad cnobili, rogoricaa proqter end gembeli (Procter and Gambel) cdilobs moicvas momxmarebelTa yvela fena, yvela socialuri statusis piri. amitom, misi saqoneli, magaliTad, sarecxi fxvnili, varirebs Zvirianidan iafamde. anu, mis asortimentSi aris rogorc arieli, ZviradRirebuli da maRalxarisxiani sarecxi fxvnili, aseve taidi, romlis fasic saSualoa da xarisxi didad ar CamorCeba arielis xarisxs da aseve bonuqsi, romelic iafia, gaTvlilia socialurad naklebad uzrunvelyofil mosaxleobaze da misi xarisxic SedarebiT dabalia. gilpinis azriT, transnacionaluri korporaciebi da saerTaSoriso kompaniebi im msoflios asaxvaa, romelSic kapitali da teqnologia Zalian mobiluria, xolo Sroma rCeba SedarebiT naklebad mobiluri. qveynebis ekonomikebs Soris fardobiT upiratesobaSi arsebuli da mimdinare cvlilebebis gamo transnacionaluri korporaciebi cdiloben TavianTi warmoeba da filialebi ganaTavson yvelaze xelsayrel, dawinaurebul, ganviTarebul da, Sesabamisad, momgebian adgilebSi. xelsayrelobaSi SeiZleba igulisxmebodes iaffasiani muSa xelis arseboba (iafi adamianuri resursebi), bazrebis siaxlove, liberaluri sagadasaxado CarCoebi, usafrTxoeba. transnacionaluri kompaniebi sam ZiriTad tipad iyofa imisda mixedviT, Tu romel sferoSi saqmianoben isini, nedleulis mopovebis, warmoebisa Tu momsaxurebis sferoebSi. meore msoflio omamde pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis dabandeba ZiriTadad xdeboda nedleulis mopovebasa da plantaciebis moSenebaSi (magaliTad, navTobi, mineraluri nedleuli, tropikuli xili). kapitalis aseTi gadanawileba asaxavda, erTi mxriv, samrewvelo qveynebis moTxovnilebas nedleulze da, meore mxriv, evropis saxelmwifoebis politikur batonobas aziasa da afrikaSi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa ki — dasavleTis naxevarsferos umetes nawilSi. Tanamedrove transnacionaluri korporaciebis koloniur winamorbedebs ara marto finansuri da teqnologiuri resursebi hqondaT, aramed maT gankargulebaSi iyo aseve moqmedi armiebi, romlebic maTi ekonomikuri Zalauflebis sadarajoze idgnen da, rogorc istoriidan Cans, xSirad aqtiurad ereodnen kidec. Tanamedrove transnacionalur korporaciebs ara aqvT pirdapiri samxedro Zala (Tumca, maTi umetesoba swored samxedro teqnikis warmoebiT aris dakavebuli), amitom isini ZiriTadad eyrdnobian politikur gavlenas, sabazro Zalauflebas, finansebisa da teqnologiebis kontrols da, am ukanasknelis gasamyareblad, bazris struqturul Zalauflebas. miuxedavad amisa, 1945 wlidan transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianoba gafarTovda swored omis Semdgomi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis pirobebSi, romelic nawilobriv efuZneboda amerikis globalur samxedro Zalauflebas. metic, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis dabandebis ZiriTadma sferom nedleulis mopovebidan warmoebaSi gadainacvla — gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebTan mimarTebaSi. transnacionaluri korporaciebi sam organizaciul tipad iyofa: vertikalurad integrirebul, horizontalurad integrirebul da konglomeratul tipebad. vertikalurad integrirebuli korporaciebi ZiriTadad mineraluri nedleulis mopovebiTa da gadamuSavebiT arian dakavebulni, navTobwarmoebis sferoSi ki maTi funqciebi ZiriTadad distribucias moicavs. aseTi korporaciebi xSirad floben benzingasamarT sadgurebs. warmoebis sferoSi momravlda iseTi transnacionaluri korporaciebi, romlebic nawilebs erT qveyanaSi amzadeben da sxvagan awyoben. magaliTad, iaponiisa da amerikis eleqtrosaqonlis mwarmoebel firmebs amwyobi qarxnebi aqvT iseT qveynebSi, rogorebicaa taivani, tailandi, filipinebi, malaizia, samxreT korea da sxv., sadac maT qveynebTan SedarebiT iafi muSaxelia. 50

dolarTan mimarTebaSi hqonda metismetad maRali fasi, misi centraluri banki yidida Tavisi qveynis valutas dolarebSi gacvliT, riTac amcirebda mis fass. da, piriqiT. Tu romelime qveynis valutis fasi metismetad dabali aRmoCndeboda, es qveyana yidulobda Tavis sakuTar valutas da amiT zrdida mis fass. breton-vudsis konferenciis monawileebma Seqmnes saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, raTa daxmareba gaewiaT im saxelmwifoebisTvis, romelTac uWirdaT sagadasaxado balansTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gadawyveta. qveynebs savaluto fondis daxmareba sWirdebaT, ZiriTadad, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom isini ganicdian disproporcias ekonomikaSi. tradiciulad fonds mimarTaven is qveynebi, romlebic arian mZime mdgomareobaSi saxelmwifo biujetis didi deficitisa da fuladi masis uaRresad didi zrdis gamo. aseTi qveynebi cdilobdnen moexmaraT meti, vidre maT amis saSualebas aZlevda Semosavali eqsportisagan. Seqmnili viTarebis gamosworebis standartul saSualebas, romelsac mimarTavda savaluto fondi, warmoadgenda moTxovnileba mevale qveynebis mimarT gamajansaRebeli xasiaTis mkveTri makroekonomikuri zomebis dacvis Sesaxeb, maT Soris sagadasaxado-sabiujeto da fuladi politikis gamkacreba moklevadiani kreditebis miRebis sanacvlod. 1970-ian da 80-ian wlebSi iaponiisa da evropis ekonomikebis gajansaRebam da aSS-is ekonomikis SedarebiT dasustebam gaarTula saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis mdgomareoba. amasTan, iaponia da evropa jer ar iyvnen mzad SeesrulebinaT hegemonisa da lideris roli. 1957 wlidan evropis Tanamegobroba udidesi savaWro bloki iyo. daarsda sabaJo kavSiri Tavisufali Sida vaWrobiT, Seiqmna saerTo sagareo tarifebi da saerTo sasoflo-sameurneo politika. evropis qveynebis vaWrobam saocari tempebiT imata da 1986 wels msoflio saerTo vaWrobis 38.8 procents miaRwia. kidev ufro gaizarda vaWroba evropis qveynebs Soris. rac Seexeba iaponias, 1960-ian wlebSi misi wili msoflio vaWrobaSi Seadgenda mxolod 3 procents. 1980-iani wlebis bolosaTvis ki misma wilma 8.3 procents miaRwia (The Politics of International Economic Relations, Joan Edelman Spero, Fourth Edition, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1990). avtorTa azriT, am saswaulebrivi ganviTarebis ukan idga iaponiis unikaluri niWi SeeTvisebina, daenerga da ganeviTarebina uaxlesi ucxouri teqnologiebi, agreTve SesaZlebloba gamoeTavisuflebina xalxi soflis meurneobidan, seriozuli investireba moexdina warmoebaSi da daesaqmebina mosaxleoba am sferoSi. mTavrobam gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa iaponiis ekonomikis aseT mzard ganviTarebaSi — SemuSavda specialuri saxelmwifo programebi, romelTa farglebSic mniSvnelovani mxardaWera aRmoeCineboda kerZo investiciebs qveynisaTvis iseT strategiul dargebSi, rogoric iyo foladi, navTobgadamuSaveba, navTobqimikatebi, avtomanqanebi, TviTmfrinavebi, samrewvelo teqnika, eleqtroteqnika da kompiuterebi. iaponiis ganviTarebaSi aseve udidesi roli Seasrula eqsportis gafarToebisa da importis proteqcionizmis (SezRudvis) politikam. vinaidan iaponiis ekonomika mniSvnelovanwilad iyo damokidebuli nedleulis importze, mTavrobam daawesa mkacri kontroli arasasicocxlo mniSvnelobis saqonlis importze. mTavrobam uzrunvelyo saSinao warmoebis ganviTareba garkveuli proteqcionisturi meTodebiT importirebul saqonelze (tarifebi, kvotebi) da rigi administraciuli zomebiT — importis licenzireba da sxv. paralelurad udidesi aqcenti keTdeboda nebismieri saxis nawarmis eqsportze. 1960-ani wlebidan iaponiam moaxerxa Seeqmna iseTi ekonomika, romelic metwilad orientirebuli iyo eqsportze. gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi gaCnda axali problema. finansuri bazrebis urTierTdamokidebulebis mudmivi gaZlierebisa da Zrdis pirobebSi zogierTi qveynebi aRmoCndnen seriozuli problemebis winaSe ucxouri valutis gacemis saqmeSi — ara imis gamo, rom arasworad warmarTavdnen ekonomikur saqmianobas, aramed imitom, rom kerZo investiciebis dolaris nakadebi ganicdidnen mkveTr cvlilebebs. xSirad amgvari problemebis gaCenas xsnidnen maTi ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi struqturuli xarvezebis arsebobiT. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino gaxda im finansuri krizisis dros, romelmac moicva azia 1997 wels. meoce saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi tailandSi, indoneziasa da samxreT koreaSi moxda tempebis gansacvifrebeli zrda. inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT maT Seadgines 9 procenti. ucxoelma investorebma amas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcies da male aziuri qveynebis ekonomika gaavses finansuri saxsrebiT. azia-wynari okeanis regionSi kapitalis modena gaizarda daaxloebiT xuTjer. axla, am gada27

saxedidan, ekonomistebi ukve amtkiceben, rom am qveynebs ar SeswevdaT Zala gamklavebodnen kapitalis aseT mozRvavebas. marTalia, dagvianebiT, magram ekonomistebi mainc mixvdnen, rom am kapitalis mniSvnelovani nawili ideboda iseT sawarmoebSi, romelTac ar mohqondaT Semosavali. maTi azriT, problemas is arTulebda, rom aziis mraval qveyanaSi cudad iyo organizebuli zedamxedveloba bankebze, romlebic xSirad iZulebuli iyvnen, zewolis qveS, gaecaT kreditebi ara ekonomikurad xelsayreli, aramed politikuri interesebiT nakarnaxevi proeqtebis dasafinanseblad. rodesac ganviTarebis tempebis zrdaSi xarvezebi gaCnda, am proeqtebis didi nawili ekonomikurad arasicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda. mravali sawarmo gakotrda. aziuri krizisis am gamocdilebis gaziarebiT SeerTebulma Statebma da sxva qveynebma daiwyes saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis kapitalis gazrda, raTa fonds SesaZlebloba hqonoda warmatebiT gadaewyvita amgvari saerTaSoriso finansuri problemebi. fondma cno, rom gaurkvevloba da informaciis uqonloba xels uwyobda saerTaSoriso safinanso bazrebis cvalebadobas, da daiwyo Tavisi moqmedebebis sajaroobis uzrunvelyofa. garda amisa, SeerTebulma Statebma moiTxoves, rom saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis daJinebuli rekomendaciiT qveynebs ganexorcielebinaT struqturuli reformebi. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma amis sapasuxod marTlac wauyena moTxovna mTavrobebs SeewyvitaT politikurad xelsayreli proeqtebisaTvis kreditebis gacema. fondma moiTxova qveynebisagan gakotrebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis reformireba, raTa wamgebiani sawarmoebi male daxuruliyo. es xels Seuwyobda maT mier am qveynebis ekonomikidan saxsrebis amoqaCvis mankieri praqtikis Sewyvetas. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi aqtiurad uWerda mxars saxelmwifo sawarmoTa privatizacias. igi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, moiTxovda, rom qveynebs ganexorcielebinaT savaWro politikis liberalizacia, kerZod, im mizniT, rom ufro farTod gaexsnaT gza TavianTi bazrebisaken ucxouri bankebisa da finansuri institutebisaTvis. gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis damlevs saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma, agreTve cno, rom misi tradiciuli rekomendaciebi sagadasaxado balansSi problemebis mqone qveynebisaTvis, kerZod — xisti sagadasaxado-sabiujeto da fuladi politikis gatareba, yovelTvis ar amarTlebda im qveynebSi, romlebic ganicdidnen finansur kriziss. zogierT SemTxvevaSi fondma Searbila Tavisi moTxovnebi deficitis Semcirebis Sesaxeb, raTa qveynebs miscemodaT SesaZlebloba gaezardaT xarjebi im programebisaTvis, romlebic Tavis miznad isaxavdnen siRaribis masStabebis Semcirebas da umuSevarTa dacvas. breton-vudsis konferenciaze Seiqmna, agreTve rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki. igi warmoadgens mravalmxriv organizacias, romlis mizania xeli Seuwyos msoflio vaWrobasa da ekonomikur ganviTarebas im qveynebisaTvis valis gacemiT, romlebsac msoflio bazarze gasasvlelad ar gaaCniaT sakuTari finansuri saxsrebi. msoflio banki kapitals Rebulobs Tavisi wevri-qveynebisagan, romelTac SeaqvT wvlili maTi ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis proporciulad. SeerTebulma Statebma Seitanes pirveldawyebiTi kapitalis daaxloebiT 35 procenti. Tavisi moRvaweobis adrindel etapze msoflio banki asocirdeboda didi proeqtebis ganxorcielebasTan, magaliTad — kaSxlebis mSeneblobasTan. magram gasuli saukunis oTxmocian-oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi man gaafarTova Tavisi midgomebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebisadmi da daiwyo meti saxsrebis Cadeba iseT proeqtebSi, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo ganaTlebasTan, profesiul momzadebasTan da miznad isaxavdnen “adamianuri kapitalis” dagrovebas, agreTve qveynebis mier sabazro ekonomikis mxardasaWerad sxvadasxva institutebis SeqmnasTan. rac Seexeba momaval saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemas, msoflio vaWrobaSi iaponiis rolis mzardi ganviTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, adre bevri mecnieri miiCnevda, rom mas seriozuli rolis TamaSi SeeZlo, liderobac ki, msoflio vaWrobaSi axal industriul saxelmwifoebTan erTad. Tumca, am ideis momxreTa ricxvma iklo ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisisTvis da axla sul ufro metni miiCneven gaerTianebul evropas an CineTs potenciur liderebad savaWro sferoSi. joan spiros azriT, momavali saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis CamoyalibebaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eqneba imas, Tu rogor gaiazreben dRevandeli wamyvani saxelmwifoebi naklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da axali industriuli saxel-

sabWos: `yvela sawarmo, romelic akontrolebs mogebas — qarxnebi/fabrikebi, maRaroebi, maRaziebi da msgavsi — or an met saxelmwifoSi” (UNCTC 1978, 158). Tumca, realurad, transnacionalur kompanias eZaxian iseTsac, romelic saqmianobs Tundac erT ucxo qveyanaSi. ra aris transnacionaluri korporacia? es aris korporacia, romlis mflobeloba, menejmenti warmoeba da saqmianobebi msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSia da sxvadasxva saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis farglebSia moqceuli. mas gaaCnia saTavo ofisi erT saxelmwifoSi da filialebi sxva saxelmwifoebSi. korporaciis ZiriTadi mizania msoflio bazrebisTvis saqonlis maqsimalurad dabal fasSi warmoeba. am miznis miRweva SesaZlebelia produqciis warmoebisaTvis yvelaze warmatebuli adgilis SerCeviT an maspinZeli saxelmwifosagan sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis miRebiT. transnacionalur korporaciebs gaaCniaT gamorCeuli menejeruli niWi, finansuri saSualebebi da teqnikuri resursebi, da isini ewevian udides saqmianobas koordinirebuli globaluri startegiis farglebSi. mravalnacionaluri korporaciebi, gilpinis azriT, cdiloben ganavrcon da gaimagron sabazro poziciebi korporaciuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis vertikaluri integraciisa da centralizaciis gziT. jeneral motorsi, daimler kraisleri, toiota, ford motori, nestle da sxv. tipiuri magaliTebia (The Political Economy of International Relations, Robert Gilpin, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1987). aseTi korporaciebi ekonomikuri urTierTobebis internacionalizaciis yvelaze TvalsaCino movlenaa. arsebiTad, es aris kapitalis gatanis erT-erTi forma. miuxedavad imisa, rom transacionaluri korporaciebi intensiurad me-20 saukunis 60iani wlebidan vrceldeba, maT winamorbedebi gaaCndaT. maTi ricxvi sul ufro da ufro izrdeba, jer daiwyo aSS-is korporaciebis raodenobis zrda, Semdeg dasavleT evropisa da iaponiis. meoce sukunis bolosaTvis ki transnacionaluri korporaciebi hqondaT ara mxolod maRalganviTarebul qveynebs, aramed mesame samyaros qveynebsac, gansakuTrebiT laTinuri amerikis da Soreuli aRmosavleTis. es korporaciebi dRes TiTqmis yvela dargSia. isini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan ara mxolod imiT, Tu ras awarmoeben, aramed imiTac, Tu rogor awarmoeben, teqnologiis doniT, menejmentis stiliT da maTi produqciis bazris struqturiT. menejmenti da marketingi aseT korporaciebSi xSirad Sereulia (saerTaSoriso). erT an ramdenime qveyanaSi marketingis Sedegad produqcia iyideba mTel msoflioSi. umetes SemTxvevaSi, transnacionaluri korporaciebi ramodenime qveynis iurisdiqcias eqvemdebareba, rac aZnelebs maT gakontrolebas erTi konkretuli saxelmwifos mier. transnacionaluri korporaciebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdegi maxasiTeblebis mixedviT: maTi sidide, maTi filialebis raodenoba, saqmianobis tipi (mopovebiTi, samrewvelo, momsaxureba/servisi, turizmi, sastumroebi, dazRveva, finansebi, transporti, Sereuli, sasoflo-sameurneo), ucxour filialebTan kavSiris tipi, anu rogor sakuTrebaSia — mTliani, nawilobrivi, erToblivi. mravalnacionalur korporaciebSi gamoirCeva sami tipi, romlebic gansxvavdeba mSobeli da filialis kontrolis proporciebiT, dominirebis xasiaTiTa da xarisxiT.

• pirveli tipis transnacionaluri korporaciebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mSoblis miznebisaTvis yvelaferis daqvemdebareba. umetesad transnacionaluri korporaciebi amjobineben srul mflobelobas, romelic filialebze maqsimalur kontrols niSnavs. am korporaciebis erT-erTi umTavresi niSania moqniloba da mobiluroba. Tanamedrove tendenciaa swored aseTi korporaciebis gavrceleba. isini yvelaze momgebiania, Tumca vinaidan am tipis korporaciebis miznebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ewinaaRmdegeba mimRebi saxelmwifoebis miznebs, es xSirad konfliqtebis mizezi xdeba; • meore tipis transnacionaluri korporaciebis filialebi garkveuli damoukideblobiT, avtonomiiT sargebloben. isini ufro metad iTvaliswineben da eqvemdebarebian mimRebi saxelmwifos iurisdiqcias da, Sesabamisad, naklebad Sedian masTan konfliqtSi; • mesame tipis transnacionaluri korporaciebi Zalian gansxvavdeba pirveli orisagan. mis menejmentSi ar aris romelime erovnebis upiratesoba, filialebi

ricxvis zrdaze. xolo Suamavlebad ucxouri saportfelo investiciebis ganxorcielebisas gamodis sainvesticio bankebi (fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze Suamavali organizaciebi, romlebic awarmoebs grZelvadian dabandebaTa dafinansebas). am saxis investiciebis moZraobaze gavlenas axdens sxvadasxva fasian qaRaldebze gacemuli procentiani ganakveTebis normebSi arsebuli gansxvaveba. ase, magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi procentiani ganakveTebis maRalma normam moizida mravali ucxoeli investori, gansakuTrebiT — iaponeli. meoce saukunis 1970-1980-ian wlebSi moxda saerTaSoriso kreditebis zrdis afeTqeba, ramac gamoiwvia msoflio sakredito-safinanso sferos Seqmna. sasesxo kapitalebis saerTaSoriso bazari gansakuTrebiT swrafi tempebiT izrdeba da am saxsrebis ZiriTadi wvlili modis bankebs Soris operaciebze. amJamad sasesxo kapitalebis saerTaSoriso bazari iyofa fulis bazarze da sakuTriv kapitalebis bazarze: fulis bazari aris moklevadiani kreditebis bazari (erT wlamde). kapitalebis bazari aris saSualovadiani (2-dan 5 wlamde) sabanko kreditebis da grZelvadiani (10 welze meti) sesxebis bazari, romlebic gaicema, ZiriTadad, fasiani qaRaldebis gamoSvebisa da SeZenis dros. bolo wlebSi saerTaSoriso bazarze gamoiyeneba grZelvadiani dafinansebis aratradiciuli formebi, magaliTad, saproeqto dafinanseba, rac gulisxmobs msxvili kreditebis gacemas sawarmoTa konkretuli samrewvelo proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad. amrigad, grZelvadiani kreditis gacemis aRniSnuli forma uaxlovdeba pirdapir investiciebs.

transnacionaluri korporaciebi ris jenkinsi Tavis wignSi `transnacionaluri korporaciebi da uTanaswori ganviTareba” aRniSnavs, (Rhys Jenkins Trnasnational Corporations and Uneven Development: The Internalisation of Capital and the Third World, p.1.) rom Zalian cota ekonomikuri instituti iwvevs iseT emociebs, rogorsac transnacionaluri korporaciebi. es gansakuTrebiT exeba transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da mesame samyaros urTierTobis sakiTxs. transnacionalur korporaciebs xSirad warmoadgenen rogorc saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri uTanasworobis ZiriTad mizezs da ganviTarebis Semaferxebel mniSvnelovan faqtors. isini ganixilebian, rogorc msoflios ekonomikurad CamorCenil regionebSi warmoebis dawyebisa da gaintensiurebis Zalad da, amasTan, CamorCenilobis mizezad, vinaidan mogeba mudmivad miemarTeba ganviTarebul qveynebSi. aleqsandre rondeli Tavis wignSi `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi~ aRniSnavs: `transnacionaluri korporaciebi iseTive Zlierni (zogjer ufro Zliernic!) arian, rogorc erovnuli saxelmwifoebi. am korporaciebs yovelTvis SeuZliaT, warmoeba qveynidan gaitanon da am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo dasaqmebis, msoflio bazarze gasvlis, Semosavlis mxriv didad waagebs. es korporaciebi ukve imdenad damoukidebel Zalad iqcnen, rom saerTaSoriso politikur procesebzec didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT~. (saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, aleqsandre rondeli, Tbilisis damoukidebeli universiteti, 1996. gv. 164). transnacionalur korporaciebze saubrisas gasarkvevia sakiTxi maTi definiciis Sesaxeb, vinaidan ar arsebobs sayovelTaod miRebuli gansazRvreba. literaturaSi xSirad SeiZleba SevxvdeT terminebs `mravalnacionaluri korporaciebi”, `mravalnacionaluri sawarmoebi”, `saerTaSoriso firmebi” da sxv. gaeros transnacionaluri korporaciebis centrma ramdenime aTwleulis muSaobis Sedegad, ver moaxerxa ganmartebis SemuSaveba. Tumca, 1974 wels gaeros transnacionaluri korporaciebis centris Seqmnis periodidan gaeros publikaciebSi mxolod termins `transnacionaluri” vxvdebiT. gaerom mas upiratesoba mianiWa `mravalnacionalurTan” SedarebiT, laTinuri amerikisa da karibis zogierTi saxelmwifos daJinebuli moTxovnis safuZvelze. es termini xazs usvams, rom es korporaciebi arian umetesad erovnuli firmebi (adviladamosacnobi deda firmiT mSobel qveyanaSi), romlebic saqmianoben saxelmwifo sazRvrebs gareT. yvelaze farTodmiRebuli ganmarteba ekuTvnis gaeros ekonomikur da socialur 48

mwifoebis rols am sistemaSi. misi azriT, opekis wevr saxelmwifoebs da iseT naklebad ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs, rogorebicaa brazilia, meqsika, argentina da sxv., seriozuli sityvis Tqma SeuZliaT saerTaSoriso bazarze, miT umetes, taivans, tailands, samxreT koreas, singapurs, malaizias da filipinebs, romlebsac intensiuri savaWro urTierTobebi aqvT rogorc ganviTarebul, aseve mesame samyaros qveynebTan, da romlebmac ukve daiwyes mniSvnelovani masStabebis investireba ganviTarebul qveynebSi. spiro miiCnevs, rom uaxloes momavalSi es saxelmwifoebi moiTxoven da miiReben kidec monawileobas saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis marTvaSi, da es garduvalia. garda amisa, ukve daiwyo yofili aRmosavleTis sistemis saxelmwifoebis gaerTianeba breton-vudsis sistemaSi da maTi `ekonomikuri amoqaCva~ grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi kidev ufro gaaZlierebs erTiani evropis poziciebs msoflioSi. axali saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi iqneba mravalmxrivi marTvis sistema, da Tu adre konfliqtebisa da TanamSromlobis sakiTxebis mogvareba mniSvnelovanwilad mxolod erTi saxelmwifos mier xdeboda, momavalSi amaSi monawileobas bevri saxelmwifo miiRebs saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare. Tumca, bevri mecnieri miiCnevs, rom mravalmxrivi menejmenti (marTva) msoflio ekonomikisa Zalian Znelia. hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis momxreni amtkiceben, rom, rogorc istoriam cxadyo, mxolod erTi lideris (hegemonis) arsebobis pirobebSi iyo SesaZlebeli xangrZlivi stabilurobis SenarCuneba. mecnierTa azriT, miuxedavad zogierTi miRwevebisa, msoflio vaWrobis liberalizaciis procesi dakavSirebulia did siZneleebTan. jer kidev maRalia savaWro barierebi, gansakuTrebiT iseT seqtorebSi, rogoricaa momsaxurebis warmoeba da soflis meurneoba. urugvais raundis dros qveynebi Seecadnen gadaewyvitaT momsaxurebisa da vaWrobis zogierTi sakiTxi. magram mainc darCa savaWro barierebi, romlebic exeba momsaxurebis seqtoris daaxloebiT 20 segments. mecnierebasa da teqnologiaSi mimdinare swrafi cvlilebebi warmoSobs axal problemebs vaWrobis dargSi. magaliTad, soflis meurneobis produqciis amerikel eqsportiorTa did SeSfoTebas iwvevs is garemoeba, rom evropuli wesebi krZalaven genetikurad modificirebuli organizmebis gamoyenebas. mTeli rigi problemebisa warmoSva, agreTve eleqtronuli vaWrobis gaCenam. 1998 wels msoflio savaWro organizaciis wevr qveynebis ministrebma gamoaqveynes gancxadeba imis Taobaze, rom qveynebma ar unda SeuSalon xeli eleqtronuli vaWrobis warmoebas vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis eleqtronul gadagzavnaze baJis dawesebiT. magram bevri ram jer kidev gadauWrelia. ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs surT gadaaqcion interneti utarifo zonad, uzrunvelyon mTel msoflioSi erTmaneTis konkurenti telekomunikaciuri bazrebis arseboba da ganamtkicon tariful produqciaze inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis globaluri saSualebebi. msoflio savaWro organizacia (World Trade Organisation) msoflio savaWro organizacia daarsda 1995 wels da faqtiurad Secvala gati. misi Stabbina JenevaSia. mmarTveli organoa ministrTa konferencia, romelic ikribeba or weliwadSi erTxel. organizaciis yoveldRiur saqmianobas axorcielebs generaluri sabWo. mas safuZvlad udevs 30-mde SeTanxmeba, romlebic warmoadgenen saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da savaWro politikis samarTlebriv bazas. es SeTanxmebebi Tavmoyrilia urugvais raundis saboloo aqtSi, romlis ZiriTadi principebia: aradiskriminaciuli damokidebuleba yvela qveynis mimarT; Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSewyoba; konkurenciis xelSewyoba; gansakuTrebuli daxmarebis aRmoCena naklebad-ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis. msoflio savaWro organozacias aqvs sami ZiriTadi mizani: • xeli Seuwyos vaWrobas; • miaRwios TandaTanobiT liberalizacias molaparakebebis gziT; • danergos davebis samarTliani mogvarebis meqanizmebi. • misi erT-erTi mizania, agreTve proteqcionizmTan brZola. 29

mesame samyaros gaCena da ekonomikuri sistemis sami qvesistema

korporaciuli investorebi moqmedeben Sesabamisi sawarmos, saaqcio sazogadoebis firmis saxeliT, misi kuTvnili kapitalisa da sasesxo saSualebaTa mixedviT. korporaciul investorTa mniSvnelovani nawili ZiriTadad awarmoebs materialur investirebas, xolo fasian qaRaldebSi saxsrebis dabandeba maTTvis investirebis damatebiTi saSualebaa. institucionaluri investorebi TavianT kapitals ayalibeben klientebisa da meanabreebis saxsrebiT da mas abandeben ZiriTadad fasian qaRaldebSi. zogierTi maTganisTvis damatebiTi aris materialuri investireba. sainvesticio gadawyvetilebaTa Sefasebisas investiciebSi igulisxmeba investoris moRvaweoba, mimarTuli misi, rogorc wesi, grZelvadiani miznebis misaRwevad, romlebic ar arian dakavSirebuli mimdinare moxmarebasTan. es moRvaweoba emyareba sakuTari da sasesxo kapitalis dabandebas. investorad, romelic moqmedebs Tavisi miznebis Sesabamisad da piradad agebs pasuxs maT miRwevaze, gamodian an kapitalis mflobelebi, an is pirebi, romlebic uflebamosilni arian iuridiuli piris saxeliT miiRon sainvesticio da safinanso gadawyvetilebebi. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, investireba xdeba sakuTari an saTanado firmisa da saaqcio sazogadoebis sasesxo kapitalis meSveobiT. investiciebis makroekonomikuri Taviseburebebis gaanalizebisas metad mniSvnelovania mewarmeTa sainvesticio moTxovnilebaTa gamokvleva. aseTi moTxovnilebis faqtorebis Sesabamisad investiciebi iyofa inducirebul da avtonomiur investiciebad. qedan, pirvels warmoSobs sxvadasxva materialur faseulobebze moTxovnilebis myari zrda, xolo meores — maTze mudmivi an fiqsirebuli moTxovnileba. investoris grZelvadiani miznebis misaRwevad sakuTari an sasesxo kapitalis yvelaze xelsayrelad gamoyenebis dasabuTebuli ZiriTadi principebi da meTodebi Seadgens investirebis Teoriis Sinaarss. optimalur investicias warmoadgens is, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba dasaxul miznebs. msoflio praqtikaSi gamoyofen investirebis sam ZiriTad formas:

mesame samyaros cneba gaCnda laTinuri amerikis, xolo mogvianebiT aziisa da afrikis nacionalisturi moZraobebis ganviTarebis paralelurad. zogierTi mecnieris azriT, rasobrivi da kulturuli gansxvaveba, ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT, nawilobriv safuZveli gaxda mesame msoflios nacionalizmisa (The Global Political Economy, Perspectives, Problems and Policies, Stephen Gill and David Law. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1993). Tumca es naklebad exeba laTinur amerikas, sadac politikuri elita, oligarqia da mmarTveli Zalebi umetesad TeTrkanianebiT arian warmodgenili. amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom afrikis, aziisa da laTinuri amerikis elitebi yovelTvis dainteresebuli iyvnen dasavleTze TavianTi damokidebulebisa da daqvemdebarebis SemcirebiT, rac pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli maTi ekonomikebis diversifikaciasa da industrializaciasTan. raul prebiSi pirveli iyo, vinc dasva SekiTxvebi: ratom aris saerTaSoriso Sromis danawileba aseTi araTanaswori? ratom arian mesame samyaros qveynebi pirveladi, nedleuli saqonlis eqsportiorebi da mza produqciis importiorebi? ramdenad racionaluria aseTi sistema? gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan ganviTarebadi qveynebi sul ufro da ufro daJinebiT moiTxovdnen axal saerTaSoriso ekonomikur wesrigs — ufro samarTlians da damndobs. rodesac 1944-1948 wlebSi iqmneboda liberaluri ekonomikuri sistema da misi Tanmdevi institutebi (msoflio banki, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, tarifebisa da vaWrobis generaluri SeaTanxmeba), aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis saxelmwifoebi naklebad iyvnen Cabmulni am procesSi, vinaidan bevr maTgans jer saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba unda moepovebina, da isini swored amiT iyvnen dakavebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom im dros ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi umetesobas warmoadgendnen gaero-s generalur asambleaSi, suraTi sxvanairi iyo msoflio banksa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondSi. xolo, rac Seexeba, tarifebisa da vaWrobis generalur SeTanxmebas, igi ganviTarebadi qveynebis mier saerTod aRiqmeboda mdidarTa klubad. ganviTarebadi qveynebis mcire Sida bazrebis gamo maT faqtobrivad ar gaaCndaT saimiso berketi, rom raimenairad SeecvalaT gadawyetilebebi tarifebis regulirebasTan dakavSirebiT. isini im etapze moiTxovden, realobidan gamomdinare, angariSi gaewiaT maTi axalSobili ekonomikebisaTvis da ufleba miscemodaT esargeblaT SeRavaTiani tarifebiT. 1974 wels moTxovna axali saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis Sesaxeb gacxadda gaeros maisis rezoluciaSi. rezoluciis miReba dakavSirebuli iyo opekis warmatebebTan, rodesac man moaxerxa navTobze maRali fasebis daweseba. amis Sedegad ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebidan arnaxuli Tanxebi Sevida opekis wevr saxelmwifoebSi. es warmateba gadaWarbebulad iyo Sefasebuli mesame samyaros qveynebis mier. maT gadawyvites, rom opeki naTeli magaliTi iyo imisa, Tu rogor SeeZloT ganviTarebad qveynebs seriozuli rolis Sesruleba msoflio ekonomikaSi. amasTan, ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli da bolomde gaazrebuli navTobze ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis moTxovnilebis mniSvneloba. is ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi, romlebic navTobis imports eweodnen opekidan, mxars uWerdnen an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar akritikebdnen opeks, vinaidan maT imedi hqondaT, rom miiRebdnen garkveul savaWro SeRavaTebs opekisagan; miiRebdnen ekonomikur daxmarebas opekis zogierTi saxelmwifosgan; mibaZavdnen opeks da miiRebdnen mxardaWeras opekis saxelmwifoebisagan axali ekonomikuri wesrigis moTxovnis saqmeSi. navTobi Zlieri instrumenti iqneboda mesame samyaros qveynebisaTvis ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebTan molaparakebebis dros. amasTan opekis wevr qveynebsac esmodaT, rom ar unda daeSvaT TavianT winaaRmdeg ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da ganviTarebadi navTobis importiori qveynebis aliansi. 1981 wlis navTobis krizisma opeki daasusta. paralelurad dasustda ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis isedac susti `vaWrobis poziciebi~ molaparakebebis dros. amasTan dasavleTi kidev erTxel darwmunda, rom opekis saxelmwifoebis siZliere didad aris damokidebuli moTxovnaze navTobze, xolo moTxovnas ganapirobeben

pirdapir investiciebs SeuZlia uzrunvelyos investirebuli kompaniis investori korporaciebis srul mflobelobaSi gadayvana an saSualeba miscen maT daaweson masze faqtobrivi kontroli. zogjer amisaTvis saWiroa flobde saaqcio kapitalis ara umetes 10%. wamyvani investorebi arian ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebi, pirvel rigSi — aSS. magram am bolo wlebSi, ukanaskneli oci wlis manZilze, SeerTebuli Statebis wili ucxoeTis pirdapiri investiciebis saerTo jamSi Semcirda 55 procentidan 44 procentamde, xolo dasavleT evropis qveynebisa da iaponiis wili gaizarda — Sesabamisad 37 procentidan 44 procentamde da 1 procentidan 10 procentamde. mniSvnelovani cvlilebebia, agreTve, pirdapiri investiciebis mimarTulebebSic: meore mosflio omamde kapitaldabandebaTa ZiriTadi nawili modioda CamorCenil qveynebze, maSin rodesac ukanasknel xanebSi investorTa mozidvas cdiloben ganviTarebuli ekonomikuri sistemis mqone qveynebi. es aixsneba cvlilebebiT investirebis dargobriv struqturaSi. investireba axla ukve Tavs iyris gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi, xolo mis SigniT — mecnierebatevad da maRalteqnologiur dargebSi. kapitalis importiori xdebian igive amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, Tanac ukanasknel wlebSi aq pirdapiri investiciebis modena sWarbobs kidec maT ukudenas. saportfelo investiciebi aris im aqciebis dafinansebis ZiriTadi wyaro, romlebsac uSvebs sawarmoebi, msxvili korporaciebi da kerZo bankebi. omisSemdgom periodSi amgvari investiciebis moculoba izrdeba, rac metyvelebs kerZo investorTa

1. pirdapiri, anu realuri investiciebi (kapitalis dabandeba mrewvelobaSi, vaWrobaSi, momsaxurebis sferoSi — uSualod sawarmoebSi); 2. saportfelo, anu finansuri investiciebi (investiciebi ucxour aqciebSi, obligaciebsa da sxva fasian qaRaldebSi); 3. sasesxo kapitalis saSualovadiani da grZelvadiani saerTaSoriso kreditebi da sesxebi samrewvelo da savaWro korporaciebs, bankebsa da sxva finansur dawesebulebebs.

gasasvleli hqondeT. aqedan gamomdinare, naklebad savaraudoa, rom am qveynebis xelisuflebam ucxouri kapitali, gansakuTrebiT ki amerikuli kapitali, Seaviwroon. anu, am ideis avtorTa azriT, ucxouri kapitalis momZlavrebis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtori aris is garemoeba, rom arsebuli saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wyoba asocirdeba amerikis TaosnobiT Seqmnil aliansTan, gansakuTrebiT nato-sTan. mimReb qveyanaze ucxouri kapitalisa da transnacionaluri kompaniis, rogorc ucxouri kapitalis, politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul gavlenaze saubrisas ikveTeba ori ZiriTadi pozicia: pirvelis Tanaxmad, transnacionaluri firmebis zegavlena zogadad dadebiTia. meore poziciis mixedviT, ki isini zRudaven qveynis avtonomias, aferxeben mis damoukidebel ganviTarebas, zrdian ekonomikur uTanasworobas maspinZel qveyanaSi da xSirad, arTmeven ekonomikur suverenitetsac ki pirveli poziciis gamziareblebi miiCneven, rom ucxouri investiciebi mimRebi qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebis seriozuli faqtoria. magaliTad moyavT dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg da maT swraf ganviTarebas nawilobriv xsnian soliduri amerikuli kapitaldabandebebiT. igive logikiT, mesame samyaros qveynebis ekonomikuri warmateba miewereba ucxour investiciebsa da im politikas, romelmac investiciebi miizida. Tumca, bevri ar iziarebs am mosazrebas da miaCniaT, rom pirdapir investiciebsa da ekonomikur ganviTarebas Soris Tanafardoba ar iZleva imis safuZvels, rom mas mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri davarqvaT. pirdapiri investiciebi, rogorc wesi, xorcieldeba im qveynebSi, sadac sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis kargi pirobebia Seqmili, roca qveyanaSi Sesaferisi politikuri situacia, stabiluroba da usafrTxo garemoa.

saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsporti msoflioSi saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportis moculoba naklebia, vidre kerZo kapitalisa, da amas logikuri axsnac aqvs. saxelmwifo kapitalis mizani ar aris swrafi da moklevadiani mogeba. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa ekonomikuri da politikuri gavlenis gavrceleba investirebad qveyanaSi da iq sasurveli pirobebis Seqmna kerZo kapitalis investirebisaTvis. saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportireba umetesad xdeba qveynis infrastruqturaSi, satransporto dargebSi, sakredito-safinanso sistemaSi da sxv., anu iseT sferoebSi, romelTa ganviTarebis gareSec SeuZlebeli iqneba kerZo kapitalis efeqturi da usafrTxo eqsportireba. saxelmwifo kapitalis formebia: grZelvadiani sesxebi da kreditebi, usasyidlo daxmareba. saxelmwifo kapitali mimarTulia susti, ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebisaken. amiT xdeba maTze gavlenis moxdena da garkveuli kontrolis damyareba. saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsporti xorcieldeba saxelmwifo biujetis xarjze. miuxedavad imisa, rom, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsports altruizmis niSnebi axasiaTebs, mas seriozuli pragmatuli gaTvlebic aqvs â&#x20AC;&#x201D; saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportis Sedegad mimRebi qveynebi investori qveynisgan yiduloben maT uaxles teqnologiebs, saqonels, momsaxurebas da sxv.

swored isini, ganviTarebuli qveynebi. ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis mcdeloba mieRoT sabWoTa kavSiris daxmareba, aseve warumateblad damTavrda. sabWoTa kavSiris daxmareba samxedro daxmarebiT ufro Semoifargleboda, vidre ekonomikuriT. mas ar SeeZlo da ar undoda sazRvrebi gaexsna ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis produqciisaTvis, es advilic ar iqneboda gegmiuri ekonomikis pirobebSi. amgvarad, ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebs, maT Soris `socialisturebsac~, dasavleTTan ufro intensiuri vaWroba hqondaT, vidre sabWoTa blokTan. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tavad ganviTarebadi qveynebis kavSiric ar Sedga. amis mizezi mravalia: gansxvavebebi ideologiaSi, kulturaSi, religiaSi (gansakuTrebiT sunitebisa da Siitebis dapirispireba), industrializaciis doneSi da sxv. amas emateba regionaluri SuRlebi da uTanxmoebebi sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisad ver gaamarTla TiTqmis verc erTma ekonomikurma kavSirma, romelTa Seqmnis mcdelobebic ara erTxel iyo. radikaluri saxelmwifoebis azriT, meore msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnili liberaluri saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi qveynebis uTanasworobisa da simdidris araTanabrad gadanawilebis mTavari mizezia. gilpinis azriT (The Political Economy of International Relations), miuxedavad imisa, rom meore msoflio omis Semdeg ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mxriv iyo ara erTi mcdeloba daxmarebodnen postkoloniur da mesame samyaros sxva qveynebs ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebaSi, es procesi ar iyo Tanmimdevruli da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, samarTliani. amis magaliTia afrikis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauareseba, laTinur amerikaSi dawyebuli ekonomikuri zrdis Sewyveta 80-ian wlebSi da dasavleTis mTeli yuradRebis koncentrireba Soreul aRmosavleTze (axali industriuli qveynebi).

axali industriuli qveynebi

investiciebis xasiaTisa da sakuTari kapitalis formis mixedviT asxvaveben individualur (fizikuri pirebis), korporaciul (sawarmoebi da organizaciebi) da institucionalur (koleqtiur) investorebs. individualuri investorebi ar aerTianeben TavianT kapitals, investirebas axorcieleben TavianTi saxeliT da sakuTari saxsrebiT erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad.

axal industriul saxelmwifoebs `aziur vefxvebsac~ uwodeben. es saxelmwifoebia: taivani, tailandi, samxreT korea, filipinebi, malaizia, singapuri, honkongi da indonezia (garkveuli mosazrebebiT laTinuramerikuli saxelmwifoebi brazilia, meqsika, argentina da Cilec miekuTvnebian axali industriuli qveynebis sias). es saxelmwifoebi meoce saukunis movlenaa. isini saocrad swrafi tempiT ganviTardnen da garkveuli wona moipoves msoflio ekonomikur sistemaSi. maTi ganviTarebis sawindari iyo industriuli dargebis amuSaveba da samrewvelo saqonlis eqsportis dawyeba. Tumca industria ar aris erTaderTi sfero, romelic ganaviTares axalma industriulma qveynebma. maT seriozul warmatebebs miaRwies mecnierebatevad dargebSi, bioteqnologiaSi, zegamtarobis sferoSi, energiis alternatiuli wyaroebis gamoyenebaSi, robotmSeneblobaSi da sxv. ucxouri kapitalis mozidvis mizniT es qveynebi qmnidnen da qmnian saeqsporto sawarmoo zonebs, sadac sagareo bazarze orientirebuli saqoneli iwarmoeba. umetesad isini iqmneba navsadgurebTan da aeroportebTan axlos da iq yvela SesaZlo pirobaa Seqmnili swrafi da maqsimalurad iafi warmoebisaTvis (SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimi, gaficvebis akrZalva, sxv.). am qveynebis warmatebas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli iafi muSaxelis arsebobam da Sromatevadi dargebis Semosvlam ganviTarebuli qveynebidan. Tumca umTavresi, albaT, mainc am qveynebis mTavrobebis mier arCeuli swori ekonomikuri strategiaa. gilpinis azriT, am qveynebSi mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom arsebobda Zlieri saxelmwifo da ekonomikuri biurokratia, romelsac unari Seswevda Camoeyalibebina prioritetebi, ganexorcielebina mizanmimarTuli ekonomikuri politika da gaetarebina saWiro da xSirad arapopularuli reformebi. ekonomikis mesveurebma SeZles vaWroba, investireba da sxva ekonomikuri saqmianoba ewarmoebinaT erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare. saxelmwifo da kerZo struqturebma moaxerxes konstruqciuli TanamSromloba da SeimuSaves apolitikuri industriuli politika, romelic orives interess da, saboloo jamSi, qveynebis interesebs pasuxobda. da bolos, rac, albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania, am qveynebma uzarmazari investiciebi Cades ganaTlebasa da adamianur resursebSi. axali industriuli qveynebis warmateba kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs globaluri siRaribis Temas. is faqti, rom ramdenime daqvemdebarebulma da sustma qveyanam

kerZo kapitalis eqsporti kerZo kapitalis eqsporti ufro farTomasStabiania da igi ufro didi movlenaa, vidre saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsporti. igi xorcieldeba an pirdapiri investiciis gziT (iseTi investicia, rodesac investori iRebs (Seisyidis) kontrols im firmaze, romelSic is axdens investirebas), an saportfelo investiciis gziT (ucxouri firmis aqciebis Sesyidva firmaze yovelnairi kontrolis an menejmentSi monawileobis gareSe). kerZo kapitalis umTavresi mizania swrafi da didi mogeba.

moaxerxa aseTi swrafi tempebiT ganviTareba da bevri ganviTarebuli qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis tempis gadaWarbebac ki, badebs SekiTxvas: ratom ganviTardnen isini da ratom ver ganviTardnen maTi msgavsi sxva ganviTarebadi qveynebi? ra iyo is swori nabiji, ramac maT aseTi ganviTarebis saSualeba misca? am qveynebis Seswavla gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani unda iyos CvenTvis, rogorc susti saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebisaTvis, da, ra Tqma unda, imedis momcemic. gagrZeldeba Tu ara axali industriuli qveynebis aRmasvla da SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom sxva saxelmwifoebmac gaimeoron maTi gza, didad aris damokidebuli globaluri ekonomikis zrdis tempebze, ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis bazrebis gaxsnilobaze da industriuli teqnologiis cvalebadobaze. saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis qvesistemebi amerikeli ekonomisti joan edelman spiro Tavis wignSi (The Politics of International Economic Relations) gvTavazobs saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis dayofas sam qvesistemad. globaluri sistemis amgvarad danawileba, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia, radgan es qvesistemebi erTmaneTisagan gamoyofili da izolirebuli ar aris. magram politikuri da ekonomikuri procesebi TiToeul qvesistemaSi mainc specifiuria da saSualebas gvaZlevs gavaanalizoT ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaze myofi saxelmwifoebis mdgomareoba da qceva saerTaSoriso sistemaSi.

dasavleTis (urTierTdamokidebulebis) qvesistema es qvesistema, romelsac aseve urTierTdamokidebulebis qvesistemas uwodeben, moicavs CrdiloeT amerikis, dasavleT evropisa da iaponiis maRalganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs. joan spiro aqve aRniSnavs, rom SesaZlebelia am qvesistemaSi avstraliis, axali zelandiisa da samxreT afrikis gaerTianebac (The Politics of International Economic Relations, Joan Edelman Spero, Fourth Edition.). isini uamravi ekonomikuri, savaWro, safinanso, teqnologiuri da sxv. kavSiriT mWidroda arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. maT Soris amgvari urTierToba Camoyalibda da ganviTarda meore msoflio omis Semdeg. amaSi udidesi roli Seasrula e.w. breton-vudsis savalutosafinanso sistemam da tarifebisa da vaWrobis generalurma SeTanxmebam. saerTaSoriso reJimma, romelic aSS dolarze da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomikur da samxedro hegemoniaze iyo dafuZnebuli. orive xsenebulma reJimma xeli Seuwyo am qvesistemis saxelmwifoebSi ekonomikur aRmavlobas, warmoebis gaSlas, eqsportis zrdas, teqnologiur progress da aS. aman saerTaSoriso safinanso da savaWro aqtivoba, safinanso bazrebis internacionalizacia da, rogorc yovelive amis Sedegi, xsenebul saxelmwifoTa urTierTdamokidebuleba moitana. am qvesistemis SigniT Camoyalibda evropis saxelmwifoTa integracia da CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebis integracia (NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement – CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali

mmarTveloba, iqneba es erovnuli Tu saerTaSoriso doneebze, unda efuZnebodes erTian Sexedulebebs, kulturul Rirebulebebs da saerTo identurobas. misi azriT, Cven jer ar vcxovrobT globaluri samoqalaqo kulturis eraSi da mxolod ramdenime saerTo Rirebuleba aerTianebs msoflios xalxebs. Tumca tendencia ukeTesobiskenaa da arsebobs iseTi Rirebulebebi, romlebsac ukve yvela iziarebs, ganurCevlad erovnebisa, religiisa Tu politikuri simpatiebisa. magaliTad — adamianis uflebebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom bevr qveyanaSi adamianis uflebebi jer kidev irRveva, damnaSave saxelmwifoebi cdiloben am faqtebis damalvas da sxvagvarad warmoCenas. garda amisa, ganviTarebuli qveynebi mxolod TavianTi problemebiT arian dainteresebulni da naklebad iTvaliswineben ganviTarebadi qveynebis interesebs. zogadad, dRevandeli msoflios erT-erTi dilema isaa, rom mdidrebi Raribebs ver ugeben. gilpini, misTvis Cveuli realizmiT askvnis, rom am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, saubari globalur mTavrobaze ararealuria. yvelaze saukeTeso, rasac SeiZleba velodoT, aris is, rom ZiriTadma Zlierma saxelmwifoebma sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare da msoflios interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, iTanamSromlon ufro stabiluri da humanuri saerTaSoriso politikuri da ekonomikuri wesrigis Sesaqmnelad.

kapitalis moZraoba

mkveTrad gazrdilma urTierTdamokidebulebam da integraciam, marTalia, keTildReoba moutana am saxelmwifoebs, magram maT garkveuli politikuri da ekonomikuri problemebi Seuqmna. TiTqos urTierTdamokidebuleba ufro swrafad ganviTarda, vidre misi marTvis, menejmentis saSualebebi. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom am qvesistemis saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis gamo ganviTarebuli erovnuli ekonomika sxva monawileTa ekonomikuri politikisa da viTarebis mimarT metad mgrZnobiarea. erTis avadmyofoba gadadis meoreze. erTi qveynis monetarul, savaWro da investiciaTa politikaSi momxdari cvlilebebi uSualo gavlenas axdenen sxva saxelmwifoebis imave sferoebze. uaryofiTi movlenebi, rogoricaa umuSevroba, warmoebis dacema, inflacia da sxv., am SemTxvevaSi sazRvrebs ar scnobs.

kapitalis moZraoba dRevandel msoflioSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria. es aris globaluri movlena, romlisTvisac sazRvrebi faqtiurad ar arsebobs. yvela erovnebis kapitalis buneba erTnairia — igi miemarTeba iqiT, sadac garantirebulia didi mogeba. meore msoflio omis Semdeg kapitalis eqsportma mkveTrad imata, da es gaxda sayovelTao movlena. am periodSive mniSvnelovnad gaizarda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis roli kapitalis eqsportSi. Semdeg mas daemata germaniis federaciuli respublika da iaponia. safrangeTi kvlav inarCunebda wamyvan poziciebs, magram Semcirda didi britaneTis xvedriTi wili. mecxramete saukuneSi iyo kapitalis erTi gamokveTili eqsportiori qveyana — didi britaneTi, magram meoce saukunis ormociani wlebidan msoflio hegemonis cvlasTan erTad Seicvala kapitalis yvelaze didi eqsportioric, da is aSS gaxda. bevri mecnieris azriT, kapitalis eqsporti ufro mWidro kavSirebs qmnis, vidre saerTaSoriso vaWroba. kapitalis eqsporti xels uwyobs kavSirebis ganmtkicebas qveynebs Soris. es kavSirebi stabiluria da isini grZelvadiani mSvidobis garantiaa. kapitalis gatana, garkveulwilad, misi siWarbis Sedegia. dRevandel msoflioSi kapitalis brunva saocrad did masStabebs aRwevs. amis sxvadasxva mizezi arsebobs: transnacionaluri korporaciebis ganviTareba da gavrceleba; manqanamowyobilobebisa da satransporto saSualebaTa eqsportis mkveTri zrda. kapitalis gatana da misi sxva qveyanaSi investireba SesaZleblobas iZleva mimReb qveyanaze gavlenis moxdenis. gasuli saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebidan kapitali miemarTeba Tanamedrove wamyvani dargebisaken, mecnierebatevadi dargebisaken. meoce saukunis bolodan aseve kapitali umetesad miemarTeba ganviTarebuli da liberaluri Rirebulebebis matarebeli qveynebisaken, maSin roca adre tendencia sxvagvari iyo, da kapitali miemarTeboda ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebidan ganviTarebadebSi. kapitalis eqsportis geografiis cvlileba, erTis mxriv, dakavSirebulia kapitalis mimRebi dargebis cvlilebasTan. meores mxriv, zogierTi mecnieri eWvs gamoTqvams, rom vinaidan ucxouri investiciebi ZiriTadad xorcieldeba ganviTarebul kapitalistur qveynebs Soris, xolo es qveynebi aSS-is mokavSireebi arian, amerikis mokavSireebi ara marto sakuTari usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi xdebian masze damokidebulni, aramed im mizeziTac, rom maT mwarmoeblebs vrcel amerikul bazarze

vaWrobis SeTanxmeba. daarsda 1994 wels. Tavdapirvelad aerTianebda aSS-s, kanadasa da meqsikas. mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli am wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobis gaintensiurebas. iTvaliswinebs tarifebis Semcirebas, wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis savaWro sferoSi SeRavaTebis miniWebas da sxv.).

sxvadasxva kuTxeSi radikalurad gansxvavebul xelfasebs iReben. yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze gilpini ar miiCnevs dRevandel msoflios iseT integrirebulad, rogoradac bevri mis daxatvas cdilobs. bevris azriT, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro organizacia da sxva saerTaSoriso institutebi seriozul reformebs saWiroeben, raTa moergon axal realobas globaluri ekonomikis saxiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom am organizaciebiT mudmivad ukmayofiloebi iyvnen ganviTarebadi qveynebis warmomadgenlebi, maT reformirebaze realurad saubari daiwyo 1990 wels aSS-s warmomadgenelTa palatis konservatuli frTis mier. kritika gansakuTrebiT exeboda saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, romelsac adanaSaulebdnen Tanxebis fuW xarjvaSi da sabazro ekonomikis winaaRmdeg gatarebuli politiksaTvis. sakiTxis Sesaswavlad Seiqmna specialuri komisia, romelmac muSaobis Sedegad SemuSavebuli rekomendaciebi kongress warudgina. komisiis gadawyvetilebiT, aucilebelia saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da msoflio bankis radikaluri reformireba da restruqturizacia, vinaidan es organizaciebi cuds ufro xSirad akeTebdnen ganviTarebad samyaroSi, vidre kargs. amasTan, miliardian sesxebs gascemdnen saSualoSemosavlian qveynebze, romlebsac SeeZloT Tavad gaeumjobesebinaT TavianTi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba bazarze dayrdnobiT. ZiriTadi rekomendacia gulisxmobda Semdegs: saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds unda SeezRuda sesxebis gacema ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis da Seewyvita maT saSinao politikur da ekonomikur saqmeebSi Careva. garda amisa, vinaidan saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi hpirdeboda ganviTarebad qveynebs, rom daexmareboda maT finansuri problemebis dros, komisiis azriT, ubiZgebda ganviTarebad qveynebs ufro meti sesxi aeRoT fondidan, vidre es maT sWirdebodaT, rac kidev ufro damokidebuls xdida am qveynebs fondze. amasTan, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis xangrZlivi daxmareba qveynebs `azarmacebda~ da saSualebas aZlevda maT finansurad gaumarTlebeli saqcieli CaedinaT. msoflio bankTan mimarTebaSi igive saxis SeniSvnebi iyo. komisiis rekomendaciiT, banks unda Seemcirebina sesxebis gacema (gilpinis monacemebiT, msoflio banki weliwadSi daaxloebiT 50 miliard dolaris sesxebs gascems) da Seewyvita kerZo seqtorTan konkurencia, riTac afuWebda bazars da xels uSlida adgilobriv mewarmeebs. da bolos, rekomendaciebSi naTqvamia, rom bazarze orientirebuli globaluri ekonomikis pirobebSi aranairi Carevaa saWiro, da es dasaSvebia mxolod iSviaTi gamonaklisebis SemTxvevaSi. rogorc gilpini wers, faqtiurad meore msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg pirvelad daisva SekiTxva imis Sesaxeb, saerTod, saWiroa Tu ara saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. ramdenime sityviTSevexebi antiglobalistur moZraobas. Tavad e.w. antiglobalistebi miiCneven, rom termini `antiglobalizmi~ masmediis mier aris mogonili da is maT ar Seefereba, vinaidan isini globalizaciis procesis winaaRmdeg ki ar gamodian, aramed msoflios arasamarTliani mowyobis mowinaaRmdegeebi arian da moiTxoven ufro samarTlian msoflios. maTi ZiriTadi lozungia — `sxvanairi msoflios arseboba SesaZlebelia~. isini miiCneven, rom SeuzRudavi vaWroba da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis intensifikacia mxolod ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis aris momgebiani Raribi saxelmwifoebis xarjze. zogierTi antiglobalistis azriT, globalizaciis procesi imperialisturi xasiaTisaa. ase mag., erayis omis dawyebis mizani iyo usafrTxoebis mizniT fuladi danazogebis amerikaSi gadadineba. amgvarad, globalizacia ufro amerikanizaciaa, vinaidan am procesidan yvelaze met sargebels iRebs yvelaze mdidari saxelmwifo aSS-is saxiT. antiglobalistebi aseve miiCneven, rom globalizaciis procesi siamayis safuZvels ar iZleva, vinaidan igi exeba korporaciebs da fuls, magram ara xalxs. amis naTeli ilustracia, maTi azriT, aris mkacri kontroli migraciaze TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi da Sromis uflebebis ugulebelyofa ganviTarebad qveynebSi. kidev erTi argumenti, romelsac iyeneben antiglobalistebi isaa, rom globalizaciis procesSi meorexarisxovani xdeba suverenuli saxelmwifo, knindeba misi roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da igi kargavs TviTmyobadobas. gilpini, ganixilavs ra globaluri ekonomiis marTvis sakiTxebs, aRniSnavs, rom

garda amisa, calkeuli saxelmwifoebis poziciebidan Tu vimsjelebT, urTierTdamokidebulebis pirobebSi Careva xdeba saxelmwifo politikasa da ekonomikaSi. igi asustebs erovnuli qveynis marTvas. TiTqos sadRac zRudavs erovnul interesebsac ki. joan spiros azriT, sul ufro izrdeba daZabuloba saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso menejmentebs Soris, vinaidan xSirad erovnul mTavrobas uwevs rTuli da kompleqsuri saSinao problemebis mosagvareblad jer urTierTdamokidebulebiT gamowveuli problemebis mogvarebaze fiqri. dasavleTis qvesistema aris liberaluri. am qvesistemis mTavari niSnebia: mWidro urTierTdamokidebuleba da maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi liberaluri ekonomikiT da liberalur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebis matarebeli mTavrobebiT.

am qvesistemaSi mkafiod gamoxatuli dapirispireba da daqvemdebareba SeiniSneba ganviTarebul (dasavleT evropa, CrdiloeT amerika da iaponia) da ganviTarebad (afrika, azia da laTinuri amerika) qveynebs Soris. dasavleTis qvesistemisgan gansxvavebiT, am qvesistemaSi gaerTianebuli saxelmwifoebi Zlier gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan ekonomikis ganviTarebis doniT da saerTo erovnuli produqtiT erT sul mosaxleze. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos mdgomareoba garkveulwilad umjobesdeba, absoluturi gansxvaveba SemosavlebSi ucvlelia. umTavresi problema am uTanasworo qvesistemisa aris damokidebuleba (daqvemdebareba). daqvemdebareba arsebobs, rodesac samxreTis saxelmwifoebs ekonomikuri interaqciis maRali done gaaCniaT CrdiloeTis qveynebTan, rodesac es interaqcia Zalian mniSvnelovania erovnuli ekonomikisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, samxreTis saxelmwifoebi damokidebulebi xdebian CrdiloeTSi mimdinare movlenebze da CrdiloeTis saxelmwifoebis qmedebebze. CrdiloeTis saxelmwifoebisaTvis ki es interaqciebi ar aris xarisxobrivad mniSvnelovani. amgvarad, urTierTdamokidebuleba aris simetriuli movlena, maSin, rodesac damokidebuleba — asimetriuli. daqvemdebarebis sxvadasxva formebi arsebobs. aris savaWro daqvemdebareba — samxreTis saxelmwifoebis umetesobis Sida bazrebi pataraa da isini mniSvnelovnad arian damokidebulni CrdiloeTis bazrebze, raTa gaitanon da gayidon TavianTi saqoneli. Sesabamisad samxreTi Zalian mgrZnobiareaa CrdiloeTSi arsebuli faqtorebis mimarT, rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve politikuri, romlebic qmnian CrdiloeTis moTxovnas da gavlenas axdenen vaWrobaze. garda amisa, samxreTis qveynebis vaWrobis udidesi procenti xSirad modis CrdiloeTis romelime erT konkretul saxelmwifoze, rac kidev erTxel aZlierebs mis damokidebulebas am konkretul bazarze. samxreTi, rogorc wesi, yidis erT an ramdenime pirvelad produqts, amitom Zalian mgrZnobiarea am produqciaze moTxovnilebis rxevadobaze. Tanac, yidis umetesad nedleuls da naxevarfabrikats, rac bevrad ufro iafia, vidre mza produqcia. amgvarad, susti qveynebi vaWrobaSi eqsportze xdebian damokidebulni, raTa miRebuli SemosavliT moaxerxon importis xarjebis dafarva. xolo vinaidan, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, nedleulisa da naxevarfabrikatis Rirebuleba bevrad naklebia mza produqciis fasTan SedarebiT, eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavali ar yofnis imports, da es mudmivi procesia. daqvemdebarebis meore formaa daqvemdebareba kapitaldabandebis sferoSi. samxreTis qveynebSi Sida kapitaldabandebebi ucxouria. amitom, ucxouri kapitaldabandebebi akontrolebs am qveynis wamyvan dargebs. daqvemdebarebis done, aqedan gamomdinare, Zalian maRalia da viTardeba ara qveynisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebeli, aramed CrdiloeTisaTvis misaRebi da xelsayreli sferoebi. daqvemdebarebis mesame formaa finansuri. susti qveyana iRebs daxmarebas saerTaSoriso savaluto fondidan, romelic itovebs uflebas ukarnaxos qveyanas ekonomikis warmoebis politika da Caerios qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikaSi. fondi qveyanas uyenebs garkveul pirobebs, romlebic man unda Seasrulos. moTxovnebis arSesrulebis SemTxvevaSi fonds aqvs qveynis dasjis berketebic (momdevno tranSis argacema, finansuri daxmarebis Sewyveta, Sav siaSi Seyvana, aS.). susti qveynebi iReben sesxebs, agreTve, ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis kerZo komerciuli bankebisgan.

CrdiloeT-samxreTis (damokidebulebis) qvesistema

susti qveynis finansuri daqvemdebarebis kidev erTi maCvenebelia ganviTarebuli Zlieri qveynebis komerciuli bankebisadmi davalianeba. ucxouri daxmareba qmnis daqvemdebarebas. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, susti qveynebi eqvemdebareba im organizaciebis gadawyvetilebebs, romlebSic maT xmis ufleba ar gaaCniaT (msoflio banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi). susti qveynebi gaTiSulia yvela mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebisgan, im martivi mizezis gamo, rom sustia. Tumca amasTan dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso safinanso-savaluto organizaciebs da ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs TavianTi mosazrebebi aqvs. maTi azriT, samxreTis qveynebSi TiTqmis yvela sferoSi farTod gavrcelebuli korufciis gamo, miRebuli Tanxa (daxmareba) arakeTilsindisierad ixarjeba, rac, ra Tqma unda, aZnelebs SemdgomSi Tanxis dabrunebas da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, im dargis an sferos ganviTarebas, romlisTvisac iyo is Tanxa gamiznuli. garda amisa, ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs magaliTad mohyavT axali industriuli qveynebi, romlebmac SeZles daxmarebis miznobrivad gamoyeneba, TavianTi ekonomikis giganturi nabijebiT ganviTareba da, Sesabamisad, daqvemdebarebisTvis garkveulwilad Tavis daRweva. zemoT aRniSnuli ekonomikuri daqvemdebarebebi, Cveulebriv, kidev ufro Zlierdeba sxva saxis urTierTobebiT CrdiloeTTan: kulturuli kavSirebi, sxvadasxva saxis aliansebi da xelSekrulebebi, araformaluri politikuri kavSirebi da samxedro kavSirebi, dawyebuli samxedro daxmarebiT da damTavrebuli samxedro intervenciiT. joan spiros azriT, samxreTis saxelmwifo im institutebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis sagani xdeba, romlebSic mas bevris Tqmis ufleba ar aqvs. msoflio ekonomikis marTvidan samxreTis saxelmwifoebis gamoricxvis yvelaze naTeli magaliTebia iseTi ekonomikuri institutebi CrdiloeTSi, rogorebicaa saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro organizacia. es is institutebia, romlebic Seiqmna ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mier da, romlebic gamoxataven maT interesebs. CrdiloeTis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebi gavlenas axdens ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis ekonomikur zrdaze. amgvarad, samxreTis qveynebis azriT, arsebuli sistema aris arakanonieri, vinaidan maT ar gaaCniaT gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba da isini realurad ver iReben monawileobas am sistemis marTvaSi. arsebuli saerTaSoriso wesrigi samxreTis daqvemdebarebis SenarCunebis institutad aRiqmeba am qveynebis mier da ukve mravali welia mis Secvlas moiTxoven. maTi survilia monawileoba miiRon sistemis marTvaSi da srulad isargeblon am sistemis sikeTeebiT. yovelive amis Semdeg unda iTqvas, rom ekonomikuri daqvemdebareba politikuri daqvemdebarebis sawindaria da politikur gadawyvetilebebs sust saxelmwifoebs Zlierebi axveven Tavs.

aRmosavleT-dasavleTis qvesistema am qvesistemas damoukideblobis qvesistemasac uwodeben. masSi moiazreba socialisturi qveynebi da dasavleTis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi, dasavleTis sabazro ekonomika da socialisturi qveynebis gegmiuri ekonomika. civi omis periodSi isini izolirebuli iyvnen erTmaneTisgan da maT Soris kavSirebi naklebad iyo. maT Seqmnes TavianTi ekonomikuri institutebi. aRmosavleTi ar monawileobda saerTaSoriso savaluto fondSi, msoflio banksa da gatSi. aRmosavleT-dasavleTs Soris vaWroba umniSvnelo iyo da ar xdeboda kapitalisa Tu investiciebis brunva. dReisaTvis es qvesistema irRveva da igi faqtiurad aRar arsebobs. aRmosavleTis qveynebis SesaZlo gadasvla sxva sistemaSi qmnis mraval politikur da ekonomikur problemas. aqedan gamomdinare, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi sami ZiriTadi problemaa: urTierTdamokidebulebis kontroli dasavleTis sistemaSi, Tanasworobis miRweva da ekonomikuri daqvemdebarebis moxsna, dasavleT-aRmosavleTis ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaZliereba da amis xarjze aRmosavleTis ekonomikis gaZliereba (dasavleTis ekonomikasTan miaxloeba da Semdeg gaTanabreba).

orad aiwevs da, garda amisa, aRmosavleT evropidan Camosulebi, daTanxmdebian ra SedarebiT nakleb anazRaurebaze, gaafuWeben biznes garemos, anu adgilobrivi mosaxleoba arakonkurentunarian garemoSi aRmoCndeba. gilpinis azriT, Sromis globalizacia pirvel msoflio omamde ufro intensiurad mimdinareobda, vidre mas Semdeg an axla. miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleT evropam miiRo bevri ltolvili da emigranti, maTi mxolod umniSvnelo procenti miiRebs moqalaqeobas. ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi Sromis migracia aRar aris msoflio ekonomiis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani da Tavad evrokavSirSic ki erTi wevri saxelmwifodan meoreSi migracia dabali intensivobiT xdeba. SromiTi migrantebisaTvis xelovnurad Seqmnili barierebia, romlebzec kontrols mTavrobebi axorcieleben. amis erT-erT mizezad gilpini asaxelebs socialur SeRavaTebs, riTac, damkvidrebuli azriT, mxolod qveynis moqalaqeebma unda isargeblon. amis gamo adamianebi Raribi qveynebidan ver Cadian mdidar qveynebSi, sadac isini SeZlebdnen normaluri samuSaos moZebnas da normaluri xelfasis miRebas. es ki, Tavis mxriv, Seamcirebda sxvaobas mdidar da Rarib saxelmwifoebs Soris. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, mcire wvlili iqneboda globaluri simdidris gadanawilebaSi naklebad mdidari qveynebisTvis. ekonomikis sferos globalizaciaze saubrisas beki aRniSnavs, rom xdeba internacionalizacia da ara globalizacia. igi wers: `msoflios garkveul regionebs SigniT da maT Soris, transnacionaluri savaWro da samrewvelo kavSirebis ganmtkicebis dafiqsireba SeiZleba, es Seexeba amerikas, aziasa da evropas. amis dasturia is, rom vaWroba da ucxouri investiciebi jer kidev msoflios am sam msxvil ekonomikur bloks Soris xorcieldeba, amitomac laparakoben msoflio ekonomikis triadizaciaze~. globalizaciis kritikosebis azriT, globalizaciis usamarTlobis kidev erTi naTeli ilustracia aris is, rom is msoflios sxvadasxva nawils gansxvavebulad Seexo. saerTaSoriso savaWro da safinanso kavSirebi yvelaze intensiurad CrdiloeT amerikaSi, dasavleT evropasa da Soreul aRmosavleTSi ganviTarda. saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi dRes liderebi arian aSS, dasavleT evropa da iaponia. msoflio produqciis warmoebis udidesi wilic am sameulze modis. igive SeiZleba iTqvas produqciis eqsportze da produqciis moxmarebaze. xolo rac Seexeba safinanso sferos, aq udavo lideria aSS. aSS dolari msoflios yvela kuTxeSia konvertabeluri da ucxouri investiciebis umetesobac am valutaSi xorcieldeba. am mizeziT, dolars eqspansiur valutasac uwodeben da globalizacias `amerikanizaciasTan~ aigiveben. maTi azriT, meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi dawyebuli procesi jer kidev ar Sexebia Rarib qveynebs, gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi, laTinur amerikasa da aziaSi. naklebad savaraudoa, rom es odesme moxdes. es qveynebi TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi arian maSin, rofesac saubaria warmoebis, vaWrobisa da finansuri urTierTobebis globalizaciaze. bevri mecnieris azriT, savaWro da safinanso urTierTobebis globalizaciam xeli Seuwyo simdidris araTanabar gadanawilebas qveynebs Soris. bevri problema, romlebsac ekonomikuri globalizaciis Sedegad miiCneven, gilpinis azriT, mTavrobebis araswori politikisa da gadawyvetilebebis, an teqnologiuri cvlilebebis an sxva faqtorebis Sedegia. garemos dacviTi organizaciebi aqtiurad gamodian globalizaciis winaaRmdeg, Tumca, ekologiuri problemebi ara globalizaciis procesma, aramed mTavrobebis uyuradRebobam da upasuxisgeblobam gamoiwvia. dasavleT evropaSi garkveuli politikuri da ekonomikuri porblemebis warmoSobaSi adanaSauleben globalizacias, maSin, roca maTi gamomwvevi mizezi regionis ekonomikuri da politikuri integraciaa. globalizaciis dadanaSauleba TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove problemaSi nacionalisturi da qsenofoburi ganwyobis Sedegia politikuri memarjveneebis mxridan da antikapitalisturi azrovnebisa â&#x20AC;&#x201D; politikuri memarcxeenebis mxridan. gilpini miiCnevs, rom ekonomikuri integraciis da urTierTdamokidebulebis gasazomad yvelaze kargi meTodia `erTi fasis kanoni~. Tu erTsa da imave saqonels da momsaxurebas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi an mis sxadasxva regionSi erTnairi an daaxloebiT erTnairi fasi aqvs, maSin ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom es ekonomikebi mWidrod integrirebulia erTmaneTTan. Tumca, dRevandel msoflioSi fasebi Zalin gansxvavebulia. Tu am kanons aSS-Tan mimarTebaSi gamoviyenebT, davinaxavT, rom amerikis fasebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba sxva qveynebis fasebisgan. gansakuTrebuli sxvaobaa Sromis anazRaurebaSi da identuri Sromis SesrulebaSi adamianebi msoflios 43

warmoSobs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gadasaxadebis sakiTxi. iyo mcdelobebi dawyebuliyo ganxilvebi internet-vaWrobis dabgvrasTan dakavSirebiT, magarm seriozuli winaaRmdegobis gamo, ver moxerxda. vaWrobis globalurobis kidev erTi magaliTia eleqtronuli plastikuri baraTebis farTo gavrceleba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mWidro kavSirSia finansur globalizaciasTan. plastikuri baraTebiT SesaZlebelia produqciis SeZena an momsaxurebiT sargebloba nebismier qveyanaSi. finansebis globalizaciis dasawyisad, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, breton-vudsis Semdgom periods miiCneven, rodesac saubari daiwyo erTiani safinanso reJimis Seqmnaze da saxelmwifoebis mier erToblivi safinanso politikis SemuSavebaze. finansuri globalizaciis saboloo mizania erTiani safinanso bazris Camoyalibeba. xolo rac Seexeba globalur valutas, pirvelad am funqciis Sesruleba dolarma daiwyo, 2002 wels ki evros SemoRebam kidev erTxel daadastura finansuri globalizaciis arseboba. globaluri aqtivebic finansebi globalizaciis Sedegia. bankebis umetesoba transnacionalur saqmianobas eweva. maTi nebismieri filialidan msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi SeiZleba fulis gagzavna an sxva transnacionaluri finansuri operaciis ganxorcieleba. garda amisa, bankebma daiwyes sesxebis gacema sxva qveynebSi da kreditorebis saqmianobas eleqtronuli kavSiriT axorcieleben. finansuri globalizacia icavs qveynebs finansuri krizisebisagan da saSualebas aZlevs maT problemebis dros sxva saxelmwifoebis daxmarebiT isargeblon. Tumca, finansuri globalizaciis dadebiT mxareebTan erTad, mis uaryofiT Tvisebebzec saubroben. finansuri bazrebis aseTi intensiuri da mWidro kavSiris pirobebSi arc erTi qveyana ar aris dazRveuli e.w. `dominos principisagan~, anu rodesac erT qveyanaSi Seqmnili finansuri problemebi yvela mis partniorze vrceldeba. ofSoruli centrebi aseve finansuri globalizaciis Sedegia. aseTi zonebi gamartivebuli momsaxurebiT da SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimiT, gansakuTrebiT, gavrcelebulia axal industriul qveynebsa da karibis kunZulebze da investorTa mozidvas isaxavs miznad. kapitalis iseT intensiur brunvas, rogoric dRes aris, istoriaSi analogi ar moepoveba. kapitali WeSmaritad globaluri gaxda da, ugulebelyofs ra sazRvrebs, miemarTeba msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi, sadac swrafi da maRali mogeba aqvs garantirebuli. Tumca aq aRsaniSnavia, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebi mudmivad ukmayofiloni arian ganviTarebuli qveynebis politikiT kapitaldabandebis sferoSi da miaCniaT, rom globalizaciis sikeTeebiT am sferoSic ganviTarebulma saxelmwifoebma isargebles. maT saSualeba miecaT TavianTi kapitali miemarTaT im qveynebisken da im sferoebisken, romlebic maTTvis iyo momgebiani. mimRebi qveynebis interesebi ki arasodes aris gaTvaliswinebuli. ganviTarebadi qveynebis azriT, amgvarad dabandebuli kapitali maT qveyanas ar exmareba ganviTarebaSi da metic, maT problemebs uqmnis. amis mizezi ki is aris, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebi ver akontroleben ucxour kapitals da ver moqmedeben masze Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr. Tumca, biznesis warmoebisas komerciuli interesi ara Tu mimRebi saxelmwifos, aramed erovnulsac ki naklebad eqvemdebareba. kapitalbrunvis intensifikaciasTan erTad globalizaciis eram misi axali formebic moitana. farTo gavrcelebas povebs kapitaldabandebebis ganxorcieleba telefonebisa da internetis saSualebiT. warmoebisa da vaWrobis globalizaciis erT-erTi Sedegia Sromis globalizacia, rasac, Tavis mxriv, mosaxleobis intensiuri migracia mohyva. dReisaTvis migraciis tendenciaa ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ganviTarebulSi, rac Zalian bevr problemas qmnis. gamudmebiT izrdeba aralegalur migrantTa ricxvi, romlebmac samuSaos ZiebaSi datoves TavianTi qveynebi da ufro mdidar saxelmwifoebs miaSures. dasavleT evropa da aSS gamudmebiT fiqroben SromiTi migrantebis problemebze rogorc ganviTarebadi, aseve aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebidan. evrokavSirSi intensiurad mimdinareobs molaparakebebi qveynebs Soris, imis Taobaze, rom aRmosavleT evropis moqalaqeebs mianiWon dasavleT evropis qveynebSi muSaobis ufleba, rac, maTi azriT, mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs aralegaluri migrantebis ricxvs am qveynebidan da, garkveulwilad, xels Seuwyobs Crdilovani ekonomikis legalizacias. gasakviri ar aris, rom am mosazrebebs ar iziarebs Tavad dasavleT evropis mosaxleoba, miaCnia ra, rom umuSevrobis isedac maRali maCvenebeli erTi-

navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia (Organisation of Petrolium Exporting Countries â&#x20AC;&#x201C; OPEC) navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia (opeki) aris TerTmeti ganviTarebadi qveynisagan Semdgari saerTaSoriso organizacia. daarsda 1960 wlis seqtemberSi baRdadis konferenciaze. pirveli xuTi weli Stabbina iyo JenevaSi. 1965 wlidan ki â&#x20AC;&#x201D; venaSia. misi wevrebi mniSvnelovnad arian damokidebuli navTobidan miRebul Semosavalze, rogorc Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaroze da es sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa am qveynebis ekonomikisaTvis. opeks hyavs xuTi damaarsebeli qveyanaa: irani, erayi, quveiTi, saudis arabeTi da venesuela. Semdeg SeuerTdnen: katari (1961w.), indonezia (1961w.), libia (1962w.), arabeTis gaerTianebuli saemiroebi (1967w.), alJiri (1969w.), nigeria (1971w.), ekvadori (1973-1992ww.) da gaboni (1975-1994ww.). maTgan ekvadorma da gabonma meoce saukunis 90-ian wlebSi datoves organizacia. opekis daarsebas ewinaaRmdegebodnen seriozuli navTobkompaniebi, romlebic, ZiriTadad, aSS-s britaneTsa da germanias ekuTvnoda. opeks surda navTobis fasebis da mwarmoeblebis gadasaxadebis Semcireba. Tavidan igi muSaobda rogorc araformaluri gaerTianeba, romelic awarmoebda molaparakebebs mesame samyaros mier navTobis gayidvasTan dakavSirebiT. im periodSi misi saqmianoba ZiriTadad Semoifargleboda dasavleTis navTobkompaniebTan TanamSromlobiT da navTobis xarisxis kontroliT. organizaciis wevroba Tavisufalia nebismieri qveynisaTvis, romelic warmoadgens navTobis solidur eqsportiors da iziarebs organizaciis idealebs. TerTmeti wevri erToblivad bazars miawodebs navTobis mTeli produqciis 40%-s da flobs msoflio navTobis dadasturebuli maragis 3/4-ze mets. ufro konkretulad, opeki flobs 78%. aqedan yvelaze didi wili modis saudis arabeTze, Semdeg modian irani, erayi, quveiTi, arabeTis gaerTianebuli saemiroebi, venesuela, libia, nigeria, katari, alJiri da indonezia. maTgan saudis arabeTis, iranisa da erayis maragebi Seadgens opekis mTeli maragis 57%-s. opekis mizania koordinireba gauwios wevri saxelmwifoebis politikas navTobTan mimarTebaSi, raTa uzrunvelyos samarTliani da stabiluri fasebi navTobproduqciaze, efeqturi, ekonomiuri da regularuli miwodeba momxmarebeli saxelmwifoebisaTvis da kapitalis samarTliani dabruneba maTTvis, vinc investireba moaxdina industriaSi. opekis ministrTa konferencia ikribeba weliwadSi orjer da igi pasuxismgebelia organizaciis zogadi politikis formulirebaze. opekis samdivno mudmivmoqmedi mTavrobaTaSoriso organoa. igi dafuZnebulia venaSi. samdivnos oficialuri enaa inglisuri. opekis daxmarebiT, misi wevri qveynebi eqsportidan mniSvnelovnad met mogebas iReben, vidre isini amas damoukideblad miiRebdnen. opekis oficialuri internetgverdis monacemebiT, 2004 wels opekis TerTmetma wevrma miiRo 338 miliardi aSS dolari navTobis eqsportidan. 2003 welTan SedarebiT es ricxvi 42%-iT gaizarda. igive internet-gverdze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia SevadaroT es ricxvebi 1972 wlis monacemebs, rodesac eqsportiorebma miiRes 23 miliardi aSS dolari, an 1977 wlis monacemebs, rodesac 1973 wlis energo krizisis Semdeg eqsportiorma qveynebma 140 miliardi aSS dolari miiRes. navTobi iyideba amerikul dolarSi da, Sesabamisad, misi kursi Zalian did gavlenas axdens opekze, mag., Tu dolaris kursi ecema, maSin opekis wevrebi nakleb Tanxas iReben TavianT valutaSi, rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba maT gadamxdelunarianobaze. evros SemoRebis Semdeg opekis ramdenime wevr saxelmwifos, maT Soris erays, mcdeloba hqonda navTobis gayidvebi evroze gadaeyvanaT, Tumca uSedegod, Tu am mosazrebas opekis yvela wevri gaiziarebda, maSin aSS-s ekonomikas seriozuli zarali miadgeboda. opekis gadawyvetilebebi did gavlenas axdens navTobis saerTaSoriso fasebze. magaliTad, 1973 wlis energokrizisis dros opekma uari ganacxada navTobis eqsportze dasavleTis qveynebSi (aSS da dasavleT evropa), romlebic mxars uWerdnen israels iom qifuris anu oqtombris omSi egviptisa da siriis winaaRmdeg. aman ganapiroba navTobis fasis gaoTxmageba, ramac xuT Tves gastana, 1973 wlis 17 oqtombridan 1974 wlis 18 martamde. energokrizisi gamowveuli iyo arab-israelis konfliqtiT. embargomde industriuli dasavleTi, da gansakuTrebiT aSS, opekidan navTobs iRebda sakmaod iafad. 1945-

1970 wlebSi dasavleTma da iaponiam moixmares ufro meti navTobi da mineralebi, vidre mTeli kacobriobis istoriis manZilze. navTobis gamoyeneba aSS-Si gaormagda 1950-1974 wlebSi.. am periodSi aSS-is mosaxleoba Seadgenda msoflio mosaxleobis 6% da moixmarda msoflios navTobis 33%. vinaidan opekis saxelmwifoebi navTobs aSS dolarebSi yiddnen da amasTan, navTobis fasi dolarebSi iyo dafiqsirebuli, nebismieri cvlileba aSS-is ekonomikaSi aisaxeboda opekis saxelmwifoebis ekonomikaze. xolo, vinaidan meoce saukunis samocdaaTian wlebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda amerikaSi, bunebrivia, navTobis eqsportiori qveynebi am movlenebisgan izolirebulni ver darCnen. amerikis prezidenti riCard niqsoni 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi arasaxarbielo viTarebaSi aRmoCnda. fasebis zrda da ekonomikuri stagnacia umwvavesi sakiTxebi iyo. 1971 wels niqsonma SeaCera dolaris konvertabeluroba oqroSi. dasrulda valutebis mcocavi kursebis era, rac faqtiurad breton-vudsis sistemis daSlas niSnavda. amis Semdeg dolari oqrosTan SedarebiT 8%-iT gaufasurda 1971 wlis dekembers da Semdeg isev gaufasurda 1973 wels. gaufasurebam gamoiwvia msoflios ekonomikisa da politikis aramdgradoba. amasTan erTad, 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, dolaris gaufasureba daemTxva navTobis fasis dacemas dolarebSi. aman gaamyara amerikeli biznesmenebis mdgomareoba iaponelebTan da evropelebTan SedarebiT. magram dolaris kursis dacemam da devalvaciam gamoiwvia mesame samyaros nedleulis mwarmoebelTa ukmayofileba. isini mixvdnen, rom simdidre xelidan eclebodaT da maTi Semosavlebi da qoneba cota xnis win bevrad ufro Rirebuli iyo, vidre axla. aman ganapiroba brZola msoflios bunebrivi resursebis SenarCunebisaTvis da dasavleTma da opekis wevrma saxelmwifoebma ufro konstruqciul SeTanxmebebs miaRwies resursebis ganawilebasTan dakavSirebiT. Tumca, opekis wevri qveynebi miiCnevdnen, rom isini metis Rirsni iyvnen. amas erTvoda opekis arabuli saxelmwifoebis ukmayofileba aSS-sa da misi momxreebis proebrauli politikiT regionSi — israelma miiRo daxmareba, raTa SewinaaRmdegeboda egviptisa da siriis jarebs. opekma dasavleTis dasja gadawyvita — ganviTarebuli qveynebi, romlebic Zlier iyvnen damokidebuli opekis navTobze, kidev ufro damokidebuli gaexadaT da es damokidebuleba Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina. opekma navTobis miyidva aSS-sTvis, dasavleT evropisa da iaponiisTvis. bevri sxva gaerTianebebisagan gansxvavebiT, opekma warmatebas miaRwia navTobis fasis didi xniT zrdaSi. zogierTi eqspertis azriT, am warmatebaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis saudis arabeTs, romelmac Seamcira Tavisi produqcia, rom gaeTanabrebina opekis mTliani warmoeba, radgan zogma wevrma Tavis wils gadaaWarba. am mxriv, saudis arabeTis wevroba organizaciisaTvis didi pliusia, vinaidan, danarCeb wevrebs Soris is erTaderTia, romelsac gaaCnia imdenad soliduri rezervi, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia resursebiT manevrireba. opekis politika warmatebuli gamodga. man SeZlo daumuSavebeli navTobisa da damuSavebuli da gawmendili navTobis fasebis gaTanabreba. magram opeks ar SeuZlia fasebis usasrulod gazrda. fasis gazrdas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SeuZlia opekis mTliani sistemis Secvla, rac gamoiwvevda momxmareblis mier navTobis magivrad alternatiuri energiis gamoyenebas. navTobis fasis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT aseTi komentari gaakeTa iranis Sahma: `ra Tqma unda msoflios navTobis fasi gaizrdeba, ra Tqma unda! da rogor? Tqven (dasavleli naciebi) xorblis fasi, romelsac Cven mogvyidiT 300%-iT gazardeT, igive gaakeTeT cementsa da Saqarze, Tqven yidulobT Cven daumuSavebel navTobs da mere ukan mogvyidiT mas, ubralod gadamuSavebuls, asjer ufro Zvirad... erTaderTi samarTali is iqneba, Tu Tqven navTobze mets gadaixdiT. 10-jer ufro mets~ (New York Times, 1973). rogorc ukve aRiniSna, msoflios navTobis Soki daiwyo 1973 wlis 17 oqtombers, rodesac opekis arabma wevrebma iom qifuris omis dros ganacxades, rom aRar miawvdidnen navTobs im qveynebs, romlebic mxars uWerdnen israels egviptesTan konfliqtSi, anu aSS-sa da mis mokavSire dasavleT evropas. amave dros, opekis wevrma qveynebma gadawyvites msoflios navTobis fasebi gaeoTxmagebinaT da maT es SeZles. amas bevri eqsperti opekis seriozul gamarjvebad miiCnevs. amave dros, es kargi magaliTi iyo imisa, Tu rogor iyvnen dasavleTis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi damokidebuli opekze. es gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad aisaxa aSS-ze, dasavleT evro-

msoflios nebismieri qveynidan; mobiluroba, rac gulisxmobs mogebis gazrdis mizniT sawarmos gadatanas msoflios erTi kuTxidan meoreSi; da, bolos, is efeqturoba, romelic miiRweva procesis aseTi danawilebis Sedegad dazogili droiT. warmoebis aseTi tipis farTod gavrceleba meoce saukunis 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba da misi Tanmdevi procesia mosaxleobis migracia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Sromis globalizaciis Semadgeneli nawilia. globaluri warmoebis ganviTarebis Sedegia e.w. `specialuri ekonomikuri zonebi”, sadac adgilobrivi mTavrobebis mier dawesebulia SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimi an saerTod gaTavisuflebulia saeqsporto da saimporto gadasaxadebisagan. pirvelad aseTi zonebi evropaSi Seiqmna, Tumca mogvianebiT farTo gavrceleba hpova laTinur amerikaSi, karibis kunZulebze da, gansakuTrebiT, Soreul aRmosavleTSi, sadac aseTi zonebis Seqmna axali industriuli qveynebis politikuri da ekonomikuri elitisaTvis erT-erT prioritetadac iqca. gasul saukineSi am qveynebis saocari tempebiT ganviTarebis erT-erT mizezad bevri swored maT aseT ekonomikur politikas miawers. globaluri warmoebis Sedegad miRebuli produqti, bunebrivia, globaluri produqtia, romelic aseve globalur qselebSi iyideba (benetoni, naiki, gepi, peJo, reno da mravali sxva). globalur warmoebaSi Cabmul kompaniebs transnacionaluri korporaciebi ewodeba. maTi erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani aris is, rom maTi deda-kompania aris erT qveyanaSi, xolo Svilobili kompaniebi — sxva qveynebSi. maT faqtiurad ar gaaCniaT erovneba da, TavisTavad, ar scnoben sazRvrebs. dRes msoflioSi daaxloebiT 60 aTasi transnacionaluri kompaniaa da maTi ricxvi ganuxrelad izrdeba. magram miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflios 100 yvelaze msxvili transnacionaluri kompaniis aqtivebis TiTqmis naxevari im saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebs gareTaa, sadac saTavo ofisebia, transnacionaluri kompaniebis saqmianobis umetesi nawili jer kidev TavianT saxelmwifoebSia. vaWrobis globalizaciaze saubari gatiT unda daviwyoT. am organizaciam, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli vaWrobis liberalizacias da niadagi moamzada savaWro urTierTobebis intensifikaciisaTvis. gatis Semcvleli — msoflio savaWro organizaciac igive mizans emsaxureba, Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSewyobasa da vaWrobaSi proteqcionizmis winaaRmdeg brZolas. Tumca, rac ar unda paradoqsuli iyos, Tavad `Tavisufali bazris~ ideis avtorebi da gamtareblebic mimarTaven xolme proteqcionistul zomebs vaWrobaSi. dRes dasavleTi ZiriTadad icavs Tavis bazars axali industriuli qveynebis produqciisagan. beki eWvqveS ayenebs im mosazrebas, rom globalizebuli ekonomika saukeTesoa msoflioSi keTildReobis donis asamaRleblad da miaCnia, rom `Tavisufali vaWroba~, dRevandeli gagebiT, Zalian Sors aris devid rikardoseuli modelisagan. mesame samyaros da evropis postkomunistur qveynebSi ekonomikis dabali done da gavrcelebuli umuSevroba aiZulebs am qveynebis mTavrobebs gaataron eqsportze orientirebuli politika, riTac zaraldeba socialuri da ekologiuri standartebi. es qveynebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebidan investiciebis mozidvaSi. saubari imaze, rom Tavisufali vaWrobiT gamowveuli konkurencia amcirebs danaxarjebs da amitom is ormxrivad xelsayrelia, bekis azriT, cinizmia, vinaidan danaxarjebis Semcireba SesaZlebelia an gazrdili ekonomiurobiT (ufro srulyofili teqnologiebi, ukeTesi menejmenti, sxv.) an adamianisaTvis Sesabamisi samuSao pirobebis arSeqmniT. amgvarad, bekis azriT, aseTi gziT miRweuli danaxarjebis Semcireba `transnacionaluri mekobreobis gviandel variants~ hgavs. beki aseve iSveliebs maqs veberis mosazrebas, romelic man jer kidev 1894 wels gamoTqva Tavis naSromSi — iseTi msoflio ekonomika, rogoris Seqmnac sabolood surT dRevandel liberalebs, anu msoflio saxelmwifoebis gareSe da kacobriobis kulturuli donis sruli gaTanabreba — sruli utopiaa. vaWrobis globalizaciaze saubrisas gverds ver avuvliT vaWrobis eleqtronul formas. is farTod iwyebs gavrcelebas meoce saukunis bolo periodidan da, Tavis mxriv, informaciis globalizaciis Sedegia. swored inetrnetis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda saxlidan gausvlelad ramdenime wamSi nebismieri produqciis SeZena msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi. vaWrobis am formaSi ugulebelyofilia droisa da teritoriuli siSoris faqtorebi. Tumca internet-vaWroba garkveul sirTuleebs

ver iqneboda) ar Camouvardeboda da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, aRemateboda kidec dRevandel maCveneblebs. rogorc hersti da tomfsoni aRniSnaven, vinaidan 1870-1914 wlebSi saerTaSoriso savaWro brunva yovelwliurad 3,4%-iT izrdeboda da msoflios mTliani Sida produqtis 33%-s Seadgenda, anu saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebi ufro intensiuri iyo, vidre dRes, globalizaciaze, rogorc Tanamedrove movlenaze saubari ar aris mizanSewonili da metic, es ubralod miTia. globalizaciis mimarT skeptikurad ganwyobilebi erT-erT argumentad asaxeleben pirvel da meore msoflio omebs Soris periods, rodesac ekonomikuri transaqciebis intensivobam mniSvnelovnad iklo im proteqcionistuli politikis gamo, romlis gatarebac daiwyes dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma. gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTi roli Seasrula aSS-is mier miRebulma smuT-holeis aqtma, romelic am qveynis istoriaSi yvelaze proteqcionistuli kanoni iyo. Semosul saqonelze tarifebis gazrdiT, amerikam faqtiurad aiZula sxva saxelmwifoebi, SeewyvitaT masTan savaWro urTierTobebi da metic, igive nabijebi gadaedgaT, anu aseve moematebinaT tarifebi importze. am istoriul magaliTze dayrdnobiT globalizaciis skeptikosebi askvnian, rom pirvel rigSi globalizaciis procesi ar aris axali movlena, da meore — is aris sxva, ufro farTo, procesis nawili, romelic araTanmimdevrulia da seriozuli cvalebadobebiT gamoirCeva. Sesabamisad, maTi azriT, meoce saukunis meore naxevridan agorebuli axali talRa aucileblad Seicvleba, vinaidan savaraudoa, rom erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare saxelmwifoebi kvlav Caketaven sazRvrebs da daubrundebian proteqcionizms. am mosazrebis ar eTanxmebian globalizaciis momxreebi da miiCneven, rom msoflio omebs Soris periodis ekonomikuri krizisi swored imis Sedegi iyo, rom qveynebs jer kidev kargad ar hqondaT gaTviTcnobierebuli Ria vaWrobisa da ekonomikis yvela sferoSi intensiuri transaqciebis roli. maTi azriT, krizisi gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom saxelmwifoebma ara liberaluri, aramed proteqcionisturi mosazrebebiT ixelmZRvaneles. Tumca, aqve aRniSnaven, rom es Secdoma kargad gaaanalizes dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma da meore msoflio omis Semdgomi cvlilebebi msoflio ekonomikur urTierTobebSi amis dasturia. bevri mecnieris azriT, msoflio ekonomikis globalizacia swored meore msoflio omis Semdeg iwyeba da pirdapir ukavSirdeba breton-vudsis institutebs. msoflio banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi safinanso sferoSi, xolo gati — savaWro sferoSi, axali ekonomikuri wesrigis qvakuTxeds warmoadgendne. pirveli ori organizaciis mizani iyo SeenarCunebinaT valutis stabiluri kursi, xeli SeewyoT omisagan dasustebuli evropis saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri gamojansaRebisaTvis, finansuri daxmareba aRmoeCinaT yvela im saxelmwifosaTvis, romelsac es esaWiroeboda da, zogadad, daemkvidrebinaT liberaluri ekonomikuri Rirebulebebi. garda amisa, dadginda valutebis fiqsirebuli kursi, anu saxelmwifoebma TavianTi erovnuli valutebi aSS dolarTan mimarTebaSi gansazRvres, xolo dolari Seefarda oqros. gatis saqmianoba iTvaliswinebda tarifebis dawevis xelSewyobas da savaWro sferos liberalizacias. im periodSi savaWro brunva TiTqmis oTxjer gaizarda. savaWro da safinanso sistemebis liberalizacias mohyva sainvesticio klimatis liberalizacia da qveynebma gaxsnes sazRvrebi saerTaSoriso investiciebisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom breton-vudsis sistemam didi xani ver iarseba da 1971 wels man oficialurad Sewyvita arseboba, globalistebis proponentebis azriT, safuZveli Caeyara Tvisebrivad axal, Seuqcevad process, romlis saboloo mizanic aris erTiani ekonomikis Seqmna. am procesSi, bunebrivia, erovnuli ekonomika veRar iqneba gancalkevebuli da, rogorc zurab daviTaSvili aRniSnavs, dRevandel pirobebSi saxelmwifoebi ise arian erTmaneTze urTierTdamokidebuli, rom arc erTi erovnuli ekonomika ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos `saSinaod~. es aris msoflio, sadac erT qveyanaSi SegiZlia SeiZino nedleuli, meore qveyanaSi gadaamuSavo igi, mesameSi — Seqmna misgan produqti, meoTxeSi — SefuTo, mexuTeSi — gayido, xolo meeqvseSi — gauwio yvelafer amas koordinacia. anu, es aris warmoebis procesi sazRvrebs gareSe, rogorc mas mecnierebi uwodeben. misi arsi isaa, rom erTi warmoebis procesi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mimdinareobs. warmoebis aseT process bevri upiratesoba aqvs. maTgan aRsaniSnavia: warmoebis ekonomiuroba, romelic ganpirobebulia didi masStabebiT; arCevanis mravalferovneba, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom warmoebis procesSi SesaZlebelia SeirCes nedleuli, danadgarebi, adamianuri resursebi da sxv. yvelaze xelsayrel fasSi

paze, kanadasa da iaponiaze. mag., kanadaSi am periodSi inflaciam Seadgina 10%, xolo umuSevroba gaizarda 7%-iT. movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebam dasavleTis seriozuli SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia da kidev erTxel gaamaxvilebina maT yuradReba im politikurekonomikur daZabulobaze, romelic ukve didi xani arsebobda ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris. garda amisa, es gamarjveba imedismimcemi iyo mesame samyaros sxva qveynebisaTvis, romlebic opekis qveynebi msgavsad antidasavlurad iyvnen ganwyobilni. navTobis fasis gazrdas seriozuli Sedegebi mohyva. aziis qveynebma, romlebic industriul ZalebSi dominirebdnen, daiwyes sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis obieqtebis gakontroleba. navTobis eqsportis mwarmoebelma qveynebma daagroves kapitali. Semosavalis garkveuli nawili daixarja gaerTianebis SeqmnaSi, romelic unda daxmareboda sxva ganviTarebad qveynebs, romelTa ekonomikac kriziss ganicdida. maT Semosavali ar hqondaT, radgan dasavleTi Tavis produqtebSi Zalian Zvirs iTxovda, es qveynebi ki daumuSavebel navTobs iafad yiddnen. am fulis umetesi nawili elitis xelSi xvdeobda, romelic kvlav abandebda mas dasavleTSi an am Tanxas TavisTvis itovebda. aseve am fulis didi nawili armiis SesyidvaSi daixarja, ramac kidev ufro gaaZliera politikuri daZabuloba aziaSi. saudis arabeTma operatiulad daawesa kontroli aramkoze, romlis nacionalizaciac moaxdina 1980 wels. aseve opekis sxva wevrebic asrulebdnen yvela moTxovnas, swored amitom gaerTianebis Semosavali sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda. saudis arabeTma Semosavlebis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT SeimuSava xuTwliani samoqmedo gegma, romelic daiwyo 1980 wels da mis ganxorcielebaSi daixarja 250 miliardi aSS dolari. gaerTianebis sxva wevrebmac SeimuSaves ganviTarebis programebi. energokrizisma namdvili qaosi warmoqmna dasavleTSi.aSS-Si benzinis galonis calobiTi fasi 1973 wlis maisSi iyo 38.5 centi da 1974 wlis ivnisSi 55.1 centamde gaizarda. amis gamo niu-iorkis birJam 97 miliardi dolari eqvs kviraSi dakarga. dasavlur qveynebSi navTobis eqsportis akrZalvis dasawyisSi, aSS-Si yoveldRiurad 1,2 milioni barelis nacvlad, 19000 bareli navTobi Sedioda. misi moxmareba 1973 wlis seqtembridan Tebervlamde 6.1%-iT Semcirda, xolo 1974 wlis zafxulSi ki 7%-iT. aSS-Si iyo sawvavis mwvave ukmarisoba, rac meore msoflio omis Semdeg pirvelad moxda. navTobis eqsportiori qveynebi arc ki elodnen, rom maT gadawyvetilebas aseTi Sedegi mohyveboda. maT dainaxes, rom arakomunistur, industriul samyaroSi SesaZlebelia aseTi inflacia da, zogadad, ekonomikis aseTi krizisi. industriul qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT amerikaSi, am krizisma kidev ufro gaamwvava umuSevrobis problema da gansakuTrebiT imoqmeda iseT socialur jgufebze, romlebsac mcire Semosavali hqondaT. aSS-Si skolebi da ofisebi xSirad ixureboda sawvavis ekonomiis mizniT, qarxnebi amcirebdnen produqciis warmoebas da samsaxuridan iTxovdnen TanamSromlebs. navTobis eqsportis akrZalva mTlian evropas ar Seexo. evropis ekonomiuri gaerTianebis cxra wevridan yvelaze metad germania dazaralda, radgan man mxari dauWira israels da amerikelebs Tavisi sahaero sivrcis gamoyenebis ufleba misca.didi britaneTi da safrangeTi uwyvetad iRebdnen navTobs, radgan maT uari uTxres amerikas Tavisi sahaero sivrcis gamoyenebaSi da neitraluri pozicia daiWires arabeT-israelis konfliqtSi. danarCen eqvs wevrs navTobis miwodeba mxolod nawilobriv SeumcirdaT. didi britaneTi tradiciulad iyo israelis mokavSire da harold vilsonis mTavroba mxarSi edga israels eqvsdRiani omis dros, magram didi britaneTis momdevno premier-ministrma, ted hesma ar gaagrZela es politika da mouxmo israels daTanxmeboda sazRvrebis cvlilebas. amgvarad, evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis wevrebma ver miiRes saerTo politikuri gadawyvetileba iom qipuris omis pirveli Tvis ganmavlobaSi. gaerTianebam sabolood Tavisi azri 6 noembers daafiqsira, rodesac navTobis eqsporti ukve akrZaluli iyo da navTobis fasebic ganuxrelad izrdeboda. es gadawyvetileba ganxiluli iyo rogorc proarabuli da amitom opekma akrZalva gaerTianebis wevrebze ar gamoiyena. magram fasis gazrdam ufro didi gavlena moaxdina evropaze, vidre saerTod navTobis akrZalvam, gansakuTrebiT ki did britaneTSi (sadac isini axdendnen industriuli aqciisa da qvanaxSiris maRaroebis kombinacias).

aSS-Si energokrizisis daZlevis mizniT specialuri energetikis departamenti Seiqmna. daiwyo energiis racionalizaciaze aqtiuri fiqri. dawesda grafiki benzinze da mZRolebs mxolod garkveul dReebSi SeeZloT benzinis Casxma. manqanebiT moZraoba mxolod dabali siCqariT SeiZleboda benzinis ekonomiurad moxmarebis mizniT. aseve specialuri politika SemuSavda sinaTlis moxmarebasTan dakavSirebiT. amisTvis saaTic ki gadawies dRis Suqis maqsimalurad gamoyenebis mizniT. sxva navTobimportiori ganviTarebuli qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, iaponia yvelaze karg mdgomareobaSi iyo msoflio energokrizisis Semdeg. am qveyanam, realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, saswrafod daiwyo iseTi dargebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, romlebic yvelaze naklebad saWiroebda energoresursebs. iaponiis warmatebebi robotmSeneblobasa da, zogadad, maRalteqnologiur sferoSi, swored am periodidan iwyeba. amasTan, iaponelma manqanaTmSeneblebma meore revolucia moaxdines da Zveleburi didi manqanebis magivrad patara, kompaqturi da ekonomiuri manqanebis gamoSveba daiwyes. specialistebis azriT, 1973 wlis krizisi iyo mTavari faqtori imisa, rom iaponia CamoSorda navTobis industrias da uzarmazari investiciebi eleqtronikaSi Cado. 1974 wels vaSingtonis konferenciaze molaparakebebis Semdeg navTobze embargo moixsna, magram krizisis Sedegebi amis Semdeg ufro aSkara gaxda. navTobis fasis zrda gagrZelda kidev erTi weli da dolari, rogorc valuta, sagrZnoblad dasustda. energo-krizisis erT-erTi Sedegia is, rom qveynebi seriozulad dafiqrdnen iseTi energiis miRebaze, romlis ganaxlebac da aRdgenac SeiZlebvoda, gansakuTrebiT xis sawvavze. aiwyo mzisa da qaris energiis intensiuri kvlevebi. krizisma aseve ganapiroba Crdilo-amerikaSi arsebuli navTobis WaburRilebis Seswavla da aTviseba. garda amisa, kidev erTxel daarwmuna dasavleTi birTvuli energiisa da naxSiris mniSvnelobaSi. krizisis gamo gamoigones mravali ufro efeqtruri manqana, xalxi ki alternatiuli energiis ZiebaSi iyo, amitom navTobis fasebi TavisTavad daeca da 1973 wlis krizisis kvali nel-nela qreboda. aSS kvlav iyenebs navTobs Tavis mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT gacilebiT met proporciebSi. 1981 wlidan opekis produqciis xarisxma iklo da mas sxva qveynebis produqcia gacilebiT sjobda. Tan, masSi gawevrianebuli qveynebi erTmaneTSi ver Tanxmdebodnen. saudis arabeTi cdilobda yvelaze didi wili aeRo, igi yidda yvelaze Zvir navTobproduqcias, ris gamoc naklebs an saerTod ar iRebda Semosavals. amis gamo es qveyana iZulebuli gaxda Seemcirebina navTobis fasi. navTobis fasma piks 1979 wels miaRwia, maSin erTi bareli Savi oqro 80 aSS dolari Rirda. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi es ricxvi Semcirda da 38 dolari Seadgina. mTlianobaSi, Savi oqros gaiafeba didi warmateba iyo navTobmomxmarebeli qveynebisaTvis (iaponiisaTvis, evropisaTvis da gansakuTrebiT — mesame samyarosTvis). amave dros, navTobis fasis dacemam seriozuli problema Seuqmna CrdiloeT evropasa da sparseTis yuris regions, aseve ramodenime mWidrod dasaxlebul qveyanas, romelTa ekonomikac Zlier iyo damokidebuli navTobze. magaliTad, meqsika, nigeria, alJiri da libani navTobis gaiafebiT es qveynebi gamouval viTarebaSi aRmoCndnen. navTobis gadaWarbebulma warmoebam msoflio bazarze 1980-iani wlebSi warmoSva zedmeti produqcia, navTobis fasebi daeca da am faqtma opekSi uTanxmoeba gamoiwvia. navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis — venesuelis, nigerisaa da meqsikis ekonomika fasebis vardnis gamo savalalo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, saudis arabeTis uZlieresi ekonomikac ki dasustda.ganxeTqilebam opekSi ufro gaarTula mdgomareoba bevris azriT, 1973 wlis krizisma kargad daanaxa msoflios, Tu ramdenad damokidebulni arian dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebi navTobze da mis momwodebel qveynebze. Sesabamisad, dRes aRaravis epareba eWvi, rom navTobwarmoebis regionebi dasavleTis mudmivi interesis sfero iqneba da trategiul regionebad moiazreba. navTobis politika ki kvlavac darCeba saSiS da riskian politikad. britaneTSi 2004 wlis ianvarSi gamoqveynda ocdaaTi wlis winandeli dokumentebi. maT mixedviT aSS-is politikuri elita 1973 wlis energo-krizisis dros ganixilavda saudis arabeTsa da quveitSi SeWris ides, romli mizanic iyo am qveynebis navTobis WaburRilebze kontrolis damyareba. Tumca, es gegmebi uaryofili iyo, rogorc droebiTi efeqtis momtani da, saboloo jamSi, uSedego. dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebisa da opekis urTierTobaSi yovelTvis SeimCneoda daZabuloba. im urTierTdamokidebulebas, romelic arsebobs maT Soris,

dadebiTis garda uaryofiTi mxareebic aqvs. ramdenime Tvis win amerikis prezidentma buSma ganacxada, rom misi qveynisaTvis erT-erTi strategiuli sakiTxia energouzrunvelyofa da rom qveyanam intensiurad unda daiwyos energiis alternatiuli wyaroebis moZieba da danergva. es kidev erTi naTeli ilustraciaa imisa, rom dasavleTi ar aris mSvidad im faqtiT, rom is iseT mniSvnelovan sferoSi, rogoric energetikaa, damokidebulia iseT arastabilur da Znelad Sesacnob saxelmwifoebze (ramdenimes garda, romlebsac aSkarad prodasavluri kursi aqvT), rogoric opekis wevrebia. aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTi bolo xanebSi gadaiqca saudis arabeTis Semdeg meore yvelaze msxvil navTobeqsportior qveyanad. mas aseve gaaCnia dadasturebuli da jer auTvisebeli maragebi arqtikasa da sxva Znelad misadgom regionebSi, rac bunebrivia, gaaZvirebs mopovebiT samuSaoebs. ruseTi ar aris opekis wevri, magram eqspertebi sul ufro xSirad saubroben opekis alternatiuli organizaciis Seqmnis SesaZleblobaze. momavali organizaciis wevrebad moiazrebian ruseTi, yazaxeTi, TurqmeneTi, azerbaijani da irani.

globalizacia ras eZaxian dRes globalizacias da ratom aris es termini aseTi aqtualuri dRevandel msoflioSi? am Temaze davoben ara marto specielistebi, aramed socialuri mecnierebebidan Sors myofnic. garda amisa, xSirad globalizaciis arsis gadmosacemaT SecdomiT iyeneben iseT terminebs, rogorebicaa: `vesternizacia~, ìnternacionalizacia~, àmerikanizacia~ da sxv. Tavad mecnierTa Soris aris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba globalizaciis Sesaxeb da maT mier globalizaciis erTiani gansazRvrebac ki ar aris SemuSavebuli. amas erTvis is, rom globalizaciis procesi, rogorc ar unda ganvsazRvroT igi, ganuxrelad mimdinareobs da yvela qveyanasa da maT yvela moqalaqes exeba. gaCnda iseTi terminebic, rogorebicaa `globalisti~ da àntiglobalisti~. antiglobalisturi gamosvlebi dRevandeli msoflios politikuri cxovrebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca. antiglobalisturad ganwyobili beki globalizmze saubrisas wers: `globalizmi — esaa azrobrivi virusi, romelic bolo dros Seeyara yvela partias, yvela redaqcias, yvela institituts. mis dogmats warmoadgens ara is, rom adamianebma ekonomikurad unda imoqmedon, aramed is, rom yvelaferi, politika, mecniereba, kultura — ekonomikur primats unda emorCilebodes. amiT neo-liberalisturi globalizmi Tavis dauZinebel mters — marqsizms mogvagonebs~ (ra aris globalizacia? u. beki. gv. 156). globalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeebi aseve Tvlian, rom es procesi neoliberalebis mogonili da wamowyebulia, vinaidan es maT politikur interesebSi Sedis. globalizacia, maTi azriT akninebs suverenuli saxlmwifoebisa da maTimTavrobebis rols saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. am mosazrebas globalizaciis proponentebi kategoriulad ar eTanxmebian da miaCniaT, rom globalizaciam ki ar SezRuda erovnuli mTavrobebis roli, aramed sxva funqcia SesZina maT. ase magaliTad, erovnuli mTavrobebi axla ufro xSirad xvdebian erTmaneTs saqmiani SexvedrebiT, vidre es odesme momxdara. garda amisa, yvela ekonomikuri Tu politikuri gadawyvetileba saerTaSoriso doneze miiReba urTierTSeTanxmebiT da erTmaneTis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. swored erovnuli mTavrobebis damsaxurebaa is, rom globalizaciis procesi saerTod daiwyo da igi ase Tanmimdevrulad mimdinareobs. oponentebi amis sapirispirod ganviTarebad qveynebs asaxeleben, romlebic yvela mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebisgan gaTiSulebi arian. globalizmis procesis mimarT skeptikurad ganwyobilni acxadeben, rom mecxramete saukunis bolos saerTaSoriso transaqciebi ufro intensiuradac ki mimdinareobda, vidre dRes, anu savaWro da safinanso brunva (aq absoluturi raodenobis brunva ar igulisxmeba, rac, naTelia, Tanamedrove maCvenebelze maRali