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International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices

International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices is focused to provide a platform for recent trends in elasticâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;plastic properties, Strain softening and strain-rate sensitivity damage, impact damage, fracture repair techniques, modeling and numerical simulation. All the articles published in the journal go through stringent process of peer-reviewing.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Elastic instability Gross plastic deformation Tensile instability Creep damage and creep-fatigue interaction Low and high cycle fatigue damage Brittle/elastic damage Ductile/plastic damage Strain softening and strain-rate sensitivity damage Impact damage Modeling and numerical simulation Elasticâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;plastic fracture mechanics Crack incubation and propagation Crack and fracture repair techniques Damage tolerance and fracture control

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Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

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Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Sohel Rana University of Minho, Campus de Azurem, Portugal

Dr. Suryya K. Rana Dungarpur College of Engineering & Technology, India

Dr. Kanakuppi Sadashivappa Professor and Head Department of I & P Engineering BIET, Davanagere, India

Dr. Bhanu Kiran Goriparthi GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Manikandan Vai Kalasalingam University, Sriviliputhur, India

Dr. D. Siva Prasad GITAM University, India

Dr. Bhanu Pratap Singh Senior Scientist, Physics and Engineering of Carbon Section, Division of Materials Physics and Engineering, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India

Dr. Janu Sharma, Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) India

Dr. Debdulal Das Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, India

Dr. Aniruddha Chatterjee Department of Plastics and Polymers Technology University Institute of Chemical Technology, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, India

Dr. S. C. Sahoo Indian Plywood Industries Research & Training Institute, Kolkata (West Bengal), India

Prof. S. B. Rai Department of Physics Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) India

Dr. Bijan Deb Department of Physics, Ambedkar College, Fatikroy Tripura (Unakoti), India

Dr. Sunain Katoch Chemistry Department (Organic Chemistry), Gautam Post Graduate College, Shimla, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Composite Materials and Matrices issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Composite Materials and Matrices as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Composite Materials and Matrices, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Composite Materials and Matrices in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journals of Composite Materials and Matrices focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Elastic instability, Gross plastic deformation, Tensile instability, Creep damage and creep-fatigue interaction, Low and high cycle fatigue damage, Brittle/elastic damage, Ductile/plastic damage, Strain softening and strain-rate, sensitivity damage, Impact damage, Modeling and numerical simulation, Elasticâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;plastic fracture mechanics, Crack incubation and propagation, Crack and fracture repair techniques, Damage tolerance and fracture control etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Composite Materials and Matrices and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Composite Materials and Matrices. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Composite Materials and Matrices. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Composite Materials and Matrices readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Composite Materials and Matrices Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Free Vibration Analysis of Laminated Composite Plate with Various Boundary Condition Using FEM Pushpendra Kushwah, Pankaj Srivastav, Harsh Bhardwaj, Vimal Tiwari

2. Effect of Addition of Phosphates on Thermal, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Phenolic and Amino Bonded Wood Composite B.S. Mamatha, D. Sujatha, D.N. Uday, A. Nandanwar

3. Effect of Fly Ash Cenosphere on Electric Properties of Polypropylene J. Sharma, M.N. Bapat

4. An Efficient and Simple Higher Order of Shear Deformation Theory for Static and Free Vibration of Laminated Composite Plates Belkacem Adim, Tahar Hassaine Daouadji, Abderezak Rebahi, Abdelouahed Tounsi

5. Study of Composite Material Shikha Tripathi

International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Free Vibration Analysis of Laminated Composite Plate with Various Boundary Condition Using FEM Pushpendra Kushwah1*, Pankaj Srivastav2, Harsh Bhardwaj3, Vimal Tiwari4 1

Aditya College of Technology and Science, Satna, M.P, India 2 AKS University Satna, M.P, India 3 IIMT, Meerut U.P, India 4 Aditya College of Technology, Satna, M.P, India

Abstract The vibration analysis of laminated composite plates is analyzed using finite element method. A suitable finite element model is proposed and developed based on first order shear deformation theory using ANSYS parametric design language (APDL) code. The model has been developed using an appropriate eight node isoparametric element (SHELL281) from the ANSYS element library. In this paper Numerical results have been computed for the effect of material properties, thickness ratio of plate, different boundary conditions, different aspect ratio, and different angle of fiber orientation of laminated composite plate. The analysis for rectangular plate is carried out for thickness (h/b= 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2) and different aspect ratios (a/b=1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5). The problem of free vibration analysis of composite square plates having material properties (E11/E22= 10, 20, 30 and 40) is also considered. The natural frequencies and mode shapes are compared for different boundary condition. Comparisons are made with the result for thin and thick composite laminated plate. Keywords: boundary condition, free vibration, laminate composite plate

INTRODUCTION A composite material is defined as a material system which consists of a mixture or a combination of two or more distinctly different materials which are insoluble in each other and differ in form or chemical composition. There are two phases of composite exists namely, reinforcing phase and matrix phase. The reinforcing phase material may be in the form of fibers, particles or flakes and the matrix phase materials are generally continuous such as polymer, metal, ceramic and carbon.[1] Laminated composite plates are mostly used in many engineering applications such as mechanical, aerospace, marine, automobile, sports, biomedical, heavy machinery, agricultural equipment and health instrument due to their high strength

to weight ratio, low specific density, long fatigue life, high stiffness to weight ratio, low weight, high modulus, good electrical and thermal conductivity and other superior material properties. Latheswary[2] studied the linear and non-linear free vibration analysis of laminated composite plates using a finite element model, based on third-order shear deformation theory. This study has been motivated by the lack of open literature on large amplitude dynamic analysis of laminated plates based on higher-order shear deformation theory. The effect of various plate parameters on the linear and non-linear fundamental frequencies of vibration is brought out.

Page 1

International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Effect of Addition of Phosphates on Thermal, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Phenolic and Amino Bonded Wood Composite B.S. Mamatha*, D. Sujatha, D.N. Uday, A. Nandanwar Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute, An Autonomous body of Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, Bangalore, India

Abstract Properties of fire retardant particle board made by treating the particle (populous deltoids) with mono ammonium phosphate/diammonium phosphate (MAP/DAP) composition were studied. Two concentrations of (0, 1, and 2%) of fire retardants were incorporated to the particles on oven dry weight of the particles. Melamine Urea Formaldehyde resin (MUF) and phenol formaldehyde resin (PF) were used to manufacture the experimental panels. The flame retardancy and thermal stability of the composites was studied by using limiting oxygen index test (LOI) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The fire retardant particle board, samples have been tested for fire retardancy as per Indian standard IS: 5509/IS 1734(part-3) for flammability, and rate of burning tests. Physical and mechanical properties of the board were evaluated as per the standard IS: 3087. The fire retardancy of the samples indicated time duration higher than the required for the fire retardant test as per IS: 5509 with increased LOI values for PF bonded boards. TGA studies confirmed the thermal stability of the particle board. The study indicates that the addition of fire retardant chemicals by particle treatment depends on the percentage level and also the type of adhesive used to make wood composite to yield excellent fire properties without deteriorating the physical and mechanical properties of the boards. Key words: fire retardant, phenol formaldehyde resin, wood composite

INTRODUCTION At present, development in the woodbased composites industry is rapid and its application field is wide. Because of the high strength, ease of production and low cost, particleboard is found to be suitable for applications in the fields of building decoration, furniture and transportation. However, since the raw materials for particleboard are flammable the wood particles and resulting particleboard panels need to be treated with fire retardants. Most of the fire retardant chemicals suggested for wood are water-soluble inorganic salts, a number of which have been in use for many years. The focus is

still mainly on compounds or mixtures containing phosphorus, nitrogen, and boron, which can be used in as a water soluble solution. Fire retardant chemicals can be added to either to the particles or to the adhesives or as coating in wood composites. Previous studies revealed that treating particleboards with flame retardants were effective to reduce the combustibility and heat release of the panel. Most of the strength and physical properties of the treated particleboards however, were

Page 8

International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Effect of Fly Ash Cenosphere on Electric Properties of Polypropylene J. Sharma*, M.N. Bapat Regional Institute of Education (RIE), Bhopal, MP, India

Abstract Present work deals with findings on electrical properties of cenosphere filled polypropylene composites. Frequency dependence of the dielectric constant (ε’) of the composite samples was carried out at ambient temperature. A theoretical model is proposed for the electrical conductivity of porous polypropylene/cenosphere composites. Role of addition of these cenosphere particles on electrical properties such as dielectric constant, tanδ, dc conductivity land ac conductivity were investigated. Increase of fly ash cenosphere has decreased the dielectric constant while dissipation factor increased and the dc conductivity decreases with increasing content of fly ash cenosphere. Theoretical results were compared with experimental data. Keywords: electrical properties, particle-reinforced composites, polymer, porosity

INTRODUCTION Polypropylene (PP) is a polymer prepared catalytically from propylene having an isotatic replacement of a hydrogen atom by a methyl group on alternate carbon atoms in the main chain. It is used due to its high temperature resistance which makes PP suitable for items such as trays, funnels, pails, bottles, carboys and instrument jars that have to be sterilized frequently for use in clinical environment. It is a translucent material with excellent mechanical properties. A new class of materials has emerged as conducting polymers due to their excellent electrical, optical and chemical properties. Conductivity of these materials can be varied by properly chosen filler material which offers a new concept of charge transport mechanism.[1] Fly ash (FA) is a coal residual product generated from natural coal fired in thermal power stations. Huge quantity of FA is disposed by large number of coal

fired power plants all over the world, causing serious environmental problems.[2] Less than half of the ash is used as a raw material for concrete industrialization and construction; the remaining is openly deserted on land side. Due to environmental convention, new traditions of utilizing FA have to be explored in order to uphold the environment and afford useful habits for its dumping. The main advantages of using cenospheres are: reduced raw materials cost, improved flow ability, reduced resin demand, improved insulation values, reduced end product weight, resistant to resin absorption.[3] Hence, there is considerable interest in utilization of FA cenosphere as filler. Dielectric spectroscopy is a valuable experimental technique for understanding the phenomenon of charge transport in conducting polymers. Low frequency conductivity and dielectric measurements have proven to provide information on the

Page 15

International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices Vol. 2: Issue 1

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An Efficient and Simple Higher Order of Shear Deformation Theory for Static and Free Vibration of Laminated Composite Plates Belkacem Adim1, Tahar Hassaine Daouadji1,2*, Abderezak Rebahi1, Abdelouahed Tounsi 2 1

Département de Génie Civil, Université Ibn Khaldoun, Zaaroura, Tiaret, Algérie Laboratoire des Matériaux et Hydrologie, Université de Sidi Bel Abbes, Algérie

Abstract In the present study, the static and free vibration of laminated composite plates is examined by using a refined shear deformation theory and developed for a bending analysis of orthotropic laminated composite plates. These models take into account the parabolic distribution of transverse shear stresses and satisfy the condition of zero shear stresses on the top and bottom surfaces of the plates. The most interesting feature of this theory is that it allows for parabolic distributions of transverse shear stresses across the plate thickness and satisfies the conditions of zero shear stresses at the top and bottom surfaces of the plate without using shear correction factors. The quantity of independent unknowns in the present theory is four, as against five in other shear deformation theories. In the investigation, the condition of motion for simply supported thick laminated rectangular plates is obtained through the use of Hamilton’s principle. The accuracy of the analysis presented is demonstrated by comparing the results with solutions derived from other higher-order models and with data found in the literature. The theory proposed is not only accurate, but also efficient in predicting the natural frequencies of laminated composite plates. Keywords: higher-order theories, laminated composite plate, shear deformation theory of plates

INTRODUCTION The use of composite material for the structure/component design has grown significantly over the last few decades because their response characteristics can be tailored to meet specific design requirements. Furthermore, composite structures possess high specific stiffness and high specific strength which leads to overall reduction of weight, thereby increasing the efficiency of the structure. Laminated composite plates are widely used in industry and new fields of technology. Due to the high degrees of anisotropy and the low rigidity in transverse shear of the plates, the Kirchhoff hypothesis as a classical theory

is no longer adequate. The hypothesis states that the normal to the midplane of a plate remains straight and normal after deformation because of the negligible transverse shear effects. Refined theories without this assumption have been used recently. The free vibration frequencies calculated by using the classical theory of thin plates are higher than those obtained by the Mindlin theory of plates,[1] in which the transverse shear and rotary inertia effects are included. A number of shear deformation theories have been proposed to date. The first such theory for laminated isotropic plates was apparently.[2]

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International Journal of Composite Material and Matrices Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Study of Composite Material Shikha Tripathi* Aditya College of Technology and Science, Satna, MP, India

Abstract Polymeric composition compound with a plasticizer or very low proportion of pigment or processing aids are nonordinary consider as a composition the goal is to improve strength stiffness or toughness or dimensional stability by embedding particles in matrix or binding phase. Keywords: polymer of composite material

INTRODUCTION The linking of small molecules (monomers) to make larger molecules is a polymer. Polymerization requires that each small molecule have at least two reaction points or functional groups. There are two distinct major types of polymerization processes, condensation polymerization, in which the chain growth is accompanied by elimination of small molecules such as H2O or CH3OH, and addition polymerization, in which the polymer is formed without the loss of other materials. There are many variants and subclasses of polymerization reactions.[1] The polymer chains can be classified in linear polymer chain, branched polymer chain, and cross-linked polymer chain. The structure of the repeating unit is the dysfunctional monomeric unit, or “mer.” In the presence of catalysts or initiators, the monomer yields a polymer by the joining together of n-mars. If n is a small number, 2–10, the products are dimmers, trimers, tetramers, or oligomers, and the materials are usually gases, liquids, oils, or brittle solids. In most solid polymers, n has values ranging from a few score to several hundred thousand, and the corresponding

molecular weights range from a few thousand to several million. The end groups of this example of addition polymers are shown to be fragments of the initiator. If only one monomer is polymerized, the product is called a homopolymer. The polymerization of a mixture of two monomers of suitable reactivity leads to the formation of a copolymer, a polymer in which the two types of mer units have entered the chain in a more or less random fashion. If chains of one homopolymer are chemically joined to chains of another, the product is called a block or graft copolymer. COMPOSITES Composite is any material made of more than one component. There are a lot of composites around you. Concrete is a composite. It's made of cement, gravel, and sand, and often has steel rods inside to reinforce it. Those shiny balloons you get in the hospital when you're sick are made of a composite, which consists of a polyester sheet and an aluminum foil sheet, made

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x International Journal of Biomechanics & Biodynamics x International Journal of Fluid Dynamics and Mechanics x International Journal Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements 2 more...

6 more...

Chemical Engineering x International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

5 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture

Composite Materials 2 more...

2 more...

& Matrices

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering

JAN â&#x20AC;&#x201C; JUNE 2016 5 more...

IJCMM

4 more...

Material Sciences and Engineering

Nanotechnology

5 more...

Physics

Chemistry

5 more...

Nursing

Biotechnology x x x x x

4 more...