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International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives is a comprehensive journal that covers all aspects of Electrical Machines & Drives and their integration into recent technologies that are the focus of ongoing research. Journal has a wider scope including all major advancement in the technology and design that are related to Electrical Machines & Drives. All articles presented here are peer-reviewed and are of good quality.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! Electromagnetics and Energy Conversion ! AC Systems and 3 Phase Circuits ! Synchronous Machines ! Adjustable Torque Drives ! DC and AC electric motor drives ! Electric Motor Drives ! Motor controller algorithm ! Microcontroller or digital signal processor ! Fault protection and diagnostics ! Power Electronics and Pulsed Power

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Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. D. K. Bhalla Bhagwant Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, India

Dr. Phool Singh Chauhan Chemical Engineering Department, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, India

Dr Kaliappan E EEE Department, Jaya Engineering College, Anna University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Dheeraj Joshi Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department DTU, Delhi, India

Dr. Deepa K Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore, India

Dr Chetan Khemraj GNA Institute of Management & Technology, Phagwara, Punjab, India

Dr. Sanjevi Kumar Padmanaban Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

Dr. Mallikarjuna Rao Pasumarthi Department of Electrical Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India

Dr. Vijay Raj Singh Physics, Boston University, USA

Dr. Ganesh Kumar Srinivasan Anna University, Tamil Nadu, India

Manish Kumar Srivastava Department Electrical Engineering, Allahabad Institute of Engineering & Technology, Allahabad, India

Ankur Ganguly Batanagar Institute of Engineering Management & Science, Techno India Group, Kolkata, India

Hemant Kumar Nayak Department Of Mechanical Engineering, NIST, Palur Hills, Berhampur, Odisha, India

Vijay Bhuria Department of Electrical Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior, India

Senthil Venkatesalu Center For Automation Technology, Cochin, India

D.K. Chaturvedi Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engg, D.E.I., Dayalbagh, Agra, India

Mr. Vijender Kumar Begari, Al â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Rashid Trading and Contracting Company (RTCC), Saudi Arabia

Mohammad Yasir, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Integral University campus Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Aseem Chandel B.S.A College of Engineering and Technology, Mathura,, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives. This journal is part of the Electrical Machines & Drives, and is devoted to the scope of present Electrical Engineering issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Electrical Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Electrical Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, welltime & successfully. International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Electromagnetics and Energy Conversion, AC Systems and 3 Phase Circuits, Synchronous Machines, Adjustable Torque Drives, DC and AC electric motor drives, Electric Motor Drives, Motor controller algorithm, Microcontroller or digital signal processor, Fault protection and diagnostics, Power Electronics and Pulsed Power. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Electrical Machines & Drives and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Electrical Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this very first issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Electrical Machines & Drives. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Electrical Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Electrical Engineering. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. A Review on Comparison of Wind Energy Conversion Systems Piyush Jain, Jeetu Khan, Vijay Bhuria

2. Comparison Between Direct Power Control and Direct Torque Control of Induction Motor Drive Hossein Rahimi Khoei

3. Design and Development of a Safe, Intelligent Moving Machine A. Yadav, D.K. Chaturvedi

4. Transient Analysis of Self-Excited Induction Generator With Electronic Load Controller (ELC) Rahul Gupta, Aseem Chandel, Girijapati Sharma, Raj Kumar Baghel

5. Designing of a New MPPT Technique: A Conceptual Review Aayush Sharma, Ashish Jangid

6. Progressive Control of LMW Turbine Using RGMO in Thermal Power Station J. Ezhil Hannah, E. Mahalakshmi, I. Shaba, S. Vinoth Kumar

7. Implementation of Multilevel Inverter Fed Induction Motor Drive Using ANFIS E. Mahalakshmi, M. Germin Nisha

International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Review on Comparison of Wind Energy Conversion Systems Piyush Jain*, Jeetu Khan, Vijay Bhuria Department of Electrical Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract This review paper is towards the comparison of the conversion used for variable speed wind electric generation system. In this paper we review the generators that are used for the variable speed generation. In variable speed wind energy conversion system (WECS), the frequency with which the rotor rotates varies and to keep the output of generator with fixed frequency load is fed through back to back converter. Variable speed wind turbine is required to track Maximum power point tracking so that maximum power can be extracted at all speed. Keywords: DFIG, PMSG, variable speed wind turbine, wind energy conversion system

INTRODUCTION As we all know due to environment concern the Wind based systems are mostly used in the field of power generation. Hence a vast Research is going on to increase the power and efficiency of wind power plant and decrease the cost and losses of the system. In 1888 the first wind powered electricity was produced by a machine built by Charles F. Brush in Cleveland, Ohio. The rated power of machine is 12 KW (DC). Till 1930’s direct current electricity production continued in the form of small scale, stand alone systems. In 1941 the first machine that feeds AC power to the grid is developed.[1–5] Wind power mainly depends on weather and geographic conditions and varies from time to time. Hence it is necessary to construct a system that can generate maximum power for all operating conditions.[6–9] Modern wind turbines are very advanced machine they can generate power for all operating conditions. Two configurations used for wind energy conversion system (i) standalone system (ii) grid connected systems. In standalone systems direct load is supplied it is mainly used in the remote areas and in grid connected systems power

is fed to the grid and then distributed to the load. Utility system guarantees a backup power in situations where wind availability is insufficient. The acceptable power of wind turbines is also increasing and presently in the range of few MW. To increase the power level higher voltage generators are being proposed. Now the power rating of most popular large variable speed wind turbines are about 1.5–3 MW, recently 7 MW wind turbines has also appeared and 10 MW wind turbines are under development.[10,11] WIND POWER GENERATION The powers is captured from wind by wind turbines by means of its aerodynamically designed blades and convert it into rotating mechanical power. This rotating Mechanical power is used to drive generator, which will produce electrical power. The amount of power extracted from wind turbine is given by equation:[7] PM = ½ ρACPVW3 Eq. (1) 1. 8–19p.

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International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Comparison Between Direct Power Control and Direct Torque Control of Induction Motor Drive Hossein Rahimi Khoei Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technical and Professional University Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran

Abstract This paper presents a comparative study between direct torque control (DTC) and direct power control (DPC) of Induction motor drive. The comparison is based on various criteria including basic control characteristics, dynamic performance, and implementation complexity. The simulation and evaluation of both control strategies are performed using actual parameters of Induction Motor fed by an PWM inverter. The simulation results show good performance of both methods. Keywords: direct power control (DPC), direct torque control (DTC), flux control, induction motors (IMs)

INTRODUCTION Induction motors are the most regularly utilized electric drives as a part of the commercial enterprises because of its strength, less upkeep, and ease. The electric drives must have great element reaction to react to little changes in the load or in the reference speeds.[1,2] The control schemes available for the induction motor drives are the scalar control (v/f), vector or field oriented control (FOC), direct torque and flux control (DTC) and direct power control (DPC). The first one is considered as scalar control since it adjusts only magnitude and frequency of the voltage or current with no concern about the instantaneous values of motor quantities. It does not require knowledge of parameters of the motor, and it is an open-loop control. Thus, it is a low cost simple solution for low-performance applications such as fans and pumps. The other two methods are in the space vector control category because they utilize both

magnitude and angular position of space vectors of motor variables, such as the voltage and flux. They are employed in high performance applications, such as positioning drives or electric vehicles.[3,4] Direct power control is a control technique that straightforwardly chooses output voltage vector states taking into account the power and flux mistakes utilizing hysteresis controllers and without utilizing current loops. In this admiration, it is likely to understand direct torque control (DTC) strategy portrayed in the literary works for different AC motors.[5] What is in common among these applications is that they all are power output devices needed to provide real power to the load. DPC technique basically is applied to generators, but it has been tried to employ it to control of electrical motors instead of DTC technique, due to problems of torque estimation and dependency to the motorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s parameters in DTC. In this way, DPC strategy appreciates all favorable circumstances of DTC, for example, quick

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International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Design and Development of a Safe, Intelligent Moving Machine A. Yadav*, D.K. Chaturvedi Department of Electrical Engineering, DEI, Dayalbagh, Agra, India

Abstract The intelligent moving machine is design for fast response, cost effective and it avoided the obstacle in his path so it is called safe intelligent moving machine (SIMM).An introduction of intelligent behavior of moving machine that can adapt the change as like environment. Also describes the application of intelligent machines. And also the difference between programmed behaviors is given and intelligence. This work presents design and development of an Automatic intelligent system for industrial environment using LabVIEW and its realtime hardware implementation. The machine moves forward, backward, left and right through the signals supplied by the control station. LabVIEW programming has been proved to be more efficient than microcontroller to track this intelligent moving machine with the help of DAQ.The additional feature is that our vehicle is also identifying the obstacle in its path when it moving and give necessary control commands to avoid it. Keywords: hardware implementation, LabVIEW programming, motor drive, sensor

INTRODUCTION The Intelligent moving machine which may avoid the obstacle, move intelligently and reach to the destination safely, accurately in minimum time and minimum cost. Earlier many moving machines were developed using different techniques for a real time path finder system. ManIntelligent moving machine has become an important topic in the robots community. An advanced intelligent moving machine must integrate capabilities to detect humanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s presence in their vicinity and interpret their motion for an active interaction; the machine must also be able to track the static and dynamic obstacle in its path. The humans and moving machines coexist, closely interact and perform a certain amount of work. This research work is divided into two parts.The first part deals with the development of Safe Intelligent Moving Machine (SIMM), which maintains a certain relative positional relationship between the human and moving machine.

The moving machine can carry loads that are required by people working in hospitals, airports, and industries etc. These machines are considered as an intelligent moving machine because they are able to interact with its environment and learn from the surroundings automatically. Interacting with nature and indoor situation involves learning and adaptation from changing environment. The intelligent machine can work as an assistant for humans in various situations. The second part of work related to the intelligent moving machine is obstacle avoidance in real time situation. The real time obstacle avoidance system of intelligent moving machines will be developed with help of soft computing techniques.

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International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Transient Analysis Of Self Excited Induction Generator With Electronic Load Controller (ELC) Rahul Gupta, Aseem Chandel*, Girijapati Sharma, Raj Kumar Baghel B.S.A College of Engineering and Technology, Mathura, India

Abstract Fast depletion of fossil fuels has drawn attention towards the use of nonconventional energy sources like wind, biomass, tidal/wave, and small hydro potential. In remote locations, harnessing of electrical energy from such local resources can be cheaper and easier compared to grid connection, which involves long transmission lines and associated losses. A micro-hydro system using natural hydro potential with minimal civil works is a strong candidate in this race. Uncontrolled low head turbines are prescribed for such applications. In this paper, a transient investigation of a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) with electronic load controller (ELC) utilized as a part of stand-alone smaller scale hydro power generation utilizing uncontrolled turbines. In perspective of the need to sustained single phase loads from such frameworks, the transient behavior because of switching in of such loads is of interest and is completed here. A composite scientific model of the total framework has been created by consolidating the demonstrating of prime mover, SEIG, ELC, and load. Simulated results are contrasted and the exploratory ones, acquired on a created model of a SEIG-ELC framework for the beginning of an IM and switching in a resistive load. For the beginning of an IM, a star/delta starter is utilized to stay away from inrush current. Keywords: dump load, ELC, induction generator, PI controller

INTRODUCTION As the fast degrading of fossil fuels, there is a demand of sources which are nonconventional like solar, wind, tidal, geothermal energy etc. A hydro power generation is the main source which requires a minimum work to establish this and it is very economical. .So this generation is very easy to operate. So, to maintain the input power constant for the different types of applications three types of turbine are used low, medium and high head.[1-5] At a far distance the controlling of energy which is obtained from local sites or places is available at very minimum cost. Constant power is required by the SEIG at different varying loads so for this purpose we use the most

commonly device controller (ELC).

Electronic

Load

A system which we have to use for the load which is to be controlled by an uncontrolled rectifier system. His system is to be controlled by varying the on-off period of dc to dc converter to maintain the demand of consumer is to be constant for electronic load controller.[2] The load which we have to obtain for variation of duty cycle of chopper is used for various static and dynamic loads and can be operated for electrical devices like fan, tube lights, mixer, and grinder and also used for welding, heating and illumination. The loads which we have used will give transient or distorted waveforms. This can

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International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Designing of a New MPPT Technique: A Conceptual Review Aayush Sharma, Ashish Jangid Eletrical Engineer

Abstract Each day sun illuminates the whole earth by rising in east and setting in the west. The parallel rays of the sun irradiating directly gives the best output and hence the panel must directly face the sun throughout the day for maximum efficiency. The designed tracker will be made without the use of sensors and will be controlled using controllers and electric drivers. The system can be programmed to rotate at various step angles as per need and also the sensitivity of the system can also be altered giving much greater flexibility and advantages over traditional systems. The system has been designed for single axis tracking but the algorithm can be extended to be used for dual axis tracking as well. Keywords: controllers, electric drivers, MPPT, sensor less tracker

INTRODUCTION Renewable energy is the source of energy which can be reused, replenished, and recycled again and again. It is nonexhaustible sources of energy. The most common available source of energy is sun. Sun has been an indispensable part of mankind since its existent. It is the prime sources of energy. Energy obtained by sun is known as solar energy. It comes from the light of sun, which makes it as a renewable source of energy which is pollution free. The most basic unit which is used to harness this energy is called solar cell that convert the sunlight into electrical energy. Although the solar radiation is relatively constant outside the earth atmosphere but its local climate influence which leads to wide variation of solar irradiance value from place to place on earth surface. Due to the relative motion of sun with respect to earth surfaces at different orientation permit these surfaces to catch different amount of solar irradiance. The three basic parameters which determine any solar

energy conversion system are amount, quality and the timing of available solar irradiance at that site. With the constant depletion of conventional sources of energy, the use of solar energy has become a foremost requirement. To make solar energy more viable, the efficiency of solar array systems must be maximized. A feasible approach to maximizing the efficiency of solar array systems is sun tracking. Currently a lot of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques based on current and real time analysis are being used to harness maximum amount of solar energy but these current MPPT techniques have some serious disadvantages associated with them like abnormal behavior of the algorithm due to rapid change of solar irradiance, shadowing of panel which would cause the additional task of reframing the algorithm, simultaneously these[1] methods vary in complexity, sensors required, convergence speed, cost, range of effectiveness, implementation

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International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Progressive Control of LMW Turbine Using RGMO in Thermal Power Station J. Ezhil Hannah*, E. Mahalakshmi, I. Shaba, S. Vinoth Kumar Department of EEE, V.V. College of Engineering, Tirunelveli, India

Abstract Frequency instability happens because of the misalliance among load and generation brought about by tripping of generators and/or dismissal of loads offering ascend to a sudden change in frequency. It is essential for the operators and controllers to oversee distribution services productively to keep up unwavering quality of the power system. When the turbogenerator is on bars, the governor of the turbine responds to a change in frequency by varying the control valve lift and thus varying the generation. As per the CERC guidelines, Thermal generating sets with a capacity of more than 200 MW should be under restricted governing mode of operation. Our project is being developed using PIC microcontroller. Keywords: frequency modulation, LMW turbine, RGMO, PIC

INTRODUCTION By applying RGMO, the LMW turbine can be measured which in order it regulates the load and recompenses the grid frequency. In RGMO, all generating units operating will generally be accomplished of promptly picking up 5% extra load for at least 6 minutes and reimburses the unexpected drop in the grid frequency. In LMW turbine, the nozzles are governed by hydro mechanical governing system restricted free governing mode of operation (FGMO) are being proposed in the thermal power plant. Because the frequency set point is not fixed and it is floating. The floating set point frequency varies depends upon the turbine speed. If the change of frequency is maintained between minimum 3 minutes to maximum 6 then that frequency is set as floating set point and the load change is done according to the requirement. This paper deals about implementing RGMO technique to control the turbine speed, frequency and constant load changes.[1–5] TURBINE GOVERNING

Turbine governing arrangement is intended for directive of turbine speed underneath no load and variable load state. It assistances in specific control of grid frequency beneath normal operation and keeps the machine as well as grid throughout substitute situation. Here are two kinds of governing in thermal power plant specifically. (a) Mechanical hydraulic governing by using speeder gear and starting device (b) Electro hydraulic governing using (1) Speed control loop (2) Load control loop (3) Pressure control loop In LMW turbine, if the load increases, the steam admission is increased through 4 control valves. Hence, to increase the load the control valves are to be opened and to decrease the load the control valves are to be closed. The RGMO technique is used widely in KMW turbine.

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International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Implementation of Multilevel Inverter Fed Induction Motor Drive Using ANFIS E. Mahalakshmi, M. Germin Nisha Department of EEE, V.V. College of Engineering, Thisayanvillai, Tuticorin, India

Abstract This paper reflects the medium-voltage (MV) multilevel converter with a motive on attaining less harmonic distortion and better efficiency at low switching frequency operation. Using Synchronous Optimal Pulse width Modulation technique generating of gate signals for hybrid cascaded multilevel inverter at low switching frequency is to be achieved. In projected inverter the number of DC sources in cascaded hybrid MLI is concentrated by integrating of diodes and capacitors. This type of hybrid cascaded multilevel inverter permits operation at multiple of dc-link voltage and lessen the total harmonic distortion (THD). Low switching frequency brings down the switching losses of the power semiconductor devices. This multilevel inverter is used for fed the induction motor drive to improve the settling time, dynamic response and stability. The ANFIS controller is used to control the inverter switching frequency to get faster settling time and good stability. Keywords: ANFIS, multilevel inverter, SOP, total harmonic

INTRODUCTION Inverters are used to provide power to electronics devices in the case of a power outage or for activities such as camping, where no power is available. The inverter converts a direct current (DC) or battery power into an alternating current (AC) or household power. The lot of industrial applications require high power apparatus in recent years. Some of the medium and high voltage motor drives, utility applications require medium voltage and megawatt power level. For a medium voltage grid, it is problem to connect only one power semiconductor switch directly. As a result multilevel inverter structure has brought in for high power and medium voltage application. A multilevel inverter not only achieves high power ratings and also enables to use in on renewable energy sources. Renewable

energy sources such as photovoltaic, wind and fuel cells are easily interfaced with the multilevel converter system for a high power application. The concept of multilevel inverters brought in since 1975.[1] The term multilevel commenced with the three level inverters.[2] Afterwards, several multilevel inverter topologies have been formulated. However, the elementary concept of a multilevel inverter is used to achieve higher power by use a series of power semiconductor switches with several dc voltage sources to perform the power changeover by synthesizing a staircase voltage waveform. Renewable sources like solar, wind mills, batteries, capacitors are used as a multiple dc sources in order that achieved expected voltage, nevertheless, the valued voltage of

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