მსოფლიო ეკონომიკა

avTandil Tengiz lali

oqrocvariZe laWyepiani oqrocvariZe

msoflio ekonomika WORLD ECONOMY

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo agraruli universiteti

msoflio

damxmare

ekonomika

saxelmZRvanelo

Tbilisi- 2010 3

UDC(უაკ) 338,43(100)

saxelmZRvaneloSi gadmocemulia mecnier-ekonomistebis Sexedulebebi msoflio ekonomikis Sesaxeb, ganxilulia msoflio meurneobis ganviTarebisa da megaekonomikis warmoSobis, transnacionalizaciis da ekonomikis informatizaciis sakiTxebi, msoflio qveynebis ekonomikis analizi, romelTa Seswavlis gareSe Tanamedrove globaluri msoflio meurneobrivi sistemis sruli warmodgena SeuZlebelia. gaanalizebulia msoflio kontinentebis, regionebisa da calkeuli saxelmwifoebis mixedviT aqtualuri problemebi. mocemulia msoflio miwis fondebisa da miwaTsargeblobis struqtura, sxva da sxva geografiul zonebSi sasoflo-sameurneo specializaciis mimaTulebebi, ganxilulia calkeuli saxelmwifoebis bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi, niadagobrivi da mcenareuli safari, sasoflosameurneo produqciis warmoebis moculoba, warmoebis organizaciis sxvadasxva formebi, gatarebuli agraruli reformebi da sxv. saxelmZRvanelo gaTvaliswinebulia umaRlesi saswavleblebis ekonomikuri specialobis studentebisaTvis. igi Sedgenilia sagnis-,, msoflio ekonomikis”, Sesabamisi programis mixedviT. masSi moyvanili cifrobrivi da satatistikuri masala did daxmarebas gauwevs aRniSnuli sakiTxebiT dainteresebul studentebsa da specialistebs. saxelmZRvanelos mimarT gamoTqmuli yoveli saqmiani SeniSvna da winadadeba miRebul da gaTvaliswinebul iqneba Semdgom gamoSvebaSi. recenzentebi: sruli prof. m. Bbaxia prof. Gg. doRonaZe redaqtori: ekonomikis mecnierabaTa doqtori, profesori, saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevrkorespodenti: g. nikoleiSvili

ISBN 978-9941-0-2395-8

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Sesavali----------------------------------------------------------------8; Tavi I. msoflio ekonomikis Teoriebi, megaekonomikis warmoSoba, msoflio meurneobis subieqtebi da Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba-----------------------------------------------------------------------10; 1. 1. msoflio ekonomikis Teoriebi---------------------10; 1. 2. msoflio meurneobis ganviTareba da megaekonomikis warmoSoba ----------------------------22; 1. 3. msoflio meurneobis subieqtebi da Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba -------------------------------- 33; Tavi II. transnacionalizacia, ekonomikuri informatizacia da informatizaciis ganviTarebis wamyvani tendeciebi. ---------------------45; 2. 1. transnacionalizacia, rogorc msoflio meurneobis ganviTarebis wamyvani tendencia -- 45; 2.

2. ekonomikuri informatizacia da informatizaciis ekonomika ---- --------------------------57; Tavi III. msoflio ekonomikis sagani da amocanebi ----------------------------------------------------------------------68; Tavi IV. evropis qveynebis ekonomika ----------81; 4. 1. evropis qveynebi ekonomika ------------------------ 81; 4. 2. aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis ekonomika ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 84; 4. 3. dasavleT evropis qveynebis ekonomika ---86; 4. 4. CrdiloeT evropis qveynebis ekonomika-----87; 4. 5. samxreT evropis qveynebis ekonomika --------89; Tavi V. ruseTis federaciis ekonomika--------92; 5. 1. ruseTis federaciis ekonomika ----------------92; Tavi VI. baltiispireTis qveynebis ekonomika---------------------------------------------------------------------- 104; 6. 1. baltiispireTis qveynebis ekonomika--------104; 6. 2. estoneTis ekonomika --------------------------------106; 6. 3. latviis ekonomika ---------------------------------- 109; 5

6. 4. litvis ekonomika -------------------------------112; Tavi VII. belorusiis ekonomika ----------------116; Tavi VIII. ukrainis ekonomika ------------------------125; Tavi IX. moldaveTis ekonomika -----------------136; Tavi X. amierkavkasiis qveynebis ekonomika 144; 10. 1. amierkavkasiis qveynebis ekonomika ---------144; 10. 2. saqarTvelos ekonomika -------------------------146; 10. 3. azerbaijanis ekonomika --------------------------169; 10. 4. somxeTis ekonomika -------------------------------173; Tavi XI. aziis qveynebis ekonomika ------------176; 11. 1. aziis qveynebis ekonomika -----------------------176; 11.

2. samxreT-dasavleT aziis qveynebis ekonomika—--------------------------------------------------177; 11. 3. samxreT -aziis qveynebis ekonomika --------180; 11. 4. aRmosavleT da centraluri aziis qveynebis ekonomika ---------------------------------------------------182; 11. 5. samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis qveynebis ekonomika------------------------------------------------- 184; Tavi XII. Sua aziis qveynebis ekonomika ---------188; 12. 1. uzbekeTis ekonomika ------------------------188; 12. 2. yirgizeTis ekonomika --------------------------189; 12. 3. tajikeTis ekonomika ------------------------------ 192; 12. 4. TurqmeneTis ekonomika ------------------------194; Tavi XIII. yazaxeTis ekonomika ---------------------198.

Tavi XIV. avstraliisa da okianiis ekonomika --------------------------------------------------------------------------203; 14. 1. avstraliis ekonomika ---------------------------203; 14. 2. okianiis ekonomika ------------------------------212; Tavi XV. amerikis ekonomika -------------------------217; 15. 1. amerikis ekonomika --------------------------217; 15. 2. CrdiloeT amerikis ekonomika -------------219; 15. 3. samxreT amerikis ekonomika ----------------- 224; 15. 4. laTinuri (centraluri) amerikis qveynebis ekonomika ------------------------------------------------- 227; 6

Tavi XVI. afrikis qveynebis ekonomika ----------231; 16. 1. afrikis ekonomika-----------------------------231; testebi------------------------------------------------------------- 241; testebis pasuxebi ------------------------------------------ 263; gamoyenebuli literatura -------------------------264.

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Sesavali msoflioSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebis ekonomika rTuli mravalwaxnagovani problemaa, romelSic Serwymulia ara marto ekonomikuri, aramed socialuri da politikuri aspeqtebic. sasursaTo produqciis warmoeba adamianis mizandasaxuli saqmianobis uZvelesi formaa, miuxedavad amisa Tanamedrove civilizaciis pirobebSic ki am problemis daZleva moiTxovs msoflios mTeli mosaxleobis erTobliv Zalisxmevas. masobrivi SimSiloba, romelic zogjer globalur xasiaTs iRebs, Zvirad ujdeba kacobriobas, igi xSirad gadaizrdeba mwvave socialur konfliqtebSi, rac mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenebSi antagonistur dapirispirebas iwvevs. ama Tu im qveynis sursaTiT uzrunvelyofaze did gavlenas axdens bunebrivi faqtorebi, vinaidan sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis damokidebuleba klimatze da niadagobriv safarze msoflios mravali regionisaTvis jer kidev rCeba gadmwyvet faqtorad. xSiria gvalvebi, wyaldidobebi, sxvadasxva saxis epidemiuri daavadebebi, romelTa winaaRmdeg brZola mniSvnelovan kapitalur dabandebebs moiTxovs, rac azia-afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis bevr saxelmwifos dReisaTvis ar gaaCnia. sasursaTo problemis analizisa da arsis garkvevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia rogorc teqnikuri, biologiuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri, ise politikuri faqtorebic. unda gvaxsovdes, rom sazogadoebis uzrunvelyofas sakvebi produqtebiT saboloo angariSiT mainc sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis moculoba gansazRvravs, es ukanaskneli ki mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia ama Tu im qveynis saerTo ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, sazogadoebis TiTeuli wevris syidviTunarianobaze, momsaxurebisa 8

da sarealizacio qselis swor organizaciasa da sxva faqtorebze. sawarmoo, ekonomikuri, socialuri da sxva sakiTxebi mWidrod arian dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ama Tu im etapze, wina planze SeiZleba gamovides esa Tu is faqtori, an faqtorTa jgufi. amasTan mxedvelobaSia misaRebi isic, rom konkretul situaciaSi mocemuli qveynis, regionis, kontinentis sasursaTo mdgomareobaze gavlenas axdens politikuri movlenebic. sasursaTo produqtebis ara marto deficiti, aramed Warbwarmoebac ki iwvevs krizisul movlenebs--rogorc mosaxleobis gadaxdiunarianobis deficits, ise piriqiT. garda amisa, sasursaTo produqtebis Warbwarmoeba, romelsac adgili aqvs ganviTarebul qveynebSi, zogjer iwvevs misi warmoebis droebiT likvidaciasac. sasursaTo problemis ganxilvisas, mxedvelobaSi misaRebia isic, rom calkeuli qveynebi sakvebis moxmarebis doniT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian, rac Tavis mxriv gavlenas axdens sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis moculobaze. sasursaTo problemis globaluroba ganisazRvreba ara marto imiT, rom igi ama Tu im kuTxiT exeba msoflios yvela qveyanas, aramed specifikuri TaviseburebebiTac, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sasursaTo problemis gaumjobeseba marto sasoflosameurneo warmoebis ganviTarebiT SeuZlebelia, igi mWidro kavSirSia ekonomikis sxva dargebTan, romelTa daxmarebisa da uSualo Carevis gareSe SeuZlebelia misi gadawyveta, sursaTis warmoebaze gansakuTrebiT did gavlenas axdens qveynis energetikuli da nedleuli resursebis potenciali, agreTve saerTaSoriso politikuri situacia.

SimSilis winaaRmdeg kacobriobis mier gamocxadebuli brZola ganpirobebulia ara marto humanizmiT, aramed Tanamedrove civilizaciis 9

moTxovnebiTac. mxolod fizikurad dakmayofilebul adamians SeuZlia Seqmnas msoflio mniSvnelobis xelovnebis nimuSebi, gaakeTos umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCenebi da xeli Seuwyos teqnikur progress. msoflioSi arsebobs sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisaTvis xelsayreli da araxelsayreli regionebi, romlebic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iZlevian produqciis met-naklebi raodenobiT warmoebis saSualebas, Tu bunebriv faqtorebTan gonivruladaa SeTanawyobili adamianebis mizandasaxuli Sroma. swored amitom sasursaTo problemis gadawyetisaTvis mTavaria agreTve adamianis Sromis faqtori.

Tavi I. msoflio ekonomikis Teoriebi, megaekonomikis warmoSoba, msoflio meurneobis subieqtebi da Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba.

1. 1. “msoflio ekonomikis Teoriebi” saqarTveloSi “msoflio soflis meurneobis ekonomikis,” rogorc saswavlo disciplinis Seswavla ganapiroba XX saukunis dasasrulidan msoflioSi mimdinare socialurma da ekonomikurma movlenebma.

XXI saukunis dasawyisSi msoflio ekonomika xdeba ara mxolod ekonomikuri mecnierebis dargi da mniSvnelovani saswavlo disciplina, aramed praqtikuli codnis kompleqsic, visac surs miaRwios warmatebas swrafad globalizirebad samyaroSi. msoflio ekonomikis problemebis mimarT 90-ian wlebSi gazrdili interesi aixsneba imiT, rom Cveni qveyana swrafad Camovida calke aRebul qveyanaSi ganviTarebuli socializmisa da komunizmis mSeneblobis pirvelgzamkvlevis da, ase vTqvaT, mesianuri gzidan, da gadainacvla sabazro ekonomikisa da kapitalistur urTierTobaTa kargad gatkepnil gzaze. axla ukve aucilebeli gaxda imis Seswavla, Tu rogor moZraobdnen da moZraoben am gzaze mowinave 10

qveynebi da ra aris SesaZlebeli maTgan gadmoviRoT. msoflio ekonomikis sferoSi gamokvlevaTa simZimis centrma, bunebrivia, qveynis analizis mxares gadainacvla. amasTan, gamoikveTa ganviTarebul sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi SemuSavebul modelTa da meqanizmTa, Cvens sakmaod Tavisebur sinamdvileSi, gamoyenebis sakmaod pragmatuli mizani. aqedan gamomdinareobs msoflio ekonomikis interpretacia, rogorc “erovnul meurneobaTa erToblioba” an “ekonomikaTa erToblioba”, rac miRebulia Tanamedrove saxelmZRvaneloebSi. zemoaRniSnuli saleqcio Tema “msoflio ekonomikis Teoriebi”, rogorc yvela sxva Teoria, ama Tu im zomiT, aSkarad Tu farulad, Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad, xsnis ra msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebas, iyenebs dialeqtikur kanonzomierebebs. msoflio ekonomikis Teoriebs ganansxvaveben: mamoZravebeli ZalebiT,romlebic safuZvlad devs msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi da Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebiT, romlebic gansazRvraven stabilurobis, zrdis peroidizacias. calke klasad SeiZleba gamovyoT nawilobrivi teqnologiur-faqtoruli Teoriebi. erT-erTi teqnologiuri Teoria SemoTavazebul iqna l. morganis SromaSi “ Zveli sazogadoeba”. masSi kacobriobis evoluciis aRwerili Svidi stadiidan TiToeuli ukavSirdeboda gansazRvrul teqnologiur inovaciascecxlis dauflebas, mSvildisris gamogonebas da a.S. wminda teqnologiuri midgomis gagrZeleba gaxda energetikuli Teoriebi, romlebmac kacobriobis ekonomikuri ganviTareba daukavSira energiis axali formebis aTvisebas: cecxlis, orTqlis, eleqtrobis, TermobirTvul energias. axla es Teoriebi modifikacias ganicdian , SemoaqvT ra gansaxilvelad energiis wyaroTa SezRuduloba da maTi gamoyenebis ekologiuri SezRudvebi. sxvadasxva modifikaciaSi arsebobs bunebrivi faqtorebis Teoria, romelic ekonomikuri sistemis 11

geneziss da evolucias xsnis arsebuli bunebrivklimaturi resursebiT. am TeoriebSi qveynis teqnologiuri da kulturuli ganviTareba aixsneba misi geografiuli mdebareobiT, klimaturi TaviseburebebiT da a.S. malTusidan dawyebuli yvela mecnieri cdilobda ekonomikuri ganviTarebis axsnas demografiuli faqtorebiT. rusi mecnieri m. kluCevski amtkicebda, rom qveynis mosaxleoba- es saerTod ekonomikis mTavari mamoZravebelia. demografiul Teoriebs mWidrod emijnebian is Teoriebi, romlebic ganviTarebas xsnian agraruli teqnologiebis srulyofiTa da sasursaTo resursebis Sesabamisi zrdiT. marTlac, swored neoliTis xanaSi miwaTmoqmedebaze gadasvlam misca biZgi kacobriobis istoriaSi pirvel demografiul afeTqebas, xolo XX s-Si “mwvane revoluciam� xeli Seuwyo Cvens droSi mosaxleobis mZafr zrdas.

Tumca, bunebrivia, mosaxleobis zrda upirvelesad ganpirobebuli iyo cxovrebis donis saerTo zrdiT da medicinaSi warmatebebiT. mTel rig Teoriebs sxvadasxva variantSi wina planze gamoaqvT sakomunikacio-sainformacio faqtorebi. l. meCnikovma ganviTarebis ZiriTad ganmsazRvrel faqtorad SemogvTavaza sawyalosno mimosvlis gzebi. misi azriT, kacobrioba sazRvao kavSirebis ama Tu im formis gamoyenebis mixedviT iyofa: samdinaro periodi, romelic Seesabameba tradiciuli klasifikaciiT Zvel msoflios; sazRvao periodi (Suasaukuneebis) da okeanuri periodi (axali da uaxlesi dro).

TandaTan transportis faqtoridan pirveloba gadavida kavSirgabmulobis teqnologiebze, iqmneba satransporto-sakomunikacio teqnologiebis evoluciis aseTi jaWvi: gzebi, rkinigzis transporti, fosta, TviTmfrinavi, telegrafi, teletaipi, telefaqsi, eleqtronuli qseli. eWvs ar iwvevs, rom igi Tan sdevda ekonomikur evolucias.

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XXs-is bolos gabatonda informaciuli faqtoris Teoria. bevri mecnieri, magaliTad, kanadeli sociologi x. mak- liueni, sazogadoebis ganviTarebas xsnis sainformacio teqnologiebis srulyofiT Cveulebrivi adamianuri enis gaCenidan sabeWd dazgamde da Semdeg kompiuteramde, internetamde. sainformacio teqnologiebi marTlac axdens uzarmazar (Tumca ara erTaderT da savsebiT ara yvelafris amxsnel) gavlenas Tanamedrove megaekonomikaze.

Zalian Tanamedrove gaxda finansuri Teoriebi, romlebic afuZneben sayovelTao ganviTarebas finansur teqnologiebSi, pirveli gadamcvlelebidan Tanamedrove kompiuterul bankingamde. maT Soris arian sakmaod originalurnic. magaliTad, amerikeli mkvlevari C. adamsi istoriis yvela did movlenasromis imperiis daSlas, espaneTis dacemas, a.S.S-Si damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas, safrangeTis did revolucias- xsnis adamianTa ukmayofilebiT, romelic gamowveuli iyo arsebuli sagadasaxado sistemiT da sagadasaxado inovaciebis aucileblobiT. k. biuxerma SemogvTavaza, ase vTqvaT, marketinguli Teoria. mis safuZvlad aRebulia gzis sigrZe mwarmoeblidan momxmareblamde. aqedan gamoiyofa stadiebi: Caketili saSinao meurneobis, romelic TavisTvis awarmoebs yovelive aucilebels, saqalaqo meurneobis, sadac mwarmoebeli muSaobs SekveTaze da saxalxo meurneobis, samuSaoTi ucnobi bazrisaTvis. teqnologiur- faqtorul Teoriebs idelogiurad emxroba m. veberis nawilobrivi koncefcia, romelic ukavSirebda progresis rwmenis sistemas, kerZod, kapitalizmis gavrceleba- ganviTarebas. ganviTarebis kompleqsuri Teoriebi ikvlevs metnaklebad faqtorTa srul sistemas da gansazRvravs ganviTarebis stadiurobas maT SeTavsebebSi cvlilebebis mixedviT. 13

am jgufidan CvenTvis yvelaze axlosaa da nacnobia marqsistuli Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac kacobrioba TandaTanobiT gadis gzas ekonomikuri formaciidan (ekonomikuri urTirTobebis mdgradi sistema) meorisaken: pirvelyifili sazogadoeba, monaTmflobeloba, feodalizmi, kapitalizmi da bunebrivia, gardauvlad komunizmi. mamoZravebel Zalad marqsizm- leninizmi Tvlida klasTa brZolas, romlebadac iyofoda mosaxleoba maTi damokidebulebiT warmoebis saSualebebisadmi. erTmeneTis mowinaaRmdege klasebi warmoadgendnen ukidures poziciebs, romlebic TavianTi brZoliT gansazRvraven ganviTarebas. istoriuli procesi aixsneboda Semdegnairad: teqnologiur srulyofilebaTa gavleniT izrdeba mwarmoebluri Zalebi (raodenobrivi faqtori) ; TandaTanobiT maT uWirT da veRar etevian arsebuli ekonomikuri urTierTobebis CarCoebSi; klasi, romelic dainteresebulia ekonomikur urTierTobaTa SecvliT, revoluciurad ipyrobda Zalauflebas; xdeboda gadasvla axal formaciaze (raodenobis gadazrda TvisebaSi) da ase Semdeg spiraliseburad ucvlelad zeviT (“uaryofis uaryofa�). k. marqsi mTeli cxovreba suliT Hhegelianeli iyo, Tumca Tavis axalgazrdobis gmiris moZRvreba man Zalian gadaakeTa. modifikaciis Teoria, iseve rogorc marqsizmi, gamodis kacobriobis istoriaSi arsebuli yvela sazogadoebis biopolaruli struqturidan. Tumca am polusebSi ar aris klasebi, aramed konservatiuli jgufebi an modernizebulad ganwyobili individebi, romlebic marTaven ganviTarebas. am or urTierTdapirispirebulTa brZolaSi arsebobs ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis mudmivi stimulebi. aq pirvel rigSi wamoiweva cvlilebaTa adamianuri meqanizmebi ekonomikasa da sazogadoebaSi. mravali qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia orpartiuli brZolis praqtika, roca erTi partia reformatorulia, meore ki- konservatoruli, moaqvT rogorc am Teoriis 14

samarTlianobis mniSvnelovani dasabuTeba. dResdReobiT modernizaciis koncefcia efuZneba institucionalur ekonomikur Teorias. xdeba yuradRebis koncentrireba faseulobaTa sistemaze, romelzec iRebs orientacias adamianis ekonomikuri saqmianoba. saintereso da mravalmxriv paradoqsuli Teoria wamoswia l. gumiliovma, romelmac samyaros memkvidreobiTi aRqma gadaitana mecnierebis sferoSi. misi ganviTarebis Teorias safuZvlad udevs eTnosis Zalian ganzogadebuli da modernizebuli cneba: gumiliovi iZleva am Zveli cnebis metad originalur axsnas: eTnosi- esaa adamianTa didi jgufi, romlis yoveli wevri iolad axdens Tavis identificirebas masTan da uSualod gamoyofs Tavisianebs sxvebisgan. naTelia, rom esoden zogadi gansazRvreba SeiZleba ekuTvnodes ara marto erovnulad erTgvarovan, aramed saerTod nebismier TviTidentificirebul jgufebs, eTnosi cxovrobs Tavisi cxovrebiT, gadis ra fazebs, romelic damaxasiaTebelia adamianis organizmisaTvis: dabadeba, zrda, dabereba, sikvdili. yovel eTnosSi mamoZravebeli Zalaa pansionariebipirovnebebi, romelTac gaaCniaT Zalauflebisa da saqmianobis didi wyurvili, Cadebuli genetikurad da gadacemuli memkvidreobiT. eTnosSi maT upirispirdeba jgufebi, romlebic iltvian ufro mSvidi cxovrebisaken. pansionarobisEdone gansazRvravs eTnosis ganviTarebis stadias, romlis asaks gumiliovi saSualod afasebs aTas wlad. momakvdavi eTnosis bazaze SeiZleba warmoiSvas axali. eTnosebi qmnian supereTnosebs, romelTa urTierTqmedeba badebs istoriul process. vRebulobT sakmaod mwyobr suraTs. gansakuTrebiT damajereblad ar gamoiyureba eTnosis pansionarobiT pirveladi damuxvta. avtorma ver monaxa imaze ukeTesi, rom pansionaroba miewera raRac kosmosuri gamosxivebis gavlenisaTvis, romelmac Seqmna masobrivi genetikuri mutaciebi pansionarobis mimarTulebiT gansazRvrul 15

geografiul sartyelSi, romelic moeqca gamosxivebis qveS. mocemuli elementi arsebiTad afuWebs am originalur da momxiblav Teorias. friad sainteresod warmogvidgeba v. oikenis koncefcia “sameurneo wesebis Sesaxeb”. igi Tvlida, rom arsebobs ori tipis sufTa, “idealuri ” ekonomikuri sistema- centralizeburad marTvadi da sabazro. TiToeul am idealur tips axasiaTebs eqvsi ZiriTadi parametri: “moTxovnilebebi, buneba, Sroma xelmZRvanelobisa da SesrulebisaTvis, teqnikuri codna, mza da momwifebuli dovlaTis maragebi, meurneobis socialuri da samarTlebrivi organizacia”. am parametrebis gansazRvruli SeTavsebebis dafiqsirebisas SeiZleba miviRoT sufTa formebi, romelTa ricxvi mcirea, magram yvelgan realurad arsebuli sameurneo wesrigi miiReba, rogorc am sufTa formebis SeTavseba da maTi ricxvi ukve uzarmazaria. amgvarad, kvlav realizdeba idea ekonomikuri sistemebis sferoSi maTematikur kordinatTa sistemis erTgvari msgavsebisa bazisTan, Sesabamis wminda formebTan. civilizaciis Teoria, romelic gulisxmobs monaTesave xalxebis erTobliobas, gaerTianebuls saerTo kulturiT, istoriuli bediT, ekonomikuri da socialur- politikuri urTierTobebiT, akavSirebs ganviTarebis procesebs civilizaciebis modifikaciebTan istoriuli procesis msvlelobaSi da lideri civilizaciebis cvlasTan. es Teoria iyo wamoweuli n. danilevskis ( 1869) mier, ganviTarebuli o. Spengleris (1918) mier da detalurad SemuSavebuli cnobili ingliseli istorikosis a. toinbis (1934- 1961) mier, romelmac dawvrilebiT aRwera sami Taobis 21 civilizacia. sul arsebobda daaxloebiT 30 civilizacia, romelTa didi nawili daiRupa, radgan civilizaciebi, iseve rogorc gumilioviseuli eTnosebi, ibadebian, cocxloben da kvdebian. pirveli lokaluri civilizaciebi warmoiSva, rogorc cnobilia, III- II saukuneebSi Cvens eramde 16

xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi, SuamdinareTSi, indoeTsa da CineTSi. Semdeg isini gavrcelda praqtikulad mTel dasaxlebul msoflioSi. Cveni welTaaRricxvis mixedviT XX s- is SuaxanebSi darCa mesame Taobis xuTi cocxali civilizacia: dasavluri, marTmadideblur- qristianuli (samxreT- aRmosavleT evropa da ruseTi), islamuri, induisturi da SoreulaRmosavluri. civilizaciuri Teoriis gamgrZelebeli s. hantingtoni (1998) gamoyofs ukve 8 Tanamedrove civilizacias: dasavlurs, laTinoamerikuls, islamurs, Cinurs, induisturs, marTlmadideblurs, budisturs da iaponurs. istoriulad arsebuli yvela Teoriis ZiriTadi mizani Zalauflebisken (xelisuflebisken) swrafva iyo, swored es iyo maTi ZiriTadi mizani.

Zalaufleba FfarTo gagebiT- esaa SesaZlebloba ganaxorcielos sakuTari neba da sakuTari survilebi raimes an vinmes mimarT, igi SeiZleba iyos kanonieri da ukanono, efuZnebodes Zalas, gavlenas, tradiciebs (mSoblebis Zalaufleba da a.S.) an sxva araformalur institutebs. swrafva Zalauflebisaken, e.i. sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gafarToebisaken sxvadasxva sferoSierT-erTi ZiriTadia, romelic Cadebulia upirobo refleqsebis doneze (da am gagebiT iracionaluri) adamianuri qcevis (da ara mxolod adamianuri) motivaciisa. saWiroa aqve aRiniSnos, rom ekonomikur TeoriaSi cneba “Zalaufleba” yovelTvis rodi Seesabameba savsebiT im mniSvnelobas, romliTac igi yoveldRiurad ixmareba. sityva “Zalaufleba” adamianebisaTvis mWidrod asocirdeba sazogadoebisa da warmoebis organizaciis ierarqiis Sesaxeb warmodgenebTan, “ufrosixelqveiTis” tipis urTierTobebTan. aseTi gagebiT sityvebi `swrafva Zalauflebisken~ - es aris survili gaxde ufrosi, SeiZino ufro maRali mdgomareoba sazogadoebis 17

ierarqiul struqturaSi, gaikeTo kariera da a.S. aqedan momdinareobs negatiuri damokidebuleba Zalauflebisaken swrafvis mimarT, rogorc karieristuli survilebisaken, romlebic Cvens qveyanaSi Zalian xSirad miiRweoda arc Tu moralurad sufTa meTodebiT. ekonomikur TeoriaSi da filosofiur SromebSi, romlebic eZRvneba Zalauflebas am cnebas gaaCnia ufro farTo gageba. adamiani an nebismieri sxva organizmi dabadebisTanave iZens bunebrivi survilebis da instiqturi moTxovnilebebis nakrebs, romelTa Sorisaa moTxovnileba wylisa da sakvebisadmi, aseve swrafva cxovrebis SenarCuneba-dacvisadmi, gvaris gagrZelebisaken da a.S. adamianis moTxovnilebaTa da survilTa erTi nawili warmoadgens Tandayolils da instiqturs, meore nawili ki yalibdeba mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. istoriuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom adamianebs SeiZleba ganuviTardeT sul sxvadasxvagvari survilebi da moTxovnilebebi, romlebic bevrad gansazRvravs maTi ekonomikuri qcevis modelebs. analogiuria mdgomareoba sxva rTul organizmebTanac. saerTo aq aris erTi – sxva adamianebTan, organizmebTan, garemomcvel garemosTan da bolos sakuTar TavTan brZolis aucilebloba sakuTari miswrafebebis dasakmayofileblad da garemoebebidan gamomdinare, sxvadasxvagvari miznebis misaRwevad. vinaidan winaswar SeuZlebelia ganvWvritoT, ra survilebi da moTxovnilebebi wamoiWreba momavalSi, qcevis karg da racionalur strategiad warmogvidgeba moqmedeba, romelic mimarTulia SesaZleblis sferos maqsimalur gafarToebaze `survilisa da moTxovnilebebis sivrceSi~.

Zalauflebis zonis – am sferos gafarToebisaken swrafva bunebam Caunerga yvela organizms instiqtis doneze. swored am saerTo instiqts uwodeben swrafvas Zalauflebisaken. amgvarad, yovel organizms 18

dabadebidan sikvdilamde axasiaTebs instiqti Tavisi SesaZleblobebis gasazrdelad da sxva organizmebTan sabrZolvelad, Zalauflebis zomis da am SesaZleblobaTa sferos sazRvrebis gasafarToeblad. survili Zalauflebisken, rogorc Zalauflebis zonis gafarToebisa da SenarCunebisaTvis, romelSic mas Tavisuflad SeuZlia Tavisi survilebis dakmayofileba, sakmaod mravalgvarad SeiZleba gamovlindes. sxvagvarad es aris sxva Zlieri da sakmaod rTuli instiqtebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba. imisaTvis, rom adamianma SeZlos saimedod gaimagros Tavisi, sxvebisTvis warTmeuli Zalauflebis zona, arsebobs uamravi ekonomikuri instituti da pirvel rigSi sakuTrebis instituti. amave mizans emsaxureba, saboloo jamSi, yovelgvari samxedro, samecniero da sxva wodebebi, jildoebi da a. S. es GJRers ramdenadme uCveulod, magram mecnieri, mwerali, mxatvariyvela ibrZvis samecniero avtoritetisaTvis, popularobisaTvis, auditoriisaTvis da a.S. amoZravebT ra maTac igive instiqti sakuTari gavlenis gafarToebisa (survili Zalauflebisa), iseve rogorc biznesmensac, romelic cdilobs Tavisi warmoebis gafarToebas da gasaRebis axali bazrebis dapyrobas. nebismieri ekonomikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxiesaa sakiTxi calkeul adamianTa ekonomikuri qcevis Sesaxeb, ekonomikuri Zalauflebis Teoria am kiTxvaze universalur da konkretul pasuxs scems- adamianis ekonomikuri qceva ZiriTadad ganpirovnebulia misi swrafviT ekonomikuri Zalauflebis gadidebisaken, Zalauflebis zonis gafarToebisaken. calkeul pirovnebaTa ekonomikuri Zalauflebis neba- survili, e.i. Zalauflebis ekonomikur sferoSi, romelic gansakuTrebiT aSkaradaa gamoxatuli adamianebSi, romelTac mewarmeebs uwodeben, ekonomikis ZiriTad mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens. magram sxva bevrad ufro didi nawili “Cveulebrivi� adamianebisac 19

aseve iltvian Zalauflebisaken. materialuri interesi, survili imisa, rom meti gamoimuSaos, dawinaurdes samsaxurSi, aimaRlos Tavisi kvalifikacia da xelfasi, gamowveulia isev imave swrafviT, gaifarTovos Tavisi SesaZleblobani, e.i. swrafviT Zalauflebisaken, am sityvebis zemoT gagebuli gansazRvrebiT. Zalauflebis struqturis anatomireba aucilebelia ekonomikuri subieqtebis da, upirveles yovlisa, ekonomikis ganviTarebis gansazRvrul oligarqiaTa qcevis gasagebad da prognozirebisaTvis, institutebis konstruirebis mizniT, romlebic maT individualur saxelisuflebo swrafvas warmarTaven sazogadoebrivi interesebis kalapotSi. idealSi, ekonomikuri Zalauflebis modelis da Sesabamisad, bazris monawileTa qcevis modelebis detalurad SemuSavebisas, agreTve Teoriul – saTamaSo midgomebis da konstruqciebis gamoyenebisas, SeiZleba mivaRwioT sazogadoebis globalur miznebTan individualuri ekonomokikuri Zalauflebis lokaluri miznebis racionalur Serwymasa da mTlianad ekonomikuri sistemis efeqtianobis amaRlebas saxelmwifos mier reglamentirebuli ekonomikuri cxovrebis wesebis daxmarebiT. ekonomikuri Zalaufleba miiRweva Semdegi xuTi elementis: - finansuri simZlavris; - sainformacio gavlenis; - koaliciuri Zalis; - saxelmwifosTan kavSirebis; - Zalismieri zewolis saSualebebis; am urTierTdakavSirebuli faqtorebis SeTanxmeba ganapirobebs adamianis an raime jgufis Zalauflebis gansazRvrul zomas. amasTan Zalauflebis warmoqmnis formulaSi yvela xuTi faqtori TanabarmniSvnelovania da realuri Zalaufleba ganisazRvreba im faqtoriT, romelic mocemul pirs aqvs deficituri.

20

amgvarad ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTad wamyvan Zalas warmoadgens yvela adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli swrafva Zalauflebisaken; ekonomikuri evolucia calkeul adamianebsa maT mravalgvarovan jgufebs Soris ekonomikuri ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis Sedegia; calkeul adamianTa msgavsad teqnologiuri, ekonomikuri institutebi da civilizaciebi ibrZvian ekonomikuri ZalauflebisaTvis da es brZola safuZvlad udevs teqnologiur, institucionalur da civilizaciur evolucias; msoflio ekonomikis ganviTareba stimulirdeba mudmivi brZoliT saxelmwifosa da bazars Soris, e.i. pirTa jgufebs Soris, romlebic ekonomikuri ZalauflebisaTvis brZolaSi eyrdnobian am or instituts; msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis traeqtoria SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc ramdenime talRiseburi procesis superpozicia: ekonomikuri koniunqturis mokle talRebis, teqnologiuri da struqturul-teqnologiuri kontratieviseuli talRebis, agreTve institucionaluri, ekonomikur-politikuri da zegrZeli civilizaciis talRebi. kiTxvebi codnis SemowmebisaTvis 1. daaxasiaTeT l. morganis Sromis “Zveli sazogadoebis� mixedviT teqnologiuri faqtoruli Teoriebi; 2. daaxasiaTeT malTusisa da rusi mecnieris m. kluCevskis Sexedulebebi; 3. daaxasiaTeT l. meCnikovis Sexedulebebi; 4. daaxasiaTeT x. makliuenis, C. adamsis k. iuxeris Sexedulebebi; 5. daaxasiaTeT marqsistuli Teoriebi; 6. daaxasiaTeT l. gumilovis, v. oikenis Teoriebi; 7. daaxasiaTeT n. danilevskis, o. Spengleris, a. toinbis civilizaciebis aRwerebi; 21

8. daaxasaTeT s. hantigtonis Teoria, civilizaciuri Teoriis gamgrZelebeli.

D

1. 2. “msoflio meurneobis megaekonomikis warmoSoba�

rogorc

ganviTareba

da

XX saukunis bolos msoflio ekonomikaSi soliduri adgili daisakuTra globaluri masStabis ekonomikurma sistemam, romelic megaekonomikis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili.

CvenTvis Zalian sainteresoa gavigoT Tu ra aris, ras warmadgens, an Tundac riT gansxvavdeba is msoflio ekonomikisagan? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad aucilebelia CavataroT mcire eqskursi kibernetikasa da sistemaTa TeoriaSi. kibernetika rogorc mecniereba rTuli sistemebis marTvis Sesaxeb norbert vineris SromebSi Camoyalibda XX saukunis Sua xanebSi da moixsenieba xomaldis marTvis xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT, xolo gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT adamianis marTvasac gulisxmobda jer kidev platonis moRvaweobis periodSi. yvela kibernetikul sistemas, romelTac SeiZleba mivakuTnoT praqtikulad yvela rTuli marTvadi sistema, safuZvlad udevs ukukavSiris principi. igi SemdgomSi mdgomareobs: nebismier sistemas gaaCnia sainformacio Sesasvleli, romelzec modis zemoqmedeba, da gasasvleli, romelic TavisTavad warmoadgens Tavad sistemis zegavlenas garemoze. informaciis Sesvlisas sistema gamoimuSavebs gansazRvrul marTvad zemoqmedebas, romelic gamoixateba gansazRvrul moqmedebaTa SerCevaSi garemos mimarT. amasTan, rTul sistemebs gansazRvruli miznebi gaaCniaT. es exeba rogorc teqnikur sistemebs, romelTa funqcionirebis miznebi maTi Semqmnelebis mieraa gansazRvruli, aseve cocxal organizmebs, romlebmac gamoimuSaves miznebi da qceviTi reaqciebi 22

evoluciis procesSi, upirveles yovlisa, garemomcvel samyaroSi TviTgadarCenis (homeostazisis) da ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis miznebidan gamomdinare. arsebobs uamravi teqnikuri mowyobiloba, romelTa qceva erTxel da samudamod gansazRvrulia da arc garemomcveli samyaros mdgomareobazea damokidebuli. isini moqmedeben gansazRvruli instruqciis, programis mixedviT. yvela cocxali arseba ki praqtikulad sruliad sxvagvaradaa Seqmnili. evoluciis procesSi maT SeZles gamoemuSavebinaT adre gansazRvruli qcevidan gadaxvevis unari, raTa misi varireba moexdinaT imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor zemoqmedebda maTze garemomcveli samyaro. amisaTvis aucilebelia CavketoT kavSiri garemosTan da sistemas sainformacio signali gadavceT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor icvleba igi sistemis ama Tu im moqmedebebis dros. cocxal sistemas garemos mdgomareobis mudmivi gazomvis, aseve sakuTari moqmedebebisda mixedviT mis cvlilebebze Tvalyuris devnis organoebi (receptorebi da nervuli sistema) gaaCnia. es erTi SexedviT martivi meqanizmi, romelsac ukukavSiri ewoda, Seadgens aracocxalTan SedarebiT cocxalis ZiriTad konkurentul upiratesobas.

Cveulebriv cocxal organizms unari aqvs garemos mdgomareobis mixedviT met- naklebad Secvalos Tavisi qceva. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, yovel axal zemoqmedebaze igi sapasuxo reaqcias gamoimuSavebs. amasTan, Tu zemoqmedeba arasasurvelia, maSin reaqcia mimarTulia mis sakompensaciod. aseTi qceva organizms saSualebas aZlevs gadarCes da SenarCundes rogorc erTiani mTeli, misi sakuTari sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. organizmebs da, ufro farTod, sistemebs, romelTac aseTi SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia, homeostatikurs uwodeben. ekonomikuri evolucia bevrad waagavs cocxali bunebis evolucias. misi msvlelobis dros isaxeboda, viTardeboda da kvdeboda mravalricxovani instituti 23

da organizaciuli forma. am procesis Sedegad konkurencias uZlebda, srulyofili xdeboda da rCeboda yvelaze ufro sicocxlisunariani, gansazRvruli gagebiT, efeqtiani organizaciebi da institutebi. amitom bazarma ekonomikuri evoluciis procesSi SeiZina ara marto TviTregulirebis unari, aramed TviTsrulyofisac. bazari gaqvavebuli struqtura ki araa, aramed rTuli, ganviTarebadi institutia, romelic mniSvnelovnad icvlida Tavis formebs kacobriobis ekonomikuri istoriis manZilze. amgvarad, SuasaukuneebSi arsebuli bazari srulebiTac ar hgavs XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis damdegis bazars, xolo igi, Tavis mxriv radikalurad gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove bazrisgan. swored evoluciurad cvalebadi bazari obieqturad ganapirobebs siZneleebs ekonomikur TeoriaSi, romelic cdilobs erTgvarovnad aRweros es instituti misi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze. kerZod, aqedan modis zogierTi ekonomistis mier bazris arsebobis uaryofa socializmis dros da “Tavisufali” bazris dapirispireba mis mkacrad regulirebad gegmur formasTan. ekonomikur mecnierebasa da literaturaSi arsebobs 500- ze meti dasaxelebis sxvadasxva, xSirad erTmaneTis gamomricxavi bazris gansazRvreba. ase magaliTad, mas dRemde uwodeben: “punqts, sadac saqonlis gadacema xdeba xelidan xelSi” an “bazarikvebis da sxva produqtebiT sacalo bazrobis vaWrobis adgilia” da a.S. vfiqrobT, yvelaze ufro Tanamedrove da misaRebi SeiZleba iyos aseTi gansazRvreba: “bazari nebismieri urTierTqmedebaa, romelSic Sedian adamianebi erTmaneTTan savaWrod”. yvela es gansazRvreba asaxavs sabazro sistemis calkeul aspeqtebs. magaliTad, pirvel orSi saubari exeba bazris infrastruqturas da am gagebiT isini savsebiT koreqtulia. “bazris” bolo gansazRvreba yvelaze ufro adekvaturad asaxavs am cnebas, Tavis 24

TavSi moicavs am cvalebadi da mravalwaxnagovani ekonomikuri institutis yvelaze met saerTo niSnebs, Seesabameba sistemaTa zogad Teorias. am Teoriis poziciidan rTuli sistema gaxdeba amgvari, rogorc ki misi funqciuri da struqturuli diferenciacia moxdeba qvesistemebad, romelTa Sorisac warmoiSoba mdgradi gacvliTi urTierTmoqmedeba. ra Tqma unda, bazris formebi da meqanizmebi mniSvnelovnad saxecvlilebebs ganicdis, upirveles yovlisa, teqnologiuri ganviTarebis donesTan adaptaciis gziT. swored amitomac postindustriuli da sainformacio sazogadoebis bazrebi radikalurad gansxvavdeba kapitalizmis Camoyalibebis periodis Tavisufali konkurenciis bazrisagan. kibernetikis Sesaxeb Cveni mokle istoriuli eqskursis dasasruls xazs gausmevT rTuli sistemis kidev erT mniSvnelovan kriterialur niSans. rTuli sistemis Teoriis ZiriTadi postulati mdgomareobs imaSi, rom rTuli sistemebi ar daiyvaneba ufro martivTa erTobliobaze. magaliTad, adamianis organizmis funqcionireba SeuZlebelia gavigoT misi ujredebis kanonzomierebaTa SeswavliT; populaciis qceva gansxvavebulia masSi Semavali individebis qcevisagan; adamianTa sazogadoeba, romelsac ganviTarebis Tavisi kanonzomierebebi gaaCnia, srulebiT ar dadis calkeuli pirovnebebis qcevis ganmsazRvrel kanonebamde. megaekonomikis warmoSoba, iseve rogorc nebismieri axali arsis, romelic evoluciuri procesis Sedegad Cndeba, ar SeiZleba absoluturad zustad davaTariRiT. igi gaxda niSnebisa da Tvisebebis dagrovebis TandaTanobiTi Sedegi, romelic msoflio ekonomikis wiaRSi gaCnda XX saukunis mTeli naxevris ganmavlobaSi. imave periodSi warmoiSva da ganmtkicda sruliad axali ekonomikuri movlenebi da ganviTarda zogadplanetaruli procesebi ekonomikaSi, ideologiaSi, ekologiasa da socialur sferoSi, 25

romlebic exeba dedamiwaze mcxovreb yvela adamians. amitom ewoda maT globaluri. globalizacia Cveni epoqis udavod sakvanZo terminia. Tuki gavaanalizebT ekonomikur, ekologiur, sociologiur, politologiur, samecniero da publicistur naSromebs, maSin es termini pirvel adgilze gamova gamoyenebis sixSiriT. am cnebiT arsebiTad gaJRenTilia Tanamedroveoba, mas yvela grZnobs, magram naTeli da erTmniSvnelovani gansazRvreba dRemde araa Camoyalibebuli. rogorc Cans es dakavSirebulia procesTa sirTulesTan da mravalferovnebasTan. globalizacia aris istoriul masStabSi sxvadasxva civilizaciis TandaTanobiT mzardi urTierTqmedebis da urTierTSeRwevis procesi, romelic Camoyalibda metnaklebad mdgrad teritoriul sazRvrebSi, gansazRvruli eTnosebis bazaze. globalizacia planetaruli masStabiT mimdinare urTierTdakavSirebuli procesebis kompleqsia, romelTagan TiToeulSi arsebobs TviTregulaciis meqanizmebi. maS ase, Tanamedrove msoflio SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc urTierTzegavlenis mqone da nawilobriv TviTregulirebadi procesebis xlarTi. amgvarad, globalurma procesebma TandaTanobiT, evoluciurad Seqmna ukukavSiris saerToplanetaruli konturebi. swored es gvaZlevs axali ekonomikuri arsis warmoSobis konstantirebis saSualebas, romelsac megaekonomika ewodeba. megaekonomika erTiani globaluri ekonomikuri sistemaa, romelic ukukavSiris meqanizmebis safuZvelze TviTregulirdeba. moqmed pirTa – megaekonomikis monawileTa Soris ZiriTad rols TamaSoben erovnuli saxelmwifoebi; transerovnuli kapitali, kerZod, transerovnuli korporaciebi da transerovnuli bankebi; agreTve, 26

msxvili qalaqebi da megapolisebi; qveyanaTa blokebi; saerTaSoriso organizaciebi; ofSorebi da a.S. Tanamedrove msoflios globalizaciis safuZvels Seadgens sainformacio- sakomunikacio teqnologiebi. informatizacia TavisTavad warmoadgens globalizaciis ZiriTad mamoZravebel Zalas. erTiani sainformacio sivrcis da sainformacio standartebis warmoSoba da ganviTareba uzrunvelyofs msoflios finansuri, ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri da kulturuli erTianobis zrdas. informatizacia gaxda msofliomeurneobrivi sistemis da gansakuTrebiT, finansuri sferos globalizaciis umniSvnelovanesi faqtori. informatizaciis ganviTarebam uzrunvelyo finansuri sistemis globalizacia da specifikuri, globaluri, kompiuteruli finansuri bazrebis ganviTareba. informatizacia efuZneba savsebiT gansazRvrul teqnikur bazas da upirveles yovlisa, kavSirgabmulobis saSualebaTa uswrafes ganviTarebas. rac ar unda paradoqsulad mogveCvenos, globalizaciis procesebi ideologiis sferodan daiwyo. globalizaciis gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia mTel msoflioSi icavdnen sabazro TamaSis da sazogadoebrivi qcevis erTian wesebs, romelTac institutebs uwodeben. amitom ekonomikuri globalizaciis procesebis paralelurad, xan dagvianebiT, xan gaswrebiT mimdinareobs formaluri (kanonebi, normativebi) da araformaluri (tradiciebi, wesCveulebebi, qcevis dauwereli wesebi) institutebis globalizacia. samarTlebriv sferoSi es procesi vlindeba erovnulTan SedarebiT saerTaSoriso samarTlis normaTa primatis aRiarebaSi, mravali sakanonmdeblo normebis da principebis standartizaciaSi, erovnulsamarTlebriv sistemaTa daaxloebaSi, inglisurenovani qveynebis zogadi samarTlis principebis da kontinenturi evropuli samarTlis TandaTanobiT urTierTSeRwevaSi. 27

institutTa globalizaciaSi did rols TamaSobs saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, pirvel rigSi, gaero da misi Svilobili- organizaciebi, agreTve ekonomikuri da finansuri dawesebulebebi, iseTebi, rogoricaa saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki da sxv. masobrivi informaciis praqtikulad sayovelTao, eleqtronul saSualebaTa mZlavri zemoqmedebiT yvelgan da gansakuTrebiT megapolisebSi, aseve msxvil qalaqebSi viTardeba saqmiani da yofiTi qcevis erTgvarovani standartebi, ase magaliTad, televiziam da kinom Secvala ojaxis faseulobaTa warmoSoba da a.S. mniSvnelovania is, rom formaluri da araformaluri institutebi ukve warmoadgenen erTian marTvad globalur konturs. araformalur institutTa (wes- Cveulebebis, yofiTi qcevis wesebis) globalizaciam msoflio mosaxleoba sasurveli cxovrebis Sesaxeb warmodgenaTa gansazRvrul standartizaciamde miiyvana. dResdReisobiT mTeli msoflio moixmars standartul, msoflio sasursaTo gigantebis mier gavrcelebul sakvebs. mTeli msoflio misdevs modis standartebs, romlebic gamomuSavebulia umsxviles centrebSi. amasTanave, igi iZulebiT, magram ganuwyvetliv adevnebs Tvals tele da sxva reklamebs, romlebic ukve ekonomikis wamyvan dargad iqca. erTi da igive sareklamo rgolebi mTel msoflios uCvenebs ama Tu im saqonels, riTac dabejiTebiT awinaureben erovnul bazrebze umsxviles korporaciaTa nawarms. sareklamo kompaniebSi ukve aqtiurad CaerTnen internetkompaniebi, romlebic male TvalsaCino adgils daikaveben sareklamo biznesSi. imisaTvis, rom warmateba gvqondes bazarze, nebismieri saqoneli unda iyos “datrialebuli� sareklamo kompaniis mier. amasTan reklamaze danaxarjebi sul ufro did nawils Seadgens saqonlis saboloo fasze. samagierod yoveli siaxle wamierad vrceldeba mTel msoflioSi da 28

kolosaluri Semosavlebi moaqvs misi SemqmnelebisTvis. globaluri moxmareba mWidrod esadageba globalur gasaRebas. marketinguli da gasaRebis teqnologiebi erTiania mTel msoflioSi. planetis yovel wertilSi myidveli ejaxeba erTgvarovan serviss da marketingul midgomas. saqonelze xarisxobrivi cvlilebebi, myidvelTa axali upiratesobani, iseve rogorc gasaRebis axali teqnologiebi, myisve vrceldeba mTel planetaze. moxmarebis globalizaciis da standartizaciis bazaze axal xarisxs iZens saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saerTaSoriso bazrebi. ideologiis, institutebis da moxmarebis globalizacia SesaniSnav pirobebs qmnis ZiriTadi sasaqonlo bazrebis globalizaciisaTvis. ganviTarebuli qveynebis umravlesoba ukve msoflio savaWro organizaciis monawiles warmoadgens, e. i. daTanxmdnen Tavisi bazrebis liberalizacias, savaWro SezRudvaTa Semcirebas an moxsnas da vaWrobis saerTo wesebis aRiarebas. dResdReisobiT saerTaSoriso vaWroba ukve uzarmazar maStabebs moicavs. axla misi moculoba Sefasebulia 12 trilion dolarad, xolo saerTaSoriso momsaxurebis moculoba – 1,5 trilion dolarad. sasaqonlo bazrebis globalizacias aqtiurad uerTdeba internetis SesaZleblobani. “eleqtronul bazarze” monawileobas warmoebis xelmZRvanelebi ganixilaven konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelyofis, aseve, maRali rentabelobis miRwevis gadamwyvet faqtorad da sxv. amJamad msoflios 70%- ze met sawarmos gaaCnia Tavisi gverdebi (servisebi) internetSi, romlis meSveobiTac aqtiurad sTavazobs Tavis produqcias, poulobs xelsayrel momwodeblebs, partniorebsa da investorebs. axla es ukve aucilebeli piroba xdeba warmoebis warmatebisaTvis, vinaidan globaluri “eleqtronuli bazari” viTardeba 29

feTqebadi saxiT. yovelwliurad ormagdeba misi moculoba.

1999 wels globaluri “eleqtronuli bazris� moculoba Sefasda 10 miliard dolarad, magram 2003 wlisaTvis igi, specialistebis gamoTvlebiT gaizarda mravaljer da Seadgina 900 miliardi dolari. finansebis globalizaciaes sayovelTao globalizaciis erT- erT yvelaze TvalSi sacemi elementia. planetaruli eleqtronuli qselebis saSualebiT finansuri nakadebis meyseulad gadaadgilebis SesaZleblobam kardinalurad Secvala saerTaSoriso sameurneo saqmianobis pirobebi. dResdReobiT yoveldRiuri bankTaSorisi operaciebi daaxloebiT 1,5 trilion dolars Seadgens.

1987 wels Seadgina 600 miliardi dolari, 1989 wels800 miliardi da 1993 wels- 1 trilioni. kapitalis saerTaSoriso moZraoba sesxebis, kreditebis, fasiani qaRaldebiT vaWrobis, savaluto operaciebis da a.S. saxiT 50jer aWarbebs saerTaSoriso tvirTbrunvas. amJamad saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi Cadebul TiTo dolarze modis wminda finansur brunvaSi CarTuli 8- 9 dolari. finansuri bazrebi TavisTavad warmoadgens yvelaze maRalteqnologiur marTvad konturs Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikaSi, sadac yvelaze ufro organulad uerTdeba erTmaneTs sabazro da qseluri kompiuterul- sainformacio teqnologiebi.

Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara marto moTxovnisa da miwodebis konturi, aramed dagrovebainvestirebis. globalizebuli ekonomikisaTvis aucilebelia rogorc dagrovebis, aseve investirebis regulirebadi konturi. dagrovebaTa tradiciul wyaroebs warmoadgens SinameurneobaTa danazogebi, sawarmoTa dagrovebis fondebi da saxelmwifo rezervebi. sabanko sistema, sadazRvevo kompaniebi, sapensio da sainvesticio fondebi am saSualebebis mobilizebas da investirebas axdens sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. 30

liberaluri ideologiis gavleniT, institutebis da moxmarebis globalizaciiT bolo wlebSi swrafad viTardeba Sromis bazrebis globalizacia. ganviTarebuli qveynebi jerjerobiT keTilganwyobilni arian yofili socialisturi qveynebidan “tvinebis gadaqaCvis� mimarT. TumcaRa, miwodebis TandaTanobiTma zrdam SeiZleba migviyvanos fasebis dacemamde da kvalificiuri samuSao Zalis Semcirebamde. amasTanave, internetis ganviTarebasTan erTad gaCnda Raribi qveynebis kvalificiuri samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba samecniero kvlevebsa da saproeqto samuSaoebSi kompiuteruli qselis gamoyenebiT, qveynidan gaumgzavreblad. transportis siiafisa da aseve, axali sainformacio teqnologiebis gamo samuSao Zalam SeiZina maRali mobiluroba. Camoyalibda globaluri Sromis bazris konturi. amasTan, Tanamedrove pirobebSi saWiroa cal-calke ganvixiloT kvalificiuri da arakvalificiuri Sromis bazrebi. mecniereba, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis sfero, yovelTvis globaluri iyo. mecnieri saWiroebs samecniero garemos da sxva mecnierebTan muSaobis gareSe efeqtianad muSaoba ar SeuZlia. codna SeiZleba daibados mxolod informaciidan da codnidan. amitom mecniers aucileblad sWirdeba sainformacio garemo da samecniero sazogadoeba, romelsac unari eqneba mimarTuleba misces, ganixilos da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, Seafasos misi miRwevebi. saboloo jamSi samecniero wreSi saxelis da gavlenis mopovebiT mecnieri zogjer Tavisi qvecnobieris doneze axerxebs misi mZime da Cveulebriv arcTu maRalanazRaurebadi Sromis motivacias.

Tumca mxolod XX saukunis meore naxevarSi gaxda mecniereba warmoebis axali codnisa da teqnologiebis dargi. amJamad samecniero da teqnologiuri inovaciebi gaxda warmoebis zrdis safuZveli da kompaniis konkurentunarianobis 31

ZiriTadi elementi. saxelmwifo da korporaciebi ibrZvian saukeTeso Zalebis mosazidad. wamyvani saxelmwifoebi sakmaod guluxvad axdenen ara marto teqnologiuri kvlevebis asignebas, aramed fundamenturi mecnierebisac da, ubralod, mecnierTa urTierTobasac ki konferenciebis, simpoziumebis da a.S. saxiT. cnobilia, rom qveynis ekonomikis zrda miT ufro warmatebulia, rac ufro met wils xarjavs igi mSp- dan mecnierebaze. amJamad mecnierebis ZiriTad dargebSi Camoyalibda mZlavri centrebi samecniero- kvleviTi institutebis, universitetebis, samecniero fondebis saxiT. msoflioSi mecnierTa gadaadgileba gaxda Tavisufali. amjeradac interneti qmnis idealur pirobebs mecnierTa Soris ideebisa da inovaciebis gasaZliereblad. dRes mecniereba da inovacia qmnis erTian globalur kompleqss, romelSic axali miRwevebi da aRmoCenebi, miuxedavad SezRudvebisa da akrZalvebisa, sakmaod swrafad xdeba msofli mecnierebis kuTvnileba da sayovelTao samecniero- teqnikuri progresis gaZlierebis faqtori.

Tanamedrove etapze metad aqtualuri Temaa ekologiuri globalizacia. bunebriv garemos gaaCnia wonasworobis SenarCunebis sakmaod gansxvavebuli meqanizmebi.

Tumca bolo wlebis mZlavri anTropogenuli zemoqmedeba imdenad didia Tavisi masStabebiT, rom bunebriv kompensatoruli meqanizmebi arasakmarisi aRmoCndeba. kacobriobam an unda Seamciros Tavisi negatiuri zemoqmedeba bunebaze, an gaaZlieros bunebriv kompensatoruli meqanizmebi xelovnurTa xarjze. amgvarad, Cvens mier Catarebuli analizis Sedegad SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi ZiriTadi sakiTxebi: 1. nebismier rTul sistemas gaaCnia TviTregulaciis anu homeostazisis Tviseba, e.i. yovel gare zemoqmedebaze igi gamoimuSavebs misTvis gansazRvrul sakompensacio reaqcias. swored es 32

Tviseba aZlevs mas erTian sistemad darCenis saSualebas. bazari TavisTavad warmoadgens ekonomikuri evoluciis Sedegad Seqmnil ekonomikur sistemaTa TviTregulaciis meqanizms.

2. globalizaciis procesis zegavleniT XX saukunis 70ian wlebSi msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi moxda Taviseburi naxtomi da igi urTierTmoqmedi erovnuli ekonomikebis erTobliobad, erTian planetarul ekonomikur organizmadmegaekonomikad gadaiqca.

3. megaekonomikis erTianobas uzrunveyofs TviTregulirebis aTi ZiriTadi konturi: globaluri masStabiT moqmedi ideologiis sfero, formaluri da araformaluri institutebi, saqonlis, finansuri da sainvesticio, samuSao Zalis, inovaciebis bazrebi, ekologiur problemaTa sfero da transerovnuli ekonomika.

Q A kiTxvebi codnis SemowmebisaTvis 1. daaxasiaTeT ra gansxvavebaa XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis damdegs arsebuli bazaris da Tanamedrove bazris ganmartebebs Soris; 2. daaxasiaTeT megaekonomikis warmoSobis mizezebi; 3. daaxasiaTeT globalizaciis arsi; 4. daaxasiaTeT informatizacia, rogorc finansuri sferos globalizaciis umniSvnelovanesi faqtori; 5. daaxasiaTeT globalizaciaSi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis da institutebis roli.

YEE 1.3. msoflio meurneobis subieqtebi da Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba� msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi zambara- esaa ori udidesi institutis brZola, romelic kacobriobas Seuqmnia: saxelmwifosa da 33

bazris, ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, esaa im ZalTa brZola, romlebic am institutebis ukan dgas, konkretul adamianTa da jgufTa brZola, romlebic Tavis mizans- Zalauflebis gafarToebas aRweven an saxelmwifos, an sabazro meqanizmebis, ZiriTadad ki fulze Zalauflebis saSualebiT. megaekonomikaSi Tavad fulis roli arsebiTad Seicvala. politekonomiis kursidan cnobilia, rom fuli sam ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs: Rirebulebis, gacvlis da dagrovebis funqciebs. klasikur politekonomiaSi fuli miznis miRwevas emsaxureba, magram Tavad mizans ar warmoadgens. igi gacvlisaTvis gamoiyeneba da sacvleli Rirebuleba gaaCnia, magram sakuTari Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia. fuli sul ufro xSirad warmatebis erTaderT sazomad gamodis. igi Zalauflebis ZiriTadi wyarocaa da ramdenadac Zalaufleba TviTmizans warmoadgens, imdenad TviTmizani da damoukidebeli faseuloba xdeba fuli. amgvarad, Tanamedrove msofliomowyobis dros fuli Warbi faseuloba gaxda, xolo fulisa da mogebisaTvis devna uzarmazari raodenobis ekonomikurad aqtiur adamianTa cxovrebis miznad iqca.

Tuki 10- 20 wlis win iaponiaSi, koreasa da sxva qveynebSi pirad urTierTobebs mogebasTan SedarebiT upiratesoba eniWeboda, xolo socializmis qveynebSi fuli da mogeba saerTod meorexarisxovan faqtorebad iTvleboda, axla, komunizmis da 90- iani wlebis msoflio finansuri kraxis Semdeg, fuli da mogeba sayovelTao TviTkmar faseulobebad iqca. Tuki adre sawarmoTa kerZo mflobelebi xSirad ara mxolod mogebis, aramed sxva miznebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen, amJamad msxvili saaqcio korporaciebis, maTi aqcionerebis da menejerebis mizani mxolod mogebaa. aqcionerebi dividendebiT da kompaniis sabazro Rirebulebis zrdiT arian dainteresebuli, xolo erTic da meorec mogebasTan pirdapir kavSirSia. transerovnuli kompaniebis menejerebis warmatebis erTaderTi da maTi saqmianobis universaluri sazomi 34

mogeba xdeba. amitom dRes transerovnuli kapitali bevrad metad, vidre misi erovnuli winamorbedebi, TavisTavad fulis srul Zalauflebas asaxavs da misi ganviTarebis TviTmizania.

TviT erovnuli saxelmwifoebic ki Tavis Zalauflebas sul ufro ukavSireben ara maTTvis tradiciul Zalismier meTodebs, aramed finansur siZlieres. amgvarad, megaekonomikis warmoSobasTan erTad ZalauflebisaTvis brZola ZiriTadad finansebis sferoSi gadainacvlebs da ZiriTad aqtiorebad, e.i. brZolis moqmed pirebad erovnuli saxelmwifoebi da transerovnuli kapitali iqceva. saxelmwifoebi arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan Tavisi ekonomikuri da samxedro ZlierebiT, msoflio ekonomikaSi roliT, sagareo politikiTa da organizaciebis modelebiT. isini TavianTi sagareo ekonomikuri politikiT cdiloben msoflio bazrebze gavlenis moxdenas. msoflio bazari arastabilurobis mudmivi wyaroa, amitom saxelmwifoebi Sida bazrebs upirveles yovlisa misi mkveTri rxevebisgan icaven. Tanamedrove ekonomikas ganviTarebuli qveynebis kargad regulirebad Sida bazrebTan da Tavisufal, aravis mier regulirebad da amitom arastabilur msoflio bazarTan aqvs saqme. regulirebis ra ekonomikuri meqanizmebi aqvs saxelmwifoebs xelSi, rogorc megaekonomikis subieqtebs? sagareo ekonomikur garemoze, saqonlis msoflio bazrebsa da kapitalze zemoqmedebisaTvis saxelmwifoebs Semdegi ZiriTadi instrumentebi gaaCnia: 1) saimporto da saeqsporto baJi. am baJTa doneebis mixedviT saxelmwifoebi iyofa Tavisufali vaWrobis principebis da proteqcionizmis mimdevrebad.

2) arasatarifo sagareo ekonomikuri regulirebis meTodebi. vinaidan dRes proteqcionizmis zrda 35

sazogadoebis, gavleniani qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, upirveles yovlisa ki, msoflio savaWro organizaciis winaaRmdegobas awydeba, bevri qveyana Sida bazris dacvis sxvadasxvagvari miCqmaluli zomebis gamoyenebaze gadadis. magaliTad, sanitaruli da ekologiuri moTxovnebi Semotanil produqciaze mkacrdeba, dgindeba faruli kvotebi da a.S. 3)sagadasaxado politika. sxvadasxva sagadasaxado baJis dawesebis gziT saxelmwifos SeuZlia aqtiurad imoqmedos rogorc saqonlis nakadebze ise kapitalis gadaadgilebaze.

4) savaluto kursis politika. saxelmwifos erovnuli valutis kursis regulirebis rigi qmediTi instrumentebi gaaCnia. maT xelSi, ufro sworad ki, centraluri bankebis, romlebic xSirad inarCuneben SedarebiT damoukideblobas, iseTi mZlavri instrumenti aqvT, rogoricaa savaluto emisia.

5) savaluto regulireba. savaluto regulireba TavisTavad wesebis da sabaJo reJimebis nakrebs warmoadgens, romlis mixedviTac kapitali SeiZleba Semovides da qveynidan gavides rogorc fuladi formiT, ise sxva aqtivebis formiT. kapitalis gaparva umravlesi ganviTarebadi qveynis ubedurebas warmoadgens da maT am gaparvis Sesamcireblad uamravi saSualeba moigones, Tumca maT Soris sakmarisad efeqtiani mainc ver ipoves.

6) refinansirebis ganakveTebi, sasesxo procenti an saaRricxvo ganakveTi. kapitalebis bazrebze sakmaod qmediTad SeuZlia saxelmwifos gavlenis moxdena, aswevs an daswevs ganakveTebs, gascems kreditebs an iRebs sesxs. saxelmwifo yvela zemoT dasaxelebul zomebs kompleqsurad unda iyenebdes, vinaidan isini urTierTdakavSirebulia da SeuZlia erTmaneTis moqmedeba gaaZlieros an Seasustos. Q damoukidebeli transerovnuli kapitalis da megaekonomikis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis dros 36

SesamCnevi gaxda erTi saintereso, paradoqsuli tendencia. qveyanaTa ekonomikuri blokebis gaerTianebisken TiTqmis sayovelTao swrafvis dros aRmoCnda, rom megaekonomikaSi, sadac msxvil saxelmwifoTa Zalismieri SesaZleblobebi transerovnuli kapitaliT da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mfarvelobiT wonaswordeba, patara qveynebs Tavi ekonomikurad SesaniSnavad SeuZliaT igrZnon. warmoebis masStabebis efeqti erTi qveynis CarCoebSi transerovnuli warmoebis SesaZleblobebiT amJamad iolad kompensirdeba, xolo transerovnuli integracia savsebiT cvlis Sida erovnuls. transerovnuli kapitali megaekonomikis warmoSobis mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgens. dResdReobiT ZiriTadad ukve Camoyalibda sakmaod Taviseburi msoflio mowyobis sistema, romlis drosac transerovnuli korporaciebi msoflio samrewvelo warmoebis daaxloebiT naxevars akontroleben. msxvili transnacionalebis ekonomikuri simZlavre saSualo saxelmwifoebis mTlian Sida produqts edreba, da isini Tavis nebas bevr qveyanas karnaxoben.

Tavisi transerovnuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebiT isini marTlac saerTaSoriso warmoebis Camosayalibeblad ekonomikur winamZRvrebs qmnian erTiani sabazro da sainformacio sivrciT, kapitalis, samuSao Zalis, samecniero- teqnikuri, sakonsultacio da sxva momsaxurebis saerTaSoriso bazriT. dResdReobiT transerovnuli kapitali praqtikulad meurveobisgan ganTavisuflda da erovnul saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciidan gamovida. igi msoflioSi yvelaze ufro Semosavliani bazrebis ZiebaSi Tavisuflad gadaadgildeba.

Tuki mkacri finansuri kontrolis pirobebSi saxelmwifos erovnuli savaluto bazris regulireba SeeZlo, finansuri bazrebis liberalizaciis da savaluto kontrolis Serbilebis pirobebSi 37

transerovnul kapitals SesaZlebloba mieca survilis SemTxvevaSi praqtikulad nebismieri saxelmwifos finansuri bazrebi daangrios. amJamad transerovnuli kapitalebis erToblivi savaluto rezervebi ramdenjerme metia, vidre centraluri bankis rezervebi erTad aRebuli. megapolisebTan transerovnuli kavSirebis Seqmna, romlebSic korporaciis “birTvi� ganTavsdeba, TavisTavad msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis axal tendencias warmoadgens. megaekonomikis mniSvnelovan monawiles da transerovnuli kapitalis ucvlel mokavSires ofSorebi warmoadgens. praqtikulad nebismieri transerovnuli finansuri sqema ofSorze gadis. axla msoflioSi 100- ze meti ofSoruli zona arsebobs, romelTa Soris umsxviless panama warmoadgens (registrirebulia 337 aTasi ofSoruli kompania), britaneTis virjiniis kunZulebi (208 aTasi kompania) da irlendia (150 aTasi kompania). ofSorebi transerovnul kapitals saSualebas aZleven Tavi aaridon dabegvras, rogorc sabazo qveyanaSi, ise mimReb saxelmwifoSi. isini transerovnuli kapitalebis Sidakorporaciul angariSebSi umniSvnelovanes rgols warmoadgenen, romelTac Sida, arasabazro, transfertuli fasebis manipulirebiT mogebis didi nawili im ofSorebSi gadaaqvs, sadac am mogebaze gadasaxadebi minimaluria. gamomdinare aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT aseTi, ram: megaekonomikis ZiriTad moTamaSeebs saxelmwifoebi, transerovnuli kapitali, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, regionuli organizaciebi da blokebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, megapolisebi da msxvili individualuri mewarmeebi warmoadgenen; saxelmwifo Tavisi ekonomikuri miznebis misaRwevad iyenebs baJs, arasatarifo regulirebis meTodebs, gadasaxadebs, savaluto kursis politikas, savaluto regulirebas, kreditebis bazris regulirebis zomebs da a.S.; 38

transerovnuli kapitali ekonomikuri ZaliT saxelmwifoebis Tanaswori gaxda. dRes erovnuli saxelmwifoebis xelT arsebuli finansuri resursebi transerovnuli kapitalis regulirebisa da Tavisufali gadaadgilebis SesaCereblad arasakmarisia, da calkeuli qveynebis ekonomikebisaTvis SeiZleba damangreveli aRmoCndes. megaekonomikis centri ganviTarebuli qveynebi da megapolisebia, sadac transerovnuli kapitalis bazireba xdeba, xolo periferia- danarCeni msoflio. centrSi Tavmoyrilia kacobriobis ZiriTadi inteleqtualuri, sainformacio da finansuri resursebi, xolo periferiuli qveynebi ZiriTadad specializdeba standartuli saqonlis masobriv warmoebaze, mopovebasa da sasargeblo wiaRiseulis gadamuSavebaze. megaekonomikis megapolisebsa da centris qveynebSi 1 miliardi mosaxleoba cxovrobs, Tanac arc Tu ise cudad. masSi Sedis a.S.S- tebi, dasavleT evropis qveynebi, iaponia da zogierTi sxva ganviTarebuli qveyana. es saxelmwifoebi ZiriTadad CrdiloeTiTaa ganlagebuli, amitom centrisa da periferiis urTierTobis problemas xSirad “CrdiloeTsamxreTis� problemas uwodeben. Tanamedrove msoflio mowyoba am subieqtebs saSualebas aZlevs moixmaros msoflios bunebrivi resursebis 80%, awarmoos ekologiurad saSiSi narCenebis 80%-ze meti da icxovros udardelad. erTi SexedviT amgvari mowyoba usamarTloa, Tumca igi evoluciis procesSi gamomuSavda da momxdari funqciebis ganawilebac kanonzomieria. siRaribe da specializacia dabalkvalificiur da iaf samuSaoebze periferiis qveynebs aiZulebs resursebis koncentrireba mecnierebis da axali teqnologiebis ganviTarebisaTvis centrSi moaxdinos. niWieri, windaxeduli adamianebi da mecnierebi mTeli msofliodan midian megaekonomikis megapolisebsa da centris qveynebSi, sadac isini 39

SesaZleblobebs pouloben SemoqmedebiTi Sromisa da Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis. albaT evoluciiT napovni msofliomowyoba racionaluria kacobriobis SezRuduli resursebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, teqnologiuri progresisa da ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis, Tumca igi sastikia sustebis mimarT. saWiroa ki periferiis qveynebisaTvis msoflios gardaqmna, Tuki yvelaferi ase racionaluria? ra Tqma unda, diax! evolucia xom calkeul, konkretul adamianTa da maT jgufTa nebis zegavleniT yalibdeba.

Tuki dRes periferiuli qveynebi TavisTavSi ipovian Zalas da nebisyofas arsebuli megaekonomikis mowyoba Tavis sasargeblod Secvalon, maSin isini evoluciur brZolaSi gamarjvebas da Tavad evoluciis msvlelobis Secvlas SeZleben. maTi nebis gavleniT megaekonomika axal wonasworobaSi mova da sxva msofliomowyoba Seiqmneba, romelic ukve pasuxobs Secvlil ZalTa Tanafardobas. magram Tu es ase ar moxda, maSin es imas niSnavs, rom arsebuli msofliomowyoba jerjerobiT optimaluria. optimalurobis Semowmeba SeiZleba mxolod msoflios gadawyobisaTvis brZolaSi, romelic evoluciuri procesis umniSvnelovanes Semadgenels warmoadgens. didi samrewvelo revoluciis droidan eris simdidris Camoyalibebis saqmisaTvis brZolaSi bazari realuri damxmare xdeba. pirvel xanebSi evropis ganviTarebuli qveynebi iyenebdnen ra samxedro upiratesobas, Tavis “partniorebs� Tavs axvevdnen sakuTari, TavianTTvis xelsayrel savaWro urTierTobebs. mas Semdeg daiwyo fasebis disparitetis CamoyalibebaerTi xalxebis gamdidrebis da meoreTa gaRaribebis ZiriTadi pirobaerTi mxriv, soflis meurneobis produqciasa da nedleuls da meore mxriv, samrewvelo warmoebis produqcias Soris. maSin bazarma vaWrobis disparitetis uzrunvelyofa daiwyo samxedropolitikuri zomebiTa da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sainformacio meTodebiT. 40

amgvarad, rig qveynebSi momsaxurebis, axali teqnologiebis da saqonelTa uaxlesi nimuSebis warmoebis koncentracia mimdinareobs, romelTa miwodebac supermaRali fasebiT xdeba. amasTan, dasavluri tipis sazogadoebis arsebobisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania bazarze sul axalaxali saqonlis gatana, vinaidan aseTi saqonlis warmoeba sxvadasxvagvar momsaxurebasTan erTad ganviTarebuli qveynebis specializacia gaxda. saqonlis warmoeba, romelic tradiciuli da masobrivi xdeba, transerovnuli korporaciebis arxebiT gadadis iafi muSaxelis mqone qveynebSi. axali saqonlisaTvis saWiroa gasaRebis bazrebis mudmivad uzrunvelyofa, xolo amisaTvis ki aucilebelia adamianTa cxovrebis da azrovnebis stilis Secvla, romelic gonier adamians ekonomikur adamianad gadaaqcevda, sul axal- axali saqonlis moxmarebaze rom iqneboda gadasuli. am SemTxvevaSi, zemoaRniSnulis warmatebiT ganxorcielebaSi moda da reklama gvexmareba. statistika gviCvenebs, rom msoflioSi yovelwliurad reklamaze daaxloebiT 1 trilioni dolari ixarjeba da rogorc Cans, arc ise tyuil- ubralod. xelsayreli fasebisaTvis sakmarisi araa mxolod fasebi avwioT sakuTar saqonelze, saWiroa kidev SedarebiT gavaufasuroT sxvaTa fasebi. am wesis Tanaxmad, yovelgvari saSualebebiT amcireben fasebs ganviTarebuli qveynebis saqonelze, rogoricaa: sasoflosameurneo produqcia, nedleuli, energoresursebi da samuSao Zala. amgvarad, Tanamedrove msofliomowyobis erT- erT safuZvels warmoadgens maRali fasebi mecnierebatevad saqonelze da dabali- nedleulsa da standartul, masobriv saqonelze, romlebic ZiriTadad ganviTarebad qveynebSi iwarmoeba. fasebis es dispariteti maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis stabilurobisa da mdgradobis erT- erTi Semadgeneli nawilia. TumcaRa 41

ganviTarebul qveynebSicaa soflis meurneobis warmoeba da kvlav rCeba tradiciuli saqonlis warmoebac. socialuri stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad da amasTan erTad, sasoflo- sameurneo da sxva tradiciul saqonelze sakmaod dabali fasebis mxardasaWerad saWiroa am saqonlis sakuTari mwarmoeblebis guluxvi subsidireba. maTi produqcia, romelic praqtikulad sanaxevrod saxelmwifos mieraa gadaxdili sxvadasxva dotaciiTa da subsidiiT, SemdgomSi efeqtianad gamoiyeneba msoflio bazarze kontrolis gansaxorcieleblad. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi, romlebic transnacionaluri kompaniebis mier STanTqmis mravali formiT xorcieldeba, megaekonomikis mowyobaSi TavisTavad kidev erT meqanizms warmoadgens. ganviTarebad qveynebSi sawarmoo procesis nawilis gataniT transerovnuli kompaniebi adgilobriv pirobebs, resursebsa da iaf muSaxels iyeneben ZiriTadad masobrivi moxmarebis saqonlis sawarmoeblad, maT Soris ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvisac, transerovnuli kompaniebis bazirebis qveynebis CaTvliT. bevri ganviTarebadi qveynisaTvis, transerovnuli korporaciebi, warmoebis axal teqnologiebze gadasvlis erT- erT saSualebad rCeba da isini amas madlierebiT iReben.

Tavisi dargebis Tanamedrove teqnologiuri gadaiaraRebisa da drodadro biujetSi warmoqmnili problemebis aRmosafxvrelad ganviTarebad qveynebs mudmivad uxdeba fulis sesxeba. fasebis paritetis da finansuri da inteleqtualuri tumboebis Sedegad, TiTqmis yvela ganviTarebadi qveyana, miuxedavad uzarmazari procentebis regularuli gadaxdisa, xdeba ganviTarebuli qveynebis da saerTaSoriso savaluto institutebis mudmivi movale. amJamad maTi valebi daaxloebiT 2 trilion dolaradaa Sefasebuli, xolo procentebi maTze iseTia, rom vali gamudmebiT izrdeba. amitom, procentebis dasafaravad ganviTarebad qveynebs kvlav fulis sesxeba uxdebaT. 42

maSasadame, ganviTarebuli qveynebi Tavisi transnacionaluri kompaniebis meSveobiT pirdapir investiciebs axorcieleben ganviTarebad qveynebSi. ra Tqma unda, arsebobs Zalian mniSvnelovani pirdapiri investiciebi ganviTarebad qveynebs Sorisac, magram isini ZiriTadad erTmaneTis kompensirebas axdens. ganviTarebuli qveynebi sxvagan imave raodenobis investirebas axdenen, ramdensac Rebuloben. imavdroulad isini ZviradRirebuli mecnierebatevadi saqonlis, momsaxurebis da teqnologiebis eqsportirebasac axdenen. ganviTarebad qveynebSi, iseve rogorc transerovnuli kompaniebis Svilobil – sawarmoebSi da damoukidebel kompaniebSi, masobrivi moTxovnis saqoneli iwarmoeba, romlebic SedarebiT dabalkvalificiur Sromasa da iaf samuSao Zalas saWiroebs. amasTan, maTi eqsportis sagani soflis meurneobis produqcia da nedleulia. praqtikulad yvela mzardi ekonomika orientirebas eqsportze axdens da upirveles yovlisa – msoflioSi yvelaze tevad amerikul bazarze. SeiZleba imis dasabuTeba, rom amerikuli bazris Tundac romelime segmentis dapyroba iqneboda yvela axali ganviTarebadi qveynis Camoyalibebis dawyebis aucilebeli piroba, dawyebuli 60-ni wlebis iaponiidan, damTavrebuli axlandeli CineTiT. Tavisi masobrivi saqonlis ganviTarebuli qveynebis teqnologiasa da mecnierebatevad saqonelze gacvlis Sedegad ganviTarebad qveynebs Cveulebriv gansazRvruli, zogjer ki sakmaod mniSvnelovani savaWro balansis dadebiTi saldo gaaCnia. e.i. isini yidian meti TanxiT, vidre yiduloben. am gziT dagrovili fuli ori ZiriTadi arxiT gaedineba: pirvel rigSi, valebze procentebis gadasaxdelad da meore, ganviTarebuli qveynebis imave transerovnuli kompaniebis aqciebis yidvaze. amgvarad, saqonlis gatanisgan miRebul fuls ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleoba da sawarmoebi kvlav imave transerovnuli 43

kompaniebis aqciebSi deben, romlebic am fuliT ganviTarebadi qveynebis axal sawarmoebs yiduloben. umsxvilesi korporaciebis aqciebi izrdeba, izidaven axal portfelur investiciebs, maT Soris ganviTarebadi qveynebidan.

Tanamedrove megaekonomikis mowyoba imdenad racionaluri da imavedroulad momgebiania ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis, rom bevrs, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebadi qveynebis politikosebs, misi xasiaTi xelqmnili eCveneba. aqedan warmoiSoba hipotezebi raRac yovlisSemZle jgufis arsebobaze, romelmac yvelaferi ase gonivrulad da TavisTvis xelsayrelad moiwyo. sinamdvileSi megaekonomikis Tanamedrove mowyoba imave evoluciuri Zalebisa da obieqturi ekonomikuri kanonebis Sedegia, romlis mixedviTac viTardeba cocxali da ara cocxali buneba. mimdinareobs daundobeli brZola ZalauflebisaTvis adamianebs, sawarmoebs da xalxebs Soris _ es amoZravebs msoflios, qmnis da srulyofs msofliomowyobas. aqedanaa am mowyobis silamaze da racionaluroba. amgvarad: 1) ekonomikuri evoluciis Sedegad Camoyalibebulma msofliomowyobam Tanamedrove msoflio mkveTrad gayo mdidar centrad da Rarib periferiad. centri awarmoebs Zvirfas, mecnierebatevad saqonels, axal teqnologiebs, momsaxurebas da cvlis maT iaf, masobriv da sanedleulo saqonelze, romelTac periferiuli qveynebi awarmoeben.

2) garda amisa, mdidari ganviTarebuli qveynebi mTeli msofliodan izidaven saukeTeso inteleqtualur resursebs da ganviTarebadi qveynebidan iReben uzarmazar Tanxebs procentebis saxiT micemuli kreditebisaTvis.

A

44

kiTxvebi codnis SemowmebisaTvis 1. daaxasaTeT regulirebis ra ekonomikuri meqanizmebi aqvT xelSi saxelmwifoebs, rogorc megaekonomikis subieqtebs; 2. daaxasiaTeT transerovnuli kapitali, rogorc erovnul saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciidan gamosuli kapitali; 3. daaxasiaTeT reklamis mniSvneloba fasebis regulirebaze; 4. daaxasiaTeT ra rols asruleben saxelmwifo subsidiebi da dotaciebi msoflio bazarze kontrolis dawesebis mizniT saxelmwifos mier; 5. daaxasiaTeT investiciebis roli ganviTarebadi da ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis; 6. daaxasaTeT megaekonomikis Tanamedrove mowyoba, romel evoluciur Zalebsa da obieqtur ekonomikur Zalebzea damokidebuli.

Tavi II. transnacionalizacia, ekonomikuri informatizacia da informatizaciis ganviTarebis wamyvani tendenciebi.

2. 1. “transnacionalizacia rogorc msoflio meurneobis ganviTarebis wamyvani tendencia� transnacionalizacia udavod warmoadgens Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikis erT- erT wamyvan tendencias. ekonomikurad igi ganpirobebulia 45

kapitalis gadadinebis SesaZleblobiTa da aucileblobiT im qveynebidan, sadac misi SedarebiT Warbi odenobaa, qveynebSi, sadac misi deficitia, samagierod Warbadaa warmoebis sxva faqtorebi (Sroma, miwa, sasargeblo wiaRiseuli), romlebic ar SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli racionalurad kvlavwarmoebiT procesebSi kapitalis ukmarisobis gamo. amgvarad, obieqturad transnacionalizacias mivyavarT msoflio kvlavwarmoebiTi procesebis racionalizaciasTan da ekonomikuri pirobebis gaTanabrebasTan sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. transnacionalizacia, upirveles yovlisa, kapitalis moZraobaa or an ramdenime qveyanas Soris, amitom sakvanZo termini am problemaSi investiciebia. zogadad rom vTqvaT, investiciebi kapitalis dabandebaa ekonomikis sxvadasxva dargis organizaciebsa da warmoebebSi. igi iyofa moklevadian (kapitalis dabandeba erT wlamde vadiT), saSualo da grZelvadian ( erT welze meti vadiT dabandeba) investiciebad. dabandebis mimarTulebis mxriv ganansxvaveben investiciebs: 1) fizikur kapitalSi, kerZod, mowyobilobebis, manqanebis, Senobebisa da infrastruqturis saxiT; 2) fiqtiur kapitalSi, romelic gamoxatulia fasian qaRaldebsa da aramaterialur aqtivebSi (savaWro marka, patentebi, licenziebi da a. S.; 3) adamianur kapitalSi (sawarmos TanamSromelTa momzadeba, personalis ganviTareba, TanamSromelTa cxovrebis xarisxis amaRleba); 4) teqnologiuri kapitali, samecnierokvleviTi da sacdelsakonstruqtoro dafinansebis formiT. investiciebi SeiZleba ganaxorcielon rogorc erovnulma operatorebma, romelTac SeiZleba ewodos 46

rezidentebi, aseve ucxoelebma (ararezidentebma). kerZod, TviT warmoeba axdens saamortizacio gadaricxvebs da debs sakuTar saSualebebs ganviTarebaSi, e. i. axorcielebs TviTinvesticiebs. kapitalis saerTaSoriso moZraobaSi ganansxvaveben oficialur (saxelmwifo) da kerZo investiciebs. ucxouri investiciebi SeiZleba iyos pirdapiri da portfeluri. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi erTi qveynis sawarmos saSualebebis dabandebaa sxva qveynis sawarmoSi masze gansazRvruli xarisxis grZelvadiani gavlenis mopovebis mizniT. pirdapir ucxour investiciaSi yovelTvis monawileobs qveyana donori, romlis rezidenti axdens investirebas da qveyana- recipienti anu mimRebi qveyana, romlis warmoebaSi ideba saSualebebi. pirdapir ucxouri investiciis ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebaa, ucxouri iuridiuli piris mier sawarmos marTvis efeqtiani kontrolis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba. pirdapirisgan gansxvavebiT, portfeluri investiciebi kapitalis dabandebaa fasian qaRaldebSi, romelic ar aZlevs investors realur saSualebas gaakontrolos investirebis obieqti. portfeluri investiciebi xSirad moklevadiania, xolo pirdapiri yovelTvis grZelvadiani investiciebia. ucxouri kapitaliT SeiZleba sawarmoebi Seiqmnas Semdegi formebiT: - filiali- sawarmo, romelic mTlianad ekuTvnis investor- ararezidents; qaliSvili kompania, romelSic ararezidenti flobs 50%- ze met kapitals; asocirebuli kompania, romelSic investori flobs 10- dan 50%- mde kapitals. saerTaSoriso korporacia msxvili kompaniis organizaciis formaa, romelic axorcielebs pirdapir investiciebs msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. gamoyofen ori saxis saerTaSoriso korporaciebs: 47

1. transerovnuli korporacia- saTao kompania ekuTvnis erT qveyanas, xolo pirdapiri investiciebi xorcieldeba msoflios mraval qveyanaSi. 2. mravalerovnuli korporacia- saTao kompania ekuTvnis ori an meti qveynis kapitals, xolo pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi agreTve mTel msoflioSi xorcieldeba.

Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso korporaciebis did umetesobas gaaCnia transerovnuli korporaciis forma, amitom transnacionalizacias ukavSireben ZiriTadad swored am formas. transerovnuli korporaciebi dRes warmodgenilia daaxloebiT 60 aTasi ZiriTadi (deda) kompaniiT, maTi 500 aTasze meti sazRvargareTuli filialiT da damoukidebeli kompaniebiT mTel msoflioSi. transerovnuli korporaciebi sul ufro did gavlenas axdenen saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobaTa sistemaze da msoflio ekonomikaze mTlianobaSi. isini akontroleben msoflio samrewvelo warmoebis TiTqmis naxevars; sagareo vaWrobis 63%s; agreTve, axal teqnikaze, teqnologiasa da nouhauze patentebis da licenziebis daaxloebiT 4/5- s.H transerovnuli korporaciebis xelSia xorblis, yavis, simindis, xe- tyis masalebis, Tambaqos, juTis da rkinis madanis msoflio bazris 90%, spilenZis da boqsitebis bazris- 85%, Cais da yavis- 80%, 75% bananebis, naturaluri kauCukis, navTobis nedleulis bazris. amerikuli eqsportis naxevars axorcieleben amerikuli da ucxouri transerovnuli korporaciebi. did britaneTSi es wili aRwevs 80%- s, singapurSi90%s. gadasaxadTa didi nawili, romelic dakavSirebulia axali teqnologiebis transpertTan, xorcieldeba transerovnuli korporaciebis SigniT. yvela pirdapiri ucxouri investiciis daaxloebiT naxevari xorcieldeba Serwymisa da STanTqmis meSveobiT, upiratesad ganviTarebuli qveynebis firmebs Soris. sainteresoa, rom a.S.S. bolo wlebSi 48

sul pirvel adgilzea moziduli ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebis moculobis mixedviT. aziuri qveynebi “ipyroben� yvela ganviTarebad qveyanaSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis saerTo moculobis daaxloebiT 2/3-s. imavdroulad afrikuli qveynebis umravlesoba, miuxedavad maTi mdidari bunebrivi resursebisa, TiTqmis ar izidavs ucxour kapitals. arsebobs sakmaod mkafiod gamoxatuli tendenciarac ufro ganviTarebulia qveyana, miT metad axorcielebs ara marto pirdapir ucxour investiciebs, aramed iRebs kidec maT. es tendencia uSualod gamoxatulia iseT maCvenebelSi, rogoricaa sazRvargareT mocemuli qveynis dagrovili pirdapiri investiciebis mTliani moculobis Sefardeba imave qveyanaSi ucxour investiciebTan. transerovnuli korporaciebis ganviTareba uSualo gavlenas axdens msoflio ekonomikis zrdaze.

SeiZleba gamovyoT msoflio ekonomikaze transerovnuli korporaciebis gavlenis ramdenime ZiriTadi mimarTuleba: 1. transerovnuli korporaciebi bevrad gansazRvraven saqonlisa da momsaxurebis msoflio bazris dinamikasa da struqturas, konkurentunarianobis dones.

2. transerovnuli korporaciebi akontroleben kapitalis saerTaSoriso moZraobasa da pirdapir ucxour investiciebs. isini ZiriTadi investorebi arian ganviTarebad qveynebSi da aqtiurad axdenen gavlenas maT ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, imavdroulad gaaCniaT gavlenis farTo sferoebi ganviTarebul qveynebSi. es saSualebas iZleva visaubroT imaze, rom Tanamedrove transerovnul korporaciebs unari SeswevT gavlena moaxdinon regionebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doneze.

3. transerovnuli korporaciebi did rols TamaSoben teqnologiebis da codnis gadacemaSi, amavdroulad isini maT koncentrirebas ukeTeben 49

sakuTar samecniero centrebSic. transerovnuli korporaciebis sawarmoo da finansuri SesaZleblobebis wyalobiT isini TavianT xelSi aqceven yvelaze mecnierebatevad sawarmoebs. transerovnuli korporaciebi amuSaveben uaxlesi saxeobis produqcias yvelaze kargi samomxmareblo TvisebebiT, riTac warmoebis teqnologiuri ganviTarebis process uwyoben xels.

4. transerovnuli korporaciebi saerTaSoriso SromiTi migraciis stimulatorebi arian. isini xels uwyoben profesiuli codnis gavrcelebas, gamocdilebis gacvlis process sxvadasxva qveynis TanamSromlebs Soris. amiT ki Sromis saerTaSoriso bazari iqmneba, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia qveynidan personalis profesiuli momzadebis konvergenciis procesebi. amgvarad, transerovnuli korporaciebi ramdenime sakvanZo procesis mamoZravebeli Zalaa Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikaSi. isini dadebiT gavlenas axdenen sxvadasxva qveynis da regionis ekonomikaze, agreTve xels uwyoben sawarmoo, samecniero da teqnologiur kavSirebs sxvadasxva qveynis da regionis sawarmoebs Soris. isini TamaSoben ganmsazRvrel rols saerTaSoriso konkurenciis proceSi, amasTan, TanamSromloben da metoqeobas uweven mcire da saSualo bizness. msoflioSi wamyvani adgili ukaviaT kvlav a.S.S-is transerovnul korporaciebs. misma sazRvargareTulma filialebma da qaliSvilma kompaniebma Seadgines axali mZlavri sistema, romelsac zogjer amerikis meore ekonomikas uwodeben. mniSvnelovani tendencia xdeba a.S.S- Si da dasavleT evropis qveynebSi e. w. axali ekonomikis saxiT damoukidebeli kompleqsebis gamoCena da gamoyofa, rac warmodgenilia sainformacio kompaniebis mier da midis ganviTarebis inovaciuri gziT. axali ekonomikis zrdis tempebi mniSvnelovnad aWarbebs tradiciuli ekonomikis zrdis tempebs.

50

transnacionalizaciis fenomenma 60- iani wlebidan dawyebuli ekonomikis daJinebuli yuradReba miipyro. dReisaTvis transnacionalizaciis Teoriam ganvlo ganviTarebis ukve sakmaod grZeli gza. miuxedavad amisa, sakmaod dasrulebuli da am rTuli movlenis yvela aspeqtis amxsneli Teoria jer kidev araa. Cven mokled SevCerdeT transnacionalizaciis ZiriTad Teoriebsa da koncefciebze.

1. teqnologiuri koncefcia wamoayena cnobilma amerikelma ekonomistinstitucionalistma j. gelbreiTma. is Tvlis, rom transerovnuli korporaciebi aviTarebs Tavis ucxour struqturebs ZiriTadad sazRvargareT Tavisi rTuli teqnikuri produqciis momsaxurebisa da gasaRebis gasafarToeblad, sagarantio momsaxurebis organizaciis da promouSen- kompaniebis xarjze.

2. monopolisturi upiratesobis Teoria wamoayena s. haimerma da ganaviTara- C. kindlebergerma. Tavad monopolisturi konkurenciis cneba Semoitana da gamoikvlia e.

Cemberlinma. sasaqonlo bazris monopolizaciis pirobebSi kompania cdilobs gamoiyenos konkurenciis gansakuTrebuli saxe, gamoyofs ra Tavis sakuTar saqonels gansakuTrebul jgufad reklamis da sxva RonisZiebebis gamoyenebis gziT, saqonlis bazarze gasatanad. es saqoneli xdeba gansakuTrebuli da masze sabazro konkurenciis saerTo kanonebi ar vrceldeba. roca korporacia gamodis ucxour bazarze, igi bunebrivia, ejaxeba iq ukve moqmed adgilobriv korporaciebs, romelTac gaaCniaT rigi upiratesobani, vinaidan kargaT icnoben sakuTar bazars, momxmareblis gemovnebas da kavSiri aqvT adgilobriv administraciasTan. amitom erT- erTi saSualebaa, daipyro bazris romelime segmenti, monopolisturi konkurenciis meTodebis gamoyenebaSi mdgomareobs.

3. produqtis sasicocxlo ciklis Teoria, romelic SemuSavebulia frangi ekonomistis r. vernonis mier, emyareba nebismieri saqonlis mier 51

bunebrivi sasicocxlo ciklis gavlis Sesaxeb postulats, romelic Sedgeba sami Tanmimdevruli stadiisagan: inovaciis, simwifis da standartizaciis fazebisagan.

4. damwevi ciklis Teoria da “mfrinavi batebis” paradigma. iaponeli mecnieri k. akamacu iaponiis mrewvelobis sxvadasxva dargebis Seswavlis safuZvelze mivida daskvnamde maTi ganviTarebis samfazianobis Sesaxeb. Yyoveli dargis pirvel fazaSi izrdeba ucxouri saqonlis importi qveyanaSi. Mmeore fazaSi igi Sesustebas iwyebs sakuTari importSemcvleli warmoebis warmoebisa da ganviTarebis gamo, romelic gansazRvrul momentSi uswrebs imports moculobis mixedviT. Mmesame faza ukavSirdeba dargis eqsportis ganviTarebas sxva qveynebSi. Aam sami fazisESemdeg yalibdeba pirobebi adgilobrivi korporaciebis da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis transnacionalizaciisaTvis. importis, importisSemcvleli warmoebis da dargis eqsportis moculobebis grafikebi romantikos iaponels veluri batebis gundebis Camoyalibebas axsenebda, amitomac uwoda koncefcias “mfrinavi batebis” paradigma.

5. oligopolisturi dacvis Teoria, romelic SemogvTavaza f. nikerbokerma (1978), transnacionalizaciis ganviTarebas xsnis agreTve liderebTan devniT, magram ukve transerovnul korporaciebs Soris. 187 amerikuli korporaciis Sesaxeb empiriuli monacemebis safuZvelze oci wlis manZilze man aRmoaCina is , rom oligopolistur dargebSi, sadac erovnuli bazris did nawils akontrolebs oTxidan Svidi korporacia, erT- erTi konkurentuli kompaniis transerovnuli naxtomidan 37 wlis Semdeg ucxour bazrebze aucileblad modian misi saSinao konkurentebi.

Aam TeoriaSi transnacionalizaciis mniSvnelovan faqtorad iTvleba konkurentuli devna lider kompaniaze.

6. hekSer- olinis Teoria asabuTebs warmoebis faqtorebis gadaadgilebis efeqtianobas erTi 52

qveynidan meoreSi. Aam Teoriis ZiriTadi kanoni, romelic misi avtorebis saxels atarebs, gvamcnobs, rom qveynebs, romelTac esa Tu is warmoebis faqtorebi Warbad aqvT, eqnebaT SedarebiTi upiratesobani im saqonlis da momsaxurebis eqsportSi, romelic dafuZnebulia warmoebis mocemuli faqtorebis intensiur gamoyenebaze.

7. internalizaciis Teoria, romelic warmodgenilia ingliseli ekonomistebis- r. baklis da d. kasonis mier, dafuZnebulia im postulatebze, rom transerovnuli korporaciebis ZiriTad konkurentul upiratesobas warmoadgens mTliani internaluri (Sida) struqtura, romlis drosac korporaciaSi SemuSavebuli nou- hau miuwvdomelia konkurentebisaTvis.

8. j. daningis (1981) ekleqtikuri Teoria miznad isaxavs calkeuli “saukeTeso� elementebis gaerTianebas, romlebic aRebuli iyo sxvadasxva winamorbedi Teoriebidan transnacionalizaciis yovelmxrivi axsnisaTvis.

9. eris investiciuri ganviTarebis gzebis Teoria agreTve iyo SemoTavazebuli j. daningis mier holandiel mecnier naruloisTan (1994) erTad. Am Teoriis Tanaxmad, ganviTarebuli qveynebi gadian xuT etaps, romelTa klasifikaciur niSnebs warmoadgens mzadyofna pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis miRebisa da eqsportirebisaTvis.

Aamgvarad, transnacionalizaciis Teoria SeiZleba gavyoT or jgufad.

Ppirvels miekuTvneba transerovnuli korporaciebis evoluciis Teoriebi, romlebic gviCveneben im etapebis kanonzomierebebs, rasac gaivlian isini da mimRebi qveynebi ekonomikuri evoluciis msvlelobisas.

Eesenia produqtis sasicocxlo ciklis, damwevi ciklisa da oligopolisturi dacvis, agreTve, eris investiciuri ganviTarebis gzebis Teoriebi.

Mmeore jgufis Teoriebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven transnacionalizaciis motivaciis sxvadasxva 53

faqtorebs. Mas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT teqnologiuri koncefcia, monopolisturi upiratesobebis koncefciis Teoria, internacionalizaciis Teoria, ekleqtikuri Teoria da eris konkurentuli upiratesobis Teoria. transerovnuli kapitali ver gaxdeboda damoukidebeli, msoflio ekonomikis moTamaSe, misi moTxovnebis mimarT sakuTari adeqvaturi transerovnuli sabanko sistemis Seqmnis gareSe. Eerovnuli saxelmwifos meurveobisgan ganTavisuflebulebma da faqtobrivad maTi iurisdiqciidan gamosulma transerovnulma kapitalma xangrZlivi ekonomikuri evoluciis procesSi Seqmna finansuri institutebitranserovnuli bankebi, romlebic asruleben yvela ZiriTad finansur funqcias, rac aucilebelia transerovnuli korporaciebis moZraobis da saqmianobis uzrunvelsayofad. transerovnuli bankebis Camoyalibeba mimdinareobda TandaTanobiT, mTlianobaSi transerovnuli korporaciebis evoluciis kvaldakval. sabanko kapitalis transnacionalizaciis ZiriTadi mastimulirebeli motivebia: misi koncentracia, romelic dakavSirebulia erovnul bazrebze gaZlierebul konkurenciasTan; transerovnuli korporaciebis uzrunvelyofis aucilebloba finansuri resursebiT, evrovalutis da aseve sxva globaluri, finansuri bazrebis Camoyalibeba; globaluri sainformacio- finansuri qselebis Seqmna, romlebic revoluciurad aiolebdnen da aioleben kapitalis gadaadgilebis procesebs. dResdReobiT Camoyalibda sami ZiriTadi regioni, sadac koncentrirebulia saerTaSoriso bankebi- a.S.S, dasavleT evropa da samxreT- aRmosavleT azia. mZafri konkurentuli brZolis Sedegad saerTaSoriso finansuri centrebis roli daumkvidrdaT iseT qalaqebs, rogorica niu- iorki, londoni, ciurixi, tokio, luqsemburgi, honkongi da sxvebi. Ffaqtobrivad 54

dRes arsebobs 13 finansuri centri, romelic moicavs daaxloebiT 1000 filialisa da ucxouri bankebis ganyofilebas, rogorc wesi isini miekuTvneba mrewvelurad ganviTarebul qveynebs.

Camoyalibda Taviseburi saerTaSoriso finansuri meqanizmi, romelic iyenebs ra specializebul eleqtronul qsels (swift, Global Costadien da sxv.), moqmedebs dRedaRam da aregulirebs msoflio finansuri nakadebis da msoflio savaluto bazrebis moZraobas.

Mmsxvili bankebi iswrafvian sazRvargareT Tavisi ganyofilebebis an filialebis Sesaqmnelad. TumcaRa es gza Zalian Zviria. Aamitom bankebi iZulebulni arian daamyaron mWidri urTierTobebi sazRvargareT arsebul bankebTan korespondentebis saxiT. warmoiSoba urTierTangariSsworebis sistema.

Am angariSebma miiRes saxelwodeba “loro” (maTiCvenTan) da “nostro” (Cven- maTTan). transerovnuli bankebi, romlebic ZiriTadad Camoyalibebulia mrewvelurad ganviTarebuli qveynebis umsxvilesi komerciuli bankebis bazaze, batonoben sasesxo kapitalebis erovnul da saerTaSoriso bazrebze. gansakuTrebuli mZafri konkurencia bolo wlebSi gaiSala amerikul da evropul transerovnul bankebs Soris. sabanko struqturebs Soris daiwyo Serwymisa da STanTqmis mZlavri talRa. dResdReobiT farTo gavrceleba hpoves ofSorulma bankebma. maT gareSe ar sruldeba praqtikulad arc erTi transerovnuli bankebis operacia. principSi, ofSoruli bankebis organizacia xdeba daaxloebiT imave miznebiT, rogorc ofSoruli kompaniebi. maTgan mTavari dabegvris minimizaciaa. ofSorul banks aqvs Semdegi Taviseburebebi: 1. mas ufleba ara aqvs imuSaos bankis registraciis qveynis rezidentebTan. 2. registraciisaTvis gadaxdili sawesdebo kapitalis saWiro sidide bevrad naklebia, vidre sxva qveynebSi. 55

3. banks eZleva gadasaxadebisagan praqtikulad sruli Tavisufleba.

4. rezervirebisa da sxva sabanko normativebis moTxovnebi ofSorebSi, rogorc wesi, naklebad mkacria, vidre sxva qveynebSi, xolo savaluto kontroli sazRvargareTul operaciebze ar arsebobs. ofSorulma bankebma Seqmnes transerovnuli bankebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani fena. Tanamedrove pirobebSi msoflioSi praqtikulad transerovnuli kapitalis verc erTi finansuri sqema maT gareSe ver imoqmedebs.

Aamgvarad, transerovnuli bankebi transerovnuli korporaciebis ZiriTadi partniorebia. Cveulebriv, transerovnul bankebs, rogorc minimumi, erTi filiali aqvT planetis romelime finansur centrSi da erTi- ofSorul zonebSi. isini fuls atrialeben msoflios finansuri bazrebisa da ofSorebis meSveobiT, sadac mTeli mogeba rCeba; aZleven kreditebs transerovnul korporaciebs an erovnul korporaciebs imaze meti procentiT, vidre ganaxorcieles finansuri resursebis mobilizacia. transerovnuli korporaciebis organizaciulmmarTvelobiTi qselebi da sainformaciokompiuteruli globaluri qselebi, romlebic paralelurad viTardeboda, aRmoCndnen struqturiT erTmaneTis izomorfulebi da efuZnebian organizaciis msgavs principebs.

Globalurma sainformaciofinansurma qselma xeli Seuwyo transerovnuli korporaciebis marTvis analogiuri qselebis Seqmnas da sxvadasxva qseluri transerovnuli korporaciebis organizaciasac. transerovnuli korporaciebis ekonomikur efeqtianobaze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens Sida korporaciuli politika, korporaciis filosifia da sawarmoebSi miRebuli Sromis eTika. xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi am sakiTxebSi liderobdnen iaponuri transerovnuli korporaciebi, romelTac SeZles gamoeyenebinaT sakuTari erovnuli tradiciebi 56

sawarmoebSi korporaciuli sulis Sesaqmnelad, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis arsebiTi zrdisa da gamoSvebuli produqciis xarisxis asamaRleblad.

Ukanasknel wlebSi dasavleTis transnacionalurma korporaciebma moaxerxes daweodnen iaponur transerovnul korporaciebs, aiRes maTi menejmentis sferodan rigi miRwevebi da ganaxorcieles erovnul pirobebTan da institutebTan adaptacia. kiTxvebi codnis SemowmebisaTvis 1. daaxasiaTeT ucxouri kapitaliT Seqmnili sawarmoo formebi; 2. daaxasiaTeT transerovnuli korporaciebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen msoflio ekonomikaze; 3. daaxasiaTeT dabandebebis mimarTulebebis mixedviT investiciebi; 4. daaxasiaTeT transnacionalizaciis ZiriTadi Teoriebi da koncefciebi; 5. daaxasiaTeT sami ZiriTadi regioni, sadac koncentrirebulia saerTaSoriso bankebi; 6. daaxasiaTeT ofSeruli bankebis Taviseburebani.

Y

2. 2. “ekonomikis informatizacia da informatizaciis ekonomika� informacia, informatika, informatizacia, informaciuli teqnologiebi- es sityvebi imdenad myarad damkvidrda Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, rom xSirad maT ise viyenebT, zogjer arc vufiqrdebiT maT zust mniSvnelobas. am dros mecnierebaSi Zalian mniSvnelovania ZiriTadi terminebis zustad gansazRvra. daviwyoT informatikiT. igi TavisTavad warmoadgens informaciis miRebis, gadacemis da 57

mecnieruli damuSavebis jgufs. teqnologiebs, romlebic gamoiyenebian adamianuri codnis am dargSi, dRes miRebulia vuwodoT informaciuli teqnologiebi. informatizacia warmoadgens informaciuli teqnologiebis ganviTarebis process, romelic mimdinareobs saerTo civilizaciis ganviTarebis paralelurad. kacobriobis warmoSoba aRiniSneba pirveli sainformacio revoluciiT. SeiZleba bevri vikamaToT imaze, Tu rogor gamoeyo saRi adamiani msoflio bunebaspirveli Sromis iaraRis gamogonebis wyalobiT, Tu danawevrebuli metyvelebiT. da mainc, ena pirvel udides sainformacio gamogonebas warmoadgens. igi, amasTanave, aris erovnuli cnobierebis pirveli modeli, vinaidan enis ZiriTad cnebebSi da mis lingvistur TaviseburebebSi yovelTvis aisaxeba eris logikis da azrovnebis xazi. meore informaciuli revolucia, romelic moicavs damwerlobis gamogonebas, pirvelisagan gamoyofilia ramdenime aTasi wlis periodiT. meore sainformacio revoluciis wyalobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda didi raodenobis adamianebis SeerTeba codnasTan, gansakuTrebiT profesiulTan, da isic sakmaod SekumSul vadebSi. mesame sainformacio revoluciis arsi SeiZleba gamovxatoT erTi sityviT- wignebis beWdva. man uprecedento gavlena iqonia urbanizaciis procesze, arnaxulad mZlavr teqnologiur revoluciaze, romelic droSi iyo SekumSuli, moamzada didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi da sxvadasxva kultura da civilizacia daayena globalizaciis gzaze. sworad SeniSna d. robertsonma, wignebis beWdvis gareSe kolumbi ver aRmoaCenda amerikas. axali sainformacio teqnologia saSualebas iZleoda informacias da codnas iolad gadaelaxa nebismieri sivrcobrivi, droiTi da kulturulcivilizaciuri barieri. man, faqtobrivad, samrewvelo 58

revolucia da kapitalizmis ganviTareba moamzada. wignebis beWdvam erTiani evropuli mecnierebis warmoSoba teqnologiurad uzrunvelyo. gasakviri araa, rom swored am periods ganekuTvneba pirveli samecniero mimarTulebebis Casaxva ekonomikur mecnierebaSi. meoTxe sainformacio revolucia dakavSirebulia telegrafis, radios, telefonis da televizoris SeqmnasTan. meoTxe revoluciis mTavari, sazogadoebrivad SesagrZnobi Sedegi gaxda sivrcis gadalaxva. msoflio patara gaxda. mis erT boloSi mimdinare movlenebma uSualo sainformacio gavlenis moxdena daiwyo planetis sxva, sakmaod moSorebuli kuTxeebis ekonomikis da sazogadoebis mdgomareobaze. ideebis gacvlam globaluri xasiaTi SeiZina da saocrad daCqarda. mexuTe sainformacio revolucias SeiZleba vuwodoT kompiuteruli da telekomunikaciuri. igi TavisTavSi moicavs: sxvadasxva klasis kompiuterebis gaCenas, romelTac SeuZliaT wamSi asobiT milioni da miliardi operaciis gakeTeba; mZlavri damamaxsovrebeli mowyobilobebis Seqmnas; monacemTa da codnis giganturi, avtomatizebuli bazebis Camoyalibebas, mudmiv Sevsebas da gafarToebas, romlebic asobiT aTas informaciis gigabaits iTvlian, romelTac praqtikulad ara aqvT Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis sazRvari da romelic misawvdomia nebismieri dainteresebuli momxmareblisaTvis, romelic flobs globalur qselebTan SeerTebul personalur kompiuterebs. mexuTe telesakomunikacio da kompiuteruli revoluciis dawyebisTanave, socialurad mniSvnelovani informaciis sainformacio teqnologiebi da nakadebi globaluri, socialurkulturuli da civilizaciuri ganviTarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtori gaxda.

Tuki meoTxe sainformacio revoluciis mTavar Sedegs warmoadgenda sivrcis, xolo mexuTisa- drois 59

daZleva, gadacemuli da gadamuSavebuli informaciis giganturi siCqarisa da moculobis wyalobiT, maSin Sesabamisi teqnologiuri revoluciebisaTvis yvelaze fundamentur Sedegebs axali resursebi warmoadgenen, e. i. eleqtrobis, navTobproduqtebis (meoTxesaTvis) da atomuri energiis (mexuTe teqnologiebisaTvis) gamoyeneba mTavari wyaros saxiT. imavdroulad, masTan erTad izrdeba warmoebis siCqare da transportis moZraoba momsaxurebis da marTvis sferoSi. yovelive amas Tan axlavs xarisxobrivad axali xelovnuri masalebis Seqmna, ekologiurad sufTa warmoebis danergva, Caketili teqnologiebis, warmoebis da marTvis avtomatizirebuli sistemebis Camoyalibeba. sainformacio da teqnologiuri revoluciebi erTiandeba saerTo nakadad, romelsac samecnieroteqnikur revolucias uwodeben. igi giganturi gavlenis moxdenas iwyebs yvela civilizaciur da kulturul procesze, globaluri masStabiT. bolo 100- 150 wlis ganmavlobaSi sainformacio da teqnologiuri revoluciebis gadakveTa da mzardi Serwyma, axali aTaswleulis dasawyisSi maTi savaraudo sruli integracia niSnavs, rom TviT globaluri transformaciis sistemaSi xarisxobrivad axali etapi dgeba da igi, ueWvelia, fundamenturi da principuli saxiT dakavSirebulia yvelaze gansakuTrebul rolTan, romlis TamaSsac mecniereba da mecnierebatevadi teqnologiebi globaluri transformaciis sistemaSi iwyeben. ukve aSkarad gamoikveTa meeqvse sainformacio revoluciis niSnebi, romelic dafuZnebulia adamianuri codnis saeqsperto sistemebsa da xelovnuri inteleqtis sxva saSualebebis globalizaciaze. am procesebis ganviTarebisas gaimarjvebs is qveyana, romelic SeZlebs saukeTeso formiT gamoiyenos Tavisi samecniero potenciali. tradiciulad ekonomikur mecnierebaSi iTvleboda, rom ekonomikis zrda damokidebulia sam 60

ZiriTad faqtorze: miwasa da sxva bunebriv resursebze, kapitalze, romelic moicavs ZiriTadi Semadgenlis saxiT sawarmoo saSualebebs da Sromaze.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi maT daemata axali, meoTxe faqtori- sainformacio. ekonomikis zrda gadamwyveti xarisxiT codnisa da informaciis gamoyenebazea damokidebuli, gansazRvravs ra inovaciur ganviTarebas da mecnierul- teqnikur progress. rac ufro ganviTarebulia qveyana, ufro Zlier gamoiyeneba mis ganviTarebaSi sainformacio faqtori da, piriqiT. amgvarad, sainformacio faqtori gansazRvravs ama Tu im qveynis warmatebas ekonomikaSi. Cveulebriv ekonomikis sainformacio seqtors miakuTvneben sainformacio saqmianobis ara yvela saxes, aramed mxolod sainformacio saqonlis da momsaxurebis uSualo warmoebas. ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom saboloo ganmtkicebuli azri imis Taobaze, Tu ras moicavs es seqtori, jerjerobiT ar Camoyalibebula. udavoa, rom seqtoris birTvs sainformacio industria Seadgens, e. i. kompiuteruli teqnikis warmoeba, informatizaciis, komunikaciis da saprogramo produqtebis saSualebebi. garda amisa, informaciul seqtorSi mudmivad rTaven masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs, sxvadasxva sainformaciosakonsultacio organizaciebs, samecniero da saproeqto- sakonstruqtoro organizaciebs, sareklamo da marketingul saagentoebs.

Tavis mxriv informaciul industriaSi sainformacio da telesakomunikacio teqnologiebis segmentebs gamoyofen. vinaidan Tanamedroveobis wamyvan tendencias informatizaciis sxvadasxva saSualebaTa konvergencia warmoadgens, es ori segmenti aSkarad gamijnuli ar aris. am segmentTa erTobliobas, romlebic Seadgenen sainformacio industrias, sainformaciotelesakomunikacio teqnologiebsac uwodeben. statistikis miznebisaTvis gamomuSavebul iqna specialuri SeTanxmeba evrokavSiris standartebis 61

moTxovnaTa farglebSi, vaWrobis statistikis sferoSi, sainformacio industriis ZiriTad gansazRvrebebze. miRebuli klasifikaciis Sesabamisad, sainformacio teqnologiebs miakuTvneben: 1. teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis komponentebis (gamomTvlel sistemebs da qselebs, saofise sistemebs, damuSavebis saSualebebs, monacemTa gadacemas da a. S.) an saaparato saSualebebis (kompiuteruli mowyobiloba) warmoebas; 2. programuli uzrunvelyofis (sistemuri, gamoyenebiTi, damxmare) an programuli produqtebis warmoebas; 3. sxvadasxva saxis momsaxurebis wardgenas (gamoTvliTi, qseluri, sainformacio, teqnikuri). davubrundeT sainformacio industriis klasifikacias. garda sainformacio teqnologiebisa, masSi sakomunikacio teqnologiebic Sedian. maT telesakomunikacio mowyobilobasa da sakomunikacio momsaxurebas miakuTvneben. telesakomunikacio mowyobilobis klasifikacia Cveulebriv moxmarebis kategoriebis mixedviT xorcieldeba. pirvel jgufSi, gamoiyofa momxmareblis SenobaSi damontaJebuli aparatura. mas miekuTvneba: kerZo telefonebi, organizaciebis avtomaturi satelefono sadgurebi, telefaqsebi, teletaipebi da a. S. masSi Sedis mobiluri fiWuri telefonebi, radiotelefonebi, peijerebi da sxva mowyobiloba. meore jgufi aerTianebs mowyobilobas, romelic sakomunikacio momsaxurebas uzrunvelyofs: lokaluri, sakvanZo, magistraluri da fiWuri komutatorebi. statistika sakomunikacio momsaxurebas miakuTvnebs momsaxurebas kerZo satelefono xazebiT, monacemTa komutaciiT, agreTve, mowyobilobis dadgmas da a. S. raime konkretuli dargis ekonomikiT dainteresebisas, aucilebelia gvqondeT gansazRvruli warmodgena masSi gamoyenebuli teqnologiebis Sesaxeb.

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es TiTqosda trivialuri mtkiceba ufro samarTliania sainformacio dargisaTvis, romlis teqnologiebi Tanamedrove warmoebis saSualebebis saTaveSi dganan. sainformacio teqnologiebi dRes warmoebis da sazogadoebis yvela sferoSi Sedian, amitom ekonomikis informatizaciis Seswavlisas aucilebelia SevCerdeT informatizaciis ZiriTad teqnologiebze. civilizebuli kacobrioba yovelTvis Zalian guldasmiT ekideboda informaciis Senaxvas, riTac igi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba aracivilizebulisagan. kompiuterebis gaCenasTan erTad malve daiwyo civilizebulma sazogadoebam misi aTviseba da praqtikaSi danergva. didi progresi ganicada monacemTa bazebis Seqmnam. isini gansxvavdebian sainformacio bazebisagan, rom informacia maTSi gadatanilia eleqtronul matareblebze. programulad realizebul katalogebs da informaciis Ziebis meqanizmebs monacemTa marTvis sistemebs uwodeben. sainformacio teqnologiis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan tendencias warmoadgens informatikis saSualebaTa konvergencia. es termini niSnavs kavSiris- sxvadasxva teqnologiasa da kompiuterul teqnologiebs Soris- sazRvrebis waSlas. ukve dRes warmatebiT moqmedeben saojaxo kompiuteruli sistemebi, romlebic moicaven marTvad kompiuters, faqss, televizors, musikalur centrs, telefonsa da sxva eleqtro xelsawyoebs. mobiluri telefoni iolad irTveba internetSi, eleqtronul fostaSi da a. S. mobiluri telefonebis da kompiuterebis narevis bazaze viTardeba videotelefonebi.

TandaTan naTeli xdeba, rom personaluri kompiuteri im saxiT, romelsac miveCvieT, kvdeba. yvela programuli da teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis Sekrebis idea erT magidaze, romelic gabatonebulia personaluri kompiuteris epoqaSi, adgils uTmobs qseluri kompiuteris paradigmas. igi iRebs yvela aucilebel programul uzrunvelyofas lokaluri qselebidan da internetidan, kompiuter- serverTa 63

mexsierebidan, qselur kompiuterze inaxeba mxolod minimaluri programuli uzrunvelyofa qselSi gasaSvebad. aseTi variantis dros ar aris saxlis kompiuterSi didi mexsierebis da ukve Cveuli “vinCesteris” qonis aucilebloba. qseluri kompiuteris fasi ar gadaaWarbebs 300 dolars, rac mis gamoyenebas iafsa da konkurentunarians gaxdis, agreTve araa saWiro bevris daxarjva programul uzrunvelyofaze. informatikis saSualebaTa teqnologiuri konvergencia ganapirobebs umsxviles korporaciaTa Serwymas am sferoSi. 2000 wlis damdegs msoflioSi umsxvilesma sainformacio kompaniam “amerika onlainma” gamoacxada Serwyma masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis sferoSi gigantTan- korporacia “Taim uornerTan”. axali megakorporacia, romelmac miiRo saxelwodeba “aol Taim uorner inkorporeited”, gaxda umsxvilesi msoflioSi, saerTo RirebulebiT 350 mlrd. dolari. misi yovelwliuri mogeba, specialistebis prognozis mixedviT Seadgens sul mcire 30 mlrd. dolars.

80- ian wlebSi a.S.S- Si daiwyes sxvadasxva kompiuterebis qselis Seqmna, upiratesad ki samxedro daniSnulebisa: “arpanet”, “milent”, “bitent” da sxva.

1986 wels erovnulma samecniero fondma SeimuSava “enes- efnet” qseli, romelmac daakavSira ramdenime superkompiuteri qveynis sxvadasxva nawilSi. am qselis unikaluroba mdgomareobs ara marto mis masStabebSi da universalurobaSi, aramed ekonomikur SinaarsSi. interneti aravis ekuTvnis, mTlianobaSi misi proeqti aravis Seudgenia, is aris organizacia, romelic mis ganviTarebaze pasuxs agebs. internetiqselTa evoluciis Svilobilia. qselebi iqmneba sxvadasxva organizaciis mier sxvadasxva mizniT. maTi srulyofa da gaerTianeba erTmaneTTan xdeba yvelasaTvis gansazRvruli CarTvis da monacemTa gadacemis saerTo wesebis safuZvelze, romelTac ratomRac oqmebs uwodeben. ai ase, nabij- nabij izrdeba da viTardeba 64

interneti. igi jerjerobiT aravis mier regulirdeba da swored es warmoadgens mis ganumeorebel Taviseburebas. internetiesaa ekonomikuri liberalizmi, xorcSesxmuli qselur sanformacio teqnologiaSi. SesaZlebelia, swored amitom is ase bunebrivad da Tavisuflad Sevida ekonomikuri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. Tanamedrove interneti warmoadgens daaxloebiT 5 mln. sabazo eleqtrogamomTvleli manqanebis qsels, romlebic SeerTebulia “swrafi� optikurboWkovani kavSiris xazebiT. igi aerTianebs 90 aTas qselur struqturas msoflios 100 saxelmwifoSi. internetiT mosargebleTa ricxvi fantastikuri siswrafiT izrdeba da ukve SeiZleba CaiTvalos Camoyalibebulad adamianTa axali gaerTianeba, romlebic dakavSirebulni arian internetiT da romelsac daukavSires Tavisi profesionaluri da yoveldRiuri saqmianoba. am adamianTa wre swrafad izrdeba, moicavs ra mTel inteleqtualur da msoflios saqmian elitas.

Tanamedrove informatikis ekonomika dafuZnebulia or urTierTSemavsebel procesze: informatikis saSualebaTa gaiafeba da, upirveles yovlisa, kompiuterebisa da informaciis gadacemis momsaxurebis Rirebulebis Semcireba. orive es faqtori iwvevs kompiuterTa ricxvis lavisebur zrdas da kompiuteruli qselebis arnaxulad swraf gafarToebas, rasac Tavis mxriv mivyavarT maTi moxmarebis gaiafebisken. interneti miekuTvneba kacobriobis teqnologiuri aRmoCenebis mcire rigs (borbali, orTqli, eleqtrooba), romlebmac revoluciurad Secvales ara marto ekonomikuri wyoba, aramed sazogadoebrivi cxovrebac. man logikurad daasrula informaciuli teqnologiebis (radio, telefoni, televizia, kompiuteri) mTeli ojaxis ganviTareba, ramac ganapiroba informaciuli sazogadoebis Seqmna.

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internetis gareSe ar iqneboda megaekonomika, magram swored obieqturad ganpirobebulma msoflio ekonomikis gadasvlis procesma megaekonomikaSi gamoiwvia internetis sicocxlisunarianoba. dRes internet- ekonomika da transerovnuli kapitali warmoadgenen gamarjvebuli liberalizmis simboloebs: interneti praqtikulad aravis mier kontrolirdeba da viTardeba rogorc sruliad damoukidebeli sistema. mocemul istoriul etapze gabatonebuli informaciuli teqnologiebi mravalmxriv gansazRvraven xelisuflebis struqturas, marTvis tipsa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis formebs. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis ganviTareba, radio da telearxebis gafarToebis SesaZlebloba, videomagnitafonebis gamoCena, aseve mZlavri da swrafi aslis gadaRebis teqnika, totalur reJimebs aryevda, romelmac ar icoda ucxo ideologiasTan brZolis sxva saSualeba, garda akrZalvisa. saboloo jamSi, sainformacio omi moigo dasavleTma da aRmosavleT evropis totaluri reJimebi daemxo. dasavleTis demokratiam totalitarul reJimebze ukeT iswavla radio da telearxebis, rogorc sazogadoebriv azrze zemoqmedebis saSualebis gamoyeneba. maT Tavidanve ar eSinodaT amis, naTlad xedavdnen ra imas, rom mravalnairi da daumuSavebeli informaciis siWarbe praqtikulad mosaxleobisaTvis misi arqonis tolfasia. ar aris saWiro raRaciT xelisuflebisaTvis mavne azris CaxSoba, ubralod maTTan erTad kargia miitano mosaxleobamde kidev ori aTeuli sxvadasxva da ZiriTadi sawinaaRmdego azri. maSin igi CaiZireba sainformacio xmaurSi da aRar xdeba saSiSi. kapitali ar krZalavs, ubralod yidulobs masobriv sainformacio saSualebebs.

XX saukunis bolo meoTxedSi warmoiSva sainformaciofinansuri oligarqia, romelic praqtikulad akontrolebs planetis sainformacio da finansuri nakadebis 90%- ze mets. bunebrivia, tyuilia, 66

vifiqroT, rom aris pirTa romeliRac jgufi, romelic zis da wyvets, ra informacia da rodis miawodos msoflios. aranairi iatakqveSa, Crdilovani msoflio xelisufleba, romelic sazogadoebriv cnobierebas akontrolebs, ar arsebobs. ubralod xelisuflebaSi myof adamianebs, sastikad rom uweven erTmaneTs konkurencias da Tan ebrZvian, bevr sakiTxSi obieqturad erTnairi interesebi da saerTo ideologiuri poziciebi aqvT. kompiuteruli qselebis principuli upiratesoba, rogorc axali nairsaxeoba masobrivi informaciuli saSualebebisa, aris informaciuli zemoqmedebis individualizirebisa da personificirebis SesaZlebloba. ukve axla kompiuteruli firmebi TandaTan qmnian yoveli individualuri momxmareblis saxes, swavloben mis gemovnebas, urCeven ra iyidon, ra naxon da a. S. amgvarad, Tanamedrove miRwevebi informatikaSi Zalian STambeWdavia, mas faqtiurad ganviTarebis sazRvrebi ara aqvs, is ukideganod viTardeba da Sedegebic albaT Sesabamisi iqneba.

kiTxvebi codnis SemowmebisaTvis 1. daaxasiaTeT informaciuli revoluciebi; 2. daaxasiaTeT evrokavSiris standartebis mixedviT, romel sainformacio teqnologiebs miakuTvneben; 3. daaxasiaTeT informatikis saSualebaTa konvergencia; 4. daaxasiaTeT Tanamedrove interneti; 5. daaxasiaTeT XX saukunis bolos warmoSobili sainformacio-finansuri oligarqia.

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Tavi III. amocanebi.

msoflio

ekonomikis

sagani

da

sagani “msoflios ekonomika” mravalprofiliania, romlis specifikas gansazRvravs TiToeuli qveynis bunebrivklimaturi da niadagobrivi pirobebi, specialisacia da sxv., udidesia soflis meurneobis roli kacobriobisaTvis. igi awarmoebs rogorc uSualod moxmarebis produqts mosaxleobisaTvis, ise mravali saxis nedleuls mrewvelobisaTvis, xolo mrewvelobaSi mzaddeba sasoflo sameurneo manqana iaraRebi. maRalproduqtiuli msoflios soflis meurneoba adamianTa progresis da Semdgomi ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobaa. mecnierul- teqnikuri progresis done msoflios sxvadasxva regoinisaTvis erTnairi ar aris. igi konkretulia mocemuli qveynisaTvis da mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli bunebrivklimatur, socialur, ekonomikur da politikur faqtorebTan. sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebelia yvela im sawarmoo procesebisa da movlenebis Seswavla, romelic axasiaTebs ama Tu im qveynis an regionis soflis meurneobas. “msoflios ekonomika”, ekonomikuri mecnierebis mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa, romelic maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi karga xania warmoadgens mecnieruli kvlevis sagans. sagnis Seswavla mWidrod ukavSirdeba im sawarmoo Tu socialur- ekonomikur procesebs, romlebic mimdinareobs msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. sagnis Seswavlis obieqts warmoadgens sasoflosameurneo produqtebis warmoebis pirobebi da moculoba msoflios qveynebSi, iq mimdinare sawarmoo procesebi, specifikuri Taviseburebani, TiToeuli qveynis (an qveynebis jgufis) sawarmoo specializaciis pirobebi da ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, warmoebis 68

organizaciuli formebi, gatarebuli agraruli reformebis xasiaTi, efeqtianoba da sxva sakiTxebi. “msoflios ekonomika” Seiswavlis samrewvelo produqciis, sasoflosameurneo warmoebis Taviseburebebs msoflios regionebisa da qveynebis mixedviT, gansazRvravs TiToeuli msxvili regionis an qveynis adgilsa da mniSvnelobas msoflios masStabiT, swavlobs umniSvnelovanesi saxeobis produqtebis warmoebis msoflio ganawilebas da im kanonzomierebebs, romlis Sedegadac Camoyalibda sasoflo- sameurneo specializaciis mimarTulebani. sagnis mizania msoflios masStabiT warmoebis sxvadasxva saSualebebisa da SromiTi resursebis gamoyenebis kanonzomierebebis, sasoflo- sameurneo warmoebis efeqtianobis, specializaciis bunebrivi zonebis Seswavla da im movlenebis analizi, romlebmac xeli Seuwyves dRes arsebuli sawarmoo urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas. rig SemTxvevaSi saWiroa sasoflo- sameurneo warmoebis Seswavla gansxvavebul socialurekonomikuri da politikuri sistemebis mixedviT, rac saSualebas iZleva davinaxoT yvela pozitiuri da negatiuri tendenciebi, romlebic axasiaTebs warmoebis kapitalistur, socialistur da ganviTarebadi qveynebis soflis meurneobas. “msoflios ekonomikas” aqvs Tavisi amocanebi, romlebic upirveles yovlisa mdgomareobs imaSi, rom xeli Seuwyos msoflios masStabiT mZime, msubuqi. mompovebeli mrewvelobis, momsaxureobis sferos, sasoflo- sameurneo warmoebis Seswavlas, mkiTxvels miawodos saWiro masala TiToeuli qveynis farTobis, mosaxleobis raodenobis, klimaturi pirobebis, niadagobrivi da mcenareuli safaris Sesaxeb; aCvenos umniSvnelovanesi saxeobis sasoflosameurneo warmoebis Taviseburebebi, niadagebisa da savargulebis struqturebi, memcenareobisa da mecxoveleobis produqciis warmoebis moculobebi da sxv.

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yovelive es unda warmoaCinos ara marto movlenebisa da faqtebis aRweriT, aramed TiToeul qveyanaSi mimdinare politikuri, socialuri procesebisa da movlenebis Rrma analiziT, sasoflosameurneo warmoebis ekonomikuri kanonzomierebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. sagnis Seswavla eyrdnoba ekonomikur mecnierebaSi miRebul cnobil meTodebsa da xerxebs, romelTa meSveobiT warmoebs statistikuri masalebis mopoveba da damuSaveba. miuxedavad teqnikuri revoluciisa, romelmac ganviTarebul qveynebSi me20 saukunis meore naxevridan gardaqmna sasoflo- sameurneo warmoebis Sinaarsi, dReisaTvis msoflio mosaxleobis naxevarze meti mainc dasaqmebulia soflis meurneobaSi, Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove msofliom dakarga is sawarmoo erTgvarovneba, romelic axasiaTebda me- 18 da me- 19 saukuneebs. amis mizezi gaxldaT mrewvelobis axali dargebis ganviTareba, romlebic moiTxovdnen didi raodenobiT SromiT resursebs. warmoebis ganviTarebis yvela etapze meurneobis sxva dargebisaTvis SromiTi resursebis Sevsebis erTaderT wyaros warmoadgenda soflis mosaxleoba. naTqvamis naTelsayofad sakmarisia iTqvas, rom dReisaTvis metnaklebad ganviTarebul samrewvelo qveynebSi aqtiuri mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili, romelic dakavebulia sasoflo sameurneo warmoebaSi, 25%- mde Semcirda, xolo evropasa da amerikis maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi es maCvenebeli 5- 10%- ia. sxva mdgomareobaa ganviTarebad qveynebSi, sadac mosaxleobis ara marto 50%- i, aramed zogierT qveyanaSi 3/5- ia dakavebuli sasoflo- sameurneo warmoebaSi. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom am qveynebidan soflis mosaxleobis qalaqad migraciis dinamika yovelwliurad izrdeba, magram imdenad maRalia mSobiaroba, rom migraciis procenti soflad dasaqmebulTa saerTo raodenobaze gavlenas ver axdens. soflis mosaxleobis qalaqisken migracias 70

umTavresad socialuri safuZveli aqvs, kerZod, soflis saerTo ganviTarebis dabali done, arasrulyofili samedicino momsaxureba, primitiuli sayofacxovrebo pirobebi, CamorCenili sasoflosameurneo warmoeba, romelic umTavresad xeliT Sromas emyareba da sxv. sasoflo- sameurneo saqmianobis safuZvelia miwis fondebi, romlebic warmoadgens warmoebis yvelaze mTavar da Seucvlel saSualebas. miwis fondebis struqtura da produqtiuloba yovelTvis urTierT mWidro kavSirSia da ganapirobeben erTmaneTs. miuxedavad amisa, soflis meurneobaSi miwa adamianis mier gamoiyeneba sxvadasxvagvarad. amitom mniSvnelovania miwis swori klasifikacia, anu saerTo miwis fondidan sasoflo- sameurneo savargulebis gamoyofa. TviTon sityva “savarguli� miuTiTebs produqtiuli miwis daniSnulebaze, e. i. sakiTxi exeba imas, Tu risTvis aris mizanSewonili miwis ama Tu im nakveTis gamoyeneba- saxnavad, saTibad da saZovrad da a. S. yvela qveyanaSi miRebulia miwis fondebis sasurveli klasifikacia, romelic yovelTvis ar emTxveva sxva qveynis analogiur maCvenebels, rac ganpirobebulia TiToeuli qveynis bunebrivi pirobebiT da maTi moTxovnilebiT sasoflosameurneo produqciaze (mis saxeobaze). dedamiwaze (antarqtidis gamoklebiT) yvela saxis sasoflo- sameurneo savargulebs uWiravs xmeleTis 1/3, rac absolutur maCvenebelSi 5,5 miliard heqtars Seadgens. aRniSnuli farTobidan damuSavebul miwebze modis 1,5 miliardi ha, aqedan saxnavs uWiravs 1 miliardi ha, mravalwlian nargavebs- 0,4 miliardi ha. zemoT moyvanili maCveneblebi miaxloebiTia, vinaidan msoflioSi jer kidev ar arsebobs miwis fondebis aRricxvis srulyofili statistika, xolo rig qveynebSi saerTod ar aris aseTi aRricxva. es imiT aris gamowveuli, rom afrika- aziis umravles qveynebSi warmoebas primitiuli xasiaTi aqvs, rac 71

naklebnayofieri miwebis mitovebasa da axali farTobebis aTvisebaSi mdgomareobs. saerTod, xelovnurma morwyvam udidesi roli Seasrula miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebaSi. gansakuTrebiT efeqtiania igi gvalvian zonaSi, sadac mzis energiis udidesi raodenobaa. msoflioSi miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis gamoyenebuli farTobis 15%- i sarwyavia, romelzec iwarmoeba msoflios sasaoflosameurneo produqciis 50%, es faqti naTlad miuTiTebs melioraciis gonivruli gamoyenebis udides SesaZleblobebze. miwa warmoadgens sivrcobriv baziss yvela saxis sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisaTvis da ZiriTad saSualebas ekonomikis mTeli rigi dargebisaTvis, pirvel rigSi ki soflis meurneobisaTvis. miwa, rogorc warmoebis ZiriTadi saSualeba, xasiaTdeba specifikuri TaviseburebebiT, riTac igi gansxvavdeba warmoebis sxva saSualebebisgan. upirvelesad, miwa aris bunebis produqti da misi rogorc warmoebis ZiriTadi saSualebis, warmoebis sxva saSualebiT Secvla, SeuZlebelia. nayofierebis mixedviT miwa ar aris erTgvarovani, warmoadgens ra warmoebis mudmiv saSualebas, miwis nayofiereba misi eqspluataciis xasiaTisa da xarisxis Sedegad icvleba, igi an umjobesdeba, an piriqiT, kargavs Tavis Tvisebebs. swored nayofierebis Tvisebam gansazRvra misi gansakuTrebuli roli sazogadoebis sawarmoo Zalebis ganviTarebaSi, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda. adamiani da miwa yovelTvis iyo, aris da momavalSic iqneba dedamiwaze cxovrebisa da progresis gadamwyveti faqtori. yvela sazogadoebriv formacias axasiaTebs miwaTmflobelobisa da miwaTsargeblobis misTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebi, romlebic gansazRvraven miwis resursebis gamoyenebis xasiaTsa da efeqtianobas. igi qveynebisa da regionebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia. amasTan erTad, miwis resursebis 72

sargeblobis mTeli rigi aspeqtebi saerToa msoflios yvela xalxebisaTvis, rac upirvelesad misi resursebis dacvaa sxvadasxva bunebrivi procesebisagan. miwis resursebiT sargeblobis msoflioSi miRebuli principebia: produqtiuli miwebis intensiuri gamoyeneba, miwaTsargeblobis brunvaSi damatebiTi FfarTobebis CarTva, damuSavebuli farTobebis dacva da zrunva maTi nayofierebis SenarCunebisa da amaRlebisaTvis. miwis resursebis ekonomikuri da racionaluri gamoyeneba, misi dacva da nayofierebis SenarCuneba, Tanamedrove msoflio mosaxleobis upirvelesi zrunvis sagania. yovelive zemonaTqvami ZiriTadad gansazRvravs sawarmoo Zalebis ganviTarebaSi miwis gansakuTrebul rolsa da adgils. miwis resursebis SezRuduloba da Seucvleloba, mosaxleobis raodenobis ganuxreli zrdis gaTvaliswinebiT, aucilebels xdis mis efeqtianad gamoyenebas msoflios yvela qveyanaSi. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi isic, rom miwa amave dros biosferos mTavari elementia, romelic Sromis sayovelTao saSualebaa da warmoadgens sivrcobriv baziss yvela sawarmoo Zalebis funqcionirebisaTvis. amitom misi gamoyeneba da eqspluatacia unda eyrdnobodes mecnierul safuZvels, xolo misi movlagamoyenebisaTvis zrunva mTeli kacobriobis valia. dReisaTvis, msoflioSi damuSavebulia miwis saerTo resursebis mxolod 10,8%. aqedan, saZovrebisa da saTibebis wilad modis 23,2%. amrigad, sasoflosameurneo savargulTa saerTo raodenoba jamSi (saxnavi da saZovar- saTibebi) 34% Seadgens. msoflioSi damuSavebuli miwis farTobis 60% modis evropasa da aziaze. mosaxleobis zrdis tendencia da aqedan gamomdinare miwiT uzrunvelyofis maCveneblis Semcireba aucilebels xdis axali miwebis aTvisebas. damuSavebuli miwis farTobebis sakmaod didi raodenoba gvalvian zonaSia, rac iwvevs maTi morwyvis aucileblobas. me73

19 saukunis dasawyisisaTvis sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedeba warmodgenili iyo 8 mln. ha, XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis 40 mln. ha- ze, xolo dReisaTvis igi 280 mln ha- s udris. amrigad, msoflioSi irwyveba saxnavi farTobis mxolod 15,2%. swored es miwebia stabiluri sasoflosameurneo warmoebis ZiriTadi baza, romlebic aRar ganicdian bunebrivi da klimaturi pirobebis mavneobas da iZlevian myar produqcias. miwiT yvelaze naklebuzrunvelyofili regionebia evropisa da aziis qveynebi, magram es maCveneblebi SefardebiTia, vinaidan SeiZleba ama Tu im regionSi erT sul mosaxleze miwiT uzrunvelyofis maCvenebeli maRali iyos, magram aRniSnuli miwebis produqtiuloba imdenad dabali, rom nayofierebis TvalsazrisiT maTi gamoyenebis koeficienti ramdenjerme CamorCebodes sxva qveynis analogiur maCvenebels. yvela qveyanaSi damuSavebuli miwebi da saZovrebi warmoadgenen sasoflosameurneo produqciis warmoebis safuZvels, magram maTi gamoyenebis intensivoba, ara marto msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi, aramed erTi qveynis SigniTac gansxvavebulia. sawarmoo Sedegebis mixedviT gansxvaveba gamowveulia agreTve warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebis formebiT an sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, qveynis gansxvavebuli socialurekonomikuri wyobiTac, rac did gavlenas axdens mocemuli qveynis ara marto warmoebis dargobriv struqturaze, aramed mis ekonomikur maCveneblebzec. gansxvavebulma socialurma wyobam daamkvidra sasoflosameurneo warmoebis gansxvavebuli sistemebi da es logikuria, xolo rac Seexeba sasoflo- sameurneo saqmianobis sxvadasxva wess, igi ufro myari aRmoCnda. aRsaniSnavia, isic rom soflis meurneobis dargobriv struqturaze, mis mimarTulebaze did gavlenas axdens amaTu im regionis SromiTi resursebiT uzrunvelyofa, mosaxleobis 74

kvebis tradiciebi, siaxloe gasaRebis bazrebTan da sxva faqtorebi. amrigad, msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi sasoflosameurneo warmoebis specializacias da mimarTulebas ganapirobebs mravali faqtori, romelTa sworad gansazRvra, warmoebis efeqtianobis sawindaria. msoflios soflis meurneoba warmodgenilia gansxvavebuli sawarmoo formebiT da geografiuli zonebiT. dRemde arsebobda socialisturi, kapitalisturi da ganviTarebadi qveynebis soflis meurneobis sawarmoo formebi, amasTan erTad Camoyalibda sxvadasxva saxis produqciis warmoebis geografiuloi zonebi.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi gamokveTilia sasoflosameurneo warmoebis ramdenime geografiuli zona, romelsac safuZvlad ZiriTadad udevs bunebrivklimaturi pirobebi, warmoebis tradicia, siaxloe bazrebTan da a.S. arsebobs marcvleulis, mecxoveleobis, Sereuli, merZeuli da mebaReobamebostneobis geografiuli zonebi. marcvleulis, ZiriTadad, xorblis- geografiuli zona warmodgenilia zomieri mSrali klimatis raionebSi, sadac xelsayreli pirobebia aRniSnuli produqtebis warmoebisaTvis, kerZod, dabalia mosaxleobis simWidrove da aris kompleqsuri meqanizaciisaTvis didi farTobebi, am zonisaTvis meqanizacia warmoadgens safuZvels. mecxoveleobis geografiuli zona warmodgenilia gvalvian farTobebze da ZiriTadad mdebareobs marcvleulis warmoebis zonis gverdiT. zona mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli rogorc Sida ise msoflio bazarTan da ZiriTadad warmodgenilia pirutyvis maRalproduqtiuli jiSebis gamozrdiT (gansakuTrebiT, msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvisa da cxvris).

Sereuli geografiuli zona warmodgenilia samiwaTmoqmedo da mecxoveleobis meurneobebis saxiT, romelic damaxasiaTebelia SedarebiT zomieri 75

geografiuli sartylisaTvis. mecxoveleoba am zonisaTvis aucilebeli da Semosavlebis mixedviT ZiriTadi dargia, miwaTmoqmedebaSi mTavari adgili uWiravs sakveb kulturebs, a.S.S- Si es upirvelesad simindis kulturaa (10% msoflio warmoebidan), Semdeg modis soia, ionja da a.S. merZeuli mecxoveleobis geografiuli zona ganviTarebulia tenian raionebSi, romlebsac axasiaTebT SedarebiT dabali temperaturuli jami da mcenareTa mokle savegetacio periodi, rac mxolod imis saSualebas iZleva, rom mindvris kulturebi daiTesos mwvane sakvebad. merZeuli mecxoveleobis tipiuri regionebia: a.S.S- Si viskoniisa da axali inglisis Statebi, evropaSi- skandinaviis qveynebi, gansakuTrebiT norvegia. merZeuli mecxoveleoba moiTxovs gasaRebis bazrebswarmoebasTan rac SeiZleba axlos da ganviTarebul sagzao (gansakuTrebiT saavtomobilo) komunikaciebs. merZeuli mimarTuleba ori mimarTulebiT viTardebarZis warmoeba mosaxleobis uSualo moxmarebisaTvis darZis warmoeba, rogorc nedleuli gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobisaTvis. mebaReobisa da mebostneobis geografiuli zona Camoyalibda msxvil qalaqebTan da samrewvelo centrebTan axlos. xili da bostneuli kulturebi, rogorc wesi garkveul pirobebs uyeneben warmoebas da sxva kulturebisgan gansxvavebiT reagireben bunebriv faqtorebze. swored amitom, maTi movla- moyvana dakavSirebulia mniSvnelovan saxsrebTan, saWiroa saTburebis, intensiuri sarwyavi sistemisa da sxva saxis damxmare nagebobebis mSenebloba, amitom iTvleba bostneul- baRCeuli kulturebis produqcia ZviradRirebulad. amrigad, msoflios soflis meurneobis sawarmoo formebis Camoyalibeba dakavSirebulia socialurpolitikur movlenebTan, xolo geografiuli zonebisa- umTavresad bunebriv- klimatur pirobebTan da warmoebis istoriulad Camoyalibebul formebTan. 76

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, soflis meurneobis ZiriTadi mizania kvebis produqtebis warmoeba mosaxleobisaTvis da nedleulisa- gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobisaTvis. msoflios yvela qveyana CarTulia sasoflo- sameurneo warmoebaSi, maT Soris iseTebic romlebsac TiTqmis ar gaaCniaT Tavisufali miwebi (honkongi, singapuri da sxv.). Tanamedrove msoflioSi arc erTi problema ar dgas ise mwvaved, rogorc sakvebi produqtebis warmoebis. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis oficialuri monacemebiT, msoflio mosaxleobis naxevari SimSilobis zRvarzea, 24 qveyana kvebis produqtebis im raodenobas awarmoebs, rom srulad daikmayofilos sakuTari moTxovnileba da mxolod 8 qveyana awarmoebs Warb produqcias.

ZiriTad sasoflosameurneo produqcias, upirveles yovlisa ganekuTvneba marcvleuli da mecxoveleobis produqtebi, romelTa gareSec SeuZlebelia adamianis arseboba. msoflios mosaxleobis gamosakvebad mTavari da gadamwyvetia marcvleuli, romelic moixmareba, rogorc kvebis ZiriTadi produqti uSualod mosaxleobisaTvis da furaJipirutyvisaTvis. marcvleulis msoflio warmoebaSi wamyvani adgili uWiravs xorblis, brinjisa da simindis kulturebs.

TiToeuli maTganis wliuri warmoebis moculoba msoflio masStabiT daaxloebiT 320- 350 mln. tonaa. amrigad, marcvleulis msoflio warmoeba 1- 1,1 miliard tonas Seadgens, rac erT sulze gaangariSebiT 200 kilogramia weliwadSi. mniSvnelobiT meore kulturaa brinji, romlis msoflio warmoebis 90% modis aziis qveynebze. brinji sasursaTo produqtia, misi namja ki SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes pirutyvis sakvebad. brinjis warmoebis udidesi regionebia samxreT aRmosavleT azia, indoeTis samxreTi nawili, laTinuri amerikis qveynebi, sadac am kulturis 2- 3 mosavals iReben weliwadSi. brinjis warmoebaSi jer kidev sWarbobs 77

xeliT Sroma, igi Zalzed Sromatevadia da ZiriTadad moiTxovs sarwyav miwebs. sxva marcvleuli kulturebidan aRsaniSnavia qeri, romlis msoflio warmoeba 160- 180 mln. tonaa weliwadSi, aqedan, 1/3 iwarmoeba evropis qveynebSi. Wvavis msoflio warmoeba daaxloebiT 40 mln. tonaa weliwadSi, igi gavrcelebulia dasavleT evropaSi. gamoiyeneba ludisa da sakonditro warmoebaSi, agreTve safuraJed. msoflioSi qerisa da marcvleulis warmoeba umTavresad meqanizebulia. msoflio masStabiT marcvleulis warmoeba erT sulze gaangariSebiT didi kontrastulobiT xasiaTdeba. magaliTad, aziaSi erT sulze awarmoeben 180- 200 kg marcvleuls, xolo Crd. amerikasa da avstraliaSi 900- 1000kg. (zogierT qveynebSi es maCveneblebi 60 kg- s ar aRemateba). marcvleulis Semdeg kvebis ZiriTad produqtad iTvleba kartofili, gansakuTrebiT- evropasa da amerikis qveynebSi. kartofilis gavrcelebis regionebi emTxveva marcvleulis gavrcelebis regionebs. sul msoflioSi awarmoeben 320- 350 mln. tona kartofils weliwadSi. mosaxleobisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania mcenareuli zeTi, romlis msoflio warmoeba 40 mln. tonaa, rac wliurad Seadgens adamianis mier moxmarebuli cximis 50%- s. mcenareuli zeTis 27- 28% modis araxissa da soiaze, 12- 14%- mzesumzirisa da bambis marcvalze, 6%- zeiTunze. kvebis mniSvnelovani produqtia Saqari, romelic miiReba Saqris lerwmisa da Saqris Warxlisagan.

Saqris msoflio warmoebis 30% modis laTinur amerikaze, igi gavrcelebulia agreTve samxreT aRmosavleT aziis qveynebSi, saqari ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba rogorc kvebis produqti mosaxleobisaTvis. am produqtiT msoflios mosaxleoba dakmayofilebulia mxolod 50- 60%- iT, umravles qveyanaSi Saqris nedleulis movla- moyvana meqanizebulia.

78

mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoeba ZiriTadad Tavmoyrilia ganviTarebuli qveynebis zomier klimaturgeografiul sartyelSi. merZeuli mimarTulebis mecxoveleoba koncentrirebulia evropis CrdiloeT nawilSi, a.S.S- Si da kanadaSi. mexorculi mecxoveleoba, merZeulisagan gansxvavebiT, ZiriTadad eyrdnoba bunebriv saZovrebsa da saTibebs. xorcis msoflio warmoeba Seadgens 115- 120 mln. tonas weliwadSi. mecxoveleobis produqtebis Sevsebis didi rezervia mefrinveleoba, romelic msoflios TiTqmis yvela regionSia warmodgenili. gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebulia igi msxvili qalaqebisa da samrewvelo centrebis sagareubno zonebSi. ganviTarebul qveynebSi mefrinveleoba samrewvelo safuZvelze arsebobs. frinvelis xorciT msoflios mosaxleoba SedarebiT ukeT aris uzrunvelyofili, vidre sxva saxis xorciT. amrigad, kvebis produqtebis warmoebis msoflio geografia imaze migvaniSnebs, rom mosaxleobisaTvis sasursaTo problemis gadawyveta sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sakiTxia da igi mTeli planetisagan erTobliv Zalisxmevas saWiroebs. problemas arTulebs isic, rom msoflios mosaxleobis matebis tempi jer kidev Warbobs kvebis produqtebis warmoebis matebis temps da es procesi gaRrmavebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. kiTxvebi codnis SemowmebisaTvis 1. gaakeTeT msoflio soflis meurneobis ekonomikis zogadi mimoxilva; 2. daaxasiaTeT msoflio miwis fondebi; 3. daaxasiaTeT msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis specializacia da mimarTulebebi; 4. daaxasiaTeT msoflio soflis meurneobis sawarmoo formebi da geografiuli zonebi.

E

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1. evropa

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Tavi IV. ,,evropis qveynebis 4. 1.

ekonomika�

evropis qveynebis ekonomika.

evropas uWiravs evraziis materikis nawili, uralis qedidan dasavleTiT. misi teritoriis naxevarze meti modis yofil ssrk- ze (5,9 mln. kv. km.), danarCeni (4,9 mln. kv. km.) evropis im saxelmwifoebze, romlebic mdebareoben yofil ssrk- is dasavleTiT. evropaSi Sedis kunZuli irlandia (atlantiis okeaneSi) da Spicbergeris arqipelagi (CrdiloeT yinulovan okeaneSi). dasavleT evropas uWiravs xmeleTis umniSvnelo nawili (4%), romelzec cxovrobs 475 mln. kaci, rac msoflios mosaxleobis 13%, xolo misi wili msoflio samrewvelo produqciis warmoebaSi- 32,8%ia. evropis xalxebi warmoadgenen msoflio civilizaciis memkvidreebs. swored aqZveli saberZneTisa da romis antikur sazogadoebaSi Seiqmna is ganumeorebeli zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebi: xelovnebaSi, arqiteqturaSi, filosofiaSi, romlebic dResac ancvifreben kacobriobas. dasavleT evropis bunebrivi pirobebi gamoirCeva reliefis mravalferovnebiT, zRvis havis Zlieri gavleniT, mozaikuri landSaftiT, agreTve mosaxleobis simWidroviT, mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis maRali doniT, sadac adamianma Tavisi mizandasaxuli saqmianobiT mniSvnelovnad Secvala bunebrivi landSafti, mcenareuli safari da a.S. evropis klimatur pirobebs gansazRvravs atlantiisa da CrdiloeT yinulovani okeanis siaxloe, mZlavri Tbili dinebebi, mzis sxivebis siuxve. yovelive es qmnis metad xelsayrel reJims sameurneo saqmianobisaTvis, rogorc mis ukidures CrdiloeTiT, ise samxreTis qveynebSi. bunebrivi pirobebi qmnian agreTve xelsayrel garemos tyeebisa da sxva mcenareuli safaris ganviTarebisaTvis. tyeebs 81

uWiravs dasavleT evropis teritoriis 1/3, isini Seicaven samrewvelo xe- tyis did marags da dadebiTad moqmedeben klimatis kvlavwarmoebaze. dasavleT evropaSi mkveTradaa gamokveTili urbanizaciis procesi. mosaxleobis 3/5 cxovrobs qalaqebSi, xolo iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa germania, belgia, Svecia, es maCveneblebi 80%- s aRemateba, rac dakavSirebulia mrewvelobisa da momsaxurebis sferos ganviTarebis maRal doneze. regionis maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi dReisaTvis ar arsebobs gansxvaveba sofelsa da qalaqs Soris, maTi cxovrebis done TiTqmis gaTanabrda. dasavleT evropis meurneobam jer kidev antikur epoqaSi miaRwia ganviTarebis maRal dones. magaliTad, meRvineoba italiasa da samxreT safrangeTSi daamkvidres Zvelma romaelebma, maTve daarses pirveli liTonmompovebeli da gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi maSindel inglisSi. kapitalizmis ganviTarebis pirveli akvanic dasavleT evropaSi dairwa, mas mohyva koloniuri da dampyrobluri omebi, ramac uzarmazari simdidre SesZina evropis maRalganviTarebul qveynebs. amerikis axali kontinentis aRmoCena da misi aTviseba dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebma daiwyes. dReisaTvis, dasavleT evropa mecnierulteqnikuri miRwevebiT da cxovrebis doniT msoflios erT- erTi maRalganviTarebuli regionia. aq mieca dasabami Tanamedrove mecnierebis prioritetul mimarTulebebs, romlebic Semdeg msoflios civilizebuli samyaros kuTvnileba gaxda. dasavleT evropis meurneobis safuZvelia industria, romlis wilad modis evroproduqtis 75- 80%, soflis meurneobis xvedriTi wili 5- 8% Seadgens, danarCeni ki modis momsaxurebis sferoze. mWidrod dasaxlebul dasavleT evropaSi sasoflosameurneo miwebis metad SezRuduli raodenobaa. msoflios am regionSi miwiT uzrunvelyofis maCvenebeli saxnavis saxiT Seadgens 0,18 ha- s, erT sulze gaangariSebiT. miuxedavad amisa 82

Sromis maRali nayofierebiT, meqanizaciis, qimizaciisa da melioraciis ganviTarebiT Seiqmna maRalproduqtiuli sasoflo- sameurneo warmoeba, romelmac mTlianad uzrunvelyo regionis moTxovnileba kvebis produqtebze.

Sromis energoSeiaraRebis saSualo maCvenebeli 82 cxenis Zalas udris, maRalia eleqtroenergiis gamoyenebis maCvenebelic, minimumamdea Semcirebuli danakargebi. mecnierul- teqnikuri progresis saSualebiT miwas da mcenareebs ganixilaven rogorc marTvad cocxal organzmebs, swored amitom savargulTa nayofierebis saSualo maCvenebeli aq yvelaze maRalia msoflioSi. igive iTqmis pirutyvis produqtiulobazec. furis saSualo wliuri wveladoba 4800 litria, xolo cximianobis procents marTaven sakvebis racionis meSveobiT. warmoebaSi iyeneben koperirebis xelsayrel formebs, farTod aris danergili xangrZlivi ojaxuri ijara, evropul saxelmwifoebSi arsebobs gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis xSiri qseli, rogorc wesi, maTi sawarmoo moculobebi didi ar aris, magram warmoeba mTlianad avtomatizebulia da imarTeba kompiuterebis meSveobiT. dasavleT evropis sasoflo- sameurneo warmoebis stabilizaciaSi didi roli Seasrula “evropis bazarma�, romelic warmoadgens am regionSi Semavali qveynebis nebayoflobiT gaerTianebas. evropuli bazari axdens produqtebis racionalur gadanawilebas sxvadasxva qveynebs Soris, xels uwyobs ekonomikurad misaReb specializacias, aregulirebs fasebs, aiZulebs saxelmwifoebs saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi dotacia gamouyon ama Tu im saxis produqciis mwarmoeblebs, qmnis evropul sawarmoo da sadazRveo fonds, rac sasoflosameurneo produqciis mwarmoeblebs bunebrivi pirobebisagan damoukidebels xdis. yovelive aman daaregulira ama Tu im saxis produqtebis warmoebis moculoba 83

sxvadasxva qveynebSi da Seqmna maTi warmoebisaTvis yvelaze xelsayreli pirobebi. dReisaTvis dasavleT evropas sxva regionebSi gaaqvs warmoebuli sasoflo- sameurneo produqciis garkveuli nawili, gansakuTrebiT, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, maT Soris xorci da misi produqtebi, qaTmis xorci, kvercxi, marcvleuli, xili da a.S. dasavleT evropaSi warmodgenilia ramdenime ekonomikuri regioni, romelSic gaerTianebulia erTnair bunebrivklimatur pirobebSi myofi saxelmwifoebi, maTi ganxilva saSualebas mogvcems gaverkveT, TiToeuli regionis da saxelmwifos, ekonomikur da sasoflosameurneo warmoebis TaviseburebebSi. 4.2. aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis ekonomika. aRmosavleT evropa (poloneTi, CexeTi, slovakeTi, ungreTi, rumineTi, serbeTi, Cernogoria, xorvatia, slovenia, makedonia, bosnia, hercogovina, bulgareTi, albaneTi)- sazRvargareTuli evropis oTxi msxvili regionis erT- erTi raionia. mis wilad modis terotoriis 1/4. ukanasknel periodamde regionSi Semaval qveynebs axasiaTebda erTiani sazogadoebrivpolitikuri struqturebi. yvela isini ganekuTvnebodnen e.w. “socialisturi sistemis� banakis qveynebs, sadac miwaze da warmoebis sxva saSualebebze arsebobda saxelmwifos monopolia da warmoebisaTvis saWiro es umniSvnelovanesi elementebi iTvleboda saxelmwifo (an rogorc mas xSirad uwodeben saerTosaxalxo) sakuTrebad. warmoebis socialisturi wesis damkvidreba moxda meore msoflio omis Semdeg, mmarTvelobis komunisturi sistemebis SemoRebis Sedegad. marTalia sasoflo- sameurneo warmoebaSi omamdel periodTan SedarebiT SeimCneva garkveuli dadebiTa Zvrebi, magram es araa warmoebis socialisturi sistemis 84

upiratesobis Sedegi, igi gamowveulia mTel msoflioSi da gansakuTrebiT, evropul qveynebSi, materialurteqnikuri progresiT, mecnierebis ganviTarebiT, soflis meurneobis specialistebis kvalifikaciis maRali doniT da a.S. dasavleT evropis qveynebTan SedarebiT aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi miRweuli progresi umniSvneloa, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom igi xelovnurad damuxruWda warmoebis socialisturi sistemebis meSveobiT. saqmes ver uSvela socialisturi qveynebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Seqmnamac, romelmac daamuSava Sromis e.w. socialisturi danawilebis principebi, gansazRvra spevializaciis zonebi, Seqmna sasoflo- sameurneo manqanaTmSeneblobis, mineraluri sasuqebis warmoebis erTiani sistema, daawesa SeRavaTiani savaWro tarifebi, daaregulira saqonlis intensiuri gacvla da sxv. miuxedavad gatarebuli RonisZiebebisa, sasoflo- sameurneo warmoebis efeqti mainc umniSvnelo iyo, socialisturi banakis qveynebi ganicdidnen sasursaTo produqciis deficits, rac ZiriTadad gamowveuli iyo yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli didi sasursaTo deficitiT. dabali iyo energoSeiaraRebisa da energouzrunvelyofis maCveneblebi. warmoebuli produqciis TviTRirebuleba ki maRali iyo. igi zog SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovnad sWarbobda Sesasyid fasebs, darRveuli iyo materialuri dainteresebis principi, Sromis Sedegebis ganawileba warmoebda centralizebuli wesiT, saxelmwifos mier dagegmili principebiT. materialuri momaragebis saxelmwifoebrivma sistemam da Seqmnilma biurokratiulma sammarTvelo aparatma, moSala warmoebisaTvis saWiro xelmZRvanelobis operatiuloba, gazrdili aramwarmoebluri xarjebic did tvirTad awveboda warmoebuli produqciis TviTRirebulebas. mmarTvelobis arasworma infrastruqturam arev- dareva gamoiwvies angariSgebis sistemaSic, ramac umetesad Seqmna ganukiTxaobis atmosfero. yovelive amas zed daerTo gare 85

samyarosTan socialisturi ekonomikuri izolaciac.

qveynebis

xangrZlivi

4. 3. dasavleT evropis qveynebis ekonomika. dasavleT evropa (didi britaneTi, germania, irlandia, safrangeTi, monako, niderlandi, belgia, luqsemburgi, Sveicaria, lixtenSteini, avstria)- misi qveynebi erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdebian teritoriis sididiT da mosaxleobis raodenobiT. regionis saerTo farTobi Seadgens 1313,6 aTas kv. km-s, mosaxleoba- 220 mln- s. dasavleT evropis sami didi saxelmwifo: germania, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi Sedian msoflios yvelaze maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis eqvseulSi. regionis bunebrivi pirobebi mravalferovania, teritoriis naxevari dablobia da moicavs mTel CrdiloeTs, samxreTi ki umTavresad mTagoriania da uWiravs alpebis mTiani masivis didi nawili. regionis klimati rbilia, yvelaze civi Tvis saSualo Tviuri temperatura meryeobs 0+8 gradusamde, Tumca maRalmTian zonaSi temperatura -8-16 gradusamde ecema. dasavleTY evropa kargadaa uzrunvelyofili wylis resursebiT, mdinareTaYqseli sakmaod xSiria, Tumca zogierT qveyanaSi mainc igrZnoba sayofacxovrebo da mtknari wylis deficiti. regionis niadagebi ZiriTadad saSualo da dabali nayofierebiT xasiaTdeba, amitom sasurveli sawarmoo efeqtis misaRwevad saWiroa agroteqnikis maRali done. racionaluri miwaTmoqmedebis Sedegia is, rom es qveynebi marcvleulis, kartofilisa da sxva kulturebis maRal mosavals iReben. dasavleT evropa xasiaTdeba mcire miwianobiT. erT sulze gaangariSebiT saxnavi 0,1- dan 0,13 ha- mdea, swored amitom intensifikacia iyo da dResac rCeba regionuli soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis ZiriTad mimarTulebad.

86

dasavleT evropaSi kulturuli landSafti da mcenareuli safari dominirebs, mxolod maRalmTian zonaSi gvxvdeba veluri mcanareebi. tyeebs uWiravs regionis 1/5, Tumca aris qveynebi, romlebSic tyis safari teritoriis 3% (irlandia), 7,5% (didi britaneTi) ar aRemateba. erT sulze gaangariSebiT tyis farTobi Seadgens 0,15 ha- s, rac 8- jer CamorCeba msoflios saSualo maCvenebels. dasavleT evropis qveynebis ganviTarebis maRalma donem, dasabami misca am qveynebSi progresuli dargebis ganviTarebas: eleqtronikis, qimiis, energetikis, manqanaTmSeneblobisa da a.S. ganviTarebis maRalma donem dadebiTi roli Seasrula soflis meurneobaSic. msoflios sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, miuxedavad araxelsayreli niadagobrivi pirobebisa, maT SesZles teqnikuri progresis fonze mieRwiaT maRali sawarmoo maCveneblisaTvis. moqnilma Sesasyidma fasebma, romelic diferencirebuli iyo regionebis mixedviT, saSualeba misca sasoflosameurneo produqciis mwarmoeblebs, mieRwiaT maRali ekonomikuri maCveneblisaTvis.

4. 4. CrdiloeT evropis qveynebis ekonomika.

CrdiloeT evropa (fineTi, Svecia, norvegia, dania, islandia)- aerTianebs skandinaviis qveynebs da fineTs. igi warmodgenilia sakmaod did, magram nakleb dasaxlebul regionSi. mis wilad modis dasavleT evropis teritoriis 1/4Âź, xolo mosaxleobis 1/20; saSualo simWidrove erT kv. km- ze 5 kacia, gvxvdeba dausaxlebeli raionebic, gansakuTrebiT, skandinaviis naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeTiT, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom mosaxleobis simWidrove aRniSnuli regionis iseT qveyanaSi, rogoric daniaa, erT- erTi maRalia evropaSi. saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebiT, CrdiloeT evropis qveynebi or jgufad SeiZleba davyoT. Svecia, norvegia da dania konstituciur- monarqiuli qveynebia, xolo fineTi da islandia- respublikebi. saerTo am qveynebisTvis gaxlavT is, rom isini ganekuTvnebian 87

sazRvao saxelmwifoebs. zRvas ukavSirdeba aRniSnuli qveynebis yvela ZiriTadi ekonomikuri raionebi. magaliTad, 50 kilometrian zRvispira zolSia moTavsebuli fineTisa da Sveciis samrewvelo da sasoflosameurneo warmoebis naxevarze meti, norvegiisa da daniis mrewvelobis 4/5, xolo soflis meurneobis 3/4. zRvispira zolSia moTavsebuli islandiis mTeli ekonomika. zRvis pirasaa gaSenebuli aRniSnuli qveynebis dedaqalaqebic.

CrdiloeT evropis bunebac mravalferovania, didia CrdiloeT yinulovani okeanisa da atlantiis okeanis gavlena. regionis teritoriis naxevarze meti uWiravs tyeebs, marto Sveciis, fineTis da norvegiis tyeebze modis dasavleT evropis tyeebis 1/3. tyeebi, mdinareebTan da tbebTan erTad warmoadgenen CrdiloeT evropis qveynebis udides simdidres. regionis dargobrivi struqturebi Camoyalibda specifikur viTarebaSi, kerZod, saerTaSoriso kapitalis konkurenciis pirobebSi, romelmac saSualeba misca regionis qveynebs ganeviTarebinaT regionisaTvis misaRebi, prioritetuli dargebi, ramac es qveynebi Caayena civilizebuli qveynebis rigSi. specializebuli dargebis produqciis eqsportiT, regioni pirvel adgilze gamovida evropaSi. CrdiloeT evropis qveynebis ekonomikuri struqturebis formireba mimdinareobda maRalxarisxovani produqciis specializaciis gziT, dargebis ganviTarebisas gamoiyeneba erTis mxriv bunebrivi resursebi, mosaxleobis maRali profesionalizmi da meore mxriv, mecnierulteqnikuri progresis miRwevebi.

CrdiloeT evropis qveynebis soflis meurneobas mkveTrad gamoxatuli mecxoveleobis mimarTuleba aqvs. misi xvedriTi wili mTlian sasoflo- sameurneo produqciaSi 75- 78%- ia. aRniSnuli qveynebi ara marto ikmayofilebs sakuTar moTxovnilebebs sasoflosameurneo warmoebis produqciaze, aramed mecxoveleobis produqtebis udidesi nawili gaaqvT 88

kidec msoflios sxva qveynebSi. gansakuTrebiT kargi pirobebia soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis samxreT Sveciasa da daniaSi. fineTSi ZiriTadi sasoflo- sameurneo provinciebi mdebareobs qveynis samxreT dasavleTiT. aRniSnul qveynebSi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia fermeruli meurneobebi. fermebi mdebareoben gancalkavebulad, maTi specializacia mkveTrad gamokveTilia. iSviaTad iyeneben daqiravebul Sromas, fermis sidide gamomdinareobs fermeris ojaxis Semadgenleobidan. aRniSnuli regionis qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom aq ar gvxvdeba mravalferovani soflis meurneoba, iSviaTia mravalwliani nargavebi. soflis meurneoba kargadaa SeTanawyobili satyeo meurneobasTan da TiTqmis avseben erTmaneTs. yvela fermeri flobs tyis sakmaod did raodenobas da TviTon eweva yvela saxis samuSaoebs.

4. 5. samxreT evropis qveynebis ekonomika. samxreT evropa (portugalia, italia, espaneTi, gibraltari, andora, san- marino, vatikani, malta, saberZneTi)msoflios gansakuTrebul regions warmoadgens, romlis qveynebi mdebareoben evropis kontinentispirineis, apeninisa da balkaneTis naxevarkunZulebze, mxolod italia iWreba umniSvnelod evropis materikze. ganviTarebisa da civilizaciis saerTo doniT isini ganekuTvnebian tipiur evropul saxelmwifoebs. samxreT evropis qveynebi mdebareoben daaxloebiT erT meridianze, amitom maTi bunebriv- klimaturi pirobebi bevrad emTxveva erTmaneTs da istoriuladac mWidrod iyvnen dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. farTo gagebiT samxreT evropa garda aRniSnuli qveynebisa, gulisxmobs agreTve samxreT safrangeTs, yofili iugoslaviis sanapiro zols, albaneTs, kunZul korsikas, TurqeTis evropul nawils. aRniSnul zonaSi warmodgenili qveynebi erTmaneTs ar 89

esazRvrebian, saerTos maTTvis warmoadgens xmelTaSua zRva. regionis qveynebidan xuTi respublikaa (italia, saberZneTi, portugalia, san- marino, malta), ori monarqiuli (espaneTi, vatikani), xolo andora imyofeba ori qveynis (espaneTisa da safrangeTis) proteqtoratis qveS. sayuradReboa isic, rom regionSi SemorCa inglisis kolonia gibraltaris saxiT. samxreT evropa kacobriobis ganviTarebis erTerTi uZvelesi regionia, sadac safuZveli Caeyara evropul civilizacias, romelmac udidesi gavlena moaxdina msoflios ganviTarebis bedze. CrdiloeT afrikis siaxloem mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba samxreT evropis bunebrivi pirobebis Camoyalibeba, gansazRvra soflis meurneobis mimarTulebebi da xasiaTi. samxreT evropa yvelaze mTiani regionia evropaSi, mTebs uWiravs teritoriis 3/4. dablobi 22- 25%- s Seadgens, romelic warmodgenilia zRvispira sanapiro zoliT. regionis erT- erTi mTavari bunebrivi resursia klimati, romelic xelsayrelia sasoflosameurneo saqmianobisaTvis. aq vxvdebiT siTbosmoyvarul subtropikul kulturebs. xmelTaSua zRvis klimati xels uwyobs miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebas. regionSi Warbobs mSrali, cxeli zafxuli, rbili, wvimiani zamTari, adreuli gazafxuli da grZeli, Tbili Semodgoma. xSiria Zlieri, Sxapuna wvimebi, zamTrobiT iSviaTad modis Tovli, romelic didxans ar devs. dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken klimati ufro kontinenturia. miuxedavad tenis sakmao raodenobisa, regioni wylis resursebiT ar aris kargad uzrunvelyofili, sustadaa warmodgenili mdinareTa qseli da maT araxelsayreli mdebareoba aqvT, amitom cdiloben wylis resursebis racionalurad gamoyenebas, miT umetes, rom maT sarwyavi mniSvnelobac aqvT. xmelTaSua zRvis zonaSi gavrcelebulia maradmwvane, gvalvagamZle mcenareuli safari, romelic CrdiloeTiT TandaTanobiT kontinenturi klimatis Sesaferis saxes iRebs.

90

bunebrivi mcenareuli safari pirvelyofili formiT SenarCunebulia mxolod mTian nawilSi. regionis danarCen raionebSi adamianis Carevam mniSvnelovnad Secvala igi. magaliTad, 4-5 aTasi wlis winaT tye samxreT evropaSi warmodgenili iyo teritoriis 80%- ze, dReisaTvis ki maTi raodenoba 20%- mde Semcirda. kulturuli miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis damatebiTi farTobebis aTvisebis aucileblobam aiZula adamiani gaeCexa tye. niadagebi ar aris mdidari humusiT, igi umTavresad qva- RorRiania, saWiroa damatebiTi samuSaoebis Catareba, raTa xelovnurad gavzardoT maTi nayofiereba. warmodgenilia tyis yavisferi niadagebi, bevria gaSiSvlebuli qviani masivebi. sanapiro zolSi vxvdebiT xelovnurad Seqmnil niadagobriv safars (gansakuTrebiT xmelTaSua zRvis sakurorto zolSi). qvaRorRianoba mniSvnelovnad arTulebs sasoflosameurneo samuSaoebis Catarebas. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom samxreT evropis qveynebSi Caeyara safuZveli evropul kulturul miwaTmoqmedebas, rac upirvelesad ganpirovnebuli iyo misi bunebrivi da geografiuli pirobebiT. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

kiTxvebi codnis SemowmebisaTvis daaxasiaTeT zogadad evropis qveynebis soflis meurneobis ekonomika; daaxasiaTeTYGaRmosavleT evropis qveynebis soflis meurneobis ek-ka; daaxasiaTeTYGdasavleT evropis qveynebis soflis meurneobis ek-ka; daaxasiaTeTYGCrdiloeT evropis qveynebis soflis meurneobis ek-ka; daaxasiaTeT samxreT evropis qveynebis soflis meurneobis ekonomika.

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.

2. ruseTis federacia Tavi V. ruseTis federaciis

5. 1.

ekonomika.

ruseTis federaciis sofl ekonomika.

ruseTis federaciuli saxelmwifo, erT-erTi udidesia msoflioSi, igi warmodgenilia 17 mln. kv. kmze da uWiravs yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriis 2/3, dasavleTiT igi esazRvreba fineTs, norvegias, baltiispireTis qveynebs, belorusias, poloneTs, samxreT-dasavleTiT ukrainas, samxreTiTsaqarTvelos, azerbaijansa da yazaxeTs, samxreTaRmosavleTiTmonRoleTs, CineTsa da koreis saxalxo demokratiul respublikas.

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federaciis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 16 avtonomiuri respublika, esenia: baSkireTi (baSkirtostani) buriatia, daRestani., yabardo-balyareTi, kalmikia, karelia, komi (saxa), mariiski, mordova, CrdiloeToseTi, TaTreTi (tatarstani), tuva, udmurteTi, CuvaSeTi, iakutia, inguSeTi. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis agreTve CeCneTi, romelmac damoukidebloba gamoacxada, Tumca ruseTi am gadawyvetilebas ar cnobs. ruseTis federaciis subieqtebia agreTve 6 mxare, 49 gubernia, 5 avtonomiuri olqi da 10 avtonomiuri warmonaqmni. ruseTis federaciis bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi mravalferovania, mis teritoriaze warmodgenilia drois 11 sartyeli, qveyanaSi SevxvdebiT aRmosavleT evropis dablobebs, uralis qeds, Waobian sivrceebs, cimbiris taigas, tundras, kuriliisa da kamCatkis vulkanebs, kaspiispireTis udabnos, CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da yubanis Savmiwebs da sxv. ruseTi mdidaria sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT. mis teritoriaze rkinis, navTobis, qvanaxSiris, iSviaTi da feradi liTonebis, boqsitebis, uranis, almasis, nikelis da a. S. udidesi sabadoebia. aranaklebi mniSvnelobisaa nayofieri centraluri Savmiwa niadagiani velebi, CrdiloeT kavkasiis, volgispireTis, samxreT uralis, dasavleT cimbiris samiwaTmoqmedo zonebi, araSavmiwaniadagebis meliorilebuli miwebi, bunebrivi saTibebi. uzarmazaria ruseTis tyis masivebi, romlebic taigis saxiT warmodgenilia qveynis CrdiloeT olqebSi, didia mtknari wylis maragebi, ganviTarebulia mdinareuli qseli, mis teritoriazea iseTi didi mdinareebi, rogoricaa volga, obi, irtiSi, enisei, lena, amuri. magram miuxedavad amisa, vxvdebiT mSral stepebsa da naxevradudabnoebs, romlebic ganicdian wylis did deficits. naleqebis raodenobac araTanabaria, bevria Warbteniani raionebi, sadac wlis ganmavlobaSi 1800-2000 mm naleqi modis, magram 93

vxvdebiT raionebs, sadac maTi raodenoba 80-120 mm-s ar aRemateba weliwadSi. uzarmazar sivrceze gadaWimul saxelmwifoSi, klimatic mravalferovania, ukidures CrdiloeTSi zamTris temperatura – 30-40 graduss aRwevs. dafiqsirebulia kunZul tiskis midamoebSi msoflioSi yvelaze dabali temperaturac -58 gradusi. am regionebSi zafxulis temperatura -5-dan +18-mde meryeobs. gvxvdeba SedarebiT zomieri temperaturuli raionebic (centraluri ruseTi, evropuli nawilis samxreTi olqebi), sadac zamTris temperatura -8-12 gradusia, xolo zafxulis +20+28 gradusi. samxreT provinciebi, kerZod CrdiloeT kavkasia, astraxanis mxare, xasiaTdeba SedarebiT rbili zamTriT -1-6 gradusi da cxeli zafxuliT +26+31 gradusi. unda aRiniSnos, rom temperaturuli izoTermis mrudi sakmaod daxlarTulia, vinaidan erTnairi temperaturis mqone regionebi zogjer sruliad gansxvavebul meridianebSi mdebareoben. ruseTs aqvs saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis saintereso istoria, romelic saTaves iRebs Cveni welTaRricxvis meaTe saukunis dasasrulidan. VIII saukunis dasawyisSi mis teritoriaze arsebobda ramdenime samTavro, 1147 wels daarsda q. moskovi, Seiqmna saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi samTavroboebis saxiT, romlebmac male ganicades monRolTa urdoebis Semosevebi. am sisxlismRvrel omebSi dawinaurda moskovis samTavro, romelmac SeZlo sxva samTavroebis gaerTianeba monRolebis winaaRmdeg, rac saboloo angariSiT, ruseTis saxelmwifos CamoyalibebiT damTavrda. XVI saukuneSi ruseTis teritoria warmodgenili iyo sakmaod did farTobze, intensiurad izrdeboda igi aRmosavleTiT mdebare auTvisebeli miwebis xarjze, daarsda iseTi qalaqebi, rogoricaa: voroneJi, samara, saratovi, caricini. daiwyo mosaxleobis migracia aRmosavleTiT mdebare axali miwebis asaTviseblad. es procesi grZeldeboda XVIII saukuneSic, romlis dasasruls 94

aTvisebul iqna TiTqmis mTeli Soreuli aRmosavleTi. ruseTi samxedro TvalsazrisiT sakmaod momagrda, daiwyo brZola dasavleTiTa da samxreTiT mdebare teritoriebisaTvis. XVIII saukunis 50-iani wlebidan, ruseTma ramdenime saxmeleTo da sazRvao brZola moigo dasavleT SvedeTTan, xolo samxreTiT – osmaleTTan. daiwyo intensiuri urTierTobebi evropasTan. petre I-is droidan qveyana evropuli yaidis saxelmwifo xdeba da sul ufro aqtiur rols TamaSobs evropul politikaSi. amave periods ganekuTvneba ruseTis samxedro potencialis gaZliereba da igi angariSgasawevi Zala gaxda evropis uZlieresi saxelmwifoebisaTvis. momdevno periodSi, ruseTis imperiam daiwyo sxvaTa teritoriebis aneqsia da ZaliT mierTeba. ase moxda saqarTvelos mimarTac, romelsac 1783 wlis traqtatiT, ruseTTan xelSekruleba hqonda dadebuli, romelic 1801 wels imperatorma pavle I-ma daarRvia da moaxdina Cveni qveynis aneqsia da ruseTTan SeerTeba. ruseTi dampyroblur omebs agrZelebda dasavleTis mimarTulebiTac. man SeierTa poloneTi, fineTi, baltiispireTis qveynebi, ufro adre – ukraina da belorusia, SedarebiT mogvianebiT Sua aziis saxanoebi daipyro da SeuerTa imperias. Tebervlisa da oqtombris revoluciebis Semdeg ruseTis Semadgenlobidan, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi, gavidnen fineTi, poloneTi, baltiispireTisa da amierkavkasiis qveynebi. pirvelma orma, evropis daxmarebiT SeinarCuna damoukidebloba. litva, latvia da estoneTi 1940 wels xelmeored iqna okupirebuli, xolo amierkavkasias igive bedi ewia ufro adre, 1920-1921 wlebSi. 1991 wels ruseTma, sxva mokavSire respublikebis msgavsad, gamoacxada damoukidebloba da daadga demokratiuli ganviTarebis gzas, Tumca imperiul zraxvebsa da Cvevebs bolomde ver Seelia da Seqmna saxelmwifoTaSorisi gaerTianebebi dsT-sa da sxvaTa saxiT. 95

dRevandeli ruseTi, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis erT-erTi udidesi mwarmoebelia msoflioSi. marTalia, warmoebis efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT igi mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebs, magram uzarmazari sivrce, jer kidev aZlevs sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis eqstensiuri ganviTarebis saSualebas, yamiri da nasveni miwebis saxiT sasoflo-savargulTa gazrdis sakmaod didi maragic aqvs. ruseTis federaciis teritoriaze arsebuli bunebrivi pirobebi mravalprofiliani sasoflosameurneo warmoebis saSualebas iZleva. gansxvavebulma klimatma da reliefma ganapiroba niadagebis mravalferovnebac, romlebic moiTxovs sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebisaTvis ara marto regionalur agroteqnikas, aramed sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebis specialur sistemebsac. ruseTis federaciis umravles olqebsa da mxareebSi niadagobriv-klimaturi pirobebi xelsayrelia sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisaTvis. dReisaTvis qveynis teritoriis 40%, anu 660 mln. ha.

SeiZleba aTvisebuli iqnes sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebiT, 220 mln. ha-ze meti modis mudmiv eqspluataciaSi myof miwebze, aqedan saxnavi Seadgens 135 mln. ha-s, romlidanac naxevarze meti daTmobili aqvs marcvlovan kulturebs, maTi saerTo mosavali yovelwliurad 110-120 mln. tonaa. saxnavis udidesi nawili mdebareobs aRmosavleT evropis dablobze, dasavleT cimbirSi da araSavmiwaniadagian zolSi. ruseTs kargi pirobebi aqvs sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebisTvis, dReisaTvis meliorirebuli miwebis raodenoba 18 mln. ha-s Seadgens, uaxloes perspeqtivaSi isini SeZleben 22-25 mln. ha saxnavis morwyvas. daSrobili miwebis raodenobaa 8,4 mln. ha, saZovrebze modis 65 mln. ha, xolo saTibebze – 30 mln. ha. ruseTis teritoriis 43%, anu 728 mln. ha tyes uWiravs, romlis masivebSic vxvdebiT saxnavisa da 96

saTibebis sakmaod produqtiul farTobebs. ruseTis wilad modis msoflioSi damzadebuli xe-tyis 17%. ruseTis soflis meurneobis erTian konteqstSi Seswavla garTulebulia misi mravalferovnebisa da uzarmazari sivrcis gamo. magaliTad, is, rac damaxasiaTebelia marcvleulis warmoebisaTvis CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da Savmiwaniadagiani olqebisaTvis da gansazRvravs am regionebisaTvis agroteqnikur wesebs, SeiZleba miuRebel iyos imave saxis produqciis warmoebisaTvis dasavleT cimbirisa da sxva raionebisaTvis. aseTi mdgomareoba mxolod ramdenime parametris dadgenis saSualebas iZleva, romelTa erTianobac, sxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT gvaZlevs am uzarmazar qveyanaSi mimdinare sasoflo-warmoebis saerTo suraTs. miwaTmoqmedebas ruseTSi sakmaod didi xnis istoria aqvs, romelmac XIX saukuneSi miiRo msxvili memamuluri meurneobebis forma, warmoebis primitiuli meTodebiT xdeboda damatebiTi farTobebis aTviseba, rasac umTavresad aRwevdnen iafi muSaxelis wyalobiT. evropis bazarze revoluciamdeli ruseTi cnobili iyo, rogorc marcvleulis da gansakuTrebiT xorblis eqsportiori qveyana. am mxriv, igi seriozul konkurencias uwevda amerikis kontinentidan Semotanil xorbals. statistikuri monacemebiT imdroindeli ruseTi awarmoebda msoflioSi warmoebuli aRricxuli marcvleulis 27%-s. xarisxobrivi maCvenebliT rusuli xorbali erT-erTi saukeTeso iyo da xSirad gansazRvravda evropul bazarze marcvleulis fass. ssr kavSiris daSlamdec ruseTi warmoadgenda marcvleulis mwarmoebel erT-erT did regions msoflioSi, 1986-1990 wlebSi warmoebul iqna 635 mln. tona. marcvleuli, anu saSualod yovelwliurad 110115 mln. tona. es ki mTlianad imperiaSi warmoebuli marcvleulis 58%-s Seadgenda. marcvleulis warmoeba dResac soflis meurneobis wamyvani mimarTulebaa, xorblis, qeris, simindis, Wvavis qveS dakavebulia 97

qveynis saxnavis 2/3. marcvleulis mTavari mwarmoebeli regionebia: yubani, doni, volgispireTi, samxreT urali, dasavleT cimbiri. 1990 wels 68,7 mln. heqtarze iyo warmodgenili marcvleuli kulturebi, saerTo mosavalma Seadgina 110 mln. tona, mosavlianobam ki 15,6 c, rac erT-erTi yvelaze dabali maCvenebelia marcvleulis mwarmoebel wamyvan qveynebTan SedarebiT. amis mizezia is, rom ruseTSi marcvleuli kulturebidan 70% warmodgenilia urwyav miwebze, aseT farTobebze ki mosavlianoba 7-9 c-s ar aRemateba. dabali mosavlianobis Sedegad ruseTSi warmoebuli marcvleuli ZviradRirebulia da aqedan gamomdinare saerTaSoriso bazarze naklebad konkurentunariani.

50-iani wlebidan, ruseTSi daiwyo samelioracio sistemebis mSenebloba da 1990 wlisaTvis meliorirebuli miwebis raodenobam 18 mln. ha Seadgina, romelzec saheqtaro mosavlianoba 30-40 centners aRwevs. 1970 wlidan daiwyes brinjis Tesvac, romlis gavrcelebis ZiriTadi regionebia: CrdiloeT kavkasia, volgispireTi, Soreuli aRmosavleTi, Tumca jer-jerobiT misi xvedriTi wili marcvleulis saerTo masaSi dabalia. miuxedavad dabali mosavlianobisa, ruseTi marcvleulis warmoebiT meoTxe adgilzea msoflioSi aSS-is, CineTisa da indoeTis Semdeg.

1990 wels saTesi farTobis sidide 117 mln. ha iyo.

2008 wels igi Semcirda 76,9 mln. ha-mde. marTalia saTesi farTobi Semcirebulia magram warmoebis moculoba 2008 wlisaTvis umniSvnelod aris Secvlili da igi Seadgenda 108,2 mln. tonas, xolo saSulo saheqtaro mosvlianoba Tu iyo 15,6 c-ri, 2008 wlisaTvis igi gaizarda 23,8 centneramde. rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom wlebis mixedviT izrdeba marcvleulis warmoebis intenfikaciis done. qveynisaTvis mniSvnelovania teqnikuri kulturebis warmoeba, romelTa naTesebic 8,7 mln. ha-s Seadgens. teqnikuri kulturebidan ZiriTadia Saqris Warxali, mzesumzira, soia da kanafi. 2008 wels Saqris 98

Warxals ekava 0,8 mln. ha, mzesumziras-6,2 mln, kartofils-2,1 mln, danarCeni modioda soiaze, kanafze, eTerzeTebze. Saqris Warxlis warmoebis mxriv, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, ruseTi mxolod ukrainas uTmobda pirvelobas. aRniSnuli kultura ZiriTadad warmodgenili iyo centralur Savmiwaniadagian zolSi, SedarebiT mcire moculobiT ki CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da volgispireTSi. Saqris Warxlis warmoebis saerTo moculoba 29 mln. t-s Seadgenda, saSualo mosavlianoba ki 210 t-s. warmoebuli Warxlis 75% modis gadamuSavebaze, xolo danarCeni ixmareba mecxoveleobis sakvebad (mcire nawils iyeneben farmakologiasa da kosmetikaSi). wamyvani zeTovani kulturaa mzesumzira, romlis saerTo warmoeba 2008 wels 7,4 mln. tona, xolo mosavlianoba-11,9 centneri iyo. mzesumziris warmoeba yvelaze efeqturia CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, centralur Savmiwaniadagian da volgispireTis raionebSi. mzesumzira ruseTisaTvis tradiciuli kulturaa, dResac iSviaTad moiZebneba sofeli, sadac igi ar mohyavdeT, tradiciulad ruseTSi mzesumziris zeTs kustaruli wesiT awarmoebednen da es meTodi dResac intensiurad gamoiyeneba. soias intensiuri warmoeba ruseTSi 30-iani wlebidan iwyeba. gansakuTrebiT ki meore msoflio omis Semdeg, rodesac am kulturam okupirebuli ukrainidan da belorusiidan, Soreul aRmosavleTis raionebSi gadainacvla. dReisaTvis soias warmoebis ZiriTadi regioni amurispireTia, Tumca bolo dros igi gavrcelda volgispireTSi da centralur Savmiwaniadagian olqebSic. kartofili ruseTis mosaxleobis kvebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi produqtia, igi mohyavT TiTqmis yvela regionSi (garda tundrisa), kartofilis qveS 2008 wels dakavebuli iyo 2,1 mln. ha, saerTo warmoeba 28,8 mln. tonas, xolo mosavlianoba 137 centners Seadgenda, Tumca mosavlianobis maCveneblebi regionebis mixedviT, mkveTrad gansxvavdeba.

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mebaReoba da mevenaxeoba ruseTisaTvis ar warmoadgenda tradiciul dargs da mas adre moyvaruli xasiaTi hqonda. dReisaTvis axali seleqciuri jiSebis danergviT miaRwies xilis zogierTi saxeobis gavrcelebis arealis SedarebiT CrdiloeT olqebisaken gadawevas, Teslovanebidan ZiriTadad warmodgenilia vaSli da msxali.

Kurkovanebidan- qliavi, bali da sxva. 1990 wels mexileobis qveS dakavebuli iyo 650 aTasi ha, saerTo mosavali 2,7 mln tonas Seadgenda. Mmevenaxeoba warmodgenili iyo 147 aTas ha-ze da saerTo mosavali 500 aTas tonas udrida. 2008 wels xilis warmoebis moculoba Semcirda da Seadgina 2,4mln. tona, xolo yurZnis warmoeba 268 aTasi tona, rac 1990 welTan SedarebiT yurZnis warmoebis moculoba TiTqmis ganaxevrda, ris ZiriTad mizezad unda CaiTvalos venaxis plantaciebis mwyobridan gamosvla da sanerge meurneobebis Semcireba.

SedarebiT ukeTaa warmodgenili bostneulbaRCeuli kulturebi. dResac funqcionirebs ssrk-s droindeli mebostneoba-mebaReobis specializebuli meurneobebi, romlebic didi qalaqebisa da samrewvelo centrebis irgvlivaa gaSenebuli. bostneul-baRCeul kulturebs mosaxleoba umTavresad xmarobs naturaluri saxiT, mcire raodenobiT warmoebs maTi gadamuSavebac marinadebis saxiT. Bbostneulis saerTo mosavali 2008 wels 13 mln. tonas Seadgenda, warmoebis moculoba .. tona, xolo saheqtaro mosavlianobam 196 c-ri Seadgina.

Saqri Warxlis warmoebis mxriv, yofil ssrk-Si, ruseTi mxolod ukrainas uTmobda pirvelobas. aRniSnuli kultura ZiriTadad warmodgenili iyo centralur Savmiwaniadagian zolSi, SedarebiT mcire moculobiT ki CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da volgispireTSi. 2008 wlisaTvis Saqris Warxlis warmoebis saerTo moculoba 29 mln. tonas Seadgenda, saSualo mosavlianoba ki 210 t-nas.

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Tu memcenareobaSi kargadaa gamokveTili marcvleuli kulturebis warmoeba, Camoyalibebulia marcvleulis mwarmoebeli msxvili regionebi, mecxoveleoba, Tavisi specifikidan gamomdinare, ar iZleva msxvil sawarmoo regionebad Camoyalibebis saSualebas. mecxoveleobaSi wamyvania rqosani pirutyvi romlis suladoba 2008 wels 21 mln, xolo Zroxebis raodenobam 9,1 mln. suli Seadgina. 1990 wlisaTvis warmoebuli iqna 8,5 mln. tona xorci, 50 mln. tona rZe, xolo 2008 wels xorcis waroebam 6,3 mln.tona da rZisam 32,4 mln. tona, rac ZiriTadad gamoiwvia suladobis Semcirebam. mecxoveleoba ZiriTadad volgispireTSi, qveynis evropuli nawilis centralur olqebSi, dasavleT cimbirSi, uralsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSia warmodgenili. msxvili samrewvelo centrebisa da didi qalaqebis irgvliv kargadaa ganviTarebuli merZeuli mecxoveleoba. meRoreoba ruseTisaTvis tradiciuli dargia.

Rorebis suladoba 1990 wels meryeobda 39-40 mln-de.

2008 wels ki maTi raodenoba 16,2 milionamde Semcirda. meRoreobis ZiriTadi regionebi CrdiloeT kavkasia, volgispireTi da aRmosavleT cimbiria, romlebSic am dargs samrewvelo xasiaTi aqvs, Tumca igi, odiTganve yvela glexur meurneobaSi iyo warmodgenili. Roris suladobis Semcireba, ZiriTadad sakvebis SemcirebiT aris gamowveuli, rac marcvleulis warmoebis Semcirebis Sedegia. ruseTisaTvis mecxvareoba aseve tradiciuli dargia, misi gavrcelebis areali mTiswina raionebi da stepebia. mecxvareobas intensiuri xasiaTi aqvs musulmani mosaxleobiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebSi. igi ZiriTadad CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, volgispireTsa da aRmosavleT cimbiris regionebSia ganviTarebuli. 1990 wlisaTvis cxvris suladoba 60,6 mln. suls Seadgenda, 2008 wels ki maTi raodenoba 21,7 milionamde Semcirda, amis ZiriTadi mizezia yazaxeTSi arsebuli saZovrebis, romelsac cimbiris regioni iyenebda, brunvidan amovardna.

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ruseTis CrdiloeTiT misdeven meirmeobas, romlis suladobac 4 milionia. irmis xorci, rZe, CrdiloeTis mcxovrebTa kvebis ZiriTadi produqtebia. ruseTSi mecxeneobis kargi tradiciebi arsebobda, dResacaa SemorCenili mefis ruseTis droindeli cxensaSenebi, romlebic ar kargaven jiSiani cxenebis moSenebis tradicias. mecxoveleobis produqciis gadasamuSaveblad Seqmnilia mZlavri xorckombinatebi, romlebic amzadeben Zexveuls, konservebs da sxva saxis produqcias. garda amisa, qveyanaSi ganviTarebulia tyavis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi, romlis mza produqciis nawili midis eqsportze. mefrinveleobac ruseTis soflis meurneobis tradiciuli dargia. igi glexur meurneobebSi odiTganve iyo ganviTarebuli. amaze metyvelebs Zveli ruseTis statistikuri monacemebic. dReisaTvis mefrinveleoba industriul safuZvelzea, Seqmnilia Tanamedrove tipis mZlavri mefrinveleobis fabrikebi, romlebSic ramdenime milioni frTa frinvelia. 1990 wels ruseTSi 660 mln. frTa frinveli iyo. 2008 wels ki maTi raodenoba 405 mln 窶電e Semcirda, ramac gamoiwvia warmoebuli frinvelis xorcis da kvercxis Semcireba, Sesabamisad: xrcma Seadgina- 2,2 mln.tona da kvercxis warmoebam 47,9 milioni cali. mecxoveleoba ruseTSi warmodgenilia msxvili kompleqsebis saxiT, romelTa umravlesobaSi farTodaa danergili meqanizacia, cotaa Tanamedrove avtomatizebuli sistemebiT aRWurvili fermebi, romlebic jerjerobiT mxolod moskovisa da sanktpeterburgis olqebSia. ZiriTadi dargebis garda, qveynis samxreT provinciaSi ganviTarebulia mefutkreoba, aqauri Tafli xasiaTdeba kargi gemovnebiTi da samkurnalo TvisebebiT. mosaxleobis sursaTis balansSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs Tevzi da Tevzis produqtebi. meTevzeobas samrewvelo xasiaTi aqvs, ssrk-s 102

TevzWeris flotilia, romelsac umTavresad ruseTi daepatrona, Tevzis rewvas awarmoebs ara marto mimdebare zRvebsa, Sida tbebsa, wyalsacavebsa da mdinareebSi, aramed msoflio okeaneebSi. saukeTeso xarisxis Tevzi da rusuli xizilala sakmao raodenobiT gaaqvT msoflio bazarze, sadac maTze didi moTxovnilebaa.

Tanamedrove ruseTi yofil respublikebs Soris SedarebiT ukeTaa uzrunvelyofili sasoflosameurneo teqnikiT. energoSeiaraReba 42 cxenis Zalaa. ruseTisaTvis sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis miwodebas emsaxureba ramdenime satraqtoro qarxana, maT Soris Celiabinskisa da volgogradis sayovelTaod cnobili qarxnebi. ruseTSi kargadaa warmodgenili sasoflosameurneo ganaTleba da mecniereba. specialistebis momzadebas emsaxureba 100-mde umaRlesi sasoflosameurneo saswavlebeli, romlebic warmodgenilia TiTqmis yvela olqsa da regionSi. samecniero saqmianobas ZiriTadad axorcielebs ruseTis soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa akademia, romlis kvleviTi institutebisa da sxva qvedanayofebis qseli qveynis mTel teritoriazea warmodgenili.

kiTxvebi codnis SemowmebisaTvis 1 daaxasiaTeT ruseTis federaciis bunebrivklimaturi da niadagobrivi pirobebi; 2. daaxasiaTeT ruseTis federaciis soflis meurneobis specializacia da organizaciuli wyoba; 3.daaxasiaTeT memcenareobis produqciis warmowbis moculoba, farTobi da mosavlianoba; 4. . daaxasiaTeT ruseTis federaciis soflis meurneobaSi arsebuli mecxoveleobis produqtiulobis maCveneblebi.

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5. daaxasiaTeT Sromis mwarmoeblurobis da energoSeiaraRebis done.

.

3.baltiispireTis qveynebi Tavi VI. “baltiispireTis qveynebis ekonomika” 6. 1.

baltiispireTis qveynebis ekonomika.

baltiispireTSi mdebareobs sami damoukidebeli qveyana – estoneTi, latvia da litva. maTi saerTo farTobi 174 aTasi kv. km-ia, rac yofili ssrk-s teritoriis 1%-ze naklebia, mosaxleoba ki TiTqmis 8 milionia.

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aRniSnuli respublikebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen ssrk-s sagareo vaWrobis satransporto momsaxurebaSi. am qveynebSi arsebuli sazRvao gzebiT myardeboda savaWro-ekonomikuri kavSirebi ssrk-sa da dasavleT evropis qveynebs Soris. baltiispireTi warmoadgenda imperiisaTvis dasavleTis sazRvao WiSkars, romlis meSveobiTac igi ukavSirdeboda msoflio okeanes, aqve arsebobda ssrk-s TevzWeris sazRvao bazebic. baltiispireTis qveynebis bunebriv-ekonomikuri pirobebi da reliefi TiTqmis erTnairia, msgavsia maTi soflis meurneobis sawarmoo specializaciac. regionSi, sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ZiriTad dargs mecxoveleoba, gansakuTrebiT ki merZeuli mesaqonleoba da sabekone meRoreoba warmoadgens, memcenareoba ki umTavresad mecxoveleobisaTvis damxmare dargia, romelic mas uzrunvelyofs sakvebi baziT. am qveynebs istoriuli TvalsazrisiT bevri ram aqvT saerTo. maT miwa-wyalze batonobdnen tevtoneli raindebi, Svedebi, danielebi. XVIII saukuneSi, ruseTsa da SvedeTs Soris e.w. CrdiloeTis omebis damTavrebis Semdeg, mTeli baltiispireTi fineTTan erTad Sevida ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. baltiispireTis qveynebis mrewvelobis struqturaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs sasoflosameurneo produqciis, kerZod ki mecxoveleobis produqciis gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobas. aRniSnuli qveynebis soflis meurneobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia warmoebis maRali done, mecxoveleoba warmodgenilia msxvili kompleqsebiT, romelic dResac SenarCunebulia. maRalia warmoebis energoSeiaraReba.

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6.2. estoneTis ekonomika,

estoneTi – mdebareobs baltiis zRvis CrdilodasavleTiT. estoneTis farTobi 45,1 aTasi kv. km-ia, mosaxleoba 1,65 milioni, dedaqalaqia talini. estoneTis klimatze Zlier gavlenas axdens baltiis zRva. qveynis didi nawili vakea, zRvis donidan daaxloebiT 50 metri. sasargeblo wiaRiseulidan vxvdebiT fosforitebs, sawvav fiqalebs, torfs, Tixas, isini ganTavsebulia qveynis CrdiloeT nawilSi. samxreTSi gvxvdeba patar-patara borcvebi, tbebi, rac alamazebs landSafts. qveynis meurneobis specializacias gansazRvravs geofrafiuli mdebareoba, bunebrivi pirobebi da istoriuli gamocdileba. zRvispira raionebSi ganlagebulia zRvasTan dakavSirebuli dargebi, qveyanaSi arsebobs liTondamamuSavebeli da manqanaTmSenebeli qarxnebi, msubuqi mrewvelobisa da sasursaTo kombinatebi, xis damamuSavebeli sawarmoebi. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs fiqalmompovebel da fiqaldamamuSavebel mrewvelobas. mokavSire respublikebs Soris saqonelgacvlaSi estoneTi monawileobda ara marto samrewvelo produqciiT, aramed sasoflo-sameurneo produqciiTac, ZiriTadad gahqondaT Zexveuli, axali xorci, rZisa da Tevzis produqtebi. qveyana kargadaa uzrunvelyofili tyiT, romelic warmodgenilia teritoriis 40%-ze, ZiriTadad wiwvovani tyeebi, bevria mindvrebi da tye-mindvrebi, romlebic warmoiqmna tyis gaCexvis Semdeg. sanapirosTan zRvispira mindvrebia, romelTa nayofiereba erTmaneTisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. sainteresoa flora da fauna, qveyanaSi bevri nakrZalia, romelSic intensiurad mimdinareobs bunebis dacvis RonisZiebebi, maTi raodenoba qveynis teritoriis 6,7%-s Seadgens, romlebSic Sedis rogorc zRvispireTi, ise tyeparkebi, tbebi da mdinareebi.

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mosaxleobis 68% estonelebia, maT garda aq cxovroben rusebi, belorusebi, polonelebi, litvelebi, latvielebi. statistikuri monacemebiT muSebisa da momsaxureebis raodenoba aqtiuri mosaxleobis 93%-ia, soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulia momuSaveTa 6,9%. estoneTis ekonomikis safuZvels Sedagens mrewveloba, romlis wilad modis nacionaluri Semosavlis 64,4%, 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi samrewvelo produqcia 50-jer gaizarda. soflis meurneobis xvedriTi wili 15,6%-ia, am periodSi zrdis maCvenebeli 70%-s aRemateba. erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT erToblivi sazogadoebrivi produqtisa da nacionaluri Semosavlis mxriv, estoneTi erT-erT pirvel adgilze iyo yofil ssrk-Si. estoneTis saxalxo sameurneo kompleqsSi meore adgilzea soflis meurneoba, sasoflo-sameurneo miwis fondebis gamoyenebis intensivobiT igi gamoirCeoda ssrk-s sxva respublikebisgan, Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis garkveuli raodenoba moiTxovs mudmiv yuradRebas da daSrobiTi samuSaoebis Catarebas. estoneTis soflis meurneobis specializacia ZiriTadad merZeul-mexorculi mecxoveleoba da meRoreobaa, kargadaa warmodgenili agreTve mefrinveleoba da mecxvareoba, mecxoveleoba sasoflo-sameurneo produqciaSi 70%-Taa warmodgenili. mecxoveleobis intensiurma ganviTarebam garkveuli cvlilebebi Seitana memcenareobis produqciis struqturaSic, kerZod, saTes farTobSi gaizarda sakvebi kulturebis qveS dakavebuli naTesebi. mecxoveleobaSi pirvel adgilzea msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis moSeneba, xolo meoreze ki – meRoreoba, romlis fermebic dayofilia asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT. Roris xorcidan amzadeben saukeTeso xarisxis bekons, romelzedac sakmaod didi moTxovnilebaa.

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mecxvareoba araa warmodgenili ise farTod, rogorc mecxoveleobis sxva dargebi. igi warmoadgenda estonelebisaTvis tradiciul dargs. kargadaa ganviTarebuli mefrinveleoba, mas samrewvelo xasiaTi aqvs. qveyanaSi 8 milioni frTa frinvelia, romlebic ZiriTadad msxvili mefrinveleobis kompleqsebiTaa warmodgenili. rogorc iyo aRniSnuli, memcenareoba soflis meurneobis damxmare dargia, romelSic marcvleulis warmoebas gabatonebuli mdgomareoba uWiravs. marcvleulSi sWarbobs qeri da Wvavi, xorblis warmoeba 250 aTas tonas Seadgens. kartofilic tradiciuli kulturaa estonelebisaTvis, mis qveS 1998 wels dakavebuli iyo 180 aTasi ha, saerTo mosavalma Seadgina 9500 aTasi tona. erTwliani kulturebidan ganviTarebulia agreTve mebostneoba, romelic ZiriTadad did qalaqebsa da samrewvelo centrebis sagareubno meurneobebis saxiTaa warmodgenili. ganviTarebulia daxuruli gruntis mebostneobac. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom marcvleulisa da kartofilis warmoeba mTlianad meqanizebulia, am mizniT Seqmnilia specializebuli meqanizebuli rgolebi. mravalwliani nargavebi qveyanaSi mexileobiTaa warmodgenili. mexileobaSi sWarbobs kurkovnebi, Tumca xSirad vxvdebiT msxlisa da vaSlis patarpatar baRebsac. zRva, istoriulad did rols TamaSobda qveynis sasursaTo balansSi. estoneTSi ramdenime msxvili meTevzeobis gaerTianebaa, romlebic TevzWeras okeaneebSic eweva, sakmaod didia Tevzis maragi Sida wylebSi, tbebsa da mdinareebSi. estonelebs kvebis struqturaSi Tevzsa da zRvis produqtebs sakmaod maRali xvedriTi wona aqvT. dRevandeli estoneTis soflis meurneoba fermerul yaidazea mowyobili, romelic yovelwliurad ganviTarebas ganicdis.

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6.3. latviis ekonomika.

latvia – qveynis teritoria 63,7 aTasi kv.km-ia, mosaxleoba 2,7 milioni, dedaqalaqia riga. latviis teritoria, mTlianad vakea da bunebrivi kontrastebiT ar xasiaTdeba, aq erTmaneTs cvlis SesaniSnavad movlili mindvrebi, qviSiani dablobebi da Waobebi. landSafts ganumeorebel silamazes matebs mravalricxovani, sarkesaviTi kriala tba da mdinare. latvia Raribia sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT, aqvs hidroenergoresursebis garkveuli maragi, torfi, samSeneblo qviSa, Tixa da zogierTi sxva mineralebi, SedarebiT ukeTaa warmodgenili tyis masivebi. qveyanas gaaCnia kargad ganviTarebuli mrewveloba da sakmaod maRal donezea meqanizebuli soflis meurneoba, ganviTarebulia rogorc sarkinigzo, ise saavtomobilo transporti. bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs baltiis zRva. igi gansazRvras qveynis landSafts, mis mwvane safars, naleqebis raodenobas da a.S. qveynis reliefi araTanabaria, teritoriis 26% maRlobzea, xolo danarCeni uWiravs dablobs, sanapiro zolSia baltiispireTis dablobi. sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebs uWiravs qveynis teritoriis 40%, saxnavs-27%. teniani klimatis pirobebSi, sasaoflo-sameurneo miwebis 85% moiTxovs daSrobas, maT Soris 50% saxnavia. amasTan dakavSirebiT qveyanaSi Catarda didi melioraciuli samuSaoebi. miwebis daSroba mimdinareobs daxuruli drenaJiT, rac garda uzarmazari dafinansebisa, kvalificiur teqnikur Sesrulebasac moiTxovs. tyes qveynis teritoriis 40% uWiravs, Warbobs naZvis, fiWvis da aryis tyeebi. bevria daculi tyis masivebi (mTeli farTobis 55%), arsebobs specialuri daniSnulebis tyeebi, romlebic qalaqebis irgvlivaa, 109

nakrZalebi, samonadireo meurneobebi, niadagdacviTi tyeebi, sakurorto tyeebi da sxv. qveynis teritoriis 8% modis Waobze, romlis daSroba sakmaod didi intensivobiT mimdinareobs. qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis, ara marto xelsayreli bunebrivi pirobebia ganmsazRvreli, aramed isic, rom ruseTis imperiaSi kapitalisturi warmoeba pirvelad baltiispireTis regionebidan daiwyo. umokles periodSi latvia agrarulsanedleulo regionidan, gadaiqca erT-erT ganviTarebul industriul regionad, Tanamedrove mrewvelobiTa da meqanizebuli soflis meurneobiT. soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis maRal doneze miuTiTebs isic, rom mrewvelobaSi kvebis industriis kompleqsi warmoebuli produqciis moculobiT – meore, samrewvelo-sawarmoo personalis raodenobiT – mesame, xolo samrewvelo-sawarmoo ZiriTadi fondebis sididiT meoTxe adgilzea. aRniSnul kompleqsSi wamyvania xorcis, rZisa da Tevzis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom xorcis, rZisa da Tevzis kombinatebi muSaobs adgilobriv nedleulze. Tevzis rewva warmoebs ara marto baltiis zRvaSi, aramed msoflio okeaneebSi. latviaSi Zlieri TevzWeris flotia, mTeli Tavisi saxmeleTo infrastruqturiT. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi CarTulia qveynis teritoriis 60%, anu 3,9 mln. ha, aRniSnuli farTobis 2/3 sasoflo-sameurneo savargulia. mniSvnelovnad izrdeba soflis meurneobis materialuri baza. soflis meurneobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba mecxoveleobaa, rasac xels uwyobs ara marto tradiciebi, aramed bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebic. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis moSenebas, meRoreobas. kargadaa ganviTarebuli mefrinveleoba, romelic baltiispireTis sxva respublikebis msgavsad, samrewvelo safuZvelzea. latviaSi erT-erTi pirveli Seiqmna mefrinveleobis fabrikebi, romlebSiac warmodgenili 110

iyo am dargisaTvis saWiro yvela sawarmoo cikli (inkubatorebi, sakvebis damamzadebeli saamqroebi, wiwilebis gamozrda, sakvercxe mefrinveleoba da a.S.) latviaSi hyavT daaxloebiT 300 aTasi suli cxvari, romelic ZiriTadad warmodgenilia intensiuri sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisaTvis dReisaTvis gamouyenebel regionebSi. mecxoveleoba moiTxovs mtkice sakveb bazas, romelic uzrunvelyofilia adgilobrivi resursebiT. memcenareoba warmoadgens mecxoveleobisaTvis damxmare dargs da soflis meurneobis saerTo produqciis struqturaSi 10%-iTaa warmodgenili. memcenareobaSi wamyvania marcvleuli kulturebi. saSualo mosavlianoba 24,4 centneria. garda amisa, mohyavT Saqris Warxali, romlis qveS dakavebulia 140 aTasi ha. misi mosavlianoba daaxloebiT 250 centneria. erT-erTi mTavari sakvebi kultura, rogorc mosaxleobisaTvis, ise mecxoveleobisaTvis, kartofilia, igi tradiciulad mohyavT qveyanaSi. erTwliani kulturebidan latviaSi kargadaa warmodgenili bostneuli. igi ZiriTadad gaadgilebulia didi qalaqebis sagareubno meurneobaSi, warmodgenilia rogorc Ria, ise daxuruli gruntis saxiT. SedarebiT kargadaa ganviTarebuli pomidorisa da kitris warmoeba. mravalwliani nargavebidan misdeven mexileobas, Tumca igi SedarebiT sustadaa ganviTarebuli. latviaSi jer kidev uxsovari droidan misdeven mefutkreobas, dResacaa igi warmodgenili kerZo seqtorSi. aseve, ganviTarebulia meyvavileoba, romelsac samrewvelo xasiaTi aqvs. unda aRiniSnos, rom sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ganviTarebis eqstensiuri gza qveyanaSi TiTqmis amowurulia. axali farTobebis aTviseba ZiriTadad warmoebs Waobebisa da Znelad misadgomi miwebis xarjze, rac did kapitalur dabandebas moiTxovs da araa xelsayreli. latviis soflis 111

meurneobis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi gza intensifikaciaa, kerZod meqanizacia da qimizacia. latviaSi, erT-erTi pirveli Seiqmna agrosamrewvelo kompleqsebi. arsebobda agreTve srulyofili struqturebiT Camoyalibebuli agrofirmebi, kerZod agrosamrewvelo-savaWro qvedanayofebis saxiT. latvia mTlianad ikmayofilebs sakuTar moTxovnilebebs kvebis produqtebze.

6.4. litvis

ekonomika.

litva – mdebareobs baltiispireTis samxreTiT, qveynis teritoria 65,2 aTasi kv. km-ia, mosaxleoba-3,8 mln, dedaqalaqia vilniusi.

1900 wlamde litva agraruli qveyana iyo, romlis mosaxleobis 84% soflad cxovrobda. am periodidan intensiurad daiwyo qveyanaSi kapitalizmis damkvidreba, sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSic TandaTanobiT fexs ikidebda industriuli Sroma, xolo gamoTavisuflebuli SromiTi resursebi gamoiyeneboda sxva dargebis ganviTarebisaTvis. soflis meurneobis kargi pirobebia, teritoria ZiriTadad vakea, saSualo absoluturi simaRle 99 metrs ar aRemateba, yvelaze maRali wertili zRvis donidan 292 metria, baltiis zRvis zolSi mdebare dablobi, qveynis siRrmeSi iWreba 15-20 km siganiT da karg fons qmnis sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisaTvis. klimati cvalebadia, amis mizezia atlantisa da CrdiloeT yinulovani okeaneebis Zlieri gavlena. litva mdidaria miwisqveSa wylebiTac, romelsac farTod iyeneben sayofacxovrebo, samrewvelo, sasoflo-sameurneo da sxva daniSnulebiT. teritoriis 45% ewer-kordiani niadagebia, 4%yomrali, yvelaze nayofieria kordian-karbonatuli miwebi, romlebsac qveynis teritoriis 8% uWiravs. aRsaniSnavia is, rom miwebis sakmaod didi raodenoba 112

erozirebulia, miuxedavad imisa, rom tardeba garkveuli samuSaoebi (qarsafari zolebis gaSeneba da sxv), problema dResac gadauWrelia. tyeebs litvis teritoriis 27,6% uWiravs, aqedan 42% axalgazrda nargavebia, Warbobs naZvi (37,2%) da Tela (23,0 %). qveynis teritoriis 17% uWiravs saZovrebs. tyis masivebSic bevria mindvrebi, romelTa statistikuri aRwera mouwesrigebelia. bolo dros momravlda nacionaluri nakrZalebi da parkebi, did yuradRebas aqceven garemos dacvisa da ekologiur problemebs, litvis florisa da faunis bevri warmomadgeneli wiTel wignSia Setanili. qveynis landSaftis bunebaTsargebloba Semdeg suraTs iZleva: agrarul kulturul landSaftebs uWiravs teritoriis 60%, rekreaciebs-15%, samrewvelo tyeebs-15%, urbanizebul da sarezervoebs-10%. perspeqtivaSi gaTvaliswinebulia tyis landSaftis 35%-iT gazrda, rac aucilebelia sakurortosarekreacio teritoriisaTvis. qveynis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba litvelebia-80%, cxovroben agreTve rusebi 8,9%, polonelebi-7,3%, belorusebi-1,7%. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT litva yofil ssrk-Si, sakmaod kargad ganviTarebul respublikas warmoadgenda, aq iyo industriis iseTi dargebi, rogoricaa: CarxTmSenebloba, gemTmSenebloba, xelsawyoTmSenebloba, eleqtroteqnikuri da radioteqnikuri mrewveloba, sasoflo-sameurneo manqanaTmSenebloba, qimiuri, mikrobiologiuri, navTobgadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba, Tevzis gadamamuSavebeli kombinatebi da sxva. kargadaa ganviTarebuli soflis meurneobac, romelic efuZneba warmoebis meqanizaciis, qimizaciisa da eleqtrofikaciis maRal dones. efeqturad iyeneben mecnierul miRwevebs, gamoirCeva warmoebis maRali kulturiTa da organizaciiT. litvis sasoflo-sameurneo landSaftisaTvis tipiuria marcvleulis, kartofilis, Saqris Warxlis, 113

sakvebi kulturebis, saZovrebis didi farTobebi. TviT niadagobriv-klimaturi pirobebic xelsayrelia, rogorc miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis, ise mecxoveleobisaTvis. sul sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli 3,6 mln. heqtaria, aqedan saxnavi miwebi 68,6%-ia, saZovrebi-19%, saTibebi-9,8%, baRebi-1,5%. saxnavi miwebi warmodgenilia didi farTobebiT, rac kompleqsuri meqanizaciis karg saSualebas iZleva, am kuTxiT qveyanaSi Catarda didi moculobis miwaTmowyobis samuSaoebi. intensiurad mimdinareobs daWaobebuli miwebis daSroba. soflis meurneobis sasaqonlo produqciis struqturaSi wamyvania mecxoveleoba, romlis wilad modis warmoebuli produqciis 85%, memcenareoba 15%Taa warmodgenili. mecxoveleobaSi ZiriTadad msxvili kompleqsebia, romlebSic yvela procesi meqanizebulia. ZiriTadi datvirTva msxvilfexa rqosan pirutyvze modis. meore dargi ki meRoreobaa, romelic litvisaTvis odiTganve tradiciuls warmoadgenda. Roris xorci ZiriTadad igzavneba gadamuSavebaze, Zexveulis garda amzadeben Roris SaSxs da qons. qveyanaSi daaxloebiT 120 aTasi suli cxvaria, romelic ZiriTadad baltiis zRvispira saZovrebzea. batknis xorcs sakvebad naklebad iyeneben, cxvari matylis sawarmoeblad hyavT. tyavi midis qurqebis dasamzadeblad, mecxvareoba qveynisaTvis SedarebiT axali dargia. ganviTarebulia mefrinveleoba. aq gancalkavebulad warmoebs sabroilero da kvercxmdebeli frinvelis movla, aqvT maRalmeqanizebuli inkubatorebi da sasaklaoebi. mefrinveleobis kompleqsebi uzrunvelyofilia samacivro danadgarebiT. marcvleulis qveS dakavebulia 1,5 mln. ha.

ZiriTadad mohyavT xorbali, qeri, Wvavi, soia. naTesebidan 41% modis sakveb kulturebze, kerZod, simindsa da Zirxvenebze. marcvleulis naTesebi kargad 114

aris movlili, TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba sarevelebi, romelTa winaaRmdeg brZolis qimiur saSualebebTan erTad, unarianad iyeneben biologiur saSualebebs. teqnikuri kulturebidan, 350 aTas ha-ze warmodgenilia Saqris Warxali. Warxals iyeneben rogorc Saqris sawarmoeblad ise mecxoveleobisaTvis. tradiciuli kulturaa kartofili, romlis qveS dakavebulia 136 aTasi ha. qveyanaSi ganviTarebulia rogorc Ria, ise daxuruli gruntis bostneulis warmoeba, mohyavT kitri, pomidori, kombosto, mwvanilebi. litvaSi SemoaqvT bostneuli, mxolod xmeli sunelebis saxiT. qveynis sasursaTo balansSi did rols asrulebs meTevzeoba, romelic maTTvis tradiciuli dargia. litvis soflis meurneobaSi maRalia energoSeiaraRebis maCvenebeli. kiTxvebi codnis SemowmebisaTvis 1 .daaxasiaTeT baltiispireTis qveynebis soflis meurneobis ekonomika; 2. daaxasiaTeT estoneTis soflis meurneobis ekonomika; 3. daaxasiaTeT latviis soflis meurneobis ekonomika; 4. daaxasiaTeT litvis soflis meurneobis ekonomika

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4. belarusia Tavi VII. belorusiis

ekonomika.

belorusia (axla belarusi) yofili ssrk-s dasavleTiT mdebare saxelmwifoa, romelic damoukidebeli ganviTarebis gzas daadga 1991 wlidan. igi mdebareobs mdinareebis dneprisa da dasavleT dvinis Sua welSi. mis teritoriaze gaedineba agreTve nemani da bugi. teritoria 207,6 aTasi kv. kilometria, mosaxleoba- 9750 aTasi kaci, dedaqalaqi- minski.

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belaruss CrdiloeTidan samxreTiT misi sigrZe 560, xolo dasavleTidan aRmosavleTiT- 650 km-ia. aq gadis umniSvnelovanesi sarkinigzo, saavtomobilo da sahaero gzebi, navTobisa da gazis sadenebi, romelTa meSveobiTac dRevandeli ruseTi ukavSirdeba evropis qveynebs. belarusi Crdilo-dasavleTiT esazRvreba latvias, Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT- ruseTs, samxreTiT- ukrainas, dasavleTiT- poloneTsa da litvas. igi warmoadgenda erT-erT maRalganviTarebul respublikas Tanamedrove industriiTa da soflis meurneobiT. awarmoebda kavSirSi warmoebuli traqtorebis 16-%-s, metalis damamuSavebeli Carxebis- 14%-s, motocikletebis- 20%s, qimiuri narTis- 22%-s, mineraluri sasuqebis- 12%-s, selis nawarmis- 11%-s, trikotaJis- 8%-s. masze modioda yofili ssrk-s kartofilis warmoebis 15% da selis warmoebis 25 %. belarusSi damzadebuli produqcia, garda mokavSire respublikebisa, igzavneboda msoflios 100 qveyanaSi. es iyo imperiis dasavleTiT mdebare Zlieri raioni, romelic did gavlenas axdenda yofili ssrk-is ekonomikur potencialze. qveyanaSi cxovrobs 9.8 mln. adamiani, aqedan belarusebi Seadgenen mosaxleobis 79%-s, rusebi- 12%s, polonelebi-4,2%-s, ukrainelebi-2,4%-s, ebraelebi1,4%-s. mosaxleobis raodenobiT yofil ssrk-Si, mexuTe adgilze imyofeboda, xolo saerTo produqciis warmoebiT- mesame adgilze. bunebrivi pirobebiT belarusi waagavs ruseTis evropuli nawilis Sua zonas. dasvleTidan aRmosavleTisaken da CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken gadis baltiisa da Savi zRvis auzebis wylis gamyofi maRlobi zona, teritoria ZiriTadad vakea. absolituri simaRleebi ar aRemateba 150-250 m-s. aq mdebareobs polesis dablobi, romlis didi nawili daWaobebulia, klimati erTgvarovania, zamTarSi yvelaze Tbili raionebi samxreT-aRmosavleTiTaa dadebiTi temperaturiT. yvelaze civi raioni 117

vitebskis olqia-7,8 gradusi. absolituri minimaluri temperatura dafiqsirebulia- 35 gradusi. ivlisis saSualo temperatura 20 gradusia, absolituri maqsimumi +38 gradusi. klimati yvela im kulturaTa moyvanis saSualebas iZleva, romelic damaxasiaTebelia aRmosavleT evropis dablobisaTvis.

SesaniSnavad izrdeba saSemodgomo xorbali da Wvavi, kartofili da wiwibura, parkosnebi da seli, sakvebi balaxebi, xarobs alubali, qliavi, vaSli, msxali. belarusi kargadaa uzrunvelyofili mdinareebiT. misi teritoriis gavliT baltiis zRvaSi Caedineba mdinareebi nemani, dasvleTi dvina, bugi, lovati,. samxreTsa da samxreT-aRmosavleTis mdinareebi, dnepris Senakadebia da masTan erTad Caedineba Sav zRvaSi. soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli miwebis naxevarze meti Warbteniania. amis mizezia is, rom orSteinis fena SedarebiT axlosaa (60-70 sm), rac aferxebs niadagis mier wylis gatarebas. belarusi mdebareobs tyis zonaSi. teritoriis 1/3 tyeebs uWiravs, gavrcelebulia 28 saxeobis tyis mcenare, tyeebis naxevari naZvnaria. garda amisa, aris muxa, fiWvi, Txmela da sxva. dRevandeli belarusi industriul-agraruli qveyanaa. misi samrewvelo potenciali sakmaod maRalia.

Tu 1913 wels belorusiaze modioda maSindeli ruseTis nacionaluri Semosavlidan 38%, 1990 wels belorusiis xvedriTi wili yofil ssrk-s nacionalur SemosavalSi 10,1% iyo, xolo erT sul mosaxleze warmoebis moculobiT igi pirvel adgilzec ki imyofeboda. ekonomikuri potencialiT yofil ssrk-Si belarusi meoTxe adgilze iyo ruseTis, ukrainis da yazaxeTis Semdeg. qveynis industrializacia ZiriTadad meore msoflio omis Semdeg moxda, rodesac intensiurad daiwyo gaCanagebuli saxalxo meurneobis aRdgena. mis teritoriaze ganlagda germaniidan gamotanili samrewvelo sawarmoebis 118

sakmaod didi nawili, ramac mniSvnelovnad daaCqara qveynis industrializacia. ganviTarebis saerTo tempebma Tavisi gavlena moaxdina soflis meurneobazec, romelic gadaiqca maRalmeqanizebul dargad. amas xeli Seuwyo sasoflosameurneo manqanaTmSeneblobam da traqtormSeneblobam, romelic respublikis erT-erTi mTavari dargebi gaxdnen. sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebs uWiravs qveynis teritoriis TiTqmis naxevari. ZiriTadad aTvisebulia borcvebi da maTTan mimdebare teritoriebi, belarusis pirobebSi miwebis produqtiulobis SenarCunebisa da gazrdis ZiriTadi instrumentia melioracia, kerZod, miwebis daSroba. amJamad qveynis sasoflo-sameurneo savargulTa meoTxedi meliorirebulia. daSrobiTi samuSaoebisaTvis unarianad iyeneben daxurul drenaJs. SemuSavebulia daWaobebuli da Warbteniani niadagebis sasoflo-sameurneo aTvisebis racionaluri meTodebi. belarusis soflis meurneoba mravaldargovania, romlis ZiriTadi profili mecxoveleobaa, sadac iqmneba soflis meurneobis sasaqonlo produqciis 80%. mecxoveleobaSi wamyvania msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi, sadac gamokveTilia merZeul-mexorculi mimarTuleba. msxvil specializbul kompleqsebSi, sakolmeurneo da sabWoTa meurneobebis fermebSi, ZiriTadad hyavdaT merZeuli mimarTulebis Sav-TeTri, latviuri da adgilobrivi wiTeli jiSis piorutyvi, polesis raionSi, sadac saTibebis didi farTobebia da qalaqis mosaxleoba TiTqmis ar aris. ganviTarebuli iyo aseve mexorculi mecxoveleoba.

1990 wlis monacemebiT, belorusiaSi msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis raodenoba 7,7 mln. suls Seadgenda, m. S. mewveli Zroxa- 2,8 mln.-s, miRebul iqna 6,9 mln. tona rZe, romelSic cximianoba 3,0 procents, xolo saSualo wveladoba 2580 litrs udrida, rac sakavSiro maCvenebelze odnav ukeTesi iyo. 2008 wlisaTvis msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis suladoba Seadgenda 4,1 mln. suls Seadgenda. maT Soris Zroxa119

1,4 mln suls da awarmoebda 842 aT, tona xorcs da 6,3 mln tona rZes, marTalia mcirdeba, rogorc mfrp-is ise Zroxebis suladoba magram izrdeba xorcisa da rZis warmoebi moculoba, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom bolo wlebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca mecxoveleobaSi saseleqcio muSaobas. radgan wina wlebSi mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda, ara marto saSualo evropul, aramed baltiispireTis qveynebis maCveneblebsac. mizezi ki is iyo, rom msxvilfexa pirutyvi ZiriTadad hyavT bagur kvebaze. Zovebis intensivoba weliwadSi 80-90 dRea, miuxedavad imisa, rom fermebi Tanamedrove tipisaa, mainc xSiri iyo pirutyvis daavadebebis SemTxvevebi, mowodebuli sakvebis yuaTianobac CamorCeboda teqnologiur standartebs. Tumca aris mecxoveleobis kompleqsebi, romelTa produqtiuloba sakmaod maRalia, magaliTad, minskis axlos mdebare burkinis msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis kompleqsSi, romelic merZeuli mimarTulebisaa, wveladoba 4000 litramde aRwevs, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom arsebobs produqtiulobis zrdis sakmaod didi rezervebi. mecxoveleobaSi mniSvnelobiT meore dargia meRoreoba, romlis produqtiulobac sakmaod maRalia.

Seqmnilia meRoreobis samrewvelo kompleqsebi, romlebic saxorce da sabekone mimarTulebisaa. amzadeben maRali xarisxis SaSxs, Zexveuls, Roris qons. meRoreobas misdeven soflis mosaxleobac, romelic ZiriTadad Roris SaSxs amzadeben. hyavT adgilobrivi jiSis Rori, romelic kargadaa Seguebuli bunebriv pirobebs. suqebaze dayenebuli Roris sadReRamiso mateba erT-erTi maRali iyo yofil ssrk-Si. 1990 wels belarusiaSi 5,2 mln. sulze meti Rori hyavdaT. xorcis saeTo warmoebaSi meRoreobaze modioda 40%-ze meti, 2008 wlisaTvis Roris suladoba Seadgenda 3,7 mln suls, xolo warmoebul iqna .362,7 aT. tona xorci. mefrinveleoba samrewvelo safuZvelzea. am dargs didi xnis istoria aqvs. frinvelidan ZiriTadia 120

qaTmebi, hyavT agreTve batebi da ixvebi, romelTaTvisac iyeneben rogorc xelovnur sagubarebs, ise tbebs. 1990 wels frinvelis saerTo raodenoba 47,4 mln. frTas aRemateboda, aqedan 82,9% modioda qaTamze. miuxedavad sawarmoo mimarTulebisaa, TiTqmis yvela kolmeurneobasa da sabWoTa meurneobaSi iyo warmodgenili mefrinveleobis ferma, magram sasaqonlo produqcia iqmneboda mefrinveleobis msxvil kompleqsebSi. sakmaod maRali iyo kvercxmdebloba, saSualo maCvenebeli 253 cals Seadgenda, rac sakavSiro maCvenebelze maRali iyo. 1990 wels awarmoes 3978 mln. cali kvercxi. frinvelis xorci da kvercxi didi raodenobiT gahqondaT yofil respublikebSi. 2008 wlisaTvis awarmoes 3312 mln. kvercxi da .... mln mln. tona xorci. qveyanaSi 2008 wlisaTvis 126 aTasi suli cxvaria, romelic xasiaTdeba grZelbewvianobiT. mecxvareoba warmodgenilia iseT farTobebze, romelTa samrewvelo aTvisebac SedarebiT gaZnelebulia. esaa polesies teritoria da masTan mimdebare borcvebi.

Ddamoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg belarusiam ZiriTadad SeinarCuna produqtiuli pirutyvis raodenoba, msxvili mecxoveleobis kompleqsebi. zogierTi maTgani gardaiqmna saaqcio sazogadoebad, romlebSic sakontrolo paketebi saxelmwifom daitova. rqosani pitutyis nawili gadanawilda glexebze, romlebic TandaTanobiT gadadian fermerul meurneobebze. maT rZlevaT saxelmwifo subsidiebi da SeRavaTiani kreditebi.

Tumca belarusma jer kidev ver miaRwia mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoebaSi ssrk-s droindel dones, piriqiT, mniSvnelovnad iklo wveladobam, xorcis warmoebam, problemebia produqciis realizaciaSi da Seiqmna Sida bazris dakargvis saSiSroebac. yovelive aman garkveuli koreqtivebi Seitana mecxoveleobis struqturaSi. 2008 wels pirutyvis suladoba Semcirda 4,1 mln.-de. m. S. Zroxebisa- 1,4 mln. sulamde, Rorebis121

3,7 mln.-de, frinvelisa—31,2 mln. frTamde. miuxedavad mecxoveleobaSi suladobisa, ar mcirdeba xorcisa da rZis warmoebis moculoba, kerZod: gazrdilia Sesabamisad: xorcis- 28%-iT da rZisa- 24%-iT. unda aRiniSnos, rom belorusiis mosaxleoba TiTqmis mTlianad ikmayofilebs sakuTar moTxovnilebas sasursaTo produqtebze, kerZod: marvleuli modis931 kg.-i, kartofili- 904 kg.-i, bostneuli- 237 kg.-i, xorci- 87 kg.-i, rZe- 643 litri da kvercxi-342 cali. memcenareoba, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis saerTo warmoebaSi 20%- iTaa warmodgenili da ZiriTadad momsaxureobas uwevs mecxoveleobas. saTesi farTobebis naxevari uWiravs marcvlovan kulturebs: Wvavs, saSemodgomo da sagazafxulo xorbals, qers, wiwiburas. marcvlovani kulturebi mohyavT TiTqmis yvela raionSi. didia gansxvaveba mosavlianobaSi, aris raionebi, sadac es maCvenebeli 31,0 c.-ria, zogan ki 19 21 c-rs ar aRemateba. saSualo maCvenebeli ki 35,2 c-ri iyo. 2008 wels marcvleulis qveS dakavebuli iyo 3,3 mln. ha, saerTo mosavali Seadgenda 9,5 mln. tonas, rac erT sulze gadaangariSebiT weliwadSi 931 kg-ia. belorusia sakuTar moTxovnilebebs sasursaTo marcvleulze ZiriTadad ikmayofilebda, rac Seexeba safuraJe marcvleuls, igi gahqonda kidec sxva respublikebSi. erTwliani kulturebidan mohyavT Saqris Warxali, magram xSiri Rrublianobis gamo xarisxi ( Saqrianoba) araa maRali.

Warxals ZiriTadad iyeneben mecxoveleobaSi, mcire nawili midis gadasamuSaveblad. 2008 wels Warxlis qveS dakavebuli iyo 2025 aT. ha., saSualo mosavlianoba 439 c-i, xolo saerTo mosavali 4,6 mln. tonas Seadgenda. marcvleulis msgavsad Saqris Warxlis mosavlianobac wlebis mixedviT zrdiT xasiaTdeba. belorusia kartofilis erT-erTi didi mwarmoebeli iyo yofil ssrk-Si, aqedan igzavneboda es produqti sxva respublikebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi. kartofili tradiciuli kulturaa. igi mohyavT 122

qveynis yvela zonasa da raionSi. am kulturis qveS 2008 wels dakavebuli iyo 1,9 mln. ha-ze meti, saerTo mosavali 8,9 mln. tona iyo, xolo mosavlianoba 221 crs Seadgenda. belorusuli kartofili kargi gemovnebiTi TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba mebostneoba da mebaRCeoba belarusTa tradiciuli saqmianobaa.

TiTqmis yvela glexur meurneobaSi hqondaT bostani, romelSic mohyavdaT ara marto bostneuli, aramed baRCeuli kulturebi ( kombosto, stafilo, da a. S.).

2008 wels belorusiaSi awarmoes 2,3 mln. tona bostneuli, saSualo mosavlianoba Seadgenda 234 centners. dReisaTvis bostneu-baRCeulis kulturebi yvela fermasa da glexur meurneobaSia warmodgenili. axalma ekonomikurma urTierTobebma uzrunvelyo belorusiis soflis meurneobis dargebSi produqtiulobis maRali ekonomikuri maCveneblebi, rac ZiriTadSi gamoiwvia saheqtaro mosavlianobis zrdam. mexileoba, marTalia, ar iTvleba belarusiisaTvis tradiciul dargad, magram igi kargadaa ganviTarebuli, gansakuTrebiT sakarmidamo nakveTebze. minskis irgvliv ramdenime meurneobaSi arsebobs qliavisa da alublis samrewvelo baRebi, gvxvdeba agreTve vaSlisa da msxlis baRebic, glexur meurneobebSi ZiriTadad mohyavT msxali, vaSli da qliavi. 2008 wels mexileobis qveS 141 aTasi ha iyo dakavebuli, aqedan msxmoiare – 130 aTasi ha, saerTo mosavalma Seadgina 780 aTasi tona, rac sakmaod karg maCveneblad iTvleba iseTi qveynisaTvis, romelSic mexileoba ar warmoadgens wamyvan dargs. aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli maCvenebliT belorusia uswrebda mexileobis iseT tradiciul respublikebs, rogoricaa saqarTvelo, uzbekeTi, somxeTi, azerbeijani. belarusSi kargi pirobebia selis warmoebisaTvis, igi ZiriTadad qveynis CrdiloeT raionSia da mecxoveleobis meurneobebTanaa SeTanawyobili, seliT belarusi ruseTis olqebsac amaragebda.

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belarusis soflis meurneoba industriul safuZvelzea. memcenareobis ZiriTadi kulturebis ( marcvleuli, kartofili, Warxali) movla-moyvana mTlianad meqanizebulia.

Seqmnilia specialuri teqnika, romelsac SeuZlia Seasrulos saWiro samuSaoebi mZime niadagebzec ki: msxvil sasoflosameurneo sawarmoebSi Camoyalibebulia kompleqsuri meqanizaciis brigadebi da rgolebi. 2008 wels belarusiaSi 135 aTas traqtorze meti iyo, romelTa simZlavre 10,9 mln. cx.

Zalas Seadgenda, energoSeiaraReba 31,7 cx.

Zalas udrida, rac daaxloebiT sakavSiro maCveneblis tolia, soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli energetikuli saSualebebis saerTo simZlavre 12,7 mln. cx.

Zalaa. energoSeiaraRebiT belarusi CamorCeba, ruseTs, yazaxeTs, litvas, latvias, estoneTs. amis mizezia is, rom soflis meurneobis ZiriTadi produqcia iqmneba mecxoveleobaSi, romelSic moZravi energetikuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba SezRudulia da ZiriTadad stacoinaluri manqanebia gamoyenebuli. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom energetikul saSualebebSi 8 -9%-iT warmodgenilia cocxali gamwevi Zalac, romlebic umTavresad dasaqmebulni arian sawarmoebSi. Tanamedrove belorusi damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa, romelic dsT-s aqtiuri wevria. yofil ssrk-Si igi warmodgenili iyo rogorc mecxoveleobis produqciis mwarmoebeli qveyana da sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia gahqonda TiTqmis yvela respublikaSi. Tu SevadarebT belaruss mis dasavleTiT mdebare evropul qveynebs, davinaxavT, rom warmoebis doniT igi uaxlovdeba maT dones. yovelive es imaze miuTiTebs, rom belaruss SesZlebloba eZleva dasvleTis bazarze SeRwevisa da Tavis adgilis damkvidrebisa. belarusma baltiis qveynebis msgavsad, SeinarCuna msxvili meqanizebuli kompleqsebi, moaxdina maTi nawilobrivi privatizacia, gaatara reformebi agrarul sferoSi, rasac mohyva garkveuli pozitiuri Sedegebi. magram mainc mtkivneulad mimdinareobs 124

fermeruli da glexuri meurneobebis damkvidreba, saxelmwifo sanaxevrodac ver agvarebs im problemebs, romlebic agralur sferoSi arsebobs. unda iTqvas, rom qveyana jer kidev Ziebis procesSia, igi cdilobs ruseTTan da sxva qveynebTan integrirebas, magram es procesi jer kidev nela mimdinareobs.

Tavi VIII. ukrainis ekonomika. ukraina teritoriiT, ruseTis Semdeg erT-erTi yvelaze didi saxelmwifoa evropaSi. igi aRemateba safrangeTs, 2-jer ingliss, 1,7-jer germanias. mosaxlebiT ki Camouvardeba maT. qveynis teritoria 603,7 aTasi kv. km-ia, mosaxleoba – 46,4 mln., dedaqalaqia kievi. ukraina ruseTis samxreT-dasvleTiT mdebareobs igi esazRvreba: dasvleTiT- poloneTsa da slovakias, samxreT-dasvleTiT – ungreTsa da rumineTs, CrdiloeTiT – belaruss, Crdilo –aRmosavleTiT – ruseTs, samxreT-dasvleTiT –moldovas, samxreTi sazRvari gadis Savi da azovis zRvebze, sadac mdebareoben iseTi didi portebi, rogoricaa: odesa, iliCevski, nikolaevi. ukrainis bunebriv-geografiuli mdebareoba Zalze xelsayrelia ekonomikis ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebisaTvis, qveyana mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis qveynebis ekonomikur urTierTobebSi, aq gadis rkinigzis da saavtomobilo magistralebi, navTobisa da gazis milsadenebi, eleqtrogadmcemi xazebi da sxva komunikaciebi. yofil ssrk-Si , saerTo produqciis warmoebis mixedviT, ukrainas meore adgili mekava (ruseTi Semdeg), gansakuTrebiT didi iyo misi roli Savsa da ferad metalurgiaSi, rkinisa da qvanaxSiris mopovebaSi, magistraluri Tbomavlebis, traqtorebis, eqskavatorebis, sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebis, 125

eleqtroteqnikuri da kvebis mrewvelobis manqanebisa da rigi sxva produqtebis warmoebaSi. ukraineli eris eTnikuri Camoyalibeba moxda aRmosavleT slavuri mosaxleobis xarjze, romlebic adre erTian Zvel rusul saxelmwifoSi Sediodnen. ukraineli eris formireba metad xangrZlivi procesi iyo da moicavda ramdenime etaps. XII – XIII saukuneebSi iqmneba axali ekonomikuri regionebi da gamoikveTa sami aRmosavleT slavuri eTnikuri jgufi – rusuli, ukrainuli da belorusuli, romelic Semdeg safuZvlad daedo aRniSnuli erbis Camoyalibebas. XIV – XV saukuneebSi Zveli rusuli saxelmwifoebi daiSala calkeul feodalur samTavroebad, romelTa Soris TandaTanobiT dawinaurda rusuli samTavroboebi, kerZod, suzdalisa da moskovis saxelmwifoebi. ukraina mdebareobs aRmosavleT evropis zomieri sartylis samxreT-dasavleTit, rac gansazRvravs mis bunebriv-klimatur pirobebs. qveynis teritoriis 70% vakea, 25% -maRlobi, xolo 5% modis mTebze. dasavleTiT mdebareobs ukrainis karpatebis mTiani masivi, xolo ukidures samxreTiT –yirimis mTebi. qveynis CrdiloeTi uWiravs ukrainis polesies, mis SemadgenobaSia agreTve mimdebare mimdebare dablobic, dnepris marcxena napiri uWiravs dneprispireTis dablobs, xolo samxreTi –SavizRvispireTis dablobs. ukrainis klimati zomieri kontinenturia, dasvleTiT teniania, samxreTiT –mSrali, saSualowliuri tenianoba regionebis mixedviT meryeobs 300600 mm-de. zamTari, samxreT-dasavleTiT 55-75, xolo CrdiloeT-aRmosavleTiT 120-130 dRes grZeldeba, icis yinvebic. zafxulobiT xSiria mtvriani qarebi, gvxvdeba xangrZlivi gvalvac, romelsac zogjer mosdevs kokispiruli wvimebi. ukrainis teritoriaze 71 aTasi mdinare da nakadulia, romelTa saerTo sigrZe 248 aTasi kilometria, ZiriTadi mdinareebia: dnepri, dnestri, samxreT bugi, dunai. dnepri evropaSi sigrZiT mesame 126

mdinarea -2285 km, aqedan 1205 km moedineba ukrainis teritoriaze, misi auzi moicavs qveynis teritoriis naxevars, mdinareebi ZiriTadad TovliT ikvebeba da gamoiyeneba wyalmomaragebisa da rwyvebisaTvis, maTi hidroresursebi 45 mlrd. kvt.saaTs udris. ukrainis teritoriaze kargadaa gamokveTili geografiuli zonaloba, romelic gansakuTrebiT etyoba niadagsa da mcenareul safars. ukrainis polesie Sedis evropis farTofoTlovan zonaSi. samxreT ukrainis didi nawili ganekuTvneba stepis zonas, vxvdebiT tye-stepis gamokveTil zonasac. qveyanaSi miwaTsargeblobis aTvisebis koeficienti sakmaod maRalia: saxnavi miwebis 65% Savmiwebia, 17% nacrisferi tyis niadagebi, 7% - kordian-eweri, 4% wablisferi, xolo 8%- sxva saxis niadagebi. ukrainaSi gvxvdeba 4000 dasaxelebis mcenare, florisa da faunis bevri warmomadgeneli Setanilia wiTel wignSi. tyes qveynis teritoriis 15% uWiravs, did yuradRebas aqceven tyis gaSenebas, damuSavebulia tyis mowyobis saxelmwifoebrivi programebi, xelovnurad gaSenebulma farTobma 4 mln. ha-s gadaaWarba, bevria nakrZalebi da parkebi, romlebic warmoadgens agreTve dasvenebis zonas, arsebobs 18 samonadireo meurneobac. ukrainisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs Sav zRvas, igi qveynisaTvis ara marto satransporto da tvirTzidvis saSualebaa, aramed did gavlenas axdens klimatze. zRvis sanapiro gadaWimulia 1150 km-ze. misi mTavari Rirsebaa is, rom igi ar iyineba da masze ara marto naosnoba, aramed TevzWerac mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoebs. qveynisaTvis mniSvnelovania azovis zRvac, romelSic zafxulSi wylis temperatura 28 -30 gradussac ki aRwevs. ukraina mravalerovani qveyanaa. aq cxovroben ara marto ukrainelebi, romelTa xvedriTi wili 79%-ia, aramed rusebi -21,1%, ebraelebi- 1,3%, belarusebi, moldovelebi, polonelebi, bulgarelebi. daaxloebiT 6 mln. ukraineli cxovrobs yofili ssrk-s 127

teritoriaze, sakmaod arian isini aSS-sa da kanadaSi. saSualo simWidrove erT kv. km-ze 83 kacia. aqtiuri mosaxleobis 75% dasaqmebulia sawarmoo sferoSi, xolo 25% momsaxureobis sferoSi. mrewvelobasa da mSeneblobaSi dasaqmebulia 39,5%, soflis meurneobaSi – 22,5%, transportze- 8%, vaWrobasa da sazogadoebriv kvebaSi 7,7%. ukraina ekonomikurad maRalganviTarebuli qveyanaa, romelsac aqvs mZlavri industria da maRalmeqanizebuli soflis meurneoba. jer kidev mefis ruseTis dros, ukraina udides rols asrulebda, rogorc imperiis erT-erTi yvelaze ganviTarebuli regioni. gansakuTrebuli iyo misi roli sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebaSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan erTad igi imperiis beRels warmoadgenda. ukraina mdidaria sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT, kerZod, qvanaxSiriT, marganeciT, rkinis madniT; aRmoCenilia navTobisa da gazis sabadoebi. qveyanaSi aris grafiti, kalciumi, magneziti, saamSeneblo fiqalebi, Tixa, graniti da a.

S. sakmaod didia hidroenergoresursebic, romelTa nawilic ukve aTvisebulia. yofil ssrk-Si ukrainis mrewveloba maRalrentabeluri dargia,sadac ganviTarebulia traqtormSenebloba, CarxmSenebloba, romelTa didi nawili igzavneboda yofil mokavSire respublikebSi. qveyanaSi xelsayreli klimaturi pirobebia soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis, ZiriTadad warmodgenilia Savmiwaniadagiani sasoflo-sameurneo zonebi. qveynis saerTo teritoriidan 42,7 mln. warmoadgens sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebs, aqedan 34,4 mln. ha saxnavia, romelic dReisaTvis mTlianad aTvisebulia, sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis zrda warmoebs daWaobebuli miwebis aTvisebis xarjze. miuxedavad maRali tenianobisa da mdinareebis xSiri qselisa, qveyana jer kidev ganicdis wylis deficits, amitom yovelwliurad izrdeba sarwyavi 128

miwaTmoqmedebis zona. miuxedavad urbanizaciis maRali tempebisa, ukrainis soflis meurneoba kargadaa uzrunvelyofili SromiTi resursebiT. soflad cxovrobs 18,3 mln. kaci, aqedan 69% dasaqmebulia uSualod sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi. nayofieri miwebi, zomieri Tbili klimati, soflis mosaxleobis maRali kvalifikacia, ganviTarebuli gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba, xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareoba, ganapirobebs ukrainis soflis meurneobis mravaldargianobas, mis maRal sawarmoo efeqts, ukrainaSi arsebobs mZlavri agrosamrewvelo kompleqsi, romlis infrastruqturaSi, garda nedleulis warmoebisa da gadamuSavebisa, warmodgenilia Sesabamisi manqanaTmSeneblobac. ukrainis soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas ramodenime etapi axasiaTebs, pirvelirevoluciamdeli soflis meurneoba, meore – samamulo omamdeli soflis meurneoba, mesame – samamulo omis Semdgomi soflis meurneoba da meoTxe – damoukidebeli ukrainis soflis meurneoba. revoluciamdeli soflis meurneobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo SeZlebuli glexuri meurneobebis prioritetuli ganviTareba, romlebic awarmoebdnen sasaqonlo produqciis 70%-ze mets, revoluciis Semdgomi etapi xasiaTdeboda sapirispiro procesebiT, rodesac daiwyo SeZlebuli glexebis gakulakeba, umravles SemTxvevaSi maTi meurneobebis gaCanageba da kolmeurneobebis ZaldatanebiT Seqmna, romelsac Tan sdevda sastiki represiebi, Sedegad miviReT is, rom ukraina moicva 30 –ian wlebSi SimSilma, romlis Sedegadac mravali adamiani daiRupa, mesame periodi SedarebiT nayofieria, omis Semdeg saoflo-sameurneo warmoebis aRdgena moxda materialuri bazis ganmtkicebis pirobebSi, daixvewa warmoebis organizaciuli formebi, rasac mohyva warmoebis daCqarebuli tempebiT ganviTareba da 1970 wlisaTvis ukrainis soflis meurneoba, erT-erTi 129

maRalmeqanizebuli da maRalrentabeluri dargi gaxda. meoTxe etapi, yofili respublikebis msgavsad jer kidev Camoyalibebis procesSia, daiwyo gegmuri ekonomikidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla, kerZod, glexuri da fermeruli meurneobebis organizacia, rasac Tan sdevs sawarmoo specializaciis cvlileba, rac qveynis interesebidan gamomdinareobs. sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebis mier gamoyenebuli miwisa da saxnavis farTobiT, ukraina yofil ssrk –Si mesame adgilze imyofeboda ruseTisa da yazaxeTis Semdeg. 2008 wlisaTvis sul iyo 15636 aT, ha –ari marcvleulis naTesi farTobi, saidanac warmoebuli iqna 53290 aT. tona marcvali da mosavlianobam Seadgina 34,6 c –ri. agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebis gatarebis Sedegad, romlis safuZvels meqanizacia, qimizacia da melioracia warmoadgenda, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda mosavlianoba. Tu 1933 wels saSualo saheqtaro mosavlianoba ar aRemateboda 13 – 16 c-ners, 2008 wels es maCvenebeli 34,6 c-mde, e. i. TiTqmis 2,6 – jer gaizarda. Seicvala marcvleulis struqturac, masSi wamyvani pozicia saSemodgomo kulturebma daikava, romlis wiladac modioda warmoebuli marcvleulis TiTqmis naxevari. gaizarda simindis warmoebac, romelic mosavlianobiT xorbals aRemateboda, mis qveS aTvisebuli iqna damatebiTi farTobebi. – gaormagda qeris, Wvavis, wiwiburasa da parkosnebis warmoeba. sakmaod didi farTobebi iyo aTvisebuli Saqris Warxlis qveS, adre aRniSnuli kultura TiTqmis ar mohyavdaT, 1945 wlidan daiwyo Saqris Warxlis kombinatebis mSenebloba, ramac gazarda Saqris Warxli warmoeba, romelsac sxvadasxva wlebSi 60 mln. t-mdec ki awarmoebdnen. ukrainul Warxals saqarTveloc iRebda, kerZod agaris Saqris kombinatisaTvis. 1970- iani wlebidan Semcirda Saqris Warxlis warmoeba, razedac gavlena moaxdina kubidan didi raodenobiT Semotanilma Saqarma. 1990 wels awarmoes 44,5 mln. t. Warxali, romlis 60% moxmarda 130

Saqris warmoebas, danarCeni ki daixarja mecxoveleobaze, maRali iyo mosavlianobac da igi 275 centners aRwevda. 2008 wels Saqris Warxlis warmoeba 3 –jer Semcirda da 13,4 mln. tona Seadgina. amis mizezia farTobis 380 aT. ha-mde da mosavlianobis 35,,4 centneramde Semcireba.

SedarebiT axali kulturaa mzesumzira. 1913 wels igi mxolod Sida moxmarebisaTvis iwarmoeboda, ZiriTadad glexur meurneobebSi, mzesumziris masiuri warmoeba daiwyo 30 –iani wlebidan Tavdapirvelad, kolmeurneobebsa sabWoTa meurneobebSi, calkeuli naTesebis saxiT, SemdegSi Seiqmna specializebuli meurneobebic, 1990 wels ukrainaSi awarmoes 44,2 mln. t. mzesumzira, romlis mosavlianobam 27,0 c. Seadgina, mzesumzira mTlianad igzavneboda zeTis saxdel qarxnebSi. 2008 wels misi warmoeba marTalia 13,4 mln. tonamde Semcirda, magram aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom mosavlianoba 35,4 c- de gaizarda. mniSvnelovani sasursaTo da teqnikuri kulturaa kartofili, romlis warmoebis ZiriTadi raionebi CrdiloeTiT, belorusiis sazRvarTan mdebareobs, kerZod, polesies da tyestepis zonaSi. 1990 wels awarmoes 16,7 mln. tona kartofili, saSualo mosavlianobam 11,7 centneri Seadgina, xolo 2008 wels ki kartofilis warmoeba gaizarda 19,5 mln. tonamde. saerTo mosavlis zrdaze ZiriTadad gavlena moaxdina saheqtaro mosavlianobis zrdam, romelic 138 centners Seadgenda. ukrainaSi kartofilis gadamamuSavebeli ramdenime sawarmo moqmedebs, romlebic kartofilis fqvilisa da dafasoebul kartofils uSvebs. aseve kargadaa warmodgenili mebostneoba-mebaReoba, yovelwliurad mohyavdaT daaxloebiT 7,3- 7,6 mln. tona bostneuli. ganviTarebulia rogorc Ria, ise daxuruli gruntis warmoeba, gansakuTrebiT didi qalaqebisa da smrewvelo centrebis sagareubno meurneobebSi da sakurorto zonebSi. Seqmnilia specializebuli meurneobebic, Camoyalibebulia agrosamrewvelo kompleqsebi. 2008 wels awarmoes 7,9 131

mln. tona bostneuli, saSualo mosavlianoba 174 centners udrida. 70 –iani wlebidan daiwyo Tambaqos warmoebac, kerZod yirimSi, karpatebSi, dnepispireTSi, aRniSnuli kulturebis qveS farTobebi zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. ukrainaSi arsebobda marcvleulis, kartofilis, mzesumziris msxvili specializirebuli meurneobebi, romlebSic agroteqnikuri samuSaoebi meqanizirebulad sruldeboda, Camoyalibebuli iyo kompleqsuri brigadebi da rgolebi. memcenareobis mniSvnelovani dargia mebaReoba da mevenaxeoba, romlebic mosaxleobas uzrunvelyofs axali xiliT da sufri yurZniT, xolo sakonservo da Rvinis mrewvelobas – maRalxarisxovani nedleuliT. mebaReoba odiTganve iTvleboda tradiciul dargad, Tumca samrewvelo xasiaTi ZiriTadad 30 –iani wlebidan miiRo, rodesac daiwyo kurkovani da Teslovani xilis masiuri gaSeneba. mebaReoba-mevenaxeobis ZiriTadi raionebia: yirimi, karpatebi da Savi zRvispireTi. 1990 welsaTvis mexileobis qveS dakavebuli iyo 927 aTasi ha, aqedan mosavliani 728 aTasi ha, saerTo mosavalma Seadgina 3,43 mln. tona, xolo mosavlianobam 46,7 centneri. 2008 wels xilis warmoeba Semcirda 1,9 mln. tonamde, xolo mosavlianoba 30 centneramde, 60 aTasi heqtariT Semcirda agreTve mevenaxeobis qveS dakavebuli farTobebi. 1990 wels 210 aTas ha-s Seadgenda. m. S. mosavliani -140 aTasi ha-ri, saerTo mosavali o,87 mln. tonas, mosavlianoba – 57,4 centners. 2008 wels yurZnis warmoeba Semcirda 0,5 mln. tonamde da amis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo mosavlianobios 37 centneramde Semcireba. mevenaxeobis ZiriTadi raionia yirimi, sadac ramdenime specializebuli meurneobacaa, aqvea Seqmnili agrosamrewvelo gaerTianebebic, romlebSic nedleulis warmoebasTan erTad, gaerTianebulia Rvinis qarxnebic. yirimSi amzadeben rogorc sufris, ise samarko Rvinoebs, romlebic sakmaod maRali 132

xarisxisaa da mowonebiT sargeblobda yofil ssrk-Si. aRsaniSnavia, rom yirimSi samrewvelo mevenaxeoba da meRvineoba ganviTarda qarTveli specialistebis daxmarebiT 30 –ian wlebSi. aqve amzadeben agreTve yurZnis wvens, romelic igzavneboda sxva respublikebSic. xilidan umTavresad mohyavT vaSli, msxali, alubali. es ukanaskneli adgilobrivi jiSisaa da xasiaTdeba kargi gemovnebiTi TvisebebiT. mexileobis raionebSi ganviTarebulia sakonservo warmoebac, gansakuTrebiT popularulia xil-fafebi da xilis naturaluri wvenebi. ukrainaSi mohyavT agreTve eTerzeTebi da samkurnalo mcenareebi. magaliTad, yirimSi vardis didi plantaciebi aqvT da saukeTeso vardis zeTsac amzadeben. ukrainis soflis meurneobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs mecxoveleobas. saTesi farTobebis TiTqmis 32% modis sakveb kulturebze. ZiriTadad hyavT adgilobrivi jiSis msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi da Rori. mesaqonleoba warmodgenilia yvela regionSi. qalaqgareTa zonasa da polesieSi sWarbobs merZeuli mimarTuleba, karpatebsa da tye-stepebSi –mexorculmerZeuli da merZeul-mexorculi mimarTuleba, stepis zonaSi zonaSi mxolod merZeul-mexorculi mimarTulebaa. 1990 wels ukrainaSi 25,2 mln. suli rqosani pirutyvi hyavdaT. aqedan 8,5 mln. – furi. am maCvenebliT igi meore iyo yofil ssrk –Si da erTerTi pirveli evropaSi. rZis warmoebam 24,5 mln. tona Seadgina, saSualo wveladobam ki 2874 litri, rac gacilebiT dabali iyo baltiispireTis respublikebis maCveneblebTan da TiTqmis 2 –jer dabali evropis qveynebTan SedarebiT. 2008 wels pirutyvis suladoba 5,5 mln., xolo Zroxebisa 3,1 mln. sulamde Semcirda, warmoebuli rZis raodenoba ki 11,7 mln. tonamde, rac 1990 wlis maCvenebelTan SedarewbiT 12,9 mln. toniT naklebi iyo, xolo rac Seexeba wveladobas igi gazrdilia da Seadgens 3799 litrs, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom gansakuTrebul yueadRebas uTmoben 133

mecxoveleobaSi saseleqcio muSaobas. marTaliamewveli Zroxebis suladoba 2008 wlisaTvis 1990 welTan SedarebiT Semcirebulia 5,4 mln. suliT, xolo Zroxisa 2,5 mln. toniT. miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa, saSualo wliuri wveladoba gazrdilia 32%-iT. 1990 wels awarmoes 4,4 mln. tona xorci, 2008 welsaTvis igi Semcirebuli da Seadgens 1,9 mln. tonas. rac Seexeba meRoreobas 1990 wels Roris suladoba Tu Seadgenda 19,9 mln.suls igi 2008 wlisaTvis Semcirebulia 6,5 mln. sulamde. amis mizezi unda veZeboT sakvebi bazis uqonlobaSi, kerZod, mizezi marcvleulisa da Warxlis warmoebis Semcirebaa. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani dargia mefrinveleoba, romelSic ZiriTadia qaTami, hyavT agreTve ixvi da bati, mas samrewvelo xasiaTi aq vs, mefrinveleobis fabrikebSi yvela samrewvelo procesi meqanizebulia. gansakuTrebiT kargad iyo ganviTarebuli aRniSnuli dargi, lvovisa da uJgorodis olqebSi. 1990 wels ukrainaSi 255,1 mln. frTa frTa frinveli hyavdaT, saSualo kvercxmdebloba 208 cals Seadgenda, xolo saerTo warmoeba 16,2 mlrd.-s. 2008 wels frinvelis raodenoba 169,3 mln frTamde Semcirda, xolo kvercxis warmoeba 14,9 mld. calamde, am SemTxvevaSic Semcirebis ZiriTadi mizezi sakvebi bazis Semcirebaa. mecxvareobas sakmaod didi xnis istoria aqvs, igi ganviTarebuli iyo rogorc mTian, ise stepis zonaSi da uirimis centralur raionebSi. cxvris suladoba 1990 wels 9 mln. iyo. matylis damzadeba ki 28,9 aTasi tonas Seadgenda. 2008 wels ki cxvris suladoba 1,6 mln. , xolo matylis warmoeba 2,1 aTas tonamde Semcirda, amis mizezia is, rom daiSala mecxvareobis mimarTulebis kolmeurneobebi, cxvris didi raodenoba gadavida krZo seqtorSi, romelTa garkveuli nawili aRricxvis gareSe darCa. ukrainis soflis meurneobis teqnikuri SeiaraReba CamorCeboda saSualo-sakavSiro da zogierTi respublikis maCvenebels, magaliTad, 1990 wels yofil 134

ssrk-Si energoSeiaraReba 32,8 cx. Zalas Seadgenda, ukrainaSi ki 26,7-s. am maCvenebliT igi me-6 adgilze iyo mokavSire respublikebs Soris da sagrZnoblad CamorCeboda estoneTis (69,9 cx. Zala), latviis (50,8), litvis (48,2), yazaxeTis (46,0), ruseTis (42,6) maCveneblebs. traqtorebis raodenoba 446,8 aTas cals udrida, rac mxolod 76%- iT uzrunvelyofda moTxovnilebas. sul soflis meurneobaSi energetikuli simZlavreebis raodenoba 35230 aTas cx. Zalas Seadgenda, rac ssrk-Si arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo simZlavreebis 10% -s udrida, maSin rodesac ukraina awarmoebda ssrk-Si warmoebuli marcvleulis 20,1%-s, xorcis – 22%-s, kartofilis – 27%-s, soflis meurneobaSi 112,2 aTasi kombaini da 142,6 aTasi satvirTo avtomobili iyo, rac 80%-iTac ver akmayofilebda moTxovnilebas. didi yuradReba eqceoda msxvili agrosamrewvelo gaerTianebebis Seqmnas. estoneTis Semdeg, pirvelad ukrainaSi Seiqmna agrosamrewvelo savaWro gaerTianebebi. karg mdgomareobaSi hqondaT sasawyobo meurneobebi, rac minimumamde amcirebda sasoflosameurneo produqciis danakargebs. ukrainaSi iyo ganlagebuli Savi zRvis TevzWeris flotis bazebi, romlebic sakavSiro daqvemdebarebaSi iyvnen. adgilobrivi moxmarebis Tevzis rewvas ki Sesabamisad TevzWeris kolmeurneobebi eweodnen, rogorc Sav zRvaze, ise Sida wylebsa da mdinareebSi. ukrainaSi Znelad mimdinareobda gardaqmnis procesi, gaZnelda msxvili sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebisa da agrosamrewvelo kompleqsebis privatizacia, 1994 wels gatarda agraruli reforma, romelmac sasurveli Sedegi ver gamoiRo. ukraina mWidrod iyo integrirebuli ruseTTan da sxva respublikebTan, aRniSnuli kavSirebis gawyvetam qveyana mZime ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi Caayena. amdenad ukraina intensiurad cdilobs aRadginos kavSirebi, rogorc yofil mokavSire respublikebTan, ise msoflios sxva 135

qveynebTan da maT Soris saqarTvelosTan, radgan tradiculad ukrainas SeuZlia mogvawodos marcvleuli da mecxoveleobis produqtebi, sanacvlod ki gaitanos Caisa da Rvinis produqcia, agreTve citrusebi.

Tavi IX. moldaveTis ekonomika. moldaveTi (axla moldova), sabWoTa kavSiris yofili mokavSire respublikaa, mdebareobs ukrainis samxreTdasavleTiT, ori mdinaris – dnestrsa da pruts Soris. dasavleTiT mas esazRvreba rumineTi, ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg man gamoacxada damoukidebloba da daadga Tavisufali ganviTarebis gzas. igi lamazi patara qveyanaa, teritoria 33,8 aT. kv. km-ia, mosaxleoba 4,2 milioni, dedaqlaqia – kiSinovi. buneba mravalferovania, erTmaneTs cvlis lamazi maRlobebi da Tvaluwvdeneli velebi, tye da stepis landSafti, igi mziani qveyanaa, romelic anaTebs mkafiod da didxans, rac cxovrebisa da saqmianobisaTvis sasurvel klimats qmnis. moldovas bunebas gansazRvrabs karpatebis mTiani sistemis siaxlove da reliefis mravalferovneba, es ukanaskneli gavlenas axdens agreTve sasoflosameurneo dargebis specializaciasa da gaadgilebaze. teritoriis 35% modis wyalgamyof velebze da mdinareul terasebze, romlebic mdebareobs dnestrsa da pruts Soris, swored es miwebia yvelaze nayofieri da gamoiyeneba aqtiuri sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisaTvis, maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom ar ganicdis eroziis gavlenas. aq aris gaadgilebuli ZiriTadi mindvris kulturebi da xexilis baRebi. zomieri daqanebis ferdobebze (2-6*) modis qveynis teritoriis 37%, sadac gaSenebulia venaxebi, misdeven niadagdacviT Teslbrunvebs.teritoriis 20% modis 6 gradusze meti daqanebis ferdobebze. mdinareTa 136

sanapiro zolze modis teritoriis 8%, sadac ZiriTadad bostneuli da baRCeulia ganlagebuli. moldovas klimatze gavlenas axdens Tbili da teniani ciklonebi, romlebic modis atlantikis okianidan, xSiria xmelTaSua zRvidan SemoWrili wvimiani Rrublebi ianvris saSualo temperatura -3 -5 gradusia, ivlisisa ki 20 -22 gradusi. zogjer zafxulis temperatura 30 gradussac aRwevs. sWarbobs Tbili da teniani haeris masebi, romlebic atlantikuri warmoSobisaa, mziani dReebis raodenoba 230-245-ia, romlebTanac kargadaa SeTanawyobili naleqebis raodenoba, rac xels uwyobs sasoflosameurneo kulturebis maRalmosavlianobas. yvelaze didi mdinare dnestri iwyeba karpatebSi da moldovas teritoriaze 650 km-s gadis, meore didi mdinarea pruti, isic karpatebSi iRebs saTaves da gadis moldovas teritoriaze. am mdinareTa Senakadebze aSenebulia 1600 wyalsacavi, romlebic gamoiyeneba rwyvisaTvis. am mizniT kargad iyeneben agreTve gruntis wylebs. moldovaSi sarwyavi sistemebis Tanamedrove qseli aqvT da efeqturadac iyeneben mas. qveynis yvelaze didi simdidre nayofieri niadagebia, romlebic SemadgenlobiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, rac mravalferovani soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. teritoriis ž dafarulia msoflioSi yvelaze nayofieri niadagebiT – SavmiwebiT, aseTi nayofierebis niadagebi ki yofil kavSiris arcerT respublikaSi araa. tyes teritoriis 10% uWiravs, Tumca saukunis dasawyisSi misi raodenoba 30% -ze meti iyo. teritoriis aTvisebis intensivobam gamoiwvia florisa da faunis zogierTi warmomadgenlis Semcireba. did yuradRebas uTmoben dacul teritoriebs, romlebic warmodgenilia nakrZalebis saxiT, sadac vxvdebiT irmebs, Svlebsa da sxva gareul cxovelebs. qveynis mosaxleoba mravalferovania, moldovelebi Seadgenen mosaxleobis 64% -s, isini umTavresad soflad cxovroben, rusebis raodenoba 12,8% -ia, 137

bevria ukraineli -14,2%. maT garda cxovroben gaguazebi, belorusebi da sxvebi. moldovas ekonomikaSi mrewvelobas uWiravs 56,6%, soflis meurneobas – 26%, danarCeni modis transportze, kavSirgabmulobaze, vaWrobaze da a. S. meore msoflio omis Semdeg qveyanaSi ganviTarda mrewvelobis Tanamedrove dargebi, kerZod, xelsawyoTmSenebloba, eleqtroenergetika, magram ZiriTad dargs mainc kvebisa da gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba warmoadgens, romlebic nedleuls sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebidan iReben. kvebis mrewvelobis qvedargebia Rvinis, konservis, Saqris warmoeba, romlebic aRWurvilia Tanamedrove teqnikiT. 1990 wlisaTvis moldovaSi moqmedebda 124 Rvinis pirveladi gadamuSavebis da ramdenime Camomsxmeli qarxana. aq mzaddeboda daaxloebiT 22 -23 mln. dekalitri Rvino, moldova awarmoebda ssrk-Si warmoebuli xilis konservis 20% -s, 1990 wels awarmoes 0,5 mln. tona Saqari. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis TvalsazrisiT, moldova iTvleboda erT-erT maRalganviTarebul respublikad yofil ssrk-Si, aq arsebobda 366 kolmeurneoba, 413 meurneoba, 245 meurneobaTaSoriso sawarmo, 98 qarxana-meurneoba, 82 mefrinveleobis fabrika, 17 sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis respublikuri gaerTianeba. yvela sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmos hqonda mZlavri energetikuli da saremonto baza. saSualod erT meurneobaze mimagrebuli iyo 2,8 aT. ha, aqedan 1,8 aTasi saxnavi iyo. gansakuTrebul aRmavlobas soflis meurneobam miaRwia 1980-ian wlebSi. am periodSi gamoikveTa soflis meurneobis sawarmoo specializacia da igi gaxda mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis respublika. moldovam damatebiT miiRo 3 aT. traqtori, 100 kopmbaini, 2 aT. avtomanqana, 4,2 –jer gaizarda sawarmoo fondebi.

50- ian wlebSi Seiqmna meurneoba-qarxnis tipis pirveli agrosamrewvelo gaerTianebebi, romlebmac praktikulad daadastura aseTi integraciis 138

perspeqtiuloba. am perodSi Seiqmna gaerTianebebi ,,mldavRvino”, ,,moldavxilbostneuli”, ,,moldaveTerzeTebi”, romlebic iZleoda respublikaSi warmoebuli Rvinis produqtis 35%-s, konservis -27%-s, eTerzeTebis -10%-s.

1975 wlidan daiwyomeurneobaTaSoriso gareTianebebis Seqmna, romelTa raodenoba 1990 wlisaTvis 300-s aRemateboda. moldovas soflis meurneobis saerTo produqciaSi 65,7% modioda memcenareobaze, 34,3% - mecxoveleobaze. sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba qveynis teritoriis 86,4%,anu 2,9 mln. ha. saxnavi ZiriTadad Crdilo-aRmosavleTis raionebSia, xolo xexilisa da venaxis farTobebi dnestrispireTsa da centralur raionebSi, 60-ani wlebidan saxnavis xvedriTi wili Semcirda 227 aTas ha-riT da gaizarda mravalwliani nargavebis farTobi 207 aTasi ha-iT. memcenareobis saerTo da sasaqonlo produqciis warmoebaSi wamyvania mevenaxeoba da mexileoba. mevenaxeobas didi xnis istoria aqvs, jer kidev XIX saukunis dasawyisSi hqonda samrewvelo xasiaTi Rvinis damzadebas, romlis produqciac igzavneboda ruseTis centralur olqSi. 1900 wlisaTvis venaxis qveS dakavebuli iyo 83 aTasi ha. da igi didi memamuluri meurneobebis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. 1990 wels ki venaxis farTobebi 251 aTas ha-de gaizarda, aqedan msxmoiare iyo 175 aTasi ha-ri, xolo 2008 wlisaTvis venaxis mosavliani farTobi mcirdeba da igi Seadgenda 137 aTas ha-rs. moldova ZiriTadad sufris Rvinoebs amzadebs, gavrcelebulia muskaturi, aligote, rqawiTeli, romelic saqarTvelodanaa Setanili, rislingi da yurZnis sxva saxeobebi.

1990 wels moldova Tu awarmoebda 940 aTas tona yurZens, momdevno wlebSi warmoebam iklo da 2008 wlisaTvis 635,5 aTasi tona Seadgina, rac 305 aTasi toniT naklebia 1990 wlis maCvenebelze. Semcirda mosavlianobac, 1990 wels igi 53,8 centners, xolo 2008 wlisaTvis 40,1 c.-ri Seadgina. bolo wlebSi yurZnis warmoebis Semcireba ZiriTadad gamowveulia imiT, rom 139

Semcirebulia mosavliani venaxis farTobi 112 aTasi ha-riT, romelic sxva kulturebis qveS moeqca da amortizebuli venaxis ganaxleba ar moxerxda vazis nergis uqonlobis gamo. mexileobac maRalganviTarebuli dargia, 1950 wlidan Catarda mniSvnelovani samuSaoebi Zveli baRebis wesrigSi mosayvanad da axali baRebis gasaSeneblad, romlis drosac farTod iyenebdnen baRebis gaSenebis progresul meTodebs, romelsac Sedegad mohyva is, rom dReisaTvis qveyanaSi xilis samrewvelo baRebi aqvT. 1950 wels xilis qveS dakavebuli iyo 43 aTasi ha, 1990 wels ki 206 aTasi ha, aqedan msxmoiare 126 aTasi ha. sul awarmoes 0,9 mln. tona xili, saSualo mosavlianobam 46,8 c Seadgina.

2008 wlisaTvis ki Semcirebulia da igi Seadgenda 370,5 aTas tonas, rac ZiriTadad gamoiwvia farTobis Semcirebam. amitom mimdinareobs muSaoba sanerge meurneobebis aRsadgenad. venaxis da xilis baRebi hqondaT yvela kolmeurneobaSi, romlebic umTavresad mravaldargovan meurneobebs warmoadgendnen da am dargebs wamyvani pozicia ekavaT, arsebobda agreTve mevenaxeobisa da mexileobis specializebuli meurneobebi. saTesi farTobis 20% uWiravs teqnikur kulturebs, gavrcelebulia mzesumzira, romelic mohyavT yvelgan, samxreT raionebSi sadac specializebuli meurneobebicaa. 1985 wels awarmoes 380 aTasi tona mzesumzira, xolo 2008 wlisaTvis misi warmoeba 371,9 aTas tonamde Semcirda. mzesumzira erT-erTi prioritetuli kulturaa, moldavuri warmoemis zeTi kargi xarisxisaa, igi igzavneboda rogorc socialituri banakis qveynebSi, ise dasavleT evropaSi. moldavur zeTze dResac didi moTxovnilebaa. teqnikuri kulturebidan meorea Saqris Warxali, romlis qveSac 2008 wels dakavebuli iyo 228 aTasi ha-ri, saSualo mosavlianobam 42 tona, xolo saerTo mosavalma 960,7 aTasi tona Seadgina.

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moldova mTlianad uzrunvelyofs sakuTar moTxovnilebas Saqrze. mniSvnelovani teqnikuri kulturaa – Tambaqo, romlis saerTo mosavali 2008 wlisaTvis 3,9 aTas tonas Seadgenda, moldavuri Tambaqos nawarmi didi mowonebiT sargeblobda sakavSiro bazarze. samrewvelo xasiaTi aqvs eTerzeTebis warmoebas, gavrcelebulia yazanlikisa da yirimis vardi, sxva eTerzeTovani kulturebi. naTesi farTobebis naxevari modis marcvleulze.

1990 wels marcvleulis qveS dakavebuli iyo 750 aTasi ha, saerTo mosavali 2,5 mln. t. rac yofil kavSirSi meeqvse maCvenebeli iyo. maRali iyo mosavlianobac – 33,0 c da am maCveneblebiT igi pirvel adgilze iyo mokavSire respublikebs Soris. ZiriTadi marcvleuli kulturebia xorbali, simindi da Wvavi. moldaveTi mTlianad uzrunvelyofs sakuTar moTxovnilebebs sasursaTo da safuraJe marcvleulze. 1991 wels qveyanam awarmoa 3,1 mln. tona marcvali, mosavlianobam 37 c-ri, xolo 2008 wels – 1,8 mln. t., mosavlinoba ki 13 centneri iyo, rac arcTu ise karg maCveneblad unda CaiTvalos. moldovaSi kargi pirobebia mebostneobisaTvis, romelTa qveS farTobi yovelwliurad izrdeba, magaliTad, Tu 1950 wels bostneul-baRCeuli kulturebis qveS dakavebuli iyo 23 aTasiha, 1990 wels 70 aTas ha-rs Seadgenda da awarmoes 1,2 mln. tona bostneuli, xolo 2008 wlisaTvis warmoebul iqna 376,3 aTasi tona bostneuli. e. i. 824 aTasi toniT Semcirda, amis mzezad unda CaiTvalos is, rom moldovam dakarga gasaRebis bazari, romelic ZiriTadad sabWoTa sivrciT iyo warmodgenili. moldovelTa tradiciuli sakvebia kartofili, romlis saerTo mosavali 2008 welisaTvis 270 aTasi tona Seadgina, riTac sakuTar moTxovnilebas ZiriTadad ikmayofilebs. moldovaSi intensiuri sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom aq miedineba sakmaod wyaluxvi mdinareebi, sasoflo-sameurneo farTobis 141

didi nawili moiTxovs morwyvas, vake reliefi, uaxlesi samelioracio teqnikis farTod gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva, izrdeba mineraluri sasuqebis gamoyeneba. soflis meurneobis mniSvnelovani dargia mecxoveleoba, romelSic gamokveTilia rqosani pirutyvi, meRoreoba da mefrinveleoba, mecxoveleoba samrewvelo safuZvelzea, hyavT jiSiani pirutyvi da aqvT meqanizebuli fermebi. 1990 wels moldovaSi 1,1 mln. suli rqosani pirutyvi hyavdaT, maT Soris 400 aTasi mewveli Zroxa, awarmoes 1,5 mln. t. rZe, saSualo wveladoba 3500 litri iyo, pirutyvi hyavT rogorc Zovebaze, ise bagur kvebaze. mowvelili rZis 95% modis gadamuSavebaze. momdevno wlebSi, pirutyvis suladobam iklo da 2008 wels 218 aTas sulamde Semcirda. m. S. Zroxebis raodenobam Seadgina 160 aTasi suli, rZis warmoeba ganaxevrda da 16,6 aTasi tona Seadgina, amis mizezia, rogorc suladobis, aseve wveladobis mkveTri Semcireba. msxvili mecxoveleobis kompleqsebidan pirutyvi gadavida kerZo seqtorSi, romlebmac jer-jerobiT ver Seqmnes pirutyvis movlisa da Senaxvis saTanado pirobebi, ramac maTi suladobis mkveTri Semcireba gamoiwvia. moldova rZisa da rZis produqrebze mTlianad ikmayofilebs Tavis moTxovnilebas.

2008 wlisaTvis hyavdaT 866 aTasi cxvari da amzadebdnen 2,2 aTas tona xorcs, aseve qveyanaSi 1990 wels hyavdaT 2,0 milionamde Rori, romelic warmodgenili iyo rogorc individualur, ise specializebul meurneobebSi da amzadebdnen 313 aTas tonamde xorcs, xolo 2008 wlisaTvis hyavdaT 299 aTasi suli da awarmoebdnen 35,1 aTas tonas. ganviTarebulia mefrinveleoba, jer kidev 60 –iani wlebidan Seiqmna msxvili mefrinveleobis avtomatizebuli kompleqsebi. frinvelis raodenoba 1990 wels 24 mln. frTaze meti iyo, saSualo kvercxmdebloba 200 cals Seadgenda, xolo saerTo warmoeba ki 1511 mln, cals. 2008 wlisaTvi frinvelis 142

raodenoba 18,8 mln. frTamde Semcirda, xolo kvercxis warmoeba 207 milion calamde. miuxedavad imisa, rom 80 –ian wlebSi maT miiRes damatebiTi teqnika, moldovas soflis meurneobis teqnikuri SeiaraReba mainc dabali iyo. 1990 wels energoSeiaraReba 22,3 cx. Zalas udrida, 10 cx. ZaliT naklebi iyo sakavSiro maCvenebelze. energoSeiaraRebis SedarebiT dabali maCvenebeli gamowveulia umTavresad imiT, rom mevenaxeobasa da mebaReobaSi zogierTi teqnologiuri procesi jer kidev xeliT sruldeba da ZiriTadad energetikuli simZlavreebi gamoiyeneba marcvleuli kulturebisaTvis, romlebSic yvela procesi meqanizebulia. miuxedavad imisa, rom moldova daadga kapitalisturi ganviTarebis gzas, dResac SenarCunebulia msxvili saxelmwifo meurneobebi da kolmeurneobebi. individualur seqtorSi gvxvdeba, rogorc glexuri meurneobebi, ise nebayofilobiT Seqmnili kooperaciuli gaerTianebebi. moldovaSi adgili ar hqonia savargulTa datacebas, aq orjer gaatares agraruli reformebi, romlis drosac msxvili sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebis bazaze Seiqmna agrofirmebi, xolo miwebis garkveuli nawili gadaeca glexebs, glexuri fermeruli meurneobebis mosawyobad. saqarTvelosa da moldovas partnioruli TanamSromlobis saSualeba aqvT SavizRvis auzis qveynebis farglebSi, moldovas SeuZlia saqarTvelos miawodos 0,5 –0,7 mln. tona sasursaTo da safuraJe marcvleuli, xolo saqarTvelodan gaitanos Cais produqcia da citrusebi.

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5. amierkavkasia Tavi X. “amierkavkasiis qveynebis ekonomika” 10. 1. amierkavkasiis qveynebis ekonomika amierkavkasia Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobiT umniSvnelovanes strategiul-ekonomikur regions warmoadgens. aq gadaikveTeba ara marto Savi da kaspiis zRvebis auzis qveynebis interesebi, aramed evropis, aziisa da afrikis qveynebis strategiuli da ekonomikuri interesebic. amierkavkasia msoflios umniSvnelovanesi qveynebis gzajvaredinze mdebareobs, aqedan ukavSirdeba CineTi, iaponia da Sua azia evropis qveynebs. ruseTi – YTurqeTs, iransa da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebs. amierkavkasiaze gadis umniSvnelovanesi sarkinigzo, sahaero da sakomunikacio magistralebi. kidev ufro gaizarda misi, rogorc satransporto derefnis roli kaspiis did navTobTan dakavSirebiT. yofil ssrk-Si kavkasia asrulebda umniSvnelovanes ekonomikur da strategiul rols. ruseTis imperiis samxedro manqana kavkasiidan akontrolebda indoeTis okeanes da sparseTis yures- navTobmompovebel arabul regionebs.

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amierkavkasiaSi sami damoukidebeli qveyanaa: saqarTvelo, azerbaijani da somxeTi, isini kavkasiis didi qedis samxreTiT, Savsa da kaspiis zRvebs Soris arsebul teritoriaze mdebareobs. regions samxreTiT esazRvreba TurqeTi da irani, xolo CrdiloeTiT – ruseTi. amierkavkasiis teritoria 186,1 aTasi kv. km-ia, rac yofili ssrk-s teritoriis 0,8%-ia, xolo mosaxleoba 16,5 milionia. amierkavkasia mravalerovani regionia. aq cxovroben qarTvelebi, azerbaijanelebi, somxebi, garda amisa afxazebi, osebi, ebraelebi, lekebi, berZnebi, qurTebi, rusebi, ukrainelebi. amierkavkasiaSi aborigeni mosaxleobis formireba daiwyo jer kidev III-I aTaswleulebSi Cvens welTaaRricxvamde. uxsovari droidan iyvnen am teritoriaze urartus, kolxidis, iberiis, albaneTis saxelmwifoebi. es regionebi ganekuTvneba msoflio civilizaciis im kerebs, sadac adre daiwyo kulturuli miwaTmoqmedeba, mejogeoba. amierkavkasia iTvleba vazis erT-erT samSoblod, jer kidev III aTaswleulSi Cvens welTaaRricxvamde maT ukve icodnen metalis dnoba. msoflios 14 damwerlobidan ori, qarTuli da somxuri kavkasiaSi Seiqmna jer kidev Cvens welTaaRricxvamde. kavkasiaSi qarTvelebma da somxebma me-4 saukuneSi aRiares qristianuli religia, aqve aRmocenda mahmadianuri religiis uZvelesi kerebic. kavkasia odiTganve warmoadgenda didi omebisa da brZolebis gamudmebul sarbiels, iqmneboda da ingreoda didi kavkasiuri saxelmwifoebi, erTiandeboda da iTiSeboda xalxebi, amierkavkasiis istorias axsovs rogorc mZlavri, ise daqucmacebuli patar-patara feodaluri saxelmwifoebi. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi ki igi momZlavrebuli ruseTis imperiis msxverpli xdeba da aqedan moyolebuli TiTqmis ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi misi Semadgeneli nawili.

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10.2. saqarTvelos

saqarTvelo

-

ekonomika;

yofil ssrk-s evropuli nawilis samxreTiT mdebare qveyanaa. misi teritoria 69,7 aTasi kv. km-ia, mosaxleoba, 4,4 milioni, dedaqalaqia Tbilisi. saqarTTveloSi sami avtonomiuri formireba Sedis, aWaris- dedaqalaqi baTumi, afxazeTisdedaqalaqi soxumi, samxreTi oseTi- dedaqalaqi cxinvali ( magram, ori ukanasknelis mimarT jer kidev mimdinareobs molaparakeba maTi statusis gansazRvrisaTvis). saqarTvelos CrdiloeTis sazRvari gadis kavkasionis qedze da igi ruseTis federacias esazRvreba, kerZod, krasnodarisa da stavropolis mxareebs, CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebs: yabardobalyareTs, CrdiloeT oseTs, inguSeTs, daRestans da CeCneTs ( am ukanasknelma gamoacxada damoukidebloba, magram ruseTma jer-jerobiT didi msxverplis da zewolis xarjze SeinarCuna). aRmosavleTiT misi sazRvari gadis somxeTis saxelmwifosTan; samxreT aRmosavleTiT – azerbeijanTan, samxreTiT – TurqeTTan, xolo dasavleTiT mas ekvris Savi zRva. saqarTvelo mTiani qveyanaa, teritoriis 2/3 mTebs uWiravs, CrdiloeTiT mdebare kavkasionis qedis zogierTi mwvervalis simaRle 5000 metrs aRemateba, samxreT saqarTvelos mesxeTis, TrialeTisa da javaxeTis mTian masivs da zegans uWiravs, saqarTvelos centraluri nawili suramis qedze modis, romelic aRmosavleT da dasavleT nawilad yofs qveyanas, suramis qedi aerTianebs kavkasions samxreTis mTianeTTan, aRmosavleTiT saqarTvelos centralur nawilSi mdebareobs Sida qarTlisa da qvemo qarTlis dablobi, agreTve alaznis veli, romelTa simaRle zRvis donidan 500-700 metrs Seadgens, dasavleT saqarTvelos centraluri nawili uwiravs imereTisa da kolxeTis dablobs.

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saqarTvelos mTiani reliefi mniSvnelovnad aferxebs am regionebis ekonomikur ganviTarebas, vinaidan igi naklebadaa dasaxlebuli.

Qqveynis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba zRvis donidan 600- 800 metr simaRlemde cxovrobs. Aaqvea warmodgenili qalaqebi, samrewvelo centrebi, sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis naTesebi, miuxedavad SezRuduli pirobebisa, qveynis bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebi mainc xelsayrelia ekonomikis ZiriTadi dargebis, m.

S. soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis.

Yyofil ssrk-Si e. w. Sromis sakavSiro danawilebaSi, saqarTvelo warmodgenili iyo, rogorc msubuqi da kvebis mrewvelobis produqciis, Savi metalebis, azotovani sasuqebis, sxvadasxva saxis manqanaTmSenebeli ( m. S. eleqtromavlebis, satvirTo avtomobilebis, eleqtroteqnikuri mowyobilobebis) mwarmoebeli respublika. saqarTveloSi warmoebuli konservebi, citrusi, xili, Rvino, koniaki, Cai da sxva didi raodenobiT igzavneboda ara marto yofil respublikebSi, aramed sazRvargareTac. saqarTvelo msoflios erT-erT uZvelesi qveyanaa, romelsac mdidari istoria aqvs.

Rogorc arqeologiuri monacemebi mowmoben, saqarTvelos teritoria jer kidev qvis xanaSi iyo dasaxlebuli, misi mosaxleoba misdevda nadirobas, meTevzeobas, momdevno periodSi TandaTanobiT gadavidnen mejogeobasa da miwaTmoqmedebaze. Uukve VI saukuneSi Cv. welTaRricxvamde Savi zRvis sanapiroze Camoyalibda kolxTa saxelmwifo, romelSic maRal doneze iyo miwaTmoqmedeba, mevenaxeoba, xelosnoba, momdevno periodSi ukve organizebuli xasiaTi miiRo narTis warmoebam. Kkolxebi kargi zRvaosnebic iyvnen, aqvea aRmoCenili msoflioSi erT-erTi uZvelesi fulis monetebi, romlebic jer kidev Cven welT aRricxvamde, Rirebulebis erTeuls warmoadgenda saxelwodebiT kolxuri TeTri (vercxlis moneta), romlis erT mxares gamosaxuli iyo kolxuri saxelmwifos gerbi, xolo meoreze—mefis profili.

147

kolxeTis mdidar saxelmwifos icnobdnen Savi da xmelTaSua qveynebi.

Amave periods ganekuTvneba argonavtebis cnobili mogzauroba oqros verZis mosapoveblad, riTac dasturdeba, rom kolxebs oqros mopovebis originaluri xerxic hqoniaT. Cven welTaRricxvamde VIIIVI saukuneebSi kolxeTi dalaSqres Zvelma berZnebma, romlebmac daarses saporto qalaqebi fazisi (foTi), fiWvnari (qobuleTi), dioskuria (soxumi), potiumi (biWvinTa). kolxeTs axsovs pontoeli da romaeli legionerebic, romelTa winaaRmdeg brZola gamudmebiT mimdinareobda. Cv. welTaRricxvamde IV saukuneSi Camoyalibda qarTis tomebi,romlebsac Semdeg “qarTvelebad”moixseniebdnen mezobel qveynebSi. maT TandaTanobiT gadmoinacvles kolxeTidan aRmosavleTiT da daarses qarTuli saxelmwifo iberiis saxelwodebiT, romlis dedaqalaqic iyo mcxeTa. berZeni mogzauris strabonis monacemebiT iberia mWidrod dasxlebuli qveyana yofila, uamravi cixe-qalaqebiT da mdidari soflebiT, mosaxleoba misdevda miwaTmoqmedebas, meRvineobas, mesaqonleobas, icodnen fqvilis damzadeba, puris gamocxoba da sxva. Amave periods ganekuTvneba terasebi, romlebic mTiani ferdobebis samiwaTmoqmedo aTvisebis brwyinvale nimuSebs warmoadgens. momZlavrebulma qarTlis samefom daiwyo dasavleTiT mdebare qarTuli tomebiT dasaxlebuli miwa-wylis SemoerTeba, romelic axali welTaRricxvis Semdegac grZeldeboda. Ase Caeyara safuZveli erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas. Cveni welTaRricxvis II saukuneSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi Seiqmna damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifo egrisi, anu lazeTi. Zveli berZnuli xelnawerebi gvamcnoben, rom jer kidev Cveni welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi qarTvelebma icodnen kulturuli miwaTmoqmedeba, isini aRweren raionis WalebSi mdebare baR-venaxebs, xilis saxeobas, miwaTmoqmedebis maRal dones. igive berZnuli wyaroebi gvamcnoben im maRali kulturisa da civilizaciis 148

Sesaxeb, romlebic Seqmnes qarTvelebma, pirveli xelnaweri wigni saqarTveloSi III saukuneSi gamoCnda, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom qarTuli anbani gacilebiT adre Seiqmna.

Uukve IV saukuneSi qarTveloba qristianobas eziara da am periodidan daiwyo saeklesio wignebis werac. kolxeTSi aRmoCenilia Rvinis Tixis WurWeli (Wuri), romelis xnovanebac II saukunes miekuTvneba, aRmoCenilia, agreTve, RviniT saves Wurebi, produqciis analizma cxadyo, Tu ra maRal teqnologiur doneze idga meRvineoba saqarTveloSi. dResac gaocebas iwvevs qarTuli warmoSobis samTo sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRebi, kerZod, saxnisi, romelic Tavisi rTuli da srulyofili konstruqciiT Tanamedrove teqnikis nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, endemuria qarTuli dolis puri, qarTuli jiSis moklefexebiani pirutyvi, ase kargad, rom egueba mTian pirobebs, meaTe saukunidanaa cnobili qarTuli futkari da Tafli, romelic didi raodenobiT gahqondaT sazRvargareTis qveynebSi. qarTuli saxelmwifos mSvidobian mSeneblobas, xSirad arRvevdnen ucxoeli dampyroblebi. romTan, iranTan, arabeTTan, bizantielebTan brZolas ara marto adamianebi ewirebodnen, aramed qveyanac, Canagdeboda ekonomika, materialuri kulturis Zeglebi.

VIII-IX saukuneebSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze ramdenime feodaluri saxelmwifo iyo, dasavleT saqarTvelos ewodeboda afxazeTis samefo da igi moicavda mTel teritorias lixnis mTidan dasavleTisaken.

Misi dedaqalaqi quTaisi iyo. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gamoyofili iyo kaxeTis, hereTis, qarTlis Zlieri samTavroebi, samxreTiT— tao-klarjeTi, magram yvela isini qarTuli warmoSobis saxelmwifoebi iyo, erTiani damwerlobiT, religiiTa da eniT. X saukuneSi daiwyo saqarTvelos gaerTianeba, romelic damTavrda bagrat III-is dros, Seiqmna erTiani, Zlieri centralizebuli saxelmwifo, 149

romelmac Tavis Zlierebis mwvervals mefe daviT aRmaSeneblisa da misi Svilis Tamar mefis dros miaRwia. Es iyo saqarTvelos istoriis brwyinvale periodi, saqarTvelos mefeebis gavlena mTel kavkasiaze vrceldeboda.

Qveyanam daiwyo aRmamSenebloba. gahyavdaT gzebi, aSenebdnen xidebs, taZrebs, qalaqebs, ganviTarda xelosnoba da vaWroba., daiwyo saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba, Camoyalibda kulturisa da ganatlebis didi centrebi gelaTisa da iyalTos akademiebis saxiT, am periodSi Seiqmna msoflio renesansis Sedevri poema ,, vefxis tyaosani� da misi avtori SoTa rusTaveli Sevida msoflio literaturis korifeTa siaSi. Aamave periods ganekuTvneba qarTuli miwaTmoqmedebis axal safexurze ayvana, Caisaxa misi mecnieruli safuZvlebi. dResacaa SemorCenili msoflioSi uZvelesi alaznis sarwyavi sistema, romlis sigrZec 119 km-ia; igi Tanamedroveebs aocebs sainJinro gadawyvetilebiT, sirTuleebiTa da originalobiT. Aam sarwyav sistemas originali ar hqonda imdroindel msoflioSi. Aamave periods ganekuTvneba originaluri niadgdacviTi RonisZiebebi, romelTa analogic Znelad Tu moiZebneba. saqarTvelo udidesi savaWro qveyana gaxda, aq iyrida Tavs saqaravno gzebi, romlebic CineTsa da Sua azias akavSirebda evropasTan, xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebTan, axlo aRmosavleTTan, saqarTvelos dedadaqalaqi Tbilisi erT-erT udides qalaqad iTvleboda, saqarTvelo vaWrobda rueTTan, iranTan,siriasTan, indoeTTan, egviptesTan, CineTTan da sxva qveynebTan. XI_ XII saukuneebidan iwyeba saqarTvelos istoriis Savbneli periodi, rodesac daiwyo TaTar-monRolTa Semosevebi, XI saukunis miwuruls Temur-lengma saqarTvelo miwasTan gaaswora, aoxrda qalaqebi, aiCexa baR-venaxebi, moiSala meurneoba, xalxi mTebSi gaixizna. XII saukunis dasasruls saqarTvelo daiyo sam samefod (qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis) da oTx 150

samTavrod (samcxe-saaTabago, samegrelo, guria, afxazeTi). XII_XVI saukuneSi gaxSirda TurqeTisa da iranis Semosevebi, romlebmac TiTqmis yovelwliuri xasiaTi miiRo, qveyana gaCanagda, amas daerTo lekianobac. xuTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi qarTvel kacs xmali qarqaSSi ar Caugia, igi erTdroulad iyo meomaric da meurnec. im periodSi bevri gmiris saxeli Caiwera saqarTvelos istoriaSi, ase dasrulda XVIII saukunec. Bolo Semoseva saqarTvelom 1795 wels aRamahmad xanisagan ganicada, romelmac pirisagan miwisa aRgava Tbilisi. Semdeg iwyeba ruseTis ,,mfarvelobis� xana, romelsac oficialurad safuZveli Caeyara georgevskis traqtatiT 1783 wels, rasac 1801 wels mohyva saqarTvelos sruli aneqsia da ruseTis imperiisaTvis SeerTeba. iwyeba ruseTis imperiaSi saqarTvelos yofnis xangrZlivi periodi, romlis drosac saqarTvelo eziara evropul kulturas, qveyanam daisvena daiwyo meurneobriobis aRdgena. Aam erTi SexedviT sasikeTo Zvrebs, Tan mohyva qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mospoba, kolonializmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sisastike,garuseba, qarTuli enis akrZalva, rusebisa da ucxo tomebis Camosaxleba, saukeTeso miwebis mitaceba, rusulma kapitalma mTlianad daipyro saqarTvelos ekonomika da saboloo angariSiT saqarTvelos ZaldatanebiTi Cayeneba ruseTis imperiis samsaxurSi. ruseTTan SeerTebis pirveli dRidanve daiwyo erovnulgamanTavisuflebeli moZraoba qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRsadgenad 1917 wlis revoluciis Semdeg, saqarTvelom 1918 wels gamoacxada damoukidebloba, qarTulma saxelmwifom 1921 wlamde iarseba, romlis Semdeg komunisturma ruseTma saqarTvelos xelmeore aneqsia moaxdina da igi mokavSire respublikis statusiT Seiyvana komunistur imperiaSi. Daiwyo komunisturi diqtaturis xangrZlivi periodi, romelic 1991 wlamde gagrZelda.

Aam periodidan daiwyo saqarTvelos istoriaSi axali 151

era, saqarTvelo Tavisufali, damoukidebeli da suverenuli saxelmwifo gaxda. saqarTvelos geografiulma mdebareobam, rTulma reliefma, vertikalurma zonalobam gansazRvres bunebis mravalferovneba. teritoriis 80% uWiravs qedebs da kavkasionis umaRles mwvervalebs, aq warmodgenilia bunebrivi zonebi teniani subtrobikebidan didi kavkasionis mTianeTamde. saqarTvelos siamayea Savi zRvispireTis da subtropikuli miwaTmoqmedeba, qveyanaSi SexvdebiT alpur saZovrebs, terasul meurneobebs da sxva. soflis meurneobis mravalferovneba Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs mis specializaciaSic, arsebobs sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoo specializaciis 11 zona, rva qvezoniT, aseTi mravalferovneba ar axasiaTebda yofil ssrk-s arc erT respublikas, niSandoblivia isic, rom saqarTveloSi gadis msoflio subtropikuli soflis meurneobis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi sazRvari. statistikuri monacemebiT sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisaTvis gamoiyeneba qveynis teritoriis 16,1% da maTi raodenoba absolutur maCvenebelSi 3,2 mln. heqtaria. maT Soris saxnavi 800 aTasi, mravalwliani nargavebi 360 aTasi, saTibebi 200 aTasi da saZovrebi 1,8 mln. ha. Yyofil sssk-Si saqarTvelo iTvleboda erT-erT mciremiwian respublikad, erT sulze saxnavi farTobis ha mixedviT, rac daaxloebiT germaniis, iaponiis, holandiis da belgiis monacemebis tolia. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saqarTvelosaTvis damaxasiaTebelia nakveTebis mravalkonturianoba, iSviaTia erTiani gamasivebuli nakveTebi, romlebic meqanizaciis efeqturi gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva. dasamuSavebeli nakveTebis saSualo parametrebi 2,3 heqtaria, bevria naxevarheqtriani da ufro mcire moculobis nakveTebic, problemuria isic, rom damuSavebaSi myofi miwebis 35 % mdebareobs 8 grdusze da meti daqanebis ferdobebze, rac aZnelebs maT aTvisebas da eqsploatacias, analogiur 152

mdgomareobaSia saTib-saZovrebic, romelTa 43% Znelad misadgomia da amdenad naknebad efeqturic. saTesi farTobebidan 2008 wels 329,3 aTasi ha eWira marcvleuls, romelTa naTesebi (xorbali, qeri) ZiriTadad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod, kaxeTsa da qarTlis raionebSi, xolo dasavleT saqarTveloSi marcvleulidan mohyavT sasursaTo da safuraJe simindi. Mmarcvleulis saerTo warmoeba saukeTeso wlebSi 640-680 aTasi t. iyo, saSualo mosavlianoba-23,4 centneri, rac yofil ssrk-Si saSualo maCveneblad iTvleboda. Mmarcvleuli mohyavT, rogorc sarwyav, ise urwyav miwebze, igi umTavresad warmodgenili iyo kolmeurneobebSi, zogierT maTganSi rogorc ZiriTadi da damxmare dargi. Yyoelwliurad saqarTvelos Semohqonda 1,8—1,9 mln. Tona marcvleuli, rac marcvlis saerTo moxmarebis 70%-s aRemateboda. dReisaTvis SemuSavebulia marcvlis warmoebis programa, romelic iTvaliswinebs sakuTari marcvlis 1,1—1,2 mln. t-de warmoebas. 1995 wels warmoebul iqna 525 aTasi tona, anu 1985 wlis maCveneblis 82,0%, xolo 2008 wlisaTvis marcvlis moculobam Seadgina 1264 aTsi tona, aqedan adgilze warmoebuli iyo 435 aTasi tona da saheqtaro mosavlianoba 1,8 tona, xolo Semotanili iqna 629 aTasi tona, mosaxleobis erT sulze moxmarebuli iyo 112 kg. fqvili, ramac Seadgina 952 kkal dReSi da TviTuzrunvelyofis koeficientma Seadgina 12%-i.

2000 wels naTesi farTobidan 37 aTasi ha. Eekava kartofils, saerTo mosavali Seadgenda 514 aTas tnas, xolo mosavlianoba 8,9 t-a. kartofilis warmoebis ZiriTadi raionebia qvemo qarTli da javaxeTi. saqarTvelos yovelwliurad e. w. sakavSiro fondSi yovelwliurad gahqonda 65-68 aTasi tona adreuli kartofili, xolo Semohqonda 40-42 aTasi tona, ZiriTadad saqarTveloSi dislocirebuli ruseTis armiisaTvis. saqarTvelom sakuTari moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad unda awarmoos 650—700 aTasi tona kartofili. dReisaTvis 153

kartofilis warmoeba TiTqmis mTlianad kerZo meurneobebSia moqceuli, 2008 wlisaTvis qveyanis maragi iyo 325 aT.tona kartofili, aqedan adgilze iwarmoa 193 aTasi t-na, xolo importis saxiT Semotanil iqna 32 aTasi tona. erT sul mosaxleze kartofilis wliuri maragi Seadgenda 48 kg-s da TviTuzrunvelyofis koeficienti iyo 86%.

Bbostneulis qveS 2000 wels dakavebuli iyo 37,9 aTasi ha, saerTo warmoeba 354 aTas tonas aRemateboda, saSualo mosavlianoba ki 9,3 t. 2008 wels bostneulis qveS arsebuli farTobi Semcirda 26,1 aTas heqtramde, xolo warmoebis moculoba 165 aTas tonamde da saheqtaro mosavlianoba 5,9 tona. saqarTvelo awarmoebda adreul bostneuls, romelic gahqonda yofil mokavSire respublikebSi, igi umTavresad Ria gruntSi mohyavdaT. sakuTari moTxovnilebisaTvis qveyanas sWirdeba 750-800 aTasi tona produqcia.

Bostneulis warmoeba koncentrirebuli iyo, rogorc Sereul (mebostneoba-mecxoveleobis, mebostneobamexileobis0 meurneobebSi, ise individualur seqtorSi. Qqveynis mosaxleobis momaragebis 70% modioda individualir seqtorze, amJamadac aRniSnuli produqciis warmoebis 95% modis glexur meurneobebze.

Mebostneobis gavrcelebis areali ZiriTadad sagareubno zonebia, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSigardabnisa da marneulis, xolo dasavleT saqarTvelosaTviswyaltubos raioni, bostneuliT saqarTvelos srulad SeuZlia daakmayofilos Tavisi moTxovnileba kartofilze, xolo Tu mas samrewvelo xasiaTs mivcemT, maSin SesaZlebeli gaxdeba aRniSnuli produqciis gatanac ucxoeTis qveynebSi, kargi pirobebia baRCeuli kulturebisTvisac, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad mohyavT sazamTro, xolo dasavleTSi-gogra da siTbosa da tennis moyvaruli mcenareebi. teqnikuri kulturebidan awarmoebdnen Saqri Warxals, romelsac ZiriTadad iyenebdnen Saqris fxvnilis misaRebad.

1990 wels saqarTveloSi 154

warmoebuli iqna 55 aTasi tona, xolo saSualo mosavlianoba Seadgenda 488 centners, Warxlis garkveuli raodenoba SemohqndaT ukrainidan da belorusiidan.

2008 wlisaTvis Saqris Warxlis adgilobrivi warmoeba amoRebulia warmoebidan, rac erT-erT uaryofiT maCveneblad unda CaiTvalos qveynisaTvis. Aaseve mcire raodenobiT awarmoebdnen mzesumziras, 2008 wels warmoebis done iyo 15 aTasi tona, xolo sxva respublikebidan Semotanili ki 15-18 aTasi tonas Seadgenda.

Warxlis warmoebaSi ZiriTadad dakavebuli iyo Sida qarTlis raionebi (gori, qareli, xaSuri nawilobriv cxinvalis zonac), xolo mzesumziras awarmoebdnen kaxeTis regionSi. Ddamoukidebel saqarTveloSi garkveuli perspeqtivebi gaCnda erTwliani kulturebis, kerZod, marcvleulis warmoebisaTvis, romlis moculobis zrda ZiriTadad unda moxdes xorblisa da simindis xarjze.

2008 wlisaTvis naTesi farTobebidan 9,3 aTasi ha modioda sakveb kulturebze, romelTa produqtiuloba da yuaTianoba sagrZnoblad CamorCeba evropis (m.S. aRmosavleT evropis) qveynebis maCveneblebs. saqarTvelo upirveles yovlisa, mravalwlian nargavTa qveyanaa. kolxeTSi Semosuli Zveli berZnebic xom qarTulma baR-venaxebma gaaoces, mravalwliani nargavebis qveS 1985 wlisaTvis dakavebuli iyo 360 aTasi heqtari, aqedan mevenaxeobaze modioda 128 aTasi heqtari, m. S. msxmoiare iyo 113 aTasi heqtari. 1988 wels awarmoes 815 aTasi tona yurZeni, rac yofil mokavSire respublikebSi azerbeijanis Semdeg meore maCvenebeli iyo, saSualo mosavlianba Seadgenda 80,0 centners, rac mxolod somxeTis maCvenebels CamorCeboda da utoldeboda azerbeijanisas. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia vazis 500-mde jiSi, romlebic gamoiyeneba samarko Rvinoebis dasamzadeblad. Mxolod saqarTveloSi modis yurZnis iseTi saxeebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba unikaluri 155

Rvinoebis qinZmaraulis (yvareli), xvanWkaras (raWa), izabelas (guria, samegrelo, afxazeTis, manavis (gurjaani, Telavi), kaxuri sufris (kaxeTis raionebi) dasmzadeblad. samwuxarod am unikaluri Rvinoebis warmoeba TiTqmis Sewyda sanedleulo bazis gaCanagebis gamo. kerZod, rogorc avRniSneT saqarTveloSi arsebuli 113 aTasi ha msxmoiare venaxis farTobidan dRes SemorCenili gvaqvs mxolod 30 aTasi heqtari. amJamad mimdinareobs samuSaoebi yvarlisa da ambrolauris raionebSi qinZmaraulisa da xvanWkaris venaxebis aRsadgenad. saqarTveloSi amzadebdnen 35 saxis ordinalur Rvinos, 11 saxis koniaks. qarTuli Rvinis produqcia didi mowonebiT sargeblobda yofil sakavSiro bazarze, mas msoflio aRiareba hqonda, rac dasturdeba medlebis im koleqciiT, romelic gamofenebsa da auqcionebze aqvs miRebuli. saqarTveloSi Rvinis pirveladi damuSavebis 112 qarxana, qarTuli Rvinis Camosxmas emsaxureboda 10 adgilobrivi da 7 yofil ssrk-s sxvadasxva regionSi arsebuli qarxnebi. TbilisSi arsebobda Tanamedrove tipis Sampanuri Rvinoebisa da samarko koniakis qarxnebi, romelTa produqciac sakmaod maRali avtoritetiT sargeblobda msoflio bazarze. 1985 wels eqsploataciaSi Sevida Terjolis Sampanuris qarxana, romelmac male naxa aRiareba.

Mmevenaxeoba warmodgenili iyo rogorc msxvili saxelmwifo meurneobebis saxiT (1988 wels arsebobda 27 meurneoba), ise kolmeurneobebsa da individualur seqtorSi. Aarsebobda ramdenime meurneoba—qarxanac, romelTa sawarmoo ciklSi Sedioda, rogorc nedleulis warmoeba, ise misi pirveladi gadamuSaveba.

1990 wlidan mniSvnelovnad Semcirda yurZnis warmoeba, daiSala meurneobebi da kolmeurneobebi, moxda venaxis farTobebis gadanawileba glexur meurneobebze,. qveyanaSi 1991-1994 wlebSi gamefebulma qaosma mkveTrad Seamcira yurZnis warmoeba, individualur seqtorSi warmoebuli produqcia ver saRdeboda, Rvinis qarxnebs aRar gaaCndaT fuladi 156

saxsrebi yurZnis SesaZenad, radgan qarxnebSi arsebuli didi odenobiT Rvino-masala da sakoniake spirtebi gaZarcvuli iqna imdroindeli droebiTi mTavrobis da araformalurad Camoyalibebuli mxedrionis mier, Semcirda warmoebuli produqciis realizacia, Sida bazarze gamoCnda ucxouri warmoebis Rvinoebi, fexi moikida falsificirebulma produqciam, yovelive amas Sedegad mohyva is, rom 1985 wels awarmoes 914,9 aTasi tona yurZeni, xolo 1995 da 2008 welebSi ki 39 aTasi tona da 176 aTasi tona, rac 1985 wlis maCveneblis 4,3% da 19,2%-i iyo. Aamis mizezi iyo ara marto venaxis farTobebis Semcireba, aramed isic, rom ar arsebobs sanerge baza, ver tardeba amortizebuli zvrebis Secvla, sxva qveynebidan Semotanili nergi arakondiciuria, amas emateba isic, rom siZviris gamo TiTqmis ar tardeba agroteqnikuri samuSaoebi, kerZod, rigTaSoris damuSaveba, sasuqebisa da Sxamqimikatebis Setana, moSlilia sarwyavi sistema, imis gamo, rom yurZens ver yidian, glexebi TviTon amzadeben Rvinos, amdenad warmoebuli yurZnis es raodenoba oficialuri statistikis miRma rCeba. amJamad mimdinareobs fuladi saxsrebis Zieba maT aRsadgenad, saqarTveloSi naklebad sdeben investiciebs ucxoeli investorebi, radgan yurZnis warmoeba garkveul sirTuleebTan (bunebrivi pirobebi, prduqciis swrafbrunvadoba da a.

S.) aris dakavSirebuli.

Aaseve, umoqmedodaa meRvineobis samrewvelo baza.

Rvinis qarxnebis didi nawili gaCerebulia, qarTuli Rvinis prestiJi katastrofulad daeca, TiTqmis aRar gamodis qarTuli Sampanuri, ver saRdeba qrTuli koniaki.

1990 wels warmoebul iqna 16,2 mln.

Ddekalitri Rvino, 1995 wels ki 6,2 mln. Ees maCvenebelic wina wlebidan SemorCenili Rvinomasalis xarjzea miRebuli. Kkoniakis warmoeba 2,1 mln.

Ddekalitridan 0,15 mln. Ddekalitramde, anu 7%-mde Semcirda, Sampanuris warmoeba -1,81 mln.

Ddekalitridan 0,46 mln. Dekalitramde, anu 7,7%-de.

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Rvinis mrewvelobis sawarmoebidan umravlesoba gakotrebulia.

SedaebiT ukeT muSaoben saaqcio sazogadoeba sameba, Teliani veli da zogierTi kerZo firma, romelTac SeZles produqciis eqsporti sxva qveynebSi, magram jer kidev es zRvaSi wveTia. amJamad mimdinareobs sagareo bazrebze gasasvlelad gzebis Zieba. saqarTvelo ukve gaerTianebulia meRvineTa da mevenaxeTa saerTaSoriso asociaciaSi, monawileobas iRebs saerTaSoriso gamofenebsa da degustaciebSi, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom male davibrunebT Zvel prestiJs da gavalT saerTaSoriso bazarze. saqarTveloSi kargi xarisxis xili modis, saqveynodaa cnobili qarTuli vaSli, msxali, qliavi, atami, komSi, leRvi, alubali, calke gamoyofis Rirsia subtropikuli meurneoba. baRebs 1985 wels 128 aTasi heqtari eWira, saerTo mosavali 700-750 aTas tonas aRwevda, maRali iyo mosavlianobac (70 centneri), qarTuli xili igzavneboda baltiispireTSi, ruseTSi, fineTSi, poloneTSi,.

Kargad iyo organizebuli misi Senaxva da transportireba, moqmedebda xilis damaxarisxebeli saamqroebi.

Mmexileobis ZiriTadi zonaa aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi –qarTli, xolo dasavleT saqarTveloSi –imereTi. dReisaTvis samrewvelo xilis baRebis 46% gamxmari an amortizebulia.

2008 wlisaTvis awarmoes 158 aTasi tona xili, anu 1985 wlis donis 22%. TiTqmis aRar SemorCa samrewvelo baRebi, produqciis 90%-s awarmoebs glexuri meurneobebi. saqarTveloSi kontinenturi xilis 20 saxeoba da 115 jiSia, amJamad mimdinareobs brZola xilis unikaluri jiSebis gadasarCenad. Mexileobis dacemis ZiriTadi mizezebi igivea, rac mevenaxeobaSi. citrusebidan gavrcelebulia mandarini, agreTve limoni, forToxali, greifruti.

Aarsebobda citrusebis warmoebis specializebuli meurneobebi, ZiriTadad afxazeTSi, aWarasa da samegreloSi. 1985 wels citrusebs ekava 21,5 aTasi heqtari, aqedan 4,3 158

aTasi modioda sakarmidamo nakveTebze. saqarTvelo awarmoebda 250-300 aTas tona citrusebs. 1990 wels citrusebis warmoebisaTvis saukeTeso weli iyo da qveyanam miiRo 300 aTasi tona produqcia. 2008 wels ki mxolod 55,2 aTasi tona, anu 1990 welis donesTan SedarebiT 20%. Aamis mizezia ara marto mosavlianobis dacema, aramed isic, rom citrusovani plantaciebis garkveuli nawili moeqca afxazeTis droebiT okupirebul teritoriaze, romlidanac statistikuri monacemebis miReba gaZnelebulia. Uunda aRiniSnos imis Sesaxebac, rom citrusebi malfuWad produqcias warmoadgens, igi naklebad eqvemdebareba trnsportirebas da Senaxvas. Aadre respublikidan misi gatana xdeboda specialuri vagonebiT, 1991 welidan ki citrusebis qveynis gareT gatana TiTqmis aRar xdeboda, Tu gamonakliss ar CavTvliT 2009 wels, rodesac SefuTuli saxiT daaxloebiT 38,2 aTasi tona mandarini gatanili iqna ukrainis garda somxeTSi, uzbekeTSi, belarusSi, yazaxeTSi, moldaveTSi, azerbaijanSi, CexeTSi da kuveitSi. sul ki aWaraSi mokrefilia 76,4 aTasi tonaze meti. amasTan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva adgilze produqciis samrewvelo gadamuSavebas, romelsac xeli Seuwyo qobuleTSi da xelvaCaurSi gaxsnilma citrusebis gadamamuSavebelma sawarmoebma. saqarTveloSi modis saukeTeso xarisxis citrusovani xili, qarTveli seleqcionerebis mier gamoyvanilia limonis axali, daavadeba da yinva gamZle jiSi - ,,dioskuria�, romelmac saxelmwifo premia miiRo (f. mamforia, S. surgulaZe, n. qarqaSaZe). ,,dioskurias�plantaciebi gaSenebuli iyo afxazeTis eSeris mecitruseobis meurneobaSi, romelmac msoflio aRiareba hpova. saqarTvelos citrusebi gahqonda ara marto yofil sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebSi, aramed fineTSi, germaniaSi, poloneTSi, SveciaSi. mecitruseoba sakmaod Semosavliani dargia da amJamad mimdinareobs 159

intensiuri muSaoba citrusovani nargavebis pasportizaciisaTvis da plantaciebis aRsadgenad. qveynis ekonomikaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira meCaieobas, igi soflis meurneobis maprofilebeli da maRalrentabeluri dargi iyo da mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravda dasavleT saqarTvelos, rogorc soflis meurneobis Semosavlebs, ise sawarmoo specializacias. saqarTvelo awarmoebda ssrk-Si warmoebuli Cais 95%-s. Seqmnili iyo Cais movlamoyvanis, sakadro da samecniero uzrunvelyofis sruli infrastruqtura, saqarTvelo idga Cais msoflio mwarmoebeli qveynebis rigSi, warmoebuli produqciis raodenobit TurqeTTan erTad me-4-5 adgilze imyofeboda. qarTvelma mecnierebma (S. kerseliZe da sxvebi) Seqmnes Cais movla-moyvanis sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebi; SemuSavebuli da danergili iyo Cais foTlis gadmuSavebis axali teqnologiuri xazebi, riTac mniSvnelovnad zrdida mza produqcii xarisxs da asortiments.

1988 wlis monacemebiT, Cais kulturiT dakavebuli iyo 18,2 aTasi ha, igi ZiriTadad warmodgenili iyo meqanzebuli meurneobebis saxiT da kolmeurneobebSi. vertikaluri zonalobis mixedviT am kulturis gavrcelebis zRvari 850 metria zRvis donidan, plantaciebi gaSenebuli iyo rogorc Spaleruli, ise Wadrakuli wesiT. saukeTeso wlebSi saqarTveloSi awarmobdnen 582 aTas tona xarisxovan Cais foTols, rac mza produqciaSi 145 aTas tona xmel Cais iZleoda.

Mmosavlianoba erT-erTi maRali iyo msoflioSi da 10 tonas aWarbebda, Tumca savegetacio periodi (indoeTis, CineTis da Srilankis da zogierTi qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT) gacilebiT moklea da 6 Tves ar aRemateba. meCaieobaSi iyenebdnen samamulo agroteqnikas da mecnierbis uaxloes miRwevebs, ZiriTadad gavrcelebuli iyo maRalylortiani axali qarTuli Cais jiSi, gamoyvanili qarTveli seleqcionerebis mier (q. baxtaZe). qarTuli Cai Tavisi 160

aromatiT da gemovnebiTi TvisebebiT msoflioSi saukeTesod iTvleboda. igi gamarjvebulia saerTaSoriso degustaciebsa da auqcionebSi, Tumca bolo dros qarTuli Cais prestiJi, xarisxis gauaresebis gamo mniSvnelovnad daeca. 1991 wlidan daiwyo Cais plantaciebis gaCanageba, mas naklebad Seexo privatizacia, ar saRdeboda damzadebuli produqcia, ramac dargi gadaxdisuunaro gaxada, amas mohyva glexobis dainteresbis Semcireba aRniSnuli kulturisadmi.

Bbolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi plantaciaTa umravlesobaze ar Catarebula agroteqnikiT gaTvaliswinebuli samuSaoebi, moiSala sanerge baza, mwyobridan gamovida specialuri teqnika, saremonto samuSaoebis Catarebas moiTxovs Cais fabrikebi, romelTa raodenobac 88-s aRwevda.

Yyovelive zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare mkveTrad Seamcira Cais foTlis damzadeba. Tu 1988 wels warmoebul iqna 582 aTasi tona Cais nedleuli, 2008 wlisaTvis aRniSnulma maCvenebelma 5,4 aTasi tona Seadgina, rac 1988 wlis maCveneblis 0,009%-ia. amJamad mimdinareobs organizaciuli xasiaTis RonisZiebebs gatareba mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad. uSualod mwarmoebel regionebSi iqmneba saaqcio sazogadoebebi, masiuri xasiaTi miiRo ara marto Cais fabrikebis, aramed Cais plantaciebis privatizaciam, ukve gaCnda sazRvargareTis firmebTan erToblivi sawarmoebis Seqmnis perspeqtivebi. Qqveyana atarebs radikalur RonisZiebebs, raTa umokles vadaSi meCaieoba kvlavindeburad erT-erTi Semosavliani da maRalrentabeluri dargi gaxdes.

1992 wlidan saqarTveloSi daiwyo agraruli reformis ganxorcieleba.

1990 wlamde qveyanaSi arsebobda 601 saxelmwifo meurneoba da 1341 kolmeurneoba. dReisaTvis maT bazaze Camoyalibda warmoebis axali organizaciuli formebi wvrilglexuri meurneobebis da sxvaTa saxiT. 161

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg 1991 wels saqarTvelom moipova damoukidebloba, rasac mohyva erTi saxelmwifo ekonomikuri formaciis socializmis, meore formaciiT Secvla kapitalizmiT. sabWoTa periodSi qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri kavSirebi, rogorc Sida, ise gare SesabamisobaSi unda mosuliyo arsebul konstituciasTan da sakanonmdeblo bazasTan, rasac aucilebliv sWirdeboda garkveuli gardamavali periodi. Mmagram saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umravlesobis mier arCeuli xelisufleba, arakanonieri gziT gandevnil iqna saqarTvelodan, rasac mohyva arsebuli organizaciuli formebis, sabWoTa meurneobebis da kolmeurneobebis Zarcva da ganadgureba, aseve moxda miwis farTobebis araswori privatizacia, rasac xeli Seuwyo im dros Seqmnilma reformatorTa jgufma. zemoT aRniSnulma qaosma gamoiwvia is, rom im dros visac miuwvdeboda xeli warmoebis ZiriTad saSualebebze (traqtorebze, kombainebze da sxva saSualebebze) daitaces da TaviaanT sakuTrebaSi moaqcies, xolo miwis farTobebi mcire zomis nakveTebis saxiT piradsakuTrebaSi gaunawiles soflis mosaxleobas.

Mmosaxleoba aRmoCnda traqtorebis, kombainebis da sxva ZiriTadi saSualebebis gareSe, ramac gamoiwvia miwis farTobebis gayamireba da sasoflo-sameurneo savagulidan arasasoflo sameurneo savargulSi gadasvla. Ee. i. maT, naCqarevad, gardamavali periodis gverdis avliT ganaxorcieles agraruli reformebi, rasac mohyva manqana-traqtorebis datacebaganadgureba, romelic jarTis saxiT gatanil iqna sazRvargareTis qveynebSi. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom 1991 wels arCeul kanonier xelisuflebas SemuSavebuli hqonda soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis programa, romelic iTvaliswinebda meurneobebis safuZvelze saaqcio sazogadoebebis Seqmnas, romlis mepaiewevrebic sabWoTa meurneobebis muSebi da kolmeurneobebis kolmeurne wevrebi gaxdebodnen da 162

maT usasyidlod gadaecemodaT, rogorc ZiriTadi saSualebebi (traqtorebi, kombainebi da sxva iaraRebi), aseve miwis farTobebi imis da mixedviT komlidan ramdeni ZiriTadi muSa an kolmeurne wevri muSaobda moqmed meurneobebSi. Ees ki saSualebas iZleoda SenarCunebuliyo didi konfiguraciis miwis farTobebi da ZiriTadi saSualebebic Tavs moiyrida saaqcio sazogadoebebis avtoparkebSi da aRar daiqsaqseboda, rac xels Seuwyobda kompleqsuri meqanizaciis gamoyenebas, ekonomikuri efeqtianobis amaRlebas da rac mTavaria miRebuli mogeba mepaieebze ganawildeboda sapaio Senatanebis odenobis proporciulad.

Aagraruli reformis ganxorcielebis procesSi samxedro gadatrialebis gziT mosul xelisuflebas agrarul seqtorSi daSvebuli aqvs gamousworebeli Secdomebi, romlebic dResac sirTules warmoadgens maT gadasawyvetad.

Ggamosavali erTia, radgan saqarTvelo miekuTvneba agrarul qveyanas, xelisuflebam gansakuTrebuli proteqcionizmi unda gaswios soflis meurneobis dargebis ganviTarebisaTvis, radgan soflis meurneoba xasiaTdeba garkveuli TaviseburebebiT da xSirad ucxoeli investorebi zemoTaRniSnul seqtorSi investiciebis dabandebaze Tavs ikaveben. Aamitom upirveles yovlisa unda gadawydes soflis meurneobis mimarTulebiT optimaluri organizaciuli formebis ganviTareba. Ees iqneba saaqcio sazogadoebebi, kooperaciuli gaerTianebebi Tu fermeruli meurneobebi sadac did rols iTamaSebs kompleqsuri meqanizacia, rac saSualebas iZleva drois erTeulSi iwarmoos didi moculobis da maRalxarisxovani produqcia. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis dafinansebisaTvis Seqmnili iyo “agrobanki�, romelmac Tavisi funqcia ver Seasrula qveyanaSi, radgan misi margi qmedebis koeficienti sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis kreditebiT uzrunvelyofaSi umniSvnelo iyo.

163

saqarTveloSi sakmaod kargad iyo ganviTarebuli mecxoveleoba. arsebobda mecxoveleobis msxvili kompleqsebi, romlebSic pirutyvi ZiriTadad bagur kvebaze iyo. Aaseve mecxoveleoba warmodgenili iyo kerZo seqtorSic, amJamad TiTqmis yvela glexur meurneobaSi hyavT Zroxa, Txa, cxvari, Rori, frinveli.

1985 wels orive seqtorSi iyo 1,7 mln. msxvilfexarqosani pirutyvi, aqedan 65%sazogadoebriv seqtorSi, xolo danarCeni individualur seqtorSi. 1990 wels rqosani pirutyvis raodenoba 1,4 milionamde, xolo 2008 wels 1,04 milionamde Semcirda. Ffurebis raodenoba am wels 560 aTasi suli Seadgina. rqosani pirutyvis msxvili kompleqsebi arsebobda TbilisTan axlos mdebare sagareubno meurneobebSi, kerZod, gardabnisa da marneulis raionebSi, aseve warmodgenili iyo abaSisa da gurjaanis raionebSi. sadc hyavdaT rogorc adgilobrivi, ise Sav-TeTri da stepis jiSebi, msxvilfexarqosan pirutyvSi 650 aTasi suli mewveli furi iyo, saSualo wveladoba -1660 litri. amA maCveneblebiT respublika erT-erT bolo adgilze iyo yofil mokavSire respublikebs Soris da sagrZnoblad CamorCeboda saSualo- sakavSiro maCveneblebs. Ddabali produqtiulobis erT-erTi mizezi iyo susti sakvebi bazis qona. saqarTvelos safuraJe marcvlis saxiT Semohqonda 0,9—1,0 mln t marcvali. Mmiuxedavad amisa, sakvebiT uzrunvelyofa fiziologiuri normis mixedviT mxolod 76%-s Seadgenda, romlis kaloriulobac normatiulze dabali iyo.

Aarc mosaxleobaSi arsebuli pirutyvi gamoirCeoda maRali produqtiulobiT, romelTa saSualo wliuri wveladoba 1500-1700 litrs ar aRemateboda. Aam SeTxvevaSic mizezi sakvebis dabali yuaTianoba iyo.

Ppirutyvi iSviaTad gahyavdaT Zovebaze, vinaidan saZovrebis normaluri eqsploatacia mxolod maisis TveSi iyo SesaZlebeli, Semdeg gvalvis gamo, balaxi xmeboda. Ggarda amisa, pirutyvis suladobac ar iyo optimaluri, saqarTvelos sakuTari resursebiT 164

SeuZlia gamokvebos 1,0—1,2 mln. suli rqosani pirutyvi, darRveulia jogis struqturac, masSi mewveli furebis raodenoba 1\3 iyo. Aam magaliTzec naTlad Cans dagegmvis is mankieri stili, romelic axasiaTebda warmoebis socialistur sistemas, rodesac respublikas hqonda pirutyvis suladobis gegma, romlis Sesrulebac savaldebulo iyo, Tumca mecnieruli gaangariSebebi migvaniSnebdnen imas, rom saqarTvelos ar SeeZlo aRniSnuli raodenobis pirutyvis Senaxva-gamokveba.

Ddabali iyo rZis cximianobac. igi 2,5%-s ar aRemateboda. 1985 wels mowvelili iyo 684 aTasi tona rZe, 1990 wels 510 aTasi tona da 2008 wlisaTvis 695 aTasi tona.

Aarasruli monacemebiT dReisaTvis qveyanaSi 1,1 mln suli rqosani pirutyvia, maTgan furi—560 aTasi suli.

2008 wlisaTvis msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis xorcis moxmareba erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT weliwadSi 26 kg.-s Seadgenda da misi TviTuzrunvelyofis koeficienti iyo 47%-i.

Mmecxvareoba tradiciulad mTis zonebSia. kerZod, yazbegis, duSeTis, TianeTis, axalgoris raionebSi, Tumca cxvari qvmo qarTlSi, kaxeTSi da samcxejavaxeTSic hyavT, xolo Txa – samegrelosa da afxazeTis raionebSi. cxvris fara 1985 wels 2,0 mln. suls Seadgenda. 1990 wels misi raodenoba 1,6 mln. sulamde, xolo 2008 wels daaxloebiT 603,6 aTasamde Semcirda. 1985 wels matylis saerT naparsi 6,3 aTas tonas, xolo erT cxvarze gaangariSebiT 2,1 kg-s udrida, rac sakavSiro analogiur maCvenebels 25% -iT CamorCeboda. 2008 wlisaTvis sul awarmoes 3,9 aTasitona xorci, xolo 1,7 aTasi tona matyli. cxvris fara ZiriTadad sazogadoebriv meurneobebSi, umTavresad kolmeurneobebSi iyo. dReisaTvis man kerZo seqtorSi gadainacvla, zusti aRricxva ar arsebobs, magram varaudoben, rom cxvris raodenoba oficialur statistikur maCveneblebze 100-120 aTasi suliT metia. zafxulobiT cxvris Zoveba warmoebs mTis saZovrebze, ZiriTadad didi da mcire kavkasionis 165

ferdobebze, zamTrobiT ki SiraqSi zamTris saZovrebze. saqarTveloSi cxvrisagan naparsi matylis garda, amzadeben e. w. ,,gudis� yvels, romelic Tavisi gemovnebiTi TvisebebiT, erT-erTi saukeTesoa, masze didia moTxovnileba rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis farglebs gareT, xolo rac Seexeba cxvris xorcs gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis sakvebad, gansakuTrebiT ki mTis raionebSi da qvemo qarTlSi. 2008 wlisaTvis cxvrisa da Txis xorcis moxmareba erT sul mosaxleze weliwadSi 1 kg.-ia da TviTuzrunvelyofis koeficienti Zalian dabalia. meRorebas odiTganve misdevda qarTveli xalxi. zamTris periodSi Roris xorci kvebis erT-erT ZiriTad produqts warmoadgenda.

Rori hyavdaT TiTqmis yvela qristianuli sarwmunoebis glexur meurneobebSi. Aarsebobda agreTve meRoreobis msxvili kompleqsebic, garda amisa, kolmeurnebebisa da sabWoTa meurneobebis umravlesobaSi arsebobda meRoreobis fermebi. samwuxarod, sakvebi baza meRoreobis ganviTarebisaTvis mwiria. 1985 wlis monacemebiT saqarTveloSi 1,2 mln. suli Rori iyo, unda vivaraudoT, rom ufro metic unda yofiliyo, vinaidan individualur glexur meurneobebSi arsebuli Rorebis suladobis aRricxva arasrulyofilad mimdinareobda. 1990 wels Rorebis suladoba 880 aTasamde, xolo 2008 wlisaTvis 86,4 aTas sulamde Semcirda, razec gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTveloSi Roris avadmyofobis gavrcelebam, ramac gamoiwvia Roris suladobis didi raodenobiT dacema.

Mmosaxleoba didi raodenobiT moixmars goWsa da burvakis xorcs, Semwvari goWi qarTuli tradiciuli sufris aucilebel atributad iTvleba. samwuxarod, dReisaTvis umoqmedodaa meRoreobis msxvili kompleqsebis umravlesoba, amis mizezia rogorc avRniSneT sakvebi bazis simwire da Roris suladobis masiuri dacema. 2008 wlisaTvis Roris xorcis 166

moxmareba erT sul mosaxleze weliwadSi 6 kg-ia da TviTuzrunvelyofis koeficienti 47%-s Seadgenda. saqarTveloSi 1985 wlis monacemebiT 24,3 mln. frTa frinveli iyo. 1990 wels -18, xolo 2008 wels –6,7 milioni.

Tu SeudarebT erTmaneTs 2008 wlis maCveneblebs, 1985 wlisas davinaxavT, rom frinvelis raodenoba 3,6-jer Semcirda.

Mmefrinveleoba warmodgenili iyo mefrinveleobis didi kompleqsebis saxiT. aseTi kompleqsebi arsebobda Tbilisis SemogarenSi, oCamCireSi, gagraSi, qvemo qarTlsa da sxv. Ggarda amisa mefrinveleobis fermebi TiTqmis yvela kolmeurneobasa da sabWoTa meurneobaSi iyo. mosaxleobaSi ki mefrinveleoba saxeobebis mixedviT iyo warmodgenili (qaTmebi, ixvebi, batebi, indaurebi.). msxvili mefrinveleobis kompleqsebi warmodgenilebi iyvnen Tanamedrove tipis avtomatizebuli sawarmoebis saxiT. 1988 wels saqarTveloSi awarmoes 823 mln. cali kvercxi, kvercxmdebloba ki 170-s udrida, rac sakavSiro maCvenebels 18-%-iT CamorCeboda. 2008 wels kvercxis warmoeba 437,5 milionamde Semcirda, xolo xorcis warmoebis moculoba 12,9 aTas tonamde. razec gansakuTrebuli gavlena iqonia 1992-1995 wlebSi qveyanaSi arsebulma mdgomareobam, kerZod, gaZarculi da ganadgurebuli iqna mefrinveleobis msxvili kompleqsebi da mefrinveleobis fermebi. saqarTveloSi didi raodenobiT xmaroben ara marto kvercxs, aramed frinvelis xorcs. wiwilis xorci ki delikatesad iTvleba. 2008 wlisaTvis frinvelis xorcis wliuri moxmareba mosaxleobis erT sulze Seadgenda 11 kg.-s, xolo TviTuzrunvelyofis koeficienti iyo 26%-i. kvercxis wliuri moxmareba iyo 91 cali da TviTuzrunvelyofis koeficienti ki 95%-i.

1985 wels saqarTveloSi awarmoes 165,4 aTasi tona xorci, saidanac 37% modioda msxvilfexa rqosan pirutyvze, 42% -Roris xorcze, xolo danarCeni – cxvarsa da frinvelze. 1990 wels awarmoes 162 aTasi tona xorci, xolo 2008 wels—53,7 aTasi tona.

Rogorc vxedavT, xorcis warmoebis maCvenebeli 167

mcirdeba, Tumca warmoebuli xorcis raodenoba mTlianad rCeba saqarTveloSi da amasTan erTad importis saxiT Semotanili iqna 62,1 aTasi tona.

Mmagram jer kidev srulad ver vikmayofilebT sakuTar moTxovnilebas xorcze da mis produqtebze.

2008 wlisaTvis yvela saxis xorcis moxmareba erT sul mosaxleze Seadgenda: 26 kg.-s; rZisa- 162 litrs; 91 cal kvercxs. Ee. i. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis TviTuzrunvelyofa zemoTaRniSnul produqtebze Sesabamisad Seadgenda: 47%; 94%; 95%. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba, Tavisi teqnikuri SeiaraRebiT erT-erT bolo adgilze idga yofil kavSirSi. energoSeiaraReba 10 cx. Zalas Seadgenda, maSin, roca saSualo-sakavSiro - 32,6 cx. Zalas, azerbaijanis da somxeTis Sesabamisad 13 da 14 cx.

Zalas udrida. es faqti kidev erTxel miuTiTebs im kolonialur politikaze, romelsac ruseTi atarebda mokavSire respublikebis mimarT. amis Sedegi iyo is, rom saqarTveloSi warmoebuli produqciis danaxarjebis struqturaSi cocxali Sromis xvedriTi wili erT-erTi yvelaze maRali iyo yofil kavSirSi. traqtorebis raodenoba fizikur erTeulebSi Seadgenda 28,8 aTass, maTi saerTo simZlavre – 1,8 mln.cx. Zalas, sul soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli simZlavreebi ar aRemateboda 2,0 mln.cx. Zalas, maSin rodesac saWiro iyo 3,3 milioni, xolo 2007 wlisaTvis traqtorebis raodenoba fizikur erTeulebSi 40 aTas erTeuls Seadgenda. Mm.S. kombaini iyo- 200 cali.

1995-1997 wlebSi gatarebuli miwis reformis Sedegad kerZo sakuTrebaSia gadacemuli sasoflosameurneo savargulTa 50%, saxnavis – TiTqmis 100%, saTibis – 85% da a.S. samwuxarod miwis reformam, romelmac unda gadaWras mosaxleobis kvebis produqtebiT, xolo gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis nedleliT momaragebis problema, ver uzrunvelhyo am miznebis Sesruleba, 168

jer-jerobiT ver dadginda miwaTmflobelobisa da miwaTsargeblobis CvenTvis misaRebi formebi. reformas ar mohyolia miwebis nayofierebis amaRleba, ver Camoyalibda miwisa da masTan dakavSirebuli bunebrivi resursebis dacvis meqanizmebi. agraruli seqtoris ganviTareba SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos daxmarebis gareSe, jerovnad ver gamoikveTa saxelmwifos roli sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis regulirebis, finansuri sistemis, sagareo vaWrobisa da socialuri sferos sakiTxebSi. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis saxelmwifo regulirebis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba unda gaxdes qveynisaTvis saWiro ekonomikuri donis SenarCuneba. sabazro koniunqturis Seswavla da stabilizacia, Sida bazris dacva, warmoebuli produqciiT konkurentunariani monawileoba sagareo vaWrobaSi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo agraruli universitetSi mzaddeba kvalificiuri kadrebi agrobiznesis marTvis da sasoflo-sameurneo sxva mimareTulebiT da bevri axalgazrda swavlobs sazRvargareT. 10.3. azerbaijanis ekonomika

azerbaijani

–

amierkavkasiis aRmosavleTiT mdebare saxelmwifoa, romlis teritoriac ganTavsebulia mTavar da mcire kavkasionebs Soris.

CrdiloeTiT igi esazRvreba ruseTis federacias, kerZod, daRestans, dasavleTiT da CrdilodasavleTiT saqarTvelosa da somxeTs, samxreTiT – iransa da TurqeTs, aRmosavleTiT ki kaspiis zRvas. azerbaijani amierkavkasiaSi yvelaze didi saxelmwifoa. misi teritoria 86,6 aTasi kv. km-ia, xolo mosaxleoba 8,6 milioni, dedaqalaqia baqo. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis yarabaxisa da naxCevanis avtonomiebic.

169

mravalferovania misi buneba. aq SevxvdebiT rogorc teniani subtropikebis zonas (lenqorani, taliSi), ise didi kavkasionis mudmivTovlian mwvervalebs. mravalricxovani mdinareebi energetikuli resursebis did marags Seicavs da sakmaod moxerxebulicaa sarwyavi sistemebisaTvis. azerbaijani mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT. jer kidev saukunis dasawyisSi daiwyo navTobis mopoveba. ukanasknel wlebSi ki aRmoaCines am metad mniSvnelovani nedleulis udidesi maragebi kaspiis zRvaSi, kerZod, azerbaijanTan mimdebare wylebSi. aqvea aRmoCenili gazis sakmaod didi sabadoebic. garda amisa azerbaijans aqvs alumini, spilenZi, oqro, molibdeni, samSeneblo masalebi (marmarilo, tufi, dolomiti). ara marto azerbaijanis ekonomikisaTvis, aramed kavkasiis regionisaTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens axlad aRmoCenili navTobis sabadoebi, gansakuTrebiT dRes, rodesac evropaSi SeimCneva energetikuli krizisi. azerbaijanis navTobis transportirebis ramdenime marSruti arsebobs, romelTa Soris yvelaze mokle da ekonomikurad xelsayreli, saqarTveloze gamavali marSutia. kaspiis didi navTobis saqarTveloze gatareba, am mizniT Savi zRvis portebis gamoyeneba garkveul ekonomikur dividendebs moutans saqarTvelosac. adamianis saqmianobis pirveli niSnebi dRevandeli azerbaijanis teritoriaze ganekuTvneba Cvens welTaaRricxvamde III aTaswleuls, adrindel epoqaSi mosaxleobis saqmianoba mWidrod ukavSirdeboda kaspiis zRvas, aqedan iRebs saTaves maTi sameurneo saqmianobac. azerbaijani mTiani qveyanaa, romlis teritoriis 2/3 mTebs uWiravs, rogoricaa didi da mcire kavkasioni, yarabaxisa da taliSis mTianeTi, garda amisa, qveyanaSi kaspiis zRvispireTSi arsebobs dablobebi, romlebic zRvis doneze dabla mdebareobs. azerbaijani seismur zonaSi imyofeba, aq 170

xSiria miwisZvrebi, romelTa simZlavre iSviaTad aRemateba 3-4 bals. qveynis klimaturi sartyeli gadis subtropikul da kontinentur ganedze, romelTa formirebazec did gavlenas axdens zafxulobiT dasavleTidan da samxreT-dasavleTidan SemoWrili teniani tropikuli haeri, xolo zamTrobiT aRmosavleTidan SemoWrili haeris civi masebi. sameurneo saqmianobaze did gavlenas axdens kaspiis zRva, romelic, garda imisa, rom mdidaria wiaRiseuliT (navTobi, gazi), mniSvnelovani satransporto arteriacaa da sakmaod mdidaria TevziT. dablobSi bevria arteziuli Wa, romlebic mdinareul wylebTan erTad gamoiyeneba sarwyavad. mravalferovania niadagis safari, vxvdebiT rogorc mTis yavisfer niadagebs, ise naxevradudabnos nacrisfer da subtropikebSi yviTel niadagebs, garda amisa, aris yavisferi, mTis Savmiwebi, wablisferi da sxva saxis niadagebi. mravalferovania mcenareuli safaric, vxvdebiT 4100 dasaxelebis mcenares, romelTagan 9% endemuria. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mdinareebis mtkvarsa da araqss Soris mdebare naxevrad udabno, romelzec ZiriTadad warmodgenilia endemuri flora. mravalferovania cxovelTa samyaroc, vxvdebiT 12 aTasamde dasaxelebis cocxal arsebas, romelTagan 10 aTasamde uxerxemloa. qveynis teritoriis 11% modis tyeebze, romlebic ZiriTadad mTebSia warmodgenili. arsebobs xemcenareebis unikaluri saxeobebi, teritoriis 7,5% modis tye-buCqnarebze, romlebic umTavresad naxevrad udabnoebsa da gvalvian zonebSia warmodgenili. didia tyeebis niadagdacviTi roli, qveyanaSi bevria nakrZali, misi florisa da faunis warmomadgenlebi wiTel wignSia Setanili. azerbaijani industriuli qveyanaa, romelic e.w.

Sromis sakavSiro danawilebaSi warmodgenili iyo navTobiT, gaziT, navTob-gadamamuSavebeli, qimiuri, manqanaTmSenebeli, samTo-mompovebeli mrewvelobiT, 171

metalurgiiT, xolo soflis meurneoba – mevenaxeobiT, mexileobiT, mebostneobiT, meabreSumeobiTa da meTambaqoeobiT. saerTo erovnul SemosavalSi 2/3 modis mrewvelobaze, 1/6-soflis meurneobaze, 1/10mSeneblobaze, danarCeni – vaWrobasa da sxva dargebze. mravaldargovania azerbaijanis soflis meurneoba, mohyavT rogorc erTwliani (marcvleuli), ise mravalwliani (venaxi, xili, citrusebi) kulturebi, kargadaa warmodgenili teqnikuri kulturebic, mohyavT Tambaqo, bamba, kartofili. tradiciulia maTTvis mecxoveleobac, hyavT rogorc msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi, ise cxvari, frinveli, futkari. azerbaijanis soflis meurneoba mTlianad uzrunvelhyofda mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas kvebis produqtebze, xolo zogierTi saxis gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobas – nedleuliT. qveynis klimaturi pirobebi, siTburi maragi, savegetacio periodis xangrZlivoba, mziani dReebis raodenoba (241), niadagobrivi pirobebi, iZleva imis saSualebas, rom awarmoon maRalxarisxovani sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia. azerbaijans gaaqvs eqsportze Semdegi dasaxelebis sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia: adreuli bostneuli, xili, sufris yurZeni, baRCeuli (nesvi, sazamTro), Tambaqo da sxva. qveynis sasoflo-sameurneo savargulTa raodenoba 4,2 mln. heqtaria, aqedan saxnavi – 1,9 milioni heqtari, saTibi – 113 aTasi, saZovari 2,1 mln. ha. azerbaijanis soflis meurneoba didadaa damokidebuli melioraciaze, Seqmnilia sakmaod Zlieri, Tanamedrove tipis samelioracio qseli. saTes farTobSi pirvel adgilzea marcvleuli kulturebi: xorbali, simindi, qeri, Wvavi. didi yuradReba eqceva bambis warmoebas, romelsac ganviTarebis didi istoria aqvs. soflis meurneobis erT-erTi uZvelesi dargia meabreSumeoba, romelsac dResac gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven.

172

damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, qveyana daadga ganviTarebis sabazro ekonomikis gzas, mTlianad Seicvala sakuTrebis formebi, wina planze wamoiwia kerZo seqtorma, qveyana ganTavisuflda e.w. gegmiuri ekonomikis marwuxebisagan, TandaTanobiT icvleba misi specializaciac, igi sakuTari interesebis Sesatyvisi xdeba.

10.4. somxeTis ekonomika

somxeTi

–

amierkavkasiaSi samxreTiT mdebare qveyanaa, romelic wina aziis geografiuli regionis zRvarzea da moicavs somxeTis mTianeTis CrdiloaRmosavleT nawils, CrdiloeTi sazRvari gadis saqarTvelosTan da azerbaijanTan, samxreTi – naxWevanis avtonomiur respublikasTan (azerbaijani), dasavleTi da samxreTi TurqeTsa da iranTan. somxeTi, farTobiT saqarTveloze orjer, xolo azerbaijanze 2,5-jer pataraa, qveynis teritoria 29,8 aTasi kv. kilometria, mosaxleoba 3,3 milioni, dedaqalaqia erevani. somxeTi mniSvnelovani satranzito qveyanaa, romelic mdebareobs ruseTis centraluri olqebisa da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis gzajvaredinze. kontrastulia misi landSafti, sadac cvlis maRali mTebi da Rrma qvabulebi, vulkanuri plato da pitalo kldeebi, naxevrad udabnoebi da alpuri saTibebi, wiwvovani da foTlovani tyeebi, qveynis simboloa maRali, mudmivi TovliT dafaruli mwvervalebi. niadagobrivi safari mravalferovania, vxvdebiT naxevrad udabnos yavisfer da nacrisfer niadagebs, romlebic, morwyvis SemTxvevaSi, karg mosavals iZleva, agreTve wablisfer niadagebs, romlebic baRvenaxebisaTvis gamoiyeneba, maRalmTian zonaSi ki aris mTis Savmiwebi da tyis niadagebi.

173

qveyanaSi 3200 dasaxelebis mcenarea, 10 aTasamde uxerxemloebis, xolo 450-mde xerxemliani cxovelebis saxeobaa. qveyana Raribia tyeebiT, ZiriTadad vxvdebiT buCqovan mcenareebs. tyeebsa da buCqebs uWiravs qveynis teritoriis 11%, isini ZiriTadad CrdiloaRmosavleTis da samxreT regionebSia, QWarbobs foTlovani tyeebi – wifela, muxa, bevria tyis xili. sasargeblo wiaRiseulidan qveyanaSi moipoveba – spilenZi, alumini, rkina, molibdeni, mcire raodenobiT oqro. bevria samSeneblo qvebi da bunebrivi nedleuli qimiuri mrewvelobisaTvis. dRevandeli somxeTi industriul-agraruli qveyanaa, pirvel msoflio omamde mosaxleobis 90% dakavebuli iyo soflis meurneobaSi, es iyo mefis ruseTis erT-erTi CamorCenili provincia, sadac erT sulze gaangariSebiT nacionaluri Semosavali 3-jer naklebi iyo, vidre saSualod ruseTis imperiaSi. dRevandel somxeTSi sazogadoebrivi produqciis Rirebulebis 67% modis mrewvelobaze, 11% - soflis meurneobaze, 11% - mSeneblobaze da a.S. Sromis sakavSiro danawilebaSi somxeTi warmodgenili iyo manqanaTmSeneblobiT, feradi metalurgiiT, qimiuri, msubuqi da kvebis mrewvelobiT, samSeneblo masalebiT, xolo sasoflo-sameurneo Sromis danawilebaSi mevenaxeoba, mexileoba, mebostneobiT. somxeTSi mdebareobs amierkavkasiaSi erTaderTi atomuri eleqtrosadguri. soflis meurneobis bunebrivi baza SezRudulia, rac specifikur problemebs qmnis. qveynis teritoriis saerTo farTobidan 47%-ia sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli, 1/3 uWiravs kldeebs, xramebs, qva-RorRian mindvrebs, romlebic sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisaTvis gamouyenebelia, 13% uWiravs tyeebs da buCqebs, xolo 5% wylis qviSaa. soflis meurneobis struqturaSi memcenareobis xvedriTi wili 52%, xolo mecxoveleobis – 48%-ia. zogjer es maCveneblebi sapirispirod icvleba. niadagobriv-klimaturi pirobebis mravalferovneba 174

gansazRvravs sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mravaldargianobasac, romelic istoriulad damaxasiaTebeli iyo somxeTisaTvis. bolo periodSi mniSvnelovnad Seicvala soflis meurneobis specializacia. sarwyavi miwebis didi nawili daeTmo mevenaxeobas, mexileobas, samxreTuli bostneulis warmoebas. garda memcenareobisa gavrcelebulia mecxoveleoba, romelic somxeTisTvis istoriuli dargia. ewevian msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis moSenebas, mecxvareobas, meRoreobas, mefrinveleobas. individualur seqtorSi ganviTarebulia mefutkreoba. somxeTi intensiurad Caeba saerTokavkasiuri ekonomikuri sivrcis problemebis damuSavebaSi da iq TvalsaCino rols asrulebs.

1.

2.

3.

4.

kiTxvebi codnis SemowmebisaTvis; daaxasiaTeT amierkavkasiis qveynebis soflis meurneobis ekonomika daaxasiaTeT saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ekonomika; daaxasiaTeT azerbeijanis soflis meurneobis ekonomika; daaxasiaTeT somxeTis soflis meurneobis ekonomika;

175

6.

azia

Tavi XI. 11. 1.

“aziis qveynebis ekonomika�

aziis qveynebis ekonomika.

azia msoflios yvelaze didi regionia, romelsac uWiravs xmeleTis 1/3. misi farTobi (yofili ssrk- s gamoklebiT) 27,6 mln. kv. km- ia, mosaxleoba- 3,75 miliardi. regionis geografiuli mdebareoba da misi sidide ganapirobebs bunebrivi pirobebis mravalferovnebas. igi xuT geografiul sartyelSi mdebareobs. zomierSi, subtropikulSi, tropikulSi, subekvatorulsa da ekvatorulSi. aziaSia msoflios udidesi mTiani sistemebi da agreTve yvelaze maRali wertili- jomolungmac (8848 metri). mis teritoriaze ganlagebulia msoflios 46 qveyana, maT Soris iseTi maRalganviTarebuli qveyana, rogoric iaponiaa. sasoflo- sameurneo produqciis msoflio warmoebaSi aziis wilad modis juTis 97%, naturaluri kauCukis91%, brinjis- 84%, Cais- 76% da a.S. azia mdidaria 176

sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT. mis wilad modis navTobis msoflio mopovebis 45%. azia xasiaTdeba didi temperaturuli sxvadasxvaobiT, vxvdebiT regionebs, sadac ianvris Tvis temperatura -20 graduss aRwevs, samxreTiT kunZul iavaze amave Tvis temperatura +35 gradusia. azia mdidaria wylis resursebiT, Tumca vxvdebiT sakmaod did regionebs, sadac mdinare saerTod ar aris, xolo atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba 50 mm ar aRemateba. aziaSi vxvdebiT humusiT mdidar niadagebs, romlebic sasoflo- sameurneo warmoebisaTvis metad xelsayrelia, Tumca arsebobs udabnosa da naxevrad udabnos tipis uzarmazari, sruliad usicocxlo regionebic. mravalferovania mcenareuli safaric. aziaSi warmodgenilia msoflios yvela zonisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mcenareebi, bevria endemuri jiSebic, romlebic mxolod lokaluradaa gavrcelebuli.

11.2 samxreT qveynebis

dasavleT ekonomika.

aziis

samxreT- dasavleT azia (avRaneTi, irani, TurqeTi, siria, libani, iordania, erayi, saudis arabeTi, iemenis arabuli respublika, iemenis saxalxo- demokratiuli respublika, omani, arabTa gaerTianebuli emirati, baxreini, katari, kuveiti, israeli, kviprosi) – moicavs axlo da Sua aRmosavleTs: mcire aziis naxevarkunZuls, somxeTisa da iranis mTianeTs, mesopotamias, arabeTis naxevarkunZuls, sparseTis yurisa da wiTeli zRvis kunZulebs. saerTo farTobi 6 mln. kv. km- ia (aziis kontinentis 15%), regionSi cxovrobs 180 milioni kaci. regionis landSafti erTgvarovania, Warbobs udabnoebi, naxevrad udabnoebi, mTiani velebi. maT fonze gamoirCeva Tovliani mwvervalebi, mwvaneSi Cafluli mdinareebis xeobebi, gruntis wylebis 177

irgvliv oazisebi. ganviTarebulia sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedeba, momTabare da naxevrad momTabare mecxoveleoba. samxreT- dasavleTi azia uZvelesi civilizaciis akvania- palestinaSi jer kidev IX- VIII saukuneSi Cvens welTaaRricxvamde eweodnen miwaTmoqmedebasa da mecxoveleobas; mesopotamiaSi Cvens welTaaRricxvamde 4 aTasi wlis winaT hqondaT sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedeba; mcire aziaSi aRmoCenilia uZvelesi metalurgiis kerebi; IV- I saukuneSi Cvens eramde, regionis qveynebSi Seiqmna pirveli miwaTmflobeluri saxelmwifoebi; palestinasa da mesopotamiaSi Camoyalibda uZvelesi religiuri moZRvrebani: qristianuli, iudaizmi da islami. momdevno periodebSi Seiqmna udidesi arabuli imperiebi. regionis qveynebis ganviTareba Seferxda Cveni welTaaRricxvis Sua saukuneebSi, rasac xeli Seuwyo momTabare tomebis SemoWram, xolo mogvianebiT- evropuli qveynebis eqspansiam. aziis ZiriTadi religia islamia, mxolod kviproszemosaxleobis 80% da libanSi- 40% aris qriastianobis mimdevari. regionis terotoriaze Warbobs primitiuli miwaTmoqmedeba, irigaciis farTo qseliT da momTabare mesaqonleobiT. miwaTmoqmedebis ZiriTadi iaraRebia: xis kavi, Toxi da sxva. sacxovreblad iyeneben Tixis dabal saxlebs- baniani saxuraviTa da miwis iatakiT. dabalia maTi sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, didia bavSvTa sikvdilianobis done, mosaxleobis umravlesoba gaunaTlebelia. yovelive zemonaTqvami ar exeba navTobiTa da sxva wiaRiseuliT mdidar qveynebs, romelTa mosaxleobis cxovrebis done ara marto miuaxlovda evropis ganviTarebul qveynebs, aramed zog SemTxvevaSi gadaaWarba kidec: (israeli, kviprosi da nawilobriv TurqeTic). araTanabaria urbanizaciis procesic, zog qveyanaSi igi Zalzed maRalia. magaliTad, israelSi qalaqad cxovrobs mosaxleobis 80%, kuveitSi, 178

yatarSi, baxreinSi- 70%, xolo avRaneTSi, saudis arabeTsa da iemenis arabTa respublikaSi mosaxleobis mxolod 10%. mTlianad, regionSi soflad cxovrobs mosaxleobis 60%- ze meti, regionis 10% momTabareobs. soflis mosaxleoba umTavresad jer kidev naxevrad feodalur pirobebSi cxovrobs. glexebis umravlesoba an umiwawyloa, an mojamagire, romelTac memamulisgan miwa micemuli aqvT im pirobiT, rom mis safasurad emsaxuros miwis mflobels. urTierTobis es forma Zalzed gavrcelebulia avRaneTSi, saudis arabeTSi, iranSi da sxva qveynebSi. regionis qalaqis mosaxleoba ZiriTadad Sedgeba xelosnebis, wvrili vaWrebisa da fabrika- qarxnebis muSebisagan, (2/3 xeliT Sromazea). bevria navTobiT mdidari qveynebi. gamokvleuli navTis maragi 50 miliardi tonaa, rac kapitalisturi msoflios navTobis maragis 70%- ia. 1985 wels regionSi amoRebuli iqna 1,2 miliardi tona navTi. amave regionSi bunebrivi gazis udidesi maragia (10 trilioni kubmetri), rac kapitalisturi msoflios maragis 33%- s Seadgens. aris sxva bunebrivi simdidreebic: rkina, spilenZi, manganumi, tyvia, TuTia, molibdeni, boqsitebi, fosforitebi da sxva. regionis qveynebSi mohyavT Zvirfasi sasoflosameurneo nedleuli, romliTac produqciis zogierTi saxeobis mixedviT wamyvani adgili uWiravT msoflioSi, magaliTad, TurqeTi moxeris tipis Zafis yvelaze didi eqsportioria, avRaneTs msoflio bazarze gaaqvs yvelaze saukeTeso karakuli, msoflioSi yvelaze saukeTeso xarisxis yava modis iemenSi, finikis msoflio warmoebis 80% modis erayze, irans msoflio bazarze yvelaze meti raodenobis navTobproduqtebi gaaqvs da a.S. sayovelTaod cnobilia aRniSnuli qveynebis kustaruli nakeTobani da sxva. regionis qveynebs aqvT yvela piroba imisaTvis, raTa Seqmnan mravaldargovani nacionaluri mrewveloba, navTobmompovebel qveynebs daugrovdaT uzarmazari raodenobis Tavisufali 179

kapitali, romelTa dabandebac ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikaSi udides mogebas iZleva.

11.3.samxreT aziis qveynebis ekonomika. samxreT azia (indoeTi, pakistani, bangladeSi, nepali, butani, Sri- lanka, maldiviis respublika) – aziis kontinentis umsxvilesi geografiuli regionia, romlis bunebrivi sazRvrebi mkveTrad aris gamosaxuli CrdiloeTiT- himalaisa da yarayumis msoflioSi umaRlesi mTiani sistemiT, aRmosavleTiTbirmis mTiani masiviT, dasavleTiT- hindikuSis da iranis mTianeTiT, samxreTiT ki- indoeTis okeanis zRvebiT. samxreT aziis farTobi 4,4 mln. kv. km- ia, mosaxleoba- 1,4 miliardamde. aq mdebareobs Svidi saxelmwifo, romlebic erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdebian, rogorc farTobiT, ise mosaxleobis raodenobiT. magaliTad, indoeTze modis regionis farTobis 3/4, mosaxleobis- 70%, xolo maldiviis respublika sul 300 kv. km- ia da mosaxleoba- 150 aTasi.

TiTqmis ori saukunis manZilze, regionis qveynebi warmoadgendnen didi britaneTis kolonias, mxolod meore msoflio omis Semdeg daiwyo maTi ganTavisufleba.

1947 wels damoukidebloba gamoacxada indoeTma da pakistanma, 1948 wels- Srilankam, 1965 wels- maldiviis kunZulebma, 1971 wels pakistans gamoeyo bangladeSi. koloniurma batonobam regionis soflis meurneobis specializacia dauqvemdebara metropoliis interesebs. dResac am qveynebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done Zalze dabalia, erovnuli Semosavali erT sulze gaangariSebiT meryeobs 80(nepali, butani, bangladeSi)- 200 (indoeTi, Sri-lanka) dolaramde. samxreT aziis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis agreTve indusatis naxevarkunZuli, indo- gangis dablobi, kunZuli Sri- lanka, maldiviis da sxva mcire 180

kunZulebi. am regionSi moqceulia msoflios umaRlesi mTebi, tropikuli udabnoebi, Warbteniani mdinareebis xeobebi, saxnavi miwebis uzarmazari masivebi, terasebiT daserili ferdobebi. mTeli regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia subekvatoruli klimati, romelzec did gavlenas axdens CrdiloeTiT mdebare uzarmazari mTis masivebi, maT Soris 33 mwvervals 7000 metri da meti simaRle aqvs, isini CrdiloeTidan damcvel rkalad akravs regionis qveynebs da icavs maT CrdiloeTis civi haeris dinebisagan. zafxulobiT samxreT aziaSi teniani haeri batonobs, zamTarSi ki mSrali kontinenturi klimatia. temperaturuli pirobebi TiTqmis mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi yvelgan xels uwyobs mcenareTa vegetacias, Tumca, naleqebis raodenobiT regionis calkeuli raionebi erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavdebian. magaliTad, indoeTis CrdiloaRmosavleTiT Cerapujni aris msoflioSi yvelaze teniani adgili, sadac wliuri naleqebis raodenoba 12000 mm- ia, xolo misgan dasavleTiT imave ganedze mdebare sindSi- TiTqmis sul ar modis wvima. regionis calkeul raionebSi xSiria TqeSi wvimebi. temperatura calkeuli raionebis mixedviT meryeobs 0- dan +40 gradusamde. samxreT aziaSi mravali mdinare miedineba, maT Soris yvelaze wyaluxvia gangi, indi da braxmaputra. wvimebis dros mdinareTa kalapoti ramdenime metriT imatebs da faravs did teritoriebs, rac iwvevs xSir wyaldidobebs. regioni mdidaria agreTve miwisqveSa wylebiTac. mravalferovania misi landSafti, vxvdebiT rogorc maRalmTian SiSvel qarafebs, ise gauval tropikul tyeebs, Zvirfasi jiSis xeebiT. adamianis sameurneo saqmianobam mniSvnelovnad Secvala regionis landSafti, TiTqmis yvelgan vxvdebiT bunebriv- klimaturi pirobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel kulturul mcenareebs.

181

samxreT azia ganekuTvneba msoflioSi mWidrod dasaxlebul regions. misi teritoria Seadgens xmeleTis 3,3%, romelzec cxovrobs msoflios mosaxleobis 20%. regionis dasaxleba moxda uxsovari droidan. mosaxleoba gansxvavdeba rogorc rasobrivad, aseve saqmianobiT, tradiciebiT, religiiT. regionis yvela qveyana ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba, Tumca, ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian.

11.4.aRmosavleT da centraluri aziis qveynebi ekonomika. aRmosavleT da centraluri azia (monRoleTi, CineTi, koreis sdr, iaponia da sxva)- msoflios udidesi geografiuli regionia, romlis teritoria 12 mln. kv. km- ia, xolo mosaxleoba- 1,75 miliardi kaci. regionis teritoriaze mdebareobs monRoleTis, CineTis, koreis CineTTan mimdebare teritoriebi (honkongi, makao), iaponia. regionis bunebis mravalferovnebas ganapirobebs teritoriis sidide. igi dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken gadaWimulia 6 aTas km- ze, xolo CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken 4 aTas km- ze. bunebrivi pirobebi kontrastulia. regionis terotoriaze mdebareobs msoflios udidesi mTiani masivi- himalai, Tavisi umaRlesi mwvervalebiT, amave regionSia udidesi dablobebi erTgvarovani peizaJebiT, vxvdebiT udabnoebsa da tropikul tyeebs, did mdinareebs da mSral tbebs. aRmosavleT nawilSi, romelic wynar okeanes esazRvreba, mZlavrobs mSrali, kontineturi klimati, didia musonebis gavlena. zafxulis musonebs mohyveba naleqi, romelTa raodenoba 1000- 2000 mm- dea, aRmosavleT provinciebSi naleqebis raodenoba mcirdeba 300- 400 mm- mde. regionis kunZulovani 182

teritoriebi ufro teniania. magaliTad, iaponiis kunZul hokaidoze naleqebis raodenoba 3000 mm. aRwevs. naleqebzea damokidebuli regionis mdinareTa qselis sixSire da wyaluxvobac. aRmosavleT provinciebSi da kunZulebze mdinareTa qseli SedarebiT xSiri da wyaluxvia, vidre regionis dasavleTiT, sadac mdinareTa qseli meCxeria, xolo udabnosa da naxevrad udabnoebSi igi saerTod araa. mdinareTa wyaluxvoba damokidebulia naleqebis raodenobaze. udidesi mdinareebic ki, romlebic iwyebian himalais mTis yinulovan masivebSi, TavianTi wylis debetiT ZiriTadad damokidebulia naleqebis raodenobaze.

Taviseburi klimaturi pirobebiT xasiaTdeba regionis dasavleTi da centraluri nawili (tibeti, monRoleTi), sadac ianvris saSualo temperatura uaryofiTia (0 gradusze qveviT), naleqebi TiTqmis ar aris, zamTari uTovloa, icis didi yinvebi, zafxulobiT ki piriqiT, sicxea, temperatura 40 gradusze zeviT adis. mcenareTa safaric mravalferovania, vxvdebiT maradmwvane tyis masivebs, udabnos tipis buCqovan mcenareebs, aRmosavleT nawilSi warmodgenilia sami bunebrivi sartylis- zomieris, subtropikulisa da tropikulis mcenareuloba. regionSi mcxovrebTa eTnikuri Semadgenloba mravalferovania. yvelaz mravalricxovani da uZvelesi warmoSobis xalxebia Cinelebi, romlebic aq dasaxlebulan Cvens welTaaRricxvamde V saukuneSi. regionSi cxovroben monRolebi, tibetelebi, koreelebi, iaponelebi, romlebic iTvlebian aborigenul mosaxleobad. garda amisa cxovroben indoelebi, filipinelebi, indonezielebi, nepalelebi da sxvebi. regionSi daaxloebiT 60- mde eTnikuri jgufia warmodgenili, romlebic sxvadasxva enaze laparakoben. didia mosaxleobis matebis tempi. yovelwliurad regionis mosaxleoba 50 milioniT izrdeba. zogierT provinciaSi Zalzed didia 183

simWidrove, magaliTad, kunZul taivanze es maCvenebeli 500 kacs aRemateba erT kv. km- ze, Tumca aris provinciebi da qveynebi, sadac es maCvenebeli dabalia (tibeti, monRoleTi). mosaxleobis umravlesoba cxovrobs soflad, Tumca saxelmwifoebis mixedviT es maCvenebeli mkveTrad gansxvavdeba, magaliTad, iaponiaSi sWarbobs qalaqis mosaxleoba, maSin rodesac CineTSi qalaqad mxolod mosaxleobis 1/5 cxovrobs. regionis bunebrivi resursebi xelsayrelia mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis, aq warmodgenilia bunebrivi simdidreebic, aRmoCenilia navTi, rkina, oqro, fosfori, nikeli, spilenZi, qvanaxSiri da sxva, romlebic aucilebelia mrewvelobis ganviTarebisaTvis.

Tumca bunebrivi simdidreebi sxvadasxvanairadaa ganawilebuli, magaliTad, iseTi maRalganviTarebuli qveyana, rogoric iaponiaa, Zalzed Raribia bunebrivi resursebiT. regionis qveynebSi ganviTarebulia soflis meurneobac, romlis roli da mniSvneloba qveynebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, monRoleTsa da CineTSi soflis meurneoba ekonomikis umniSvnelovanes dargs warmoadgens, iaponiaSi ki igi Zalze mcire woniTaa warmodgenili.

11.5. samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis qveynebis ekonomika. samxreT- aRmosavleTi azia (vietnami, laosi, kampuCia, tailandi, birma, malaizia, singapuri, brunei, indonezia, filipinebi)- aRniSnuli regioni mdebareobs evraziis materikis ukidures samxreTiT, mimdebare kunZulebis CaTvliT misi saerTo farTobi 4,5 mln. kv. km- ia, mosaxleoba 420 milioni. regionis teritoriis naxevari modis indoCineTis naxevarkunZulze, romelic sididiT mesamea msoflioSi. aqvea uzarmazari kunZulovani masivebi, romlebsac uwodeben malaiziis arqipelagebs. kunZulebis saerTo raodenoba 1500- mdea, 184

maT Soris 5 iseTia, romelTa farTobi aRemateba 100 aTas kv. km. esenia: kalimantani (750 aTasi kv. km), sumatra, sulaveri, iava da lusoni. regioni ori okeanis- indoeTisa da wynari okeaneebis Sesayarzea. samxreT- dasavleT azia warmoadgens bunebriv xids evraziasa da avstralias Soris. aq gadis mniSvnelovani sazRvao da sahaero komunikaciebi. xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareoba da agreTve bunebrivi simdidreebi imTaviTve ipyrobdnen ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebis yuradRebas. pirvelad evropelebi aq gamoCndnen XVI saukuneSi (portugalia, espaneTi, holandia), momdevno periodSi maT SeuerTdnen sxva evropuli qveynebic (safrangeTi, inglisi, a.S.S.), cota mogvianebiT ki- iaponia. meore msoflio omis Semdeg regionis politikuri ruqa mniSvnelovnad Seicvala, bevri qveyana gaxda damoukidebeli, gansxvavebulad warimarTa maTi socialur- ekonomikuri ganviTarebac. saxelmwifoebis nawili daadga ganviTarebis socialistur gzas (Crd. vietnami, laosi, kamboja), maT es reJimebi Tavs moaxvia yofilma sabWoTa kavSirma. samxreT aRmosavleT aziis bunebrivi pirobebi mravalferovania, rasac gansazRvravs rogorc mTiani reliefi, ise okeaneebisa da zRvebis siaxloe. Tumca, mcenareuli safariTa da cxovelTa samyaros mixedviT, maT saerTo bevri aqvT, ramac ganapiroba aRniSnuli regionis calke erTeulad Camoyalibeba. bevri saerTo aqvs regionis materikisa da kunZulovan nawilebs, maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia reliefuri danawevreba, msgavsi niadagebi, mTiani masivebis erTnairi struqturebi da sxv. regioni mdebareobs or klimatur sartyelSi: ekvatorulSi da subekvatorulSi. saSualo wliuri temperatura maRalia (+26 gradusi), naklebad SeimCneva sezonuri ryevadoba (2-3 gradusi), Tumca gvxvdeba SedarebiT mkacri klimatic, magaliTad, CrdiloeT vietnamSi zamTris temperatura +1 gradusia. regionSi yvelaze cxeli Tve aprilia (+30 gradusi).

185

Zalzed didia musonebis gavlena. dasavleTi nawili ufro teniania, vidre aRmosavleTi. modis Tovlic, indoCineTis dasavleT nawilSi naleqebis raodenoba 3000 mm- s aRwevs, xolo aRmosavleTiT ki- 1500- 2000 mm.

SedarebiT simSralea birmis Sida raionebSi (1000 mmmde). regionis kunZulovan nawilSi naleqebis raodenoba Tanabaria, vidre mis materikul nawilSi, xSiria taifunebi, gansakuTrebiT, filipinebze. didi mdinareebi, mxolod materikzea, romelTa saTave himalais mTebSia, maT Soris yvelaze didi (4500km) da wyaluxvia mekongi, romelic amave dros warmoadgens msxvil satransporto arteriasac. rac Seexeba kunZulovan nawils, aq ar gvxvdeba didi da wyaluxvi mdinareebi, Tumca mdinareTa qseli aqac kargadaa ganviTarebuli, regionSi tbebi cotaa da patara sididis, magram sakmaod mdidaria TevzebiT. regionis niadagebisaTvis saerToa is, rom maTi warmoqmna moxda maqsimaluri tenianobisa da temperaturis pirobebSi. Warbobs vulkanuri warmoSobis niadagebi, romlebic maRali nayofierebiT gamoirCevian. samxreT- aRmosavleT azia mdidaria mcenareuli safariT. aq aris endemuri mcenareebi, uzarmazari tropikuli tyis masivebi da gauvali junglebi. zogierTi xe- mcenaris simaRle 30- 35 metria, tyeebs uWiravs regionis 1/2. igi Jangbadis warmoqmnis msoflio mniSvnelobis regionia. gvxvdeba calkeuli raionebi, sadac tyis wilad modis teritoriis 9/10. samxreT- aRmosavleT aziis mosaxleoba didi eTnikuri siWreliT xasiaTdeba, gvxvdeba rogorc adgilobrivi, ise sxva regionebidan Semosuli eTnikuri jgufebi, regionSi yvelaze meti vietnamelia. samxreT- aRmosavleT azia ekonomikurad jer kidev sustadaa ganviTarebuli, misi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba agrarul- sanedleuloa. mrewveloba sustadaa ganviTarebuli, xelsayreli bunebrivi pirobebis miuxedavad, sasoflo- sameurneo warmoebis mier aTvisebuli miwebis raodenoba didi ar aris.

186

kiTxvebi codnis SemowmebisaTvis 1. daaxasiaTeT aziis qveynebis soflis meurneobis ekonomika; 2 daaxasiaTeT samxreT-dasvleT aziis qveynebis soflis meurneobis ekonomika; 3. daaxasiaTeT aRmosavleT da centraluri aziis qveynebis soflis meurneobis ekonomika; 4. daaxasiaTeT samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis qveynebis soflis meurneobis ekonomika.

7. azia

187

Tavi XII.

Sua

aziis qveynebis

ekonomika.

Sua azia mdebareobs kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleTiT, himalais mTiani masivis CrdiloeT kalTebze, geografiulad am zonas miekuTvneba oTxi saxelmwifo-- uzbekeTi, yirgizeTi, tajikeTi da TurqmeneTi, Sua azias akuTvneben agreTve yazaxeTs, yofil ssrk-Si aRniSnul regions ganixilavdnen or ekonomikur zonad- Sua azia (oTxi respublikiT) da yazaxeTi. 12.1 uzbekeTis ekonomika. uzbekeTi –Sua aziis regionis erT-erTi didi saxelmwifoa, romlis farTobi -447,4 aTas kv. km-a. teritoriiT igi aRemateba dasavleT evropis iseT did saxelmwifoebs, rogoricaa –inglisi, germania, espaneTi. mosaxleoba-23.4 mln., dedaqalaqia-taSkenti. qveyana didi manZiliTaa dacilebuli okianeebs da sxva bunebriv wyalsacavebs, amitom misi klimati cxeli da mSralia, mkveTrad kontinenturi, rac gavlenas axdens landSaftze. mniSvnelovani iyo uzbekeTis roli sasoflosameurneo Sromis sakavSiro danawilebaSi. mis wilad modioda ssrk-Si warmoebuli bambis 2\3, abreSumis parkis- 1\2, karakuli tyavis-1\3, brinjis-1\5, agreTve xili, yurZeni, bostneul-baRCeuli kulturebi didi raodenobiT. uzbekeTi ramodenime bunebriv-ekologiur sartyels moicavs. teritoriis aRmosavleTi nawili, ZiriTadad udabnoa, romelic yizilyumis saxeliTaa cnobili, samxreTiT warmodgenilia efemeruli udabnos subtropikuli zona, aRmosavleTi sakmaod mdidaria tye-mcenareebiT, aq cxovrobs mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili, aqvea didi qalaqebi, samrewvelo centrebi da ZiriTadi sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebi. klimaturi pirobebi saSualebas iZleva sarwyav miwebze ganaviTaron mebambeoba, mevenaxeoba, subtropikuli kontinenturi mexileoba. urwyavi miwebi , mcire raodenobiTaa da ganlagebulia mTiani masivebis ferdobebze.

188

uzbekeTi Sua aziis erT-erTi yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebuli qveyanaa, 23,4 mln. mosaxleobidan qalaqad cxovrobs 8,9 mln., xolo soflad 14,5 milioni Sromisunariani mosaxleobidan 3,5 mln. dasaqmebulia soflis meurneobaSi, xolo 1,1 mln, mrewvelobaSi. uzbekeTi industriul- agraruli qveyanaa, romelSic wamyvania mravaldargovani mrewveloba, romlis wilad modis qveyanaSi warmoebuli produqciis 35%, xolo soflis meurneobis xvedriTi wili 20-21%-s Seadgens. soflis meurneoba qveynis maRalganviTarebuli dargia, romelSic wamyvania miwaTmoqmedeba, mis wilad modis warmoebuli sasoflo- sameurneo produqciis 3\4. uzbekeTis soflis meurneoba xasiaTdeba gamokveTili specializaciiT, romelsac kargi materialuri bazac gaaCnia samelioracio da teqnikuri saSualebebis saxiT. uzbekeTi bambis mwarmoebeli erT-erTi didi qveyanaa. bambis sarekordo mosavali qveyanam 1981 wels miiRo da 6,3 mln. tona Seadgina. bambis gavrcelebis ZiriTadi regionebia surxandariis, kaSkadariis da buxaris olqebi. uzbekeTSi kargadaa ganviTarebuli mexileoba, mevenaxeoba, mebostneoba-mebaRCeoba, garda amisa mohyavT marcvleuli, kartofili da misdeven mecxoveleobas.

12.2. yirgizeTis ekonomika yirgizeTiyirgizeTi, Sua aziis CrdiloaRmosavleTiT mdebare qveyanaa. yirgizeTis teritoria 198 aTasi kv. km-a, mosaxleoba 4,4 milioni. dedaqalaqibiSkeki. igi mTagoriani qveyanaa, romlis qedebic ganekuTvneba tian-Sanisa da pamir-altais mTian sistemas. yirgizeTis mtebi did rols asrulebs Sua aziis regionSi, aq xdeba 50-%-iT regionis mdinareuli qselis formireba, rasac xels uwyobs ara marto maRali mTebi, romlebic akavebs dasavleTidan wamosul tens, aramed isic, rom mTis mwvervalebi 189

mudmivad Tovliania, rac kvebavs mdinareebis saTaveebs. klimati ZiriTadad mSralia, mkveTrad kontinenturi, naleqebis raodenoba 100-120 mm-dan 400 mm-dea, xolo calkeul adgilebSi 700-1000 mm-mdec lzrdeba. yirkizeTSia msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze Rrma da maRalmTiani tba isiy-yuli, lamazi saZovrebi, qedebi da xevebi.

Tanamedrove yirkizeTi ganviTarebuli industriulagraruli qveyanaa, sadac wamyvania mrewveloba. qveynis klimati kontinenturia, cxeli zafxuliTa da civi zamTriT, ivlisis saSualo temperatura 25 gradusze metia, xolo ianvris saSualo temperatura dablobSi -4 -9, mTebSi -10 -20 gradusamdea, amdenad naleqebis ganawileba araTanabaria, qveynis dasvleT raionebSi igi ZiriTadad modis zamTris periodSi, CrdiloeTiT zafxulobiT, xolo centralur nawilSi gazafxulsa da Semodgomaze. naleqebis raodenoba 200400mm-ia. qveyana xasiaTdeba xSiri hidrografiuli qseliT, aRricxulia 28 aTasze meti mdinare da nakaduli. wylis resursebis saerTo moculoba sakmaod didia, aqedan 70-% modis tbebze. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoeba mravaldargovania, romelSic mkveTradaa gamokveTili mecxoveleobis wamyvani roli. yirgizeTi yofil ssrk-Si warmoebuli matylis mixedviT meoTxe adgilze imyofeboda. sul soflis meurneobaze mimagrebulia 10,5 mln.ha, aqedan savargulia 6,8 mln., maTgan saxnavi- 1,3 mln. saTibi- 100 aTasi ha, saZovari- 5,3 mln. memcenareobidan mohyavT marcvleuli, kerZod, xorbali, qeri, brinji, simindi, teqnikuri kulturebidankartofili, Tambaqo da sxva.

SedarebiT axali dargia meTambaqeoba da mebambeoba.

1996 wels Tambqos farTobis qveS iyo 11 aTasi ha. yirkizeTis bunebrivi pirobebi, mexileobis ganviTarebis karg saSualebebs iZleva. aqauri xili xasiaTdeba Saqrianobis maRali procentiT, aromatiT, transportabelobiT. 190

viTardeba mevenaxeobac, gansakuTrebiT mTebis aRmosavleT kalTebze. mohyavT saqiSmiSe yurZeni, amzadeben yurZnis wvens, 1990 wels venaxis qveS dakavebuli iyo 10 aTasi ha, aqedan msxmoiare 7 aTasi ha. sul wamoebul iqna 27 aTasi tona. mecxoveleoba qveynis tradiciuli dargia. yirkizebi jer kidev Cvens welT aRricxvamde misdevdnen momTabare mejogeobas, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebuli iyo mecxvareoba, Cingisxanis mematianeTa gadmocemiT, am qveyanaSi damzadebuli Salis qsovils mongolebi jaris Sesamosavad iyenebdnen. yirkizeTis mecxoveleobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs mecxvareobas. cxvari odiTganve warmoadgenda soflis mcxovrebTa simdidris mniSvnelovan sazoms. mefisdroindel yirkizeTSi 10 aTasiani cxvris faris yola Cveulebriv movlenad iTvleboda. 1985 wels cxvris suladobam 11,3 milioni Seadgina, xolo matylis warmoebam-48 aTasi tona. 1990 wlisaTvis suladoba 10 milionamde Semcirda, xolo matylis warmoeba- 39 aTas tonamde. pirutyvis suladobis Semcirebam Tavisi gavlena iqonia xorcis damzadebaze, romlis raodenobac dinamikaSi mcirdeba. Tu 1985 wels yvela saxisxorcis warmoeba 285 aTas tonas Seadgenda, romelSic 44-% cxvris xorci iyo, 1990 wels es maCvenebeli 225 aTas tonamde, xolo 1996 wels 186 aTas tonamde Semcirda. garda amisa yirkizeTSi misdeven mefutkreobas da meabreSumeobas, aqauri Tafli kargi xarisxisaa, mefutkreobas momTabare xasiaTi aqvs da igi individualur seqtorSi iyo ganviTarebuli.

Tanamedrove sasoflo -sameurneo warmoeba SeuZlebelia saTanado teqnikis gareSe. yirkizeTi teqnikuri aRWurvilobiT erT erT bolo adgilze iyo yofil ssrk-Si. mTlianad energetikuli simZlavreebi, romelsac soflis meurneoba iyenebda. 1985 wels 3,8 mln. cx. Zalas udrida, xolo momdevno wlebSi es maCvenebeli ufro Semcirda. Zalze dabali iyo 191

energoSeiaraRebac da igi 16,6 cx. Zalas udrida, rac 16.0 cx. ZaliT CamorCeboda sakavSiro maCvenebels.

12. 3. tajikeTis ekonomika tajikeTi, Sua aziis regionis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare qveyanaa, romlis teritoria dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken 700 kilometri, xolo CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken 350 kilometrzea gadaWimuli, qveynis teritoria 143,1 aTasi kv. kilometria, mosaxleoba 5,9 milionia. cxovroben: 60% tajikebi, 23% uzbekebi, garda amisa cxovroben sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi. dedaqalaqia – duSanbe. tajikeTi mTiani qveyanaa, igi pamiris mTian sistemaSi Sedis. aq wamodgenilia yofil ssrk- rSi yvelaze maRali mwvervalebi. mTebs qveynis teritoriis 9\10 uWiravs, mkveTradaa gamoxatuli vertikaluri zonaloba, rac gavlenas axdens klimatze, e. i. qveynis bunebas gansazRvravs mTebi, romlebic mTlianad pamiris mTliani sistemis nawilia. qveyanaSi aRmoCenilia oqro, vercxli, molibdeni, tyvia, TuTia, spilenZi, sxvadasxva saxis marilebi, dReisaTvis eqsploataciaSia 70- mde didi Saxti, amJamad mimdinareobs seriozuli geologiuri Ziebebi, romlebSic ucxoeTis firmebicaa CarTuli. sasoflo-sameurneo miwebze modis qveynis teritoriis 34%, anu 4,9 mln. ha. irwyveba 640 aTasi ha, Tumca morwyva 1,5 mln, heqtarzea SesaZlebeli. soflis meurneobis ZiriTadi dagia mebambeoba, meabreSumeoba, mebaReoba, mevenaxeoba, mTis qveda kalTebze ki marcvleulis warmoeba da mecxoveleoba. tajikeTi iTvleba mcire miwian qveynad, saxnavi qveynis teritoriis 19%-ia, aqedan mxolod naxevaria SedarebiT gamasivebuli nakveTebi, -3,0 ha da zeviT, bevria mcirekonkuriani nakveTebi, romelTa sidide ar aRemateba 0,5 ha-s. mkveTradaa gamoxatuli vertikaluri zonalobac, xSiria 6 gradusze meti daqanebis sawarmoo nakveTebi. miuxedavad amisa, qveyana umravlesi saxis sasoflosameurneo produqciaze sakuTar moTxovnilebas 192

ikmayofilebs, xolo bambis boWkos, Tambaqos, bostneul-baRCeuls, xils da yurZens sxva regionebSic agzavnis. soflis meurneobisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania bambis kultura, romlis saSualo mosavali respublikaSi Seadgenda 1980-1990 ww-Si 800 aTas tonaze mets, rac erT ha-ze gadaangariSebiT 30 centners udrida. aseve qveyanaSi ganviTarebulia marcvleulis warmoeba, marcvleuli kulturebis qveS 1985 w. iyo 210 aTasi ha. miwis farTobi, aqedan sarwyavi mxolud 44 aTasi ha-ri iyo, romelzec mosavlianoba 22,3 centners aRwevda. unda aRiniSnos, rom bolo wlebSi naTesi farTibis SemcirebasTan erTad iklo mosavalmac. tajikeTSi mexileobis ganviTarebisaTvis kargi pirobebia, ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia siTbos moyvaruli mcenareebi: atami, gargali, leRvi, mohyavT maRali xarisxis msxali da vaSli. mevenaxeoba erT-erT wamyvan dargad iTvleba, Tumca venaxis farTobebs 1985 wels mxolod 30 aTasi ha. ekava. amis mizezia is, rom venaxi ZiriTadad pirad meurneobebSi iyo warmodgenili, mxolod baSkevis velze arsebobda 4 mevenaxeobis specializebuli meurneoba. tajikeTSi kargad iyo ganviTarebuli mecxoveleoba, hyavdaT, rogorc rqosani pirutyvi, ise cxvari da Txa. 1985 wels rqosani pirutyvis raodenoba 1,4 mln. suls udrida. aqedan Zroxa 0,5 milioni iyo, saSualo wveladoba 2432 litrs Seadgenda, rac saSualo sakavSiro maCvenebels utoldeboda. qveyanaSi 1985 wels 3,3 mln. suli cxvari da Txa iyo, awarmoebdnen 5 aTas tonaze met matyls, xolo 2008 wlisaTvis Sesabamisad es maCveneblebi Seadgenda 2,2 mln suls da 2,8 aTas tnaze met matyls. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis meqanizaciis doniT, tajikeTi mxolod saqarTvelos uswrebda. energoSeiaraReba 13,5 cx. Zalas udrida, rac TiTqmis 2,6-jer CamorCeboda sakavSiro saSualo maCvenebels.

193

iseve, rogorc yofili respublikebi, tajikeTic gadavida urTierTobis da warmoebis sabazro pirobebze. gatarda agraruli reformebi, TandaTan fexs ikidebs fermeruli da glexuri meurneobebi.

12. 4. TurqmeneTis ekonomika TurqmeneTi, Sua aziis qveyanaa, romelic kapiis zRvispira saxelmwifoebis jgufs ganekuTvneba, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi ukiduresad samxreTiT mdebare respublika iyo. TurqmeneTis teritoria 488 aTasi kv. kilometria. mosaxleoba- 4,6 mln,.

TurqmeneTis bunebrivi pirobebi araa xelsayreli adamianis cxovrebisatvis, misi teritoriis 80%-i uWiravs yarayumis cnobil udabnos., romelic aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken 880 km. xolo CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken 450 km-zea gadaWimuli. klimati cxeli da mkveTrad kontinentluria, zamTari Tbili, zafxuli Zalian cxeli da mSrali. siTbos siuxve ganapirobebs, siTbosmoyvarul miwaTmoqmedebasac. naleqebi mcire raodenobiTaa, mTebSi iSviaTia yinuli, amitom qveyana mtknari wylis did deficits ganicdis. araxelsayrelma bunebrivma da klimaturma pirobebma gansazRvra sasoflosameurneo warmoebis xasiaTi, misi gadaadgileba da calkeuli raionebis specializacia. qveynis sasoflo-sameurneo savargulTa 97% modis yara-yumis udabnos sivrceze, romelic Zalze mwiria mcenareuli safariT da gamoiyeneba saZovrad sakarakule mecxvareobisaTvis. udabnoSi arsebul oazisebSi misdeven miwaTmoqmedebasac, ZiriTadad mohyavT bostneul- baRCeuli kulturebi, yurZeni, zogjer bambac, ganviTarebulia meabreSumeobac. qveynis ekonomika, samrewvelo centrebi da msxvili maStabis sasoflo-sameurneo warmoeba Tavmoyrilia qveynis Crdilo-dasvleTiT md. amudariis sanapiro zolSi da samxreTiT mTiani sistemis CrdiloeT kalTebze, yvela didi qalaqi da samrewvelo centrebic am zonaSia warmodgenili.

194

TurqmeneTis ekonomikaSi did rols asrulebs bunebrivi simdidreebi, aRmoCenilia gazis udidesi sabadoebi, yofil ssrk- Siwarmoebuli gazis 16,2% TurqmeneTze modioda, amJamad amoqmedda gazis ramodenime sabado, sakmao raodenobiTaa navTobi, rkina, feradi metalebi, volframi, samSeneblo fiqalebi da sxv. Sromis e.w. sakavSiro danawilebaSi TurqmeneTi warmodgenili iyo sasoflo-sameurneo produqciiTac. igi awarmoebda bambis sakavSiro warmoebis 12,5%-s, matylis-3,5%-s, sakarakule tyavis20%-s, abreSumis parkis 10%-s. dRevandeli TurqmeneTi industriuli qveyanaa, erTobliv sazogadoebriv produqtSi mrewvelobis xvedriTi wilia-45%, soflis meurneobis-21%, mSeneblobisa- 15%. kargadaa ganviTarebuli saTbobenergetikuli da msubuqi mrewveloba, romlebic mTeli samSeneblo produqciis 65 %-s iZleva. miuxedavad araxelsayreli bunebrivi da klimaturi pirobebisa, TurqmeneTis soflis meurneobac kargad ganviTarebul dargad iTvleba. qveyanaSi warmodgenilia, rogorc mecxoveleoba, ise memcenareoba.

Tu omis Semdgom periodSi mecxoveleobis xvedriTi wili orjer sWarbobda memcenareobas, 1990 wlisaTvis mdgomareoba sapirispirod Seicvala, warmoebuli produqciidan 71% modioda memcenareobaze, xolo 29% mecxoveleobaze.

2008 wels marcvleulis qveS dakavebuli iyo 649 aTasi heqtari, saerTo mosavali 1,2 mln tonas Seadgenda, mosavlianoba-18,5 centners, amiT TurqmeneTma gadawyvita qveynis marcvleuliT momaragebis problema. teqnikuri kulturebidan warmodgenilia bamba, kartofili da bostneuli. 2008 wels bambis qveS iyo 623 aTasi ha., saerTo warmoeba ki Seadgenda 1,45 mln. tonas, xolo mosavlianoba Seadgenda 23,3 centners. aseve TurqmeneTi maRali xarisxis baRCeuliTaa cnobili, gansakuTrebiT nesviTa da sazamTroTi, romlebic inaxeba da transportabeluricaa, aseve 195

mohyavT xili da yurZeni, 2008 wels xilis warmoeba 39 aTas tonas udrida, xolo saSualo mosavlianoba 27,0 c-rs. venaxis farTobi 2008 wels 30 aTasi heqtari iyo, yurZnis mTliani mosavali Seadgenda 163 aTas tonas da mosavlianoba – 54 centners.

TurqmeneTSi odiTganve iyo warmodgenili mecxoveleoba, gansakuTrebiT ki mecxvareoba, aseve aqlemebi da cxenebi, romlebic warmoadgendnen cocxal gamwev Zalas, xolo dReisaTvis maT iyeneben, rogorc udabnoSi gadaadgilebis saSualebas.

2008 wlisaTvis rqosani pirutyvis suladoba 1,2 milions aRwevda, aqedan 300 aTasi mewveli Zroxa iyo. rZis warmoebis moculoba 727 aTasi tona Seadgenda, pirutyvis suladobis zrdis mTavari faqtoria is, rom TurqmeneTma gezi aiRos sakuTari warmoebiT mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba da amas miaRwia kidec. cxvris raodenoba 2008 wlisaTvis 6,6 mln. sulamde gaizarda, xolo matylis warmoeba 19.3 aTasi tona Seadgina. frinvelis raodenoba 2008 wels 6,9 mln. frTas udrida, xolo kvercxis warmoeba 270 mln. cals udrida, frinveli hyavT, rogorc msxvil mefrinveleobis kompleqsebSi, aseve warmodgenilia mcire fermebis saxiT. 2008 wels sul soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli energetikuli simZlavreebi 3,6 mln. cx. Zalas udrida, rac erT-erTi dabali maCvenebeli iyo yofil mokavSire respublikebs Soris. unda aRiniSnos, rom TurqmeneTis respublika TandaTanobiT gadadis fermerul da glexur meurneobebze. Tu 1990 wels qveyanaSi mxolod 100 individualur-glexuri meurneoba iyo, 2008 welisaTvis maTi raodenoba 13000 –mde gaizarda, xolo maTze mimagrebuli miwis farTobi -120 aTas ha-de. aqedan savargulia 98,1 aTasi ha-ri, xolo saxnavi-82,9 aTasi ha, romelic ZiriTadad sarwyavia. unda 196

aRiniSnos, rom yovel wliurad izrdeba fermerTa xvedriTi wili saerTo produqciis warmoebaSi, gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa misi roli mecxoveleobis produqciis warmoebaSi.

1.

2.

3.

4.

kiTxvebi codnis SemowmebisaTvis daaxasiaTeT uzbekeTis soflis meurneobis ekonomika; daaxasiaTeT yirkizeTis soflis meurneobis ekonomika; daaxasiaTet tajikeTis soflis meurneobis ekonomika; daaxasiaTeT TurqmeneTis soflis meurneobis ekonomika.

8. yazaxeTi

197

Tavi XIII. ყაზახეთის ეკონომიკა. yazaxeTi, ara marto aziis, aramed msoflios erT-erTi udidesi qveyanaa. igi aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken 3 aTas, xolo CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken 2 aTas kmzea gadaWimuli. teritoria 2,71 mln. kv. km-ia, mosaxleoba 16 mln. dedaqalaqi- alma-ata (SemdgomSiakmolini). yazaxeTis buneba kontrastulia, mwvane oazisebs cvlis usicocxlo udabnoebi, jer kidev gautexavi yamiri, romelTa umravlesoba zRvis doneze dabla mdebareobs, qveynis rodesac vsaubrobT yazaxeTze, warmogvidgeba udidesi samxreTiT 7000 metriani mwvervalebia. maSin rodesac qveynis CrdiloeTiT jer kidev mkacri yinvebia, samxreTiT ukve yvavilobs xexilis baRebi. qveynis klimati mkveTrad kontinenturia, mis formirebaze gavlenas axdens is, rom teritoria CrdiloeTidan araa daculi civi arktikuli haeris masebisagan. yazaxeTSi nayofieri miwebis sakmaod didi maragebia, yofil ssrk-Si sasoflo-sameurneo savargulTa saerTo raodenobidan, yazaxeTze modis 33%, m.S. saxnavis- 16%, saTibis- 15%, saZovris- 54%. yazaxeTi awarmoebda yofil ssrk-Si warmoebuli marcvleulis14%-s. igi meore adgilze iyo cxvris, xolo mesameze rqosani pirutyvis suladobiT. yazaxeTi mdidaria wiaRiseuliT, aq moipoveba Savi, feradi da iSviaTi metalebi, qvanaxSiri, tyvia, vercxli, volframi, alumini, bolo dros Tengisis raionSi aRmoaCines navTobisa da gazis udidesi sabadoebi. Tvaluwvdeneli stepebi, aTvisebuli yamiri miwebi. qveynis mxolod 15 % modis mTebze, romlebic aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebareobs. odiTganve, romelic sasoflo-sameurneo TvalsazrisiTgamoiyeneba, es aris ukiduresi samxreTi, romelic sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebis zonas warmoadgens da yvelaze xelsayrelia adamiani cxovrebisaTvis.

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klimati mSrali, kontinentaluria, naleqebi araTanabradaa ganawilebuli, mTian zonaSi igi 800-1000 mm-s aRwevs, dablobSi 200- 300 mm-s, xolo udabnoSi 100-150 mm-s. qveyanas didi ekonomikuri potenciali gaaCnia, rac ganpirobebulia bunebrivi resursebisa da sasargeblo wiaRiseulis siuxviT, yazaxeTSi TiTqmis yvela saxis wiaRiseulia, maT Soris didi raodenobiT: navTobi, oqro, spilenZi, gazi, nikeli, volframi, samSeneblo fiqalebi da sxva. yazaxeTis ekonomikas didi biZgi misca samamulo omis dros germanelebis mier okupirebuli teritoriebidan gadmotanilma samrewvelo sawarmoebma, romelTa amuSavebasac Sesabamisi infrastruqtura sWirdeboda, im perodidan iwyeba yazaxeTSi didi industriis ganviTareba. aSenda Savi da feradi metalurgiis gigantebi, daiwyo aluminis warmoeba da sxva. kargadaa ganviTarebuli soflis meurneoba, maT Soris mecxoveleobac, romelic ZiriTadad Zovebazea da pirutyvic adgilobriv klimatTan kargadaa Seguebuli, magaliTad udabnos, naxevrad udabnos da stepis miwebi, romlebzec Txladaa Tovlis fena, gamoiyeneba zamTris saZovrebad, zafxulobiT ki gvalvianobis dros pirutyvs mierekebian mTis ialaRebze. sasoflosameurneo produqciis 55% modis mecxoveleobaze, 45% memcenareobaze, racionaluradaa dargTa SeTanawyoba, msxvil mecxoveleobis meurneobebSi warmodgenilia memcenareobis dargebi da piriqiT. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaze mimagrebulia 181 mln. ha. romlidanac sasoflo-sameurneo savagulia 161,5 mln. aqedan saxnavi- 28,7 mln., saTibi—4,0mln., xolo saZovari-125 milioni ha. rogorc vxedavT, savargulTa struqturaSi saZovrebis wilad modis77%.

2008 wels marcvleulis qveS dakavebuli iyo 25,2 mln. ha. yvela saxis marcvleulis warmoeba 28 mln. tonas 199

aRemateboda. marcvleulis warmoeba ZiriTadad urwyav miwebzea, mxolod xorblis naTesebis mcire nawili irwyveba da am farTobebze mosavlianobac Sesabamisad 20-22 centneria, urwyav miwebze ki es maCvenebeli 5—6 centners ar aRemateba. gaizarda farTobebi agreTve teqnikuri kulturebis qveS 702 aTas ha-mde. bambis qveS dakavebuli iyo 123,4 aTasi ha. mosavlianoba Seadgenda 26 c-s, xolo saerTo mosavali—308 aTasi t-na. yazaxeTi Saqris Warxlis mwarmoebel respublikasac warmoadgens. 2wels am kulturis qveS dakavebuli iyo 70 aTasi ha, mosavlianoba 264 c-ri iyo, rac saSualo maCveneblad iTvleboda, saerTo warmoeba ki 1888 aTasi tona. erT-erT perspeqtiul teqnikur kulturas warmoadgenda mzesumzira, romlis qveS, 2008 wels dakavebuli iyo 112 aTasi ha, saerTo warmoebam 93 aTasi t-na Seadgina, mosavlianobam ki 9,0 c. kartofilis warmoebisaTvis qveyanaSi SedarebiT kargi pirobebia, 2008 wels am kulturis qveS dakavebulma farTobma Seadgina 191 aTasi ha, saSualo mosavlianoba udrida 115 c-s, rac sakavSiro maCvenebels utoldeboda, saerTo warmoebam Seadgina 2,1 mln. tona. bostneuli ZiriTadad didi qalaqebisa da msxvili samrewvelo centrebis sagareubno zonaSi mohyavT, 2008 wels igi warmodgenili iyo 68 aTas ha-ze, mosavlianobam 161 centneri, xolo saerTo mosavalma 1,8 mln. tona Seadgina. qveyanaSi mohyavT agreTve Tambaqo, eTerzeTebi, samkurnalo mcenareebi, romelTa warmoebisTvisac xelsayreli pirobebia samxreTiT mdebare provinciebSi. mecxoveleoba yovelTvis iyo sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis mTavari da Semosavliani dargi, romlis ganviTarebasac xels uwyobs bunebrivi saZovrebis siuxve Tumca produqtiuloba araa maRali, magram 200

sakvebi bazis siiafe, warmoebuli produqciis dabali TviTRirebulebis mniSvnelovani faqtoria.

2008 wels qveyanaSi 9,2 mln. suli rqosani pirutyvi hyavdaT, romlis 30%, anu 3,1 mln. suli Zroxa iyo. saSualo wveladoba 1993 litrs Seadgenda. unda aRiniSnos, rom bagur kvebaze myofi pirutyvis wveladoba 2,3 –jer maRali iyo, magram maTi xvedriTi wili rqosan pirutyvSi 18—20% -s Seadgenda. mecxoveleobis msxvili kompleqsebi ganlagebulia didi qalaqebisa da samrewvelo centrebis irgvliv da maTi uSualo funqciaa mosaxleobis rZiTa da rZis produqtebiT momarageba. yazaxeTSi 1990 wels cxvris suladoba 35,6 mln. suli iyo, xolo matylis warmoeba 107,5 aTas tonamde, momdevno wlebSi mcirdeba rogorc cxvris suladoba, ise warmoebuli matylis raodenobac. 2008 wels suladoba 19,6 mln.-de Semcirda, xolo matylis warmoeba 42,2 aTas tonamde. mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sazogadoebriv meurneobebSi arsebuli cxvari an daikla, an kerZo seqtorSi gadavida. yazaxeTSi warmodgenilia meRoreobac, ZiriTadad CrdiloeTis olqebSi, sadac rusi erovnebis mosaxleoba sWarbobs. celinogradisa da kustanais olqebSi meRoreobis msxvili kompleqsebi dResac funqcionirebs, romlebSic Rorebis suladoba 50—80 aTas suls aRemateba. kargad iyo ganviTarebuli mefrinveleobac, romlis saerTo raodenoba 1985 wels 55,4 mln. frTas Seadgenda. mefrinveleoba msxvili kompleqsebis saxiT arsebobda da ganlagebuli iyo ZiriTadad marcvleulis mwarmoebel regionebSi. saSualo wliuri kvercxmdebloba 220 cals aRwevda. 2008 wels frinvelis raodenoba 60 mln. frTamde gaizarda, xolo kvercxis warmoeba 4185 mln. calamde, kvercxmdeblobis maCvenebelma 238 cali Seadgina. yazaxeTSi maRalmeqanizebuli sasoflo-sameurneo warmoeba iyo. gansakuTrebiT bevri teqnika miiRes yamiri da nasveni miwebis aTvisebis periodSi, swored 201

am dros aSenda satraqtoro da sasoflo-sameurneo manqanaTmSeneblobis qarxnebi. 1985 wels traqtorebis raodenoba Tu iyo 248 aTasi cali da energoSeiaraRebis done iyo 46,0 cx. Zala, 2008 wlisaTvis igi Semcirebulia da igi Sesabamisad Seadgens 117 aTasi traqtoria aRricxuli da energoSeiaraRebis donec Sesabamisad Semcirebulia da Seadgens 18,6 cx. Zalas. yazaxeTSi Catarda agraruli reformebi, romlis ZaliTac prioriteti mieca glexur da fermerul meurneobebs. aseve iqmneba agrofirmebi.

1.

2.

3.

4.

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kiTxvebi codnis SemowmebisaTvis. yazaxeTi, romeli samrewvelo-mopovebiTi wiaRiseuli simdidriT gamoirCeva; daaxasiaTeT yazaxeTis dargobrivi struqtura; daaxasiaTeT yazaxeTis soflis meurneobaSi arsebuli meqanizaciis done; yazaxeTis soflis meurneobaSi ra formiT ganxorcielda agraruli reformebi.

9.avstralia

Tavi XIV.

“avstraliisa da okeaniis

ekonomika”

aRniSnuli regioni moicavs uzarmazar sivrces, romelSic Sedis sakuTriv avstraliis kontinentikunZul tasmaniiT, axali gvineis kunZulis naxevari, avstraliis aRmosavleTiT mdebare kunZulebi, romlebic mimofantulia wynar okeaneSi uzarmazar sivrceze da axali zelandia, amave regions ganekuTvneba agreTve antarqtida.

14. 1. avstraliis ekonomika. avstralia regionSi erTaderTi saxelmwifoa msoflioSi, romelsac mTeli kontinenti uWiravs. marTalia igi dedamiwis xmeleTze yvelaze patara nawilia msoflios xuT kontinents Soris, magram misi sidide erT saxelmwifos pirobaze metad STambeWdavia (avstralielebs aqvT aseTi gamonaTqvami, rom- “am 203

teritoriaze didi britaneTi 33- jer daeteodao”). avstraliis kavSiri garda kontinentisa moicavs kunZul tasmanias da mimdebare patara kunZulebs. qveynis teritoria 7,7 mln. kv. km- ia, mosaxleoba- 18 milioni, dedaqalaqia- kanbera. avstralia mTlianad samxreT naxevarsferoSi mdebareobs, misi saxelwodebis Targmanic aseTia “samxreTis amoucnobi miwa”. bolo periodamde Tvlidnen, rom ekonomikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT kontinentis 1/3 unayofo da uperspeqtivo iyo, magram bolo periodSi am adgilebSi aRmoaCines rkinis, boqsitebis, qvanaxSiris, uranis da sxva wiaRiseulis udidesi maragi, ramac avstralia msoflios udidesi resursmatarebeli qveynebis rigSi Caayena. varaudoben, rom pirvelad adamiani avstraliis teritoriaze gamoCnda 40 aTasi wlis winaT. razedac miuTiTebs nivTieri mtkicebebi, romlebic aRmoCenilia qveynis aRmosavleT nawilSi. evropelebi avstraliaSi pirvelad XVII saukuneSi movidnen.

1770 wels ingliselma zRvaosanma j. kukma aRmoaCina avstraliis aRmosavleT sanapiro, romelic man inglisis samflobelod gamoacxada, am periodisaTvis inglisma ukve dakarga Tavisi koloniebi CrdiloeT amerikaSi. Tavdapirvelad kontinents iyenebdnen gadasaxlebis mizniT. gadasaxlebulTa pirveli partia 1787 wels Camoiyvanes, maTi raodenoba 850 kacs Seadgenda. isini dasaxldnen dRevandeli sidneis teritoriaze, 1793 wels qveyanaSi Camovida Tavisufal ingliselTa pirveli jgufebi. male inglisma mTeli avstralia Tavis koloniad gamoacxada; XX saukunis miwuruls daiwyo avstraliis intensiuri aTviseba, 1851- 1861 wlebSi avstraliis mosaxleoba 405 aTasidan 1,2 milionamde gaizarda. qveynis aTvisebas Tavdapirvelad sasoflo- sameurneo xasiaTi hqonda. me- 20 saukunis dasawyisSi avstraliam inglisis dominionis statusi miiRo, xolo 1931 wels damoukidebloba gamoacxada.

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avstraliis buneba mravali TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba, romliTac igi gansxvavdeba planetis sxva regionebisagan. avstraliaSi naleqebis raodenoba 5jer naklebia vidre afrikaSi da 8- jer naklebia vidre samxreT amerikaSi. bevria udabno da udabnos tipis adgilebi. aRmosavleTiT aris mTebi, romelsac avstraliis alpebs uwodeben, maTi saSualo simaRle 900- dan 1000 metramdea, yvelaze maRali mwvervali 2230 metria. avstraliis alpebis gagrZelebaa kunZul tasmaniis mTebi. avstraliis mTebma didi roli Seasrules qveynis sameurneo aTvisebis TvalsazrisiT. Tavdapirveli dasaxlebebi Seiqmna zRvispira mTis kalTebze, sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda am regionis aTviseba. swored amitom dRevandel avstraliaSi yvelaze dasaxlebuli da ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli raionebi qveynis aRmosavleT provinciebSia. kontinentis sanapiro ar aris daserili, amitom cotaa navsadgurebisaTvis vargisi yureebi. okeanes da mimdebare zRvebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs avstraliis ekonomikisaTvis. igi aris qveynis damakavSirebeli danarCen samyarosTan. avstralia mdebareobs sam Tbil klimatur sartyelSi. CrdiloeTiT- subekvatoruli, centralur olqSi- tropikuli da samxreTiT- subtropikuli, mxolod kunZul tasmaniis didi nawili mdebareobs zomier sartyelSi. avstraliaSi mdinareTa qseli didi ar aris: qveynis teritoriis 60%- ze ar aris arc erTi didi mdinare (zogan miwisqveSa wylebi amodis zedapirze da miedineba ramdenime kilometris manZilze). mdinareTa qseli SedarebiT kargadaa warmodgenili kunZul tasmaniaze da qveynis aRmosavleT nawilSi. zogierTi mdinare sanaosnodac ki gamoiyeneba. avstralia Raribia tbebiT, mxolod aqa- iq aris mcire sididis tbebi, romlebic wvimis wylebiT ikvebebian. kontinentis Tavisebureba mdgomareoba imaSi, rom igi 205

mdidaria miwisqveSa (gruntis) wylebiT, romelsac unarianad iyeneben sameurneo daniSnulebisaTvis. mcenareTa safari Taviseburia, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom qveyana didi xnis ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda izolaciaSi. avstraliaSi aRricxuli 12 aTasi mcenareTa saxeobidan, 9 aTasi endemuria, maT Soris bevria unikaluri. niadagobrivi safaric mravalferovania. warmodgenilia TiTqmis yvela tipis niadagi, romelTa nawili maRali nayofierebiT xasiaTdeba. avstraliis mosaxleoba ZiriTadad imigraciis Sedegadaa Camoyalibebuli. isini ingliselebisa da irlandielebis STamomavlebi arian, maTi raodenoba qveynis mosaxleobis 80%-s aRemateba. maT garda cxovroben evropis sxva qveynebidan gadmosaxlebulebic. avstraliaSi arian aborigenebic, romlebic qveynis mosaxleobis 1%- s Seadgenen. dReisaTvis maTi raodenoba 150- 180 aTas ar aRemateba. isini jer kidev pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis droidan cxovroben. avstralia xasiaTdeba urbanizaciis maRali procentiT. marto qveynis or qalaqSimelburnsa da sidneiSi cxovrobs mosaxleobis naxevari. avstraliam sakmaod mokle droSi (70- 80 weli) gaiara ekonomikuri ganviTarebis rTuli gza, igi agraruli nedleulis mwarmoebeli qveynidan gadaiqca maRalganviTarebul industriul qveyanad, rasac xeli Seuwyo iman, rom qveyanas ar dasWirvebia gaevlo evropisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis etapebi (xelosnuri, manufaqturuli da a.S.). dRevandeli avstralia msoflios yvelaze maRalganviTarebul 10 qveyanaSi Sedis. avstraliis soflis meurneoba kapitalisturi tipisaa da emyareba meqanizaciis maRal dones. qveyanaSi Tavidanve Camoyalibda msxvilmasStabiani miwaTmoqmedeba, romelic dasawyiss jer kidev kolonizaciis pirveli periodidan iRebs. miwis didi nakveTebi pirvelad miiRes dacvis oficrebma, Semdeg 206

ki danarCenma. avstraliaSi sofeli ar arsebobs, aq fermeruli meurneobebia, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia msxvilmasStabiani sasaqonli warmoeba. fermebi, romlebic miwebis did maragebs floben, umTavresad gvalvian raionebSi mdebareoben, sadac warmoebas eqstensiuri xasiaTi aqvs, xolo fermebi romelTac warmoebis intensiuri meTodebi gaaCniaT, mdebareoben qveynis samxreT- aRmosavleT da samxreTdasavleT sanapiro zolSi. aseTi fermebi awarmoeben bostneuls, xils, hyavT suqebaze dayenebuli pirutyvi da sxv. sagareubno tipis fermebi msxvili qalaqebisa da samrewvelo centrebis maxloblad arseboben. maTi sawarmoo specializacia ganpirobebulia sasoflosameurneo produqciaze qalaqebis moTxovnilebisda mixedviT. rasakvirvelia fermebis dayofa farTobebis mixedviT pirobiTia. xSirad patara ferma, romelic eweva intensiur warmoebas da mdebareobs xelsayrel adgilas ufro met Semosavals iZleva, vidre didi moculobis fermebi. avstralieli mecnierebis monacemebiT erT heqtar kulturul sarwyav saZovars SeuZlia gamokvebos 25 cxvari, maSin rodesac erTi cxvrisaTvis 40 heqtaramde naxevrad mSrali tipis saZovaria saWiro. avstralia SedarebiT gvian daadga teqnikuri revoluciis gzas. soflis meurneobaSi omis Semdgom periodSi Seiqmna sasoflosameurneo manqanaTmSenebloba, daiwyo mineraluri sasuqebis warmoeba da sxv. intensifikaciis procesi araTanabrad mimdinareobs, umTavresad igi moicavs iseT dargebs, rogoricaa: merZeuli da mexorculi mecxoveleoba, mebostneoba, mexileoba, mevenaxeoba, bambisa da brinjis warmoeba da sxva sasursaTo da teqnikuri kulturebis moyvana. rac Seexeba marcvleulis meurneobas da mecxoveleobas, romelic saZovrebs emyareba, es dargi jer kidev ganviTarebis eqstensiur stadiaSia. 207

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, avstralia warmoadgens yvelaze naklebtenian kontinents, rac iwvevs xelovnuri rwyvis aycileblobas, ara marto gvalvian regionSi, aramed samxreT- aRmosavleTis Warbtenian zonaSic ki (magaliTad, xorblis saSualo mosavlianoba urwyav miwebze 11- 15 centneria, xolo sarwyavze- 50- 60 centneri). imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom soflis meurneobis produqcia dResac warmoadgens avstraliis eqsportis safuZvels, mTavroba udides yuradRebas uTmobs mis ganviTarebas. qveyanaSi Seqmnilia soflis meurneobis momsaxurebis samecniero da eqsperimentuli centrebi, yvela universitetSi arsebobs sasoflo- sameurneo fakultetebi, fermerebs eZlevaT kreditebi, dotaciebi, saxelmwifo aregulirebs sasaqonlo produqciis realizaciis saqmes da sxv. avstraliis soflis meurneobaSi ZiriTadi dargi soflis meurneobaa, pirvel rigSi, momTabare (Zovebaze myofi) mecxoveleoba. masze modis qveynis sasoflosameurneo produqciis Rirebulebis 68%- mde, xolo miwaTmoqmedebaze mxolod32%. mecxoveleobaSi wamyvania mecxvareoba. avstralia msoflioSi pirvel adgilzea cxvris suladobiTa da matylis warmoebiT. qveyanaSi 200 milionamde cxvaria, romlis raodenobac yovelwliurad izrdeba. cxvris faraSi dominirebs mirinosis jiSis cxvrebi (70%- mde), romlebic iZlevian maRali xarisxis matyls, xorcsa da sakarakule tyavs. es jiSi cudad itans tenian klimats, amitom igi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia mSral, centralur olqebSi. mecxoveleobaSi warmodgenilia mexorculi da merZeuli msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyviT. Seqmnilia specialuri kompaniebi, romelTa xelSia ara marto produqciis warmoeba, aramed misi realizacia, transportireba, damuSaveba da sxv. maT ekuTvniT saZovrebi, sasaklaoebi, xorckombinatebi, satransporto saSualebebi da a.S. mexorculi 208

mecxoveleoba ganviTarebulia ZiriTadad tropikul da subtropikul zonaSi. pirutyvs aZoveben bunebriv saZovrebze. vxvdebiT kulturul, sarwyav saZovrebsac. iyeneben kombinirebul sakvebsac. aseT fermebSi msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi erTi wlis asakSi aRwevs ukve standartul wonas da agzavian xorckombinatebSi. Zroxisa da xbos xorcis warmoebiTa da eqsportiT avstralias pirveli adgili uWiravs msoflioSi. kargadaa ganviTarebuli merZeuli mecxoveleoba, romelic xasiaTdeba intensifikaciis maRali doniT. Tbili klimati saSualebas iZleva merZeuli pirutyvi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi hyavdeT Zovebaze. specializebuli merZeuli fermebi ar aris didi, saSualod maT 130- 140 heqtari uWiravT, romelic gamoiyeneba intensiurad. aseT meurneobebSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven saZovrebis movlas, romelsac amuSaveben agroteqnikis ukanaskneli miRwevebis mixedviT. farTod iyeneben kombinirebulkoncentrirebul sakvebs. hyavT maRalproduqtiuli pirutyvi, romelTa wveladoba 5000 litrs aRemateba. maRalia meqanizaciis done, pirutyvis wvelisa da misi movlis sxva procesebi xorcieldeba avtomatizebulad. merZeuli mimarTulebis mecxoveleoba ganviTarebulia maRaltenian sanapiro zolSi. specializaciis mixedviT merZeuli fermebi or jgufad SeiZleba daiyos: pirveli, emsaxureba rZis warmoebas, uSualod moxmarebisaTvis, xolo meoreyvel- karaqis warmoebas. sagareubno zonis fermebi gaerTianebulni arian kooperativebSi, romlebic umTavresad produqciis realizacias emsaxurebian. merZeul mecxoveleobasTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli meRoreoba, romelic iyenebs rZis narCenebs. misgan amzadeben bekons da sakmaod didi raodenobiT gaaqvT sazRvargareT. varaudoben, rom qveyanaSi 25 milionamde msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi da 60 milionamde Roria.

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am maCveneblebiT qveyana erT- erT pirvel adgilzea msoflioSi. avstraliaSi kargadaa ganviTarebuli mefrinveleobac, ZiriTadad hyavT qaTmebi da indaurebi, mcire odenobiT- batebi. mefrinveleobis fermebi mcire moculobisaa da viwro specializaciiT xasiaTdeba, erTSi zrdian qaTmebs, meoreSi- kvebaven sabroilero wiwilebs, mesameSi- agroveben kvercxs da a.S. mefrinveleobis produqciis didi nawili midis eqsportze. mecxoveleobis sxva dargebidan warmodgenilia mecxeneoba, hyavT aqlemebic, misdeven mefutkreobas, romlis produqciac didi raodenobiT gaaqvT sazRvargareT. dRevandel avstraliaSi savargulebis 65% mecxoveleobis fermebze modis, romelTagan udidesi nawili (91%- mde) uWiravs bunebriv saZovrebs. saTesi farTobis raodenoba 3%- s ar aRemateba, aqedan 55% uWiravs xorbals, 6%kulturul saZovrebs (daTesilia sakvebi balaxebi). saeqsporto xorblis kultivireba qveyanaSi daiwyo XIX saukunis bolos, manamde mas adgilobrivi mniSvneloba hqonda. xorbali mohyavT urwyav miwebze. am kulturis gavrcelebis regionSi naleqebis raodenoba 250- 500 mm ar aRemateba. xorbali ZiriTadad warmodgenilia samxreT provinciebSi, Tesaven im miwebze romlebic 2- 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi dakavebuli iyo balaxebiT. xorblis warmoebas umTavresad eqstensiuri xasiaTi aqvs. avstraliaSi did seleqciur muSaobas ewevian, miRebulia gvalvagamZle xorblis jiSi, romelic myar mosavals iZleva. xorblis warmoebis done saSualebas iZleva didi raodenobiT gaitanon igi eqsportze. garda xorblisa merZeuli mimarTulebis fermebSi did yuradRebas aqceven sakvebi kulturebis warmoebas, mohyavT qeri, Wvavi, simindi da sxva marcvleuli kulturebi.

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memcenareobis mniSvnelovani dargia mebaReoba da mevenaxeoba. mohyavT tropikuli da subtropikuli xili. es dargebi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia kunZul tasmaniaze da materikis samxreT StatebSi. didi raodenobiT mohyavT ananasi, banani, mango, atami, qliavi, alubali, agreTve citrusebi da sxv. amave zonaSia warmodgenili samrewvelo da sufris yurZnis warmoeba. xili naturaluri da gadamuSavebuli wvenebis saxiT ZiriTadad moixmareba Sida bazarze, nawili gaaqvT saeqsportod. didi qalaqebisa da samrewvelo centrebis sagareubno zonaSi warmodgenilia mebostneoba, romelic gamoirCeva sakmaod mralferovani asortimentiT, mebostneobis meurneobebi umetesad avtomatizebulia, rac minimumamde amcirebs cocxali Sromis gamoyenebas. teqnikuri kulturebidan mohyavT Saqris lerwami, romlis naTesebis 95% gaadgilebulia yvelaze Tbil kvislendis StatSi. Saqris warmoebis mixedviT avstralias uWiravs mexuTe, xolo eqsportis mixedviTpirveli adgili msoflioSi. garda aRniSnulisa, mohyavT Tambaqo, bamba da sxva teqnikuri kulturebi, romelTa mniSvnelovani nawili gaaqvT sazRvargareT. avstraliaSi ar arsebobs ferma da sasoflosameurneo sawarmo, romlis produqciis 80% mainc ar iyos sasaqonlo. saeqsporto produqciis udidesi nawili gaaqvT evropasa da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, agreTve iaponiaSi, filipinebze, indoneziaSi da sxva regionebSi. avstralia racionaluri sasoflo- sameurneo warmoebis SesaniSnavi nimuSia.

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10.okianeTi 14. 2. okianeTis

ekonomika .

okeaneTiwarmoadgens kunZulebisa da arqipelagebis uzarmazar regions, romelic mdebareobs wynari okeanis centralur da samxreTdasavleT nawilSi. okeaneTi Sedgeba 7 aTasi kunZulisagan, romelTa Soris ori: axali gvinea (829 aTas kv. km) da axali zelandia ( 270,7 aT.kv.km., mosaxleoba 4184 aTasi, romelic agreTve Sedis okeaniis geografiul cnebaSi) warmoadgenen SedarebiT did kunZulebs. okeaniis saerTo farTobi 1,3 milioni kv. km- ia, aq mdebareobs patar- patara saxelmwifoebi, romelTa umravlesobam damoukidebloba bolo aTwleulSi miiRo, danarCenebi jer kidev sxva saxelmwifoTa mflobelobaSi iTvlebian, zogierTi imdenad pataraa, rom geografiul rukazec ki Wirs maTi aRniSvna. damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa raodenoba 14- mdea. maT Soris SedarebiT didi saxelmwifoebis jgufs ganekuTvneba: papua, axali gvinea (farTobi 462 aTasi kv. km, mosaxleoba- 250 aTasi), vanuatu (farTobi212

12,2 aTasi kv. km, mosaxleoba- 226 aTasi), axali kaledonia (farTobi- 18,6 aTasi kv. km, mosaxleoba- 242 aTasi), fiji (farTobi- 18 aTasi kv. km, mosaxleoba- 600 aTasi), mikronezia (farTobi- 10,7 aTasi kv. km, mosaxleoba- 111 aTasi) da sxv. okeaneTs yofen sam istoriul- eTnografiul olqad: melonezia- axali gvineiT, mikronezia da polinezia- axali zelandiiT. melonezia mdebareobs okeaniis dasavleT nawilSi, romlis saerTo farTobia 969 aTasi kv. km. aqedan 6/7 modis axal gvineaze. polinezia gadaWimulia ukidures samxreT- dasavleTidan aRmosavleT sazRvrebamde. axali zelandiis gamoklebiT misi farTobia 26 aTasi kv. km, aqedan 17 aTasi modis havais kunZulebze. mikronezias uWiravs regionis Crdilo- dasavleTi mxare, saerTo farTobi 2,6 aTasi kv. km- ia, magram es kunZulebi gafantulia uzarmazari wylis sivrceze, romlis farTobi 14 mln. kv. km- ia. okeaniis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba 10 milionamdea. aqedan meloneziaSi cxovrobs 5 milioni, polineziaSi- 4,5 milioni da mikroneziaSi- 0,5 milioni. regionis xalxebis istoriuli ganviTareba warmoadgens unikalur SemTxvevas, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aTasi wlebis ganmavlobaSi okeaniaSi did sivrceze mimofantuli kunZulebi izolirebulad viTardebodnen. evropelebma okeania aRmoaCines XVI saukuneSi. am dros bevr kunZulze ukve misdevdnen miwaTmoqmedebas da TevzWeras, maT ukve icodnen ialqniani navebis mSenebloba, xSirad 100 kmzec ki gadaadgildebodnen okeaneSi, rac garda gambedaobisa, zRvaosnobis codnasac moiTxovda. okeaniis mosaxleoba evropelebis mosvlamde ar icnobda metals, maTi iaraRi qvis xanis droindeli iyo.

SedarebiTi izolacia grZeldeboda XVIII saukunis bolomde, Tumca dResac xdeba zogierTi tomis aRmoCena, romlebic jer kidev pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis pirobebSi cxovroben. momdevno periodebSi okeaniis kunZulebs Tanmimdevrulad 213

epatronebodnen evropis qveynebi: inglisi, espaneTi, holandia, portugalia, magram mmarTvelobis organoebis Secvlas ar cdilobdnen. maSindel pirobebSi uzarmazar sivrceze gafantuli kunZulebi saintereso ar iyo maTTvis. okeaneTis bunebrivklimaturi pirobebi mravalferovania, saerTos warmoadgens is, rom isini Sedian tropikul an subtropokul sartyelSi. bunebrivi pirobebiT okeania ar warmoadgens erTian regions, kunZulebis nawili mdebareobs ekvatorze, sadac mxolod cxeli zafxulia. teritoria romelzec mdebareobs kunZulebi moicavs 60 milion kv. km, rac ufro metia vidre evrazia erTad aRebuli. amasTan, okeaneTis xmeleTis farTobi 6- jer naklebia, vidre yvelaze patara materikis- avstraliis farTobi. kunZulebis mcire miwianoba da maTi didi manZilebiT erTmaneTisagan siSore gavlenas axdens maT bunebriv pirobebzec.

TiToeuli kunZuli warmoadgens gansakuTrebul bunebriv teritoriul kompleqss, sadac ganviTarebulia Taviseburi, ganumeorebeli ekologiuri sistemebi da arsebobs mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli niadagebi, mcenareuli safari, cxovelTa samyaro da sxv. gansxvavebulia kunZulebis warmoSoba, vxvdebiT vulkanuri, materikuli, biogenuri da sxva warmoSobis kunZulebs. okeaneTi mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT, maT Soris sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT, romelic jer kargad ar aris Seswavlili, vxvdebiT qvanaxSirs, bunebriv gazs da sxva wiaRiseuls. regionis umravles kunZulebze nayofieri niadagebia, romlebic ZiriTadad vulkanuri warmoSobisaa, warmodgenilia TiTqmis yvela saxis niadagebi. okeaneTis ekonomika sustadaa ganviTarebuli. regioni ZiriTadad agraruli xasiaTisaa, romlis safuZvels tropikuli miwaTmoqmedeba Seadgens, mohyavT bostneuli, xili, misdeven mecxoveleobas. am regionSi umTavresad viTardeboda is mcenareuloba, romliTac dainteresebulebi iyvenen metropoliebi.

214

esaa qoqosis palma, tropikuli xili da sxv. umravles qveynebSi warmoebas naturaluri xasiaTi aqvs. produqcia ZiriTadad mohyavT sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofiloeblad, mcire raodenobiT yidian. bevr qveyanaSi arsebobs msxvili meurneobebi, romlebic Seqmnili iyo jer kidev koloniuri batonobis pirobebSi. dReisaTvis am meurneobebSi mohyavT sasaqonlo xasiaTis yava, kakao, qoqosis palma, banani da sxv. bevria glexuri meurneobebi, romlebic warmodgenilia mravaldargovani produqciiT. umravles SemTxvevaSi wvrilglexuri meurneobebi ar monawileoben saeqsporto produqciis SeqmnaSi. regionSi memcenareobidan mTavari kulturaa brinji, romelic mohyavT ekvatorul zonaSi. kunZulebze mdinareebi TiTqmis ar aris (ZiriTadad, wyaroebi da miwisqveSa wylebia), magram brinjis yanebi mainc irwyveba, risTvisac iyeneben gruntis wylebs. gavrcelebulia simindic, romelic mosaxleobis umetesobisTvis kvebis ZiriTadi produqtia, mohyavT parkosani kulturebi, umTavresad lobio da soia. teqnikuri kulturebidan mohyavT bamba, romelsac adgilobrivi mniSvneloba aqvs, Tambaqo, romlis didi nawili gaaqvT sazRvargareT, Saqris lerwami, romlis gadamuSavebac primitiuli xerxiT warmoebs da produqcias iyeneben Sida moxmarebisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad xelsayreli bunebrivi pirobebisa, okeaniis mTel rig qveynebs Semoaqvs kvebis produqtebi, kerZodmarcvleuli (brinji da xorbali). regionis qveynebSi warmodgenilia agreTve mecxoveleobac, hyavT mcire raodenobiT msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi, romelsac umTavresad iyeneben rogorc cocxal gamwev Zalas, maTi produqtiuloba dabalia.

SedarebiT kargadaa ganviTarebuli mecxvareoba. okeaniis zogierT qveyanaSi ganviTarebulia meRoreoba, romelic warmodgenilia TiTqmis yvela glexur meurneobaSi. popularobiT sargeblobs goWis xorci, romelic kvebis ZiriTadi 215

produqtia aRniSnuli regionis mosaxleobisaTvis. mefrinveleobas ara aqvs samrewvelo xasiaTi, igi warmodgenilia mxolod individualur seqtorSi da gamoiyeneba sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.

Tevzis produqtebze modis okeaneTis mosaxleobis kvebis racionis 50%- mde. mimdebare zRvis wylebi Seicaven Tevzis kolosalur marags.

H kiTxvebi codnis SemowmebisaTvis 1. daaxasiaTeT avstraliis soflis ekonomika; 2. daaxasiaTeT okianiis soflis ekonomika.

11.amerika 216

meurneobis meurneobis

Tavi XV. 15.1. amerikis

“amerikis ekonomika�H ekonomika.

amerikis kontinenti evropelebma gaicnes evropis, aziis da afrikis Semdeg. igi gigantur naxevarvarskvlavadaa gadaWimuli atlantiisa da wynar okeanebs Soris. misi sigrZe 14 aTasi km- ia (kunZulebis CaTvliT 15,5 aTasi km), rac meridianis sigrZis 3/5- ia. kontinentis sigane sigrZeze gacilebiT naklebia, igi araTanabaria. magaliTad, kanadaSi es maCvenebeli 6 aTas km- s aRemateba, xolo SuawelSi (panamasTan) 100 km- mde wvrildeba. swored aq gaiWra panamis arxi, romlis sigrZe 80 km- ia. es aris udidesi mniSvnelobis sazRvao gza, romelic atlantiisa da wynari okeanis qveynebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. amerikis teritoria daaxloebiT 42,5 mln. kv. kmia, xolo grelandiis CaTvliT 44,5 mln. kv. km. igi sididiT msoflios mxolod yvelaze did kontinentsazias CamorCeba da bevrad aRemateba afrikas, evropasa da avstralias. amerika ori nawilisagan Sedgeba, CrdiloeT amerikas uWiravs 24,3 mln. kv. km: (grelandiis gareSe), xolo samxreT amerikas- 18 mln. kv. km: (geografiuli mcnebaa agreTve centraluri amerika, romelsac laTinur amerikasac uwodeben). evropelebisaTvis amerika cnobili gaxda qristefore kolumbis aRmoCenis Semdeg- 1492 wlis 12 oqtombers, rodasac man miaRwia patara kunZuls, romelsac Semdeg salvadori daarqva, materikuli amerika aRmoCenili iqna 1498 wels (axlandeli venesuelis midamoebi). XV saukunis dasawyisSi daiwyo amerikis aTviseba evropelebis mier. 1535 wels daipyres inkebis saxelmwifo, romelic dRevandel perus, boliviisa da ekvadoris teritoriaze mdebareobda. dampyroblebs xelT CauvardaT auracxeli simdidre. daiwyo axali samyaros kolonizaciis procesi, gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen ingliselebi, (CrdiloeT amerikaSi). portugalielebi 217

da espanelebi (centralur da samxreT amerikaSi). XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan daiwyo amerikuli koloniebis brZola damoukideblobisaTvis. 1776 wels gamocxadda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis damoukidebloba.

Tanamedrove amerikis qveynebis mosaxleobis formirebaSi udidesi roli Seasrules evropidan gadmosaxlebulma xalxma da agreTve afrikis kontinentidan Camoyvanilma monebma. mcireodenobiT arian adgilobrivi mosaxlenic. maTi xvedriTi wili mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi 0,5 %ia. dRevandeli amerikis mosaxleoba eTnikurad araerTgvarovania, bevria aziidan (gansakuTrebiT CineTidan) gadmosaxlebulebic. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT CrdiloeT amerika (aSS, kanada), bevrad uswrebs win samxreT amerikis qveynebs, rac Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs ekonomikis struqturaSi, erT sulze nacionaluri produqciis warmoebaSi, prioritetuli dargebis ganviTarebaSi, sasoflosameurneo produqciis warmoebis moculobaSi da a.S. amerikis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba 600 mln. aRwevs, aqedan CrdiloeT amerikaSi cxovrobs 250 milioni, xolo samxreT amerikaSi- 350. CrdiloeT amerikaSi maRalia urbanizaciis procesi. bunebriv- klimaturi pirobebiT CrdiloeT da samxreT amerika erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli regionebia, rac upirvelesad gamoixateba imaSi, rom CrdiloeT amerikis udidesi nawili mdebareobs zomier bunebriv sartyelSi, xolo samxreT amerika- tropikul sartyelSi. es garemoeba Tavis asaxvas poulobs sasoflo- sameurneo warmoebis struqturasa da xasiaTSi, warmoebis intensivobaSi, sasoflo- sameurneo warmoebis specializaciaSi da a.S. CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebis (gansakuTrebiT aSS) ganviTareba daiwyo gasuli saukunis bolo aTwleulidan. ekonomikis ganviTarebis tempma 218

gansakuTrebiT imata pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, xolo laTinuri anu samxreT amerika meore msoflio omamde ekonomikurad CamorCenil regions warmoadgenda, misi ganviTareba daiwyo XX saukunis meore naxevridan, rodesac intensiurad daiwyo aRniSnuli regionis bunebriv simdidreTa aTviseba, moxda kapitalis koncentracia strategiuli mimarTulebis dargebis gansaviTareblad, gza gaexsna ucxour kapitals. laTinuri amerikis qveynebma fexi moikides msoflio bazarze. soflis meurneoba daadga industriuli ganviTarebis gzas, mTel rig qveynebSi Camoyalibda optimaluri specializaciis safuZvlebi, ramac sasoflo- sameurneo warmoebas racionaluri xasiaTi misca. ganvixiloT cal- calke CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikaerTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli regionebi, rogorc warmoebis xasiaTiT, ise sawarmoo Zalebis ganviTarebis saerTo doniT. 15.2. CrdiloeT amerikis

ekonomika.

CrdiloeT amerika (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, kanada, grelandia)- mdebareobs ori saxelmwifo: amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da kanada. amave regionSi Sedis bermudis, senperisa da miqelonis kunZulebi. geografiulad masSi Sedis agreTve msoflioSi yvelaze didi kunZuli grelandia, romlis farTobi 2 mln. kv. km- s aRemateba. CrdiloeT amerika inglisurenovani regionia, misi farTobi 19,4 mln. kv. km- ia, mosaxleoba- 250 milioni. dRemde teritoriis mxolod naxevaria aTvisebuli, esaa aSS da kanadis samxreTi nawili. regionis danarCen nawilSi mosaxleoba naklebadaa dasaxlebuli, xolo samrewvelo aTvisebas jer kidev lokaluri xasiaTi aqvs.

CrdiloeT amerikis kontinenti mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT, bevria maRalnayofieri miwebiSesaniSnavi bunebrivi pirobebiT, mravalferovani sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT, xetyisa da 219

hidroresursebis didi maragiT da a.S. bunebrivi resursebis eqspluatacia warmoebs racionalurad, momWirneobiT. CrdiloeT amerikis buneba mravalferovania. aq warmodgenilia rogorc subtropikuli zona, ise tundris metad mkacri da susxiani klimati, samxreTSi- meqsikis yuris tropikuli wylebi da CrdiloeTSi- arqtikis yinulebi. klimatis Secvla mkveTria. magaliTad, CrdiloeT yinulovani okeanis tundridan didi tbebis midamoebamde buneba mkveTrad icvleba foTlovani da wiwvovani zoniT, ufro samxreTiT mdinare misisipis qveda welSisubtropikuli zoniT da a.S. CrdiloeT amerikis buneba ramdenadme waagavs ruseTis evropuli nawilis CrdiloeTis bunebas, didi tbebis landSaftibaltiispireTis qveynebis landSafts, kanadis mSrali stepi- yazaxeTis CrdiloeT olqebs (celinogradis olqi), xolo amerikis udabnoebi da naxevrad udabnoebisamxreT yazaxeTisa da TurqmeneTis udabnoebs.

CrdiloeT amerikis reliefi mravalferovania. evraziasTan SedarebiT regioni naklebad mTiania. mTebisa da dablobebis Sefardeba aseTia: 1/2. mTiani masivebi CrdiloeT amerikis dasavleTiT mdebareobs, (sanapiro zolSi): materikis centraluri nawili zRvis donidan 200500 metris simaRlezea moTavsebuli, rac sameurneo saqmianobisaTvis optimaluria. mTavari mTiani sistema – kordilierebi, warmodgenilia dasavleTiT, igi gadaWimulia alaskidan samxreTiT. misi yvelaze maRali wertilia mak- kinli. klimaturi TaviseburebebiT CrdiloeT amerikis teritoria erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia, magaliTad, kanadaSi ZiriTadad zomieri da subarqtikuli klimatia, xolo aSS- Si- subtropikuli da zomieri. kanadaSi, zafxulis yvelaze cxel periodSic ki temperatura 20 gradusze zeviT ar adis, maSin rodesac aSS TiTqmis mTel teritoriaze 20 gradusi 220

saSualo temperaturad iTvleba (floridaSi igi 27- 28 gradusamdea). kontinentis CrdiloeTiT araxelsayreli dReebis raodenoba 300- mdea, xolo samxreT kanadis- sasazRvro raionSi es maCvenebeli 180- mde mcirdeba, aSS samxreTSi ki araxelsayreli dReebi TiTqmis ar arsebobs. aRniSnuli maCveneblebi mniSvnelovnad ganapirobeben sasoflo- sameurneo warmoebis xasiaTs. magaliTad, kanadaSi sasoflosameurneo warmoebisaTvis kargi pirobebia zomier sartyelSi, sadac mohyavT xorbali, kartofili, qeri, xolo aSSSi garda aRniSnuli kulturebis mohyavT simindi, soia, bamba, brinji da subtropikuli kulturebi. weliwadis sxvadasxva dros klimatis Taviseburebani sxvadasxvanairad vlindeba, zamTris amindi ar aris myari, igi an Tbili an metad mkacria (imis mixedviT, Tu rogori qarebi gabatondeba). zafxuli, zonebis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos mSrali da cxeli.

CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebi uzrunvelyofilia wylis resursebiT. regionze modis msoflio Camonadenis 18%. miuxedavad amisa, orive qveyana ganicdis mtknari, sasmeli wylis deficits, rac gamowveulia ara imiT, rom wylis resursebi naklebia, aramed imiT, rom xarji aris Zalian didi. CrdiloeT amerikaSi bevria didi, wyaluxvi mdinareebi, tbebi. sakmaod didia gruntis wylis maragic.

CrdiloeT amerikis buneba adamianis zemoqmedebis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. mravalferovania misi mcenareuli safari, dawyebuli tundris balaxeuli da buCqovani mcenareulobidan, damTavrebulisamxreTis subtropikuli da tropikuli mcenareulobiT, gvxvdeba udabnos tipis mcenareuli safaric, tyeebs adre regionis teritoriis 1/3 eWira, magram kolonizaciisa da dekolonizaciis periodSi momxdarma Zvrebma mniSvnelovnad Seamcires maTi farTobi. dReisaTvis, tyes uWiravs saerTo farTobis mxolod 1/4 anu 25%.

221

CrdiloeT amerikaSi kargad aris ganviTarebuli soflis meurneoba, rogorc memcenareoba aseve mecxoveleoba. zemoaRniSnuli dargebi gamoirCevian ganviTarebis intensifikaciis maRali doniT, rac metyvelebs dargSi mecnierebisa da teqnikis Tanamedrove miRwevebis aqtiur da warmatebul gamoyenebaze. soflis meurneobis produqtebi aRniSnuli regionidan didi raodenobiT gaaqvT sazRvargareT, gansakuTrebiT marcvleuli, Saqari da a.S. soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulia aqtiuri mosaxleobis 10- 12 %. sasoflo- sameurneo warmoeba fermeruli xasiaTisaa, sadac warmodgenilia, rogorc mcire aseve didi zomis fermebi. maTi sidide ganisazRvreba warmoebuli produqciis raodenobiT, dakavebuli sasoflosameurneo savargulebis farTobiT da a. S.

222

12.laTinuri amerika

223

15.3. samxreT amerikis ekonomika. samxreT amerika (venesuela, kolumbia, ekvadori, argentina, paragvai, urugvai, brazilia, gaiana, surinami.)- laTinuri amerikis nawilia, romelic panamis samxreTiT mdebareobs. mas uWiravs amerikis kontinentis samxreTi naxevarsfero, mimdebare kunZulebiT. CrdiloeTiT igi esazRvreba karibis zRvas, aRmosavleTiT- atlantiis okeanes, samxreTiTmagelanis srutes, dasavleTiTwynar okeanes. materikis teritoria 17,65 mln. km- ia. (mimdebare kunZulebis saerTo farTobi 0,57 mln. km- ia): mosaxleoba- 241 milioni. samxreT amerikis qveynebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian teritoriis sididiT, mosaxleobis raodenobiT, bunebrivi resursebiT, ekonomikuri potencialiT. evropelebis gamoCenamde samxreT amerikaSi saxlobdnen mravalricxovani indieli tomebi. 1542 wels espanelebma Camoayalibes damoukidebeli perus saxelmwifo, momdevno periodSi kidev ori saxelmwifo Camoyalibda dRevandeli kolumbiisa da venesuelis teritoriebze. faqtiurad, zemoT dasaxelebuli da SemdgomSi Seqmnili saxelmwifoebi warmoadgenen espaneTisa da portugaliis yofil koloniebs. 18101826 ww. daiwyo samxreT amerikelTa brZola damoukideblobisaTvis, romlis Sedegad yvela koloniurma saxelmwifom damoukidebloba moipova. samxreT amerikis buneba mravalferovania, aq vxvdebiT msoflioSi yvelaze grZeli mTebis sistemasandebis saxiT, aq mdebareobs yvelaze maRlivi CanCqeri- anxeli, yvelaze didi amazonis dablobi, yvelaze wyaluxvi mdinare- amazoni da a.S. TviT kontinentis moyvaniloba waagavs vazis mtevans, romelic TiTqos yunwiTaa panamis yelze Camokidebuli. andebis mTiani masivi mdebareobs kontinentis dasavleTiT. aRmosavleTi mxare uWiravs dablobs. magaliTad, amazonis dablobis farTobi 5 mln. kv. km- ia. temperatura materikis masStabiT 224

cvalebadia, SedarebiT zomieria igi samxreTiT, saSualo Tviuri temperatura +28 gradusia, xolo zogan 46 graduss aRwevs. samxreTiT zamTris temperatura +10 gradusia, Tumca zogan -30 gradusamdec ecema. samxreT amerika uxvtenianobiT xasiaTdeba, mdebareobs ra ekvatorul sartyelSi, aq xSiria gamudmebuli tropikuli wvimebi. dasavleTis subtropikuli zona anticiklonebis gavlenis qveSaa moqceuli, zafxuli mSralia, xolo zamTari wvimiani. aRmosavleTiT naleqebis raodenoba izrdeba, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi wvims. yvelaze meti naleqi kolumbiaSi- 10 aTasi mm, Ciles samxreTiT- 7 aTasi mm, dasavleT amazonze- 4 aTasi mm. gvxvdeba gvalviani raionebic, sadac naleqebis raodenoba 300 mm ar aRemateba. mTlianad materikze naleqebis raodenoba yvelaze maRalia msoflioSi, marto amazonis auzis wilad modis Camdinare wylebis msoflio maragis 8%. regionis niadagobrivmcenareuli safaric dakavSirebulia WarbtenianobasTan, xSiria gauvali maradmwvane tyeebi (amazonis auzSi). niadagobrivi safari warmodgenilia mowiTalo- yviTeli miwebiT. samxreTiT mcenareuli safari Txeldeba. ukidures samxreTiT gavrcelebulia balaxovani savanebi, romlebic xasiaTdebian maRali palmis tyeebiT. materikis tropikuli nawilis niadagebi qviSnariabuCqovani, ekliani mcenareebiT. kontinentis aRmosavleTiT subtropikuli zonaa, romelic warmodgenilia balaxovani mcenareulobiT. andebis mTisZirSi mravalferovani kaqtusebis uzarmazari masivebia. andebis niadagobriv- mcenareuli safari icvleba vertikaluri zonalobis mixedviT. mravalferovan cxovelur samyaroSi gvxvdeba endemuri jiSebic. samxreT amerikis qveynebis mosaxleobis formireba xdeboda evropis sxvadasxva qveynebidan CamosulTa xarjze. emigraciis gansakuTrebiT Zlieri talRa materiks moawyda mecxramete saukuneSi, rodesac 225

italiidan, espaneTidan, portugaliidan CamosaxlebulTa raodenobam saSiSi xasiaTi miiRo. momdevno periodSi mosaxleobis zrda bunebrivi matebis xarjze mimdinareobda. samxreT amerikis regionis xelsayreli bunebrivi garemo karg pirobebs qmnis soflis meurneobis dargebis. arsebobs udidesi SesaZlebloba msoflioSi cnobil kulturul mcenareTa umravlesobis moyvanawarmoebisaTvis, romelic gavrcelebulia zomier subtropikul da tropikul sartyelSi. umravles qveyanaSi wlis ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebelia 2- 3 mosavlis aRebac ki. marto brazilias Tavisi bunebrivi SesaZleblobebiT SeuZlia gamokvebos 1,5 miliardi adamiani; tye- mcenareuli safari, Tavisi sididiTa da simdidriT, erT- erTi umdidresia msoflioSi da igi Jangbadis kvlavwarmoebis udidesi wyaroa planetaze. regioni mdidaria wiaRiseuli nedleuliT, romelTa nawili jer ar aris gamokvleuli. amasTan erTad, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom samxreT amerikis qveynebis ganviTarebis dRevandeli done sruliad ar Seefereba aq arsebul potencialur SesaZleblobebs. TviT qveynebic ganviTarebisa da cxovrebis doniT mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. miuxedavad xelsayreli bunebrivklimaturi pirobebisa, samxreT amerikis qveynebi (argentinis garda) mniSvnelovan saxsrebs xarjaven sxvadasxva saxis sursaTis importisaTvis, Tumca maT msoflio bazarze gaaqvT tradiciuli produqciakakao, yava, subtropikul xili da sxva.

226

13.centraluri amerika 15.4. laTinuri (centraluri) amerikis qveynebis ekonomika. laTinuri (centraluri) amerika (meqsika, gvatemala, gondurasi, kuba, nikaragua, panama, kostarika, salvadori, iamaika da sxv.)- uwodeben qveynebis jgufs, romlebic ganlagebulni arian aSS- is samxreTiT. masSi Sedian samxreT amerikis kontinentis qveynebi da okeaneSi mdebare kunZulebi, TviT antarqtidamde. aRniSnul regions xSirad laTinur amerikisa da karibis zRvis qveynebsac uwodeben. laTinuri amerika msoflios erT- erTi msxvili regionia, masSi moqceulia 30- mde qveyana. farTobi 20,1 mln. kv. km, xolo mosaxleoba 400 milioni. laTinuri amerikis teritoria meridianis mimarTulebiT gadaWimulia mraval aTas kilometrze, gadis ra atlantiisa da wynari okeanis sivrceebze. laTinuri amerikis qveynebis mosaxleobis 63% laparakobs espanurad, xolo danarCeni portugaliurad. mosaxleobis 3% cxovrobs patarpatara qveynebSi, romlebSic oficialuri ena franguli, inglisuri an holandiuria, imisda mixedviT Tu vis mflobelobaSi iyo damoukideblobamde esa Tu is qveyana.

227

msoflios sxva regionebisagan laTinuri amerika gansxvavdeba eTnokulturiT, bunebrivi, sameurneo da socialur- kulturuli TaviseburebebiT. regionis saxelwodeba warmosdgeba misi kolonizaciis xasiaTisagan, CrdiloeT amerikisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis kolonizacia anglosaqsuri jgufis qveynebma moaxdines, laTinuri amerikis qveynebi daipyres laTinuri warmoSobis (portugalia, espaneTi, italia) qveynebma. laTinuri amerikis qveynebi ganviTarebadi qveynebis jgufs ganekuTvnebian, magram amave jgufis sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebmac meore msoflio omis Semdeg miaRwies damoukideblobas, maT gaiares damokideblobis sakmaod didi gza. swored amitom aRniSnuli regionis qveynebis umravlesobaSi gamokveTilia ganviTarebis kapitalisturi gza, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela niSnebiT: mrewvelobis ganviTarebiT, qalaqis mosaxleobis raodenobiT, Camoyalibebuli sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebiT da a.S. farTobiTa da mosaxleobis raodenobiT regionis qveynebi mkveTrad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, magaliTad, brazilia, romelsac uWiravs regionis farTobis 2/5, 400- jer metia salvadorze, xolo 150jer meti mezobel gaianas mosaxleobaze. gaitSi, romlis ganviTarebis done laTinuri amerikis qveynebs Soris yvelaze dabalia, mosaxleobis Semosavali 10jer da zogjer 100- jer ufro dabalia, vidre laTinuri amerikis ganviTarebad qveynebSi (argentina, Cile, meqsika da a.S.). aRniSnuli qveynebis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze gavlena moaxdina imanac, rom isini sxva ganviTarebad qveynebTan SedarebiT ufro adre CaerTnen msoflio saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi. magaliTad, kolniuri periodidan isini evropisaTvis warmoadgendnen Zvirfasi metalebis miwodebis ZiriTad regionebs. dResac, laTinuri amerikis qveynebis eqsportis 4/5 modis samTo- mompovebel mrewvelobasa da soflis 228

meurneobaze, swored amitom laTinuri amerikis qveynebis mosaxleobis cxovrebis done didadaa damokidebuli msoflio sabazro fasebis koniunqturaze. dRevandeli laTinuri amerikis yvela qveyana, warsulSi koloniuri saxelmwifo iyo, romlebmac damoukideblobas gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi Tavganwiruli brZolebis Semdeg miaRwies. aRsaniSnavia is, rom damoukideblobis Semdegac isini CarTuli darCnen yofili metropoliebis ekonomikaSi da dResac es kavSirebi sakmaod Zlieria. mWidrod arian dakavSirebuli CrdiloeT amerikasTan da pirvel rigSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan, romlis wiladac modis am qveynebis eqsportis 55- 60%. centraluri amerikis qveynebs specifikuri niSnebi axasiaTebT, rac gamoixateba ara marto landSaftisa da bunebrivi pirobebis gansxvavebiT, aramed socialurekonomikuri ganviTarebis TavisebirebebiTac. upirveles yovlisa, esaa amerikis yvelaze metad danawevrebuli regioni, romlis buneba da flora kontrastulia. aq vxvdebiT mudmivad mwvane tropikul tyeebsa da daWaobebul dablobebs, qarismieri eroziisagan gamofitul xirxatian niadagebs da nayofier savaneebs da velebs, socialurekonomikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT ki Zliers an ukiduresad CamorCenil saxelmwifoebs. amgvarad, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT amerikis qveynebi erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavdebian.

CrdiloeT amerika gacilebiT kargadaa ganviTarebuli vidre samxreTi da centraluri amerika, es exeba rogorc soflis meurneobis aseve erovnuli meurneobis sxva dargebs. kiTxvebi codnis SemowmebisaTvis 1. daaxasiaTeT amerikis soflis meurneobis ekonomika; 2. daaxasiaTeT CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebis soflis meurneobis ekonomika; 229

3. daaxasiaTeT samxreT amerikis qveynebis soflis meurneobis ekonomika; 4. daaxasiaTeT laTinuri (centraluri) amerikis qveynebis soflis meurneobis ekonomika;

14.afrika

230

Tavi XVI.

“afrikis qveynebis ekonomika�

16. 1. afrikis qveynebis

ekonomika

afrikas gansakuTrebuli geografiuli mdebareoba uWiravs, ekvadori mas Suaze hyofs. kontinenti mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi iRebs mzis siTbos Zalian did raodenobas, zafxuli umravles regionebSi wvimiania, zamTari- mSrali da TiTqmis unaleqo. afrikis teritoria 29,2 mln. kv. km- ia, mas uWiravs msoflio xmeleTis 1/5, afrikaze gadis msoflio mniSvnelobis komunikaciebi, CrdiloeTiT igi esazRvreba xmelTaSua zRvas. evropisagan kontinenti gamoyofilia gibraltaris viwro srutiT (14 km), mis teritoriaze gadis suecis arxi. msoflio civilizaciis uZvelesi kera afrikaSi aRmocenda VII- III aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde. misi akvani dairwa Zvel egvipteSi. me- 20 saukunis dasawyisSi klasobrivi saxelmwifoebi ukve arsebobdnen CrdiloeT afrikaSi. msoflioSi ar moiZebneba kontinenti, romelic ise dazaralebuliyos kolonizaciisagan, rogorc afrika.

XVIIXVIII saukuneebSi monobiT vaWrobam daacariela afrikis mTeli rigi regionebi, kontinentis koloniuri dayofa damTavrda XX saukuneSi, am periodisaTvis TiTqmis mTeli afrika koloniuri uRlis qveS aRmoCnda, mxolod me- 20 saukunis 50- iani wlebidan daiwyo afrikis dekolonizaciis procesi, romelic gagrZelda 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi. 80- iani wlebisaTvis msoflios rukaze gaCnda afrikis 50 damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, romlebsac eWiraT teritoriis 86%. daiwyo socialuri gardaqmnebi, romlebic metnaklebi warmatebebiT mimdinareobda yvela qveyanaSi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom afrikis saxelmwifoebis nawili (10 qveyana) socialisturi orientaciis gzas daadga, sadac gamefebuli iyo diqtatoruli reJimebi, mxolod 231

msoflios socialisturi sistemis dangrevis Semdeg daadgnen isini damoukidebeli, Tavisufali ganviTarebis gzas. afrika mdidaria sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT, mravalferovania misi fauna da flora, kontinentze bevria nayofieri niadagebi, aq saxlobs msoflios mosaxleobis 10%, miuxedavad amisa, igi jer kidev yvelaze CamorCenil kontinentad iTvleba da aq mdebare saxelmwifoebis umetesoba ganekuTvneba msoflioSi yvelaze CamorCenil saxelmwifoebis ricxvs. msoflio samrewvelo produqciis warmoebaSi afrikis xvedriTi wili 1% ar aRemateba, sasoflosameurneo warmoebaSi- 12% (miuxedavad imisa, rom afrikis qveynebis umravlesoba agrarulia), msoflio vaWrobaSi- 4%. 1980 wels kontinentis nacionaluri produqtis sidide 260 miliardi dolari iyo, aqedan 115 miliardi modioda navTobmompovebel qveynebze, es daaxloebiT imdenia, ramdensac Seadgens inglisis nacionaluri Semosavali, maSin rodesac afrika iZleva msoflio almasebis mopovebis 95%, platinis89%, oqros- 75%, marganumis- 58%, uranis- 35%, fosforitebis- 30%, boqsitebis- 17% da a.S. Tanamedrove afrikis mosaxleobis 67% cxovrobs da saqmianobs soflad, romlis produqciis xvedriTi wili erTobliv nacionalur produqtSi 50%- ia. afrikis wilad modis msoflioSi damuSavebuli miwebis 14%, saZovrebis- 26%, msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis suladobis13%, cxvrisa da Txis suladobis18%, Tumca ZiriTadi produqtebis warmoebis mixedviT (marcvleuli, xorci, rZe, karaqi, Tevzi), misi xvedriTi wona ar aRemateba 3- 5%, mxolod tropikuli miwaTmoqmedebis zogierTi produqciis warmoebaSi uWiravs mas met- naklebad mniSvnelovani adgili (yava- 10%, kakao- 66%), soflis meurneoba teqnikuri aRWurvilobis TvalsazrisiT, erT- erTi yvelaze CamorCenilia. afrikis kontinentze erTaderTi industriuli qveyanaa samxreT afrikis kavSiri, romlis wilad 232

modis kontinentis nacionaluri Semosavlis 21%, sasargeblo wiaRiseulis50%, rkinigzis tvirTbrunvis- 60%, avtomobilebis parkis- 43% da sxv. dRevandeli afrika ZiriTadad nedleulis mwarmoebel regions warmoadgens, romelic mas gaaqvs evropis maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi. afrikis umravles regionebSi mwvaved dgas sasursaTo sakiTxi, misi mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba cxovrobs absoluturi sacxovrebeli minimumis zRvars qveviT, dabalia ganaTlebisa da kulturis done. afrikaSi bevria iseTi qveyana, romelsac ara aqvs gasavali zRvaze, maT wilad modis teritoriis 25 da mosaxleobis 14 procenti. afrikis teritoriis naxevari modis udabnoebsa da naxevrad udabnoebze (14 mln. kv. km). aqedan marto saharis udabnoze modis 8 milioni kv. km. amave dros aqve vxvdebiT tropikuli tyis uzarmazar masivebs, romelic sididiT mxolod amazonis auzs Camouvardeba da mdebareobs mdinare kongos auzSi, aris Tovliani mwvervalebic, romelTa Soris umaRlesi- kilimanjaros mTa 5895 metri simaRleze mdebareobs. afrikis kontinentze miedineba msoflioSi yvelaze grZeli mdinare nilosi da aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi yvelaze wyaluxvi- kongo. afrikis saSualo simaRle zRvis donidan 750 metria, aq bevria mTagrexili da nayofieri dablobebic, araTanabaria naleqebis ganawileba, zogierT regionSi igi 50- 100 mm (saharaSi 10- 20 mm), xolo samxreTis tropikul zonaSi 3500- 4000 mm aRwevs (gvxvdeba regionebi, sadac 450 mm naleqi modis). afrikis niadagobriv safars, romelzec ganviTarebulia mcenareuloba, uWiravs kontinentis 2/3, danarCeni modis udabnoebsa da naxevrad udabnoebze. niadagebi qva- RorRiania, umTavresad warmodgenilia wiTeli, yviTelmiwa- wiTeli, ruxiwiTeli miwebi. ZiriTadad afrikis niadagebi ar aris xelsayreli sasoflosameurneo warmoebisaTvis, vinaidan Raribia humusiT. saxnavad vargisia afrikis teritoriis 1/3, Tumca maTi udidesi nawili 233

mdebareobs gvalvian, mSral regionebSi, rac dReisaTvis SeuZlebels xdis maT srul sameurneo aTvisebas. afrika mdinareTa qseliT da wyaluxvobiT CamorCeba mxolod aziasa da samxreT amerikas, magram aq igi araTanabradaa ganawilebuli. gvxvdeba Warbteniani regionebi, Tumca gvxvdeba iseTebic, sadac 1000km. radiusSic ki ar aris mdinare. yvela afrikuli mdinare ikvebeba wvimis wylebiT. mravalferovania afrikis mosaxleoba, erTsa da imave qveynebSic ki, xSirad warmodgenilia ramdenime aTeuli eTnikuri jgufi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian ara marto kulturiT, aramed eniTac. miuxedavad imisa, rom afrikis mosaxleoba ar aris mravalricxovani, aq mainc Warbadaa Tavisufali SromiTi resursebi, romlebic miemgzavrebian ganviTarebul qveynebSi samuSaod. soflis meurneoba afrikis umravles qveyanaSi ekonomikis safuZvels warmoadgens, sasoflosameurneo warmoeba gamoirCeva ara marto siWreliT, aramed sawarmoo specializaciiTac, Zalzed rTuli da mravalferovania agraruli urTierTobebi, dasamuSaveblad vargisi miwebis sakmarisad didi raodenoba jer kidev dasavleTis qveynebis saxelmwifo- monopolisturi kapitalis xelSia, Tumca damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis umravlesobam gaatara reformebi, romlis meSveobiTac savargulTa udidesi nawili gadavida adgilobrivi mosaxleobis xelSi. esaa miwebi, romelic feodalebis, religiuri organizaciebisa da glexebis xelSia, agreTve saxelmwifo miwebi, romelTa raodenobac sakmaod maRali xvedriTi wiliTaa warmodgenili. amave dros aRsaniSnavia isic, rom rig qveynebSi jer kidev arsebobs tomebisa da Temebis miwebi, romelTa ganmkarguleblebi arian mocemuli tomis wevrebi an maTi beladebi. sasaqonlo- fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebam mniSvnelovnad Searyia miwebis tomobrivi 234

kuTvnileba, daiSala igi wvril meurneobebad, magram tomebis gavlena ama Tu im regionSi jer kidev didia. im qveynebSi, sadac miwis mesakuTrea saxelmwifo an kerZo piri, farTod gamoiyeneba saijaro urTierTobebi. amave dros gavrcelebulia naturaluri ijara, iyeneben sxva formebsac. sul ufro izrdeba saijaro urTierTobebSi fuladi formebis roli. gavrcelebulia moklevadiani ijara, rac ar iwvevs moijaris dainteresebas raTa SeinarCunos niadagis nayofiereba da izrunos masze. aseT pirobebSi TiTqmis ar iyeneben racionalur Teslbrunvas da sxva progresul agroteqnikas. zogierT regionebSi arsebobs msxvili plantatoruli meurneobebi, romlebic jer kidev warmoadgenen sazRvargareTuli kompaniebis sakuTrebas. isini umTavresad saeqsporto produqcias amzadeben da rogorc wesi, xasiaTdebian monokulturiT. plantatoruli meurneobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia isic, rom maTSi dasaqmebuli muSakebi, sakarmidamo nakveTebis saxiT floben miwebis mcire raodenobas, romelic xels uwyobs maTi sasursaTo problemebis gadawyvetas. mTel rig qveynebSi arseboben kargad organizebuli fermeruli meurneobebi, romlebic imyofebian, rogorc yofili kolonistebis, ise adgilobrivi msxvili miwaTmflobelebis sakuTrebaSi. Taviseburi socialuri urTierTobebiT xasiaTdebian mecxoveleobis raionebi, romelic emyareba pirutyvze ama Tu im tomis koleqtiur sakuTrebas, magram es urTierTobebi dReisaTvis TandaTanobiT irRveva. gamoikveTa mesakuTreebis zeda fena, romelic flobs saZovrebisa da pirutyvis gacilebiT did raodenobas, vidre Cveulebrivi wevrebi. rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, afrikis mTel rig regionebSi naleqebi TiTqmis ar modis, amitom miwaTmoqmedeba aseT miwebze SesaZlebelia mxolod xelovnuri morwyvis pirobebSi, amitom vinc kontrols 235

uwevs wylis resursebs, is akontrolebs miwasac. dReisaTvis regionis mSral qveynebSi wyali saxelmwifo sakuTrebad aris gamocxadebuli. afrikuli qveynebis socialuri CamorCeniloba, Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs upiratesad soflis meurneobaSi, romlis teqnikuri SeiaraReba umravles qveynebSi pirvelyofil mdgomareobaSia, miwis damuSaveba warmoebs Toxisa da zogjer wamaxvilebuli joxis meSveobiT, SedarebiT ukeTesi baza aqvT yofil plantatorul meurneobebs, romlebic warmoebis kapitalistur meTodebs iyeneben. minimaluria sasuqebis gamoyenebis donec. afrika, romelic iZleva bunebrivi fosforis msoflio warmoebis 1/3, Tavad mineraluri sasuqis saxiT moixmars mxolod 3%, aseT donezea azotis gamoyenebac. tropikul afrikaSi jer kidev batonobs e. w. “saaxoe� miwaTmoqmedeba, romlis drosac dasamuSaveblad amorCeul nakveTze tardeba winaswari samuSaoebi, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aseT nakveTs balaxebisa da tye- buCqnarebisagan gasawmendad jer gadawvaven da mxolod amis Semdeg warmoebs ganTavisuflebuli nakveTis damuSaveba. aseT nakveTebze mosavlianoba cxadia dabalia. tropikuli afrikis saxelmwifoebi yvelaze mwvaved ganicdian sursaTis deficits. amis mizezia is, rom es qveynebi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi iyeneben miwaTmoqmedebis yvelaze CamorCenil meTodebs. afrikis miwaTmoqmedeba istoriulad ori mimarTulebiT viTardeboda. es mimarTulebebi gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa me19 saukunis Sua periodidan. warmoebis nawils aqvs adgilobrivi moxmarebis xasiaTi, romelic xmardeba Sida bazrebis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas, xolo nawili saeqsportoa, rac ZiriTadad plantatorul meurneobebSia gaadgilebuli (teqnikuri kulturebi). afrikaSi bevri iseTi kulturaa, romelic sxva regionebSi ar gvxvdeba. erT- erTi maTgania manioki. am 236

kulturas uWiravs 7 milion heqtaramde naklebproduqtiuli miwebi. saerTo warmoeba 44 mln. tonaa, romelic ZiriTadad gadis saeqsportod. maniokis warmoebiT afrikas pirveli adgili uWiravs msoflioSi. gavrcelebulia agreTve: batati, romelic xasiaTdeba mokle savegetacio periodiT, am kulturas uWiravs 3 milion heqtarze meti farTobi. saerTo mosavali daaxloebiT 25 mln. tonamdea. manioki da batati umTavresad mohyavT centralur afrikaSi. savanis zonaSi, sadac icis tropikuli wvimebi da aris mSrali periodebic, gavrcelebulia fetvi da sorgo, garda am regionebisa es kulturebi mohyavT afrikis TiTqmis yvel qveyanaSi. afrikaze modis am kulturebis msoflio warmoebis 1/4Âź da uWiravs 30 mln. heqtaramde farTobi. maTi saerTo mosavali 22- 23 milioni tonaa. mTavari mwarmoeblebia nigeria da eTiopia. adgilobrivi moxmarebis kulturebs warmoadgens: xorbali, qeri, Wvavi, simindi, brinji. xorbali ZiriTadad mohyavT egvipteSi, alJirSi, marokoSi, tunisSi, samxreT afrikis kavSirSi. simindi- eTiopiaSi, egvipteSi, samxreT afrikis kavSirSi; brinji- egvipteSi da kunZul magadaskarze. qeri- marokosa, alJirsa da eTiopiaSi. marcvleulidan wamyvania xorbali, romlis saerTo warmoeba 18- 19 mln. tonaa, momdevno adgilzea simindi, romelic adgilobrivi mosaxleobis kvebis ZiriTadi produqtia. bolo periodSi gaizarda brinjis naTesebi. samxreT- dasavleT da ekvatoruli afrikis im qveynebSi, romlebmac daiwyes sarwyavi miwebis aTviseba, umTavresad ganaviTares brinjis warmoeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom ama Tu im saxiT afrikis TiTqmis yvela qveynebSia kultivirebuli marcvleuli kulturebi, maTi produqcia mxolod sanaxevrod Tu akmayofilebs kontinentis mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebs. im sasoflo- sameurneo kulturebis raodenoba, romlebic saeqsporto produqcias iZlevian, sakmaod bevria. mTel rig qveynebSi mohyavT zeTovani 237

kulturebi, gansakuTrebiT araxisi, miwis Txili, zeiTunis xe da sxva. araxisis samSobloa samxreT amerika. igi evropaSi Semoitanes portugalielebma da gaavrceles. gansakuTrebiT didia misi plantaciebi dasavleT afrikis qveynebSi. araxisi mniSvnelovani saeqsporto sasoflo- sameurneo kulturaa, romelsac ukavia daaxloebiT 6,5 mln. heqtari farTobi. saerTo mosavali 5 mln. tonamdea, rac msoflio warmoebis 1/3ia. araxisis warmoebis naxevari modis senegalsa da nigeriaze. sakmaod didia zeiTunis xis plantaciebi, gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebSi. zeiTunis zeTis warmoebis 50% iZleva tunisi. saeqsporto produqcias warmoadgens (burundi, kenia, tanzania, ruanda) yava da kakao (Crdilo- dasavleT afrikis qveynebi), gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia kakao. afrikis qveynebze modis am produqciis msoflio warmoebis 2/3. yava warmoSobiT afrikuli kulturaa. varaudoben, rom misi samSobloa eTiopiis provincia kefe. afrika iZleva yavis msoflio warmoebis 30%, igi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia angolaSi, ugandaSi, zairSi, eTiopiaSi. teqnikuri kulturebidan kargadaa warmodgenili Tambaqo da bamba. Tambaqo regionSi Semotanili iqna XVI saukuneSi portugalielebis mier. dReisaTvis igi mohyavT tropikuli afrikis umravles qveynebSi, umTavresad sakuTari moTxovnilebebisaTvis- glexur meurneobebSi, zimbabveSi ki mas saeqsporto xasiaTi aqvs. didi mniSvneloba aqvs bambis kulturas, romelsac uWiravs 5 milionamde heqtari farTobi. afrika awarmoebs bambis msoflio warmoebis 1/7, aqedan naxevars- egvipte, Semdeg modis sudani, sadac mohyavT umaRlesi xarisxis bamba. boWkovani kulturebidan mniSvnelovania agava. igi iZleva mniSvnelovani saxis produqcias, romelsac iyeneben zRvaosnobaSi Tokebisa da sxva saWiroebisaTvis, aRniSnuli produqciis msoflio warmoebis 2/3 modis afrikis qveynebze, ZiriTadad tanzaniaze.

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CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebSi da agreTve samxreT afrikis kavSirSi ganviTarebulia mevenaxeoba, Rvinis warmoebaSi kontinentze pirvel adgilzea alJiri, romelic eweva aRniSnuli produqciis eqsports, Tumca bolo periodSi daiwyes vazis kulturis gaCexva. mizezi isaa, rom musulmanuri rwmeniT Rvinis sma akrZalulia, xolo msoflio bazarze aRniSnuli produqciis gatana didi konkurenciis gamo gaZnelda. afrikis subtropikebSi didi raodenobiT mohyavT forToxali, mandarini, limoni, greifruti, romelic ZiriTadad CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebSi (egvipte, libia, alJiri, maroko, tunisi) aris warmodgenili da evropis bazarze gaaqvT wvenebis saxiT. miwaTmoqmedebis msgavsad aq mravali saukunis istoria aqvs mecxoveleobasac. Sinauri cxovelebis moSenebas yovelTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda afrikis mosaxleobisaTvis. afrikis yvela qveyanaSi mecxoveleobas eqstensiuri xasiaTi aqvs da jogi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi Zovebaze hyavT. zog SemTxvevaSi mas momTabare, xolo zogjer naxevrad momTabare xasiaTi aqvs. sudanSi ganviTarebulia mecxvareoba da meTxeoba, marokosa da alJirSimsxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi da a.S. zog qveyanaSi mecxoveleobas adgilobrivi mniSvneloba aqvs, zogSi ki igi sasaqonlo produqciasac iZleva. samxreT afrikis kavSirsa da keniaSi gavrcelebulia evropuli tipis fermebi, romlebic umTavresad evropidan Camosul mosaxleobas ekuTvnis. qalaqebisa da samrewvelo centrebis zrdam Sesabamisi biZgi misca sasaqonlo mecxoveleobis ganviTarebas, Seiqmna sagareubno zona, gamoikveTa maTi sawarmoo mimarTuleba, prioritetuli gaxda mefrinveleobisa da merZeuli mecxoveleobis ganviTareba. mTeli rigi qveynebisaTvis mecxoveleoba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs ekonomikaSi. aseTi qveynebia: eTiopia, mavritania, somali, sudani, samxreT afrikis kavSiri. rac Seexeba mecxoveleobis 239

produqtebis eqsports, igi warmodgenilia mxolod matyliTa da tyaviT. afrikis umravles qveynebSi cudad dgas pirutyvis suladobis aRricxvis sakiTxi. arsebobs mxolod miaxleobiTi statistika. mecxoveleoba xasiaTdeba dabali produqtiulobiT, rac aucilebels xdis xorcisa da xorcis produqtebis, agreTve rZis fxvnilisa da Sesqelebuli rZis Semotanas evropis qveynebidan da avstraliidan. afrikis mosaxleobis kvebis balansis Sevsebis mniSvnelovani wyaroa meTevzeoba, romlis didi maragi arsebobs kontinentis sanapiro wylebSi. mTel rig qveynebSi TevzWeras didi tradiciebi aqvs, dResac zRvispira qveynebis mosaxleobisaTvis igi ZiriTad da wamyvan dargs warmoadgens.

Tevzis produqcias adgilobrivi moxmarebis mniSvneloba aqvs, zogierTi mosaxleobis kvebis balansSi mis wilad modis 30- 40%. mxolod samxreT afrikis kavSirs, liberias, marokos hyavs TevzsaWeri flotiliebi, danarCen zRvispira qveynebSi am dargs jer kidev primitiuli xasiaTi aqvs. kvebisa da gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis Tanamedrove tipis sawarmoebi aris afrikis mxolod zogierT qveyanaSi. ZiriTadad produqciis gadamuSaveba warmoebs mcire simZlavris, umTavresad kustarul sawarmoebSi, amitom damzadebuli produqciis xarisxic dabalia da is msoflio bazarze ver uwevs konkurencias ganviTarebuli qveynebis analogiuri xasiaTis produqcias. amrigad, afrikis kontinenti sasoflo- sameurneo warmoebis TvalsazrisiT warmoadgens jer kidev auTvisebel regions, romlis SesaZleblobebi gamoyenebulia mxolod 3540%iT. saTanado kapitaluri dabandebisa da racionaluri miwaTmoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi, afrikas SeuZlia mniSvnelovnad Seavsos msoflio bazari soflis meurneobis produqtebiT.

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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

kiTxvebi codnis SemowmebisaTvis daaxasiaTeT afrikis qveynebis soflis meurneobis ekonomika; daaxasiaTeT afrikis bunebriv-klimaturi da niadagobrivi pirobebi; daaxasiaTeT afrikis soflis meurneobis specializacia da organizaciuli wyoba; daaxasiaTeT afrikis sasoflo -sameurneo produqciis warmoebis moculoba dargebis mixedviT; afrikis qveynebi sakuTari warmoebiT sasursaTo produqtebze ikmayofileben Tu ara moTxovnilebas, Tu ver ikmayofileben romeli qveynebidan SemoaqvT importis saxiT. ^Q

testebi 1. ra saxis investiciebi arsebobs: a) pirdapiri da portfeluri; b) pirdapiri da iribi; g) pirdapiri da faruli; d)portfeluri da iribi.

2. inflaciis ukuprocesia: a)stagnacia; b) devalvacia; g) stagflacia; d) deflacia.

3. ra aisaxeba kanon 20/80-Si: a) nebismier saqmianobaSi resursebis pirveldawyebiTi 20%-iani dabandeba iZleva 80%-ian efeqts; b) ekonomikuri recesiis dros moTxovna miwodebis saSualo Tanafardobas; 241

g) Sromisa da kapitalis mwarmoeblurobis kleba; d) arcerTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

4. ra da ra mrudisagan Sedgeba marSalis jvari: a) inflaciis da umuSEvrobis mrudebi; b) moTxovnis da miwodebis mrudebi; g) moTxovnilebis da miwodebis mrudebi; d) moTxovna, miwodebis da umuSevrobis umuSevrobis donis ganmsazRvreli mrudebi.

da

5. romel mecniers ekuTvnis gamonaTqvamebi uxilavi xelis da fexis efeqtebis Sesaxeb? a) adam smiti; b) marSali; g) j. klarki; d) d. rikardo.

6. romel saukuneSi moRvaweobda udidesi mecnieri da filosofosi f. hegeli: a) me-20 saukuneSi; b) me-19 saukuneSi; g) me-21 saukuneSi; d) me-18 saukuneSi. 7. romelia dialeqtikis wamyvani kanoni? a) raodenobriobis gadasvla TvisobrivSi; b) uaryofis uaryofa; g) dapirispirebulTa erTianobis da kanoni; d) dapirispirebulTa erTianobis kanoni.

8. romel mecniers Teoria? a) C. adamss; b) l. morgans; g) k. biuxers; d) l. menCikovs.

242

ekuTvnis

teqnikuri

brZolis

inovaciebis

9. ras niSnavs teqnologiuri inovaciebi? a) axali teqnologia; b) teqnologiuri procesebis Seneleba; g) teqnologiuri procesebis stabiluroba; d) teqnologiuri procesebis globalizacia.

10. ras niSnavs civilizaciis Teoria? a) monaTesave xalxebis erTobliobas; b) monaTesave xalxebis socialur-politikur urTierTobas; g) igi akavSirebs monaTesave xalxebis ganviTarebis procesebs civilizaciebis modifikaciebTan istoriuli procesebis msvlelobaSi; d)igi gulisxmobs monaTesave xalxebis erTobliobas. gaerTianebul saerTo kulturas, istoriuli bediT, ekonomikuri da socialurpolitikuri urTierTobebiT akavSirebs ganviTarebis procesebs civilizaciebis modifikaciebTan istoriuli procesebis msvlelobaSi. 11. ekonomikuri evoluciis Sedegad Seiqmna sruliad axali globaluri masStabis ekonomika, romelsac ewoda: a) gigaekonomika; b) globaluri ekonomika; g) megaekonomika; d) hiperekonomika.

12. romelma mecnierma kibernetika? a) norbert vinerma; b) malTusma; g) l. gumiliovma; d) m. klucCevskim.

Camoayaliba

mecniereba

–

243

13. ra warmoadgens kibernetikis mTavar mizans norbert vineris azriT? a) rTuli sistemebis marTva; b) xomaldebis marTva; g) msoflios marTva; d) adamianebis marTva. 14. yvela kibernetikul, anu rTul sistemas safuZvlad udevs? a) reagirebis unari; b) ukukavSiris principi; g) informaciis aTvisebis unari; d) kavSiris principi.

15. yvela kibernetikul sistemas gaaCnia? a) sainformacio Sesasvleli; b) sainformacio gasasvleli; g) zemoT xsenebuli orive; d) arcerTi pasuxi araa swori.

16. regulirebis ra ekonomikuri meqanizmebi aqvs saxelmwifos xelSi, rogorc megaekonomikis subieqts? a) mxolod saimporto baJi, saeqsporto baJi da savaluto regulireba; b) mxolod savaluto kursis politika refinansirebis ganakveTebi, sasesxo procenti an saaRricxvo ganakveTi; g) mxolod, arasatarifo sagareo ekonomikuri regulirebis meTodebi, saimporto da saeqsporto baJi; d)saimporto baJi, saeqsporto baJi, arasatarifo sagareo ekonomikuri regulirebis meTodebi, savaluto kursis politika, savaluto regulireba, refinansirebis ganakveTebi, sasesxo procenti an saaRricxvo ganakveTi. 17. saimporto da saeqsporto baJTa doneebis mixedviT saxelmwifo rogori tipis Tavisufali vaWrobis mimdevrebad iyofa?

244

a) `fritreiderebis~ da proteqcioinizmis mimdevrebad; b) mxolod `fritreiderebis~ mimdevrad; g) mxolod proteqcioinizmis mimdevrad; d) arcerTi pasuxi araa swori.

18. daasaxeleT romeli debulebaa swori? a) sxvadsxva sagadasaxdao baJis dawesebis gziT saxelmwifos SeuZlia aqtiurad imoqmedos rogorc saqonlisnakadze ise kapitalis gadaadgilebaze; b).sxvadsxva sagadasaxdao baJis dawesebis gziT saxelmwifos SeuZlia aqtiurad imoqmedos mxolod kapitalis gadaadgilebaze; g) sxvadsxva sagadasaxdao baJis dawesebis gziT saxelmwifos SeuZlia aqtiurad imoqmedos mxolod saqonlis nakadze ; d) arcerTi pasuxi araa swori.

19. ra Sedegebamde SeiZleba migviyvanos fulis emisiam? a) erovnuli kursis dacema; b) erovnuli kursis gazrda; g) aranair gavlenas ar moaxdens erovnul kursze; d) arcerTi pasuxi araa swori.

20. rogori meTodebiT SeuZlia saxelmwifos kapitalis bazarze gavlenis moxdena? a) mxolod, aswevs ganakveTebs da gascems kreditebs; b) mxolod daswevs ganakveTebs da da iRebs sesxs; g) mxolod aswevs ganakveTebs da iRebs sesxs; d) aswevs an daswevs ganakveTebs, gascems kreditebs an iRebs sesxs.

21. romeli qveynebisaTvis aris momgebiani transnacionalizacia? a) qveynebi, romelTa korporaciebi axorcieleben am investiciebs; 245

b) qveynebi, romlebic iReben am investiciebs; g) orive qveynisaTvis; d) arcerTi qveynisaTvis.

22. ucxouri investiciebi SeiZleba iyos: a) pirdapiri da iribi; b) pirdapiri da portfeluri; g) pirdapiri da obieqturi; d) pirdapiri da subieqturi.

23. ucxouri kapitaliT sawarmoebi SeiZleba Seiqmnas Semdegi formebiT: a) filiali, qaliSvili kompania, asocirebuli kompania; b) filiali, vaJiSvili kompania, asocirebuli kompania; g) kooperativi, vaJiSvili kompania, asocirebuli kompania; d) kooperativi, qaliSvili kompania, franCaizi.

24. mikroekonomika Seiswavlis: a) warmoebis danaxarjebs da mogebas; b) konkretul bazrebs; c) savaluto kurss; d) bazris monawileTa qcevis kanonzomierebas.

25. (wep) wminda erovnuli produqti formuliT: a) mSp – saamortizacio anaricxebi; b) mSp – mep; g) eS – iribi gadasaxadebi; d) mSp – gadasaxadebi + eS.

gaiangariSeba

26. `oqros aqciebi~ aZlevs mesakuTres: a) dividendebis miRebis saSualebas; b) sawarmos gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi wilis miRebis uflebas; g) uflebas iZleva warmoebis nawilis sakuTrebaze; 246

d) vetos uflebas.

27. risi hibridia stagflacia: a) inflacia+deflacia; b) stagnacia+devalvacia; g) stagnacia+inflacia; d) devalvacia+deflacia.

28. ras niSnavs devalvacia: a). fasebis zrdas da moTxovnis Semcirebas; b). fuladi masis gaufasurebas; g). ekonomikuri uZraobis sinonimia; d). erTi valutis kursis Semcireba meores mimarT. 29. ras niSnavs v. oikenis koncefcia “sameurneo wesebis Sesaxeb”: a). igi Tvlida, rom arsebobs ori tipis sufTa, “idialuri” ekonomikuri sistema- centralizebulad marTvadi da sabazro; b). igi Tvlida, rom arsebobs sami tipis ekonomikuri sistema. sufTa, idialuri ekonomikuri sistemacentralizebulad marTvadi, sabazro da Sereuli; g). igi Tvlida, rom arsebobs erTi sufTa, “idialuri” ekonomikuri sistema-sabazro; d).igi Tvlida, rom sufTa, “idialuri” sistema ar arsebobs.

30. ras niSnavs energetikuli Teoria? a). energetikuli Teoriebis Seswavlas da gamokvlevas; b). energiis axali formebis aTvisebas (siTburi, eleqtronuli, birTvuli); g). mxolod siTburi energiis aTvisebas; d). mxolod birTvuli energiis aTvisebas.

31. riTi xsnis bunebrivi faqtorebis Teoria sazogadoebis evolucias? a). bunebrivi resursebiT; b). klimaturi resursebiT; g). geografiuli mdebareobiT; d). bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebiT da geografiuli mdebareobiT. 247

32. vin iyvnen demografiuli warmomadgenlebi? a). malTusi, a. smiti; b). a. smiti, l guviliovi; g). malTusi, m. kluCevski; d).a. smiti, l. gumiliovi.

33. rodis Camoyalibda megaekonomika? a). me- 19 saukunis bolos; b). me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi; g). me-20 saukunis meore naxevarSi; d). 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi. 34. globalizaciis mTavari principebia: a). TvTregulireba; b). masSi gaerTianebuli urTierTdakavSirebuloba; g). zemoTxsenebuli orive; d). arcerTi pasuxi araa swori.

Teoriis

sistemebis

35.ras gulisxmobs institucionaluri globalizacia? a). erTiani institutebis Camoyalibebas, romlebic Seqmnian sazogadoebis saerTo wesebs; b). erTiani institutebis Seqmnas, romlebic Camoayalibeben sabazro TamaSebis wesebs; g). erTiani institutebis Seqmnas, romlebic gaakontroleben bazars da uzrunvelyofen sabazro wesebis srul dacvas; d). yvela pasuxi sworia.

36. masebis institucionaluri globalizaciis sferoSi gasaerTianeblad gamoyenebulia: a). televizia da reklamebi; b). koncertebi da Souebi; g).zemoT xsenebuli orive; d). arcerTi pasuxi araa swori.

37. romeli qveynis ekonomika daangria jorj sorosma? a). Sveicariis; b). daniis; g). sloveniis; d). arcerTis. 248

38. romeli debulebaa WeSmariti? a).rodesac msxvili transnacionalebis ekonomikuri simZlavre saSualo saxelmwifoebis mSp-s edreba; b). msxvili transnacionalebis ekonomikuri simZlavre saSualo saxelmwifoebis mSp-ze naklebia; g). msxvili transnacionalebis ekonomikuri simZlavre saSualo saxelmwifoebis mSp-ze metia; d). arcerTi pasuxi araa swori.

39. ra saSualebas aZlevs ofSerebi transerovnul kapitals? a). Tavi aaridon dabegvras mxolod sabazro qveynebSi; b).

Tavi aaridon dabegvras mxolod mimReb saxelmwifoebSi; g). Tavi aaridon dabegvras, rogorc sabazro qveynebSi ise mimReb saxelmwifoebSi; d). obSerebi aranair saSualebas ar aZlevs transerovnul kapitals.

40. romeli debulebaa WeSmariti? a). xelsayreli gacvlisaTvis sakmarisia avwioT mxolod fasebi sakuTar saqonelze, raTa kidev gavaufasuroT sxvaTa fasebi; b). xelsayreli gacvlisaTvis sakmarisi araa mxolod fasebi avwioT sakuTar saqonelze, saWiroa kidev SedarebiT gavaufasuroT sxvaTa fasebi; g). xelsayreli gacvlisaTvis sakmarisia SevamciroT sakuTari fasebi. d). yvela pasuxi arasworia. .

41. ra organizaciul-ekonomikur formas atarebs pirveli Taobis tek-ebi? a). kartelebi, kooperativebi, amxanagobebi da koncernebi; b). sindikatebi, korporaciebi, franCaizebi da konglomeratebi; g). kartelebi, sindikatebi, trestebi; d). trestebi, kooperativebi, sindikatebi da amxanagobebi.

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42. ra organizaciul-ekonomikur formas mesame Taobis tek-bi? a). trestebis da korforaciebis; b). koncernebis da konglomeratebis; g). kooperativebis dakoncernebis; d). kartelebis da amxanagobebis.

atareben

43.raSi mdgomareobs Rirebulebis paradoqsi? a). zogierTi saqonlisaTvis fasis gazrda iwvevs moTxovnis Semcirebas; b). adamianisTvis uaRresad aucilebeli wyali TiTqmis usargeblo briliantze bevrad iafi Rirs; g). resursebze fasebis zrda zrdis saqonlis Rirebulebas; d). arsebobs iseTi saqoneli, romelzedac Rirebulebis gazrdas mivyavarT moTxovnis gazrdamde; 44. ra aris fuli? a). fuli aris dovlaTi, romelic sxva danarCen dovlaTTa Rirebulebis sazomi saSualebis funqcias asrulebs; b). aris materialuri dovlaTi; g). aris dovlaTi, romelic sxva dovlaTTa fasis nsazomi saSualebis funqcias asrulebs; d). fuli fasiani qaRaldia.

45. fiziokratistebis azriT simdidris safuZvels Seadgens: a). soflis meurneoba; b). sagareo vaWroba; g). eqsporti+importi; d). nebismieri Sroma.

46. romeli mecnieris kanoni udevs safuZvlad mTel neoklasikur ekonomikas? a). adam smitis uxilavi xelis kanoni; b). j. klarkis; g). seis pirveli kanoni; d). gosenis meore kanoni.

47. agraruli Teoriebis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens: 250

a). msoflio mosaxleobis sasursaTo produqtebiT uzrunvelyofa; b). axali agraruli teqnologiebis SeZena; g). arsebuli agraruli teqnologiebis SenarCuneba; d). axali agraruli teqnologiebis aTviseba da mosaxleobis kvebis produqtebiT uzrunvelyofa.

48. l. meCnikovis Teoriis mixedviT sazRvao kavSirebi iyofa: a). samdinaro sazRvao periods; b). samdinaro da saokiano periods; g). sazRvao periods; d). samdinaro, sazRvao da saokiano periodi.

49. romelia kavSirgabmulobis wamyvani teqnologiebi: a). fosta, telegrafi; b). telefoni, eleqtronuli qseli da fosta; g). eleqtronuli qseli; d). fosta, telegrafi, telefoni, eleqtronuli qseli.

50. romel saukuneSi gabatonda informaciuli faqtoris Teoria: a). 21-e saukunis pirvel naxevarSi; b). me-20 saukunis bolos; g). me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi; d). me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi. 51. amerikeli mkvlevari C. adamsi yvela did movlenas da finansuri Teoriebis aucileblobas xsnida: a). romis imperiis daSliT; b). ukukavSirebsa da espaneTis dacemas da safrangeTis didi revoluciiT xsnida adamianTa ukmayofilebas, romelic gamowveuli iyo arsebuli sagadasaxado sistemiT da sagadasaxado sistemis srulyofas moiTxovda; g). arsebuli sagadasaxado sistemiT; d). romis imperiis daSliT, espaneTis dacemiT, aSS-s damoukideblobisTvis brZoliT, safrangeTis didi revoluciiT- xsnis adamianTa ukmayofilebas, romelic gamowveuli iyo arsebuli sagadasaxado sistemiT da sagadasaxado inovaciebis srulyofas moiTxovda.

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52. ras gulisxmobs samuSao Zalis globalizacia? a). imas, rom samuSao Zala globalurad unda iqnes gamoyenebuli; b). imas, msoflio dRes samuSao Zalis gareSe darCeba; g). imas, rom samuSao Zalis migracia xdeba ganuviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi; d). imas, rom samuSao Zalis migracia xdeba xdeba ganviTarebul qveynebSi. 53. ra problemebi eqmneba ganiTarebul qveynebSi adgilobriv muSa Zalas, rodesac xdeba Camosuli muSaxelis mozRvaveba? a). xSirad xdeba rasobrivi konfliqtebi; b). ver xerxdeba maTi tradiciebis SeTanxmeba; g). adgilobriv muSaxels uCndeba seriozuli konkurenti, Camosuli iafi muSaxelis saxiT, rac iwvevs socialur problemebs; d). arcerTi pasuxi araa swori.

54. ram gamoiwvia is garemoeba, rom dRes aSS-s mosaxleobis 10-%-s emigrantebi Seadgens? a). aq xelfasebi 10-20-jer maRalia vidre ganviTarebad qveynebSi; b). aq adamiani Tavisufalia; g). iman, rom deokratiis done maRalia; d). iman, rom amerikaSi ar arsebobs siRaribe.

55. mecnierebis da inovaciebis globalizacia gulisxmobs: a). mecnierebis msoflio erTianobas Tanamedrove teqnologiebis saSualebiT da maT erTian ganviTarebas; b). mecnierebis aucilebeli dargebis ganviTarebas; g). mecnieruli samyaros erTi organos mmarTvelobis qveS moqcevas; d). arcerTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

56. romeli debulebaa swori? a). axali saqonlisaTvis araa saWiro gasaRebis bazrewbis mudmivad uzrunvelyofa, xolo amisaTvis ki 252

aucilebelia adamianTa cxovrebis da azrovnebis stilis Secvla; b). axali saqonlisaTvis saWiroa gasaRebis bazrebis mudmivad uzrunvelyofa, xolo amisaTvis ki aucilebelia adamianTa cxovrebis da azrovnebis stilis Secvla; g). axali saqonlisaTvis saWiroa gasaRebis bazrebis mudmivad uzrunvelyofa, xolo amisaTvis ki araa aucilebeli adamianTa cxovrebis da azrovnebis stilis Secvla; d). axali saqonlisaTvis araa saWiro gasaRebis bazrebis mudmivad uzrunvelyofa, xolo amisaTvis ki araa aucilebeli adamianTa cxovrebis da azrovnebis stilis Secvla.

57. romeli debulebaa WeSmariti? a). sainformacio wyobasa dasazogadoebaze gadasvlisas, upirveles yovlisa mkveTrad mcirdebamSp-is struqturaSi momsaxurebis wili; b). sainformacio wyobasa da sazogadoebaze gadasvlisas upirveles yovlisa ar icvleba mSp-is struqturaSi momsaxurebis wili; g). sainformacio wyobasa da sazogadoebaze gadasvlisas upirveles yovlisa mkvetrad izrdeba mSpis struoturaSimomsaxurebis wili; d). arcerTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

58. romeli debulebaa WeSmariti? a). transerovnuli kapitali msoflioSi yvelaze ufro Semosavliani bazrebis ZiebaSi Tavisuflad gadaadgildeba; b). transerovnuli kapitali msoflioSi yvelaze ufro Semosavliani bazrebis ZiebaSi SezRudvebiT gadaadgildeba; g) transerovnuli kapitali msoflioSi yvelaze ufro gasavliani bazrebis ZiebaSi Tavisuflad gadaadgildeba;

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d) transerovnuli kapitali msoflioSi yvelaze ufro gasavliani bazrebis ZiebaSi SezRudvebiT gadaadgildeba; 59. ra da ra fazebisagan Sedgeba produqciis sasicocxlo ciklis Teoria? a) inovaciis, standartizaciis da simwifis fazebisagan; b) inovaciis, idiologiis da mecnierebis fazebisagan; g) standartizaciis, inovaciis da mecnierebis fazebisagan; d) simwifis, standartizaciis da idiologiis fazebisagan.

60. romeli Teoria amtkicebs, Tu erT qveyanaSi SedarebiT Warbadaa kapitali, xolo meoreSinedleuli an Sroma, maSin kapitalis gadaadgileba iZleva yvela faqtoris gamoyenebis efeqtianobis zrdas: a) monopolisturi upiratesobis Teoria; b) mfrinavi batebis paradigma; g) fiSer-oleinis Teoria; d) investiciuri ganviTarebis gzebis Teoria.

61. ra aris ofSeruli bankis ZiriTadi mizani? a) Semosavlebis minimizacia; b) dabegvris maqsimizacia; g) Semosavlebis maqsimizacia; d) dabegvris minimizacia.

62. ra gansxvavebaa fiuCerulsa da forvardul kontraqtebs Soris? a) forvardulisagan gansxvavebiT fiuCerulSi konkretuli partniori cnobili ar aris; b) fiuCeruli mokle vadiani kontraqtia, xolo – forvarduli xangrZliv vadiani; g) fiuCeruli kontraqtebisagan gansxvavebiT forvarduli kontraqtebi ideba, mxolod Tavisufal mewarmeTa Soris; d) arcerTi pasuxi swori ar aris.

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63. asociacia es aris. a) gakotrebis zRvarze misuli firmebis gaerTianeba gadarCenis mizniT; b) sawarmoTa gaerTianeba; g) mewarmeTa gaerTianeba saxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa safuZvelze; d) fizikur pirTa gaerTianeba nebayofilobiTi TanamSromlobis mizniT. 64. seis kanoni: moTxovna tolia mTeli miwodebisa. ra ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli seis mier am kanonSi? a) investiciebis arseboba; b) wonasworobis wertili moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris; g) danazogis arseboba; d) resursebis alternatiuli Rirebuleba.

65. k. biuxerma SemogvTavaza marketinguli Teoriis Sesaxeb: a) mis safuZvlad aRebuli unda iyos mwarmoebluri gzis sigrZe; b) warmoebis wrebrunva; g) gza mwarmoeblidan myidvelamde; d) bazris marketinguli Seswavla.

66. ras niSnavs Zalaufleba farTo gagebiT? a) esaa SesaZlebloba ganaxorcielo sakuTari neba da survili raimes mimarT; b) esaa SesaZlebloba ganaxorcielo sakuTari neba vinmes mimarT; g) esaa SesaZlebloba ganaxorcielo sakuTari neba vinmes mimarT. igi SeiZleba iyos kanonieri da ukanono, efuZnebodes Zalas, gavlenas, tradiciebs an sxva araformalur institutebs. d) arcerTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

67. ekonomikuri Zalaufleba miiRweva Semdegi elementebis SeerTebiT: a) finansuri simZlavris, sainformacio gavlenis da Zalismieri zewolis saSualebiT; 255

b) sainformacio gavlenis, saxelmwifosTan kavSiriT da finansuri simZlavriT; g) sainformacio gavleniT, finansuri simZlavriT da koaliciuri ZaliT; d) finansuri simZlavriT, sainformacio gavleniT, koaliciuri ZaliT, saxelmwifosTan kavSiriT, Zalismieri zewolis saSualebiT. 68. ras niSnavs teqnologiebis evolucia? a) adamianis evolucia; b) civilizaciis warmoSoba-ganviTarebas; g) sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebas; d) cocxali organizmebis evolucias, riTic amtkicebs kibernetikis did varauds-yvela rTuli sistemis Tanasworobaze, maTTvis yvela saerTo kanonzomierebis winaSe. 69. ras gulisxmobs ekologiuri globalizacia? a) resursebis erTian gamoyenebas; b) erTian brZolas ekologiuri katastrofis Tavidan asacileblad; g) mopovebiTi mrewvelobis SezRudvas; d) arcerTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

70. megaekonomilis daniSnulebaa: a) Seqmnas erTiani ekonomikuri sistema; b) Seqmnas erTiani politikuri da socialuri sistema; g) Seqmnas erTiani idiologiuri samyaro; d) arcerTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

71. konvergentuli ekonomikuri sistema moicavs: a) sagegmo sawyisebs; b) sabazro sawyisebs; g) sagegmo da sabazro sawyisebs; d) arcerTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

72.romeli debulebaa WeSmariti? a) dResdReobiT transerovnuli kapitali praktikulad meurveobisagan araa ganTavisuflebuli da erovnul saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciidan gamovida; 256

b) dResdReobiT transerovnuli kapitali praktikulad meurveobisagan ganTavisuflebulda da erovnul saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciidan gamovida; g) dResdReobiT transerovnuli kapitali praktikulad meurveobisagan araa ganTavisuflebuli da erovnul saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciidan ar gamovida; d) arcerTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

73. ekonomikuri evoluciis Sedegad Camoyalibebulma msoflio mowyobam Tanamedrove msoflio mkveTrad gayo: a) mdidar centrad; b) Rarib centrad; g) mdidar da Rarib centrad; d) arcerTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

74. ris xarjze imarjveben teb-ebi adgilobriv bankebTan konkurenciaSi? a) sesxze dabali procentis SeTavazebiT; b) sesxze maRali procentis SeTavazebiT g) dabali kreditis SeTavazebiT; d) maRali kreditis SeTavazebiT. 75. romelma ekonomikurma koncefciam misca biZgi tekebs; a) kapitalizmma; b) liberalizmma; g) merkantilizmma; d) fiziokratizmma.

76. romeli qveynebi Sedis aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis SemadgenlobaSi? a) poloneTi, ungreTi, rumineTi, safrangeTi, iugoslavia, bulgareTi, albaneTi, Germania; b) CexeTi, slovakeTi, Ggermania, bulgareTi, ungreTi, albaneTi, poloneTi, inglisi, rumineTi; g) poloneTi, CexeTi, slovakeTi, ungreTi, rumineTi, iugoslavia, bulgareTi, albaneTi; d) yvela pasuxi sworia.

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77. aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi soflis meurnebis dargebidan,romelia wamyvani mTliani produqciis mixedviT; a) memcenareoba; b) mecxoveleoba; g) mebostneoba; d) yvela pasuxi sworia.

78. romeli qveynebi Sedis dasavleT evropis SemadgenlobaSi? a) inglisi, Germania, irlandia, poloneTi, safrangeTi; b) safrangeTi, belgia, luqsemburgi, Sveicaria, rumineTi; g) inglisi, Germania, irlandia, safrangeTi, monako, holandia, belgia, luqsemburgi, Sveicaria, lixtenSteini, avstria; d) yvela pasuxi sworia.

79. holandia ganviTarebis mixedviT, romel saxelmwifoebs miekuTvneba? a) industrial-agraruls; b) ganviTarebads; g) CamorCenils; d) arcerTi pasuxi swori ar aris.

80. holandiis soflis meurneobis energoSeiaraRebis done ramden cxenis Zalas Seadgens? a) 127 cx. Zalas; b) 126 cx. Zalas; g) 105cx. Zalas; d) yvela pasuxi sworia.

81. rogor ganvsazRvravT memcenareobaSi warmoebis ekonomikur efeqtianobas? a) warmoebuli produqciis moculobis mixedviT; b) saheqtaro mosavlianobis mixedviT; g) meqanizaciis maRali doniT; d) arcerTi pasuxi swori ar aris.

82. romeli qveynebi Sedi CrdiloeT evropis qveynebSi? a) fineTi, bulgareTi, rumineTi, dania, islandia; b) fineTi, Svecia, norvegia, dania, islandia; 258

g) fineTi, Svecia, norvegia, safrangeTi, islandia; d) yvela pasuxi sworia.

83. Sveciis soflis meurneobaSi specializaciis mixedviT ZiriTadi dargi romelia? a) mebostneoba; b) memcenareoba; g) mecxoveleoba; d) yvela pasuxi sworia.

84. ra saxis produqtebi gaaqvs norvegias sasoflosameurneo produqtebidan saeqsportod? a) mecxoveleobis da meTevzeobis; b) marcvleuli da xili; g) bostneuli; d) yvela pasuxi sworia.

85. CrdiloeT evropis qveynebis soflis meurneobis saerTo produqciis moculobaSi mecxoveleobis producias ra procenti ukavia? a) 30-%-i; b) 75-78-%-i; g) 55-%-i; d) yvela pasuxi sworia.

86. romeli qveynebi Sedis samxreT evropaSi? a) portugalia, italia, bulgareTi, rumineTi, espaneTi, vatikani, gibrartari, saberZneTi; b) portugalia, italia, espaneTi, gibrartari, andora, san-marino, vatikani, malta, saberZneTi; g) portugalia, italia, espaneTi, iugoslavia, andora, sanmarino, vatikani; d) yvela pasuxi ara sworia.

87. avstraliaSi sasoflo sameurneo savargulebis ramdeni procenti modis mecxoveleobis fermebze? a) 30-%; b) 50-%; g) 65-%; d) arcerTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

88. avstriis soflis meurneobis mimarTulebis fermebi daaxloebiT ra procentis sasaqonlo 259

produqcias awarmoeben mTlian sasaqonlo produqciaSi? a) 30-%-i; b) 50-%-i; g) 80-%; d) arcerTi pasuxi swori ar aris.

89. CrdiloeT amerikis soflis meurneobis dargebi, rogori ganviTarebis doniT xasiaTdebian? a) maRali intensifikaciis doniT; b) dabali intesifikaciis doniT; g) saSualo intesifikaciis doniT; d) yvela pasuxi sworia.

90. energoSeiaraRebis done ramden cxenis Zalas Seadgens aSS-i? a) 90-cx. Zalas; b) 100- cx. Zalas; g) 105 cx. Zalas; d) yvela pasuxi sworia.

91. samxreT amerikaSi, romeli qveynebi Sedis? a) venesuela, kolumbia, grelandia, ekvadori, argentina, paragvai, urgvai, brazilia, gaiana, surinami da gvineia; b) venesuela, kolumbia,ekvadori, argentina, paragvai, urgvai, brazilia, gaiana, surinami, gvineia; g) venesuela, brazilia, kanada, ekvadori, argentina, urgvai; d) yvela pasuxi sworia.

92. romel wels Camoayalibes espanelebma damoukidebeli perus saxelmwifo? a) 1500 wels; b) 1542 wels; g) 1550 wels; d) arcerTi pasuxi swori ar aris.

93. brazilis Tavisi bunebrivi SesaZleblobidan gamomdinare, ramdeni adamianis gamokveba SeuZlia yovel wliurad? a) 1,5 miliardi adamianis; b) 1 miliardi adamianis; 260

g) 5 miliardi adamianis; d) arcerTi pasuxi ar aris swori.

94. afrikis qveynebidan, romel qveynebSia ganviTarebuli mevenaxeoba? a) CrdiloeT afrikaSi alJirSi da samxreT afrikis kavSirSi; b) aRmosavleT afrikaSi- zambia; g) centralur afrikaSi- gaboni; d) arcerTi pasuxi swori ar aris.

95. afrikis kontinentis ra nawilia sasoflosameurneo warmoebis TvalsazrisiT gamoyenebuli? a) 50-60 %-iT; b) 35-40 %-iT; g) 40-50 %-iT; d) yvela pasuxi sworia.

96. ruseTis federaciaSi, romeli regionebia marcvleulis ZiriTadi mwarmoeblebi? a) yubani, doni; b) volgispireTi, dasavleT cimbiri; g) yubani, doni, volgispireTi, samxreT urali, dasavleT cimbiri; d) yvela pasuxi sworia.

97. ruseTis federaciis sofl;is meurneobaSi energoSearaRebis done ramden cxenis Zalas Seadgens? a) 30 cx. Zalas; b) 42 cx. Zalas; g) 48 cx. Zalas; d) yvela pasuxi sworia.

98. baltiispireTis qveynebis soflis meurneobaSi, romeli dargia ZiriTadi da romeli damxmare ? a) memcenareobaa wamyvani, xolo mecxoveleoba damxmare; b) mecxoveleobaa ZiriTadi, xolo memcenareoba damxmare; g) mebostneoba; d) yvela pasuxi arasworia.

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99. amierkavkasiis qveynebSi, romel wlebSi ganxorcielda agraruli reformebi? a) 1992-2000 wlebSi; b) 1990-2000 wlebSi; g) 1989- 2000 wlebSi; d) yvela pasuxi sworia.

100. yazaxeTis soflis meurneobis dargebidan, romeli dargia wamyvani da romeli damxmare? a) meRoreoba; b) mecxoveleoba; g) memcenareoba; d) yvela pasuxi sworia.

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testebis

1.--- a; 2.---d; 3.---a; 4.---b; 5.---a; 6.---b; 7.---g; 8.---b; 9.---a; 10.—d; 11.—g; 12.—a; 13.—d; 14.—b; 15.—g; 16.—d; 17.—a; 18.—a; 19.—a; 20.—d; 21.—g; 22.—b; 23.—a; 24.—d; 25.—a;

26.—d; 27.—g; 28.—d; 29.—a; 30.—b; 31.—d; 32.—g; 33.—g; 34.—g; 35.—d; 36.—a; 37.—b; 38.—a; 39.—g; 40.—b; 41.—b; 42.—b; 43.—g; 44.—d; 45.—a; 46.—b; 47.—d; 48.—d; 49.—d; 50.—b;

pasuxebi

51.—d; 52.—d; 53.—g; 54.—a; 55.—a; 56.—b; 57.—g; 58.—a; 59.—a; 60.—g; 61.—d; 62.—g; 63.—d; 64.—g; 65.—g; 66.—g; 67.—d; 68.—d; 69.—b; 70.—a; 71.—g; 72.—b; 73.—b; 74.—g; 75.—a;

76.—g; 77.—b; 78.—g; 79.—a; 80.—a; 81.—b; 82.—b; 83.—g; 84.—a; 85.—b; 86.—b; 87.—g; 88.—g; 89.—a; 90.—g; 91.—b; 92.—b; 93.—a; 94.—a; 95—b; 96.—g; 97.—b; 98.—b; 99.—a; 100.—b.

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gamoyenebuli

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saxelmZRvanelo daibeWda Sps stambaSi ,,zekari� misamarTi: q. Tbilisi, asaTianis #7

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