z. kovziriZe, m. mSvildaZe, g. donaZe
kompoziciuri masalebisa da nakeTobebis sinTezis Teoriuli safuZvlebi meToduri miTiTebebi laboratoriuli samuSaos Sesasruleblad
`teqnikuri universiteti�@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
z. kovziriZe, m. mSvildaZe, g. donaZe
kompoziciuri masalebisa da nakeTobebis sinTezis Teoriuli safuZvlebi meToduri miTiTebebi laboratoriuli samuSaos Sesasruleblad
registrirebulia stu-s saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos mier
Tbilisi 2009
ganxilulia kompozituri masalebis rigi Tvisebebis gansazRvris sayovelTaod cnobili meTodebi. gankuTvnilia kompoziciuri masalebisa da nakeTobebis teqnologiisa da silikaturi teqnologiis specialobis studentebisaTvis. igi daexmareba maT samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebis Catarebisas da gamoumuSavebs damoukidebeli muSaobis unar-Cvevebs.
recenzenti profesori arCil saruxaniSvili
© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009 ISBN 978-9941-14-386-1 http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/ yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
sarCevi Sesavali ---------------------------------------------------------------- 4 1. masalis sinestis gansazRvra ------------------------- 5 1.1 woniTi meTodi ------------------------------------------------- 5 1.2 mqtu-s sinestis mzomiT masalis sinestis gansazRvra ------------------------------------------------------- 8 2. masalis simkvrivis gansazRvra ---------------------13 2.1 piknometruli meTodi ------------------------------------14 2.2 hidrostatikuri awonvis meTodi ------------------18 2.3 miRebuli Sedegebis Caweris forma ------------- 20 3. qimiuri medegobis gansazRvra ----------------------- 22 3.1 fxvnilis meTodi ------------------------------------------- 25 3.2 formirebuli zedapirTa meTodi ------------------33 4. xazobrivi siTburi gafarToebis temperatoruli koeficientis (xsgtk ) gansazRvra ----------------------------------------------------- 37
3
Sesavali saxelmZRvanelo
miznad
isaxavs,
studentebs
Camouyalibos kompozitebis teqnologiis sferoSi, eqsperimentis Catarebis ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebi. amisaTvis Cvens mier SerCeuli iqna kompozitTa teqnologiiT gaTvaliswinebuli procesTa Sedegad miRebuli produqtebis (dawyebuli kazmSi Semavali masalebisa da damTavrebuli TviT kompozitis), rigi Tvisebebis
gansazRvris
meTodebi.
vfiqrobT,
sayovelTaod
rom
am
cnobili
meTodebiT
myari
sxeulebis rigi Tvisebebis gansazRvris aTvisebiT, studentebs ltolva
eqsperimentebis
aReZvrebaT,
ris
gareSe
Sesrulebisadmi warmoudgenelia
Tanamedrove donis specialistis Camoyalibeba.
4
1.
nedleuli masalis sinestis gansazRvra
nedleuliMmasalis mravali
meTodi
sinestis
arsebobs.
Cven
gansazRvris SevCerdebiT
SedarebiT farTod gavrcelebul or maTganze.
1.1 woniTi meTodi aucilebeli mowyobiloba da WurWeli: 1. aluminis an minis biuqsebi tevadobiT >50-100gr; 2. saSrobi karada (maqsimaluri temperatura 150-200째C); 3. analizuri an teqnikuri saswori; 4. eqsikatori. 2-3
mm-is
zomamde
dawvrilmanebuli
20-50
gr
anawoni Tavsdeba kargad gamomSral biuqsSi. biuqsis wona winaswar dgindeba. aiwoneba biuqsi masalis anawonTan Tavsdeba
erTad, saSrob
ris
Semdeg
karadaSi
temperaturamde.
dayovneba
mudmivi
miRwevamde.
arsebuli
wonis
sinestis
da
mixedviT
5
biuqsi
masaliT
vaSrobT
105-110째C
karadaSi
grZeldeba
Sroba
nedleulSi
grZeldeba
1-4
sT.
mudmivi
wonis
miRwevis
sakontrolod,
biuqsi
masalasTan erTad iwoneba yovel 20-30 wuTSi. mudmiv
wonamde
eqsikatorSi
gamoSrobil
romelSic
sinjs
moTavsebulia
aTavseben qloriani
kalciumi an gogirdmJava. gaciebul sinjs biuqsTan erTad wonian sasworze. masalis
absolutur
sinestes
(wa)
adgenen
Semdegi formuliT:
Wa = sadac g0
-
g 0 − g1 ⋅100% g1 − g b
biuqsisa da masalis wona Srobamde, gr.
G g1 -
biuqsisa da masalis wonaa gaSrobis
Semdeg, gr. gb - carieli biuqsis wonaa, gr. masalis fardobiTi sinestis (wf) dasadgenad gamoiyeneba
Wa = wa–sa
da
wf
g 0 − g1 ⋅ 100% g1 − g 0
–is
erTmaneTSi
gadasayvanad
iyeneben Semdeg formulebs:
W f=
Wf ⋅ 100 Wa ⋅ 100 da W a= 100 + Wa 100 − Wfa
6
rogorc
wesi,
axorcieleben
sami
an
sinestis meti
gansazRvras
cdis
CatarebiT
da
saboloo Sedegi aiReba, rogorc maTi saSualo. Y
yvela
gazomva
unda
iyos
dafiqsirebuli
laboratoriul JurnalSi an cdis oqmSi Semdegi cxrilis saxiT.
1. 2. 3.
7
cdomileba
wa da wf saSualo
fardobiTi sineste (wf) %
absoluturi sineste, (wa) %
biuqsisa da masalis wona gaSrobis Semdeg, gr, (g1)
biuqsisa da masalis wona, gr. (g0)
biuqsis wona, gr. (gb)
cdaTaA raodeoba
masalis (nedleulis) sinestis dadgena
1.2. mqtu_s sinestis mzomiT masalis sinestis gansazRvra
saWiro mowyoboloba: sinestis mzomi. mqtu
(moskovis
qimiuri
teqnologiis
universiteti) sinestis mzomi warmoadgens (sur. 1) orasgramian saswors (1) romelzedac damagrebulia infrawiTeli
naTura
500
vt
simZlavriT,
infrawiTeli naTura (4) moTavsebulia amreklSi (2) da damagrebulia Stativze (5). lamfis mdgomareoba regulirdeba
CamketiT
cvlilebisaTvis
(6).
gamoiyeneba
Llamfis
varvarebis
transformatori
(7),
romelic CarTulia 127 an 220 v eleqtrul qselSi. varvarebis
cvlisaTvis
transformatoris
saxeluri
(8).
gamoiyeneba nimuSi
(masala,
nedleuli) 20 g odenobiT Tavsdeba faifuris an minis jamSi (marcvlebis zoma <4-5 mm); xolo minis jami masaliT _ sasworis mxreulze (3).
8
sur. 1. sinestis mzomi.
jami lamfis qveSaa ganlagebuli da lamfis varvarebis
gazrdiT
sakmaod
swrafad
SeiZleba
gavaxuroT masala 110째C-mde. temperaturas vzomavT periodulad
vercxlis
burTulakis
wylis
gamosakvlevi
Termometris
masalis
zedapirze
midebiT. gaSrobis periodSi masalis wona mcirdeba, rac iwvevs
sasworis
gadaadgilebas.
maSin
rodesac isari aRar gadaadgildeba 5 _ 7
wuTis
ganmavlobaSi
isris
(110째C),
cda
SeiZleba
CaiTvalos
dasrulebulad. sawors maTgani
ori
gviCvenebs
skala
SeiZleba
wonis
Hhqondes.
absolutur
erTi
danakargs,
xolo meore aorTqlebuli wylis odenobas % -Si.
9
Tu saswors meore skala ara aqvs, pirveli skaliT gamoiTvleba
wa
igive
formuliT
rogorc
1.1
qveTavSia moyvanili. Ggasagebia, rom am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia g0 da gb , (gj) codna. A am Setana
SemTxvevaSic
aucilebelia
laboratoriul
Jurnalsa
an
monacemebis oqmSi.
aqac
rogorc minimumi 3 cdaa Casatarebeli, YTiToeuli cdis xangrZlivoba, rogorc wesi, ar aRemateba 10_15 wuTs.
sinestis
gansazRvrisas
rig
SemTxvevaSi
mizanSewonilia jamis perioduli SenjRreva. imis mixedviT Tu rogori skala aqvs sinestis mzoms,
gansazRvris
cxrils
SeiZleba
ori
saxe
hqondes:
sasworze Tu ori skalaa:
cdaTa raodenoba
wa
ga
saSualo wa
1. 2. 3.
10
sizuste
sasworze Tu erTi skalaa
cdaTa raodenoba
gj
g0
g1
wa
wa
saS.
sizuste
1. 2. 3
wa–dan gamoviyenoT
wf-ze
gadasvlisaTvis
1.1–Si
moyvanili
formula,
visargebloT qvemoT moyvanili cxriliT.
11
SeiZleba an
cxr. 1. Aabsoluturi sinestis (wa) gadayvana fardobiTSi (wf),%
12
2. masalis simkvrivis gansazRvra simkvrives
uwodeben
absoluturad
mkvriv
mdgomareobaSi myofi masalis moculobis erTeulis masas:
Ď =
g g = g/sm3, Vb Vn â&#x2C6;&#x2019; Vf
sadac g _ mudmiv wonamde gamomSrali nimuSis masaa, gr: Vb
_
absoluturad
mkvriv
mdgomareobaSi
myofi
nimuSis moculoba, sm3: Vn _ nimuSis saerTo moculoba, sm3: Vf _ nimuSSi arsebuli forebis moculoba, sm3: simkvrivis
dasadgenad
yvelaze
xSirad
or
meTods, piknometrul da hidrostatikuri awonvis meTodebs
iyeneben.
fxvnilis
saxiT
meores
_
Ppirvel
arsebuli
natexebis
maTgans
masalebisaTvis, saxiT
masalebisaTvis iyeneben.
13
ZiriTadad xolo
warmodgenili
2.1 piknometruli meTodi. forovani gansazRvrisaTvis dawvrilmanebas
masalis
moculobis
mimarTaven #0063
badian
mis sacerze
swori winaswar 0,1-0,2%_is
tol narCenamde. simkvrives awonviT
adgenen
gansasazRvravi
masalis
gamodevnili
cnobili
piknometridan
simkvrivis siTxis moculobiT. Ppiknometri (sur. 2) viwroyeliani sazomi kolbaa (1) 25; 50
da 100 ml moculobiT. Mmas dagrZelebuli
Yyeli (3) gaaCnia garkveul simaRleze gafarToebiT (2).
sur. 2. piknometri.
14
gazomvis ramdenad
sizuste
sruladaa
mocilebuli.
haeris
damokidebulia
imaze,
nimuSisFfxvnilidan mosacileblad
Tu
Hhaeri
piknometrs
anawoniT nawilobrivad avseben siTxiT da aduReben 30 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. Hhaeris gamodevneba SeiZleba vakuumirebiTac,
30
vercxlis
svetze
wylis
vakuumireba
wuTis
nakleb
aucilebelia
urTierTqmedebs
ganmavlobaSi narCen
metadre
wyalTan.
am
Tu
dros
3_4
wnevisas. fxvnili
aucilebelia
nimuSis mimarT inertuli siTxis gamoyeneba (benzini, navTi, benzoli, toluoli an qsiloli). simkvrivis dasadgenad 50_100 g, saSrob karadaSi gamoSrobil masalas iReben, Semdeg amtvreven mas da afxviereben
agatis
miTiTebul
zomamde.
filSi miRebul
marcvalTa fxvnils
zemoT aSroben
saSrob karadaSi mudmiv wonamde 2 sT ganmavlobaSi 110°Câ&#x20AC;&#x201C;ze.
Tu
masala
am
temperaturaze
ganicdis
gardaqmnebs, Sroba ar aris saWiro. gamoSrobili simkvrivisaTvis
masala
Tavsdeba
saWiro
anawonebi
winaswar
irecxeba,
eqsikatorSi. aiReba
am
fxvnilidan. piknometri
ris
Semdeg
gamoSreba saSrob karadaSi, eqsikatorSi Semdgomi
15
gacivebiT.
Mmxolod
amis
Semdeg
igi
aiwoneba
piknometrSi
5窶電an
15
gramamde
analizur sasworze. fxvnili
(piknometris moculobis mixedviT) Caiyreba Zabris daxmarebiT
ise,
rom
piknometris
yelze.
sasworze
da
nawilakebi
Ppiknometrs
umateben
ar
SeCerdnen
wonian
analizur
wyals
piknometris
moculobis
naxevramde,
aduReben
ganmavlobaSi
da
1
oTaxis
aciveben
temperaturamde.
umateben
wyals
Wdemde.
saaTis
30
wuTis
ganmavlobaSi
amis
Semdeg
piknometrs
Wdis
zemoT
moxvedrili
wyali scildeba filtris qaRaldiT. gacivebuli aiwoneba
piknometri
(g3),
ris
wyliTa
da
Semdeg
nimuSiT
piknometri
gamoTavisufldeba, gairecxeba, gamoSreba, gacivdeba oTaxis temperaturamde, Seivseba imave Wdemde wyliT da aiwoneba (g2). Tu sakvlevi masala urTierTqmedebs wyalTan, maSin
piknometrSi
piknometris
moTavsebul
moculobis
0,25-0,5
(benzini, qsiloli da a. S)
ise,
fxvnils
amateben
inertul
siTxes
rom anawoni am
siTxiT srulad iyos dafaruli. Semdegi
procedura
vakuumirebaa
(sur.
3).
vakuumirebis xangrZlivoba 30 wuTs grZeldeba, ris
16
Semdeg piknometri ivseba Wdemde da aiwoneba (g3). awonvis
dasrulebisTanave
piknometri
gamoTavisufldeba, irecxeba, Sreba, ivseba Wdemde igive inertuli siTxiT da aiwoneba (g2). simkvrive ganisazRvreba formuliT:
ρ= sadac
g1 ρ siT g1 + g 2 − g 3
g/sm3,
ρsiT-siTxis simkvrive, g/sm3.
sur. 3. eqsikatori SeerTebuli vakuumtumbosTan: 1. eqsikatori, 2. piknometri nimuSiTa da siTxiT.
17
2.2 hidrostatikuri awonvis meTodi mkvrivi
masalebisaTvis
Hhidrostatikuri
awonvis
gamoiyeneba
meTodi,
Tumca
misi
gamoyeneba fxvnilisebri nimuSebisTvisac SeiZleba, Cven pirvel maTgans gTavazobT. meTodi
arqimedis
kanonzea
damyarebuli
(dafuZnebuli) da daiyvaneba im siTxis moculobis gansazRvramde, romelic gamoidevneba masSi myari sxeulis CatvirTvisas. am
meTodis
gansaxorcieleblad
mowyobiloba
sur.
warmoadgens
analizur
mxareze
4-zea
Camosakideblad
(2).
warmodgenili.
saswors
moTavsebulia
(1),
kauWi
kauWis
saWiro
romlis
masze
qveS
igi erT
nimuSis
moTavsebulia
WurWeli siTxiT (3), romelSic CaiSveba nimuSi(4) dakavSirebuli kauWTan mavTuliT (5).
18
sur. 4. hidrostatikuri saswori.
gansazRvrisaTvis
aiReba
xuTi
natexi
woniT
aranaklebi 10 gramisa. maT ar unda axasiaTebdeT basri
kuTxeebi.
nimuSebs
winaswar
recxaven
da
amSraleben, xexaven eTilis spirtiT da aSroben. amorCeul amagreben
nimuSs kauWze
Txeli
mavTuliT
winaswar
19
(0.1-005
mm)
gawonasworebul
sasworze da sazRvraven nimuSis wonas haerze (G). nimuSis wonis
sufTa (gm)
wona
gamoklebiT
miiReba (gn).
G- sagan Semdeg
mavTulis
igive
nimuSs
wonian distilirebul wyalSi (g1). awonvisas unda veridoT
Hhaeris
buStebis
gamoCenas
nimuSebze.
nimuSebi ar unda exebodes WurWlis kedlebs an Zirs, xolo mavTulis dagrexili nawili unda iyos dafaruli wyliT. wylisa da Hhaeris temperatura erTnairi unda iyos. simkvrivis saangariSod gamoiyeneba formula:
ρ=
Gn (ρw − ρ h ) + ρw , Gn − g1
sadac Gn = G − g m ;
ρ w − wylis simkvrive cdis temperaturaze,
ρ h − haeris simkvrive cdis temperaturaze.
2.3. miRebuli Sedegebis Canaweris forma piknometruli
meTodis
gamoyenebisas,
anaTvlebi, rogorc wesi laboratoriul Jurnalsa Tu oqmSi Seitaneba Semdegi saxis cxriliT:
20
1 2 3 21
gazomvis sizuste
masalis
siTxis
siTxiT
piknometrisa
anawoniT
piknometrisa
piknometrisa
carieli
tempetra-tura, 째C
raodenoba
cdaTa
simkvrive
gazomvis sizuste
gr/sm3
nimuSis simkvrive,
danakargi wyalSi, gr
nimuSis wonis
nimuSis wona, gr
wyalSi CatvirTuli
masa, gr
sufTa nimuSis
wona, gr
mavTulis
temperat.,째C
haeris
raodenoba
cdaTa
masa, gr
1
2
3
hidrostatikuri awonvis meTodis
sargeblobisas cdebis dokumentaciaSi Sesatania
Semdegi monacemebi:
cdebis Casatareblad saWiroa: piknometruli
hidrostatikuri
meTodisas
awonvisas
piknometrebi
analizuri saswori
saSrobi karada
eTilis spirti
eleqtroqura
distilirebuli wyali
eqsikatori
liTonis Txeli
Zabri
mavTuli
vakuumuri tumbo analizuri saswori
3. qimiuri medegobis gansazRvra masalis
qimiuri
medegobis
gansazRvris
meTodebis umetesoba damyarebulia sakvlev nimuSTa momzadebis or ZiriTad xerxze: 1. zomis
sakvlevi marcvlebs
masala da
warmoadgens
ganisazRvreba
garkveuli
saRi
(axali)
msxvreviT miRebuli zedapirTa qimiuri medegoba;
22
2. sakvlevi masala garkveuli zomisa da formis nakeTobaa. am SemTxvevaSi ganisazRvreba nakeTobis formirebis procesSi miRebuli zedapiris qimiuri medegoba. qimiuri medegobis TvalsazrisiT masalebisa da nakeTobebis Sesafaseblad aqtiurad rogorc erTi, ise
meore
xerxi
gansazRvrisas
gamoiyeneba.
Tavidanve
qimiuri
airCeva
medegobis
masalaze
an
nakeTobaze moqmedi garemo. garemo nestiani haeri an wyali, sxvadasxva mJava an tutea aRebuli. mJavaTa da tuteTa wyalxsnarebis koncentraciebi, rogorc wesi Sesabamisi standartebiTaa gansazRvruli. didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba
Cveulebrivad
zemoqmedebis
temperaturas.
aiReba oTaxis temperatura (18-20°C)
an 80 an 100°C. masalaTa gamocdis
nakeTobaTa
Sedegebi
Tvisobrivad gamoCena,
da
SeiZleba
qimiur iyos
medegobaze
warmodgenili
(nimuSis gare saxis Secvla – laqebis
xorklianoba,
simkrTale
da
a.S.)
da
raodenobrivad. raodenobrivi
maxasiaTeblebi
SeiZleba
sami
saxisa iyos: •
Tu masala an nakeToba tuteSemcvelia, qimiur medegobas
ama
Tu
23
im
agresiul
garemoSi
sazRvraven scildeba
tuteTa sakvlev
tuteTa
raodenobiT, nimuSs
gansazRvra
romelic
gamocdis
dros.
titraciiT
an
kolorimetrebiT xdeba; â&#x20AC;˘
qimiuri medegoba masalis (nakeTobis) wonis saerTo
danakargiT
SeiZleba
ganisazRvros,
anu xsnarSi gadasuli ingredientTa woniT; â&#x20AC;˘
qimiuri medegobis Sefasebis yvelaze zusti xerxia
masalidan
(nakeTobidan)
xsnarSi
gadasuli TiToeuli komponentis gansazRvra. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia gamocdis Sedegad miRebuli xsnaris sruli qimiuri analizi. qimiuri medegobis gansazRvris sxva meTodebic arsebobs,
magaliTad
sxnarebis
elgamtarebis
masalis
daSlili
Seswavlaze. meores
ki
pirvel
dafuZnebuli gazomvebze fenisSuqis maTgans
eliptikuri
miRebuli an
sakvlevi
intervenciis
konduqtometruls,
polarizaciis
meTodebad
moixseneben. sxvadasxva medegobis
masalisa
Tu
gansazRvrisas
nakeTobis
xSirad
qimiuri
gansxvavebuli
procedurebia Casatarebeli, dakavSirebuli cdebis xangrZlivobasTan, agresiul garemoTa raobasa da koncentraciebTan,
qimiuri
24
medegobis
maxasiaTebelTa
nairsaxeobebidan.
Cven
SevecadeT
warmogvedgina masalis (nakeTobis) gansazRvris is saerTo,
rac
axasiaTebs
am
qveTavis
dasawyisSi
moyvanil xerxebs. samagaliTod aqve moiyvaneba rigi masalaTa gamocdisaTvis miRebuli pirobebi.
3.1. fxvnilis meTodi fxvnilis meTodSi sakvlevi masala mcire zomis nawilakebiT aris warmodgenili da ganisazRvreba am nawilakTa saerTo zedapiris qimiuri medegoba. imisaTvis, rom gamocdis am xerxiT miRebuli Sedegebi warmoadgendnen erTi da igive saxis, magram gansxvavebuli
Sedgenilobis
masalaTa
qimiuri
medegobis Sesadarebel maxasiaTeblebs, miRebulia nimuSis momzadebis miaxloebuli pirobebi. minisebri masalebisa da minebisaTvis (minanqari, sxvadasxva
daniSnulebis
masalebi,
minamatriciani
marcvlebis
zomebi
minebi,
minakristaluri
kompozitebi).
moyvanilia
cxrilSi
saWiro 2.
moyvanilia am meTodis ganxorcielebis pirobebi.
25
aqve
hidrolizuri klasi I II III IV V gamosakvlevi nimuSi reagenti
0-0,11 0,110,20 0,200,87 0,872,00 ≥2,00
H2O
DIN12122 mg-Si 100sm2zedapirze
0,016⋅HCl-is 1m3-Si
Na2O-s mg-Si
0,016⋅HCl-is 1m3-Si (citraciisas)
parametrebi
DIN 12111 germania
Na2O-s mg-Si
sax. minis instituti (ruseTi) – daCqarebuli meTodi
DIN12116Mmg-Si 100sm2zedapirze
cxrili. 2. sxvadasxva meTodiT qimiuri medegobis gansazRvrisas masalaTa hidrolizuri klasifikacia
0,00,00,0-0,7 0,0-75 0,02 0,06 0,060,32-0,65 0,2-0,4 0,7-1,5 75-150 0,12 0,120,65-2,80 0,4-1,7 1,5 150 0,53 0,532,80-6,50 1,7-4,0 1,24 ≥6,50 ≥1,24 ≥4,0 gamocdis pirobebi masalis fxvnili masalis zedapiri 0,56NaCl+ 0,56 H2O H2O H2O 20%HCl Na2CO3 narevi 0-0,32
zemoqmedebis xangrZlivoba, sT.
1
temperatura °C
100
1 100
3
3
108
108 natexTa zedapiri 10-20sm2toli
masalis raodenoba, gr.
2
2
natexTa zedapiri 200sm2toli
reagentis raodenoba,sm3 marcvlebis zoma
50
100
500
_
0,60-0,55
0,20-0,49
_
_
26
fxvnilis meTodiT sargeblobisas aucilebelia qimiuri
WurWlis,
momzadebis
mkacrad
reagentebisa
da
gansazRvruli
fxvnilis
RonisZiebaTa
Sesruleba. cdebisaTvis gamoiyeneba kvarcis an mdgradi
minisagan
gamoiyeneba
axali
damzadebuli WurWeli
qimiurad
WurWeli.
aucilebelia
Tu misi
winaswari damuSaveba. mas avseben 10-15%-iani NaOH-iT da
ayovneben
oTaxis
temperaturaze
7-10
dRis
ganmavlobaSi, ris Semdeg recxaven cxeli wyliT da aSroben. amis Semdeg WurWels amuSaveben mduRare distilirebuli
wyliT
im
pirobebSi,
romelsac
moiTxovs fxvnili. damuSaveba grZeldeba manamde, sanam WurWlis gamotutva ar miaRwevs minimalur da mudmiv sidides. cdis
Catarebisas
gamoxdili minarevis
wyali.
gamoiyeneba
wylidan
mocilebisaTvis
ormagad
SesaZlo
organuli
gamosaxdel
kolbaSi
amateben MnO2-is ramodenime kristals. gamoyenebamde tutianobaze raodenoba,
ormagad
mowmdeba. romelic
gamoxdili
amisaTvis
gamoiyeneba
wyali
wylis
cdaSi,
is
ititreba
indikatoris Tanaobisas 0,016â&#x2039;&#x2026;HCl-is xsnariT. Tu am xsnaris pirvelive wveTis damatebis Semdeg wyali
27
miiRebs vardisfer Seferilobas, momavalSi cdebis Catarebisas miRebul SedegebSi Sesworebis Setanis araviTari saWiroeba aRar iqneba. im semTxvevaSi, Tu vardisferi SeferilobisaTvis dasWirda mJavis meti raodenoba, Sesatania Sesworebebi. ormagad gamoxdil wyals inaxaven tevadobaSi, romlebsac xsnaris
gaaCniaT
misaRebad,
mixexili rogorc
sacobi. wesi
0,016â&#x2039;&#x2026;HCl-is
1,19g/sm3
toli
simkvrivis qimiurad sufTa marilmJavas iyeneben. sakvlevi nimuSis 100 gr-s iReben, awvrileben faifuris
filaSi
Sesabamisi
da
crian
fraqciis
sacerTa
misaRebad.
wyebaSi Semdeg
dawvrilmanebul nimuSidan airCeva momrgvalebuli marcvlebi. amgvarad mzaddeba xuTjer meti fxvnili, vidre
es
saWiroa
cdisaTvis.
momrgvalebuli
marcvlebis SerCevisaTvis fxvnili Tavsdeba xis an faneris
zedapirze
(75X50sm),
romelic
daqanebul
mdgomareobaSia.
momrgvalebuli
marcvlebi
`gordebian~,
sxvadasxva
formis
marcvlebi
zedapirze.
saboloo
rCebian
xis
xolo an
faneris
daxarisxebisaTvis saWiroa pinceti da gamadidebeli SuSa. amgvarad SerCeuli fxvnili irecxeba eTilis spirtiT da Sreba.
28
sur. 5. mowyobiloba qimiuri medegobis gansazRvrisaTvis.
mowyobiloba qimiuri medegobis gansazRvrisaTvis moyvanilia sur. 5â&#x20AC;&#x201C;ze. 2 gr. minis fxvnili Tavsdeba brtyelpira moyvanili
kolbaSi meTodis
da
mas
mixedviT
29
emateba ormagad
cxr.
2-Si
gamoxdili
wyali.
kolbas
moTavsebulia
xuraven
sacobiT,
ukumacivari.
kolba
romelSic ukumacivriT
Tavsdeba mduRare wylis abazanaSi da yovndeba 1 sT. temperaturis
saregistraciod
sacobSi
SeiZleba movaTavsoT Termometric. dayovnebis
damTavrebisTanave
xsnari
gadaitaneba 50 ml. moculobis (an meti) biuretSi da mimdinareobs misi gadatitvra cxel mdgomareobaSi 0,01 n HCl-is xsnariT ori wveTi meTilrotis xsnaris Tanaobisas (0.1g. meTilroti 100ml. eTilis spirtze). cdis Sedegebis SefasebisaTvis iyeneben 0,01 n HCl-is xsnaris ml-s an xsnarSi gadasuli Na2O-s mg-iT (1ml. 001 n HCl-is xsnari Seesabameba 0,31 mg Na2O-s). laboratoriul
JurnalSi
(an
oqmSi)
cdis
1 2 3 30
cdomileba
hidrolizuri klasi
gamotutuli Na2O-s odenoba, mg-Si
0,01 n HCl-is xsnaris raodenoba titraciisas daxarju-li, ml-Si
cdis raodenoba
Sedegebi Seitaneba Semdegi saxiT.
arc Tu iSviaTia, rodesac fxvnilis meTodiT qimiuri
medegobis
sidides
adgenen
masalis
danakargiT %-Si. es ZiriTadad maSin xdeba, rodesac tute oqsidTa odenoba masalaSi metad mcirea an masala mravalkomponentiania. am SemTxvevaSi cdis Catarebis Semdeg miRebul xsnars
masalis
darCenil
filtraven
(lurji
filtrze
srulad
nawilTan
filtri).
nimuSis
erTad narCenis
gadatanisaTvis
iyeneben
bidistiliats. filtrze narCeni irecxeba mduRare bidistiliatiT.
amis
Semdeg
filtrs
narCeniT
aTavseben faifuris qoTanSi, aSroben da avarvareben (gamowvaven) mudmiv wonamde. Sedegebis gaformeba Semdegi cxrilis mixedviT Caiwereba
laboratoriul
Jurnalsa
an
oqmSi,
medegobas angariSoben Semdegi formuliT: wyalmedegoba (wm) = 100 − sadac g0 – gamocdis Semdeg. cdis raodenoba
nimuSis
masalis wona cdis cdamde Semdeg
g 0 − g1 g ⋅ 100 = 1 ⋅100 g0 g0
masa
gamocdamde,
g1
–
wyalmedegoba (mJavamedegoba, cdomileba tutemedegoba)
1 2 3 31
igive
TanmimdevrobiT
meTodiT
mimdinareobs
mJavamedegobisa
gansazRvra
danakargis
da
fxvnilis
tutemedegobis
procentebiT
Sefasebisas,
Tumca arsebobs ramodenime gansxvaveba. mJavamedegobisaTvis Tadarigi
igivea.
nimuSis
reagentad
momzadebis
aiReba
20%
HCl
wyalxsnari (DINE12111) an, amerikuli standartiT 0,02n. H2SO4 –wyalxsnari. orive SemTxvevaSi nimuSis odenoba 10 grami unda iyos, xolo reagentebisa 5060sm3.
amerikuli
standartiT
damuSavebis
xangrZlivoba 4sT-s Seadgens, xolo temperatura 108°C–s. orive SemTxvevaSi gafiltvras awarmoeben manamde,
vidre
ganarecxi
wylebi
ar
gviCveneben
meTiloranjis sinjisas neitralur reaqcias. tutemedegobis
dadgenisas
reagenti
20,5g
NaOH+27gNa2CO3, 1000ml. wyalSia gaxsnili. reagentis odenoba 100ml-mde,
minisa-10g-mde. gafiltvrisaTvis
viyenebT 100ml. cxel bidistiliat da 30ml. cxel 10%HCl –is xsnars. gafiltvra grZeldeba vidre 1% azotmJava vercxli ar gviCvenebs Cl ionTa srul gaqrobas. calkeul romlebic
qveynebSi
SesaZloa
arsebobs
gansxvavdebian
standartebi, aq
moyvanil
pirobebisagan. saerTo maT Soris fxvnilis meTodis
32
erTi
da
igive
mowyobiloba
da
zemoqmedebis
principebia.
3.2. formirebuli zedapirTa meTodi. cxr.
2-Si
standartis
moyvanilia
pirobebi
ori
germanuli
mJavamedegobisa
da
tutemedegobis dasadgenad minis, minamasalebisa da minamatriciani komponentebisaTvis. mowyobiloba am SemTxvevaSc iseTivea, rogorc zemoT aRwerili im gansxvavebiT, rom nimuSs unda gaaCndes
zustad
reagentSi
gasazomi
mavTulis
saSualebiT
farTobi,
(ZiriTadad
Tavdseba.
nimuSis
romelic platinis)
momzadebaSi
igulisxmeba eTilis spirtiT gasufTaveba Semdgomi gamoSrobiT. nimuSis uswormasworo
kideebs
ar
forma.
unda
rogorc
Cans,
gaaCndeT nimuSis
damzadebis saukeTeso saSualebaa misi dayalibeba am masalisaTvis misaRebi teqnologiiT. miRebuli
Sedegebi
gamoisaxeba
danakargebiT (mg) Sefardebuli 100sm2-Tan.
33
nimuSis
metad sainteresoa mominanqrebis
teqnologiaSi
miRebuli meTodika, romelic gamosayenebelia sxva masalebisaTvisac. sur.
6-ze.
xelsawyos
mdgradobas
saxe
afaseben
warmodgenilia
masis
danakargiT
nimuSis 1sm2-Tan SefardebiT (an 100sm2-Tan).
sur. 6. xelsawyo mJavamedegobis gansazRvrisaTvis.
34
3.3. qimiuri medegobis dasadgenad saWiro mowyobiloba da masalebi 1. didi faifuris fila filTaqviT; 2. sacrebis Sesabamisi wyeba xis an faneris firfita (75X50X05sm); 3. pinceti; 4. gamadidebeli SuSa; 5. teqnikuri (analizuri) sawori; 6. brtyelpira kolba (65-70ml.tev.); 7. wylis, qviSis abazana; 8. uku macivari; 9. satitracio xsnari; 10. 0,1 proc. meTilrotis spirtis xsnari; 11. Sesabamisi koncentraciis mJava da tute xsnarebi; 12. meTiloranjis indikatori (1-proc.); 13. azotmJava vercxlis (0,1%) xsnari; 14. filtrebi; 15. faifuris qoTani; 16. mJava da tutemedegobis Seswavlis mowyobiloba; 17. mJavagamZle rezini;
35
4. xazobrivi siTburi gafarToebis temperaturuli koeficientis (xsgtk) gansazRvra xsgtk
aris
temperaturis
myari
1째C-iT
gansazRvris
mraval
gavrcelebulia
sxeulis
sigrZis
gazrdisas.
am
meTodTa
mateba Tvisebis
Soris
kvarcis
metad
vertikaluri
dilatometriT (kvd) xsgtk-s gansazRvris meTodi. meTodi iZleva nimuSis dagrZelebis uSualo gansazRvris kvd-s
saSualebas
daxmarebiT
gaxurebisas.
SeiZleba
amis
vimsjeloT
garda minebis,
minamasalebis (minanqari, minakristaluri masalebi minamatriciani komponentebis) garbilebis dasawyisis da
gaminebis
kristaluri
temperaturis, myari
sxeulis
agreTve fazuri
nebismieri gardaqmnaTa
wertilebis Sesaxeb. kvd iZleva informacias myari sxeulebis struqturul gardaqmnebze.
36
sur. 7. kvd-s sqema: 1-alundis cilindri; 2,3-diskoebi Samotis masisagan; 4-foladis garsacmi; 5-sacobi; 6-milaki (foladis an spilenZis); 7-kvarcis mili; 8-mikronuli indikatori; 9-sakvlevi nimuSi; 10-kvarcis Rero; 11-macivari; 12asbestis ekrani; 13-sadgami; 14-traversi; 15-sferuli sayrdeni; 16-kvarcis firfita; 17-liTonis damWeri.
kvd
ZiriTadi
komponentebia:
vertikaluri
eleqtruli Rumeli, kvarcis milaki (7), Rero (10), macivari (11) da mikronul indikatori (8).
37
vertikaluri
eleqtruli
Rumelis
ZiriTadi
nawilebia: foladis garsacmi (4), sadac ori Samotis diskoebs
(2,3)
cilindri
Soris
(1).
gamaxurebeli
ganTavsebulia
am
alundis
cilindrzea
spirali.
cilindrsa
daxveuli da
garsacms
Soris sivrce Sevsebulia Tbosaizolacio masaliT, rac iZleva temperaturis zrdis mudmiv siCqares gazomvebis
srul
intervalSi.
muSa
sivrceSi
konveqciuri nakadebis mocilebis uzrunvelsayofad, alundis cilindris qveda nawilSi gawvrilmanebuli kaolinuri masis sacobia (5) dayenebuli. Rumelis
muSa
gaTanabrebisaTvis
zonaSi
temperaturis
moTavsebulia
foladis
an
spilenZis mili (6). sakvlev nimuSs aTavseben kvarcis milakSi (7) kvarcis firfitisa (16) da kvarcis Reros torsul kides (10) Soris. kvarcis firfita ganlagebulia sferul
sayrdenze
nimuSis
kvarcis
(15),
romelic
milakis
uzrunvelyofs
mimarT
paralelur
mdgomareobas am milakis RerZis gaswvriv. kvarcis milaki
(7)
specialuri
liTonur
damWerTan
macivris
(11)
weboTi
(17),
xvrelSi.
SekavSirebulia
romelic
moTavsebulia
macivris
daniSnulebaa
SeunarCunos xelsawyos liTonur nawilebs mudmivi
38
temperatura. macivari Rumelisagan izolirebulia azbestis ekraniT (12). traversSi (14) magrdeba mikronuli indikatori (8), romelsac SeuZlia traversTan erTad mdgomi (13) RerZis irgvliv mobruneba. indikatoris danayofis fasia 0,001 mm, xolo gazomvis zRvrebi 0-1mm. Rumelis muSa
intervalia
0-900째C.
temperatura
qromel-
alumelis TermowyviliT izomeba. nimuSis
momzadeba
Seicavs
masalisagan
50mm
sigrZis Reros damzadebas, romlis diametric ar unda
iyos
4-6mm-ze
meti.
rig
SemTxvevaSi
sworkuTxedi Reros gamoyenebac SeiZleba, romlis gverdebis
sigane
aucilebelia orive
ar
nimuSis
mxridan)
unda
aRematebodes
torsuli
erTimeoris
kideebis
2-4mm-s. (Reros
paralelurobisa
da
kvarcis milakis mimarT perpendikularobis dacviT moxexva. minisebri masalebis SemTxvevaSi nimuSebi maTi gamowvis temperaturaze xangrZlivi Termuli damuSavebis
Semdeg
aiRebian.
sxva
masalebis
SemTxvevaSi nimuSebi muSavdeba eTilis spirtiT. momzadebuli
nimuSis
sigrZes
adgenen
mikrometriT an StangenfargliT. amis Semdeg nimuSi Tavsdeba
kvarcis
milakSi
fanjridan.
39
masSive
amoWrili
gazomvisaTvis moyvanili,
xolo
saWiro
sqema
Termowyvils
sur. cxeli
8-zea bolo,
ganlageba da nimuSis kvarcis milakSi moTavsebis sqemebi sur. 9-sa da sur. 10-ze. Termowyvilis cxeli bolo
unda
ganlagdes
nimuSis
siaxloveze
an
nimuSisa da kvarcis firfitas Soris kideSi. meore SemTxvevaSi
xelsawyoSi
registrirdeba
nimuSis
sigrZis cvlileba TviT nimuSis temperaturasTan damokidebulebaSi da ara Rumelis sivrcisa. amas didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tu
masalas metad mcire
siTbogamtaroba aqvs.
sur. 8. dilatometruli gansazRvrisaTvis xelsawyoTa CarTvis sqema: 1. avtotransformatori (ЛАТР-1); 2. ampermetri 3. dilatometri; 4. wylis miwodebisa da mocilebis milakebi; 5. diuaris WurWeli; 6. Termometri; 7. potenciometri.
40
sur. 9. Termowyvilis ganlagebis sqema.
41
sur. 10. kvarcis milSi nimuSis moTavsebis sqema: 1. kvarcis Rero; 2. sakvlevi nimuSi; 3. kvarcis mili; 4. kvarcis firfita; 5. sferuli sayrdeni
nimuSis ganTavsebis (milakSi moTavsebis) Semdeg mas amagreben Werze dayenebuli fiqsatoriT da mils nimuSTan erTad aTavseben RumelSi. indikatoris korpusis awev-daweviT iqmneba misi nimuSze dawolis Sesabamis wneva. es wneva miiRweva
42
rogorc wesi indikatoris mcire isris daaxloebiT 0,2mm danayofze ganlagebiT. amis Semdeg fiqsatori mocildeba. gazomvis dawyebis win macivarSi gaiSveba wyali. wylis temperatura mudmivia da ar unda iyos 18°C-ze naklebi. temperaturis
mdgradi
zrda
miiRweva
gamaxurebel xviaSi denis Zalis gazrdiT. winaswar dadgenili grafikis mixedviT (3-4°C-wuTSi). nimuSis dagrZeleba (Cajdoma) registrirdeba indikatoriT cdis Tanabar da tol drois intervalSi. xsgtk-s sidides sazRvraven `nimuSis dagrZeleba, mkm-Si temperatura~ RerZebSi miRebuli wrfis daxris Ti
tgα-
nebismier t2-t1 temperaturaTa intervalisaTvis.
es niSnavs imas, rom
α (T −T ) = 2
am
gantolebaSi
1
l 2 − l1 + αkv. l (T2 −T1 )
α (T −T ) 2
1
-
nimuSis
xsgtk
t2-t1
temperaturuli intervalisaTvis, l / t D C , l1 - sawyisi nimuSis sigrZe t1 temperaturaze, l2 -nimuSis sigrZe t2 – temperaturaze (mkm, mm-Si). αkv.–kvarcis xsgtk-aa nebismieri
t2-t1-
intervalSi.
43
gazomvebisaTvis
ZiriTadad
α15-100=5,6⋅107
1/°C
gamoiyeneba
yvela
temperaturuli intervalisaTvis.
α (T −T ) 2
1
simjave
°C
dagrZeleba mkm
m3
Sesworeba Termowyvilis civi boloTi, °C
temperatura denis Zala RumelSi,A
cdebis raodenoba
dakvirvebaTa cxrils Semdegi saxe aqvs.
1 2 3 aucilebeli mowyobiloba da masalebi: 1.
dilatometri,
ampermetri
(5A-mde),
2.
avtotransformatori,
4.
diuaris
WurWeli,
3. 5.
Termometri, 6. potenciometri, 7. gamdinare wyali, 8. eTilis spirti, 9. Termowyvili.
44
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa T. baZoSvilis
ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT
gadaeca
warmoebas
26.02.2009.
xelmowerilia
dasabeWdad
02.04.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 2,5. tiraJi 100 egz.
sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77