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International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies

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International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies eISSN: 2455-0345 International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies is a comprehensive journal that covers all aspects of Telecommunications and their integration into recent technologies that are the focus of ongoing research. Journal has a wider scope including all major advancement in the technology and design that are related to telecommunication. All articles presented here are peer-reviewed and are of good quality.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! Electrical and Electromagnetic Telecommunication Technologies ! Wavelength-division multiplexing ! Wired communication ! Fiber optics ! Digital revolution ! Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling ! Telecommunications environment ! Regulatory and privatization issues in telecommunications ! Media management ! Telematics and Telemetry

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Mr. Hardeep Singh Saini Professor, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indo Global College of Engineering, Mohali, Punjab, India

Dr. Sudhansu Sekhar Singh Professor and Program Head School Of Electronics Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India

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Ritesh C Sadiwala RKDF University Bhopal, India

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From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies. This journal is part of the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, and is devoted to the scope of present Electronics issues, from theoretical aspects to applicationdependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Electrical and Electromagnetic Telecommunication technologies, Wavelengthdivision multiplexing, Wired communication, Fiber optics, Digital revolution, Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling, Telecommunications environment, Regulatory and privatization issues in telecommunications, Media management, Telematics and Telemetry. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this very first issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Floating Tracking Cooling Concentrator (FTCC) System â&#x20AC;&#x201C; An Introduction Dheeraj Joshi, Simmi Sharma

2. Head Movement Based Controlling of Home Appliances for Physically Challenged Pratik Savadi

3. Model Simulation & Resource Allocation in Cognitive Radio System Swati, Deeksha Singh, Amit Yadav

4. Power Theft Identification Using Embedded System Rahul Saraf

5. Enabled Impairment Cognizant of Elastic Optical Networks by Traffic Grooming and Multipath Routing Deeksha Singh, Swati, Amit Yadav

6. A Review Analysis of Operating System Kernel Used in Distributed Systems and High Performance Computing Ankit Nahata, Deboshree Das, Runjhun Agrawal

7. Review on Cryptography Sonia, Sonia Chaudhary

International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies ISSN: 2455-0345 (Online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Floating Tracking Cooling Concentrator (FTCC) System – An Introduction Dheeraj Joshi1*, Simmi Sharma2 1

DTU, Delhi, India B.P.I.T, Delhi, India

Abstract In country like India, achieving energy security through sustainable technologies is the most challenging objective that needs to be fulfilled. Though Nuclear energy is expected to meet a part of India's energy demand by 2030 but it is an unsafe way of producing power as was seen in Japan’s nuclear plant. Solar energy is one of the best alternatives that can provide power requirements. Floating tracking cooling concentrator (FTCC) Systems are used to harness solar energy keeping in view the availability of 70% water on earth, decreasing land area due to increasing population, the efficiency degradation due to thermal drifts. This paper explains FTCC system and their role in widening the solar energy domains. Keywords: FTCC system, MPPT, solar inverter

INTRODUCTION Photovoltaic cells allow the direct conversion of solar energy into electrical energy with maximum efficiency around 9–12% depending on the type of solar cells used. More than 80% of the solar radiation reaching the photovoltaic cell is not converted into electricity; it is reflected or transformed into heat energy. This heat increases the cell temperature and results in decreasing the efficient conversion of electricity.[1-3] This high temperature has a negative effect on the electrical output parameters of the PV panels. The electrical efficiency and hence the power output of a PV panel depend on the operating temperature. The temperature variations thus degrade conversion efficiency by about 0.4–0.5% per degree rise in temperature. The operating temperature plays an important role in the photovoltaic conversion process. In recent few years photovoltaic panels have emerged as robust and distributed energy source. The

decreasing costs justify the efforts to improve their use and to study the possibility of building large plants. However the energy source is not utilized up to its maximum utility because of lack of space, thermal drift which lowers the efficiency of the system by 10-15 percent, high cost of tracking systems. With water covering over 70% of our planet, it makes sense to utilise water surface not only for offshore wind farms but also for solar electricity generation too. FLOATING TRACKING COOLING CONCENTRATOR To overcome the disadvantages of conventional systems, Floating Tracking Cooling Concentrator (FTCC) System which is photovoltaic floating plant with tracking and cooling system is introduced. It harnesses small basins, natural and artificial lakes to install PV plants and they possess characteristics like tracking system, Panels cooling system, set of

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International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies ISSN: 2455-0345(online) Vol. 2: Issue 1 www.journalspub.com

Head Movement Based Controlling of Home Appliances for Physically Challenged Pratik Savadi* Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, D.K.T.E’s Textile and Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji, India

Abstract In the world there are many physically challenged people who cannot move and operate devices like switching of lights, fans, etc. Similarly the paralyzed or a dumb cannot speak and ask for their needs like food, medicine, water etc. So they are facing many difficulties in fulfilling of their basic needs. So in our project we are designing a “Head movement controlled device switching system for physically challenged”. Now the person who is physically challenged can wear this device to head and with the simple head movements can request the basic needs like water, food or medicine. This is based on MEMS technology and Accelerometer is the main unit in this system. Keywords: ADXL355 accelerometer, deaf and dumb, home automation, 16F877A PIC microcontroller, switching system, voice commands, APR9600 voice module

INTRODUCTION Home automation systems are not developed in recent years it has been developed so many years back. This makes use of emerging technologies for the development. Home automation now a days has become so popular that it introduces many technologies for making the automation easy and with best performance. The main concept is to form a network connecting the electrical and electronic appliances in a house. Some has used wired as well as wireless technologies to communicate. This is a developing technology that has changed the livings of people. The Wireless Home Automation System is an integrated system that helps elderly and disabled people with an easy-to-use home automation system that can be fully operated based on Head Movement. This Home Automation System is not only used by physically challenged people but also by the rich people those how wants luxurious life.

Smart home systems have captured many disparate technologies so far and products have been in the market for more than one decade. This method reduces the wiring and complexity of the system. The main aim of the reported Wireless Home Automation System is to provide those with special needs with a system that can respond to voice commands and control the on/off status of electrical devices, such as lamps, fans, television etc. The system should be reasonably cheap, easy to configure, and easy to run. Many developed companies have started working and developing new technologies. Many big organizations are planning to expand this industry in near future.

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International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies ISSN: 2455-0345 (Online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Model Simulation & Resource Allocation in Cognitive Radio System Swati1*, Deeksha Singh1, Amit Yadav2 1

Department of Electronics Communication Engineering, RBS ETC, Bichpuri, Agra, India 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, DEI, Dayalbagh, Agra, India

Abstract Cognitive radio is the technique where different sorts of wireless communication devices work dynamically and change frequencies and other parameters over time. The idea of cognitive radio (CR) is to find means to use these “gaps” or “holes” in the frequency spectra and do something useful of the frequencies floating around unused and the goal of cognitive radios is to utilize under used spectrum as spectral resources are becoming sparts. We aim to develop a system model scenario and the approach is to take the decisions on the basis of power spectral density of the channel which can be used cognitively to find out the available gaps, those can be assigned to new incoming users thus improving the overall channel’s throughput & performances. Keywords: cognitive radio, digital communications, multiplexing, software-defined radio

INTRODUCTION Cognitive radio is the name of a technique where different sorts of wireless communications devices somehow works dynamically and change frequencies and other parameters overtime.[1-3] The ability of sensing the RF environment and extracting the knowledge from the system environment is called Cognitive. Awareness of the radio environment, Dynamic adaptability,[4-6] Highly efficient cooperative behavior are the key features of Cognitive Radio. Based on software-defined radio (SDR) technology cognitive radios are the products of multidisciplinary effort involving experts in wireless networks, digital communications, systems engineering, artificial intelligence and other fields. As a result of these activities, it is hoped that these systems can simultaneously respect the rights of the

incumbent license holders while providing greater flexibility and access to spectrum. SUBCARRIER IN COGNITIVE RADIO Subcarrier is the kind of the resource which has to allocate in cognitive radio system. A subcarrier is a separate analog or digital signal carried on a main radio transmission, which carries extra information such as voice or data. This is an early and simple method of multiplexing. SUBCARRIER ALLOCATION & ALGORITHMS SUMMARY According to the different purposes of the resource allocation, some of the main algorithms are Max-Rate, MinInterference, Fair- Rate Subcarrier Allocation algorithm and Greedy algorithm.

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International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies ISSN: 2455-0345(online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Power Theft Identification Using Embedded System Rahul Saraf* Essel Vidyut Vitaran, pvt. Ltd. Sagar, India

Abstract Today, power theft plays the key role in transmission losses of electricity from the generating station to the consumer end. About 30% of power produced is being theft. Though the electricity boards know that there is power theft in the area under their vigilance, they are not able to locate the area or location of theft. So, to identify the power theft and to communicate to the EB there needs a system to be developed. Here comes the system developed by us which will find the power theft if it happens and sends the information about the place of the theft to the nearby Electricity Board. Keywords: digital ammeter, energy meter, GSM module, microcontroller, multiplexer

INTRODUCTION India, the largest democracy with an estimated population of about 1.1 billion, is on the road to rapid growth in economy. Energy, particularly electricity, is a key input for accelerating economic growth of the country. Today, the power theft is becoming a very serious issue in the power sector of the World. About 20–30% of the power produced is being theft. This causes a major loss to the Electricity boards. So it becomes inevitable task these days, during which power shortages occur frequently, to find a solution to identify the power thefts and to eradicate them. METHODS OF POWER THEFT There are various methods by which power is being theft in the distribution lines. The most commonly used methods are: (1) Energy meter tampering (2) Illegal tapping from the distribution lines (3) Bypassing the feeders

Energy Meter Tampering In meter tampering, the energy meter in the consumer side is made to malfunction by introducing materials which make the energy meter not to read its original readings. This is usually done by introducing magnets near the energy meter which work on electromagnetic principles, such that the magnetic forces are made to malfunction and hence the meter readings. So the meter reads the different readings, usually lesser readings than the original ones. Recently, a popular way to slow down a meter is the use of strong permanent magnets like rare earth neodymium magnets. In induction meters, a number of torques are balanced to get optimum linear characteristics. One of them comes from permanent magnet (N-S) braking the aluminium disc (Al). Neodymium magnets installed close to rotating discs may effectively boost braking torque. After removing this magnet, the meter starts to rotate much faster so “having already saved a lot", users complain about reading. Fortunately, utilities found a way to distinguish

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International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies ISSN: 2455-0345(online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Enabled Impairment Cognizant of Elastic Optical Networks by Traffic Grooming and Multipath Routing Deeksha Singh1*, Swati1, Amit Yadav2 1

Department of Electronics Communication Engineering, RBS ETC, Bichpuri, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, DEI, Dayalbagh, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract The large bandwidth of fibre optical networking is far wider than the typical bandwidth required by network service providers. This variation leads to a need for multiplexing the low rate traffic demands into optical wavelength channels, but this call for a extravagant electronic swapping devices, potentially equalizing the advantage of low cost optical transport. Traffic grooming and multipath routing are two techniques that are being commonly used to increase the performance of traditional wavelength division multiplexed networks. They have been recently used in elastic optical networks to increase spectral efficiency. In this paper we have employed these two techniques with the realistic physical impairment model in order to find out the potential gain. We focus in this paper to present an analytical optimization simulation for small networks and a heuristic for large networks which can allocate resources and quantify spectral efficiency gains over existing impairmentawareness layout. With the help of various numerical methods traffic grooming and multipath routing have been explained together along with increased spectral efficiency and reduced resource consumption. this work conclude significant performance enhancements in networks with low degrees of connectivity, high traffic loads, and long links. Keywords: elastic optical networks (EON), impairment-aware schemes, spectral efficiency, traditional WDM networks

INTRODUCTION The exponentially increasing internet traffic and arising bandwidth-intensive applications have fetched the requirement for more advanced, high-capacity optical fiber transmission technologies.[1-5] Excess of 400 GB/s in transmission rates is due to the recent advancements in optical technologies.[6-12] Next-generation optical networks are expected to arise into more transmission-rate-flexible, reconfigurable, and capacity-efficient elastic optical networks (EONs) in order to increase usage of this available high bandwidth.

A traffic connection in EON, is kept by allotting a set of consecutive spectrum slots (i.e., a band) with “just enough” bandwidth.[1–3] EONs remarkably decrease bandwidth waste vis-à-vis traditional wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) networks, as spectrum slots are placed at a finer granularity (e.g., 6.25 GHz) and combined to accommodate connections of different bandwidths. Optical connections aim to give fully high information capacity. However, the rate of fluctuations in network conditions, such as traffic and routing information, is much more than the time required for setting up or taking down these connections. On the other side, low

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International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies ISSN: 2455-0345(online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Review Analysis of Operating System Kernel Used in Distributed Systems and High Performance Computing Ankit Nahata*, Deboshree Das, Runjhun Agrawal CSE Department, JK Lakshmipat University, Jaipur, India

Abstract In this paper we are analyzing six different operating system. All we have aim to analyze these operating system by their kernel. Mainly the traditional operating system is for the bigger system like to run java application but as we see the operating system pertaining distributed system it looks to the user as centralized OS but operates on multiple independent CPU’s. In this paper we discuss about the different operating systems i.e. angel, helios, paramecium, cosy, hive and Puma. Keywords: angle, Helois, paramecium, Cosy, Hive, PUMA

INTRODUCTION Angel is an operating system, was developed at imperial college. Angel is an operating system which believes in the principle of using shared and distributed memory in multiprocessor systems where it is not implemented in hardware. The machine which has this operating system it is seen to be a hierarchical system containing multiprocessor clusters using physically shared memory. In this operating system it has DSM (distributed shared memory) mechanism into it so that the entire system's address space is unified under a single DSM region which handles the caching of code, migration of data and coherency of distributed data structure.[1] Helios is a Unix-like os for parallel PCs. It was created and developed by Perihelion Software. Its essential design was the Transputer. Helios' microkernel actualized a distributed namespace and informing convention, through which administrations were gotten to. A POSIX similarity library empowered the utilization of UNIX application programming, and the

framework gave the greater part of the typical UNIX utilities. A helios network requires at least one I/O Server node that is able to provide a file system server, console server and reset control for the processing nodes. Paramecium is an operating scheme which is a kernel uses an object-based software construction which collected with example designation, late binding and explicit predominates allows tranquil reconfiguration. Defining which constituents exist in in the kernel fortification field is up to the user. Cosy is an operating system developed by R. Butenutha, W. Burkeb, C. De Roseb, S. Gillesb and R. Weberba. Cosy project started in 1992 with the aim to build an operating system designed and optimize especially for parallel computers. The focus was to provide appropriate system services to ease the work of application programmers and users of parallel computers. This operating system’s kernel supports a small set of kernel objects.

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Review on Cryptography Sonia, Sonia Chaudhary* Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ganga Institute of Technology and Management, Kablana. Jhajjar, Haryana, India

Abstract Numerous groups are working rigid to safe themselves from the rising extortions of note hacking through several trends in cryptography. Yet the headlines are dominated with the latest news of message passing disaster more frequently than any time before. A comprehensive debate has been done on the traditional cryptography and the disadvantages of the classical cryptography to confirm the need for going to novel tendencies in cryptography like quantum cryptography, elliptic curve cryptography. These novel methods that has appeared out of numerous mistreatments in the arena of cryptography growths a fair amount of hope that we can incredulous the difficulties we are facing in a head hoc way. These demonstrated skills can happen the wants of the greatest arduous of atmospheres while their individual emphasis on manageability has mechanical several errands and basic administrative functions through easy-to-use interfaces developed finished years of customer response and at the end of the text we can accomplish that rapidly we can save confidentiality complicated in message passing from the unsafe controls of communication hackers. Keywords: cryptography, elliptic curve, quantum

INTRODUCTION The Internet is the globally linked network of computer networks with addresses that are controlled by IANA (Internet address and Naming Authority). It grew intensely because anyone can attach to it and everyone associated to it can connect others to it as glowing. Every site that linked to it, can develop an Internet Service supplier to other sites Does increased security deliver ease to paranoid people? Throughout this time when the Internet delivers vital communication amid tens of millions of people and is being progressively used as a tool for commerce, security becomes a significant subject to transaction. There are various features to security and various submissions, extending from protected commerce and expenditures to secretive communications

and caring passwords. One important characteristic for safe communications is that of cryptography. This paper has two foremost determinations. The first is to describe certain of the terms and concepts overdue basic cryptographic methods, and to offer a way to compare the myriad cryptographic schemes in use today. The second is to provide some real examples of cryptography and new trends in use today. Cryptographic schemes incline to include in cooperation a procedure and a stealthy value. The secret worth is recognized as the key. The aim for consuming a key in calculation to an algorithm is that it is problematic to keep planning new

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