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International Journal of Biomedical Engineering International Journals Publisher

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International Journal of Biomedical Engineering

International Journal of Biomedical Engineering is Bone plates, bone cements, cell biomaterial are the focused area of the journal. Journal is a peer-reviewed journal that accepts both research and review papers. Experimental and theoretical papers are accepted in this journal.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Bone plates

! Bone cement ! Artificial ligaments and tendons ! Dental implants for tooth fixation ! Blood vessel prostheses ! Heart valves ! Skin repair devices ! Surface modification of biomaterials with proteins ! Synthetic biodegradable polymer ! Drug and gene vector design ! Cell biomaterial

International Journals of Biomedical Engineering is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub-An International Journal is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Bhanu Kiran Goriparthi GITAM University Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh India,

Dr. Pierson Rathinaraj Institute of Bio-Medical Technologies Auckland University of Technology Auckland, New Zealand.1142, New Zealand

Prof. Nil Ratan Bandyopadhyay School of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, India

Bimal Prasad Singh CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Dr. Omprakash Yemul SRTM University Nanded, India

Dr. S. Krishnakumar Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama University, Chennai, India

Dr. Tapati Jana Sarojini Naidu College for Women, Dumdum, Kolkata, (West Bengal) India

Dr. PV. Mohanan Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

Dr. Rajesh Das Department of Applied Sciences, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, (West Bengal) India

Dr. Neeraj R. Prasad Dept of Nanoscience and Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharastra, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Biomedical Engineering. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Biomedical Engineering issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Biomedical Engineering as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Biomedical Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International journals of Biomedical Engineering in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Biomedical Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journals of Biomedical Engineering focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Bone plates, Bone cement, Dental implants for tooth fixation, Heart valves, Skin repair devices, Synthetic biodegradable polymer and Drug and gene vector design. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Biomedical Engineering and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Biomedical Engineering. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Biomedical Engineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Biomedical Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of it. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Study of Physical Condition of Human Kidney Cells Shruti Mishra

2. Microbial Fuel Cell Technology Used for Increased Electricity Generation Abhilasha Singh

3. A Unique Practice to Unite Nature and Disease Chandani Gupta

4. Discovering Color Blindness Using Algorithm Srinivasulu Dhankla

5. Recognizable Proof of Specificity Determining Positions through Phylogenetic Studies Vikas Singh

International Journal of Biomedical Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Study of Physical Condition of Human Kidney Cells Shruti Mishra* Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Micro and Nano Characterization Facility, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Abstract The present work manages the strategy representing examining acoustic magnifying instrument (SAM) for non-damaging testing of organic specimens (liver cells and kidney cells). Acoustic microscopy was performed on liver cells and kidney cells for measuring their thickness furthermore to decide their shapes. This system was likewise utilized for assessment of interior harm to cells. SAM pictures were taken for further subjective and quantitative evaluations. Utilizing the quantitative information got from the different output modes (A, B, C-Scans), the season of flight and henceforth the material thickness and sound speed are ascertained. Keywords: scanning acoustic microscopy, non-destructive testing, liver cells and kidney cells

INTRODUCTION A Basic Introduction to Human Liver Cells Liver is the biggest compound organ and boss metabolic organ. The liver has an

extensive variety of capacities, including detoxification of different metabolites, protein amalgamation, and the creation of biochemicals essential for processing.

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Microbial Fuel Cell Technology Used for Increased Electricity Generation Abhilasha Sinha* Department of Biotechnology, Kite Engineering College, Vadodra, India

Abstract The appropriate, sagacious and imperativeness capable wastewater treatment remains a curious stress among specialists. Microbial vitality segment (MFC) can offer such lovely game plans. MFC is an electrochemical structure that followers invention essentialness of engineered blends into force by method for metabolic activities of microorganisms. MFCs are useful methodology for wastewater treatment in light of ejection of contaminants from wastewater while meanwhile conveying electrical power. The wastewater, which is a wellspring of enumerable extremophilic microbial verdure, is used as inoculum as a part of various late studies. Keywords: bioelectricity, domestic wastewater, inoculums

INTRODUCTION Microbial power modules (MFCs) are electrochemical gadgets that change over the concoction vitality contained in natural matter into power by method for the synergist (metabolic) action of living microorganisms. A run of the mill MFC comprises of anode and cathode isolated by a cation-particular layer. In the anode council of an MFC, microorganisms oxidize fuel (substrate) producing electrons and protons. Electrons are exchanged through an outside circuit while the protons diffuse through the answer for the cathode, where electrons consolidate with protons and oxygen to shape water. As of late, MFCs are getting more ubiquity because of their viability to create power alongside wastewater treatment. Wastewater is a prime wellspring of toxins and enumerable extremophilic microbial greenery. Extremophiles present in the wastewater itself can be used in MFCs. However these organisms are of heterogeneous nature and lead to normal IJBE (2016) 6-9 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved

execution. Wastewater molding with some extra effective microorganisms can quicken the execution of MFC. Since ages, humanity and yeast built up a cooperative relationship.[1–5] MATERIALS AND METHODS Domestic Wastewater Wastewater test was gathered from the grounds waste treatment plant. Spot tests were gathered and transported to the research facility for physicochemical investigation. These parameters incorporate pH, all out disintegrated solids, all out suspended solids, shading, synthetic oxygen request (COD) and natural oxygen request (BOD). Every example was left undisturbed for 24 h at 35°C under anaerobic conditions to settle the strong particulate substance before examination. Wastewater test was kept in a fridge at 4°C, when not being used. The examples were separated into two

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A Unique Practice to Unite Nature and Disease Chandani Gupta* Department of Biotechnology, Shree Ramkrishna Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Surat, Gujarat, India

Abstract The most primitive and powerful technique from pre-notable time to recuperate wounds, cure illness and calm enduring; is treatment with the assistance of plants concentrate. Imperviousness to hostile to microbial operators has led to treatment disappointment and the movement of therapeutic consideration from conventional to natural pharmaceutical. The greater part of the home grown solutions being used anticipate approval of their asserted impacts and potentially the advancement of novel antimicrobial medications from them. All aspects of plant from root to tip can possibly be utilized as a part of the generation of medications against numerous ailments. Keywords: Apis melifera, Isatis microcarpa, lycopene, Momordica balsamina, natural products

INTRODUCTION The utilization of conventional drug to treat different contaminations created by certain pathogenic life forms has been honed following the source of humanity, and in past it was the main strategy accessible. Right now, because of the nonattendance of adequate current human services framework especially in country ranges, individuals want to visit customary healers and home grown prescriptions. A wealth of characteristic assets for therapeutic use exist around the world, of which numerous have not yet been misused for conceivable application in the pharmaceutical business. Characteristic sources incorporate plants, creatures, microorganisms and marine life. Plants are the most used common asset for applications in the pharmaceutical science and still include the main normal hotspot for new medications and lead mixes, because of their availability and wealth. The present survey paper offers an outline of mixes from various common sources

that have been found to show action against assorted sorts of illnesses.[1–7] Honey – The Natural Product for Antibacterial Activity Nectar created by bumble bees (Apis melifera) is one of the most established accessible customary medications thought to be critical in the treatment of respiratory affliction, gastrointestinal contamination and different infections. It has been utilized adequately as a dressing for wound, (counting surgical injuries), smolders and skin ulcers to diminish agony and smell rapidly. Nectar like other immersed sugar syrups and sugar glues, has an osmolarity adequate to hinder microbial development in the influenced zone or somewhere else. It has been contemplated that, nectar invigorates monocytes in cell societies to discharge the cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6, which are the cell errand people that enact the insusceptible reaction to disease.

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Discovering Color Blindness Using Algorithm Srinivasulu Dhankla* Department of CS and SE, AUCE (A), Vizag, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract This paper is planned to build up a back engendering counterfeit neural system (ANN) model that could recognize crop plants from weeds. Albeit just the shading records connected with picture pixels were utilized as inputs, it was accepted that the ANN model could build up the capacity to utilize other data, for example, shapes, verifiable in these information. The 756×504 pixel pictures were taken in the field and were then trimmed to 100×100-pixel pictures portraying stand out plant, either a corn plant or weeds. There were 40 pictures of corn and 40 of weeds. The capacity of the ANNs to separate weeds from corn was then tried on 20 different pictures. An aggregate of 10 pictures of corn plants and weeds were utilized for preparing purposes. For some ANNs, the achievement rate for characterizing corn plants was as high as 100%, though the most elevated achievement rate for weed acknowledgment was 80%. This is viewed as tasteful, given the constrained measure of preparing information and the PC equipment impediments. Accordingly, it is inferred that an ANN-based weed acknowledgment framework can possibly be utilized as a part of the exactness splashing of herbicides in horticultural fields. Keywords: achromatopsia, blue cone monochromatism, dyschromatopsia, horticulture

INTRODUCTION Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Biomedical Engineering is the use of personal computer innovation to the administration of natural data. Computers are utilized to accumulate, store, investigate and incorporate the natural and hereditary data which can then be connected to quality based medication disclosure and improvement. The requirement for biomedical capacities has been encouraged by the blast of openly accessible genomic data coming about because of the human genome venture.[1,2] Bioinformatics and Its Study The bioinformatics is the platform where merging of molecular biology with computer technology takes place. It is vital to the utilization of genomic data in comprehension of human diseases and in the distinguishing proof of new molecular

targets that focuses on medication disclosure. In acknowledgment of this, numerous colleges, government organization and numerous pharmaceutical firms have shaped bioinformatics bunches, comprising of computational researcher and bioinformatics computer researchers. Such gatherings will be keys to unwinding the mass of data created by extensive scale sequencing endeavors in progress in research centers the world over. Computational science and bioinformatics are multidisciplinary fields, including analysts from various ranges of claim to fame, including measurements, software engineering, material science, organic

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Recognizable Proof of Specificity Determining Positions through Phylogenetic Studies Vikas Singh* School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D. Y. Patil University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Abstract A constantly developing push to apply computational energy to the joined concoction and natural space with a specific end goal to streamline drug revelation, outline, improvement and enhancement can be accomplished through computational methodologies. Herpes simplex is a disease that is brought on by a herpes simplex infection (HSV), and is a standout amongst the most widely recognized human contaminations transmissible to a body site. Contamination with HSV can bring about a few illnesses running from obvious diseases and self-restricting cutaneous injuries to deadly encephalitis. In the present study, the computational methodology is being connected to distinguish the potential medication inhibitors and target receptors through computational displaying and medication planning strategies in which the abdominal muscle initio demonstrating was performed utilizing ITasser and docking was done utilizing Autodock Vina. Keywords: I-Tasser, MSA, Q-Site Finder

INTRODUCTION Herpes is a member of the family Herpesviridae which consists of enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses. The Herpesviridae family is divided into three major groups according to biological and genomic behavior including alpha-herpes viruses, beta-herpes viruses, and gammaherpes viruses. The alpha-herpes viruses encompass three major viruses which include herpes virus-1 (HSV-1), herpes virus-2 (HSV-2), and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Man serves as the sole natural host to these viruses. HSV-1 and HSV-2 are the most closely related out of all the herpes viruses with 60% genomic homology. Herpes simplex is a contamination that is brought on by a herpes simplex infection (HSV), and is a standout amongst the most widely

recognized human diseases transmissible to a body site. Contamination with HSV can bring about a few illnesses running from evident diseases and self-restricting cutaneous sores to deadly encephalitis. Essential disease happens through a break in the mucous layers of the mouth or throat, by means of the eye or privates or specifically by means of minor scraped areas in the skin. Beginning contamination is generally asymptomatic, despite the fact that there might be minor neighborhood vesicular injuries. There then takes after deep rooted idle contamination with intermittent reactivation. An idle disease is described by the nearness of viral genomes (in the cores of tactile neurons) and the nonappearance of

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