Commercial development

Commercial / Industrial Typology

Commercial Development: Case Study Blocks

Block 176 - bounded by Atlantic Avenue, Smith Street, State Street, and Hoyt Street

By 1855, block 176 was highly developed. Long rows of ten or more houses had been built on the north, south, and east sides of the block. The north and east sides of the block were residential, but the south side of the block on Atlantic Avenue featured eleven residential brick buildings with stores below, as well as five wood frame buildings. Today, only five historicized storefronts remain on the Atlantic Avenue side of the block. Notable businesses from 1855 include the Metropolitan Marble Works and the Atlantic Wood & Coal Yard; these types of businesses indicate the area’s industrial character at the time. In 1855 the northeast corner of the block was underbuilt compared to the rest of the block; although by 1880 the whole block had been built upon. The building stock was made up entirely of row houses in 1880, with the exception of two buildings with irregular footprints that were built on the lot where the Atlantic Wood & Coal Yard had once stood. Notably, the five wood frame buildings from 1885 remained in 1880, and in fact still stood as late as 1898. The block remained relatively unchanged in 1904, although by this time only two wood frame buildings with frontage on Atlantic Avenue were still standing. By 1929, all of the buildings on Atlantic Avenue on this block were classified as brick, and the south, west, and east sides of the block were almost completely filled by stores. On the Atlantic Avenue (south) side of the block, there were 25 buildings that contained 28 stores between them (three buildings had 2 stores each). In fact only one building on Atlantic Avenue did not have a storefront in 1929. By 1979, the overall scale of the block had changed very little, with the exception of three large lots that were formed on the east side of the block. Today this lot contains the twelve-story Nu Hotel (lot 7501), and also has retail on the ground floor. A new apartment building was also constructed in 2014 at 333 Atlantic Avenue. Source: Fire insurance atlases Commercial Development in the study area by 1840 Source: student-creatd infographic

Commercial Development in the study area by 1850s Source: student-creatd infographic

Commercial Development in the study area by 1870 Source: student-creatd infographic

Block 177 - bounded by Atlantic Avenue, Hoyt Street, State Street, and Bond Street

This block was significantly developed as early as 1855, with only about 125’ of frontage on the Atlantic Avenue side of the block not yet built upon by that time. However, an undeveloped area spanned through the whole block near its center. The early buildings in 1855 were small and residential. Only five buildings on Atlantic Avenue had storefronts in 1855; four of which were in wood frame buildings. In total there were seven wood frame buildings on the Atlantic Avenue side of the block, all of which remained in 1880. By 1880, the block was fully built on and consisted entirely of row houses, most of which were brick. By 1904, the four original wood frame buildings with storefronts remained on Atlantic Avenue and a comparison with an earlier fire insurance map indicates that a new wood frame building was built on the Atlantic Avenue side of the block between 1898 and 1904. The high density of buildings throughout the whole block remains a characteristic of the block today, especially on the more commercial Atlantic Avenue side. In 1911, there were 25 stores on the Atlantic Avenue side of the block, only two of which were in wood frame buildings that survived from 1855; by 1929 the wood frame buildings were no longer standing but Atlantic Avenue still had a high concentration of store frontage. The collection of 1930s tax photos also indicate 25 storefronts along the Atlantic Avenue side of the block, compared to 15 historic/historicized storefronts in this same area in 2016. Even today, the block still consists almost entirely of row houses, with the exception of one large through-lot that existed as early as 1979 (359 Atlantic Avenue). A “later” commercial building from 1904-1911 with a significant storefront still stands at 351 Atlantic Avenue (Figure 1).

Block 285 - bounded by pacific Street, Henry Street, Atlantic Avenue, and Clinton Street

Block 285 is part of the Cobble Hill Historic District. It is bordered by Atlantic Avenue to the north, Pacific Avenue to the south, Henry Street to the west, Clinton Street to the east. This block is located within the Western portion of Atlantic Avenue, which during the period between the 1840’s and the 1880’s, was “one of the finest commercial areas in Brooklyn.”1 A combination of close proximity to the waterfront and the arrival of railroad are ultimately responsible for the commercialization of Atlantic Avenue. This particular block of Atlantic Avenue contains some of the larger commercial buildings in the area, and demonstrates a grander scale and size than most of the smaller-scale commercial counterparts more typical to Atlantic Avenue. One significant structure found on this block is the 1851 four-story Italianate building located at 124-128 Atlantic Avenue that once housed Journeay and Burnham’s, one of the most iconic dry goods shops in Brooklyn.2 With its large ground-floor display windows to show off the latest fashions and entice customers to enter the shop, Journeay and Burnham’s catered to affluent clientele and “all the ladies from Brooklyn Heights went with their shiny black shopping books, in which the week’s purchases were written up.”3 The store was so successful that it required an expansion, and in 1879, built an annex at the rear of the store that extends through the block onto Pacific Street.4 Journey and Burnham’s left Atlantic Avenue for a new location in 1898. Today the building has been converted into luxury apartments . Corner of Atlantic Avenue and Court Street Source: Brooklyn Athenaeum, 1922 from Merlis, Brian. Brooklyn

124-128 Atlantic Avenue Source: student photograph

1 “Cobble Hill Historic Designation Report” Landmarks Preservation Commission (1969). p. 19 2 ibid 3 ibid 4 “Cobble Hill Historic Designation Report” Landmarks Preservation Commission (1969). p. 62 the Way it Was Brooklyn : Israelowitz Pub., 1995. p. 75

Block 292 - bounded by Amity Street, Clinton Street, Pacific Street, and Court Street

Block 292 is part of the Cobble Hill Historic District. It is bordered by Pacific Street to the north, Amity Street to the south, Clinton Street to the west, Court Street to the east. The Pacific Street section of this block is considered extremely important because of “its fine examples of Victorian and Romanesque Revival architecture, which occur only occasionally in the rest of the Cobble Hill Historic District.”1 Perhaps the finest example of Victorian era architecture can be seen in Public School No. 78 (built 1888-1889) which is built over 174-186 Pacific Street. 2 Today this building has been converted into luxury housing apartments.

Block 276 - boundedy by Atlantic Avenue, Clinton Street, State Street, and Court Street

Block 276 falls outside the boundaries of both the Boerum Hill Historic District and the Cobble Hill Historic District. It is bordered by State Street to the north, Atlantic Avenue to the south, Clinton Street to the west, Court Street to the east. The south side of this block comprises a portion of Atlantic Avenue with an eclectic variety of mixed-use structures that feature storefronts on the ground floor. The corner of Atlantic Avenue, now a food store, was once home to the Brooklyn Athenaeum. The Brooklyn Athenaeum, which opened in 1853, was an important cultural center in Brooklyn.3 The building contained a library and sponsored local theater productions through the turn of the century.4 The building was demolished in 1942.5 The south side of State Street on this block contains residential rowhouse buildings, many of which have had later upper story additions and now reach up to five (5) stories in height.

Block 414 - bounded by DeGraw Street, Court Street, Douglass Street, and Smith Street

Block 414 falls outside the boundaries of both the Boerum Hill Historic District and the Cobble Hill Historic District. It is bordered by Douglass Street to the north, De Graw Street to the south, Court Street to the west, Smith Street to the east. A carriage house on De Graw Street (lot 61) was home to a Fire Engine Company in the 1860’s.6 This historic building still stands, but heavily graffitied and seemingly vacant, it is in very poor condition today. The Court Street side of the block contains several mixed-used commercial buildings. The residential Douglass Street side of the block contains mostly Italianate rowhouses. Most are well-maintained, though several have had a fourth story added. There are also several historic or ”historicized” storefronts along the Smith Street portion of the block.

Source: Brooklyn Athenaeum, 1922 from Merlis, Brian. Brooklyn

1 “Cobble Hill Historic Designation Report” Landmarks Preservation Commission (1969). p. 61 2 ibid 3 Merlis, Brian. Brooklyn the Way it Was : Over 200 Vintage Photographs from the Collection of Brian Merlis. Brooklyn : Israelowitz Pub., 1995. p. 75 4 ibid. 5 ibid. 6 1860 Perris Map Corner of Atlantic Avenue and Clinton Street

Religious congregations also influenced the built environment of the study area, despite its association with residential building typologies. One of the earliest surviving religious structures, St. Paul’s Church, at the corner of Court and Congress Streets in Cobble Hill, was completed in 1838. It was the second Catholic Church built in Brooklyn, mainly for the increasing Irish immigrant community in the mid-19th century. St. Paul’s is also the oldest Catholic Church in continuous use in the state of New York, though the demographics have mainly shifted to the growing Hispanic community of Cobble Hill.1

Christ Episcopal Church, built in 1841-42 and founded in 1835, was the first religious organization in the district.2 Designed by Cobble Hill resident and the future architect of Trinity Church on Wall Street, Richard Upjohn, the Gothic Revival church also features interior furnishing by Louis Comfort Tiffany.3 (Image 16: Christ Church, Richard Upjohn)

The former Middle Reform Dutch Church, now the Kane Street Synagogue, was established in 1855.4 (Image 17: Kane Street Synagogue) Prior to the founding of this synagogue, the population of German and Prussian Jewish immigrants in the area had to travel to lower Manhattan for services. The synagogue houses Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes, the oldest Jewish congregation in Brooklyn. Christ Church, Richard Upjohn Source: student photograph

1 “But its own 60,000 baptismal records go back to the Irish immigrant community which settled the area around Court and Congress Streets in 1838; By 1977, 40% of the congregation is Hispanic; "People continue to live in this area just because they love the church," said Father Real.” Bay Ridge Church Brochure; Sleeper, James. "St. Paul's Holds Re-dedication Mass After Parishioners Rally To Save Church's 140 Year Heritage." The Phoenix, December 15, 1977. 2 Today, services are conducted for a Spanish-speaking community. 3 Rothstein, Mervyn. "A Stroll Through Cobble HIll's Streets and Homes." The New York Times, September 30, 1983. 4 “The synagogue had its beginnings on January 22, 1856, when a small group of Brooklyn Jews established a temporary synagogue under the name of “Baith Israel” or “House of Israel” at 155 Atlantic St. (now Atlantic Avenue).” Gross, Geraldine K. "A Synagogue's History Enhances.” Brooklyn Heights Press. June 3, 1976.

Kane Street Synagogue Source: student photograph