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International Journal of Concrete Technology

International Journal of Concrete Technology is an international peer-reviewed journal that covers all topics related to advancement in concrete technology i.e., from the types of different concrete mixtures, its various parameters, techniques, equipment design and more. This journal encompasses both experimental as well as theoretical articles and review papers of pronounced importance.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! Advanced concrete technology !

Self-drying concrete technology

Concrete leveling

Concrete mixer

Concrete masonry unit

Concrete moisture meter

Concrete plant

Concrete recycling

Reinforced concrete

International Journals of Concrete Technology is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Prof. A. F. M. Saiful Amin Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh Univeristy of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Dr. Hasan Dilbas Yildiz Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Civil Engineering Department, Davutpasa Campus, Istanbul Turkey

Dr. J. Karthikeyan Department Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Mujahid Faiyaz Hussain Shram Sadhna Trust's College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori,Jalgaon, India

Dr. P. Ratish Kumar Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India

Dr. Samer Al- Martini Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Abu Dhabi University, United Arab Emirates

Dr. Anil Kumar Sachan Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India

Dr. Saleem Muhammad Department of Basic Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Dammam, Saudi Arabia

Rakesh Mehar, Transportation Engineering Department, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, MP, India

Shalem Ernest Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Raipur, India

Prof. Saad Issa Sarsam University of Baghdad, Iraq

Dr. Cengiz Duran Atis ERCIYES University, Turkey

Zhenjun He North China University of Technology, China

Mohamed Heikal Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Saudi Arabia

M. N. Islam National University of Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia

C. M. Tam Department of Building and Construction, City University of Hong Kong, China

Dr. Pradeep Kumar Agarwal, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, M.P., India

Dr. G. Nandini Devi, Professor, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. R. Srinivasa Kumar, Assistant Professor (Senior Scale) Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering Osmania University, Hyderabad, India

Sandeep Choudhary Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, MP, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Pradeep Kumar Agarwal Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal (MP), India

Dr. G. Nandini Devi Professor, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, Tamil Nadu 635109

Dr. R. Srinivasa Kumar Assistant Professor (Senior Scale) Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering Osmania University, Hyderabad, India

Rajan Wankhade Assistant Professor Applied Mechanics Department Government College of Engineering, Karad Maharashtra, India, India

Rakesh Mehar Transportation Engineering Department, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal (MP), INDIA, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Concrete Technology. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Concrete Technology, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Concrete Technology as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Concrete Technology in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Concrete Technology in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Concrete Technology focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of advanced concrete technology, self-drying concrete technology, cement accelerator, concrete canoe, concrete leveling, concrete plant, and concrete recycling. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Concrete Technology and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Concrete Technology community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Concrete Technology. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of Journals Pub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Concrete Technology readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Concrete Technology. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Prediction of Compressive Strength of Concrete with Decision Trees Saha Dauji

2. Re-characterization of Strength Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Using Non-bituminous Modifier – Candle Wax Enwuso A. Igwe, Jonah C. Agwunwamba

3. A Review on Use of Recycled Aggregates Tej Prakash Kumawat, Avanish Kumar Mishra

4. Tensile Strain Reduction in Asphalt Concrete Mixtures through Rubberization at the Asphalt Bound – Subgrade Layer Interface Enwuso A. Igwe

International Journal of Concrete Technology Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Prediction of Compressive Strength of Concrete with Decision Trees Saha Dauji* Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India

Abstract In the past few researchers predicted the compressive strength of concrete from its ingredients employing data driven technique like Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Decision Tree (DT). For Indian concrete records, only one study was available which had employed ANN for prediction. Evaluation of different performance metrics indicated that there was scope of improvement in the prediction performance. In this paper experimental data from the literature was utilized for development of prediction models with the datadriven technique: Decision Tree (DT). While it is difficult to appreciate the underlying rationale for the predictions by ANN, predictions by DT are rule based which can be easily listed and comprehended by users. Decision tree gave better overall performance compared to ANN models reported in the literature as was ascertained by higher correlation, lesser root mean square error and mean absolute error. In the end, interpretation of the decision rules had been attempted. Keywords: compressive strength, concrete, decision tree, prediction

BACKGROUND Concrete is a mixture of aggregates both coarse and fine which is held together in cement and water paste. Other ingredients can include silica flume, fly ash, superplasticizers or additives for enhanced properties in case of high performance concrete (HPC). Owing to the progressive hydration of the cement and other binders the strength of concrete increases with age. The compressive strength of concrete at any particular time is influenced by many factors including mix proportions, curing conditions and methods of mixing, transporting, placing and testing the concrete. The prediction of concrete strength assumes importance in the modernized concrete construction and engineering. It is useful for estimating the time for concrete form removal, re-shoring

for slab, project scheduling and quality control.[1] For prediction of the strength of concrete at various ages, the traditional approaches are based on maturity concept where the time and the temperature above datum temperature are primarily considered. Such models are available in form of equations with certain number of parameters, and these would have been developed on limited data. Thus, any variation in the ingredients could result in erroneous predictions and would call for either new value of parameters or even new form of equation. Data driven tools like Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Decision Tree (DT) does not need a-priori definition of the relationship between the different

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International Journal of Concrete Technology Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Re-characterization of Strength Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Using Non-bituminous Modifier – Candle Wax Enwuso A. Igwe1, Jonah C. Agwunwamba2 1

Department of Civil Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria 2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

Abstract Improving the performance of asphalt concrete mixtures synonymous with flexible pavement has been a major concern in highway engineering. However, design of flexible pavement begins with proper material characterization to ensure that designs are appropriate. It is also pertinent to say that sometimes if not most times the properties of the individual materials that make up the pavement structure falls short of desired expectations. This has led to exploring techniques that will help improve the properties of the pavement structure. The present research therefore focused on re-characterizing the strength properties and in particular stability and density of asphalt concrete mixtures that simulate flexible pavements by the inclusion of candle wax as a modifying agent. The research was carried out for three categories of traffic – light, medium and heavy respectively and modifications were made by adding 5–25% of the candle wax at optimum content. The results obtained revealed the following; percent increase in stability – 36% for light traffic, 44.4% for medium traffic and 17.3% for heavy traffic at a threshold candle wax content of 15%. Similarly, results for density increase were – 14.6% for light traffic, 15.5% for medium traffic and 15.7% for heavy traffic at a threshold candle wax content of 15%. Keywords: asphalt concrete and candle wax, density, re-characterization, stability.

INTRODUCTION In highway engineering and in particular pavement design, the term characterization of pavement materials refers to the evaluation of the properties of the individual materials that make up the pavement. Also it includes the evaluating the properties of the pavement as a conglomerate such that its performance during use is sufficient to sustain the various loading conditions (traffic, thermal, moisture, wind etc) during the design period without deterioration, deformation or failure.

The importance of characterization of pavement materials is that it helps the engineer to know whether or not a material will be suitable to achieve desired results in terms of performance during the design period. The philosophy behind recharacterization of pavement materials stems from the fact that most times the individual materials that make up a pavement structure falls short of required standards and stipulations. In effect when designs are carried out such as mix design and structural designs the pavement performance is likely to fall short of desired expectations. This has led to deliberate efforts to either improve the

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International Journal of Concrete Technology Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Review on Use of Recycled Aggregates Tej Prakash Kumawat*, Avanish Kumar Mishra Department of Civil Engineering, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India

Abstract Conservation of natural resources and preservation of environment is the essence of any modern development. Recycled Aggregates are made from material which is usually recovered from demolition projects then crushed, screened and washed to produce the required grading. The recycled coarse aggregates obtained by crushed concrete were used for concrete production. Generally recycled aggregates are cheaper than quarried aggregates although this does not make them any less suitable. Recycled aggregates are the materials for the future. These are eco-friendly materials and it also reduces the cost of making concrete. Keywords: concrete, natural resources, recycled aggregates

INTRODUCTION Conservation of natural resources and preservation of environment is the essence of any modern development. Recycled Aggregates are made from material which is usually recovered from demolition projects then crushed, screened and washed to produce the required grading. The recycled coarse aggregates obtained by crushed concrete were used for concrete production. Generally recycled aggregates are cheaper than quarried aggregates although this does not make them any less suitable. Recycled aggregates are the materials for the future. Urbanization growth rate in India is very high due to industrialization. Growth rate of India is reaching 9% of GDP. Rapid infrastructure development requires a large quantity of construction materials, land requirements & the site. For large construction, concrete is preferred as it has longer life, low maintenance cost & better performance. For achieving GDP rate, smaller structures are demolished & new towers are constructed. Protection of

environment is a basic factor which is directly connected with the survival of the human race. Parameters like environmental consciousness, protection of natural resources, sustainable development, play an important role in modern requirements of construction works. Due to modernization, demolished materials are dumped on land & not used for any purpose. Such situations affect the fertility of land. As per report of Hindu online of March 2007, India generates 23.75 million tons demolition waste annually. As per report of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Delhi, in India, 48million tons solid waste is produced out of which 14.5 million ton waste is produced from the construction waste sector, out of which only 3% waste is used for embankment. Out of the total construction demolition waste, 40% is of concrete, 30% ceramics, 5% plastics, 10% wood, 5% metal, & 10% other mixtures. As reported by global insight, growth in global construction sector predicts an increase in construction spending of 4800

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Tensile Strain Reduction in Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Through Rubberization at the Asphalt Bound – Subgrade Layer Interface Enwuso A. Igwe* Department of Civil Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Abstract Tensile strains are major contributors in determining the fatigue life of asphalt concrete pavement because they are responsible for fatigue cracking. Therefore, knowledge of strains and their role is of vital importance to the Highway Engineer. However, the focus of the present study was to investigate measures by which these damage contributing factor – “tensile strain” could be reduced at the interface of the asphalt concrete – subgrade layer. The methodology involved introducing rubber latex at the optimum asphalt content of the asphalt concrete mixtures in order to alter the properties of the concrete. Results revealed that the introduction of rubber latex at varying amounts of 0-3% into the asphalt concrete mixtures reduced the tensile strains from 9.74 × 104–4.27 × 104 at loading frequency of 1 Hz, 10.13 × 104–4.52 × 104 at loading frequency of 5 Hz and 10.87 × 104–5.46 × 104 at loading frequency of 10 Hz, respectively. In addition, results further revealed that as tensile strain levels reduced the fatigue life of the asphalt concrete in terms of no. of load cycles to failure increased. This was true for all categories of loading frequencies considered. Keywords: asphalt concrete, reduction, rubberization, tensile strain

INTRODUCTION Asphalt concrete pavement (i.e., flexible pavements), one of the largest infrastructure components in some parts of the developed nations like the United States, is a complex system that involves multiple layers of different materials, various combinations of irregular traffic loading, and varying environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture and oxidation rates.[1] Therefore, a realistic prediction of the long-term service life of asphalt pavements is one of the most challenging tasks for pavement engineers in Highway Engineering. It is general knowledge among pavement engineers that the performance of asphalt concrete pavements (i.e. flexible pavement) is closely related to the performance of asphalt concrete. Thus, proper evaluation of the performance and behavior of asphalt

concrete is of great importance; therefore performance models of asphalt concrete provides the links among various processes involved in asphalt mix design, pavement structure design, construction, and rehabilitation. Also asphalt mixture is a composite material of graded aggregates bound with a mastic mortar. The physical properties and performance of HMA is governed by the properties of the aggregate (e.g., shape, surface texture, gradation, skeletal structure, modulus, etc.); properties of the asphalt binder (e.g., grade, complex modulus, relaxation characteristics, cohesion, etc.), and asphalt aggregate interaction (e.g., adhesion, absorption, physiochemical interactions,

Page 26

« « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

1 more...

Civil Engineering

« International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Jan – June 2016

Pollution

Architecture

« « « « «

Concrete Technology IJCT

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

5 more...

Signals

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences