Accessibility, Acceptability and Quality/Safety) Efforts, Resources and Assessment)
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and OPERA (Outcomes, Policy
frameworks.
2.2 The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 – ‘The Water Goal’ The modern concept of sustainable development emerged in the 1980s as the need for environmental protection was recognised in the practices of development planning around the world (Cobbinah et al., 2015) Widely used definition of sustainable development is by Brundtland Commission, which defines it as development that “[meets] the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Satterthwaite, 1997). With the global warming and the climate change, various problems appearing in this urbanising world, sustainable development was perceived as a paradigm shift and a new notion of development (Du Pisani, 2006). In 2002, the United Nations (n.d.) started the Millennium Campaign to support and inspire people around the world to take actions for the newly launched Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),18 composed of eight goals on topics such as poverty, environment, health, gender equality and global partnerships, targeting 2015 as a deadline, were developed as a blueprint agreed by UN member states and development institutions with the aim to work together with governments, civil societies and others, in the hope to alleviate extreme poverty. The MDG 7 on Ensure Environmental Sustainability contains targets relevant to water and sanitation and improving the living conditions for slum dwellers (targets 7.c and 7.d), as shown in Table 2. Table 2 Millennium Goal 7 targets c and d Target
Description
Target 7.c
To halve the proportion of the universal population without sustainable access to clean and safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015.
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The Danish Institute for Human Rights (DIHR) has contextualised the AAAQ indicators for the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation. The manual was published in 2014, available at: https://www.humanrights.dk/publications/aaaq-framework-right-water-international-indicators 17
The OPERA Framework was initiated by the Centre for Economic and Social Rights (CESR) in 2012, with the aim to fulfil economic, social and cultural rights. Available at: https://www.cesr.org/sites/default/files/the.opera_.framework.pdf 18
More information can be found here: https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
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