ენერგეტიკული წარმოების დაგეგმვა განვითარება მ გუდიაშვილი, მ არაბიძე by georgianpolitics

m. gudiaSvili. Mm. arabiZe

energetikuli warmoebis dagegmva-ganviTareba

@`teqnikuri universitetiâ&#x20AC;?@

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

m. gudiaSvili. Mm. arabiZe

energetikuli warmoebis dagegmva-ganviTareba

registrirebulia stu-s saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos mier

Tbilisi 2009

damxmare saxelmZRvanelo exeba iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: energetikuli procesis organizacia da dagegmva. eleqtrosistemis simZlavris, eleqtroenergiisa da krebsiTi energetikuli balansebis Sedgenis principebi, energetikuli da ekonomikuri indikatorebis analizis meTodebi, energetikuli da samrewvelo sawarmoebis energoefeqturoba da energomenejmenti. damxmare saxelmZRvaneloSi gaanalizebulia msoflio civilizaciis iseTi aqtualuri problema, rogoricaa siTburi gazebis gamofrqveva da naCvenebia sufTa ganviTarebis meqanizmis ganxorcielebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi. Ddamxmare saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis energetikisa da telekomunikaciis fakultetis eleqtroenergetikisa da Tboenergetikis departamentebis studentebisa da magistrantebisaTvis. igi agreTve did daxmarebas gauwevs doqtorantebsa da am dargSi moRvawe specialistebs. damxmare saxelmZRvaneloSi I_IV Tavebi damuSavebulia asoc. prof. m. gudiaSvilis, xolo V_VII Tavebi asist. prof m. arabiZis mier.

recenzenti asocirebuli profesori g. amyolaZe

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009 ISBN 978-9941-14-286-4 http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/ yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

Sinaarsi Tavi I. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3 1.4 Tavi II. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3 2.4. Tavi III. 3.1. 3.2 3.3. Tavi IV. 4.1 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. Tavi V 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 5.5. 5.6. Tavi VI 6.1. 6.2 6.3. Tavi VII 7.1. 7.2 7.3

eleqtroenergetikuli sistemis organizacia da sawarmoo procesebis dagegmva sawarmoo procesis dagegmva energetikul sawarmoSi eleqtrosistemis eleqtrosadgurebs Soris datvirTvebis ekonomikuri ganawileba energetikul sawarmoebSi saremonto samuSaoTa dagegmva eleqtrosistemis saimedooba da eleqtroenergiis xarisxi saTbob-energetikuli balansi da energetikuli indikatorebis analizi simZlavris balansis dagegmva, energetikuli sawarmos sagegmo maCveneblebi eleqtroenergiis balansis dagegmva krebsiTi energetikuli balansis dagegmva energomoTxovnilebis dagegmva da energiaSemcvelis arCevis teqnikurekonomikuri dasabuTeba eleqtro da Tburi energiis tarifi da maTi optimizacia sawarmoo danaxarjebis kalkulacia da produqciis TviTRirebulebis dagegmva. produqciis TviTRirebulebis Semcirebis rezervebis gamovlenis meTodebi eleqtro da Tburi energiis tarifis optimizacia. kapitaldabandeba energetikaSi da drois faqtori teqnikurekonomikur gamoTvlebSi energetikuli obieqtebis proeqtirebis stadiebi da saxarjTaRricxvo Rirebuleba energetikuli sawarmoebis kapitaluri xarjebi da energoefeqturoba drois faqtori teqnikur-ekonomikur gamoTvlebSi kapitaluri dabandebis efeqtianobis gaangariSeba diskontirebis saSualebiT. ekonomikuri analizis meTodebi energetikul sawarmoebSi martivi amogebis meTodi fulis Rirebuleba droSi investiciis mimdinare Rirebulebis angariSi Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis Tanafardobis meTodi inflacia, bazris saprocento ganakveTi energetikuli da samrewvelo sawarmoebis ganviTareba energodamzogi teqnologiebiT samrewvelo sawarmoebis energoefeqturoba da energomenejmenti danakargebis aRricxva da energoefeqturi RonisZiebebi energetikulsa da samrewvelo sawarmoebSi siTbos gamoyenebis energoefeqturi RonisZiebebi sufTa ganviTarebis meqanizmis mimdinareoba da perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi sufTa ganviTarebis meqanizmis arsi da ganxorcielebis meqanizmebi eleqtroenergetikul seqtorSi sufTa ganviTarebis meqanizmis ganxorcielebis potenciali energetikis ganviTarebis prognozirebis meTodebi gamoyenebuli literatura

Tavi I. eleqtroenergetikuli sistemis organizacia da sawarmoo procesebis dagegmva $1.1. sawarmoo procesis dagegmva energetikul sawarmoSi sawarmoo procesi esa aris erToblioba Sromisa da im procesebis, romelic mimarTulia gansazRvruli saxeobis produqciis dasamzadeblad. Eeleqtroenergetikul sawarmoebSi sawarmoo procesis normaluri mimdinareobisaTvis aucilebeli danadgarebis regulireba da kontroli, saTbobisa da wylis miwodeba, eleqtro da Tburi energiis gacema mimdinareobs agregatebis gaCerebis gareSe. Aamave dros uzrunvelyofilia agregatebis muSaobis saimedooba da daculia parametrebi (orTqlis wneva, siCqare, temperatura)[19]. Eenergetikuli sawarmoo procesisaTvis damaxasaTebelia datvirTvis cvlileba droSi, rac ganpirobebulia moTxovnis cvlilebiT samrewvelo sawarmoebSi, transportze, soflis meurneobaSi, sayofacxovrebo meurneobaSi, sazogadoebrivi servisis da sxva dargebSi, rac Tavis mxriv damokidebulia cvlianobaze, klimatur pirobebze, sezonurobaze. dagegmvisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba energiis moTxovnilebis saerTo raodenobas (momxmareblebis SeTavsebul datvirTvis maqsimums) da simZlavres, amitom mniSvnelovani faqtoria datvirTvis grafikebis Sedgena. igi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba energiis moTxovnileba droSi. ganasxvaveben dReRamuri, kviris, Tviuri da wliuri datvirTvis grafikebs. eleqtruli datvirTvebis gansazRvra aris nebismieri energo da eleqtromomaragebis sistemis daproeqtebis pirveli etapi. datvirTvebis sidide gansazRvravs sistemis yvela elementis SerCevas da mis teqnikurekonomikur maCveneblebs. Eenergosistemis datvirTva icvleba drois mixedviT, amitom misi WeSmariti mniSvnelobis winaswari Sefaseba Zalze rTulia. Eeleqtroenergiaze moTxovnis cvlilebas droSi axasiaTebs eleqtruli datvirTvis grafikebi. datvirTvis grafikebs uwodeben aqtiuri da reaqtiuli simZlavreebis da denebis droSi cvlilebis grafikebs. datvirTvebis (cvlileba) rxeva SeiZleba iyos: regularuli; SemTxveviTi (araregularuli). arCeven datvirTvis regularuli cvlilebis Semdeg formebs: dRe-Ramuri (datvirTva mcirdeba Ramis saaTebSi, izrdeba dilis da saRamos saaTebSi); erTi kvirisa (datvirTva mcirdeba dasvenebis dReebSi); wliuri (datvirTva mcirdeba zafxulSi). datvirTvis araregularuli cvlilebis gamomwvevi mizezebia: Uuecari aciveba; U uecari daTboba; saintereso telegadacema; sxva. energosistemisaTvis iyeneben: • dRe-Ramuri datvirTvis grafikebs (minimum zamTris da zafxulis samuSao dReebis); 4

• wliuri datvirTvis grafikebs (Tviuri maqsimumiT da Tviuri energomoxmarebiT); • maCveneblebs, romlebic axasiaTeben eleqtromoxmarebis araTanabrobas. aseT maCveneblebad iyeneben: • eleqtromoxmarebis grafikis simkvriveebs (dRe-Ramuri, erTi kviris, Tviuri, wliuri); • maqsimaluri datvirTvis gamoyenebis xangrZlivobas; • eleqtromoxmarebis dRe-Ramur uTanabrobas; • maqsimaluri datvirTvis sazafxulo Semcirebas; • datvirTvis wliur zrdas. Ddaproeqtebis etapze SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas: • analogiis meTodi _ xanmokle perspeqtivisaTvis; • monacemebi ekonomikis ZiriTad dargebSi eleqtromoxmarebis Sesaxeb _ Soreuli perspeqtivisaTvis; • ekonomikur-maTematikuri meTodebi; • optimizacia da sxva. D datvirTva, eleqtromoxmareba anu moxmarebuli simZlavre, aris eleqtroenergiis raodenoba, romelic miewoda momxmarebels, gamoixateba kilovatebSi an kilovatamperebSi. datvirTva farTo gagebiT aris simZlavre, romelsac moixmars raRaca niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufi. xangrZlivobis mixedviT arCeven Semdegi saxis datvirTvebs: wliuri, Tviuri, dRiuri, saaTuri, ramdenime wuTis. zogierTi maTgani gamoiyeneba eleqtrosistemis parametrebis Sesafaseblad, zogi ki sistemis marTvisaTvis ufro xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi. Eeleqtroenergiis mimRebebis nominaluri (dadgmuli) simZlavre aris sawyisi monacemi, romelic safuZvlad unda daedos eleqtruli datvirTvebis gaangariSebas. energosistemis datvirTva icvleba drois mixedviT, eleqtroenergiaze moTxovnis cvlilebas droSi axasiaTebs eleqtruli datvirTvis grafikebi, romlebsac uwodeben aqtiuri da reaqtiuli simZlavreebis da denebis droSi cvlilebis grafikebs. daproeqtebisas SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas Semdegi meTodebi: analogiis, (xanmokle periodisaTvis), monacemebi ekonomikis ZiriTad dargebSi eleqtromoxmarebis Sesaxeb _ Soreuli perspeqtivisaTvis, ekonomikurmaTematikuri meTodebi, optimizacia da sxva). bazisuri datvirTva Seesabameba energiis moxmarebis grafikis im nawils, drois garkveul periodSi (dRe-Reme, Tve, weli), romlis drosac misi mniSvneloba rCeba ucvleli. eleqtruli datvirTva aris simZlavre da Sesabamisi deni, romelsac iZleva eleqtruli energiis wyaro, xolo eleqtrosistemis datvirTva aris jamuri eleqtruli simZlavre, romelsac xarjavs eleqtroenergiis yvela mimRebi da simZlavre, romelic modis danakargebis dafarvaze eleqtruli qselis yvela rgolSi[20]. eleqtromomaragebis sistemebis gaangariSebisaTvis arCeven eleqtruli datvirTvebis Semdeg mniSvnelobebs: saSualo datvirTva yvelaze datvirTul cvlaSi, romelic gamoiyeneba saangariSo datvirTvis da elqtroenergiis xarjis gazomvisaTvis. aqtiuri da reaqtiuli

simZlavreebis gamoiyeneba

denebis

saangariSo

eleqtromomaragebis

sistemis 5

naxevarsaaTiani elementebis

maqsimumi,

gaxurebaze

Zabvis gadaxraze SesarCevad, agreTve ekonomikuri mosazrebebiT. pikuri deni gamoiyeneba Zabvis rxevis gansazRvris, dacvis mowyobilobebis da maTi dayenebis denebis SesarCevad. sargebloben saSualo da saSualokvadratuli datvirTvebiT: saSualo datvirTva aris misi ZiriTadi statistikuri maxasiaTebeli, romelic iZleva SesaZleblobas miaxloebiT Sefasdes saangariSo datvirTvis qveda zRvari, damaxasiaTebel drois intervalSi. saSualo datvirTva ganisazRvreba aqtiuri da reaqtiuli energiis mricxvelebis monacemebis mixedviT: saSualo aqtiuri datvirTva aris: PsaS=Eaqt/tcik saSualo reaqtiuli datvirTva aris: QsaS=E reaqt/tcik saSualo deni:

PsaS

IsaS =

3 U nom cosϕ saS

saSualo sruli datvirTva aris: 2 2 + QsaS SsaS= PsaS

saSualo kvadratuli periodisaTvis:

datvirTva

ganisazRvreba

drois

garkveuli

saSualo kvadratuli aqtiuri datvirTvaa: T

1 PsaS.kv= P 2 (t )dt ∫ T0

xolo kvadratuli reaqtiuli datvirTvaa: T

QsaS.kv=

1 Q 2 (t )dt ∫ T0

xangrZlivobis mixedviT arCeven maqsimaluri datvirTvebis or saxes: a) maqsimalur xangrZliv datvirTvebs sxvadasxva mniSvnelobisaTvis (10, 15, 30, 60, 120 wT), romelsac iyeneben elementebis gaxurebaze SesarCevad da simZlavris maqsimaluri danakargebis gasaangariSeblad da b) pikur datvirTvebs (10-20 wm xangrZlivobiT) _ Zabvis rxevis gasaangariSeblad, dacvis mowyobilobis da maTi dayenebis denebis SesarCevad. saangariSo datvirTva aris iseTi xangrZlivi ucvleli datvirTva, romelic ekvivalenturia mosalodneli cvladi datvirTvisa Tburi zemoqmedebis mixedviT. praqtikaSi datvirTvebis cvladi grafikisas saangariSo datvirTvad iReben 30 wuTian maqsimalur datvirTvas, xolo mcired cvalebadi (mudmivi) datvirTvis grafikisas _ saSualo datvirTvas yvelaze datvirTul cvlaSi. datvirTvis grafikis saxeebia: • individualuri, romelic saWiroa eleqtroenergiis mZlavri momxmareblebis datvirTvis gansazRvrisaTvis. • sawarmoebis eleqtromomaragebis sistemis daproeqtebisas sargebloben sxvadasxva xangrZlivobis jgufuri datvirTvis grafikebiT. 6

•

saSualo datvirTvas angariSoben yvelaze datvirTul cvlaSi da weliwadSi. saSualo simZlavre yvelaze datvirTul cvlaSi momxmarebelTa (erTfaza, samfaza) jgufisaTvis, romelsac aqvs muSaobis erTnairi reJimi, gamoiTvleba: PsaS.cv=K gamPnom, QsaS.cv= K gamPnom tgф, sadac Pnom_aris momxmarebelTa jgufis jamuri nominaluri simZlavre; K gam _ gamoyenebis koeficienti. momxmarebelTa jgufisaTvis, romelTac aqvT muSaobis gansxvavebuli n

reJimebi :

PsaS.cv= ∑ PsaS.cv i

QsaS.cv= ∑ QsaS.cv

sadac PsaS.cv da QsaS.cv aris i-uri momxmareblis saSualo aqtiuri da reaqtiuli simZlavre. saorientacio gaangariSebisaTvis, radesac ar arsebobs monacemebi PsaS.cv da QsaS.cv sidideebis gasaangariSeblad, iyeneben aqtiuri da reaqtiuli energiebis wliur xarjs. PsaS.cv = E aqt.wl/TwlKKcv.aqt QsaS.cv = E reaqt.wl/TwlKKcv.reaqt sadac Kcv.aqt da Kcv.reaqt aris cvlebis (cvlianobis) wliuri koeficientebi aqtiuri da reaqtiuli energiebisaTvis da aiReba cnobarebidan. xolo ganaTebisaTvis: PsaS.cv =K moT.ganPnom.gan sadac K moT.gan aris moTxovnis koeficienti aqtiuri simZlavris mixedviT. saSualo kvadratuli datvirTva momxmarebelTa jgufisaTvis iangariSeba Semdegnairad: QsaS.kv = Kfor.reaqt QsaS. PsaS.kv=Kfor.aqt PsaS., sadac PsaS.kv da QsaS.kv aris saSualo aqtiuri da reaqtiuli simZlavreebi momxmarebelTa jgufisaTvis. eleqtruli energiis xarjis gaangariSeba: praqtikaSi iangariSeba wliuri, Tviuri an yvelaze datvirTuli cvlis eleqtruli energiis xarji. sawarmos eleqtroenergiis wliuri xarji: E aqt.wl= Kcv.aqt PsaS.cvTwl E reaqt.wl= Kcv.reaqt QsaS.cvTwl sadac Twl_ aris muSa drois wliuri fondi. saangariSo datvirTvebis gaangariSeba: sawarmos eleqtromomaragebis sistemis daproeqteba xdeba or etapad: saproeqto davalebis doneze da muSa naxazis doneze. pirvel etapze eleqtrul datvirTvebs angariSoben miaxloebiT jamuri dadgmuli simZlavris monacemebis safuZvelze. meore etapze datvirTvebs angariSoben dazustebiT, konkretuli monacemebis safuZvelze. saangariSo datvirTvebis gansazRvra xdeba qvemodan zemoT. gaangariSebis Sedegebi gamoiyeneba: • erT kvt-mde da maRali Zabvis mkvebavi da gamanawilebeli qselebis gasaangariSeblad; • transformatorebis simZlavreebis SesarCevad; • gamanawilebeli mowyobilobebis salteebis kveTis SesarCevad; • sakomutacio da dacvis aparaturis SesarCevad da sxva.

saangariSo datvirTvebis gamosaTvlelad ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba iseTi meTodebi, romlebic gulisxmobs: • dadgmuli (nominaluri) simZlavris da moTxovnis koeficientis gamoyenebas; • saSualo simZlavris da datvirTvis grafikebis formis koeficientebis gamoyenebas. Tu ganvixilavT dReRamur (24sT) grafiks (ix. nax. #1) davinaxavT, rom mas aqvs maqsimumis da minimumis wertilebi, romlebic iTvleba saxasiaTo sidideebad, xolo farTobi gamosaxavs energiis raodenobas. is zona romelic SemosazRvrulia horizontaluri xaziT da da gadis maqsimalur da saSualo wertilebs Soris, aris grafikis pikuri nawili. naxevradpikuri zona ganlagebulia saSualo da minimalur datvirTvas Soris, grafikis danarCeni nawili aris bazisuri.

E Nnax. #1. dRe-Ramuri datvirTvis grafiki datvirTvis grafikebi xasiaTdeba SedarebiTi maCveneblebiT: 1. Sevsebis koeficienti, ganisazRvreba saSualo da maqsimaluri datvirTvis SefardebiT; α=PsaS/Pmaqs es koeficienti meryeobs 0,70_0,95 farglebSi, imis mixedviT, qalaqis komunaluri momxmareblebis datvirTis grafikia, Tu energotevadi samrewvelo momxmareblebis. 2. uTanabrobis koeficienti, romelic ganisazRvreba minimaluri datvirTvis SefardebiT maqsimalurTan. β=Pmin/Pmaqs Mmeryeobs 0,55_0,90 farglebSi imis mixedviT, erTcvliani samrewvelo sawarmoebis da ganaTebis grafikia Tu energotevadi sawarmoebis uwyveti sawarmoo procesebiT. proeqtirebisas xSirad gamoiyeneba zamTris da zafxulis dRis ori saxasiaTo grafiki. GganvixiloT aRniSnuli maCveneblebi konkretul datvirTvis grafikebze (zafxulis, zamTris): magaliTi 1. saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemis 2007 wlis 1 Tebervlis dReRamuri datvirTvis grafiki (zamTari) (ix cxrili #2)[11]: 4 sT _ Pmin = 771 mvt 11 sT _ PsaS = 1153 mvt 21 sT _ Pmaqs = 1322 mvt α=PsaS/Pmaqs =1153/1322 = 0,87 8

β=Pmin/Pmaqs=771/1322 = 0,58P saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemis 2006 wlis 29 ivlisis dReRamuri datvirTvis grafiki (zafxuli) (ix. cxrili #3)[11]: 4 sT _ Pmin = 605 mvt; 10 sT _ PsaS = 913 mvt; 22 sT _ Pmaqs = 1044 mvt; α=PsaS/Pmaqs =913/1044 = 0,87 β=Pmin/Pmaqs=605/1044 = 0,57 dReisaTvis eleqtroenergiis saSualo dReRamuri moxmareba 20_27 mln kvtsT-is farglebSia, maSin, rodesac es maCvenebeli 1989-90 wlebSi 45_47 mln kvtsT-is farglebSi iyo. aRniSnuli faqti gamowveulia eleqtroenergiis moxmarebis SemcirebiT. moTxovnileba eleqtroenergiaze damyarebulia mrewvelobis, soflis meurneobis, transportis, mosaxleobis, sazogadoebrivi servisis da sxva dargebis uzrunvelsayofad saWiro eleqtroenergiis raodenobaze. saerTo moxmarebis Semcireba qveynis teqnikuri donis daqveiTebasTan erTad miuTiTebs cvlilebebze mrewvelobis dargobriv struqturaSi eleqtrotevadi dargebis xvedriTi wilis Semcirebis mimarTulebiT.

magaliTi

3. datvirTvis maqsimumis gamoyenebis dReRamuri saaTebis raodenoba. hmaqs=ЭdReR/Pmaqs (sT) sadac, ЭdReR_ dReRameSi gamomuSavebuli an moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis raodenobaa, (kvtsT) ЭdReR = PsaS * TdReR (kvtsT) TdReR_ dReRameSi saaTebis raodenobaa, 24sT. amis gaTvaliswinebiT formula miiRebs saxes: hmaqs =PsaS/Pmaqs * TdReR = α * TdReR= α * 24 (sT) MmagaliTi 3. saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemis dReRamuri datvirTvis grafiki 2006 wlis 29 ivlisi (zafxuli): hmaqs=ЭdReR/Pmaqs=PsaS/Pmaqs *TdReR = 913/1044 * 24= 0,87 * 24=20,88 sT MmagaliTi 4. saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemis dReRamuri datvirTvis grafiki 2007 wlis 1 Tebervali (zamTari): hmaqs=ЭdReR/Pmaqs=PsaS/Pmaqs * TdReR = 1153/1322 * 24= 0,87 * 24=20,88 sT praqtikaSi eleqtrosadgurebis muSaobis SefasebisaTvis ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba maCvenebeli:

datvirTvis maqsimumis gamoyenebis wliuri saaTebis raodenoba[19]

hmaqs=Эwl/ Pmaqs= PsaS/ Pmaqs * Twl = α * 8760 sT (sT) radganac saSualo datvirTva naklebia maqsimalur datvirTvaze: PsaS<Pmaqs, e.i. α<1 da aqedan gamomdinare, datvirTvis maqsimumis gamoyenebis wliuri saaTebis raodenoba yovelTvis naklebia kalendaruli drois fondze hmaqs<Tkal. Aam maCvenebliT SeiZleba ganisazRvros, Tu romel reJimSi muSaobs eleqtrosadguri; Tu hmaqs=2000÷3000 sT-is farglebSia, maSin muSaobs pikur reJimSi, xolo Tu hmaqs=5000÷7000 sT-is farglebSia, bazisur reJimSi. datvirTvis grafikebi gansxvavebulia: • Ggrafikebis konfiguraciaze gavlenas axdens ganaTeba, anu Tu grafikze didi nawiliTaa mocemuli ganaTeba, konfiguracia miT ufro araTanabaria. • ganaTebis grafikebs aqvT mkveTrad gamoxatuli saRamos maqsimumi. zafxulis TveebSi es maqsimumi mkveTrad mcirdeba. 9

â&#x20AC;˘

sawarmoo datvirTvis grafiki (amZravi da teqnologiuri) mcired icvleba wlis ganmavlobaSi. kviris ganmavlobaSi datvirTvis grafiki cvalebadia, samuSao dReebTan SedarebiT SabaT-kviris dReebSi datvirTva mcirdeba. kviris datvirTvis grafiki naCvenebia naxazze #2

naxazi #2. kviris datvirTvis grafiki Tviuri datvirTvis grafiki (ix. naxazi #3) naCvenebia SemodgomazamTris periodisaTvis, rodesac datvirTva izrdeba dRe-RameSi ganaTebuli saaTebis Semcirebis da Sesabamisad eleqtroenergiaze moTxovnilebis gadidebis xarjze. Pmvt PsaS

III

II A naxazi #3 Tviuri datvirTvis grafiki

kvira

wliuri datvirTvis grafikis (ix. naxazi #4.) eqstremaluri (saxasiaTo) wertilebi: maqsimumebi da minimumebi aCvenebs im simZlavris saWiroebas, romelic unda hqondes eleqtrosistemas datvirTvis mTlianad dasafarad. Tviuri maqsimumebis wliuri grafiki dgeba safexurebad, aerTebs Tormet horizontalur xazs, romelic TiToeuli Tvis maqsimums Seesabameba. 10

Nmvt

Pmaqs

Tve

III

VI VII VIII

IX X

XII

naxazi #4. wliuri datvirTvis grafiki amdenad, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba grafikebis regulirebas, ris Sedegadac umjobesdeba grafikis Sevsebisa da uTanabrobis koeficientebi da gaizrdeba eleqtrosistemis datvirTvis maqsimumis gamoyenebis saaTebis raodenobac, rac dakavSirebulia ekonomikur efeqtianobasTan. G grafikebis regulirebis ramodenime meTodi arsebobs: maT Sorisaa centralizebuli da adgilobrivi. • centralizebuli meTodi gulisxmobs qveynis mTel teritoriaze saaTis isrebis gadawevas erTi saaTiT win astronomiul drosTan SedarebiT (ix. cxrili #1). Aam meTodis efeqti mdgomareobs imaSi, rom ganaTebis piki dgeba maSin roca teqnologiuri datvirTva mcirdeba, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba eleqtrosistemis SeTavsebuli datvirTvis maqsimumi. [20] cxrili #1 Aastronomiuli 0 dro Nnominaluri 1 dro • •

...

erT-erTi meTodi gulisxmobs sxvadasxva tipis sawarmosaTvis sxvadasxva gamosasvleli dReebis dawesebas. Sedegad saerTo gamosasvleli dReebi aRar iqneba da datvirTva gadanawildeba. Aadgilobriv meTods miekuTvneba Sida sawarmoSi samuSao cvlebis gadanacvleba, roca meore cvlis nacvlad SemoiReben mesame cvlas da saRamos pikis datvirTva Semcirdeba. Aam meTods gaaCnia uaryofiTi mxare, kerZod uaresdeba dasaqmebulTa samuSao pirobebi.

eleqtrosistemaSi datvirTvis gazomvis formebi

eleqtrul sistemebSi saWiroa Semdegi parametrebis gazomva: Zabvis, denis, eleqtruli wredebis parametrebis (winaRoba, tevadoba, induqciuroba), simZlavris da eleqtruli energiis. E eleqtruli denis da Zabvis gasazomad gamoyenebulia: eleqtromagnituri xelsawyoebi da magnitoeleqtruli xelsawyoebi. D denis sazomi xelsawyoa ampermetri, romelsac wredSi rTaven mimdevrobiT. Tu saWiroa iseTi sididis denis gazomva, romelic aWarbebs ampermetris gazomvis diapazons, iyeneben mcire winaRobis Suntebs. Sunti irTveba ampermetris paralelurad. Zabvis sazomi xelsawyoa voltmetri, romelsac rTaven gasazomi Zabvis paralelurad. Tu saWiroa iseTi sididis Zabvis gazomva, romelic aWarbebs voltmetris gazomvis diapazons, masTan mimdevrobiT rTaven damatebiT winaRobas, romelzec iqmneba Zabvis saWiro vardna. Eeleqtruli wredebis parametrebis gasazomad farTod gamoiyeneba mudmivi denis boga da cvladi denis boga. simZlavris gazomva mudmivi da cvladi denis wredebSi xdeba eleqtrodinamikuri da ferodinamikuri vatmetrebiT. Eeleqtrodinamikuri vatmetrebis sizustis klasebia 0,1; 0,2; 0,5, xolo ferodinamikuri vatmetrebis _ 1,0; 1,5; 2,5. simZlavre mudmivi denis wredebSi izomeba eleqtrodinamikuri vatmetriT. cvladi denis erTfaza wredSi simZlavre aseve izomeba erTi vatmetriT, xolo samfaza wredebSi aqtiuri da reaqtiuri simZlavreebi _ erTi, ori an sami vatmetriT. Aaqtiuri da reaqtiuli simZlavreebis gasazomad gamoiyeneba erTi da igive xelsawyoebi, mxolod gansxvavebulia maTi CarTvis sqemebi. Eeleqtruli energiis xarjis gazomva samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebo miznebisaTvis xorcieldeba cvladi denis (40-60 herci) nominaluri sixSiris induqciuri mricxvelebiT. Mmzaddeba aqtiuri (sizustis klasebi 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 2,5) da reaqtiuli (sizustis klasebi 1,5; 2,0; 3,0) energiis mricxvelebi. Mmricxvelebs moeTxoveba TviTsvlis ararseboba da saWiro mgrZnobiaroba. Mmricxvelebis mierTeba qselSi xdeba denis da Zabvis transformatorebis saSualebiT. maTi CarTvis sqemebi vatmetrebis CarTvis analogiuria. Aarsebobs e.w. kombinirebuli cifruli farisebri xelsawyoebi ramdenime eleqtruli sididis gasazomad. Eeleqtroenergiis xarisxis Sesafaseblad iyeneben: • sixSirmzomebs _ sixSiris gadaxris gasazomad; • Zabvis xarisxis analizatorebs _ Zabvis gadaxris gasazomad; • Aarasinusoidurobis analizatorebs _ Zabvis arasinusoidurobis koeficientis gasazomad; • Aarasimetriulobis analizators _ samfaza arasimetriulobis koeficientis da Zabvis gauwonasworeblobis koeficientis gasazomad; • TviTCamwer voltmeters da oscilografs _ Zabvis cvlilebis gaqanebis gasazomad. ganasxvaveben sazomi xelsawyoebis mier gazomvis oTx saxes: • Ppirdapiri; • iribi; • erToblivi; • saerTo. 12

xolo gazomvis meTodebia: pirdapiri gardaqmnis meTodi da Sedarebis meTodi. Sedarebis meTodi Tavis mxriv iyofa Semdeg meTodebad: • diferencialuri; • nulovani; • CanacvlebiTi; • Ggadanacvlebis; • Ddamatebis; • damTxvevis. gazomvis Sedegebis aReba xdeba Semdegnairad: sazomi xelsawyoebi, rogorc wesi, unda moTavsdes punqtebSi, saidanac xdeba marTva. G gazomvis Sedegebis aReba SeiZleba moxdes gadasatani da stacionaruli, maregistrirebeli da saCvenebeli xelsawyoebis gamoyenebiT. eleqtrosadgurebSi da qvesadgurebSi, sadac ar aris dawesebuli operatiuli personalis mudmivi morigeoba, SesaZlebelia ar moTavsdes stacionaruli saCvenebeli xelsawyoebi da maT misaerTeblad gamoyofili iyos adgilebi. Ggeneratorebze, transformatorebze da 330 kv-ze maRali Zabvis gadamcem xazebze gazomvebi unda xdebodes mudmivad. hidroeleqtrosadgurebSi mudmivi gazomvebis nacvlad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos perioduli gazomvebi centralizebuli kontrolis saSualebiT an gazomvebi `gamoZaxebiT”. marTvis punqtis operatiul konturSi maregistrirebeli xelsawyoebis arsebobisas SeiZleba amave sidideebis uwyvetad gasazomad ar davayenoT saCvenebeli xelsawyoebi. Aavariuli procesebis avtomaturi registraciisaTvis eleqtrosistemis eleqtrul nawilSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos avtomaturi oscilografebi. gazomvis xarisxis ZirTadi maxasiTebelia gazomvis sizuste, romelsac afaseben gazomvis cdomilebiT. Ggazomvis cdomilebis sistematizacia xdeba ori niSnis mixedviT, esenia: warmoqmnis adgili da gamovlenis xasiaTi. warmoqmnis adgilis mixedviT arCeven: meTodur cdomilebebs, instrumentalur cdomilebebs da pirovnul cdomilebebs. gamovlenis xarisxis mixedviT arCeven: sistematur cdomilebebs, SemTxveviT cdomilebebs da acdenas (dacilebas). SemTxveviTi cdomilebebi aRiwereba albaTobis Teoriis meTodebis gamoyenebiT. Semdeg xdeba gazomvis Sedegebis damuSavveba, romlis mizania gairkves gazomili sididis WeSmariti mniSvneloba da am Sefasebis utyuarobis xarisxi. gazomvis saboloo Sedegi warmodgeba gasazomi sididis mniSvnelobisa da sizustis maCveneblis saxiT. Ggazomvis sizustis maCvenebelebi, gazomvis sizustis gamoxatvis xerxebi da gazomvis Sedegebis warmodgenis formebi gansazRvrulia saxelmwifo standartiT. sazomi xelsawyoebis cdomilebis saxeebia: absoluturi cdomileba, fardobiTi cdomileba da dayvanili fardobiTi cdomileba. Eeleqtruli sazomi xelsawyoebi kodirebulia klasebis mixedviT. Ees kalasebia: 0,05; 0,1; 0,2; 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2,5 da 4 (4,5; 5). 0,1-dan 0,5-mde klasis sazomi xelsawyoebi iTvleba preciziulad, xolo danarCeni- samrewvelo instrumentebad. sazomi xelsawyoebisaTvis saWiroa normaluri eqspluataciis pirobebis Seqmna. Ggazomvis sizusteze moqmedebs Semdegi faqtorebi: sazomi xelsawyos muSaA mdgomareoba (mdebareoba), garemos

temperatura, garemos fardobiTi tenianoba, atmosferuli wneva, Zabva da sixSire. E$1.2. eleqtrosistemis eleqtrosadgurebs Soris datvirTvebis ekonomikuri ganawileba E eleqtrosistemis eleqtrosadgurebs Soris datvirTva ise unda gadanawildes, rom daculi iyos sistemis maqsimaluri ekonomiuroba. datvirTvis ganawilebis optimaluri varianti gaiangariSeba saTbobis xarjis fardobiTi nazrdebis meTodiT. sistemaSi sxvadasxva tipis eleqtrosaduris erTdrouli muSaobis reJimis ekonomiuri optimumis pirobaa sistemis SesaZlebeli fardobiTi nazrdebis minimumi da sadgurebis datvirTvis zrdis kvalobaze am fardobiTi nazrdebis toloba. [19]

saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemis eleqtroenergiisa da simZlavris yoveldRiuri moxmareba saaTebis mixedviT 2007 wlis Tebervali (zamTari)

cxrili #2

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mln kvt sT

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1074 27,1

Tboeleqtrosadguris maxasiaTebelia saTbobis xarji B=f(PTes), xolo radganac hidrosadguris maxasiaTebelia wylis xarji Q=f(Phes). Tbosadgurebisa da hidrosadgurebis fardobiTi nazrdebi unda iyos toli, SemoaqvT Semasworebeli koeficienti γ, romelic awonasworebs hesis wylis xarjis nazrds (q) da Tesis saTbobis xarjis nazrds (b): b=γq anu γ= b/q koeficienti γ axasiTebs hesze wylis xarjis gamoyenebis efeqtianobas saTbobis ekonomiis TvalsazrisiT. rac ufro maRalia γ, miT meti 3 raodenobis saTbobs Caanacvlebs TiToeuli m wylis xarjiT, Aamitom γ-s uwodeben `hesis Tbur efeqts~. e.i. rTuli struqturis energosistemaSi datvirTvebis ekonomiuri ganawilebisas gamoiyeneba hesis ara naturaluri, aramed koreqtirebuli γ sididiT fardobiTi nazrdi. mniSvnelovania γ -s sididis sworad gansazRvra, romelic drois mcire periodisaTvis (Tve, kvira, dReRame) prognozirdeba. Semasworebel koeficientsa (γ) da wylis xarjs Soris (Q) damokidebuleba naCvenebia naxazze #5.

saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemis eleqtroenergiisa da simZlavris yoveldRiuri moxmareba saaTebis mixedviT 2006 wlis ivlisi (zafxuli) sT.

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978

963

938

982

953

905

961

972

959

981

1012

1007

988

998

1036

1014

969

1039

1060

1007

1055

1016

22 945

896

947

995

957

1018

1000

990

1044

1003

1020

1000

1066

963

889

1030

1047

977

967

1017

1023

1039

1016

1030

1027

1017

1068

1053

1044

1074

1049

23 878

808

930

945

883

958

911

898

964

908

952

907

974

916

870

950

947

911

940

942

908

940

959

944

956

931

975

958

874

970

939

851

24 751

750

767

779

833

825

844

839

848

772

807

mln 17,8 kvt sT

18,2

18,4

18,3

19,4

19,2

19,1

19,7

19,4

18,8

19,0 19,0

817 19,1

808 19,1

784 18,7

834 18,8

806 19,3

794 19,2

805 19,7

835 19,2

827 19,2

816 19,0

844 18,6

852 19,0

821 19,2

860 19,4

802 18,9

846 18,9

832 20,7

862 19,9

844 19,0

QsaS (m3/wm)

0,02

ЭdReRam

0,04

0,06

0.08

0,10

(mvtsT)

naxazi #5. damokidebuleba Semasworebel koeficientsa (γ) da wylis xarjs Soris (Q) γ-s cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba hesze wylis sadReRamiso xarji da Sesabamisad eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba. γ-s maRali mniSvnelobisaTvis, roca γq> b, QsaS da ЭsaS minimaluria da Seesabameba hesis pikur reJimSi muSaobas wyalmeCxerobis periodSi. γ-s dabali mniSvnelobisaTvis, roca γq< b, QsaS da ЭsaS maqsimaluria da Seesabameba hesis bazisur reJimSi muSaobas wyaluxvobis periodSi. γ-s realuri mniSvneloba devs sadRac 0,03 da 0,07-s Soris. rodesac wyaluxvobaa, b–s gasawonasworeblad viRebT γ-s dabal mniSvnelobas (0,36=0,02*18 m3/wm), e.i. hesis ufro meti simZlavre iRebs monawileobas datvirTvis grafikis dafarvaSi. wyalmeCxerobis periodSi ki piriqiT b–s gasawonasworeblad viRebT γ-s maRal mniSvnelobas (0,36=0,09*4 m3/wm). regulirebis ciklis periodSi, radgan Znelia wylis modinebis prognozireba, γ-s sidide da hidrosadguris muSaobis reJimi unda daigegmos drois mcire periodSi (Tvidan Tvemde). Tu hidrosadguris muSaobis reJimis gansazRvrisas wylis saSualo sadReRamiso xarji gamovida meti dispetCerul grafikTan gansazRvrul QsaS –ze, QsaS(saang) >QsaS, maSin γ-s sidides adideben 5-10 %-iT da angariSebs imeoreben manam, sanam QsaS(saang) =QsaS. datvirTvis ganawileba xdeba koreqtirebuli fardobiTi nazrdis γ-s cxrilis meSveobiT. cxrilis marcxena mxares naCvenebia γ sididiT koreqtirebuli fardobiTi nazrdi (tps/sT.mvt) zrdadobiT, bijiT 0,02. sistemis SeTavsebuli dReRamuri datvirTvis ganawileba warmoebs Semdegnairad: dReRamis yoveli saaTisaTvis pouloben, Tu rogori datvirTva unda dafaros sistemaSi Semavalma yovelma sadgurma Mmarcxniv mdebare calkeuli erTdroulad (Psist) (ix. cxrili #4). sadguris Sesabamisi diapazonidan irCeven TiToeuli sadguris datvirTvis iseT mniSvnelobebs, rom mogvces (Psist)–is mniSvneloba cxrilis marjvena mxares. magaliTad, mocemulia drois periodi 16-19 saaTi, am periodSi hidrosadgurebs SeuZliaT gamoimuSaon 350 aTasi kvtsT eleqtroenergia. γ - mniSvnelobas viRebT: γ=0,05. 18

Ddrois periodi,

(sT)

jamuri datvirTva, (mvt) Tbosadgurebi hidrosadgurebi

cxrili #4 19

520 520 0

600 543 57

720 558 162

650 543 107

H hidrosadguris gamomuSaveba Seadgens (0+57)/2+(57+162)/2+(162+107)/2=272,5 aT. kvtsT, rac naklebia, amitom Îł -s mniSvneloba aviRoT ufro mcire (Îł=0,046), ris Sedegadac ufro meti hidrosadguris agregati Seva moqmedebaSi. ix. cxrili #5 cxrili #5 Ddrois periodi, (sT) 16 17 18 19 jamuri datvirTva, (mvt) Tbosadgurebi hidrosadgurebi

520 482 38

600 506 94

720 543 178

650 532 118

datvirTvis aseTi gadanawilebis Sedegad hidrosadgurebis gamomuSaveba miuaxlovda mocemul sidides: (38+94)/2+(94+178)/2+(178+118)/2=350 aT.kvtsT datvirTvis ganawileba sxvadasxva tipis eleqtrosadgurebs Soris xorcieldeba maTi teqnologiuri reJimis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT: datvirTvis grafikis bazisur nawilSi muSaoben is eleqtrosadgurebi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT maregulirebeli wyalsacavi, bazisur nawilSi datvirTvas faraven Tesebi da aesebi, xolo naxevradpikur nawilSi muSaoben kondensaciuri eleqtrosadgurebi, pikur nawils faravs wyalsacavis mqone hesebi. Hhesma, romlebsac ar gaaCnia maregulirebeli wyalsacavi, wyaluxvobis periodSi wylisa da energiis danakargebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT mizanSewonilia imuSaos dadgmul simZlavresTan miaxloebul reJimSi. Ggazturbinuli eleqtrosadgurebi unda monawileoben mxolod zamTris muSaA dReRamis datvirTvis grafikis dafarvaSi sistemis maqsimaluri datvirTvis gavlis periodSi. saTbobis didi xvedriTi danaxarjebisa da maRali Rirebulebis gamo maTi gamoyeneba dReRamis sxva periodSi mizanSeuwonelia. $1.3. energetikul sawarmoebSi saremonto samuSaoTa dagegmva E energetikul sawarmoebSi arsebuli danadgarebisa da mowyobilobebis saeqspluatacio mdgomareobaSi SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebelia sagegmogamafrTxilebeli remontebis Catareba. ZiriTadi saSualebebis yvela saxeoba eqvemdebareba mcire, saSualo da kapitalur remonts. Mmcire ewodeba moculobis mxriv minimalur remonts, romelic iTvaliswinebs dazianebuli detalebis Secvlas. saSualo remonti SedarebiT rTuli sagegmo remontia, romelic gulisxmobs danadgaris nawilobriv daSlas da gacveTili detalebis Secvla-aRdgenas. Kkapitaluri remonti yvelaze meti sirTulis remontia, romelic iTvaliswinebs danadgaris mTlianad daSlas da yvela dazianebuli detalisa da kvanZis Secvlas, aRdgenas da sizustis Semowmebas. 19

Pperiods or kapitalur remonts Soris uwodeben remontTaSoriso cikls, romelic transformatorebisaTvis 2_3 welia, hidroagregatebisaTvis 4 weli, orTqlturbinebisa da orTqlgeneratorisaTvis 2_3 weli, qvabagregatisaTvis 1_2 weli. sagegmo-gamafrTxilebeli remontebis sistema moicavs Semdeg procesebs: mowyobilobis movla _ saeqspluatacio personalis mier; perioduli daTvaliereba _ 2 _ 3 TveSi erTxel saremonto personalis mier; sizustis Semowmeba _ im mowyobilobebze, romelTac es moeTxovebaT; zeTisa da sacxebis Secvla _ daWuWyianebuli zeTis Secvla axliT, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba mowyobilobebis cveTa da umjobesdeba maTi muSaoba. remontis Catarebas win uZRvis saremonto samuSaoTa organizaciis proeqti, sadac naCvenebia: saTadarigo nawilebisa da nayidi masalebis Rirebuleba, remontis moculoba, vada, saremonto personalis Semadgenloba, Sromis ganawileba maT Soris, xelfasis fondi, droisa da masalebis xarjvis normebi da sxva. remontebis ekonomikuri analizisaTvis gamoiyeneba RirebulebiTi maCveneblebi: 1. energiis TviTRirebulebaSi saremonto Semadgeneli, romelic iangariSeba, rogorc wlis ganmavlobaSi remontebze gaweuli xarjebis fardoba wliurad gamomuSavebul eleqtroenergiasTan. S sarem. Semad=竏全 rem/Ewl (lari/kvtsT) 2. xvedriTi saremonto xarjebi dadgmuli simZlavris erTeulze, romelic iangariSeba, rogorc agregatis an obieqtis remontze gaweuli xarjebis fardoba nominalur an dadgmul simZlavresTan. (lari/kvt) Sxv. rem=竏全 rem/Ndadg eleqtrosistemis saremonto (sarezervo) simZlavris dagegmva nebismieri eleqtrosistemis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia ZiriTad mowyobilobaTa perioduli gayvana gegmiur remontSi. eleqtrosistemis simZlavris saremonto rezervs warmoadgens e.w. zafxulis Cavardna Tviuri maqsimumebis wliur grafikSi. amasTanave, saremonto rezervad ganixileba hidrosadgurebis sezonuri simZlavreebi (zafxulis TveebSi), radganac es periodi emTxveva eleqtrosistemaSi datvirTvis Semcirebas. eleqtrosistemis ZiriTad mowyobilobaTa remontis wliuri kalendaruli gegma muSavdeba Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: 1. igeba eleqtrosistemis saespluatacio simZlavris wliuri grafiki; 2. eleqtrosistemis eleqtruli datvirTvebis yovelTviuri maqsimumebisa da misi normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebeli saeqspluatacio rezervis saangariSo sididis mixedviT ganisazRvreba sagegmo wlis yoveli TvisaTvis moTxovnili sadispetCero simZlavre; 3. saeqspluatacio simZlavrisa da moTxovnili sadispetCero simZlavris sxvaoba gvaZlevs sistemaSi arsebuli saremonto simZlavris rezervs. Eeleqtrosistemis saremonto rezervis wliuri grafiki grafikulad naCvenebia naxazze #6.

N mvt 4000

N seqsp

3000 N rem (rez) 2000 N disp(moTx) 1000 F rem (ars) I

III

VI VII VIII

IX X

XII

T Tve

Nnax. #6 eleqtrosistemis saremonto rezervi eleqtrosistemis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis miRebulia Semdegi utoloba: Nsaeqsp .≥ Ndisp(moTx) Tu sagegmo wlis romelime Tves utoloba ar sruldeba da adgili aqvs Semdeg utolobas: Ndisp(moTx) > Nsaeqsp maSin aRniSnul Tves eleqtrosistemas saremonto rezervi ar gaaCnia. aRniSnuli monacemebiT igeba saremonto rezervis sidide grafikulad, romelic gadaizomeba abscisTa RerZidan zemoT da romelic warmoadgens texil xazs TiToeuli Tvis ganmavlobaSi rezervis sididiT. Semdeg etapze Semowmdeba, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba angariSiT miRebuli wliuri saremonto rezervi ZiriTadi mowyobilobebis sagegmo remontebis Catarebis moTxovnebs. eleqtrosistemis saremonto rezervis wliuri grafikis farTis mixedviT ganisazRvreba misi wliuri arsebuli sidide. (mvtDdRe) Frem(ars) = ∑Nrem(rez) * TTve= 30∑Nrem(rez) sadac Nrem(rez) – ama Tu im Tves saremonto rezervis sidide mvt_Si, T – sESesabamisi Tvis xangrZlivoba dReebSi. meore mxriv, iangariSeba moTxovnili saremonto rezervi, rac uzrunvelyofs yvela danadgaris sagegmo kapitaluri remontebis Catarebas. (mvtDdRe) Frem(moTx) = ∑Nagr(rem) * Trem sadac Nagr(rem) – remontSi gasayvani agregatebis nominaluri simZlavreebi mvt_Si, Trem – Sesabamisi agregatis remontis xangrZlivoba dReebSi. Tu adgili aqvs utolobas: Frem(ars) < Frem(moTx), maSin unda Semcirdes remontSi gasayvani agregatebis raodenoba an gaizardos remontTaSorisi periodebi, rac amcirebs eleqtromomaragebis saimedoobas. [3]

E$1.4. eleqtrosistemis saimedooba

da eleqtroenergiis xarisxi

E eleqtroenergiis xarisxi, romelic reglamentirebulia saxelmwifo standartiT, mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia Zabvisa da sixSiris mdgradobaze[6]. Eeleqtroenergiis xarisxis maCveneblad cvladi denis erTfaza qselSi miRebulia Semdegi parametrebi: • sixSiris gadaxra; • Zabvis gadaxra; • sixSiris rxevis gaqaneba (manZili); • Zabvis cvlilebis gaqaneba; • Zabvis arasinusoidurobis koeficienti. cvladi denis samfaza qselSi: • sixSiris gadaxra; • Zabvis gadaxra; • sixSiris rxevis gaqaneba (manZili); • Zabvis arasinusoidurobis koeficienti; • Zabvis asimetriulobis koeficienti; • Zabvis gauwonasworeblobis koeficienti; mudmvi denis qselSi: • Zabvis gadaxra; • Zabvis cvlilebis gaqaneba; • Zabvis pulsaciis koeficienti. Zabvis da sixSiris gaqaneba: • absoluturi: ΔU = Umax - Umin, ; Δƒ = ƒ max - ƒ min; • fardobiTi: ∂U% = (Umax - Umin )*100/ U nom; ∂ƒ = (ƒ max - ƒ min)*100/ ƒ nom ; • Zabvis arasinusoidurobis koeficienti; n

Karasin. %=

∑U u =2

U nom

2 u

100

sadac UU aris U harmonikis Zabvis moqmedi mniSvneloba, kv; bolo gaTvaliswinebuli harmonikis nomeri. Zabvis asimetriulobis koeficienti aris ZiriTadi sixSiris ukuTanmimdevrobis Zabvis fardoba nominalur ZabvasTan da gamoisaxeba %-Si: Kasim %=(U2/Unom)100 Kasim –is xangrZlivad dasaSvebi mniSvnelobaa 2%. Zabvis gauwonasworeblobis koeficienti aris ZiriTadi sixSiris nulovani Tanmimdevrobis Zabvis fardoba nominalur ZabvasTan da gamoisaxeba: Kgauwon. %=(U0/Unom)100 gamarTuli Zabvis pulsaciis koeficienti aris pulsirebuli Zabvis cvladi Semdgenis moqmedi mniSvnelobis fardoba nominalur ZabvasTan da gamoisaxeba:

Kpuls %=

∑U u =1

2 u

100 U nom samfaza denis eleqtrul qselSi (momxmarebelTan) normirebulia eleqtroenergiis xarisxis Semdegi parametrebi: • sixSiris gadaxra _ normalur reJimSi ±0,1 hc, droebiTi muSaobis reJimSi ±0,2 hc. • sixSiris rxevaTa manZili _ ≤0,2 hc; • Zabvis gadaxra _ damokidebulia kvebis obieqtze, magram araumetes nominaluri Zabvis _0,5 . . . +10%; • Zabvis cvlilebis manZili_damokidebulia gameorebis sixSireze; • Zabvis arasinusoidurobis koeficienti – ≤5% xangrZlivad; • Zabvis ukuTanmimdevrobis koeficienti – 2% -mde; • Zabvis nulovani Tanmimdevrobis koeficienti – iseTi, rom Zabvis moqmedi mniSvneloba ar gascdes dasaSveb sazRvrebs. • mudmivi denis eleqtrul qselSi pulsaciis koeficienti ar unda aRematebodes 8%-s. eleqtruli energiis xarisxis maCveneblebis sidideebi unda iyos dasaSveb sazRvrebSi integraluri albaTobiT 0.95 dadgenil droSi. eleqtruli energiis xarisxis kontroli eleqtruli qselebis kuTvnilebis sazRvarze unda ganaxorcielos energiis momwodebelma organizaciam da momxmarebelma. qselSi sixSiris regulirebisaTvis mimarTaven Semdeg RonisZiebebs: • sixSiris avtomatur regulirebas (turbinis brunvis sixSiris regulireba _ pirveladi regulireba da sixSiris avtomaturi regulirebis sistemis gamoyeneba _meoreuli regulireba); • sixSiris mixedviT avtomaturi gantvirTva (momxmareblebis nawilis gamorTva); • damatebiTi eleqtrosadgurebis CarTva eleqtrosistemis paralelurad; eleqtroenergiis xarisxis amaRlebisaTvis gamoiyeneba Semdegi RonisZiebebi: • Zabvis regulireba eleqtrosadgurebisa da qvesadgurebis salteebze; • Zabvis regulireba gamaval xazebze; • qselis elementebis winaRobis Secvla; • gadasacemi reaqtiuli simZlavris Secvla; • manawilebeli transformatorebis transformaciis koeficientis Secvla; • Zabvis umaRlesi harmonikebis donis Semcireba (gamorTvis fazebis raodenobis gazrda, maRali sixSiris filtrebis gamoyeneba da sxva). zogadad eleqtrosistemis saimedooba uzrunvelyofilia misi iseTi TvisebebiT, rogoricaa: muSaunarianoba, umtyunoba, saremontod vargisoba, xangamZleoba. Eeleqtrosistemis saimedoobisaTvis gamoiyeneba Semdegi statistikuri maCveneblebi: • umtyuno muSaobis albaToba; • mtyunebaTa sixSire;

• • • • • • •

mtyunebaTSorisi namuSevari; saSualo mtyunebaTSorisi namuSevari; mtyunebaTa intensiuroba; mtyunebaTa nakadis parametri; mzadyofnis koeficienti; gamoyenebis koeficienti; mocdenis koeficienti. mtyunebaTa sixSire aris mwyobridan gamosuli elementebis raodenobis fardoba elementebis saerTo raodenobasTan. mtyunebaTa intensiuroba aris mtyunebaTa raodenobis fardoba darCenili gamarTuli elementebis raodenobasTan. gamoyenebis koeficienti aris muSaobis drois fardoba muSaobis dros plus iZulebiT mocdenaze daxarjuli dro. mzadyofnis koeficienti aris muSaobis drois fardoba muSaobis dros plus mtyunebaTa aRmoCenaze da aRdgenaze daxarjuli dro. mocdenis koeficienti aris iZulebiTi mocdenebis drois fardoba muSaobis dros plus mocdenebze daxarjuli dro. Eeleqtrosistemis saimedoobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis saWiroa Semdegi parametrebis uzrunvelyofa: • eleqtruli datvirTvebis gansazRvra; • transformatorebis raodenobisa da simZlavreebis gansazRvra; • xazebis raodenobisa da gamtarunarianobis gansazRvra; • eleqtromomaragebis sqemis optimaluri variantis SerCeva teqnikurekonomikuri kriteriumis safuZvelze (wliuri dayvanili danaxarjebi). E eleqtromomaragebis uzrunvelyofaze gaweuli danaxarjebis gazrdiT izrdeba eleqtrosistemis saimedooba da mcirdeba wliuri zarali, romelic gamowveulia eleqtroenergiis miwodebis wyvetiT. Azarali Sedgeba ori komponentisagan: • eleqtromomaragebis SewyvetiT gamowveuli zarali; • zarali, romelic proporciulia eleqtroenergiis miwodebis Sewyvetis xangrZlivobis. E eleqtromomaragebis saimedoobis amaRlebisaTvis iyeneben dublirebul wredebs, romelTagan TiToeuli gaTvlilia srul datvirTvaze. Eeleqtromomaragebis sqemebis da eleqtroqselebis saimedoobis Sefaseba xdeba eleqtrodanadgarebis mowyobis wesebis rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad. Eeleqtromomaragebis saimedoobis saWiro xarisxi damokidebulia momxmarebelze, mis rolsa da mniSvnelobaze, moralur da materialur zaralze, romelic gamowveulia eleqtromomaragebis SeferxebiT. Aam TvalsazrisiT arCeven sxvadasxva kategoriis momxmareblebs. Ppirveli kategoriis momxmareblebisaTvis sarezervo kvebis wyarod SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas akumlatoruli batareebi, dizeluri eleqtrosadgurebi, sarezervo xazebi da sxva.

Tavi II. balansuri meTodi energoresursebis dagegmvaSi $2.1. simZlavris

balansis dagegmva, energetikuli sawarmos sagegmo maCveneblebi

sawarmoo simZlavre aris zRvruli simZlavre, romelic SeuZlia ganaviTaros energetikulma agregatma an energosawarmom mTlianad misi normaluri eqspluataciis pirobebSi da ganisazRvreba misi ZiriTadi mowyobilobebis konstruqciuli monacemebiT (teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebiT). nominaluri simZlavre aris maqsimalurad erTnairi, erTi donis simZlavre, romlis drosac miiReba umaRlesi mqk. igi axasiaTebs Qqvabagregatebs, turboagregatebs, generatorebs, transformatorebs da miTiTebulia maT teqnikur pasportSi. eleqtrosadgurebs axasiaTebs dadgmuli, saeqspluatacio (qonebuli), sarezervo, dispetCeruli da muSa simZlavreebi. E dadgmuli simZlavre (Ndadg) ganisazRvreba eleqtrosadgurze dadgmuli (ganlagebuli) agregatebis nominaluri simZlavreebis jamiT. eleqtrosistemis dadgmuli simZlavre (Ndadg) Sedgeba masSi Semavali eleqtrosadgurebis dadgmuli simZlavreebis jamisagan. saeqspluatacio simZlavre (Nsaeqsp) aris faqtiurad saxeze arsebuli simZlavre, romelsac SeuZlia dafaros datvirTva mocemul momentSi. raodenobrivad igi ganisazRvreba dadgmuli simZlavrisa da gamouyenebeli simZlavris sxvaobiT. Nsaeqsp. = Ndadg _ N gamouy (mvt) sadac Ngamouy _ dadgmuli simZlavris gamouyenebeli nawili, gamowveuli wyalmeCxerobiT an saTbobis ukmarisobiT. sarezervo simZlavre iyofa saeqspluatacio (Neqsp(rez)) da saremonto (Nrem(rez)) simZlavreebad. saeqspluatacio simZlavre gamoiyeneba eleqtrosistemaSi sixSirisa da Zabvis stabilurobisa da eleqtromomaragebis saimedoobisaTvis. sistemaSi aucilebelia arsebobdes dautvirTavi sawarmoo simZlavreebi, romlebic damatebiT datvirTvas aiReben Tavis Tavze an Caanacvleben avariulad gamorTuli agregatebis simZlavres. saeqspluatacio rezervi saangariSo sididea. Mmisi minimaluri donea eleqtrosistemis dadgmuli simZlavris 15% (sixSiruli 5%, avariuli 10%). (mvt) D Neqsp(rez) = Ndadg* 15% dispetCeruli simZlavre (Ndisp) aris dadgmuli simZlavris is nawili, romelic gamoiyeneba eleqtrosistemis dispetCeris mier datvirTvis dasafarad da aucilebeli saeqspluatacio rezervis Sesaqmnelad. SeTavsebuli datvirTvis maqsimumis da saeqspluatacio rezervis jamiT miiReba dispetCeruli (moTxovnili) simZlavre. (mvt) Ndisp(moTx) = Pmaqs + N eqsp(rez) sadac Pmaqs_ momxmareblebis SeTavsebuli datvirTvis maqsimumi (moTxovnili simZlavre, romelic unda ganaviTaros sistemam dadgenili reJimis mixedviT). eleqtromomaragebis saimedoobisaTvis aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnas: saremonto (sarezervo) simZlavre, romelic saangariSo sididea. Nrem(rez) = Nsaeqsp._ Ndisp(moTx) (mvt) danadgarTa remontebis wliuri gegmis SemuSaveba saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros sistemis arsebuli, gamosayenebeli sadispetCero simZlavre: 25

Ndisp.(ars) = Nsaeqsp._ Nrem(rez) (mvt) muSa simZlavre (NmuSa) dadgmuli simZlavris is nawilia, romelic srulad gamoiyeneba datvirTvis dasafarad da eleqtroenergiis gamosamuSaveblad. NmuSa = Ndisp.(ars) _ Neqsp(rez) (mvt) eleqtruli datvirTva Pmaqs (anu momxmareblebis SeTavsebuli daTvirTvis maqsimumi) aris simZlavre, romelic unda ganaviTaros eleqtrosistemam dagegmili reJimis mixedviT. raodenobrivad eleqtruli datvirTva ganisazRvreba msxvili pirdapiri momxmareblebisa da sadistribucio energokompaniebis ganacxadebis safuZvelze. sagegmo balansis amocanaa sagegmo wlis yoveli TvisaTvis SevadaroT arsebuli da moTxovnili simZlavreebi. ZiriTadi Sesadarebeli maCvenebeli moTxovnili da arsebuli sawarmoo simZlavreebisa aris Sesabamisi sadispetCero simZlavreebi. sadispetCero simZlavre iTvleba SedarebiT saxasiaTo maCveneblad, radganac misi sidide gansazRvravs dispetCeris operatiul SesaZleblobas dafaros eleqtruli datvirTva da Seqmnas sistemaSi aucilebeli saeqspluatacio rezervi. A arsebuli da moTxovnili dispetCeruli simZlavreebis urTierTSedareba gviCvenebs, sakmarisia Tu ara eleqtrosistemis sawarmoo simZlavre eleqtromomaragebis normaluri reJimis uzrunvelsayofad. eleqtrosistemis simZlavris balansi yoveli TvisaTvis Caiwereba ase: Ndisp.(ars) â&#x2030;Ľ Ndisp.(moTx). (mvt) Tu es moTxovna sagegmo wlis romelime Tves ar sruldeba, adgili aqvs utolobas: Ndisp.(ars) < Ndisp.(moTx). (mvt) am SemTxvevaSi eleqtrosistema iZulebulia SezRudos naklebmniSvnelovani momxmareblebi an mezobeli sistemebidan Semoitanos eleqtroenergia[10]. $2.2. eleqtroenergiis balansis dagegmva eleqtroenergiis balansi saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT eleqtroenergiis warmoebasa da moxmarebas Soris proporciuli damokidebuleba, arsebuli resursebis aTviseba da maTi daniSnulebiT gamoyeneba. Eeleqtrobalansis analizi xels uwyobs saTbob-energetikuli resurebis gamoyenebis rezervebis gamovlenas maTi deficitis pirobebSi. eleqtrobalanss aqvs Semosavlisa da gasavlis nawili, balansis Sedgena iwyeba gasavlis nawilis gaangariSebiT, e.i. Tavdapirvelad iangariSeba eleqtroenergiis moTxovnili raodenoba, xolo amis safuZvelze anu meore etapze ganisazRvreba eleqtroenergiis mocemuli raodenobisaTvis saWiro resursebi, anu balansis SemosavliTi nawili[10]. balansis Semosavlis nawils ganekuTvneba: 1. generacia, anu eleqtroenergiis warmoeba sakuTari saSualebebiT; 2. eleqtroenergiis miReba anu importi mezobeli sistemebidan. gasavlis nawils miekuTvneba: 1. moxmareba erovnuli meurneobis sxvadasxva dargebSi; 2. Warbi eleqtroenergiis gacema, anu eqsporti; 3. danakargebi qselSi. 26

saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiis 2007 wlis balansi[11] naCvenebia cxrilSi #6 cxrili #6 Semosavli mln. gasavali mln. kvtsT kvtsT generacia, anu 8351 moxmareba, sul 7812 sakuTari saSualebebiT eleqtroenergiis warmoeba importi 434 eqsporti 634 danakargebi 339 sul Semosavali 8785 sul gasavali 8785 eleqtrobalansis nairsaxeobebia: a) eleqtroenergiis warmoeba-moxmarebis balansi, sadac Semosavlis nawilSi warmodgenilia sakuTari saSualebebiT eleqtroenergiis generacia, xolo gasavlis nawilSi _ moxmareba. maT Soris gansxvaveba warmoadgens siWarbes (+) an deficits (_). mag. saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiis warmoeba-moxmarebis balansi 20052007 wlebSi naCvenebia cxrilSi #7. [ix. danarTi I,II,III] cxrili #7 weli warmoeba moxmareba siWarbe (+) deficiti (_) (mln. kvtsT) (mln. kvtsT) (mln. kvtsT) 2005 7061 7812 _751 2006 7622 7879 _257 2007 8351 7812 + 539

eleqtrobalansis struqtura naturalur maCveneblebSi. saqarTvelos 2007 wlis balansi

Bb)

procentul

naturalur

procentul maCveneblebSi naCvenebia cxrilSi @#8.

Semosavali (mln. % kvtsT) hesebi 6836 77,8 Tesebi

1515

17,3

importi

434

4,9

sul

8785

100

gasavali pirdapiri momxmareblebi kaxeTis energokompania `energo-pro jorjiaâ&#x20AC;? afzaxeTi ss `Telasiâ&#x20AC;? eqsporti danakargebi sul

cxrili #8 (mln. % kvtsT) 2012 23 197

2,2

2448 1255 1900 634 339 8785

27,9 14,3 21,6 7,2 3,8 100

eleqtroenergiis generacia 2007 wels sakuTari saSualebebiT mocemulia cxrilSi #9.

cxrili #9 Ggeneraciis obieqtebi

Ggenerirebuli eleqtroenergia (mln kvtsT) 1515

Tbosadgurebi sul, maT Soris: `mtkvari energetika~ (yofili me-9 energobloki), Tbilsresi (me-3 da me-4 energoblokebi) `enerji investi~ (gardabnis airturbinuli eleqtrosadguri) sezonuri eleqtrosadgurebi sul, 2322 maT Soris: varcixehesi, rionhesi, gumaThesi, lajanurhesi, bJuJahesi, awhesi, CiTaxevihesi, zahesi, orTaWalahesi, TeTrixevihesi, sacxenhesi, xadorhesi. Mmaregulirebeli eleqtrosadgurebi sul, 4514 maT Soris: engurhesi, vardnilhesi, xrami I da xrami II, Saorhesi, Zevrulhesi, munleik-jorjia, Jineri. Ggeneracia sul 8351

xvedriTi wili (%) 18,2

27,8

100

saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiis eqsport-importis SesaZleblobebi aqvs somxeTTan 220 kv Zabvis qseliT, azerbaijanTan 330 kv Zabvis qseliT, TurqeTTan 220 kv Zabvis qseliT da ruseTTan 500 kv Zabvis qseliT. 2008 wlis ganmavlobaSi dagegmilia 500kv Zabvis eleqtrogadamcemi xazebis: zestafoni-axalcixe-gardabani-axalcixe-TurqeTis mSenebloba[11]. ix. naxazi #7.

saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemis importimport-eqsportis SesaZleblobebi

500KW 330KV

330KV

energetikis saministro

Nnaxazi #7. saqarTvelos eqport-importis SesaZleblobebi eleqtroenergiis moxmarebis struqtura calkeuli momxmareblebis mier 2007 wels mocemulia cxrilSi #10. cxrili #10 momxmareblebi

Ppirdapiri momxmareblebi sul, maT Soris: `foTis navsadguri~ `quTaisis avtoqarxana~, `WiaTurmarganeci~, `fero~, `kaspicementi~, `rusTavcementi~, `madneuli~, `enerji-investi~, `Tbilisis metro~, `Tbilisis ganaTeba~, `Tbilisis wyali~, `saqarTvelos rkinigza~, `meteqsi~ da sxva kaxeTis energokompania `energo-pro jorjia~ afxazeTi ss `Telasi~ sul sasargeblo moxmareba

Mmoxmarebuli eleqtroenergia (mln. kvtsT) 2012

xvedriTi wili (%) 25,76

197 2448 1255 1900 7812

2,53 31,34 16 24,32 100

Nnaxazi #8. saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergiis moxmareba (2007 wels)

kvt.sT

gaman awi l eb el i en er go ko mpan i eb i

50 000 000

100 000 000

150 000 000

200 000 000

250 000 000

300 000 000

Tve

pi r d api r i mo mxmar eb l eb i

eqspo r t i

2007 w el s sabal an so el eqtroen ergi i s myi dvel ebi

Nnaxazi #9. saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba (2007 wels)

kvt.sT

30 000 000

60 000 000

90 000 000

120 000 000

150 000 000

180 000 000

210 000 000

240 000 000

270 000 000

hid r o e l e q tr o s a d g u r e bi

Tbo e l e q tr o s a d g u r e bi

Tve

im p o r ti

2 007 we ls sabalanso e l e q troe ne rgiis m om wode ble bi

$2.3.

krebsiTi energetikuli balansis dagegmva

A ama Tu im qveynis krebsiTi energetikuli balansi statistikuri masalis gadmocemis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa. masSi erTad aris Tavmoyrili energetikuli resursebis mowodebis da gamoyenebis maCveneblebi. Mmsgavsad finansuri balansisa energetikuli balansis Sedgenis ZiriTadi principi aris Semosavlebis jamis dabalanseba danaxarjebis jamTan (ix. cxrili #11). E krebsiTi energetikuli balansis gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva SevafasoT saTbobi resursebis gardaqmnis (konversiis) efeqturoba da sxvadasxva saTbobis fardobiTi mniSvneloba qveynis ekonomikisaTvis. Eenergetikuli balansi gamoiyeneba agreTve, rogorc safuZveli sxvadasxva ekonomikuri da energetikuli indikatorebis (mag. Ppirveladi energetikuli resursebis moxmareba erT mosaxleze, eleqtroenergiis moxmareba erT mosaxleze, moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis fardoba mSpsTan da sxva) da energoefeqturobis gansazRvrisaTvis. B

krebsiTi energetikuli balansis struqtura aseTia: cxrili #11 miwodeba moxmareba jamuri energetikuli jamuri energetikuli resursebi (ixarjeba): resursebi (Sedgeba): + gardaqmna (energetikaSi, navTobgadamuSavebaSi, + sakuTari warmoeba gaTxevadebuli naturaluri gazis warmoebaSi), + importi + danakargebi (gardaqmnis, transportirebis _ eqsporti danakargebi, sakuTari moxmareba) ± maragebi sawyobebsa da + jamuri saboloo moxmareba sul, maT Soris: bunkerebSi • mrewvelobaSi • transportSi • soflis meurneobaSi • sayofacxovrebo meurneobaSi • sazogadoebrivi servisi • sxva dargebSi • araenergetikuli moxmareba ±statistikuri sxvaoba B balansis Sedgenis dros miwodebis Semadgeneli `sakuTari warmoeba~ gulisxmobs adgilobrivi pirveladi resursebis mopoveba-warmoebas da meoreuli resursebis warmoebas. G ganasxvaveben pirvelad da saboloo (meoreul) energias. P pirveladi energia (Primary energy) _ aris energia, romelic mopovebulia pirdapir bunebrivi wyarodan gardaqmnis gareSe. jamur pirvelad energetikuli resursebis wyaroebs miekuTvneba: naxSiri, navTobi, 32

bunebrivi gazi, atomuri energia (bunebrivi urani), wvadi ganaxlebadi da narCenebi, hidroenergia, geoTermuli, mzis da qaris energiebi. Mmeoreuli energia (Secondary energy) – aris pirveladi energiis gardaqmnis Sedegi im saxis energiad, romelsac adamiani iyenebs. mag. navTobis gadamuSavebis Sedegad miRebuli produqtebi, qvanaxSiris gamdidrebisa da daxarisxebis procesSi gamoyofili meoreuli produqtebi, xis gadamuSavebisas darCenili produqti (naxerxi, nafoti), namuSevari orTqli Zalur samrewvelo danadgarebSi da a.S. Tavis mxriv, pirveladi energiis wyaro SeiZleba iyos ganaxlebadi an araganaxlebadi. Gganaxlebadi energiis saxeobebia: hidroenergia, tyis resursebi, zRvis mimoqcevis, geoTermuli, mzis da qaris energiebi, xolo araganaxlebadia anu anu wiaRiseuli saTbobis saxeobebia: naxSiri, navTobi, bunebrivi gazi, atomuri energia (bunebrivi urani), romelic uSualod wiaRidanaa mopovebuli. `importi~ _qveynis farglebs garedan Semotanili resursebis raodenobas asaxavs. `eqsporti~ _ resursebis qveynis farglebs gareT gatana, logikis sawinaaRmdegod, miwodebaSi aris gaerTianebuli, magram minus niSniT aris Setanili da gaangariSebis dros momaragebis jamur sidides akldeba. `sawyobebis da bunkerebis Sedgeniloba~ _ gaangariSebaSi Sedis plus an minus niSniT imis mixedviT, saangariSo wels maTSi dasawyobebuli resursebis raodenoba Semcirda Tu gaizarda. `gardaqmnaSi~ igulisxmeba energiis erTi saxeobis gardaqmna sxva saxeobaSi: (energetikaSi, gaTxevadebuli naturaluri gazis warmoebaSi, navTobgadamuSavebaSi,), gardaqmnis danaxarjebi 4 SemadgeneliT aris warmodgenili: 1. eleqtro da Tburi energiis warmoeba; 2. meoreuli myari saTbobis, (mag. qvanaxSiris gazifikaciis bazaze widasitalis mosapirkeTebeli filebis warmoeba) gaTxevadebuli da kompresirebuli gazis warmoeba (zogjer bunebriviGgazis did manZilze transportirebisaTvis mas aTxevadeben daaxloebiT _1600 C temperaturamde gacivebiT, ris Sedegadac miiReba gaTxevadebuli naturaluri gazi. xolo bunebrivi gazis kompresiiT miiReba transportSi gamosayenebeli sawvavi _ kompresirebuli bunebrivi gazi.) 3. navTobproduqtebis warmoeba (navTi, benzini, nafta, dizeli, bitumi da sxva) 4. sxva gardaqmnebi, romelic ar aris asaxuli wina jgufebSi da moicavs naklebad tradiciul da iSviaTad gamoyenebul energiis gardaqmnebs. `danakargebi~ (sakuTari moxmareba, transportirebisa da ganawilebis danakargebi) `jamuri moxmareba~ _ nawildeba Semdeg ZiriTad seqtorebze: 1. mrewveloba: • rkinisa da foladis warmoeba, • qimiuri da navTobqimiuri warmoeba, • feradi liTonebis warmoeba, • araliTonuri masalebis warmoeba, • satransporto mowyobilobebis warmoeba, 33

• manqanaTmSenebloba, • samTo mrewveloba, • kvebis produqtebis, sasmelebis da Tambaqos warmoeba, • qaRaldis warmoeba da beWdva, • xe-tyisa da xis gadamamuSavebeli warmoeba, • safeiqro da tyavis mrewveloba, • mSenebloba, • sxva. 2. transporti; • saavtomobilo transporti, • sarkinigzo transporti, • sahaero transporti, • sazRvao da samdinaro transporti, • milsadenebi (msxvili navTob da gazsadenebi). 3. soflis meurneoba; 4. sayofacxovrebo meurneoba (mosaxleobis ganaTeba, gaTboba, eleqtroxelsawyoebi). 5. sazogadoebrivi servisi (sastumroebi, universitetebi, skolebi, sabavSvo baRebi, saavadmyofoebi, maRaziebi, kafeebi, restornebi, atelieebi). 6. sxva (romelic zemoTCamoTvlil jgufebSi ar moxvda). `araenergetikuli moxmareba~ _ energoresursebis gamoyeneba araenergetikuli miznebisaTvis (mag. sapox masalebad). `statistikuri sxvaoba~ _ saerTo miwodebis da saerTo moTxovnis ariTmetikuli jami iZleva statistikur sxvaobas. statistikis saerTaSoriso organizaciebi saTbob-energetikuli balansis BSedgenisaTvis iyeneben ganzomilebebs: eleqtruli energiisaTvis _ gigavatsaaTs, (GWh), Tburi energiisaTvis _ terajouls (TJ). balansis SedgenisaTvis aucilebelia sxvadasxva erTeulebis urTierTSefardebisa da msgavsi sidideebis ganzomilebaTa gadasayvani (konversiis) Tanamamravlebis codna. cxrilSi #12 mocemulia energetikul statistikaSi gamoyenebuli Tanamamravlebis (prefiqsebis) mniSvnelobebi da Caweris wesi. statistikaSi gamoyenebul ganzomilebaTa aTobiTi sistemis TavsarTebi cxrili #12 mamravli 101 –deka (deka) 102 _ heqto (h) 103 _kilo (k) 106 _ mega (mg) 109 _ giga (g) 1012 _ tera (t) 1015 _ peta (p) 1018 _ eqsa (e)

deka(dk) hecto(h) kilo(k) mega(M) giga(G) tera(T) peta(P) exa(E)

mamravli 10-1 _deci (deci) deci(d) 10-2 _ santi (sm) centi(c) 10-3 _ mili (m) mili(m) 10-6 _ mikro (mk) 10-9 _ nano (n) 10-12 _ piko (p) 10-15 _ femto (f) 10-18 _ aTo (a)

micro(μ) nano(n) piko(pk) femto(f) atto(a)

SI _ sistemaSi energiis ganzomilebisaTvis gamoiyeneba jouli (j). praqtikaSi energiis (an siTbos raodenobis) gazomvisaTvis, radganac 34

jouli metad mcire sididea statistikis miznebisaTvis, tradiciulad gamoiyeneboda tona naxSiris ekvivalenti (tce), amJamad ki tona navTobis ekvivalenti (toe) gamoiyeneba, romlis Tbounarianoba tolia 41.868gj (GJ). garda joulisa, siTbos raodenobis erTeulia kaloria. kal (Cal) _kaloria aris siTbos raodenoba, romelic saWiroa erTi grami gamoxdili wylis temperaturis erTi gradusiT (19,50C_dan 20,50C_mde) gasazrdelad 101,325 kpa (daaxloebiT 1 bari) wnevis dros, 1kal=4,186j ix cxrili #13. saTbobis ZiriTadi ekvivalentebis umciresi wvis siTbo cxrili #13 navTobis naxSiris wvis umciresi wvis udablesi siTbo, siTbo gj/kg ekv. (toe) ekv. (tce) kkal/kg navTobis ekv. 1 1,429 10000 41.868 (toe) naxSiris ekv. 0,700 1 7000 29.300 (tce) standartebis saerTaSoriso organizacia (ISO) rekomendacias uwevs statistikur angariSebSi tj-is (TJ) gamoyenebas (ix. cxrili #14). Eenergiis erTeulTa Tanamamravlebi

terajouli (TJ) Ggigakaloria (Gcal) Mmegtne (Mtoe) GgigavtsT (GWh)

cxrili #14 (GWh)

(TJ)

(Gcal)

(Mtoe)

238,8

2,388*10-5

0,2778

4.1868*10-3

10-7

1.163*10-3

4.1868*104

10-7

11630

3,6

860

8,6*10-5

saTbobis raodenoba izomeba masur da moculobiT erTeulebSi. Mmyari saTbobi masuri erTeulebiT izomeba: kilogrami an tona (gamonaklisia SeSa, romelic izomeba kubur metrebSi); Txevadi saTbobi izomeba moculobiT an masis erTeulebSi _ litri, kuburi metri an kilogrami da tona. Txevadi saTbobs sazomi moculobiTi erTeulebia agreTve bareli, galoni (amerikuli da britanuli). Ggazuri saTbobi (mag. Bbunebrivi gazi) izomeba moculobiT erTeulebSi _ kuburi metri da misi aTobiTi mamravlebi, agreTve energiis an siTbos erTeulebiT erTeul moculobaSi (mgj/m3 an kkal/m3) yidva-gayidvis miznebisaTvis. Ggazis moculobis gazomvisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs garemo pirobebs (temperaturasa da wnevas), gazomvis process, radgan gazis moculoba mniSvnelovnad icvleba am parametrebze damokidebulebiT. Ggazis gazomvisaTvis miRebulia ori standartuli pirobiTi garemo: 35

â&#x20AC;˘

normaluri _ 00 C temperatura da 760 mm vercxlis wylis svetis wneva; â&#x20AC;˘ standartuli _ 150 C temperatura da 760 mm vercxlis wylis svetis wneva. saTbobis raodenoba ZiriTadad gamoisaxeba Semdeg erTeulebSi: myari saTbobis (naxSiri, torfi) _ tonebSi an 1000 tonebSi; Txevadi saTbobi (navTobi, navTobproduqtebi) _ tonebSi an 1000 tonebSi, litrebSi, galonebSi, barelebSi. gazebi _ kubur metrebSi, mln kub. metrebSi, mlrd kub. metrebSi, agreTve terajoulebSi (magaliTad orTqli), ganaxlebadi da narCeni _ terajoulebSi rogorc aRiniSna, gazis parametrebs zomaven e.w normalur (00 C temperatura da 760 vws wneva) da standartul (150 C temperatura da 760 vws wneva) pirobebSi. Sesabamisad, arCeven standartul kubur metrs (Scm) da normalur kubur metrs (Ncm). energiatevadoba aris saerTo produqciis erTeul samrewvelo, saerTo, erovnul an Siga produqtze mosuli energiis xvedriTi moxmareba. energiaSemcveloba _ energiis sxvadasxva wyaros maragebis energetikuli ekvivalenti, izomeba joulebSi. saTbobis energiaSemcvelobas axasiaTeben parametriT: wvis siTbo., anu kaloriuloba. kaloriuloba aris siTbos raodenoba, romelic gamoiyeneba saTbobis erTeulis sruli dawviT. tipuri wvis siTbos Semcvelobaa: naxSirisaTvis 26 gigajouli/tona da gazisaTvis 35,6 megajouli/kuburi metri. Aganasxvaveben saTbobis umaRles da udables Tbounars. umaRlesi Tbounari (dabali aqroladobis myari da Txevadi saTbobis) aris siTbo, romelic gamoiyeneba erTeuli saTbobis dawvis mudmivi moculobis dros nebismier Jangbadis kalorimetrSi. Uudablesi Tbounari (gazis) aris siTbo, romelic gamoiyofa konkretul pirobebSi gazis erTeuli moculobis sruli dawviT (wyali, romelic warmoiqmneba dawvis procesSi miiReba narCen orTqlad, wvis sxva produqtebi _ eqsperimentis normaluri pirobebis Sesabamisad, romlebic miRebulia sxvadasxva qveynebSi).

saTbobis xarisxi myari saTbobis, magaliTad naxSiris xarisxis Sesafaseblad ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba: tenianoba, nacrianoba, bmuli naxSirbadis raodenoba da aqroladi nivTierebebis raodenoba, rac Tavis mxriv gansazRvravs mis Tbounars (kaloriulobas). tenianoba aris naxSiris tenis Semcveloba. arCeven absolutur da fardobiT tenianobas. Aabsoluturi tenianoba aris siTxis masis fardoba naxSiris mSrali nawilis masasTan. fardobiTi tenianoba aris siTxis masis fardoba tenian naxSiris masasTan. Nnacrianoba gansazRvrulia rogorc arawvadi mineraluri minarevebis nacris procentuli Semadgenloba, romelic darCeba saTbobis organuli nawilis dawvis Semdeg. Qqimiurad nacari Sedgeba siliciumis, aluminis, kaliumis, magniumis, rkinis da sxva, orJangisagan. Nnacari amcirebs saTbobis dawvis gamoyofil siTbos, aWuWyianebs garemos da a.S. naxSirbadis procentuli Semcveloba naxSirSi (agreTve navTobSi, torfi, bunebriv sawvav gazebSi) gansazRvravs saTbobis xarisxs. 36

Aaqroladi nivTiereba gamoiyofa wiaRiseuli saTbobidan misi gaxurebis Sedegad da is warmoadgens saTbobis teqnologiuri xarisxis mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels. Aaqroladi nivTierebebis Sedgenilobaa: naxSiris organuli nawilis aqroladebi, zogierTi mineralis gaxrwnis produqti. Aaqroladi nivTierebebi naxSirSi icvleba 4%-dan (anTraciti) 50%-mde (mura naxSiri). naxSiris es maxasiaTebeli gansazRvravs naxSiris xarisxis ZiriTad kompleqsur maxasiaTebels _ kaloriulobas, ris mixedviTac arCeven myari naxSiris Semdeg saxeobebs: sakoqse naxSiri, anTraciti da sxva, mag. bitumovani naxSiri, subbitumovani naxSiri, ligniti/mura naxSiri, torfi. qvemoT mocemulia myari saTbobis ranJireba ZiriTadi kompleqsuri maxasiaTeblis _ kaloriulobis mixedviT. umaRlesi kaloriuloba

udablesi kaloriuloba

brZmedis koqsi gazuri koqsi sakoqse naxSiri antraciti da bitumuri naxSiri sub-bitumuri naxSiri ligniti torfi

Txevadi saTbobis, magaliTad navTobis xarisxis dasaxasiaTeblad iyeneben: fardobiT simkvrives, siblantes, lRobis wertils (temperaturas), minarevebis (wylis, gogirdis, parafinis da asfaltis, sxva minarevebis da mZime liTonebis) Semcvelobas. Ggazuri saTbobis magaliTad bunebrivi gazis xarisxis ZiriTadi Sefaseba misi TbounariT (kaloriulobiT) ganisazRvreba, rac Tavis mxriv damokidebulia mis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali wvadi da arawvadi gazebis raodenobaze. B bunebrivi gazis ZiriTad SemadgenlobaSia meTani CH4 (daaxloebiT 98%) amitom misi Tvisebebi praqtikulad srulad ganisazRvreba meTanis TvisebebiT. meTani aris ufero, usuno da ugemo gazi. igi Seicavs 75% naxSirbads da 25% wyalbads. 1m3 meTanis masaa 0.717kg. atmosferul wnevaze da -160 0C temperaturaze meTani ikumSeba, misi moculoba TiTqmis 600-jer mcirdeba da miiReba e.w. `gaTxevadebuli bunebrivi gazi” (LNG), romelic martivia Senaxvisa da transportirebisaTvis. meTanis umaRlesi wvis siTbo Seadgens 39820 kj/m3, xolo udablesi _ 35880 kj/m3.. meTanis garda wvadi gazebi DSeicaven eTans, propans da buTans. sxvadasxva adgilze mopovebuli bunebrivi gazis fizikurekonomikuri da Tboteqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi ganpirobebulia wvadi komponentebis Sedgenilobis sxvadasxvaobiT da masSi arawvadi gazuri komponentebisa da arasasargeblo minarevebis arsebobiT. mag. alJiris `hazzier’melis” sabadoze mopovebuli gazis Tbounarianoba aris 42000 kj/m3, maSin, roca niderlandebis groningenis sabadoze mopovebuli gazis _ 35000 kj/m3. bunebrivi gazis xarisxs gansazRvravs agreTve gawmendis efeqturoba. misgan CO2 -is, gogirdwyalbadis, azotis, wylis orTqlis, heliumis da sxva koroziuli an mavne minarevebis gamoyofas awarmoeben gadamuSavebis procesSi, riTac mniSvnelovnad umjobesdeba misi xarisxi. 37

saqarTvelos 2007 wlis [11] krebsiTi energetikuli balansi (aTasi tne) naCvenebia cxrilSi #15 cxrilSi #15 warmoeba aT.tne moxmareba aT.tne sakuTari pirveladi 941 gardaqmna (energetikaSi, 753 energetikuli resursebis gaTxevadebuli warmoeba: naturaluri gazis (naxSiri, nedli navTobi, warmoebaSi, navTobproduqtebi, b. gazi, navTobgadamuSavebaSi) hidroenergia, wvadi da gardaqmnis ganaxlebadi da narCenebi) danakargebi + importi 2377 mrewveloba 389 _ eqsporti _68 transporti 591 sayofacxovrebo 1009 Âą maragebi sawyobebsa da 2 meurneoba bunkerebSi soflis meurneoba 160 sazogadoebrivi servisi 107 araenergetikuli 193 moxmareba sul warmoeba 3252 sul moxmareba 3252 A ekonomikuri da energetikuli indikatorebi:

eleqtroenergiis warmoeba erT mosaxleze: sakuTari saSualebebiT generirebuli raodenoba/qveyanaSi mosaxleobis raodenoba.

eleqtroenergiis

wliuri

eleqtroenergiis moxmareba erT mosaxleze: qveyanaSi wlis ganmavlobaSi moxmarebuli eleqtroenergia (sakuTari saSualebebiT warmoeba + importi)/qveyanaSi mosaxleobis raodenoba.

pirveladi energoresursebiT mosaxleobis momarageba: pirveladi enegoresursebis warmoeba sakuTari (wliuri raodenoba)/qveyanaSi mosaxleobis raodenoba.

saSualebebiT

mTliani Sida produqtis warmoeba erT mosaxleze: qveynis teritoriaze Seqmnili mTliani produqciis wliuri raodenoba/ qveyanaSi mosaxleobis raodenoba. aRniSnuli maCvenebeli ganviTarebuli civilizaciis qveynebSi aris 20 000$/kaci farglebSi.

energoresursebis moxmareba erT mosaxleze: sakuTari saSualebebiT warmoebuli energoresursebis raodenoba + importi /qveyanaSi mosaxleobis raodenoba.

wliuri

mTliani Sida produqtis eleqtrotevadoba: qveyanaSi wlis ganmavlobaSi moxmarebuli eleqtroenergia (sakuTari saSualebebiT warmoeba + importi)/mTliani Sida produqtis wliuri raodenoba. Ees maCvenebeli gviCvenebs mSp-s erT larze ra Rirebulebis eleqtroenergia ixarjeba. ekonomikurad mizanSewonilia es maCvenebeli 0_ze dabali iyos.

mTliani Sida produqtis energotevadoba: qveyanaSi wlis ganmavlobaSi moxmarebuli energoresursebis jamuri raodenoba/mTliani Sida produqtis wliuri raodenoba. Eekonomikurad mizanSewonilia es maCvenebeli 0_ze dabali iyos. M am maCvenebelebis analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs gavigoT, Tu mTliani Sida produqtis TiToeul larSi ramdeni kgps an kvtsT eleqtroenergia iRebs monawileobas da ramdenia maTi fuladi Rirebuleba. mSp-s eleqtro da energotevadobis Semcirebas aqvs didi ekonomikuri efeqti. radganac 1 kvtsT eleqtroenergiis saSualo fasia 15 TeTri, 1 kg pirobiTi saTbobis saSualo fasia 20 TeTri (1t=200lari; 1 kg=0,20 lari anu 20 TeTri), amitom mSp-s TiTeul larSi eleqtroenergiisa da energoresursebis jamuri fuladi Rirebuleba mizanSewonilia meryeobdes 35 _ 70 TeTris farglebSi[7]. â&#x20AC;Ś$2.4. energomoTxovnilebis dagegmva da energiaSemcvelis arCevis teqnikur-ekonomikuri dasabuTeba energomoTxovnilebis saerTo raodenobis dagegmvisaTvis aucilebelia Sejamdes energiis moTxovnili raodenoba samrewvelo sawarmoebSi, soflis meurneobaSi, transportze, sayofacxovrebo meurneobaSi da sxva dargebSi. mrewvelobaSi mimdinareobs Zaluri, Tburi, eleqtrofizikuri da eleqtroqimiuri procesebi da ganaTeba. Zalur procesebSi igulisxmeba eleqtroenergiis gamoyeneba manqanadanadgarebis amZravisaTvis. Zalur procesebs moqmedebaSi mohyavs manqana-iaraRebi, satransporto saSualebebi, satumbi, sakompresoro da saventilacio mowyobilobebi. Tbur procesebs miekuTvneba maRaltemperaturuli (5000C)-ze zeviT mimdinare Termoqimiuri procesebi (foladis, Tujis, cementis, minis warmoeba). saSualotemperaturuli (150 - 5000C) xmobis, xarSvis, Srobis, recxvis operaciebi. dabaltemperaturul (1500C-mde) procesebs miekuTvneba xil-bostneulis konservebis warmoeba, avejis galaqva. kriogenul (_600C-qveviT) procesebs miekuTvneba gazis gayinva, haeris gaxleCa. eleqtroqimiur da elqrofizikur procesebs miekuTvneba: eleqtrolizi, fotoqimiuri reaqciebi, ionizebuli gamosxiveba. soflis meurneobis energomoxmarebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia momxmareblebis gafantuloba did manZilze, energiis moTxovnilebis sezonuri cvalebadoba da stacionarul (fermebi, xorcis, rZis, kvercxis, matylis warmoeba. xilis, bostneulis gadamamuSavebeli da Cais fabrikebi) da arastacionarul procesebSi (traqtorebi, sxva sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis satransporto saSualebebi) energiis moTxovnileba. 39

sayofacxovrebo meurneobaSi saTbob-energetikuli resursebis moTxovnileba dakavSirebulia mosaxleobis ganaTebis, gaTbobis da eleqtroxelsawyoebis gamoyenebasTan. transporti: saavtomobilo, sarkinigzo, sahaero, sazRvao da samdinaro, mioTxovs didi raodenobiT maRalxarisxovan Txevad sawvavs (navTi, benzini, dizeli), rac dakavSirebulia ekologiur problemebTan. [21] samrewvelo sawarmoebSi, soflis meurneobaSi, transportze, sazogadoebriv seqtorSi energiaSemcvelis arCevis teqnikur-ekonomikuri dasabuTeba: • Zalur procesebSi eleqtroenergiis gamoyenebas alternativa ar gaaCnia; • maRaltemperaturul Termoqimiur procesebSi SesaZlebelia samive saxis energiaSemcvelis (eleqtroenergia, bunebrivi gazi, Txevadi saTbobi) gamoyeneba. • saSualo da dabaltemperaturul procesebSi (xil-bostneulis konservebi, avejis galaqva, Srobis, recxvis operaciebi) mizanSewonilia eleqtroenergiis gamoyeneba orqlisa da cxeli wylis warmosaqmnelad. • gamowvis (faifuris, Tixis) procesSi eleqtroenergiis gamoyeneba naklebefeqturia, vidre bunebrivi gazis gamoyeneba. SesaZlo samive saxis energiaSemcvelis Sedarebisas ra Tqma unda, ufro momgebiania ufro iafi energiaSemcvelis gamoyeneba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebobs ramodenime alternatiuli varianti, mxedvelobaSi miiReba: 1. produqciis xarisxi: magaliTad, romelime energiaSemcvelis gamoyenebisas SeiZleba daeces produqciis xarisxi da saWiro gaxdes damatebiTi xarjebis gaweva. 2. daculi unda iyos agregatebis erTnairi mwarmoebluroba. 3. mqk-is sidide. Bbunebrivi gazis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi η=0,27_0,40; eleqtroenergiis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi η=0,17_0,30. e.i. yvela maCveneblisa da Rirebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, calkeul sawarmoSi unda Catardes dasabuTebuli kvleva da miiReba yvelaze optimaluri gadawyvetileba. A sayofacxovrebo meurneobaSi adgili aqvs iseT maRaltemperaturul process, rogoricaa sakvebis damzadeba. sakiTxi dgas racionaluri energiaSemcvelis SesarCevad. alternatiulia: eleqtroenergia da bunebrivi gazi. am ori alternativis efeqturobis dasadgenad yuradReba eqceva sanitarul-higienur moTxovnebs da nakleb danaxarjebs. bunebrivi gazis wvisas gamoiyofa mavne nivTierebebi, romlis koncentraciis dadablebas Tanamedrove ventilaciis saSualebebi ver uzrunvelyofs, magram Tu qveyanas gaaCnia bunebrivi gazis maragi da ufro naklebi danaxarjebiT SesaZlebelia am problemis gadawyveta, maSin upiratesoba eniWeba bunebriv gazs eleqtroquraTan SedarebiT. transportSi prioritetuli adgili ukavia sarkinigzo transports, sadac SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva saxis energiaSemcvelis gamoyeneba. ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilia sarkingzo transportis eleqtrofikacia, magram aris mTeli rigis problemebic. kerZod, eleqtrofikacia efeqtiania datvirTuli ormagi xazisaTvis da ara erTmagi xazisaTvis. samagierod, xazis eleqtrofikaciiT izrdeba siCqare, 40

xazis gamtaroba, tvirTbrunva. alternativis arCevisas erTmaneTs adareben eleqtrowevisa da Tburi wevis dayvanil danaxarjebs. Del.weva = E + (K+C) = min DTb.weva = B + (K+C) = min sadac Del.weva da DTb.weva jamuri dayvanili danaxarjebia eleqtro da Tburi wevis dros. E - eleqtroenergiis xarji (kvtsT/wel) B –sawvavis xarji (tps/wel) irCeven im variants, sadac dayvanili danaxarjebi minimaluria. bolo periodSi avtotransportisaTvis iyeneben kompresirebul bunebriv gazs, romelic Tavisi xarisxiT Seesabameba maRalxarisxian benzins. kompresirebuli bunebrivi gazis gamoyeneba SedarebiT iafi da ekologiuri TvalsazrisiTac ufro momgebiania. Tavi III. Eeleqtro da Tburi energiis TviTRirebulebis dagegmva $3.1. sawarmoo danaxarjebis kalkulacia da produqciis TviTRirebulebis dagegmva nebismieri sawarmoo procesi moiTxovs adamianuri, fuladi da materialuri resursebis gamoyenebas, romelic fulad formaSi gamosaxavs produqciis Seqmnasa da realizaciaze gaweuli xarjebis erTobliobas. sawarmoo danaxarjebis gansazRvrisaTvis iyeneben kategorias `TviTRirebuleba~.Pproduqciis TviTRirebulebis struqtura gamosaxavs calkeuli danaxarjebis xvedriT wils danaxarjebis mTlian moculobaSi. imis mixedviT, Tu ra wili aqvs danaxarjis ama Tu im muxls mTlian SemadgenlobaSi, ganasxvaveben dargebs: 1. Sromatevadi, sadac produqciis danaxarjebis struqturaSi yvelaze didi xvedriTi wili ukavia ssp-is xelfass. mag. saTbobmompovebeli warmoeba. 2. masalatevadi, sadac yvelaze didi xvedriTi wili ukavia danaxarjebs nedleulze, masalebze, naxevarfabrikatebze, mag. manqanaTmSenebloba, metalurgia. 3. eleqtrotevadi, sadac yvelaze didi xvedriTi wili ukavia danaxarjebs eleqtroenergiaze. Mmag. eleqtroqimia, metalurgia. 4. saTbobtevadi, sadac yvelaze didi xvedriTi wili ukavia saTbobs. mag. Tboenergetika. 5. kapitaltevadi, sadac yvelaze didi xvedriTi wili ukavia ZiriTadi saSualebebis amortizacias. Mmag. eleqtroenergetika. produqciis TviTRirebuleba SeiZleba ganisazRvros kalkulaciis muxlebis an danaxarjebis elementebis mixedviT. sazogadod, kalkulacias uwodeben gaangariSebis sistemas, romlis saSualebiTac ganisazRvreba sarealizacio produqciis TviTRirebuleba. energetikuli sawarmoebisaTvis warmoebis danaxarjebi Sedgeba Semdegi elementebisagan: • ZiriTadi saSualebebis amortizacia sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli normebis mixedviT. • teqnologiuri mizniT gamoyenebuli saTbobi. • remontisaTvis saWiro saTadarigo nawilebi da damxmare masalebi.P 41

â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘

samrewvelo-sawarmoopersonalis Sromis anazRaureba. sxva danaxarjebi (Senobebis dacvis, gaTbobis, mcirefasiani da swrafcveTadi sagnebis anazRaurebis xarjebi, arendis qira, kreditis procenti da a.S.)[4] eleqtrosadgurebSi gamomuSavebuli produqciis (an gamanawilebeli kompaniebis mier gaweuli momsaxurebis) TviTRirebulebas vangariSobT wliuri danaxarjebis Sesabamisad Semdegi sakalulacio muxlebis mixedviT. 1. danaxarjebi ZiriTadi saSualebebis amortizaciaze damokidebulia ZiriTadi saSualebebis Rirebulebasa da amortizaciis normaze. Aamortizaciis saSualo normaa 7%. 2. danaxarjebi ZiriTadi saSualebebis remontze aiReba ZiriTadi saSualebebis Rirebulebis 1-dan 5 %-mde. 3. danaxarjebi ssp-is xelfasze miiReba ssp-is raodenobisa da erTi momuSavis saSualo wliuri xelfasis fondis (energetikuli sawarmoebisaTvis erTi momuSavis saSualo wliuri xelfasis fondia 3500 lari) urTierTgadamravlebiT. 4. saTbobze gaweuli danaxarjebis gaangariSebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia wlis ganmavlobaSi daxarjuli saTbobis raodenoba da saTbobis fasi. 5. sxva danarCeni xarjebi iangariSeba zemoT CamoTvlili 1_4 muxlis jamis 1-dan 5%-mde. erTeuli produqciis TviTRirebuleba ganisazRvreba sawarmoSi wliurad gaweuli danaxarjebis SefardebiT eleqtrosadguris mier gamomuSavebuli an ganawilebuli energiis wliur raodenobasTan.

$ 3.2. produqciis TviTRirebulebis Semcirebis rezervebis gamovlenis meTodebi a) wamyvani rgolis gamoyofis meTodi wamyvani rgolis gamoyofis meTodze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebelia arsebuli ekonomikuri movlenebidan gamovyoT iseTi movlena, romelic mocemul pirobebSi metad cvalebadia da gavrcelebis farTo masStabiT xasiaTdeba. Tu CavatarebT energetikuli sawarmoebis produqciis TviTRirebulebis analizs, davadgenT kalkulaciis romel muxls gaaCnia gavrcelebis farTo masStabi. [2]H magaliTad, wamyvani rgolis gamovlenis mizniT gamoviangariSoT Tbilsresis da Jinvalhesis mier gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergiis erTeulis TviTRirebuleba. sawyisi parametrebi mocemulia cxrilSi #16. cxrili #16 generaciis dadgmuli ZiriTadi 2005w gamoyenebuli obieqti simZlavre saSualebebis miwodebuli saTbobis sabalanso energiis fasi narCeni raodenoba Rirebuleba Tbilsresi 150 mvt 10mln. lari 293mlnkvtsT b. gazi (me-3 da me-4 200 energoblokebi) lari/1000m3 Jinvalhesi 130 mvt 20mln. lari 402mlnkvtsT _ 42

E produqciis TviTRirebulebis gaangariSeba ekonomikuri elementebis mixedviT saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT saerTo danaxarjebis formirebaSi TiToeuli elementis mniSvneloba da gamovavlinoT produqciis TviTRirebulebis Semcirebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. Tbilsresis da Jinvalhesis mier gamoSvebuli produqciis erTeulis TviTRirebulebis struqtura (procentebSi jamTan) mocemulia cxrilSi #17.

warmoebis danaxarje bi

Tbilsresi

amorti zacia

(10mln. lari*0,07) =700aTlari

saTbobi

((360gps*293mln kvtsT)*267lari/tps =28 mln lari (10mln. lari*0,05) 500aTlari (150 kaci*3500lari/weli)= 525aTlari 1 _ 4 jamis 3%=895 aT lari 30 694aT.lari

remonti xelfasi

sxvadasxva sul

cxrili #17 procen procen Jinvalhesi tebSi tebSi jamTan jamTan H% H% 2,29 (20 47 mlnlari*0,07)=1400 aTasi lari 91,23 _ _

1,64 1,72

2,92 100

(20 mlnlari*0,05)=1 000 aTasi lari (130 kaci*3500lari/weli)= 455 aT. lari 1 _ 4 jamis 3% =85 650lari 2 941aT.lari

35 15

3 100

TbosadgurebSi saTbobze gaweuli danaxarjebi Seadgens saerTo danaxarjebis 91,23% _s, xolo xelfasze gaweuli danaxarjebi ki 1,72%_s. Aamgvarad, iseTi faqtori rogoricaa saTbobi, warmoadgens wamyvan rgols, romelic gavrcelebis masStabiT bevrad aRemateba sxva danarCen faqtorebs da maT Soris xelfasze danaxarjebs. danaxarjebi saTbobze 56_jer (91,23:1,72) aRemateba meore faqtors (xelfasze danaxarjebs). A amdenad, wamyvani rgolis danaxarjis Semcirebis SesaZlebloba 1%_sac rom Seadgendes (28 mln.*1%=280 000lari), imaze meti raodenobis ekonomias mogvcems, ramdensac xelfasze ekonomia Tundac 50% _ iT (525aT*0,5=262 000 lari). rac Seexeba hidrosadgurs, aq wamyvan rgols warmoadgens ZiriTadi saSualebebis amortizacia. hidrosadgurze danaxarjebi amortizaciaze 3-jer aRemateba xelfasze gaweul danaxarjebs. wamyvani rgolis, am SemTxvevaSi saamortizacio anaricxebis Semcirebis SesaZlebloba 1%-sac rom Seadgendes, ufro met ekonomias mogvcems, vidre xelfasze ekonomia 3%-iT.

Ab) Tanmimdevruli jaWvuri Casmis meTodi Tanmimdevruli jaWvuri Casmis meTodis daniSnulebaa faqtorTa gavlenis zomis dadgena daskvniT maCvenebelze, ramac unda uzrunvelyos 43

Sidasawarmoo rezervebis gamovlena[2]. FfaqtorTa Soris erT-erTi ganixileba, rogorc cvladi, xolo yvela danarCeni-mudmivi sidide. Y yoveli cvladi faqtoris gavlenis dasadgenad, rig-rigobiT unda gamovikvlioT TiToeuli maTganis gankerZoebuli zemoqmedeba daskvniTi maCvenebelis cvlilebaze. xarisxobrivi faqtoris cvlileba unda ganvixiloT raodenobrivi faqtorebis saangariSo da ara sabaziso donis fonze. Ees kanonzomiereba SegviZlia gamovsaxoT Semdegi saxiT: Δа1=а11а12а13-а01а12а13=(а11-а01)а12а13, sadac аа faqtorTan miwerili ricxvebidan pirveli rigis indeqsebi mianiSnebs sabaziso (0) an saangariSo (1) periodze; xolo meore _ faqtoris rigze (1,2,3,). FformulaSi cvladi sidide аа icvleba аа01-dan аа11-mde, danarCeni (raodenobrivi faqtorebi) aRebulia ucvlelad, saangariSo doneze. Aam gziT vRebulobT xarisxobrivi faqtoris gavlenas (Δа1) daskvniTi maCveneblis cvlilebaze. Aamgvari gaangariSebebis Sedegad miviRebT gansaxilav faqtorTa gavlenas daskvniT maCveneblebze, romelic ase Caiwereba: Δа1=а11а12а13-а01а12а13=(а11-а01)а12а13, Δа2=а01а12а13-а01а02а13= а01(а12-а02)а13, Δа3=а01а02а13-а01а02а03=а01а02(а13-а03). daskvniT maCveneblad ganixileba eleqtro da Tburi energiis TviTRirebuleba, xolo saanalizo faqtorebad ganixileba iseTi maCveneblebi, rogoricaa: kapitaluri dabandebis kuTri xarji, gamomuSavebuli eleqtro da Tburi energiis raodenoba, gamoyenebuli saTbobis kuTri xarji, gamoyenebuli saTbobis Tbounarianoba, gamoyenebuli saTbobis fasi, eleqtrosadguris muSaobis saaTebis raodenoba, eleqtrosadgurSi dasaqmebuli personalis raodenoba, eleqtrosadgurSi dasaqmebuli personalis nominaluri xelfasi, eleqtro da Tburi energiis sakuTari moxmareba, danakargebi, ZiriTadi saSualebebis amortizaciisa da remontze gaweuli xarjis normebi, gamoyenebul DZiriTad fondebze amonagebi (mogebis norma) da a.S.[2]. $3.3. eleqtro da Tburi energiis tarifi da maTi optimizacia. zogadad, optimizacia aris sawarmos resursebis gamoyenebis ufro efeqturi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba teqnikisa da teqnologiis srulyofis, warmoebisa da Sromis organizaciis gaumjobesebis an adre gamouyenebeli sawarmoo resursebis moqmedebaSi Seyvanis gziT. eleqtro da Tburi energiis tarifis optimizacia ar moiTxovs sawarmoo procesebis arsebiT cvlilebebs da gulisxmobs teqnikurad dasabuTebuli normebis SemuSavebas, warmoebisa da Sromis organizaciis SesaZlo srulyofas, materialuri resursebis ekonomias, kapitaldabandebaTa Semcirebas, sawarmoo resursebis ukeT gamoyenebis Sedegad warmoebis gadidebas da a.S. Eeleqtroenergetikuli dargi miekuTvneba bunebriv monopolias da amitom aq moqmedebs regulirebadi fasebi. saxelmwifo specialuri maregulirebeli organos (semeki) meSveobiT kanonis `eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis Sesaxeb~ safuZvelze gansazRvravs tarifs, anu sarealizacio fass eleqtroenergiisa, 44

romelic energokompanias (generaciis, gadacema-dispetCerizaciis, ganawilebis) aZlevs saSualebas dafaros danaxarjebi, gadaixados gadasaxadebi da miiRos mogeba. Mmogeba _ samewarmeo saqmianobis mTavari mizania, romelzedac orientirebulia yvela sawarmo. Tanamedrove ekonomikur literaturaSi mogeba ganixileba, rogorc kapitalis mflobelis `jildo~ gaweuli riskisaTvis, radganac sawarmoo procesi garkveulwilad riskTan aris dakavSirebuli da momgebianoba yovelTvis araa garantirebuli. Mmogeba-fondamogeba, anu gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi saSualebebis sargebeli, romelic gankuTvnilia investorisaTvis, romelic midis riskze da abandebs Tanxas energetikuli sawarmos ZiriTad saSualebebSi. wliuri fondamogeba ar unda iyos naklebi im Tanxaze, investori rom miiRebda saqarTvelos bankSi wliuri saanabro procentis saxiT, es Tanxa rom Seetana depozitze. radganac warmoebis procesi rTulia da momgebianoba araa garantirebuli, fondamogebis done meti unda iyos saanabro procentze. saqarTvelos bankis monacemebiT wliuri saanabro procenti meryeobs 12-17%-is farglebSi, amitom fondamogeba ganisazRvreba 20%-is odenobiT. Ggadasaxadebi _ sawarmos saxelmwifosTan urTierTobas aregulirebs sagadasaxado kanoni[16]. Ggadasaxadebis meSveobiT xdeba saxelmwifo biujetis SemosavliTi nawilis fuladi uzrunvelyofa, rac Semdeg xmardeba: saxelmwifo aparatis Senaxvas, gzebis mSeneblobas, Tavdacvas, garemos dacvas, jandacvas, mecnierebas, ganaTlebas da a.S. amJamad energetikuli sawarmoebi ixdian Semdegi saxis gadasaxadebs: 1. mogebis gadasaxadi _ 15% 2. qonebis gadasaxadi _ 1% 3. damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi _ 18% 4. saSemosavlo (fizikur pirTa) _ 20%. M aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi danaxarjis muxlis normis cvlileba SesaZlebelia garkveul farglebSi; aseTia amortizaciisa da remontisaTvis saWiro danaxarjebis normebi, nominaluri xelfasis ganakveTi. rac Seexeba gadasaxadebis ganakveTebs (normebs), isini mkacrad dadgenilia sagadasaxado kanoniT, romlis darRveva isjeba amave kanonis Sesabamisad. A ZiriTadi saSualebebis amortizaciis normebi, romelic sagadasaxado kodeqsSia mocemuli, atarebs rekomendaciul xasiaTs da SesaZlebelia maTi cvlileba. moqmedi sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tanaxmad, ZiriTadi saSualebebis amortizaciis norma 5 _ 8%-is farglebSia, ris mixedviTac 15_20 weliwadSi ZiriTadi saSualebebi ukve amortizebuli unda iyos. aRsaniSnavia, rom eleqtroenergetikis ZiriTadi saSualebebis ZiriTadi nawili gamoirCeva xangrZlivi saamortizacio vadiT: orTqlis turbinebisa da generatorebis fizikuri samsaxuris vada 22â&#x20AC;&#x201C;25 wels aRwevs, Tboeleqtrosadguris Senobisa 100 wels, xolo hidrosadguris Senoba_nagebobani pirobiTad ,,mudmivmoqmedad~' iTvleba. 1999 wlidan buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebis (bass) SemoRebasTan dakavSirebiT ZiriTadi saSualebebis eqspluataciis dawyebisTanave sawarmos xelmZRvanelobam unda Seadginos maTi cveTis gegma da gansazRvros cveTis meTodi. Bbass-iT am procesSi raime SezRudva ar arsebobs. Kkonkretuli ekonomikurad dasabuTebuli gaangariSebisas SesaZlebelia amortizaciis saSualo normis cvlileba 2_7%-is farglebSi. 45

Aarsebuli sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tanaxmad, sawarmos xelmZRvanelobas ufleba aqvs ZiriTadi saSualebebis kapitaluri da mimdinare remontisaTvis warmoebis danaxarjebSi gaiTvaliswinos maTi Rirebulebis 5%-mde, Kkonkretuli gaangariSebisas SesaZlebelia misi cvlileba 1_5%-is farglebSi. ganviTarebul qveynebSi momuSaveTa socialuri dacvis mizniT arsebuli Sromis kanoni aregulirebs Sromis anazRaurebis qveda zRvars, romelic unda Seesabamebodes saarsebo minimums (samomxmareblo kalaTis anakrebis mixedviT). saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis Tanaxmad[15], Sromis anazRaurebis qveda zRvari gansazRvruli ar aris da damokidebulia damqiraveblisa da daqiravebulis pirad SeTanxmebaze. Ekonkretuli gaangariSebisas saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasis gansazRvrisaTvis gamoiyeneba informaciis oficialuri wyaroebi. kerZod, statistikis departamentis monacemebiT, energetikul sawarmoebSi momuSaveTa saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasi 2006 wels Seadgenda 260 lars. Aamdenad, xelfasis ganakveTis cvlileba SesaZlebelia sawarmos xelmZRvanelobis mier dasabuTebuli mizanSewonili normis farglebSi. rac Seexeba eleqtroenergiis tarifSi gaTvaliswinebuli mogebis normas, romelic ZiriTadi saSualebebis Rirebulebis 20%-is Sesabamisia da warmoadgens investoris (ZiriTadi saSualebebis mflobelis) garantirebul Semosavals (wminda mogebas), Mmisi cvlileba SesaZlebelia, magram mizanSewoneli ar aris. magaliTad, organul saTbobze momuSave eleqtrosadurSi gasatarebeli RonisZiebebi (zrdis an klebis mimarTulebiT) mocemulia cxrilSi #18. cxrili #18 genera ciis obieqti, Tesi, Teci, kesi

dadgmuli simZlavre

ZiriTadi saS. -is Rirebule ba

gamomuSav. energiis raodenoba

muSaob is xangrZl ivoba

b. gazis Tbounari anoba

saTbobi s (b. gazi) fasi

Tecis saaTuri Tbomwarm oebluro ba G

saTbob is kuTri xarji

ganzomil eba

(mvt)

(mln. lari)

(mln kvtsT)

(sT)

(kjouli)

(lari /1000m3)

(gj/sT)

(gps/kvt sT_

Sedegi

zrda

Semcir

zrda

Semcir.

zrda

Semcir

maRalteqnol ogiuri danadgaris gamoyeneba saTbobis kuTri xarjis Semcirebis mizniT.

sakuTa ri moxmareba da danakarge bi

personal is raode noba

personal is nomina luri xelfasi

Aalternati uli (ufro iafi) saTbobis gamoyeneba

alternatiu li saTbobis Tbounarian oba

amorti zaciis xarjebi

ZiriTa di saSual. remont is xarjebi

(gps/kvtsT)

(mln kvtsT)

(kaci)

(lari)

(kjouli)

(lari)

Semcir.

zrda

Semcir.

eleqtro da Tburi energiis TviTRirebulebisa da tarifis optimizacia gulisxmobs sawarmoo danaxarjebis TiToeul etapze ekonomikurad mizanSewonili sidideebis gamoyenebas da Sedegad TviTRirebulebisa da tarifis Semcirebas. Ggasatarebeli RonisZiebebia: • Tecis muSaobis saaTebis gadideba; • eleqtro da Tburi energiis raodenobis gadideba; • danakargebis Semcireba; • maRalteqnologiuri danadgaris gamoyeneba (saTbobis kuTri xarjis Semcirebis mizniT) • amortizaciisa da remontis normebis Semcireba; • personalis xelfasis Semcireba; • saTbobis alternatiuli (ufro iafi) saxeobis gamoyeneba; • maRali Tbounarianobis saTbobis gamoyeneba.

Tavi IV. kapitaldabandeba energetikaSi da drois faqtori teqnikurekonomikur gamoTvlebSi $4.1. energetikuli obieqtebis proeqtirebis stadiebi da saxarjTaRricxvo Rirebuleba energetikaSi mimdinare axali ZiriTadi saSualebebis Seqmna, arsebulis gafarToeba an rekonstruqcia moiTxovs materialuri, SromiTi da fuladi resursebis erTobliobas, romelic warmoadgens kapitalur dabandebas[9]. Kkapitaluri danaxarjebi moicavs samSeneblosamontaJo samuSaoebs, teqnologiuri mowyobilobebis, satransporto saSualebebisa da inventaris SeZenas. saerTo danaxarjebSi rac ufro meti xvedriTi wili aqvs teqnologiur mowyobilobebs, miT ufro xarisxiania misi struqtura. Kkapitaluri danaxarjebis struqtura sxvadasxva tipis eleqtrosadgurisaTvis mocemulia cxrilSi #21.

energoobieqti

aesi Tesi hesi egx 35kv da zeviT

samSeneblosamontaJo samuSaoTa Rirebuleba, (%) 40 60 80 65

cxrili #21 danadgarebis Rirebuleba da sxva danaxarjebi, (%) 60 40 20 35

TiToeuli obieqtis mSenebloba mimdinareobs axal pirobebSi, axal samSeneblo moedanze. mSeneblobis procesze didi gavlena aqvs adgilobriv geologiur, topografiul da klimatur pirobebs, amotom yoveli mSeneblobis dawyebis win unda Seiqmnas saproeqtosaxarjTaRricxvo dokumentacia. Ddokumentacia moicavs teqnikur gadawyvetas, dagegmvas, momuSaveTa da samSeneblo masalebis savaraudo raodenobas. teqnikuri proeqtis xarjTaRricxva moicavs Semdeg stadiebs: 1. saproeqto da geologiuri samuSaoebi; 2. samSeneblo teritoriis momzadeba; 47

3. 4. 5. 6.

mTavari sawarmoo Senoba-nageboba; damxmare Senoba-nageboba; satransporto saSualebebi da kavSirgabmulobis obieqtebi; Sida gayvaniloba, gazmomarageba, wyalmomarageba, kanalizaciis obieqtebi; 7. teritoriis keTilmowyoba; 8. droebiTi Senobebi da nagebobebi; 9. mSenebare obieqtis direqciis xarjebis gansazRvra; 10. saeqspluatacio kadrebis momzadeba. TiToeuli nawilis gaswvriv naCvenebia saerTo Rirebuleba, Semdeg mSeneblobis, montaJis, danadgarebis, inventaris da a.S. samSeneblo samuSaoebis xvedriT sazom erTeulad gamoiyeneba 1m3 Senoba, 1m3 rkinabetoni, 1km milgayvaniloba, 1m gvirabi da a.S. $4.2. H energetikuli sawarmoebis kapitaluri xarjebi da energoefeqturoba Tboeleqtrosadguris mSeneblobisas gamoiyeneba calkeuli obieqtebis tipiuri proeqtebi, rogoricaa mTavari da momsaxure Senobebi, mazuTis meurneoba, sakvamle milebi. rac ufro didia Tesis dadgmuli simZlavre, samSeneblo-samuSaoebze gaweuli absoluturi da SefardebiTi xvedriTi danaxarjebi miT ufro mcirdeba, magram izrdeba danaxarjebi mowyobilobebsa da maT montaJze. saerTo xvedriTi danaxarjebi simZlavris zrdasTan erTad mcirdeba. Bmyari saTbobis nacvlad bunebrivi gazis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi aRar iarsebebs danaxarjebi myari saTbobis momzadebasa da transportirebaze, sawyobze, namwvis gatanaze da a.S. xvedriTi kapitaluri danaxarjebi gazuri da Txevadi saTbobis gamoyenebiT mcirdeba saSualod 20 %-iT. E atomuri eleqtrosadguris xvedriTi kapitaluri xarjebi wrfiv atomuri damokidebulebaSia mis dadgmul simZlavresTan. A eleqtrosadguris xvedriTi kapitaluri xarjebi 1,5-2 jer metia vidre danaxarjebi Tboeleqtrosadgurze. Eeleqtrogadamcemi xazebis Rirebuleba damokidebulia simZlavreze, Zabvaze, sayrdenebis tipze, geologiur da klimatur pirobebze. cudi klimatis pirobebSi saWiroa damatebiTi xarjebi xazis kveTis gazrdasTan da maxamridebis damontaJebasTan dakavSirebiT da a.S. energetikuli obieqtebis mSenebloba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli efeqturobasTan, amitom ZiriTadi saproeqto gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebisas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kapitaluri danaxarjebis SedarebiTi ekonomikuri efeqturobis gaangariSebas. rac Seexeba generaciis obieqtebs, am etapze unda gadawydes, Tu romeli obieqtis mSeneblobaa mizanSewonili: hidro, Tbo, atomuri Tu sxva alternatiul saTbobze momuSave eleqtrosadguris. E eleqtruli qselebis proeqtirebisas teqnikur-ekonomikuri gaangariSebebiT wydeba Semdegi sakiTxebi: • nominaluri Zabvis SerCeva; • qselis konfiguraciis SerCeva; • reaqtiuli simZlavris kompensaciis saSualebebis da maTi ganlagebis SerCeva; • mokled SerTvis denebis DSezRudvis saSualebebis damuSaveba. 48

variantebis Sedareba xdeba kapitaluri danaxarjebis SedarebiTi ekonomikuri efeqturobis safuZvelze, sadac mTavari kriteriumia dayvanili danaxarjebis minimizacia. gaangariSebis meTodika da Tanamimdevroba ase gamoiyureba: • variantebis Sedarebis pirobebis da gaangariSebis Tanamimdevrobis dadgena; • kapitaluri danaxarjebis gansazRvra; • yovelwliuri danaxarjebis gaangariSeba; yovelwliuri danaxarjebi Sedgeba Semdegi komponentebisagan: • amortizacia; • saeqspluatacio danaxarjebi • danaxarjebi simZlavris da eleqtroenergiis danakargebis anazRaurebaze. saamortizacio anaricxebis mizania energetikuli danadgarebis kapitaluri remonti da renovacia da miiReba saaamortizacio normebis mixedviT. saeqspluatacio danaxarjebSi Sedis: • danaxarjebi saTbobze; • danaxarjebi mimdinare remontze • xelfasi • saerTo sasadgure da saerTo qselis danaxarjebi. teqnikur-ekonomikur gaangariSebebSi eleqtruli qselebis eqspluataciaze gaweuli danaxarjebi SeiZleba miRebuli iqnas rogorc kapitaluri danaxarjebis garkveuli procenti. Eeleqtroenergiis jamuri danakargebi iyofa mudmiv da cvlad danakargebad. Mmudmivi danakargebia: • transformatorebis uqmi svlis danakargebi; • gvirgvinze danakargebi 220 kv da ufro maRali Zabvis gadamcem xazebSi; • Ddieleqtrikuli danakargebi kabelebsa da kondensatorebSi; • Ddanakargebi reaqtorebSi. cvladi danakargebia: • Ggadamcemi xazebis aqtiur winaRobaSi; • transformatorebis gragnilebis aqtiur winaRobaSi. Eeleqtroenergiis generaciisa da moxmarebis efeqturoba zogadad efeqturoba aris gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergiis fardoba momxmarebelTan miyvanil energiasTan da izomeba %_Si. Ggeneraciis obieqtebis muSaobis efeqturoba fasdeba Semdegi maCveneblebiT: • gamomuSavebuli da gacemuli eleqtroenergiis da siTbos raodenoba TiToeuli eleqtrosadgurisa da eleqtrosistemisaTvis; • agregatebis muSaobis mzadyofnis koeficienti; • gacemuli eleqtroenergiisa da siTbos gamomuSavebaze pirobiTi saTbobis kuTri xarji; • hidrosadgurebis mier gacemul eleqtroenergiaze wylis kuTri xarji da wyaldenis koeficienti; • eleqtrul qselSi eleqtroenergiis danakargi (kvtsT da qselSi miwodebuli eleqtroenergiis %); • siTbos danakarebi orTqlisa da wylis qselebSi, Tbur qselSi gacemuli siTbos raodenobis %; 49

•

samrewvelo-sawarmoo personalis kuTri raodenoba, maT Soris saeqspluatacio da saremonto, mowveuli personalis CaTvliT; • eleqtroenergiisa da siTbos TviTRirebuleba; • saremonto momsaxurebis kuTri Rirebuleba; • mogeba. Mmoxmarebis sferoSi efeqturobis amaRleba miiRweva eleqtroenergiis ekonomiiT: • transformatorebSi; • eleqtroenergiis gadamcem xazebSi; • salteebze; • gamanawilebel qselebSi. eleqtroenergiis gadacemaze mosuli danakargebi Seadgens 10-15%-s, amitom maTi Semcireba Zalze mniSvnelovania. Ddanakargebis Semcireba miiRweva: a) transformatorebSi: • maTi raodenobisa da simZlavris swori SerCeviT; • uqmi svlis gamoricxva muSa transformatorebis raodenobis cvliT; • fazebis datvirTvis gaTanabrebiT; • maTi momxmarebelTan miaxloebiT. b) mkvebav xazebSi: • maTSi gamavali denebis SemcirebiT (sarezervo da paraleluri xazebis gamoyeneba; Zabvis gazrda); • dabali Zabvis mkvebavi qselebis sigrZis SemcirebiT. g) saltesadenebze _ paketSi salteebis adgilmdebareobis SecvliT; d) samfaza sistemaSi _ datvirTvis Tanabari ganawilebiT. agreTve gamoiyeneba eleqtroenergiis ekonomiis specialuri xerxebi: • specialuri masimetrirebeli mowyobilobebis gamoyenebis gamoricxva transformatorebis gamocvliT (varskvlavivarskvlavidan varslvlavi-zigzagze); • transformatorebis simZlavreebis bijis Semcireba (1,6-dan 1,35-mde); • eleqtruli datvirTvebis zusti gaangariSeba; • eleqtromomaragebis sistemis struqturis srulyofa. saamqros doneze ekonomia miiRweva: • eleqtromowyobilobis muSaobis saimedoobis amaRlebiT (swori remontebs Sorisi momsaxurebis danergviT: grafikebis Sedgena da Sesruleba); • dautvirTavi Zravebis Secvla mcire simZlavris ZravebiT. samomxmareblo doneze ekonomia miiRweva energodamzogi teqnologiebis danergviT da energiis moxmarebis SemcirebiT.

$4.3. drois faqtori teqnikur-ekonomikur gamoTvlebSi Eenergetikuli sawarmoebis proeqtirebisa da mSeneblobis procesi moiTxovs xangrZliv vadas. mSeneblobis procesi da Sromis nayofierebis zrda saproeqto reJimamde xSirad grZeldeba ramodenime weliwads, ris gamoc xarjebi wlidan wlamde icvleba (izrdeba wina wlis xarjebis CaTvliT)[9]. E energetikuli obieqtebis mSeneblobisE Sesadarebeli variantebi SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes mSeneblobis xangrZlivobiT, wlebis ganmavlobaSi kapitaluri dabandebebis ganawilebiT, sawarmoo simZlavreebis aTvisebis xangrZlivobiT da a.S. amitom warmoiSoba drois sxvadasxva periodis erT momentze dayvanis anu diskontirebis aucilebloba. mSeneblobisaTvis saWiro kapitaluri danaxarjebi gavanawiloT Semdegi TanafardobiT: K1 K2 K3. kapitaluri danaxarjebis nazrdi yovelwliurad gaizrdeba da mesame wlis bolos mcire gadaxriT miaRwevs K mniSvnelobas. mSeneblobis damTavrebis momentisaTvis dayvanili kapitaluri xarjebi SeiZleba gaviangariSoT formuliT: TmS

Kday.=â&#x2C6;&#x2018; Kt *ATmS_t t=1

sadac t _ wlebis ricxvi mSeneblobis dawyebis momentidan, (1,2,3. . .); TmS _mSeneblobis dro (Cvens magaliTSi 3 weli); Kt _kapitaluri dabandebis nazrdi t momentisaTvis; A _mudmivi koeficienti; A =1+Enorm=1+ 0,15=1,15 sadac Enorm _ dargis normatiuli koeficienti. saqarTvelos saTbob-energetikis seqtorSi En =0,15. es niSnavs, rom am dargSi Cadebuli investiciis yoveli 1 lari saSualod weliwadSi normiT iZleva mis 0,15 nawil anu 15 % mogebas. E Ddayvanili danaxarjebi iqneba: Kday.=K1*A2+ K2*A+K3 Tu eleqtrosadguris mSeneblobis jamuri Rirebuleba Ksapr= 90 aTasi lari, es Tanxa ase gadanawildeba: K1 =30 aT. lari, K2=30 aT. lari, K3=30 aT. lari. dayvanili danaxarjebi toli iqneba: Kday.=30*1,152 +30*1,15+30=104 aT. Llari e.i. mSenebloba jdeba 15,5%-iT meti, rac aixsneba saxsrebis e.w. gayinviT drois garkveul momentSi ix. nax. #10. E es procesi sqematurad ase gamoisaxeba:

KKK1

TmS

Nnaxazi #10. energetikuli obieqtis mSeneblobisa da eqspluataciis periodi mSeneblobis damTavrebisa da eqspluataciis dawyebis Semdeg wliuri saeqspluatacio xajebi Tavis sagegmo (Csapr) mniSvnelobas aRweven 3 wlis Semdeg, wliuri nazrdiT: C4 +C5 +C6. mizanSewonilia am xarjebis dayvana drois imave momentze, e.i. mSeneblobis damTavrebis droze, romelic agreTve eqspluataciis dawyebis vadaa. Ggamoisaxeba formuliT: T

Cday.=∑ Ct *ATmS_t t= TmS sadac Ct _ wliuri xarjebis nazrdi; t _ dro, rodesac mTavrdeba wliuri xarjebis zrda. (eqspluataciis wlebis ricxviTi mniSvneloba 4, 5, 6. . .); Ddayvanili saeqspluatacio danaxarjebi gamoiTvleba formuliT: Cday.=C4*A -1+ C5*A -2+C6 A -3= C4/A+ C5/A 2+C6/ A3 Tu wliuri saeqspluatacio xarjebis saproeqto mniSvnelobaa 18 aTasi lari, maSin saproeqto mniSvnelobamde sami wlis ganmavlobaSi ase gadanawildeba C4=4, C5=6, C6=8 aTasi lari weliwadSi. dayvanili wliuri xarjebi eqspluataciis dawyebisaTvis udris: Cday.= 4/1,15+6/1,152+8/1,153=13,3 aTasi lari. jamuri dayvanili danaxarjebi Sedgeba: З = E * (Kday+ Cday.) З =0,15 (104 aT. lari+13,3 aT. lari)=17,59 aTasi lari Tu arsebobs erTi da igive obieqtis mSeneblobis ori Sesadarebeli varianti, drois periodisa da kapitalis ganawilebis sxvadasxva raodenobiT, maSin mizanSewonilia avirCioT is varianti, romelic ufro swrafad da ufro naklebi danaxarjebiT mogvcems sasurvel Sedegs. I varianti: T= 4 weli, K=20 mln.lari, K1 =5 mln.lari; K2 =5 mln.lari; K3=5 mln.lari; K4=5 mln.lari; II varianti: T =3 weli, K=20,5 mln.lari, K1 =6,8 mln.lari; K2 =6,8 mln.lari; K3=6,8 mln.lari; Kday.I = 5(1+0,15)3 +5(1+0,15)2 +5(1+0,15) +5 =24,95=25 mln.lari 52

Kday. II= 6,8(1+0,15)2 +6,8(1+0,15) +6,8=23,62 mln.lari. mizanSewonilia II variantis arCeva. Aalternatiuli variantebis ekonomikuri Sedareba drois faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT mniSvnelovania energetikuli sawarmoebisaTvis, radganac es dargi gamoirCeva didi kapitaltevadobiT da mSeneblobis xangrZlivi vadiT. Tu konkretuli gaangariSebisas mSeneblobis vada xangrZlivia, gamartivebis mizniT SesaZlebelia rTuli procentisa da diskontirebis cxrilebis gamoyeneba. K$4.4. kapitaluri dabandebis efeqtianobis gaangariSeba diskontirebis saSualebiT. kapitaluri dabandebis efeqtianobas, romelic drois xangrZlis periods moicavs, afaseben diskontirebis gamoyenebiT[5]. magaliTad, mocemulia energetikuli sawarmos ZiriTad saSualebebSi investirebis proeqti. mTeli proeqtis ganmavlobaSi danaxarjebi da Semosavlebi gadiskontebulia, anu dayvanilia erT, Sesadar (dRevandel) momentamde. T E = ∑(Jt - Kt)* αt 0 sadac Jt _ Semosavali t wels, Kt _ danaxarjebi t wels, T _ saangariSo dro (investirebis mTeli procesi, Seqmna, eqspluatacia, likvidacia, weli) αt _ diskontirebis koeficienti t wels. Ddiskontis norma, anu mogebis norma aris procentis minimalurad dasaSvebi ganakveTi, romlis drosac kapitaluri dabandeba SeiZleba CaiTvalos efeqtianad. Tu wminda diskontirebuli Semosavali E>0, proeqti efeqtiania. Aaqedan keTdeba daskvna, rom fuladi saxsrebis investirebas azri aqvs mxolod diskontirebis gaTvaliswinebiT yvelaze rentabelur proeqtebSi. magaliTad mocemulia 5 wliani sainvesticio proeqti, diskontirebis cxrilSi [5] movZebniT drois periodisa da saprocento ganakveTis gadakveTaze arsebul diskontirebis koeficients da gadavamravlebT momavalSi misaRebi Semosavlis raodenobaze. investirebis mTeli procesi mocemulia cxrilSi #22. cxrili #22 weli

0 1 2 3 4 5 sul

danaxarjebi

mogeba (Jt - Kt)

(Kt)

Semosavali realizaciidan (Jt)

(lari)

+200 000 +200 000 +200 000 +200 000 +200 000 +1 000 000

_600 000 + 200 000 + 200 000 + 200 000 + 200 000 + 200 000 + 400 000

_600 000

Ddiskontirebis Kkoeficienti (α) = 14%

Ddiskontirebuli Rirebuleba

(%)

(lari)

0,8772 0,7695 0,6750 0,5921 0,5194

_600 000 +175 440 +153 900 +135 000 +118 420 +103 880 +86 640

M miRebuli wminda diskontirebuli Semosavali dadebiTia, (+86 640) e.i. investicia efeqtiania. inveticiis efeqtianobis gansazRvrisaTvis gamoiyeneba maCveneblebi:

investiciis gamosyidvis Sida norma. E es procentis iseTi ganakveTia, roca nulovani diskontirebuli Rirebuleba miiReba. e.i. investirebuli obieqtis eqspluataciidan miRebuli Semosavali faravs gasavlebs (obieqtis SeZenaze da daricxul procentebs), xolo kapitalis diskontirebuli Rirebuleba = 0.

Kkapitaldabandebis anazRaurebis vada. es aris dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic realizaciidan miRebuli amonagebiT investicia/wliuri amonagebi (mogeba), M mag. 100 mln lari/20 mln lari = 5 weli

investiciebi (mogeba);

ETavi V. ekonomikuri analizis meTodebi

pozitiuri efeqti _ mogeba negatiuri efeqti _danaxarjebi

Eekonomikuri analizisaTvis gamoiyeneba Semdegi maCveneblebi:

investirebaze gaweuli danaxarjebi

investiciis periodi

investiciis umciresi Rirebuleba

saprocento ganakveTi

Ffulis droiTi Rirebuleba

daifareba Cadebuli

$5.1. martivi amogebis meTodi yvelaze martivi finansuri maCvenebeli aris martivi kapitalamogeba, romelic gamoiTvleba kapitaluri xarjebis SefardebiT saSualo wliur mogebasTan[8]; kapitalamogebis dro=I/B; sadac I _ investirebuli Tanxis saerTo raodenobaa, B _ wliuri mogeba. cxrili #23 Kkapitalamogebis

magaliTi

wlebi

30 105 150 30

225

proeqti

-300 15

proeqti

-300 150 75

255

kapitalamogebis periodi: • A proeqtisaTvis _ 4 weli; • B proeqtisaTvis _ 5 weli; upiratesoba eniWeba B proeqts.

cxrili #24 Kkapitalamogebis magaliTi

wlebi

-150 75 75

75 75

-150 75 40

35 25

75 75

kapitalamogebis periodi: • A proeqtisaTvis _ 2 weli; • B proeqtisaTvis _ 3 weli; upiratesoba eniWeba B proeqts.

75 75

$5.2 fulis Rirebuleba droSi

dRes investirebuli (P) laris momavali (F) Rirebuleba periodis Semdeg iqneba:

(n)

F = P (1+i)n F=

fulis momavali Rirebuleba

, (n)periodis Semdeg

fulis dRevandeli Rirebuleba

saprocento

weli

P=F

ganakveTi

1 (1+i) n V= diskontis

norma

mag. ra raodenobis Tanxa unda CavdoT investiciis saxiT, rom 4 wlis Semdeg miviRoT 1000 lari? saprocento ganakveTi Seadgens 10 %.

P=F

1 (1+i)

P= 1000.

1 (1+0,10)4

=0.683

P= 1000 x 0.683

diskontirebis cxrilSi #25 me-4 wlisa da 10%-is gadakveTaze movZebnoT Sesabamisi ricxvi (0,683) da gadavamravloT momavalSi misaRebi Tanxis raodenobaze[23]. e.i. momavalSi misaRebi Tanxis DdRevandeli Rirebulebaa 683 lari.

diskontirebis cxrili #25 wlebi

%10

%12

%15

%20

%25

%30

0.952 0.934 0.926 0.909 0.893 0.870 0.833 0.800 0.769

0.907 0.890 0.857 0.826 0.797 0.769 0.694 0.640 0.592

0.864 0.839 0.794 0.751 0.712 0.658 0.579 0.512 0.455

0.823 0.792 0.735 0.683 0.636 0.572 0.482 0.409 0.350

0.784 0.747 0.681 0.621 0.567 0.497 0.410 0.328 0.269

0.746 0.705 0.630 0.565 0.507 0.432 0.335 0.262 0.207

0.710 0.665 0.584 0.513 0.452 0.376 0.279 0.210 0.159

0.677 0.627 0.540 0.467 0.404 0.327 0.237 0.168 0.123

investirebuli erTi laris dRevandeli Rirebulebis jami, romelic unda miviRoT TiToeuli periodis bolos, iqneba:

P = xolo

(1+i)n - 1 (1+i)n x i

a raodenobis Tanxis SemTxvevaSi:

P = a

(1+i)n - 1 (1+i)n x i 58

magaliTi: firmam aiRo bankidan sesxad Tanxa 5 wlis vadiT (saprocento ganakveTi: 15%), ra raodenobis Tanxa auRia firmas?

P = a

(1+i)n -1 (1+i)n x i

P = 3 000 000

(1+0.15)5 - 1 (1+0.15)5x 0.15

mimdinare Rirebulebis cxrilSi #26 vnaxoT me-5 wlisa da da 15 %is gadakveTaze Sesabamisi ricxvi da gadavamravloT yovelwliuri gadasaxadis raodenobaze:

P = 3 000 000 x 3.352 P = 10 056 000 lari. mimdinare Rirebulebis jamis cxrili #26[5] cxrili #26 wlebi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

%5 0.952 1.859 2.723 3.546 4.329 5.076 5.786 6.463

%6 0.943 1.883 2.673 3.465 4.212 4.917 5.582 6.210

%8 0.926 1.783 2.577 3.312 3.993 4.623 5.206 5.742

%10 0.909 1.786 2.487 3.170 3.791 4.355 4.368 5.335

%12 0.893 1.690 2.402 3.037 3.605 4.111 4.564 4.968

%15 0.870 1.626 2.283 3.855 3.352 3.784 4.160 4.487

%20 0.833 1.528 2.107 2.589 2.990 3.326 3.604 3.837

%25 0.800 1.440 1.925 2.362 2.689 2.951 3.161 3.329

%30 0.769 1.361 1.816 2.166 2.436 2.643 2.802 2.925

$5.3. investiciis mimdinare Rirebulebis angariSi

investirebis procesi SeiZleba ase warmovadginoT[26]:

C2 ……..Cm

Bm+1

Bm+2 …. Bt

investirebis dasawyisi

investireba(danaxarji) 1-el wels

Cminvestireba (danaxarji) m

wels

Bm+1: (m+1) Bt

: (t)

Semosavali

sainvesticio proeqtis mimdinare Rirebuleba:

Cn >Σ Σ n n (1+i) (1+i) m=m+1 n=0

Mmimdinare Rirebulebis magaliTi sainvesticio danaxarji salikvidacio Rirebuleba

investirebis periodi saprocento ganakveTi

: 1 500 000 lari

: 500 000 : 8 weli : %15

lari

1500

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 yıl 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 500 8 (1+0.15) -1 1 PV = 400 000 + 500 000 (1+0.15) 8 (1+0.15)8x 0.15 PV =400 000 x 4.487 + 500 000 x 0.327 PV =1 958 300 lari. 1 958 300>1500 000 proeqti misaRebia

Cn NPV= Σ Σ n n (1+i) (1+i) m=m+1 n=0

NPV dadebiTia, proeqti misaRebia.

wminda mimdinare Rirebulebis magaliTi

:25 000 $

sainvesticio danaxarji

wliuri saeqspluatacio danaxarjebi

xelfasis danaxarjebi samedicino dazR. danaxarjebi salikvidacio Rirebuleba investirebis periodi saprocento ganakveTi

: 1 250 $ : 3 000 $ : 500 $ : 3 000 $ : 6 weli : %10

danaxarjebi

500 500 500 500 3000 3000 3000 3000 1250 25000 1250 1250 1250 1 2 3 4 8500 12000 12000 12000

500 3000 1250 5 12000

500 3000 1250 6 7y 12000 3000

Semosavali

(1+0.10)5-1 8500 ))+ )x( 1 Semosavali= 12000 +(( 5 (1+0.10) x0.10 1+0.10)1 (1+0.10)1

1 3000 (1+0.10) 7 =50 606.82 $ danaxarjebi

(1+0.10)6- 1 (1+0.10)6-1 25000+1250 = + 500 (1+0.10)6x0.10 (1+0.10)6x0.10

(1+0.10)6-1 =45 686.25 $ +3000 6 (1+0.10) x 0.10 Cost NPV=Benefit- Cost NPV=50606.82- 45686.25

500 500 500 500 3000 3000 3000 3000 25000 1250 1250 1250 1250 1 2 3 4 8500 12000 12000 12000 Benefit

Pproeqti misaRebia

500 3000 1250 5 12000

500 3000 1250 6 7y 12000 3000

$ 5.4. investiciis gamosyidvis DSida normis meTodi

gamosyidvis norma aris iseTi saprocento ganakveTi, rodesac proeqtis Semosavali = danaxarjebs da wminda diskontirebuli Semosavali nulis tolia.

Bn Cn ÎŁ ÎŁ = n m=m+1 (1+r) n=0 (1+r)n

investiciis gamosyidvis Sida normis

sainvesticio danaxarji wliuri Semosavali investirebis periodi

IRR

gansazRvris magaliTi

:1 151 800 lari : 200 000 lari : 9 weli ?

Semosavali = danaxarjebi

a 200 000

(1+r)n-1 (1+r)nx r (1+r)n-1 (1+r)nx r (1+r)n-1 (1+r)nx r

danaxarjebi

=1 151 800 = 1 151 800 = 5.759 200 000

movZebnoT cxrilSi #26 saprocento ganakveTi, romelic Seesabameba 5,759-s. investiciis gamosyidvis Sida norma IRR, rodesac Semosavlebi = danaxarjebs, Seesabameba = 10%.

cxrili #26

wlebi

%10

%12

%15

%20

%25

%30

0.952 0.943 0.926 0.909 0.893 0.870 0.833 0.800 0.769

1.859 1.883 1.783 1.786 1.690 1.626 1.528 1.440 1.361

2.723 2.673 2.577 2.487 2.402 2.283 2.107 1.925 1.816

4.329 4.212 3.993 3.791 3.605 3.352 2.990 2.689 2.436

5.076 4.917 4.623 4.355 4.111 3.784 3.326 2.951 2.643

5.786 5.582 5.206 4.368 4.564 4.160 3.604 3.161 2.802

6.463 6.210 5.742 5.335 4.968 4.487 3.837 3.329 2.925

7.108 6.802 6.247 5.759 5.328 4.772 4.031 3.463 3.019

7.722 7.360 6.710 6.145 5.650 5.018 4.192 3.571 3.092

investiciis gamosyidvis Sida normis magaliTi

: 2 mlrd. lari : 50 mln. lari

sainvesticio danaxarji saoperacio danaxarjebi

: 500 mln. lari : 10 weli : % 25 : ?

salikvidacio Rirebuleba investiciis periodi saprocento ganakveTi

IRR

i = % 15 (1+0.15)10-1 1 Semosavali= 400 + 500 (1+0.15)10 (1+0.15)10x 0.15 Semosavali danaxarjebi

danaxarjebi

= 2 131 100 000

lari

(1+0.15)10-1 = 2 000 + 50 (1+0.15)10x 0.15 = 2 250 950 000

lari

NPV =Semosavali _ danaxarjebi NPV = 2 131 100 000 - 2 250 950 000 NPV = -119 850 000 i = % 10 (1+0.10)10-1 1 Semosavali = 400 + 500 (1+0.10)10x 0.10 (1+0.10)10 Semosavali

= 2 651 000 000

lari

danaxarjebi

(1+0.10)10-1 = 2 000 + 50 (1+0.10)10x 0.10

= 2 307 250 000

lari

NPV =Semosavali _ danaxarjebi NPV = 2 651 000 000 - 2 307 250 000 NPV = 343 750 000 r unda iyos %10 da %15 Soris NPV+ investiciis gamosyidvis Sida norma = i + 1 NPV+ + NPVi1 : i2 :

(i2- i1)

NPV aris 0-is farglebSi uaryofiTi NPV aris 0-is farglebSi dadebiTi

i=%10 i=%15

NPV= 343 750 000 NPV=- 119 850 000

343 750

(%15-%10) IRR = %10+ 343 750 + 119 850 IRR = %14 % 25 25 :: %

saprocento ganakveTi ganakveTi saprocento

(% 25)>IRR(%14) 25)>IRR(%14) (%

saprocento ganakveTi ganakveTi saprocento

$5.5.Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis Tanafardobis meTodi

Semdeg formulaze dayrdnobiT, Tu Semosavlebi/danaxarjebis Tanafardoba metia erTze, proeqti misaRebia.

Bn ÎŁ n m=m+1 (1+r)

ÎŁ n=0

B/C > 1 67

Cn (1+r)n

MmeTodebis Sedareba

i=r NPV=0 B/C =1

i>r NPV<0 B/C <1

i<r NPV>0 B/C >1

$ 5.6. inflacia, bazris

saprocento ganakveTi

(i );

e bazris saprocento ganakveTi _ Tu vangariSobT sainvesticio proeqts inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, mizanSewonilia gamoviyenoT bazris saprocento ganakveTi.

i =(1+i) (1+d) e

- 1

i =i+d+id e

ie:

bazris saprocento ganakveTi

i :kapitaluri danaxarjebi d :inflaciis mosalodneli saprocento ganakveTi magaliTi :

i : %10 d : %20 ie =i+d+id i e = 0,10+0,20+0,10*0,20 i e =32% 69

Tavi VI. E energetikuli da samrewvelo sawarmoebis ganviTareba energodamzogi teqnologiebiT

$6.1. energetikuli da samrewvelo sawarmoebis energoefeqturoba da energomenejmenti energomomarageba da energoresursebis moxmarebis efeqtianobis gazrda xdeba metad mniSvnelovani Tema samrewvelo sawarmoebisaTvis. energoefeqturi teqnologiebis danergva saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes danaxarjebi energoresursebze, rac Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvevs sawarmos realuri mogebis gadidebas. energoefeqturoba aris energetikuli resursebis moxmarebis efeqturobis sazomi. energoefeqturobis gazrda niSnavs arsebiTad imave ekonomikuri da socialuri Sedegis miRebas naklebi energiis gamoyenebiT. energoefeqturobis gazrda ZiriTadad miiRweva ori gziT: energomomxmarebeli da gardamqmneli mowyobilobis da danadgarebis efeqtianobis gazrdiT da energiis dazogviT, rac Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia adamianur faqtorTan da gamoixateba energiis racionaluri moxmarebis kulturis da Cvevebis danergviT, sawarmoo procesebis optimizaciiT da a.S.. energomenejmenti _ es aris energoresursebis gamoyenebis optimizacia da efeqtiani marTva. erTeuli produqciis TviTRirebulebaSi danaxarjebi energiaSemcvelebze iaponiasa da dasavleT evropis qveynebSi Seadgens: 15_20%-s, xolo saqarTveloSi: 30_40%-s, rac gamowveulia Semdegi mizezebiT: • energomomaragebis moZvelebuli infrastuqtura; • energomomaragebis aRricxva-kontrolis ar arseboba; • energiis momwodeblebTan arsebuli problemebi; • energoresursebis uyairaTo xarjva; energomenejmenti – es aris meTodebis kompleqsi, romelTa mizania: • energomoTxovnilebis detalizacia da energoresursebze danaxarjebis Semcireba; • teqnologiuri procesebis optimizacia energoefeqturobis TvalsazrisiT; • sawarmos ekologiurobis amaRleba; • sawarmos konkurentunarianobis amaRleba misi energotevadobis Semcirebis gziT. • energotevadobis Semcireba Zveli tipis naTurebis ekonomiuri naTurebiT SecvliT. energomenejneti gulisxmobs sxvadasxva energoefeqturi RonisZiebebis gatarebas, rogoricaa: SenobebSi gaTbobis Tanamedrove sistemebis damontaJeba (mag mzis energiis gamoyeneba). sawarmoebSi Zveli eleqtroZravebis Secvla axali cvladsiCqariani da energoefeqturi ZravebiT, varvarebis naTurebis Secvla fluorescentuli naTurebiT (ix. suraTi #1) yvelaze iolad gansaxorcielebeli da efeqturi RonisZiebaa, radganac igive ganaTebis efeqti miiReba 4-jer naklebi simZlavris naTurebis gamoyenebiT.

E energoauditis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia energiaze danaxarjebis Semcireba, rac dakavSirebulia ekonomikur efeqtianobasTan.

suraTi #1. ekonomnaTurebi

eleqtromagnituri radiaciis speqtri eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis speqtris xiluli nawili aris naTura (sinaTlis wyaro). eleqtromagnituri radiaciis speqtris sxvadasxva variacia naCvenebia suraTze #2.

suraTi #2. eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis speqtris sxvadasxva variacia

ferebis ganzomilebebi SesaZlebelia ferisa da temperaturis urTierTdamokidebulebis gansazRvra. sxvadasxva temperaturas (T) sxvadasxva feri (K) Seesabameba:

10000 6000 5000 2000

K Æ mzis amosvla KK Æ zeniti KK Æ SuadRe KK Æ mzis Casvla

temperaturisa da feris urTierTdamokidebulebis grafiki naCvenebia suraTze #3. suraTze #4 naCvenebia TeTri feris sxvadasxva diapazoni civi TeTridan (10 000 K) Tbil TeTramde (1000 K).

suraTi #3 temperaturisa da feris urTierTdamokidebulebis grafiki

• • • •

5400K_gamoiyeneba muzeumebSi, samxatvro galereebSi, stomatologiur laboratoriebSi. 5800K_gamoiyeneba sportul darbazebSi, sacxovrebeli saxlebis samzareuloebsa da saZineblebSi; 6200K_Tbili tonebi, romelic gamoiyeneba Tbili samuSao garemos Sesaqmnelad; 6500K_axlos aris dRis sinTlesTan, gamoiyeneba ofisebSi, maRaziebSi, bankebSi, skolebSi, eqimis sakonsultacio kabinetebSi.

suraTi #4 TeTri feris sxvadasxva diapazoni civi TeTridan (10 000 K) Tbil TeTramde (1000 K).

fluorescentuli xazi mrewvelobaSi samrewvelo sawarmoebSi alternatiulia wertilovani ganaTeba an fluorescentuli xazuri ganaTeba.

suraTi #5. fluorescentuli naTurebi

suraTi #6. samrewvelo sawarmoebis ganaTebis tipebi

wertilovani ganaTeba

xazuri ganaTeba

suraTi #7. gansxvaveba wertilovansa da xazur ganaTebas Soris.

• • • • • • •

fluorescentuli naTurebis upiratesobebi: muSaobis xangrZlivoba; ekonomiuroba, danaxarjebis Semcireba (energiis, eqspluataciis danaxarjebis); komfortuloba, ekologiuroba; simartive; cisferi naTebis meti raodenoba; iqmneba lurji cis efeqti; izrdeba momuSaveTa ganwyoba, rac Tavis mxriv, zrdis Sromismwarmoeblurobas.

suraTebze #8, #9 naCvenebia sxvaoba ganaTebis or 17000 KSoris.

suraTi #8

fers 8000 K da

fluorescentuli naTuris ganaTebis feri

8000 K.

suraTi #9 fluorescentuli naTuris ganaTebis feri 17000 K.

fluorescentuli naTurebis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia ara mxolod Senobebis Sida, aramed gare teritoriebisa da SedarebiT civi klimatis pirobebSi funqcionirebadi dawesebulebebis ganaTebisaTvisac (navsadguri, benzingasamarTi sadguri, miwisqveSa gadasasvleli da a.S.) ix. suraTebi #10, 11, 12.

suraTi #10.

suraTi #11. 77

suraTi #12.

energoefeqturi gaTbobis sistemebi saqarTveloSi sazogadoebrivi Senobebis gaTboba amJamad xorcieldeba bunebriv gazze momuSave importuli da adgilobrivi warmoebis RumelebiT, radiatorebiani, centralizebuli wyliT gaTbobis sistemebiT. radganac Tbomomaragebis centralizebuli sistemebis srulmasStabiani ganxorcieleba moiTxovs did kapitaldabandebebs, amitom mizanSewonilia avtonomiuri (korpusuli) Tbomomaragebis danergva, rac msoflios mraval qveyanaSi xorcieldeba. avtonomiuri Tbomomaragebis Rirsebebia: maRali margi qmedebis koeficienti, montaJisa da eqspluataciaSi gaSvebis siswrafe, dabali erTdrouli kapitaldabandeba, damoukidebeli, adgilobrivi regulirebis SesaZlebloba, eleqtroenergiis mcire moxmareba, saTburi gazebis, azotis Jangebis Semcirebuli gamoyofa da sxva. avtonomiuri saqvabeebis ganTavseba SesaZlebelia rogorc calke mdgom saTavsoSi, aseve SenobaTa saxuravebze, SesaZlebelia calke mdgomi saqvabeebis mowyoba korpusebis mcire jgufisaTvis. SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas Semdegi varianti: erTdroulad ganxorcieldes rogorc gaTboba, aseve cxelwyalmomarageba. am SemTxvevaSi cxelwyalmomarageba uzrunvelyofili iqneba mzis koleqtorebiT an geoTermuli wylis gamoyenebiT. gaTbobis sistemis energoefeqturi mowyobilobebi naCvenebia suraTze #13.

suraTi #13. gaTbobis sistemis energoefeqturi mowyobilobebi

energoefeqturi gaciebis sistemebi gaciebis danadgarebi (ix. suraTi #14) aciebs an wyals an uyin siTxes (eTilenglikolos xsnari). aseTi sistema warmoadgens haeris gaciebisa da kondicirebis centralur, mravalzonian sistemas. aseT sistemaSi centralur samacivre danadgarsa da lokalur Tbomcvlelebs Soris Tbomatarebeli ara freonia, aramed gaciebuli siTxe _ Cveulebrivi wyali an eTilglikolis wylis xsnari. aseTi tipis danadgarebis montaJis saxeobebia kedlis, arxisebri, kaseturi, iatakis /Weris da a.S.

suraTi #14. gaciebis sistemis energoefeqturi mowyobilobebi

energoefeqturi saventilacio sistemebi saventilacio mowyobilobebis Semadgeneli nawilebia: Tbomcvleli, ventilatori, haerisgamwmendi filtri, marTvis pulti (ix. suraTi #15). danadgars miewodeba rogorc recirkulirebuli (daxuruli, kondicirebuli farTidan miwodebuli haeri), aseve atmosferodan pirveladi (sufTa) haeri. am sistemebis upiratesoba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Ddidi SenobisaTvis damontaJebuli erTi danadgari minimalur farTsa da sivrces ikavebs, Txevadi matareblis maRali Tbotevadoba didi sigrZis trasis gayvanis saSualebas iZleva, trasis ganStoebebis mowyoba ar moiTxovs specifiur da Zvirfas masalebs, rac maT Rirebulebaze aisaxeba.

suraTi #15. saventilacio sistemis energoefeqturi mowyobilobebi

energoefeqturi cirkulaciis sistemebi gaumjobesebuli warmadobis kompresorebis gamoyeneba, Tanamedrove kontrolis sistemebis damontaJeba, mJonavi milebis gamocvla, 82

mniSvnelovnad zrdis SekumSuli haeris warmoebis efeqturobas. amasTanave, samuSao wnevis 1 bariT Semcireba saoperacio xarjebs 5%-mde Seamcirebs da xSir SemTxvevaSi umniSvnelo an aranair zemoqmedebas ar axdens samuSao procesze. avtomaturi marTvis da regulirebadi siCqaris Zravebis gamoyeneba, romlebic gamomuSavebas miusadageben saWiro datvirTvas, iZleva imis saSualebas, rom gamoviyenoT minimalurad saWiro simZlavre maSin, rodesac gvWirdeba (ix. suraTi #16).

suraTi #16. cirkulaciis sistemis energoefeqturi mowyobilobebi

energoefeqturi ganaTebis sistemebi standartuli fluorsecentuli naTurebis MmuSaobis principi Semdegia: eleqtruli velis gavlenis Sedegad hermetuli SuSis milSi moTavsebul dabali wnevis vercxliswylis orTqlis argonTan an neonTan urTierTqmedebisas warmoiqmneba uxilavi ultraiisferi gamosxiveba. SuSis Sida zedapirze datanili luminafori gardaqmnis ultraiisfer gamosxivebas xilvad Suqad. fluorescentuli naTurebi saWiroeben balasts, romelic aregulirebs naTuraSi gamaval eleqtroenergiis nakads. gavrcelebul 122-244 sm milovan fluorescentul naTurebSi balasti integrirebulia mowyobilobaSi. spiraluri tipis naTuris efeqturoba odnav ufro dabalia vidre milovanisa, radganac naTuris spiralis qveda zedapirze datanili fosforis fena ufro sqelia. aTvlis SI sistemaSi sinaTlis nakadis sazomi erTeulia lumeni. erTi lumeni aris sinaTlis is nakadi, romelsac gamoyofs 0,0000005305 m2 farTis platinis firfita platinis gamyarebis temperaturaze. naTuris naTebis efeqturoba aris sinaTlis is raodenoba, romelic gamoicema energetikuli simZlavris erTeuli (vt) moxmarebisas. igi izomeba lumeni/vt_Si da gvaZlevs saSualebas SevadaroT sinaTlis erTi wyaros efeqturoba meoresTan. ix. cxrili #27. ganaTebis sistemis energoefeqturi mowyobilobebi naCvenebia suraTze #17. cxrili @#27 simZlavre, kompaqturi fluorescentuli naTura, vt 40 450 9-13 60 800 13-15 75 1100 18-20 100 1600 23-30 150 2600 30-52 naturis tipi 100 vt varvara naTura 23vt kfn fasi, lari 0,5 8 muSaobis xangrZlivoba, sT 750 10 000 dRiuri eqspluatacia 4 sT 4 sT naTurebis saWiro 7,3 cali 3 wlis 1 cali 5,4 wlis raodenoba ganmavlobaSi ganmavlobaSi naTurebis jamuri 3,65 lari 8 lari Rirebuleba varvara naTura, vt

naTebis lumeni

lumeni moxmarebuli eleqtroenerbiis Rirebuleba (0,16 l/kvtsT)

1690 70,8 lari

1500 16,12 lari

suraTi #17. ganaTebis sistemis energoefeqturi mowyobilobebi

energoefeqturi ofisis aRWurviloba mcire zomis saofise eleqroteqnika, romelic Semoifargleba erTi romelime funqciis SesrulebiT ZiriTadad dabalsimZlavriania. personaluri kompiuteris monitori yvelaze met energias moixmars da mis zomasTan erTad izrdeba danaxarjic. plazmuri monitori moixmars nakleb energias, vidre Cveulebrivi. saofise mowyobilobebs aqvT dasvenebis mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis unari maTi gamoyenebidan garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg (ix. suraTi #18). am mdgomareobaSi energiis danaxarji Seadgens Cveulebrivi normis maqsimum 15%-s. personaluri kompiuteri CPU: _ muSa reJimSi/molodinis reJimSi=120/30vt an naklebi. monitori: muSa reJimSi/molodinis reJimSi=150/30vt an naklebi. leptopi=50vt.

kompiuteruli qseli

lifti

suraTi #18. sxva sistemis energoefeqturi mowyobilobebi

energoefeqturi kontrolis sistemebi gaumjobesebuli kontrolis saSualebebis (ix. suraTi #19) gamoyeneba, rogoricaa sarqvelebis, tumboebis, ventilatorebis da a.S. avtomaturi kontroli uzrunvelyofs energiis gamoyenebis gaumjobesebul regulirebas. temperaturisa da wnevis monitoringi, sxva procesebis (mag. orTqlis, wylis, haeris nakadebis) avtomaturi aRricxvisa da Caweris CaTvliT, danakargebis indentificirebis saSualebas iZleva.

suraTi #19. kontrolis energoefeqturi mowyobilobebi

energoefeqturi energiis kontrolis sistemebi

Eenergiis analizatorebi

mricxvelebi

suraTi #20. energiis kontrolis energoefeqturi mowyobilobebi $6.2. danakargebis aRricxva da energoefeqturi RonisZiebebi energetikulsa da samrewvelo sawarmoebSi 1. danakargebis gaangariSeba dabali da maRali wnevis gazsadenebSi. gazis danakargebi Sedgeba ori Semadgenelisagan: transportirebisa da ganawilebis danakargebi. Ggazis gaJonvebi yvelaze metad mosalodnelia: 1. gazsadenebis SeerTebebSi; 2. kondensatis sakrebelis da hidrosaketis dayenebis adgilebSi; 3. milebis da armaturis qarxnuli da samontaJo wunis adgilebSi; 4. SemTxveviTi dazianebis adgilebSi; 5. koroziiT dazianebis adgilebSi; 6. armaturis dayenebis adgilebSi, romelic ar aris uzrunvelyofili sakompensacio mowyobilobebiT. mxedvelobaSi misaRebia gazomvis danakargebi, romelic damokidebulia sazomi xelsawyos sizusteze, garemos temperaturaze da wnevaze. Ggazis gamoyenebis efeqturoba (dabali wnevis sistemaSi) xasiaTdeba Semdegi maCveneblebiT: â&#x20AC;˘ siTbos danakargebi warmaval gazebSi: q2,% 89

• siTbos danakargebi gazis arasruli wvis Sedegad: q3,% • siTbos danakargebi garemoSi: q4,% margi qmedebis koeficienti: η = 100 _ (q2+q3+q4) 2. danakargebis gaangariSeba dabali da maRali Zabvis eleqtrul sistemebSi. Eeleqtroenergiis warmoebisa da ganawilebis procesSi warmoiSoba eleqtroenergiis danakargebi, romelic gamioTvleba %_Si im eleqtroenergiidan, romelic miawoda qsels eleqtrosistemam. Ees maCvenebeli sxvadasxva eleqtrosistemisaTvis meryeobs sazRvrebSi: 4-5%dan 14-15%-mde. aRniSnul danakargebs, romelic didi eleqtrosistemisaTvis Zalian did sidides warmoadgens, ewodeba eleqtrosistemis eleqtroenergiis gadacemis da ganawilebis teqnologiuri xarji. mTlianiDdanakargebi Sedgeba: • maRali Zabvis danakargebi (daaxloebiT 92,5%); • dabali Zabvis danakargebi (daaxloebiT 7,5%). danakargebis struqtura daxloebiT ase gamoiyureba: • eleqtrogadacemis xazebSi _65% (aqedan 5% gvirgvinze) • transformatorebSi _ 30%; • reaqtorebSi, kompensatorebSi, denisa da Zabvis transformatorebSi, sazom da maregulirebel xelsawyoebSi _3%; • qvesadguris sakuTari moxmareba, romelsac danakargebs miaweren _2%. miwodebis danakargebis sidide damokidebulia eleqtroenergiis gadamcemi xazebis sigrZeze, gadacemis da ganawilebis Zabvaze da qselis xarisxze. Ddanakargebis sididis damokidebulebis mixedviT gamoyofen: • mudmiv danakargebs (romlebic ar aris damokidebuli datvirTvis sidideze) _25%; • cvladi danakargebi _ 75%; calke gamoyofen e.w. tranzitis danakargebs (erTi energosistemidan meoreSi eleqtroenergiis gadacemaze), romelic Seadgens saerTo danakargebis 2-5%-s. eleqtroenergis danakargebs saangariSo periodSi (Tve, kvartali, weli) miaxloebiT angariSoben rogorc dRe-Ramuri danakargebis namravls samuSao DdReRameebis raodenobaze. Tu sawarmo muSaobs dasvenebis dReebiT, maSin danakargebs dasvenebis dReebSi angariSoben calke[6]. Eeleqtrogadacemis xazebSi aqtiuri energiis danakargebi iangariSeba formuliT: ΔExaz = 3 Kƒ 2 I 2RT sadac Kƒ _ aris datvirTvis grafikis formis koeficienti; I _ denis saSualo mniSvneloba; R_ xazis ekvivalenturi aqtiuri winaRoba; T_ samuSao saaTebis raodenoba. saSualo deni gamoiTvleba eleqtroenergiis mricxvelebis Cvenebebis safuZvelze: I=

E a2 + E r2

3Ut 3UT cos ϕ sadac U _ aris xazuri Zabva, kv; cos ϕ _ xazis saSualoSewonili simZlavris koeficienti. 90

reaqtiuli energiis danakargebis saangariSod formulebSi R_is nacvlad Caismeba ekvivalenturi reaqtiuli winaRoba X. danakargebi transformatorebSi iangariSeba formuliT: ΔEtrans = ΔPuqm sv Tsr + Kdat 2ΔPmok. Ser Tdat sadac ΔPuqm sv _ aris uqmi svlis dayvanili danakargebi, kvt; ΔPmok. Ser_ simZlavris mokled SerTvis dayvanili danakargebi, kvt; Kdat_ transformatoris datvirTvis koeficienti denis mixedviT. Aadgili aqvs DagreTve danakargebs ZravebSi: • danakargebi damyarebul reJimSi; • danakargebi gardamaval reJimSi; unda gamoiyos aqtiuri simZlavris da eleqtroenergiis damatebiTi danakargebi, romelic gamowveulia: • denis da Zabvis arasinusoidurobiT (arawrfiv elementebSi asinqronul da sinqronul ZravebSi, transformatorebSi, Zalur kondensatorebSi). • Zabvis asimetriulobiT (nulovani da ukuTanmimdevrobis denebiT da ZabvebiT asinqronul da sinqronul ZravebSi, trnsformatorebSi, kondensatoris batareebSi, reqtorebSi, eleqtrul qselSi). • Zabvis sixSiris cvlilebiT (aqtiuri simZlavris danakargebi asinqronul da sinqronul ZravebSi, sxva elementebSi). danakargebis Sesamcireblad eleqtrosistemis saeqspluatacio samsaxurebi regularuld atareben RonisZiebebs, rogoricaa: reJimuli, saorganizacio da samSeneblo-sarekonstruqcio. reJimul RonisZiebebs miekuTvneba: • generatorebisa da sinqronuli kompensatorebis reaqtiuli simZlavriT optimaluri datvirTva; • datvirTvis qveS regulirebadi transformatorebis drouli gadarTva; • didi datvirTvis reJimebSi reaqtorebis gamorTva; • generatorebis gadayvana sinqronuli kompensatorebis reJimSi; • mcire datvirTvebis periodebSi dabali Zabvis qselebSi transformatorebis gamorTva; saorganizacio RonisZiebebs miekuTvneba: • ZiriTadi mowyobilobebis saremonto vadebis Semcireba da mimdevrobiT CarTuli elementebis remontis SeTavseba; • eleqtroenergiis gadamcemi xazis remonti Zabvis qveS; • eleqtroenergiis aRricxvis sistemis srulyofa; • qvesadgurebis sakuTar moxmarebaze eleqtroenergiis xarjis Semcireba da sxva. samSeneblo-sarekonstruqcio RonisZiebebs miekuTvneba: • axali makompensirebeli mowyobilobebis gamoyeneba; • eleqtrul xazebze sadenebis Secvla; • trensformatorebisa da avtotransformatorebis Secvla; • Zabvis regulirebis avtomatizacia da sxva. pirveli ori jgufis RonisZiebebis danergvis Sedegad miRebulma efeqtma SeiZleba Seadginos danakargebis 1-2%, zogierT SemTxvevaSi -5-6%. mesame jgufi RonisZiebebis gatareba moiTxovs mniSvnelovan materialurteqnikur danaxarjebs da did dros, am jgufis RonisZiebebi tardeba ara mxolod danakargebis Sesamcireblad, aramed qselis gamtarunarianobis 91

gasazrdelad, misi muSaobis saimedoobisa da eleqtroenergiis xarisxis amaRlebis mizniT.

$6.3. siTbos

gamoyenebis energoefeqturi RonisZiebebi

siTbos efeqtiani gamoyeneba iwvevs siTboze danaxarjebis Semcirebas, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs saTbobis naklebi raodenobis moxmarebas, rac Tavis mxriv, iwvevs CO2 -is nakleb emisias, rac Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs garemos dadebiT balanss. siTbos efeqtiani gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia milsadenebSi, saqvabeebSi, turbinebSi, lilvebSi, gazqurebSi, sxva manqana-danadgarebsa da aRWurvilobebSi. siTbos danakargebis Semcirebis erT-erTi meTodi aris milebis dafarva specialuri masaliT(ix. suraTebi #21-30):. specialuri masala unda iyos: • cecxlgamZle; • qimiuri efeqtebisadmi gamZle; • mdgradi koroziis procesebisadmi; • ekologiuri (adgili ar unda hqondes mavne nivTierebebis emisias eqspluataciis procesSi); • fizikurad mdgradi; • meqanikurad mdgradi (gauZlos vibracias, wnevas). specialuri damcavi masalis saxeobebia: • minaqsovili: es aris mrewvelobaSi farTod gamoyenebuli araorganuli qsovili, romelic Sedgeba kvarcis, silikatis da mravali sxva substanciisagan. marTalia, meqanikuri gamZleoba am saxis masalis aris SedarebiT susti, magram mas gaaCnia sxva dadebiTi efeqtebi: xangamZleoba (eqspluataciis xangrZlivoba), siiafe, siTbogamZleoba. • Aazbesti: tradiciulad gamoyenebuli damcavi masala. Aam masalis gamoyeneba dakavSirebulia mTel rig uaryofiT momentebTan, kerZod, igi azianebs adamianis janmrTelobas eqspluataciis procesSi, radgan gamofrqveuli mcire nawilakebi xvdeba adamianis filtvebSi da iwvevs sasunTqi gzebis daavadebas. Uumetes qveynebSi misi gamoyeneba akrZalulia. • kalcium-silikati: mineraluri nivTierebebis bazaze Seqmnili damcavi masala. misi dadebiTi Tvisebebia: maRali temperaturisadmi da cudi klimaturi pirobebisadmi gamZleoba. uaryofiTi faqtori: advilad tydeba. • polistireni: gamoiyeneba samacivro, gamagrilebel-saventilacio sistemebsa da SenobebSi. • sxvadasxva saxeobis rezinis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia elastikuri milebis SesafuTad.

suraTi #21. milsadenebi energoefeqturi RonisZiebis gatarebamde

suraTi #22. milsadenebi energoefeqturi RonisZiebis gatarebis Semdeg

suraTi #23. saqvabis dafarva specialuri masaliT

suraTi #24. saqvabis dafarva specialuri masaliT

turbinebis dafarva specialuri masaliT

suraTi #25. turbinebis dafarva specialuri masaliT

suraTi #26. turbinebis dafarva specialuri masaliT

suraTi #27. milsadenebis dafarva specialuri masaliT

suraTi #28. lilvebis dafarva specialuri masaliT

suraTi # 29. manqana-danadgarebis dafarva specialuri masaliT

suraTi #30. lilvis foto specialuri masaliT dafarvamde da dafarvis Semdeg

lilvis Jaketis upiratesobebia: ioli montaJi, Tburi danakargebis Semcireba, saTbobis moxmarebis Semcireba da Sedegad fuladi danaxarjebis Semcireba.

Tavi VII. sufTa ganviTarebis meqanizmis mimdinareoba da perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi $7.1. sufTa ganviTarebis meqanizmis arsi da ganxorcielebis meqanizmebi msoflio aRmoCnda saSiSroebis winaSe rom garemosadmi gauazrebeli, momxmarebluri damokidebuleba gamoiwvevda Seuqcevad procesebs, rac momaval Taobebs gaurTulebda arsebobas. amis Tavidan asacileblad kacobriobam samoqmedod daisaxa “mdgradi ganviTarebis” principi[14]. “mdgradi ganviTareba iseTi ganviTarebaa, romelic pasuxobs dRevandel moTxovnebs da safrTxis qveS ar ayenebs momavali Taobebis unars daikmayofilon sakuTari moTxovnebi”. 1992 wels rio de JaneiroSi gamarTul konferenciaze (“rios samiti”) “garemo da ganviTareba” saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam SeimuSava da miiRo mdgradi ganviTarebis samoqmedo gegma “dRis wesigi 21”. am dokumentma garemosdacviTi, ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi erTian politikur CarCoSi moaqcia. “dRis wesrigi 21” Seicavs 2500-ze met rekomendacias, Tu ra gziT SevzRudoT bunebrivi resursebis uyairaTo moxmareba, rogor davicvaT atmosfero, okeane da biomravalferovneba, rogor davZlioT siRaribe da sxv. rio de JaneiroSi miRebuli dokumentebidan erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo gaeros klimatis cvlilebis CarCo konvencia, romlis safuZvelic gaxda msoflios wamyvan eqspertTa dasabuTebuli daskvna imis Taobaze, rom globaluri daTbobiT gamowveuli klimatis cvlileba seriozul safrTxes uqmnis kacobriobas. konvenciis umaRlesi organoa mxareTa konferencia - mk (Conference of Parties–COP). saqarTvelom konvenciis ratifikacia moaxdina 1994 wels. konvenciis Tanaxmad Semdegma qveynebma (ix. cxrili #28), romlebic warmoadgenen konvenciis danarT I –Si (ix. cxrili #38) CarTul mxareebs, ikisres valdebuleba 2000 wlisaTvis saTburis gazebis emisiebi daeyvanaT 1990 wlis donemde. cxrili #28 konvenciis danarT I-Si CarTuli mxareebi

avstralia avstria belorusia*) belgia bulgareTi*) ungreTi*) germania saberZneTi dania evrogaerTianeba irlandia islandia espaneTi italia

kanada latvia*) litva*) luqsemburgi niderlandebi axali zelandia norvegia poloneTi*) portugalia ruseTis federacia*) rumineTi*) gaerTianebuli 99

ukraina*) fineTi safrangeTi Sveicaria Svecia estoneTi*) iaponia CexeTi*) slovakeTi*) lixtenSteini monako slovenia*) xorvateTi*)

samefo aSS TurqeTi

*) gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynebi 2000 wlis moaxloebasTan erTad gamoikveTa, rom es danarT I-is qveynebi nakisr valdebulebas ver Seasrulebdnen. 1997 wels miRebul iqna klimatis cvlilebis CarCo konvenciis `kiotos oqmi”, romliTac qveynebma axali valdebulebebi ikisres. `kiotos oqmis” Tanaxmad mis danarT B-Si CamoTvlilma ganviTarebulma qveynebma (ix. cxrili #29) 2008-2012 wlebis periodisaTvis saTburis gazebis emisiebi 1990 wlis donesTan SedarebiT unda Seamciron aranakleb 5%-iT, maT Soris evropis qveynebis umetesobam emisiebi unda Seamciros 8%-iT. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma ar moaxdina oqmis ratifikacia. “kiotos oqmis” umaRlesi organoa mxareTa konferencia, moqmedi rogorc “kiotos oqmis” mxareTa Sexvedra - mk/mS (Conference of Parties serving as the Meeting of Kyoto Protocol – COP/MOP) kiotos oqms saqarTvelo SeuerTda 1999 wlis ivnisSi. cxrili #29 kiotos oqmis danarTi B (1990 wlis doneebs Seesabameba 100%)

avstralia avstria

10 8 92

aSS

axali zelandia

10 0 92 92 92 92

belgia bulgareTi germania dania gaerTianebuli samefo evrokavSiri espaneTi estoneTi iaponia irlandia islandia italia kanada latvia litva lixtenSteini

luqsemburgi

monako niderlandebi norvegia

92 92 10 1 94 92 92 10 0 92

poloneTi portugalia rumineTi ruseTis federacia saberZneTi

92 92 92 94

safrangeTi slovakeTi slovenia ukraina

92 11 0 92 94 92 92 92

ungreTi fineTi

92 92 92 10 0 94 92

SvedeTi Sveicaria CexeTi xorvateTa

92 92 92 95

100

`kiotos oqmi” ganixilavs Semdeg saTburis gazebs ix. cxrili #:30 cxrili #30 gazi

gazi

naxSirorJangi (C02)

hidroftornaxSirbadebi (HFC) perftornaxSirbadebi (PFC) gogirdis heqsaftoridi (SF6)

meTani (CH4) azotis qveJangi (N20)

meTani 21-jer, xolo azotis qveJangi 310-jer ufro Zlieri saTburis gazia, vidre naxSirorJangi. SF6, aseve HFC-ebisa da PFC-ebis jgufebi Zalian maRali saTburis efeqtis mqone samrewvelo gazebs warmoadgenen. emisiebis Sefasebisa da aRricxvis unificirebisaTvis emisiis erTeulad arCeulia saTburis gazis is raodenoba, romlis saTburi efeqti tolia 1 tona naxSirorJangis saTburis efeqtisa. am erTeuls ewoda 1 tona naxSirorJangis eqvivalenti (tCO2eq). qvemoT moyvanilia ZiriTadi saTburis gazebis “saTburis efeqtis” zoma, gamosaxuli tCO2eq-Si. (ix. cxrili #31) cxrili #31 gazi

Ggazi

1 tCO2 =1 tCO2eq;

1 tHFC-ebi = (140-11,700) tCO2eq; 1 tCH4 =21 tCO2eq 1 tPFC-ebi = (6,500-23,900) tCO2eq; 1 tN2O =310 tCO2eq 1 tSF6 = 23900 tCO2eq saTburis gazebis emisiebis Semcireba ZiriTadad SesaZlebelia energomoxmarebis (Sesabamisad energogeneraciis) SezRudviT an energetikis, mrewvelobis, transportis, soflis meurneobis, sayofacxovrebo da komerciul seqtorebSi energoefeqturobis gazrdiT. ganviTarebul qveynebSi energogeneraciis SezRudva moaswavebs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Seferxebas, rac am qveynebisaTvis miuRebelia. energoefeqturobis gazrdis SesaZleblobebi ki Zalzed SezRudulia, radgan am qveynebSi energoefeqturoba dResac sakmaod maRalia da am parametris Semdgomi gaumjobeseba uaRresad did investiciebs moiTxovs. saTburis gazebis emisiebis Semcireba aseve SesaZlebelia naxSirbadis maRali Semcvelobis mqone sawvavis SecvliT naxSirbadis SedarebiT dabali Semcvelobis mqone sawvaviT (naxSiris Secvla navTobiT an bunebrivi gaziT da navTobis Secvla bunebrivi gaziT). naxSiris, navTobisa da bunebrivi gazis xvedriTi emisiebis uxeSi fardobaa 1 : 0,75 : 0,55. ganaxlebadi energetikuli resursebis aTvisebiT, samrewvelo gazebis daSliT, aseve sxva, SedarebiT nakleb masStaburi da nakleb efeqturi RonisZiebebiT. am mxrivac umetesi ganviTarebuli qveynebis SesaZleblobebi praqtikulad amowurulia. amdenad kiotos oqmiT nakisri valdebulebebis Sesruleba ganviTarebuli qveynebis umetesobisaTvis sakmaod problematuria. meores mxriv, konvenciis danarT I-Si ar CarTul qveynebSi saTburis gazebis emisiebis Semcirebis sakmao potenciali arsebobs, magram maT uZneldebaT, ZiriTadad finansuri resursebis simwiris gamo, 101

damoukideblad saTburis gazebis emisiebis Semcirebisaken mimarTuli proeqtebis ganxorcieleba. “kiotos oqmiT” ganisazRvra sufTa ganviTarebis meqanizmi (sgm), romelic saSualebas aZlevs konvenciis danarT 1-Si (ix. cxrili#38) arCarTul mxares ganaxorcielos danarT 1-Si CarTul ganviTarebul qveyanasTan erTad saTburis gazebis emisiis Semamcirebeli proeqti. maspinZeli mxare mogebuli rCeba misi qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi proeqtis ganxorcielebiT, romelic sgm gareSe ver ganxorcieldeboda (emisiebis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavali, e.w. “naxSirbadis kreditebi” finansuri TvalsazrisiT sicocxlisunarians xdis proeqts), ganviTarebul qveyanas ki garkveul safasurad gadaecema Semcirebuli emisiebi srulad/an nawili, rac am qveyanas CaeTvleba kiotos oqmiT nakisri valdebulebebis SesrulebaSi. proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad miRweuli emisiebis Semcireba unda dakanonebuli (sertificirebuli) iqnas sgm aRmasrulebeli sabWos mier. “sertificirebuli emisiis Semcireba” (seS), iseve rogorc zogadad emisiebi, izomeba tona naxSirorJangis eqvivalentebSi (CO2eq). sgm-Si monawileobis pirobebi sgm pirobebisa da procedurebis Sesabamisad saqarTvelos, iseve rogorc danarT I-Si(ix. cxrili#38) arCarTul nebismier mxares, SeuZlia sgm-Si monawileoba, Tu is akmayofilebs Semdeg pirobebs: 1. sgm saproeqto saqmianobaSi monawileobs nebayoflobiT; 2. qveyanaSi daniSnulia sgm erovnuli pasuxismgebeli organo (epo) [CDM Designated National Authority (CDM DNA)]; 3. warmoadgens kiotos oqmis mxares. saqarTvelo warmoadgens “kiotos oqmis” mxares da nebayoflobiT surs monawileoba miiRos sgm-Si. mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2005 wlis #2 gankargulebiT sgm erovnul pasuxismgebel organod ganisazRvra saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministro, saqarTvelo akmayofilebs sgm-Si monawileobis samive pirobas. saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2005 wlis 29 seqtembris #172 dadgenilebiT Seiqmna sgm sabWo (ix. cxrili#38), romlis mTavari amocana iqneba sgm proeqtebisaTvis dadgenili kriteriumebis mixedviT gansazRvros, ramdenad uwyobs xels wardgenili sgm proeqti qveynis mdgrad ganviTarebas, SesabamisobaSia Tu ara sgm proeqti erovnul da/an seqtorul politikasTan da gauwios sgm proeqts rekomendacia saqarTvelos mTavrobis saxeliT oficialuri Tanxmobis gacemis Taobaze. sgm xelmZRvaneli organo radgan sgm warmoadgens kiotos oqms daqvemdebarebul meqanizms, mk/ms xelmZRvanelobs sgm-s. 2001 wels marakeSSi, maroko, mxareebma miiRes „marakeSis SeTanxmeba“, romelic exeba kiotos oqmis ganxorcielebis wesebs. „marakeSis SeTanxmebis“ safuZvelze Seiqmna sgm aRmasrulebeli sabWo (sgm as), romlis movaleobaa zedamxedveloba gauwios sufTa ganviTarebis meqanizms.

sgm proeqtis cikli sgm proeqtis cikli moicavs Semdeg qmedebebs: proeqtis identifikacia 102

proeqtis arsis aRmweri dokumentis momzadeba proeqtis dokumentis momzadeba proeqtSi CarTuli mxareebis mier proeqtis ganxorcielebaze Tanxmobis gacema proeqtis validacia da registracia monitoringi, verifikacia da sertifikacia seS-ebis mimoqcevaSi gaSvebamde seSebis mimoqcevaSi gaSveba

sgm saproeqto ciklTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi proeqtis monawileebma unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom sgm proeqtis momzadebasa da ganxorcielebas sWirdeba mniSvnelovani xarjebi. es xarjebi ori tipisaa: (1) xarjebi, damaxasiaTebeli nebismieri, maT Soris komerciuli proeqtebisaTvis, magaliTad, proeqtis “ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobis Seswavlis” (feasibility study) xarjebi, mSeneblobisa da danadgarebis Rirebuleba, saeqspluatacio da teqnikuri momsaxurebis xarjebi, kapitalis Rirebuleba da sxv. (2) xarjebi, gamowveuli sgm proeqtis specifikiT. mas zogjer “samoqmedo xarjebs” (“transaction costs”) uwodeben. samoqmedo xarjebi gaiweva sgm saproeqto ciklis sxvadasxva stadiaze: uSualod proeqtis momzadebisa da ganxorcielebis xarjebi es xarjebi, romelic unda gaiRon proeqtis monawileebma, damokidebulia mocemuli proeqtis Taviseburebebze (zoma, sirTule da sxv.) da momsaxurebis provaiderebze. Tanxebs qvemoT CamoTvlili saqmianobisaTvis, Cveulebriv, uxdian sxvebs, magaliTad, dargis eqspertebs, sakonsultacio firmebs da sxv. proeqtis monawileebma SeiZleba dazogon Tanxebi sakuTari ZalebiT samuSaoebis SesrulebiT, magaliTad, sakuTari TanamSromlebis mier proeqtis dokumentaciis momzadebiT. qvemoT moyvanili SesaZlo sazRvrebi eyrdnoba literaturul monacemebs da varirebs proeqtis zomisa da sirTulis mixedviT. ♦ proeqtis moZieba da Sefaseba: 3,000-29,000 aSS dolari; ♦ proeqtis dokumentis momzadeba: 3,800-120,000 aSS dolari; ♦ proeqtis validacia: 3,800-80,000 aSS dolari; ♦ kontraqtis ganxilva da iuridiuli momsaxureba: 1,500-63,700 aSS dolari; ♦ monitoringi (rogorc wesi xorcieldeba sawarmos TanamSromlebis mier); ♦ verifikacia/sertifikacia: 3,800-50,000 aSS dolari;. xarjebi (Senatanebi), romlebic gansazRvrulia konvenciis procedurebiT: ♦ axali meTodologiis wardgenis (1000 aSS dolari, mxolod maSin, rodesac proeqtis monawileebis mier wardgenilia axali meTodologia). ♦ Semosavlis nawili sgm administraciuli xarjebis dasafaravad; 0,10 aSS dolari/tona CO2eq mimoqcevaSi gaSvebuli pirveli 15,000 tona CO2e-isTvis, 0,20 aSS dolari /tona CO2eq mimoqcevaSi gaSvebuli 15,000 tona CO2eq-is zeviT. ♦ saregistracio Senatani: faqtiurad warmoadgens pirvel wels miRweuli emisiis SemcirebebisaTvis administraciuli xarjebis 103

♦

windawin gadaxdas. ar gadaixdeba im sgm saproeqto saqmianobisaTvis romlis emisiis Semcireba, savaraudod naklebia 15,000 t-CO2eq. Semosavlis nawili saadaptacio xarjebis xelSesawyobad. es Tanxebi xmardeba klimatis cvlilebis mimarT gansakuTrebiT mowyvladi qveynebisaTvis saadaptacio RonisZiebebs da tolia mimoqcevaSi gaSvebuli seS-ebis 2%-is.

SesaZlo sgm proeqtebi qvemo cxrilSi #32 moyvanilia sgm proeqtebis is ZiriTadi tipebi, romelTa ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia arsebuli damtkicebuli meTodologiiebis safuZvelze[13]. es cxrili daexmareba proeqtis monawileebs sgm proeqtis identifikaciaSi. cxrili #32 seqtoris dasaxeleba 1. energetika: generacia ganaxlebadi da araganaxlebadi wyaroebidan

2. energiis ganawileba

3. energiis moxmareba

4. gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba

proeqtebis magaliTebi axali hesebis da qaris eleqtrosadgurebis mSenebloba arsebuli eleqtrosadgurebis reabilitacia eleqtrosadgurebSi energoefeqturobis gaumjobeseba turbinis modernizaciiT, orTqlis qvabis SecvliT an reabilitaciiT biomasis narCenebidan eleqtroenergiis generacia saqvabeebis aRdgena an Secvla samrewvelo gaTbobis seqtorSi kompaqturi kogeneracia (eleqtroenergiisa da Tburi energiis kombinirebuli gamomuSaveba) bunebrivi gazis gamoyenebiT biogenuri meTanis Sefrqveva bunebrivi gazis ganawilebis qselSi energoefeqturobis gazrda eleqtro- da Tburi energiis gadamcem da gamanawilebel sistemebSi, magaliTad, eleqtrogadamcem xazebis voltaJis amaRleba, transformatorebis Secvla, siTbos gadamcemi milebis Tboizolaciis gaumjobeseba da sxv. wyalsatumbi sistemebis energoeqturobis gaumjobeseba energodamzogi naTurebis gavrceleba sayofacxovrebo da komerciul seqtorebSi orTlis moxmarebis optimizaciis sistemebis danergva wiaRiseuli sawvavis alternatiuli sawvaviT Canacvleba cementis warmoebaSi klinkeris optimaluri gamoyeneba cementis warmoebaSi 104

5. qimiuri mrewveloba

6. mSenebloba

7. transporti

8. samTo mrewveloba/ mineralebis warmoeba 9. liTonis warmoeba

10. fujitiuri (aqroladi) emisiebi sawvavidan (myari sawvavi, navTobi da gazi)

danamatebis gazrda cementSi emisiebis acileba biomasis narCenebidan, maTi gamoyenebiT qaRaldis an biosawvavis sawarmoeblad narCeni gazis mopoveba da gamoyeneba metalurgiaSi, navTobgadamamuSavebel qarxnebSi da sxv. N2O-is katalizuri daSla azotmJavas qarxnebSi samSeneblo masalis Secvla: energoefeqturi RonisZiebebi; satvirTo manqanebis ganarbenis Semcireba. satransporto saSualebebis gadayvana benzinidan an dizelis sawvavidan bunebriv gazze transportis optimizacia biosawvavis gamoyeneba qvanaxSiris sabadodan meTanis gadamuSaveba energoefeqturoba: procesis efeqturobis gaumjobeseba. procesis Secvla: mSrali koqsis damuSaveba naxSiris maRarodan an naxSiris plastebidan meTanis CaWera da misi gamoyeneba energiis misaRebad navTobis WaburRilebidan im gazis CaWera da gamoyeneba, romelic winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi daiwveba CiraRdnulad gaJonvebis Semcireba bunebrivi gazis milsadenebis sakompresoro sadgurebidan da sarqvelebidan. gaJonvebis Semcireba bunebrivi gazis gamanawilebel qselSi Zveli rkinis an foladis milebis SecvliT polieTilenis milebiT. HFC: hidroftorkarbonebi: HFC-23-is wva

11. fujitiuri emisiebi hidroftorkarbonebisa da gogirdis heqsaftoridis warmoebasa da moxmarebidan 12. gamxsnelebis gamxsneli masalebis Secvla - saTburis gamoyeneba gazebis nakleb gamomyofi gamxsneli masalebiT Canacvleba 13. narCenebis gadamuSaveba da ganTavseba

nagavsayrelidan meTanis Segroveba da gamoyeneba energetikuli miznebisaTvis. Camdinare wylebis damuSavebisas gamoTavisuflebuli meTanis gamoyeneba energetikuli miznebisaTvis saTburis gazebis emisiis Semcireba 105

14. tyis gaSeneba da tyis aRdgena

15. soflis meurneoba

nakelis marTvis sistemebidan degradirebuli niadagebis aRdgena degradirebuli niadagebis aRdgena tyis gaSenebiT/aRdgeniT degradirebuli niadagebze tyis gaSeneba/aRdgena xeebis dargviT, amJamad sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebisaTvis gamoyenebul niadaebze tyis gaSeneba samrewvelo da komerciuli saqmianobisaTvis tyis gaSenebis/ tyis aRdgenis proeqti degradirebul niadagebze xeebiT tyis gaSeneba/aRdgena buCqnaris damatebiT degradirebuli niadagebis gatyianeba/tyis aRdgena SeSis/merqnis uwyveti warmoebisaTvis nakrZalebSi/dacul teritoriebze arsebul aramarTvad saZovrebze tyis gaSeneba da ganaxleba gaxrwnili biomasidan meTanis warmoebis Tavidan acileba

sgm proeqtis identifikacia sawarmos (sameurneo obieqtis) teqnikurma personalma pirvel rigSi unda daadginos gamoyofs Tu ara maTi sawarmo atmosferoSi saTburis gazebs: magaliTad, sawarmo energiis misaRebad iyenebs wiaRiseul sawvavs (naxSirs, navTobproduqtebs, bunebriv gazs da a.S.) an iyenebs sistemidan eleqtroenergias, romelic saqarTvelos pirobebSi gamomuSavdeba nawilobriv TboeleqtrosadgurebSi wiaRiseuli sawvavis wviT. saTburis gazebi aseve SeiZleba warmoiqmnas, rogorc mrewvelobis romelime seqtorSi teqnologiuri procesis Tanmdevi produqti, magaliTad metalurgiaSi koqsiT madnis aRdgenisas warmoiqmneba naxSirorJangi, azotmJavasa da kaprolaqtamis warmoebisas warmoiqmneba da atmosferoSi gamoiyofa azotis qveJangi, cementisa da klinkeris warmoebisas gamoiyofa naxSirorJangi (kirqva xurdeba maRaltemperaturul RumelSi da e.w. kalcinaciis procesSi warmoqmneba saSualedo produqti - kiri da Tanmdevi CO2). sawarmo (obieqti) SeiZleba iyos Zlieri saTburis gazis – meTanis wyaro, Tu igi organul narCenebs anTavsebs sakuTar teritoriaze iseT pirobebSi, rom es narCenebi ixrwneba anaerobulad (anu uJangbadod). magaliTad Camdinare wylebis gamwmend sistemaSi organuli nivTierebebis Semcveli wyali grovdeba tborebSi da ixrwneba anaerobulad; mecxoveleobis fermaSi nakeli an mefrinveleobis fabrikaSi frinvelis skore inaxeba anaerobul pirobebSi, xe-tyis gadamamuSavebel sawarmoSi xis narCenebi (naxerxi da sxv.) grovdeba da ixrwneba anaerobulad da sxv[24]. Semdgom sawarmo unda Seecados daadginos saTburis gazebis emisiis done. cxadia rac maRalia arsebuli emisiebi, emisiebis Semcirebis miT maRali done SeiZleba arsebobdes. Tu sawarmos personals ar 106

SeuZlia damoukideblad amis Sefaseba, maT konsultaciisaTvis SeuZlia mimarTon sgm erovnul pasuxismgebel organos – saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros an sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr sxva romelime kompetentur organizacias (sakonsultacio firmas, Semcirebuli emisiebis SesyidviT dainteresebul romelime saerTaSoriso an saxelmwifo fonds da sxv.). sawarmo ganixilavs perspeqtiul proeqtebs da SearCevs iseT proeqtebs, romelTa ganxorcieleba sawarmos mizanSewonilad miaCnia, magram ver axerxebs amas finansebis ukmarisobis gamo. SesaZlebelia proeqti finansurad mimzidveli ar iyos potenciuri investorisTvis, an arsebobdes proeqtTan dakavSirebuli barierebi, romelTa gamoc investori Tavs ikavebs investirebisgan. Tu am proeqtis ganxorcielebiT miiRweva saTburis gazebis emisiis mniSvnelovani Semcireba, maSin Semcirebuli emisiebis gayidviT miRebulma Semosavalma SeiZleba proeqti mimzidveli gaxados investorebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT Tu es ukanaskneli dainteresebulia seS-ebiT. im proeqtis ganxorcieleba, romliTac miiRweva 10,000 tona CO2eq-ze naklebi emisiebis Semcireba, finansurad nakleb perspeqtiulia, radgan sgm proeqtis cikli, dawyebuli saproeqto dokumentaciis momzadebiT da damTavrebuli emisiebis Semcirebis sertificirebiT (dakanonebiT) dakavSirebulia mniSvnelovan danaxarjebTan. aq arsebobs gamosavali: erTi tipis ramdenime mcire proeqtis gaerTianeba (paketireba) da maTi ganxorcieleba rogor erTi sgm proeqtis. gaerTianeba Seexeba mxolod sgm nawils, da ara srulad proeqtebs. proeqtis dokumentis momzadeba. mas Semdeg rac sawarmo gadawyvets ganaxorcielos sgm proeqti, man sasurvelia (da ara savaldebulo) aRweros proeqtis arsi (idea) da moamzados Sesabamisi dokumenti – “proeqtis ideis aRwera” (Project Idea Note-PIN). es dokumenti mas gamoadgeba ucxoeli partnioris dasaintereseblad da mosazidad. aseve sasurvelia Pwaredginos sgm erovnul pasuxismgebel organos, raTa Tavidanve gamoiricxos raime Seusabamoba sgm pirobebTan da procedurebTan. proeqtis monawileebma SeiZleba sTxovon sgm erovnul pasuxismgebel organos “mxardaWeris werilis” (Letter of endorcement an Letter of no objection) gacema, romelSic aRniSnuli iqneba, rom saministro mxars uWers (an ar aris winaaRmdegi) proetis ganxorcielebas. amis Semdeg sawarmo ucxoel partniorTan erTad, an damoukideblad amzadebs proeqtis dokuments. Tu sawarmos gadawyvetili aqvs damoukideblad ganaxorcielos sgm proeqti, maSin mas mouwevs sgm saproeqto sruli ciklTan dakavSirebuli yvela xarjis gaweva da Sesabamisad yvela riskis sakuTar Tavze aReba. dokumentis maRal doneze mosamzadeblad aucilebelia sgm sakiTxebSi maRali kvalifikacia. rogorc wesi, sawarmos personals ar ZaluZs sakuTari ZalebiT am dokumentis momzadeba. Tu sawarmo gadawyvets damoukideblad (ucxoeli partnioris gareSe) ganaxorcielos proeqti, is xelSekrulebas aformebs romelime sakonsutacio firmasTan proeqtis dokumentis momzadebis Taobaze. proeqtSi CarTuli mxareebis mier Tanxmobis werilis gacema sgm proeqtis registraciisaTvis saWiroa proeqtis monawile mxareebidan Tanxmobis werilis miReba. Cveulebriv, proeqtSi CarTul mxareebs warmoadgens rogorc maspinZeli mxare, aseve emisiebis Semsyidveli (investori) mxare. 107

maspinZeli mxaris Tanxmoba unda warmoadgendes nebayofilobiT monawileobze werilobiT Tanxmobas, romelic gacemulia sgm erovnuli pasuxismgebeli organos (sgm epo) mier da romelsac Tan unda axldes maspinZeli mxaris dasturi, rom saproeqto saqmianoba qveyanas exmareba mdgradi ganviTarebis miRwevaSi. SesaZlebelia iseTi sgm saproeqto saqmianobis registraciac, romelSic ar aris CarTuli danarT I-is (ix. cxrili#38) mxare. aseT saproeqto saqmianobas ewodeba â&#x20AC;&#x153;iunilateruli (calmxrivi) sgmâ&#x20AC;?, rac gulisxmobs, rom sgm saproeqto saqmianoba warmoebs ucxoeli monawilis gareSe da amdenad proeqtis registraciisaTvis danarT I-Si CarTuli mxaris Tanxmoba ar aris saWiro. danarT I-is mxareebs calmxrivi saproeqto saqmianobidan SeuZliaT seS-ebis SeZena sgm as-Si saproeqto saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT Tanxmobis werilis wardgenis Semdeg. proeqtis dokumenti unda momzaddes sgm-is mier ukve damtkicebuli meTodologiis safuZvelze. Tu proeqtiT dagegmili RonisZiebis Sesabamisi meTodologia ar arsebobs, maSin proeqtis monawileebma unda moamzadon axali meTodologia da waradginon meTodologiebis sabWoSi dasamtkiceblad. es procesi sakmaod rTulia, gaWimulia droSi da saorientaciod minimum 7-8 Tves moiTxovs. amave dros ar aris garantirebuli, rom meTodologia damtkicebuli iqneba. $7.2. eleqtronergetikis seqtorSi sgm ganxorcielebis potenciali saTburis gazebidan naxSirorJangis (CO2) wili globalur daTbobaSi daaxloebiT 60 procents Seadgens. CO2-is emisiebis udidesi wyaroa eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebis mizniT wiaRiseuli sawvavis wva. CO2-is emisiebis Semcirebis efeqturi saSualebaa ganaxlebadi energoresursebis aTviseba. ganaxlebads ganekuTvneba hidro, qaris, mzis, geoTermuli da zRvis miqceva/moqcevis energia. saqarTvelo hidroenergetikuli resursebiT msoflios erT-erTi umdidresi qveyanaa. mdinareTa wyaluxvoba, xeobaTa tipebi da kalapotebis didi daxriloba ganapirobebs sakmaod maRal hidroenergetikul potencials. qveynis saerTo zedapiruli da tranzituli Camonadenis energia daaxloebiT 230 miliard kvtsT Seadgens, xolo Sesabamisi simZlavre 26 aTas megavats (mgvt). 319 ZiriTadi didi, saSualo da mcire mdinaris hidroenergetikuli resursi daaxloebiT 140 mlrd kvtsT Seadgens, teqnikuri potenciali - 80-85 mlrd kvtsT, xolo ekonomikurad efeqturi potenciali, romelic damokidebulia mraval faqtorze (energiis sxva wyaroebis arseboba, sawvavis fasebi da sxv.), sxvadasxva Sefasebebis Tanaxmad - 40-50 mlrd kvtsT. qveyanaSi hidroenergetikis ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovani rezervia. perspeqtivaSi SesaZlebelia 100 kvt-dan 500 mgvt-mde simZlavris hesebis mSenebloba, pirobiTi gradaciiT mZlavri hesebi (>100 mgvt), saSualo hesebi (13-100 mgvt), mcire hesebi (1-13 mgvt) da mini hesebi (< 1 mgvt). saqarTveloSi pirveli hesebi aSenda XIX saukunis bolos, XX saukunis dasawyisSi. 1913 wlisaTvis maTi saerTo simZlavre 2 mgvt Seadgenda. 1990 wlisaTvis eqspluataciaSi myofi hesebis jamuri saproeqto simZlavre 2700 mgvt Seadgenda, energiis saproeqto gamomuSaveba ki daaxloebiT 10 mlrd kvtsT, rac ekonomikurad efeqturi potencialis 20-25 %-ia. ekonomikuri problemebis gamo saxelmwifos ar 108

SeeZlo hesebis movla-patronoba, ris gamoc umetesi hesebis faqtiuri simZlavre bevrad Camouvardeba saproeqtos. qveyanaSi dawyebulia hesebis privatizacia. mosalodnelia, rom moxdeba maTi reabilitacia-ganaxleba. hesebis faqtiuri simZlavris gazrdis Sedegad damatebiT gamomuSavebuli eleqtro energia nawilobriv Caenacvleba wiaRiseuli sawvavidan gamomuSavebul eleqtro energias, ris Sedegadac Semcirdeba atmosferoSi CO2-is emisia. mosalodnelia, rom daiwyeba axali hesebis mSeneblobac, rasac aseve unda moyves CO2-is emisiis Semcireba. qveyanaSi ukve gadaidga nabijebi qaris energiis asaTviseblad. amJamad gadawyvetilia samgoris wyalsacavis midamoebSi 60 mgvt (I etapze 24 mgvt) simZlavris qaris eleqtrosadguris mSeneblobis sakiTxi. praqtikulad yvela ganaxlebadi energetikuli proeqti SeiZleba ganxorcieldes rogorc sgm proeqti. saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemas, hesebis garda, eleqtro energiiT uzrunvelyofen Tboeleqtrosadgurebi da mezobeli qveynebis energosistemebi eleqtro energiis importi). CamonaTvali im eleqtrosadgurebisa, romlebic eleqtro energias awvdidnen sistemas 2004-2006 wlebSi warmodgenilia danarTis cxril 3-Si. sabaziso donis emisiis koeficientis gamoTvla saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemisaTvis sgm proeqtma unda ganapirobos saTburis gazebis wyaroebidan anTropogenuri emisiebis Semcireba damatebiT imasTan, rasac adgili eqneboda SemoTavazebuli sgm proeqtis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi. sgm proeqtis sabaziso done is scenaria, romelic sarwmunod warmoadgens saTburis gazebis wyaroebidan anTropogenur emisiebs SemoTavazebuli sgm proeqtis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi. Sesabamisad, sgm proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad saTburis gazebis emisiis Semcireba ganmartebulia rogorc sxvaoba sgm proeqtis emisiebsa da sabaziso donis emisiebs Soris. proeqtiT gamomuSavebuli “sertificirebuli emisiis Semcirebis” gamosaTvlelad saWiroa sabaziso donis emisiebis dadgena. radgan ganaxlebadi energetikuli proeqtebidan saTburis gazebis emisia praqtikulad nulia, amitom sgm proeqtiT ganpirobebuli emisiebis Semcireba daaxloebiT tolia sabaziso donis emisiebisa. sabaziso donis emisia gamoiTvleba rogorc sgm proeqtiT generirebuli eleqtro energiis (GENProject) da sabaziso donis emisiis koeficientis (EFBaseline) namravli: Emissions = GENProject • EFBaseline. (1) sgm pirobebiTa da procedurebiT sabaziso donis emisiis koeficienti unda gamoiTvlos sgm aRmasrulebeli sabWos mier damtkicebuli meTodologiiT. saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemisaTvis sabaziso donis emisiis koeficientis gamosaTvlelad gamoyenebulia sabaziso donis damtkicebuli konsolidirebuli meTodologia ACM0002 “eleqtro energiis gamomuSaveba sistemasTan mierTebuli ganaxlebadi wyaroebidan”. meTodologia gamodgeba ganaxlebadi energetikuli proeqtebisaTvis, romlebic eleqtrosistemisaTvis damatebiT simZlavreebs qmnian Semdegi wyaroebidan: 109

mdinaris Camonadenze momuSave hesebi da hesebi arsebuli wyalsacavebiT, Tu wyalsacavis moculoba ar izrdeba; axali hesebi iseTi wyalsacavebiT, romelTa simZlavris simkvrive (dadgmuli simZlavre gayofili savse wyalsacavis zedapiris farTobze) aRemateba 4 vt/m2; qaris sadgurebi; geoTermuli wyaroebi; mzis wyaroebi; energetikuli proeqtebisaTvis sabaziso donesTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi problemaa “Tavidan aridebuli generaciis” naTeli ganmarteba, anu imis dadgena, Tu ra moxdeboda sgm proeqti rom ar ganxorcielebuliyo. sakvanZo sakiTxia, aris Tu ara “aridebuli generacia” “mSeneblobis zRvarze” (anu ra zomiT Secvlis simZlavreebs, romelic winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi aSendeboda) da/an “moqmedebis zRvarze” (anu ra gavlenas moaxdens proeqti arsebuli sadgurebis muSaobaze). orive faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT sabaziso donis emisiis koeficienti gamoiTvleba rogorc kombinacia: EFBaseline = wOM • EFOperating Margin +wBM • EFBuild Margin (2) sadac EFOperating Margin da EFBuild Margin Sesabamisad “zRvruli moqmedebis” da “zRvruli mSeneblobis” emisiis koeficientebia.

I etapi. “zRvruli moqmedebis” emisiis faqtoris (EFOM) gamoTvla. EFOM unda gamoiTvalos qvemoT moyvanili oTxi meTodidan erT-erTis safuZvelze: a. martivi “zRvruli moqmedebis”, an b. dazustebuli martivi “zRvruli moqmedebis”, an c. dispetCerizaciis monacemebiT “zRvruli moqmedebis” an d. saSualo “zRvruli moqmedebis”. meTodologiis mixedviT, pirvelad unda iqnas ganxiluli (c) dispetCerizaciis monacemebiT “zRvruli moqmedebis” meTodi. Tu es varianti gamoiricxa, proeqtis monawileebma unda daasabuTon mizezi, da Semdeg gamoiyenon (a) martivi “zRvruli moqmedebis”, (b) dazustebuli martivi “zRvruli moqmedebis” an (d) saSualo “zRvruli moqmedebis” meTodi. radgan (c) dispetCerizaciis monacemebiT “zRvruli moqmedebis” meTodisaTvis aucilebeli informaciis mopoveba moiTxovs did dros, amitom ganxilvidan es varianti gamoiricxa (rogorc sxva qveynebis mier registrirebuli sgm proeqtebis analizi gviCvenebs, mxolod ramdenime qveyanaSi moaxerxes am tipis informaciis mopoveba. meTodologiis mixedviT, (a) martivi “zRvruli moqmedebis” meTodis gamoyeneba SeiZleba mxolod iq, sadac “dabali saeqspluatacio xarjebiani” (low-operating cost) da “aucilebelad moqmedi” (must-run) (SemdgomSi “dabalxarjiani/ aucileblad moqmedi”) wyaroebidan sistemaSi miwodebuli eleqtro energia sistemaSi miwodebuli mTliani eleqtro energiis 50% naklebs Seadgens. es procentuli maCvenebeli gamoiTvleba: (1) bolo xuTi wlis saSualo mniSvnelobis, an (2) grZelvadiani normalis (saSualos) safuZvelze. “dabalxarjiani/aucileblad moqmedi” wyaroebi moicavs hidro, geoTermul, qaris, dabalxarjiani biomasis, birTvul da mzis 110

energetikul wyaroebs. saqarTvelos pirobebSi “dabalxarjian/aucileblad moqmed” wyaroebs ganekuTvneba hesebi. cxrilSi #33 mocemulia 2002-2006 wlebSi saqarTvelos eleqtrosadgurebis mier sistemisaTvis miwodebuli eleqtro energia. am cxrilis Tanaxmad hesebis wili mTlian eleqtro energiaSi gasaSualoebulia 5 welze, Seadgens daaxloebiT 75%, anu aRemateba 50%-s da Sesabamisad (a) martivi “zRvruli moqmedebis” meTodis gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba. saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemaSi 2002-2006 wlebSi eleqtroenergiis wyaroebis wili. cxrili #33 wyaro hidroeleqtrosadgurebi

hidros wili, % Tbo eleqtrosadgurebi

2002 6 652 106 85,78

7,35

635 130 988 602

importi

8,19 7 755 156

importis wili, % sul

2004 5 892 734 74,46

2005 5 922 326 71,53

467 920 587 888 813 205 958 415 6,03

Tbos wili, %

2003 6 420 665 80,29

12,36 7 997 155

10,28 1 207 602 15,26 7 913 541

2006 saSualo 5 395 6 056 642 381 75,28 64,33 2 225 1 010 489 018 12,36 26,54

11,58 1 398 766 061 639 16,89 9,13 8 279 8 386 380 460

999 207 12,37 8 066 338

(a) martivi “zRvruli moqmedebis”, (b) dazustebuli martivi “zRvruli moqmedebis” da (d) saSualo “zRvruli moqmedebis” meTodebiT emisiis faqtori SeiZleba gamoTvlil iqnas y wlisaTvis (wlebisaTvis) monacemTa ori qvemomoyvanili wyaroebidan erT-erTis gamoyenebiT: (ex-ante) im bolo sami wlis, romelTaTvisac arsebobs monacemebi saproeqto dokumentaciis wardgenis drois momentisaTvis, an im wlisaTvis, romelSic daiwyo proeqtma gamomuSaveba, Tu emisiis koeficientis ganaxleba xdeba ex-post (faqtiur) monitoringze dayrdnobiT. arCevani wyobebs Soris dadgenil unda iqnas da saproeqto dokumentaciaSi ar SeiZleba Seicvalos dakreditebis periodis ganmavlobaSi. radgan (b) dazustebul martiv “zRvruli moqmedebis” meTodSi figurirebs (a) martivi “zRvruli moqmedebis” meTodiT gamoTvlili emisiis faqtori [ixileT qvemoT formulebi (3) da (5)], amitom detalurad SevCerdebiT am meTodze. (a) martivi “zRvruli moqmedebis” meTodi. (a) martivi “zRvruli moqmedebis” meTodiT emisiis koeficienti (EFOM,simple,y) gamoiTvleba rogorc sistemis mkvebavi Tbosadgurebidan generaciis yvela wyarodan [“dabalxarjiani/aucilebelad moqmedi” sadgurebis gamoklebiTa da importis CaTvliT] miwodebuli eleqtroenergiis erTeulis wilad mosuli Sewonili saSualo emisiebi,: Fi , j , y COEFi , j ∑ i, j EFSimple OM = , (3) ∑ GEN j , y j

sadac

111

Fi ,j, y j

COEFi,j y

GENj,y

y wels energiis j wyaros mier miwodebuli i sawvavis raodenobaa (masis an moculobis erTeulebSi); miuTiTebs sistemis eleqtroenergiiT mkvebav energiis wyaroebze, “dabalxarjiani” da “aucilebelad moqmedi” eleqtrosadgurebis gamoklebiTa da importis CaTvliT (meTodologiis mixedviT, Tu eleqtro energiis importi xorcieldeba, maSin am wyaros emisiis faqtori tolia nulis); i sawvavis naxSirorJangis emisiis koeficentia (tCO2 / sawvavis masis an moculobis erTeuli), energiis j wyaros mier y wels moxmarebul sawvavSi naxSirbadis Semcvelobisa da sawvavis daJangvis koeficientis gaTvaliswinebiT, da j wyaros mier y wels sistemisaTvis miwodebuli eleqtro energia (mgvtsT)

CO2 –is emisiis koeficienti COEFi gamoiTvleba rogorc (4) COEFi = NCVi ⋅ EFCO 2,i ⋅ OXIDi , sadac: NCVi i sawvavis wvis kuTri siTboa (sawvavis masis an moculobis erTeulis energoSemcveloba), OXIDi i sawvavis daJangvis koeficientia, EFCO2,i i sawvavisaTvis CO2-is emisiaa sawvavis energiis erTeulze. NCV da EFCO2-sTvis SeZlebisdagvarad adgilobrivi mniSvnelobebi unda iqnas gamoyenebuli. Tu aseTi mniSvnelobebi xelmiuwvdomelia, maSin SesaZlebelia klimatis cvlilebis eqspertTa samTavrobaTSoriso jgufis (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – IPPC) saxelmZRvanelo dokumentSi (Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories) moyvanili mniSvnelobebis gamoyeneba. cxril 2-Si moyvanili NCV-s mniSvnelobebi uzrunvelyo energetikis saministrom. radgan sawvavad gamoiyeneba mxolod bunebrivi gazi, indeqsi i moiSleba. bunebrivi gazisaTvis daJangvis faqtorisa (OXID) da sawvavis energoSemcvelobis erTeulze CO2-is emisiis (EFCO2i) mniSvnelobebad aRebulia tipiuri mniSvnelobebi IPCC–dan (ix. cxrili 2), kerZod OXID=0,995 da EFC =15,3 tona C/terajouli. y wels (Cvens SemTxvevaSi 2004-2006 wlebi) energiis j wyaros (Tboeleqtrosadguris) mier moxmarebuli bunebrivi gazis raodenobebi F,j, y da gamoTvlebisas gamoyenebuli sxva parametrebi moyvanilia cxrilSi #34. bunebrivi gazis moxmareba (aTasi m3), wvis kuTri siTbo da gamoTvlebisas gamoyenebuli sxva parametrebis mniSvnelobebi 2004-2006 wlebisaTvis cxrili #34

sadguri

Tbilsresi eiies mtkvari gazo-turbina-1 sul NCV, kkal/m3 NCV, terajouli /1000 m3

1 2 3 t

2004 2005 2006 Fj, y - bunebrivi gazis moxmareba, aTasi m3 9 755 108 909 248 731 248 873 206 712 349 820 91 676 258 628 315 621 690 227 8 039 8 041 8 045 0,033658 0,033668 0,033682 112

EFC, tona C /terajouli EFCO2, tona CO2 /terajouli daJangvis koeficienti OXID COEF, tCO2 /1000 m3

15,3

56,1

0,995

1,879

1,880

cxrilSi #35 mocemulia qveyanaSi eleqtro energiis importi, Tbosadgurebis mier sistemisaTvis miwodebuli eleqtro energia, naxSirorJangis emisiebi da (a) martivi “zRvruli moqmedebis” meTodiT gamoTvlili emisiis koeficienti (EFSimple OM). 2004-2006 wlebSi saqarTvelos Tboeleqtrosadgurebis mier sistemisaTvis miwodebuli energia, naxSirorJangis emisiebi da (a) martivi “zRvruli moqmedebis” emisiis koeficientebi warmodgenilia cxrilSi #35. cxrili #35 y j weli wyaro

2004

2005

2006

importi Tbilsresi eiies mtkvari sul importi Tbilsresi eiies mtkvari sul importi Tbilsresi eiies mtkvari gaz-turbina1 sul

GENj,y miwodebuli energia, mln kvtsT 1207,602 21,472

emisiebi, tCO2

emisiis koeficienti, tCO2/mgtsT

0 18 327

0 0,8535

791,733

467 571

0,5906

2 020,807 1398,639 292,095

485 899 0 204 676

0,2404 0 0,7007

666,320

388 479

0,5830

2 357,054 766,061 710,430

593 155 0 437 426

0,2517 0 0,6157

1 218,065

657 694

0,5399

296,523

172 359

0,5813

2 991,079

1 267 480

0,4238

EFSimple OM, y tCO2/mgvtsT

0,2404

0,2517

0,4238

(b) dazustebuli martivi “zRvruli moqmedebis” meTodi. es meTodi wina meTodis dazustebaa; energiis wyaroebi (importis CaTvliT) dayofilia energiis dabalxarjian/aucileblad moqmed (k) wyaroebad da energiis sxva (j) wyaroebad:

∑ F COEF )⋅ ∑ GEN j, y

EFOM , simple adjusted , y = (1 − λ y

j, y

∑ F COEF ∑ GEN k, y

+ λy

k, y

(5)

sadac Fk,y, COEFk da GENk (a) martiv “zRvruli moqmedebis” meTodSi aRwerili cvladebis anologiuri cvladebia k sadgurebisaTvis; y weli (wlebi) SeiZleba warmoadgendes (a) martiv “zRvrul moqmedebis” meTodSi moyvanili ori wyobidan erT-erTs. 113

radgan qveynis eleqtrosistemaSi dabalxarjiani/aucileblad moqmedi mxolod hesebia, naxSirorJangis nulovani emisiiT, anu (6) ∑ Fi,k , y COEFi,k / ∑ GEN k , y = 0, i ,k

amitom formula (5)-Si meore wevri amovardeba da formula (3)-is gaTvaliswinebiT gantoleba miiRebs saxes: EFOM, simple adjusted, y = (1 - λ y) EFOM, simple OM, y (7) λPparametri gamoiTvleba formuliT λ = X / T,sadac X wlis manZilze saaTebis raodenobaa, roca dabalxarjiani/aucileblad moqmedi wyaroebi (anu hesebi) arian zRvarze, T ki weliwadSi saaTebis raodenobaa. I etapi. datvirTvis xangrZlivobis mrudis ageba. qronologiuri monacemebi (mgvt-Si) saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemis saaTobrivi datvirTvis Sesaxeb 2004-2006 wlebisaTvis daxarisxda klebadobis mixedviT udidesi simZlavridan umciresisken da aigo Sesabamisi mrudebi 2004-2006 wlebisaTvis (ix. naxazebi 11-13). gadamowmebuli monacemebi (Excel-is eleqtronuli cxrilebiT) uzrunvelyo saqarTvelos energetikis saministrom. II etapi. generaciis wyaroebidan monacemebis mopoveba. monacemebi dabalxarjiani/aucileblad moqmedi wyaroebis (calkeuli hesebis) wliuri miwodebis Sesaxeb (mgvtsT-Si) aijama da ganisazRvra Σk GENk,y. gadamowmebuli monacemebi (Excel eleqtronuli cxrilebiT) saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemis mkvebavi hesebis wliuri miwodebis Sesaxeb uzrunvelyo saqarTvelos energetikis saministrom. informacia warmodgenilia danarTis cxrilebSi #36, 37, 38 (4-6) III etapi. datvirTvis xangrZlivobis mrudis Sevseba. gaivlo datvirTvis mrudis gadamkveTi horizontaluri wrfe imgvarad, rom wrfis qvemoT farTs damatebuli gadakveTis wertilis marjvniv mrudis qvemoT farTi toli yofiliyo dabalxarjiani/aucileblad moqmedi wyaroebidan (hesebidan) sistemaSi miwodebuli eleqtro energia, anu Σk GENk,y-is. IV etapi. wlis ganmavlobaSi im saaTebis raodenobis gansazRvra, romlisTvisac dabalxarjiani/aucileblad moqmedi wyaroebi imyofebian zRvarze. pirvelad ganisazRvra III etapze agebuli horizontaluri wrfis gadakveTis wertili I etapze agebul datvirTvis mrudTan. saaTebis raodenoba gadakveTis wertilis marjvniv saaTebis is raodenobaa, romlisTvisac dabalxarjiani/ aucileblad moqmedi wyaroebi (hesebi) imyofebian zRvarze. Tu xazebi ar ikveTeba, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom dabalxarjiani/aucileblad moqmedi wyaroebi ar iqnebian zRvarze da λy nulis tolia. λy gamoTvlilia, rogorc dadgenili saaTebis raodenobis fardoba weliwadSi saaTebis raodenobaze (8760 sT-Tan, nakian wels ki 8784 sT-Tan). gamoTvlis sqemebi 2004-2006 wlebisaTvis mocemulia naxazebze 11-13, gamoTvlis Sedegebi ki – cxrilSi #36.

114

sist emis dat virTva, mgvt

1 800 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600

7 328 X=1 456

400 200 0 0

1 098

2 196

3 294

4 392

5 490

6 588

7 686

8 784

datvirTvis xangrZlivoba, sT

nax.11: saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemis datvirTvis xangrZlivobis mrudi 2004 wels

si st emi s d at vi r Tva, mgvt

1 800 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 7 581

600

X=1179

400 200 0 0

876

1 752 2 628 3 504 4 380 5 256 6 132 7 008 7 884 8 760 datvirTvis xangrZlivoba, sT

nax.12: saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemis datvirTvis xangrZlivobis mrudi 2005 wels

115

sistemis datvirTva, mgvt

1 800 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800

X=636

600 8124

400 200 0 0

876

1 752 2 628 3 504 4 380 5 256 6 132 7 008 7 884 8 760 datvirTvis xangrZlivoba, sT

nax.13: saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemis datvirTvis xangrZlivobis mrudi 2006 wels

2004-2006 wlebisaTvis EFAdjusted Simple OMgamoTvlis Sedegebi cxrili #36

parametri

2004

generacia X, sT λ 1−λ

EFSimple OM, tCO2/mgvtsT EFAdjusted Simple OM, y tCO2 /mgvtsT

2005

2006

7913,541 8279,380 8386,460 1456 1179 636 0,166 0,135 0,073 0,834 0,865 0,927 0,2404 0,2517 0,4238 0,2006

0,2178

generaciaze Sewonili

0,3930

0,2721

EFAdjusted Simple OM, y = (7913,541 • 0,2006+8279,38 • 0,2178+0,3930 • 8386,46)/ (7913,541+8279,38+8386,46)=0,2720 tCO2 /mgvtsT

EFAdjusted Simple Operating Margin, 2004-2006 “zRvruli moqmedebis” emisiis koeficienti (2004-2006)

0,2720tCO2/mgvtsT etapi 2. zRvruli mSeneblobis emisiis koeficientis (EFBM,y) gamoTvla. EFBM,y gamoiTvleba rogorc eleqtrosadgurebis m amonakrebis saSualo Sewonili emisiis faqtori (tCO2/mgvtsT): ∑m Fm, y COEFm EFBM , y = (7) ∑ GEN m, y m

sadac m indeqsi sadgurze miuTiTebs, Fm,y, COEFm da GENm,y ki martivi “zRvruli moqmedebis” meTodisaTvis aRwerili cvladebis anologiuri

116

cvladebia. aqac sawvavis mimaniSnebeli i indeqsi moiSala, radgan sawvavad moixmareba mxolod bunebrivi gazi. proeqtis monawileebma arCevani unda gaakeTon ori SesaZlo variantidan erT-erTze. es variantebia ex-ante da ex-post. arCevani am or variants Soris detalurad unda aRiweros saproeqto dokumentaciaSi da ar SeiZleba Seicvalos dakreditebis periodis ganmavlobaSi. EFBM,y gamoTvlisas gamoyenebulia ex-ante varianti. ex-post–is SemTxvevaSi dakreditebis pirveli periodis ganmavlobaSi EFBM,y unda ganaxldes yovelwliurad. varianti 1 (ex-ante). “zRvruli mSeneblobis” emisiis koeficienti - EFBM,y gamoiTvleba saproeqto dokumentaciis wardgenis momentisaTvis ukve aSenebuli sadgurebis m amonakrebis Sesaxeb uaxlesi informaciis safuZvelze. sadgurebis m amonakrebi moicavs an bolo xuT aSenebul (an eqspluataciaSi xelaxla Seyvanil) eleqtrosadgurebs, an im bolos aSenebul (an eqspluataciaSi xelaxla Seyvanil) eleqtrosadgurebs, romelTa simZlavris damatebamac ganapiroba sistemaSi miwodebuli eleqtrobis aranakleb 20 %. proeqtis monawileebma unda gamoiyenon am ori variantidan eleqtrosadgurebis is amonakrebi, romelic iZleva met wliur miwodebis. Tu 20%-Si Sedis eleqtrosadguris gamomuSavebis nawili, maSin gamoTvlebSi unda Sevides am sadguris sruli miwodeba. cxrilSi #37 moyvanilia saqarTveloSi bolos aSenebuli (an eqspluataciaSi xelaxla Seyvanili) sadgurebi, romlTa mier sistemaSi miwodebuli eleqtro energia Seadgens mTlianad sistemaSi miwodebuli eleqtro energiis 20%-s (detalebi mocemulia cxrilSi #44). cxrili 37dan Cans, rom bolo xuTi sadguris miwodeba naklebia 20%-ze. meTodikis moTxovnis Sesabamisad gamoTvlebSi eiies mtkvris gamomuSaveba Sevida srulad. sadgurebi, romelTa safuZvelze gamoiTvala EFBuild Margin

cxrili #37 # wyaro 3 6 3 7

gaSveb is weli

eiies mtkvari

1990

inwobahesi

1993

ss “qinZmaraul i” munleikjorjia

3 8 3 9 4 xadorhesi 0 4 gaz-turbina 1 1 sul

formula (7)-is koeficientia:

miwodebuli energia, mgvtsT faqtiur akumulireb i uli 1 218 065 1 674 109

emisieb i,

wili, % akumulirebu li

2 274

456 044

15, 98 0,0 3

3 667

453 770

0,05

5,95

22 374

450 103

0,29

5,91

131 206

427 729

5,61

296 523 1 674 109

296 523

1,72 3,8 9

tCO2

21,97 657 694 5,98

2001 2002 2004 2005

Tanaxmad

2006

“zRvruli

3,89 172 359 830 053

mSeneblobis”

EFBuild Margin, 2006 =0,4958 (=830 053/ 1 674 109) tCO2/mgvtsT. 117

emisiis

EFBuild Margin, 2006

– “zRvruli mSeneblobis” emisiis koeficienti

0,4958 tCO2/mgvtsT sabaziso donis emisiis koeficientis gamoTvla. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sabaziso donis emisiis gamoiTvleba formuliT: EFBaseline = wOM • EFOperating Margin + wBM • EFBuild Margin meTodologiis Tanaxmad wOM = wBM = 0,5.

koeficienti

EFBaseline = 0,5 • (0,2721 +0,4958) tCO2/mgvtsT = 0,3839 tCO2/mgvtsT.

EFBaselin, 2006 – sabaziso donis emisiis koeficienti 0,3839 tCO2/mgvtsT meTodologiis Tanaxmad qaris eleqtrosadgurebis SemTxvevaSi wOM=0,75; wBM=0,25.

EFBaseline = (0,75 • 0,2721 + 0,25 • 0,4958) tCO2/mgvtsT = 0,3280 tCO2/mgvtsT

qaris eleqtrosadgurebisaTvis

EFBaselin, 2006 – sabaziso donis emisiis koeficienti 0,3280 tCO2/mgvtsT cxrili #38 klimatis cvlilebis CarCo konvenciis konvenciis danarTi I

avstralia avstria belorusia*) belgia bulgareTi*) ungreTi*) germania saberZneTi dania evropuli gaerTianeba irlandia islandia espaneTi italia

kanada latvia*) litva*) luqsemburgi niderlandebi axali zelandia norvegia poloneTi*) portugalia ruseTis federacia*) rumineTi*) didi britaneTisa da CrdiloeT irlandiis gaerTianebuli samefo amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi TurqeTi

ukraina*) fineTi safrangeTi Sveicaria Svecia estoneTi*) iaponia CexeTi** slovakeTi** lixtenSteini** monako** slovenia** xorvatia**

*) gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynebi **) qveynebi, romlebic mogvianebiT SeuerTdnen konvencias 118

cxrili #39 kiotos oqmis danarTi B (1990 wlis doneebs Seesabameba 100%)

avstralia*)

108 luqsemburgi

avstria

aSS*)

92 92 92 101 94 92 92 100 92 92 92 92 100 94

monako niderlandebi norvegia poloneTi portugalia rumineTi ruseTis federacia saberZneTi safrangeTi slovakeTi slovenia ukraina ungreTi

axali zelandia 100 belgia 92 bulgareTi 92 germania 92 dania 92 gaerTianebuli samefo 92 evropuli kavSiri 92 espaneTi 92 estoneTi 92 iaponia 94 irlandia 92 ) * ar moaxdines oqmis ratifikacia 2004-2006 wlebSi saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemis mkvebavi sadgurebi cxrili #40 # eleqtrosadguri 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

zahesi abaSahesi rionhesi daSbaShesi awhesi kexvihesi alazanhesi xramhesi-1 CiTaxevhesi xerTvisihesi maSaverahesi tirifonhesi yazbegihesi kabalihesi martyofhesi orTaWalhesi Saorhesi TeTrixevhesi sacxenisihesi gumaThesi Zevrulhesi maWaxelahesi squrhesi bJuJahesi lajanurhesi misaqcieli-ento xramhesi II sionhesi Tbilsresi riceulihesi Cxorowyuhesi vardnili-I varcixehesi engurhesi

gaSvebis weli

tipi

1927 1928 1933 1936 1937 1941 1942 1947 1949 1950 1951 1951 1951 1953 1953 1954 1955 1952 1956 1956 1956 1956 1958 1958 1960 1961 1963 1964 1965 1967 1967 1971 1976 1978

hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro Tbo hidro hidro hidro hidro hidro

119

saproeqto simZlavre, mgvt 37,0 1,8 48,0 1,3 16,0 1,0 4,8 113,0 21,0 0,3 0,6 3,0 0,3 1,5 0.39 18,0 38,0 14,0 14,0 67 60 1,4 1,0 12,0 112,0 2,7 110,0 9,1 150,0 6,1 5,4 220,0 184,0 1300

35 36 37 38 39 40 41

1985 1990 1993 2001 2002 2004 2006

Jinvalhesi eiies mtkvari inwobbahesi ss “qinZmarauli” munleik-jorjia xadorihesi “enerji investi” gaz-turbina 1

hidro Tbo hidro hidro hidro hidro Tbo

sul

130,0 300,0 1,7 1,5 20,0 24,0 110 3052,4

saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemaSi 2004 wels miwodebuli eleqtro energia da naxSirorJangis emisiebi, cxrili #41 #

wyaro

importi 1 zahesi 2 abhesi 3 rionhesi 4 daSbaShesi 5 awhesi 6 alazanhesi 7 xramhesi I 8 WiTaxevhesi 9 xerTvisihesi 10 maSaverahesi 11 kabalishesi 12 martyofhesi 13 orTaWalhesi 14 Saorhesi 15 TeTrixevhesi 16 sacxenisihesi 17 gumaThesi 18 Zevrulhesi 19 squrhesi 20 bJuJahesi 21 lajanurhesi 22 misaqcieli ento 23 xramhesi II 24 sionhesi 25 Tbilsresi 26 riceulihesi 27 Cxorhesi 28 vardnilhesi 29 varcixehesi 30 engurhesi 31 Jinvalhesi 32 eiies mtkvari 33 inwobahesi 34 ss “qinZmarauli” 35 munleik-jorjia 36 xadorhesi sul

gaSvebis weli

simZlavre, Mmgvt

1927 1928 1933 1936 1937 1942 1947 1949 1950 1951 1953 1953 1954 1955 1956 1956 1956 1956 1958 1958 1960 1961 1963 1964 1965 1967 1967 1971 1976 1978 1985 1990 1993 2001 2002 2004

37,0 1,8 48,0 1,3 16,0 4,8 113,0 21,0 0,3 0,6 1,5 3,9 18,0 38,0 14,0 14,0 44,0 80,0 1,0 12,0 112,0 2,7 110,0 9,1 150,0 6,1 5,4 220,0 184,0 1300,0 130,0 300,0 1,7 1,5 20,0 24,0 3 046,5

hesebidan sxva wyaroebidan importis CaTvliT

miwodebuli energia, mln kvtsT 1207,602 167,670 3,193 288,795 7,332 53,607 12,174 238,769 100,433 1,077 0,227 3,167 3,363 81,842 97,137 20,035 32,674 209,995 111,686 1,919 52,416 86,303 2,327 3,005 39,472 21,472 24,218 4,361 384,218 680,252 2 728,121 437,934 791,733 1,472 3,453 6,934 3,153 7 913,541 5 892,734 2 020,807

emisiebi, tCO2

18 327

467 571

485 899 485 899

zRvruli moqmedebis emisiis koeficienti=0,2404 (485 899 / 2 020 807) tCO2/mgvtsT hidros wili = 74,464 % (=5 892 734 / 7 913 541) %

120

saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemaSi 2005 wels miwodebuli eleqtro energia da naxSirorJangis emisiebi cxrili #42 #

wyaro

importi 1 zahesi 2 abhesi 3 rionhesi 4 daSbaShesi 5 awhesi 6 alazanhesi 7 xramhesi I 8 WiTaxevhesi 9 xerTvisihesi 10 kabalishesi 11 martyofhesi 12 orTaWalhesi 13 Saorhesi 14 TeTrixevhesi 15 sacxenisihesi 16 gumaThesi 17 Zevrulhesi 18 maWaxelahesi 19 squrhesi 20 bJuJahesi 21 lajanurhesi 22 misaqcieli ento 23 xramhesi II 24 sionhesi 25 Tbilsresi 26 riceulihesi 27 Cxorhesi 28 vardnilhesi 29 varcixehesi 30 engurhesi 31 Jinvalhesi 32 eiies mtkvari 33 inwobahesi 34 ss â&#x20AC;&#x153;qinZmarauliâ&#x20AC;? 35 munleik-jorjia 36 xadorhesi sul

gaSvebis weli 1927 1928 1933 1936 1937 1942 1947 1949 1950 1953 1953 1954 1955 1956 1956 1956 1956 1956 1958 1958 1960 1961 1963 1964 1965 1967 1967 1971 1976 1978 1985 1990 1993 2001 2002 2004

simZlavre, Mmgvt 37,0 1,8 48,0 1,3 16,0 4,8 113,0 21,0 0,3 1,5 3,9 18,0 38,0 14,0 14,0 44,0 80,0 1,4 1,0 12,0 112,0 2,7 110,0 9,1 150,0 6,1 5,4 220,0 184,0 1300,0 130,0 300,0 1,7 1,5 20,0 24,0 3 047,3

hesebidan sxva wyaroebidan importis CaTvliT

miwodebuli energia mln kvtsT 1398,639 147,855 2,818 296,409 6,880 61,043 15,312 196,971 109,522 0,755 1,363 4,654 87,401 109,421 29,020 43,340 203,067 127,939 3,980 1,716 61,741 125,330 4,199 126,611 41,630 292,095 24,312 6,519 424,950 674,074 2 535,242 401,663 666,320 2,672 2,336 4,694 36,887 8 279,380 5 922,326 2 357,054

emisiebi, tCO2

204 676

388 479

593 155 593 155

zRvruli moqmedebis emisiis koeficienti= 0,2517 (593 155/ 2 357 054) tCO2/mgvtsT hidros wili = 71,531 % (=5 922 326 / 8 279 380) %

121

saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemaSi 2006 wels miwodebuli eleqtroenergia da naxSirorJangis emisiebi cxrili #43 #

wyaro

gaSvebis weli

simZlavre, Mmgvt

importi

1 zahesi 2 abaSahesi 3 rionhesi 4 daSbaSi 5 awhesi 6 kexvihesi 7 alazanhesi 8 xramhesi I 9 WiTaxevhesi 10 xerTvisihesi 11 maSaverahesi 12 tirifonhesi 13 yazbegihesi 14 kabalihesi 15 martyofhesi 16 orTaWalhesi 17 Saorhesi 18 TeTrixevhesi 19 sacxenisihesi 20 gumaThesi 21 Zevrulhesi 22 maWaxelahesi 23 squrihesi 24 bJuJahesi 25 lajanurhesi misaqcieli-ento 26 27 xrami-2 28 sionhesi 29 Tbilsresi 30 riceulahesi 31 Cxorhesi 32 vardnilhesi 33 varcixehesi 34 engurhesi 35 Jinvalhesi 36 eiies mtkvari 37 inwobahesi 38 ss â&#x20AC;&#x153;qinZmarauliâ&#x20AC;? 39 munleik-jorjia 40 xadorhesi 41 gaz-turbina 1 sul

1927 1928 1933 1936 1937 1941 1942 1947 1949 1950 1951 1951 1951 1953 1953 1954 1955 1956 1956 1956 1956 1956 1958 1958 1960 1961 1963 1964 1965 1967 1967 1971 1976 1978 1985 1990 1993 2001 2002 2004 2006

37,0 1,8 48,0 1,3 16,0 1,0 4,8 113,0 21,0 0,3 0,6 3,0 0,3 1,5 3,9 18,0 38,0 14,0 14,0 44,0 80,0 1,4 1,0 12,0 112,0 2,7 110,0 9,1 150,0 6,1 5,4 220,0 184,0 1300,0 130,0 300,0 1,7 1,5 20,0 24,0 110 3 052,2

hesebidan sxva wyaroebidan importis CaTvliT

miwodebuli energia mln kvtsT 766,061 162,903 2,403 291,315 5,960 72,477 1,169 5,494 339,360 108,357 0,646 0,453 3,017 0,462 0,865 6,059 89,903 68,022 29,374 46,191 223,641 85,604 6,898 1,525 48,810 288,888 5,409 119,957 29,380 710,430 24,416 6,524 347,288 752,026 1 667,510 393,554 1 218,065 2,274 3,667 22,374 131,206 296,523 8 386,460 5 395,381 2 991,079

emisiebi, tCO2

437 426

657 694

172 359 1 267 480 1 267 480

zRvruli moqmedebis emisiis koeficienti=0,4238 (1 267 480/ 2 991 079) tCO2/mgvtsT hidros wili = 64,33 % (=5 395 381 / 8 386 460) %

122

saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemisaTvis zRvruli mSeneblobis emisiis koeficientis gamoTvlis detalebi

cxrili #44 #

wyaro

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

zahesi abaSahesi rionhesi daSbaSi awhesi kexvihesi alazanhesi xramhesi I WiTaxevhesi xerTvisihesi maSaverahesi tirifonhesi yazbegihesi kabalihesi martyofhesi orTaWalhesi Saorhesi TeTrixevhesi sacxenisihesi gumaThesi Zevrulhesi maWaxelahesi squrihesi bJuJahesi lajanurhesi misaqcieliento xrami-2 sionhesi Tbilsresi riceulahesi Cxorhesi vardnilhesi varcixehesi engurhesi Jinvalhesi

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

eiies mtkvari inwobahesi ss “qinZmarauli”

munleikjorjia xadorhesi gaz-turbina 1

sul (36 – 41)

gaSvebi simZlavre, s weli mgvt

miwodebuli energia faqtiuri

wili, %

akumulir.

emisiebi,

akumulir.

1927 1928 1933 1936 1937 1941 1942 1947 1949 1950 1951 1951 1951 1953 1953 1954 1955 1956 1956 1956 1956 1956 1958 1958 1960

37,0 1,8 48,0 1,3 16,0 1,0 4,8 113,0 21,0 0,3 0,6 3,0 0,3 1,5 3,9 18,0 38,0 14,0 14,0 44,0 80,0 1,4 1,0 12,0 112,0

162,903 2,403 291,315 5,960 72,477 1,169 5,494 339,360 108,357 0,646 0,453 3,017 0,462 0,865 6,059 89,903 68,022 29,374 46,191 223,641 85,604 6,898 1,525 48,810 288,888

7 620,399 7 457,496 7 455,093 7 163,778 7 157,818 7 085,341 7 084,172 7 078,678 6 739,318 6 630,961 6 630,315 6 629,862 6 626,845 6 626,383 6 625,518 6 619,459 6 529,556 6 461,534 6 432,160 6 385,969 6 162,328 6 076,724 6 069,826 6 068,301 6 019,491

2,14 0,03 3,82 0,08 0,95 0,02 0,07 4,45 1,42 0,01 0,01 0,04 0,01 0,01 0,08 1,18 0,89 0,39 0,61 2,93 1,12 0,09 0,02 0,64 3,79

100,00 97,86 97,83 94,01 93,93 92,98 92,96 92,89 88,44 87,02 87,01 87,00 86,96 86,96 86,94 86,86 85,69 84,79 84,41 83,80 80,87 79,74 79,65 79,63 78,99

1961 1963 1964 1965 1967 1967 1971 1976 1978 1985

2,7 110,0 9,1 150,0 6,1 5,4 220,0 184,0 1300,0 130,0

5,409 119,957 29,380 710,430 24,416 6,524 347,288 752,026 1 667,510 393,554

5 730,603 5 725,194 5 605,237 5 575,857 4 865,427 4 841,011 4 834,487 4 487,199 3 735,173 2 067,663

0,07 1,57 0,39 9,32 0,32 0,09 4,56 9,87 21,88 5,16

75,20 75,13 73,56 73,17 63,85 63,53 63,44 58,88 49,02 27,13

1990 1993 2001

300,0 1,7 1,5

1 218,065 2,274 3,667

1 674,109 456,044 453,770

15,98 0,03 0,05

21,97 5,98 5,95

2002

20,0

2004 2005

24,0 50,0

22,374 131,206 296,523

450,103 427,729 296,523

0,29 1,72 3,89

5,91 5,61 3,89

397,2

1674,109

21,97

zRvruli mSeneblobis emisiis koeficienti=0,4968 (830 053 / 1 674 109) tCO2/mgvtsT

123

tCO2

437 426

657 694

172 359 830 053

$7.3. energetikis ganviTarebis prognozirebis meTodebi prognozireba uSualo kavSirSia energetikuli warmoebis dagegmvaganviTarebasTan. gansxvavebiT dagegmvisagan, romelic direqtiul xasiaTs atarebs da savaldebuloa Sesasruleblad, prognozireba warmoadgens ganviTarebis SesaZlo variantebis SemuSavebas samecniero-teqnikuri progresis gaTvaliswinebiT, saorientacio vadebSi da SesaZlo kapitaldabandebebiT. prognozireba gulisxmobs gansazRvros momavalSi mosaxdeni movlenis albaToba. energetikaSi prognozireba qmnis bazas sagegmo gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad.P prognozireba SeiZleba iyos moklevadiani, romelic dakavSirebulia operatiul da mimdinare dagegmvasTan, da iTvaliswinebs erT wlamde periods. saSualovadiani prognozireba iTvaliswinebs 5-10 wels, xolo grZelvadiani prognozireba gulisxmobs 15-20 wlian periods. Pprognozireba SesaZloa iyos normatiuli, rodesac cnobilia amocana da prognozirdeba misi SesrulebisaTvis saWiro resursebi. kvleviTi, rodesac prognozirdeba SesaZlo ganviTareba da samecnieroteqnikuri miRwevebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba. Kkompleqsuri midgomisas saboloo miznis misaRwevad gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove samecniero-teqnikuri miRwevebi. prognozirebisas mniSvnelovania iseTi maCveneblebis ganxilva, romlebic axasiaTebs energetikul sawarmoo process: • Sromismwarmoeblurobis zrda; • xvedriTi kapitaluri xarjebis Semcireba; • fondamogebis zrda; • saTbobis xvedriTi xarjebis Semcireba; • eleqtromomaragebis saimedoobis zrda; • eleqtro da Tburi energiis TviTRirebulebis Semcireba; • sawarmos mogebisa da rentabelobis gadideba. cnobilia prognozirebis 100-mde meTodi, maT Soris gavrcelebulia: eqstrapolaciis meTodi, romelic gulisxmobs momavlis ganWvretas warsulSi momxdari analogiis Sesabamisad. xSirad ZiriTad maCvenebelze moqmedebs mravali faqtori, Tu am faqtorebis zemoqmedeba ar Seicvleba, am maCveneblis zrdis tendencia gagrZeldeba, romelic SeiZleba iyos wrfivi, eqsponencialuri, logistikuri da kombinirebuli[17]. eqstrapolaciis meTodisas farTod gamoiyeneba korelaciis meTodi, romelic faqtorebs Soris kavSiris gasazomad gamoiyeneba. ganasxvaveben dadebiT da uaryofiT korelacias. Tu romelime faqtoris saSualo mniSvneloba icvleba erTi mimarTulebiT meore niSnis mniSvnelobis cvlilebiT, maSin amboben rom maT Soris dadebiTi korelaciaa. Tu es cvlilebebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebis arian, faqtorebs Soris arsebobs uaryofiTi korelacia. magaliTad, qveynis an samrewvelo sawarmos eleqtro da Tbomomaragebis prognozi SeiZleba SemuSavdes korelaciuri kavSirebis safuZvelze, sadac faqtorebi iqneba: produqciis moculoba, sawarmoo saSualebebis Rirebuleba, momxmareblebis raodenoba da sxva. interpolaciis meTodi gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, roca cnobilia saboloo sidide (mizani) da maCveneblis cvlileba gasul periodSi. Eeqspertuli Sefasebis meTodiT xdeba monacemebis statistikuri damuSaveba da Sefaseba kompetenturi eqspertebis mier sxvadasxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT. 124

prognizirebis erT-erT meTods warmoadgens scenaris SemuSaveba, sadac daixateba momavlis SesaZlo ganviTarebis pirobiTi suraTi (dinamiuri modeli). modelirebis meTodi gulisxmobs realuri obieqtis kvlevas maTematikuri modelis saSualebiT. es meTodi gulisxmobs zemoqmedebis faqtorebis variacias. variacia warmoadgens parametris (faqtoris) raodenobrivi Sefasebis cvlilebas (rxevas) misi erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvlis dros. magaliTad, sawarmos ekonomikuri rentabelobis cvlileba wlidan wlamde warmoadgens ekonomikuri rentabelobis variacias. variacia fasdeba dispersiiT anu mocemuli parametris saSualo mniSvnelobidan misi faqtobrivi mniSvnelobis gadaxriT, cdomilebis, gafantvis zomiT. saSualoSewonili dispersia gamoiTvleba, rogorc jami faqtobrivi mniSvnelobebis saSualo mniSvnelobebidan gadaxris kvadratebis da Sesabamisi albaTobebis namravli. xolo dispersiidan kvadratuli fesvi aris standartuli, anu saSualo-kvadratuli gadaxra. nulovani albaToba miuTiTebs ukugebis miRebis SeuZleblobaze, xolo erTeulovani albaToba-ukugebis miRebis gardauvalobaze. igulisxmeba, rom yvela SesaZlo variantis albaTobis jami erTis toli unda iyos. magaliTad, energetikul sawarmos warsuli wlebis Sedegebis safuZvelze surs gasazRvros sakuTari sainvesticio gadawyvetileba momavali wlisaTvis. cxrilSi #45 mocemulia sawarmos ekonomikuri rentabeloba. cxrili #45 wlebi 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 ekonomikuri 9 14 14 8 15 17 17 10 14 22 ? rentabeloba saSualo ekonomikuri rentabeloba 2009 wlamde iqneba: 9 + 14 + 14 + 8 + 15 + 17 + 17 + 10 + 14 + 22 s.ek.rent = = 14% 10 gavakeToT parametris faqtobrivi mniSvnelobebis (s. ek.rent) maTive albaTobaze (albaT i) namravlis jami. n

s. ek.rent= â&#x2C6;&#x2018; Xpi , sadac Ppi â&#x20AC;&#x201C;albaTobaa. i =1

ekonomikuri rentabelobis faqtobrivi mniSvnelobebis albaTobebi gamoiTvleba cxrilis #45 monacemebis safuZvelze. ekonomikurma rentabelobam 22%-s 10 SesaZlo SemTxvevidan mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi (2008 wels) miaRwia, amitom misi albaToba iqneba 1/10=0,1 is toli. 14%-is dones miaRwia (2000, 2001, 2007 wlebSi), amitom misi albaToba iqneba 3/10=0,3-is toli da a.S. saSualo ekonomikuri rentabeloba iqneba: s. ek.rent=9%*0,1+14%*0,3+8%*0,1+15%*0,1+17%*0,2+10%*0,1+22%*0,1=14% energetikuli sawarmos rentabelobis maCveneblebi, albaTobebi, dispersia da saSualokvadratuli gadaxra naCvenebia cxrilSi #46

125

cxrili#46 ek.rent

albaToba ek.rent*albaToba, %

faqtiuri ek.rent _ _saSualo ek.rent

(faqtiuri ek.rent_ _saSualo ek.rent)2 *albaToba

8 9 10 14 15 17 22

0,1 0,1 0,1 0,3 0,1 0,2 0,1

8_14=-6 9-14=-5 10_14=-4 14-14=0 15-14=1 17-14=3 22-14=8

-62 *0,1=-3.6 -52 *0,1=-2,5 -42 *0,1=-1,6 02 *0,3=0 12 *0,1=-0,1 32 *0,2=1,8 82 *0,1=6,4

sulL

8*0,1=0,8 9*0,1=0,9 10*0,1=1,0 14*0,3=4,2 15*0,1=1,5 17*0,2=3,4 22*0,1=2,2 s.ek.rent=14%

dispersia =16. standartuli gadaxra = 16 = 4%

ekonomikuri rentabelobis maCveneblis done yvelaze dabali iyo 2002 wels (8%). ukve gamoviTvaleT, rom aseTi Sedegis miRebis albaToba udris 0,1-is, amasTanave saSualo ekonomikuri rentabeloba mTeli aTwliani periodisaTvis udris 14%-s, e.i. saSualo ekonomikuri rentabelobis faqtobrivi mniSvnelobidan gadaxram 2002 wlisaTvis Seadgina 6%, romlis kvadrati tolia (_6%)2 =-3,6. amrigad, dispesia udris 16, xolo standartuli gadaxra (kvadratuli fesvi dispersiidan) udris Âą4%. es niSnavs, rom ekonomikuri rentabelobis yvelaze albaTuri gadaxra misi saSualo sidididan (14%) 2009 wels Seadgens Âą4%.

126

danarTi I

eleqtroenergiis faqtiuri balansi 2005 wels (mln. kvtsT) dasaxeleba

Ikvar.

IIkvar.

IIIkvar.

gamomuSaveba sul Tbosadgurebi m/S

1692,4 443,6

1809,8 196,7

1804,2 0

1754,6 390,3

7061 1030,6

ei i es energetika(300)

392,4

110,2

209,8

712,4

Tbilsresi (150)

51,2

86,5

180,5

318,2

TbilTeci rusTavis Teci hidrosadgurebi sul

0 0 1248,8

0 0 1613,1

0 0 1804,2

0 0 1364,3

0 0 6030,4

maregulirebeli hesebi

783,9

968,8

1360,2

870,5

3983,4

engurhesi

410,4

582,4

1047,4

538,7

2578,9

vardnilhesi I

100,9

115,8

114,4

97,4

428,5

xramhesi I

64,2

51,8

50,4

199,4

xramhesi II

65,1

11,2

128,3

37,9

22,3

24,3

111,5

tyibulhesi

42,9

24,6

45,9

134,4

Jinvalhesi

73,4

126,7

88,5

113,8

402,4

sezonuri hesebi m/S

464,9

644,3

444

493,8

2047

rionhesi

68,3

79,2

76,7

298,2

gumaThesis kaskadi

28,7

68,8

54,5

55,1

207,1

varcixehesis kaskadi

176,4

249

137,1

141,3

703,8

lajanurhesi

42,6

60,4

0,3

25,4

128,7

zahesi

31,1

33,8

39,8

47,5

152,2

orTaWalhesi

16,8

19,2

23,6

28,3

87,9

CiTaxevhesi

21,1

29,1

27,3

109,5

awhesi

19,5

27,1

7,6

62,2

bJuJahesi

6,5

13,1

18,1

62,7

samgoris kaskadi

a! 1 2

Saorhesi

IVkvar.

weli

29,9

21,7

39,2

29,5

120,3

danarCeni mcire hesebi

27,1

32,3

114,4

gadadineba (saldo) m/S

630,7

114,5

-56,9

588,4

1276,7

ruseTi (saldo)

350,2

18,6

343,6

712,4

___miReba

350,2

18,6

343,6

712,4

___gacema

azerbaijani (saldo)

___miReba

20,6

___gacema

20,6

somxeTi (saldo)

280,5

95,9

44,3

235,5

656,2

___miReba

280,5

95,9

44,3

235,5

656,2

___gacema

TurqeTi (saldo)

-101,2

9,3

-91,9

___miReba

9,3

___gacema

101,2

s.m da jamuri danakargebi

152,1

125,9

92,8

124,5

495,3

margi moxmareba

2171

1798,4

1654,5

2218,5

7842,4

127

danarTi II

eleqtroenergiis faqtiuri balansi 2006 wels (mln. kvtsT) dasaxeleba

1kvart.

11kvart.

111kvart.

gamomuSaveba sul Tbosadgurebi m.S.

2155,6 577,8

1596,1 466,8

1701,7 358,5

2168,5 817,2

7621,9 2220,3

mtkvari energetika(300)

366,1

290,6

77,3

484,1

1218,1

207 4,7

128,6 47,6

159,9 121,3

214,9 118,2

710,4 291,8

a! 1 2

Tbilsresi (150) airturbina

1Vkvart.

weli

rusTavis Teci hidrosadgurebi sul

0 1577,8

0 1129,3

0 1343,2

0 1351,3

0 5401,6

maregulirebeli hesebi

1015,1

398

824,8

811,3

3049,2

engurhesi

572,5

559,9

535,1

1667,5

vardnilhesi--1

118,2

55,6

88,8

90,2

352,8

xramhesi--1

132,6

94,4

50,5

61,9

339,4

xramhesi--2

33,1

63,2

23,7

120

Saorhesi tyibulhesi Jinvalhesi sezonuri hesebi m.S. rionhesi gumaThesis kaskadi

20,9 36,2 134,7 562,7 67,8 46

20 46,3 148,6 731,3 76,4 71,4

5,5 14,7 42,2 518,4 74,2 55,8

21,6 10,8 68 540 72,9 50,4

68 108 393,5 2352,4 291,3 223,6

varcixehesis kaskadi

212,1

234,3

142,7

163

752,1

lajanurhesi

48,8

92,1

78,1

69,9

288,9

zahesi

50,8

54,8

23,1

34,2

162,9

orTaWalhesi

26,4

28,6

14,7

20,2

89,9

CiTaxevhesi

26,8

31,1

24,7

25,7

108,3

awhesi bJuJahesi

21,4 7,7

22,9 21,4

9,8 8,9

18,4 10,8

72,5 48,8

samgoris kaskadi

28,8

23,3

33,1

25,9

111,1

xadorhesi

7,8

53,9

36,8

32,7

131,2

danareni mcire hesebi

18,3

21,1

16,5

15,9

71,8

gadadineba(saldo)m.S. ruseTi (saldo)

331,1 116,3

279,2 252,9

45,3 85,6

25 8,7

680,6 463,5

___miReba

116,3

252,9

85,6

10,2

465

___gacema azerbaijani (saldo)

0 -11,9

0 0

0 -7,5

1,5 -15,4

1,5 -34,8

4,1

1,5

19,6

6 7

___miReba ___gacema 9

29,4

54,4

somxeTi (saldo)

182,5

3,3

185,8

___miReba

182,5

3,3

185,8

___gacema TurqeTi (saldo)

0 44,2

0 26,3

0 -36,1

0 31,7

0 66,1

___miReba

44,2

26,3

4,4

31,7

106,6

___gacema

40,5

s.m. da jamuri danakargebi

138,1

95,9

77,4

111,8

423,2

margi moxmareba

2348,6

1779,4

1669,6

2081,7

7879,3

128

danarTi III

eleqtroenergiis faqtiuri balansi 2007 wels (mln. kvtsT) 1kvart.

11kvart.

111kvart.

1Vkvart.

weli

gamomuSaveba sul

2225,1

1915,6

2147,8

2062,2

8350

Tbosadgurebi m.S.

590,6

119,1

41,0

763,9

1514,6

dasaxeleba

mtkvari energetika(300)

456,4

32,2

487,7

1024,3

Tbilsresi (150)

113,2

24,6

226,4

364,2

airturbina

21,0

46,5

8,8

49,8

126,1

rusTavis Teci

hidrosadgurebi sul

1634,5

1796,5

2106,8

1298,3

6836,08

maregulirebeli hesebi

1100,8

2021,6

1548,0

843,9

4514,26

engurhesi

611,4

626,7

1173

493,9

2905

vardnilhesi--1

127,1

111,4

158,2

110,8

507,5

xramhesi--1 xramhesi--2

91,3 85,2

46,1 41,9

52,3 30,1

52,5 28,8

242,2 186

Saorhesi

32,7

42,0

27,9

33,7

136,3

tyibulhesi

57,4

48,8

19,76

39,7

165,66

Jinvalhesi

95,7

104,7

86,7

84,5

371,6

sezonuri hesebi

533,7

rionhesi gumaThesis kaskadi

73,4 47,1

76,2 79,6

77,8 64,3

62,8 41,4

290,2 232,4

varcixehesis kaskadi

231

242,7

151,5

156,1

763,8

lajanurhesi zahesi

51,6 40

121,4 65,4

84 27,7

22,1 28,9

279,1 162

orTaWalhesi

21,9

25,3

17,6

79,8

CiTaxevhesi

24,5

32,7

28,2

26,8

112,2

awhesi

26,2

27,4

8,2

19,5

81,3

bJuJahesi

6,2

21,3

12,9

13,4

53,8

samgoris kaskadi

27,5

37,7

15,6

80,9

xadorhesi

12,4

35,1

31,1

23,1

101,7

danarCeni mcire hesebi

17,4

20,3

20,4

27,1

85,22

gadadineba(saldo) m.S. ruseTi (saldo)

774,9

110,5 -8,5

-77,6 -8,4

558,82

454,4

-395,6 -261,7

162,3 147

2321,82

-200,4 -131,62

___miReba

5,6

171,5

177,1

___gacema

8,5

8,4

267,3

24,5

308,7

azerbaijani (saldo)

-25,9

3,38

15,3

-2,22

___miReba ___gacema

28,6 23,6

27,5 53,4

27,8 24,4

23,5 8,2

107,4 109,6

somxeTi (saldo)

___miReba

-43,3

-137,3

___gacema

TurqeTi (saldo)

114,0

___miReba ___gacema

114 0

35 78,3

0 137,26

0 0

149 215,6

s.m. da jamuri danakargebi margi moxmareba

98,4 2237,2

79,5 1758,5

67,67 1684,5

102,8 2121,7

348,4 7801.91

129

-66.6

gamoyenebuli literatura 1. baqraZe T. samrewvelo warmoebis ekonomika. Tbilisi. finansTa

saministros gamomcemloba. 1995w. T, Sengelia T. sawarmos ekonomika. Tbilisi. gamomcemloba `merani~.1999w. gudiaSvili m. organizacia da dagegmva energetikaSi. Tbilisi. gamomcemloba `teqnikuri universiteti~ 2001w. gudiaSvili m, arabiZe m. energetikuli warmoebis ekonomika da menejmenti. Tbilisi. gamomcemloba `teqnikuri universiteti~ 2007. gudiaSvili m. biznes-gegma da misi finansuri aspeqtebi. Tbilisi. gamomcemloba `teqnikuri universiteti~ 2006w. laoSvili d. energetika. Tbilisi. gamomcemloba `teqnikuri universiteti~ 1999w. erisTavi e, ComaxiZe d, cincaZe a. energetikis regulirebis safuZvlebi. wigni1, wigni2. Tbilisi. v. melqaZis saxelobis socialur-ekonomikuri da regionuli problemebis samecnierokvleveTi institutis gamomcemloba. 2001, 2003w. samsonia n. safinanso menejmenti. Tbilisi gamomcemloba `teqnikuri universiteti~ 2002w. samsonia n. energetikis ekonomika. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~ 1989w samsonia n, ComaxiZe d, gudiaSvili m. saTbob-energetikuli kompleqsis sawarmoTa ekonomika. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `teqnikuri universiteti~ 2003w. gamoyenebulia energetikis saministros masalebi. www.minenergy.gov.ge www.climate change.ge gamoyenebulia garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros masalebi; lazrievi g, arabiZe m. saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemisaTvis sabaziso donis emisiis koeficientis gansazRvra. Tbilisi, 2008w. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi. Tbilisi. 2006w saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi Tbilisi. 2005w. jafariZe d. energetikis ganviTarebis prognozireba. Tbilisi. gamomcemloba `teqnikuri universiteti~ 2006w Булатов А. С.. Экономика. Москва. 1997. Прузнер С.Л.. Экономика Энергетики. Москва. 1978. Лапицкий В. И. Организация и Планирование Энергетики. Москва. 1975. Шишов А.н.. Экономика Энергетики. Москва. 1986. Кузьмин В.Г.. Организация, Планирование и управление в Энергетике. Москва. 1982. R. A. Brealey, S.C. Myers. Principles of Corporate Finance.London, 2000. V. I. Welborne. Biofuels in the Energy Supply System. New York, 2006. H.t. Graham. Human Resources Management. Plymouth,1979 D.M. Streifford. Economic Perspective. Boston, 1990.

2. goleTiani 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10.

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

130

ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 30.01.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 10.02.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 8. tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77