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International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology

International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology is a peer-reviewed journal that focuses on the recent advancement in the field of Nanotechnology and its Application.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

Quantum structure and nanodevices

Modeling and computations of nanostructure

Nanoscale science and technology

Nanofabrication, nanoprobes

Nanostructures

Nanoelectronics

Nano-optics

Nano-mechanics

Nanodevices

Nanobiotechnology

Nanomedicine

Nanotoxicology

International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

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Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

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Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Kalaivani Thirunavukarasu Assistant Professor (Sr. Grade) SRM University, India

Dr. Alagiri Swamy Asst. Professor (Sr. Grade), India

Dr. Swapnadip De Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology, India

Dr Gurudeeban Selvaraj BioMed Research Management Services, India

Dr. Jay Singh Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India

Dr. Naba Kumar Mondal The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India

Sushama Talegaonkar Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), India

Dr. Tapas Kuila DST Inspire Faculty Fellow, India

Dr. Suresh Kumar Kailasa S. V. National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), India

Chinnaswamy Anandharamakrishnan CSIR-Central Food Technological research Institute, Mysore, India

Dr. Lavanya Khanna Thapar University, Patiala, India

Dr. Pathipati Usha Rani Senior Principal Scientist Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) Hyderabad (A.P.), India

Swapnil C. Gaikwad Department of Biotechnology SGB Amravati University, Amrvati (MS), India

Dr. Lajapathi Chellappan Nehru Assistant Professor Department of Medical Physics, School of Physics, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli (Tamil Nadu), India

Dr. Anil Ramdas Bari Arts, Commerce & Science College, North Maharashtra University Bodwad, Jalgaon (Maharashtra), India

Dr. Chandan Dutta CEO and Founder Member of a Consultancy firm, namely, CD Consultant, Kolkata, India

Dr. Neetha J. Shetty Associate Professor, Manipal College of dental sciences, Mangalore, India

Prof. Javed Musarrat Department of Ag. Microbiology Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh, India

Dr. Dinesh Kumar National Research Centre for Citrus, India

Dr. Chaitanya Lakshmi G Sapthagiri College of Engineering, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Neeraj Dilbaghi Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, India

Dr. Sanjay Kumar Raghuvanshi Dept. of Electronics Engineering, Indian School of Mines Dhanbad, (Jharkhand), India

Dr. Arup Kumar Rana Group Leader, Jute Reinforced Composite Group, Indian Jute Industries' Research Association (IJIRA), Kolkata

Dr. Rakesh Kumar Former Dean, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, and Professor & Head, Department of Physics Ch. Charan Singh University Meerut, India

Dr. Sushama Narkhede Institute of Science, Nagpur University, Nagpur, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Nanotechnology issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Applied Nanotechnology as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nanotechnology science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International journal of Applied Nanotechnology in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Nanotechnology in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Nanoscale science and technology, Nanofabrication, Nanostructures, Nanoelectronics, Nano-optics, Nanodevices, Nanobiotechnology, Nanomedicine, Nanotoxicology. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Nanotechnology and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Applied Nanotechnology community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Nanotechnology. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Nanotechnology readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Nanotechnology. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Effect of Capping Agents and Annealing on the Optical Properties of (Cd0.8-Zn0.2)S and (Cd0.8-Zn0.2)S:Eu Films Prepared By CBD Technique Devjyoti Lilhare, Sandhya Pillai, S. Bhushan

2. Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Simple Hydrothermal Process G.M. Nazeruddin, Y.I. Shaikh

3. Silver Nanoparticle Ink for Rapid prototyping in Printed Electronics Manisha Dhoble

4. Use of Atomic Force Microscopy on Lithium-Ion Batteries Dinesh Singh

5. Cutting Tools with Graphene Coating and its Uses S.K. Das

International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology ISSN:2455-8524 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Effect of Capping Agents and Annealing on the Optical Properties of (Cd0.8-Zn0.2)S and (Cd0.8-Zn0.2)S:Eu Films Prepared By CBD Technique D. Lilhare*, S. Pillai, S. Bhushan Department of Physics, Christian College of Engineering and Technology, Kailash Nagar, Bhilai, India

Abstract Thin films of (Cd0.8-Zn0.2)S and (Cd0.8-Zn0.2)S:Eu are prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) technique on glass substrates at 60ºC temperature by adding Mercaptoethanol and Methanol as capping agents(CA). The films were annealed at 400°C for two minutes and their optical properties were studied. The effect of the presence of capping agents and annealing was investigated. The optical constants such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, optical and electrical conductivity, real and imaginary dielectric constants were determined and their nature discussed. The Optical Absorption spectra shows a blue shift in the absorption edge in the presence of capping agents indicating quantum confinement effects on reduction in particle size. The values of optical band gap were obtained from Tauc’s plots and were found to increase in the presence of capping agents but decrease on annealing. Higher transmittance and correspondingly lower absorbance in the Visible and NIR region was observed in both unannealed and annealed films deposited in the presence of capping agents. These nanocrystalline (Cd0.8-Zn0.2)S films exhibiting high transmittance and low absorbance are thus good candidates for application as antireflection coatings in solar cells. Keywords: antireflection coatings, chemical bath deposition method, envelope method, nanocrystalline films

INTRODUCTION Nanocrystalline semiconductors of II–VI group have potential applications in many technical fields, including lamp phosphors, solar cells and photoconductors. Group II– VI compounds can form ternary and quaternary alloys with a direct fundamental band gap assignment over the entire alloy composition range and with high absorption coefficient.[1] Ternary (CdZn)S alloys have attracted technological interest because their energy gap can be tuned and the lattice parameters can be varied.[2] (Cd-Zn)S thin films have been widely used as a wide band gap window material in heterojunction solar cells and photoconductive devices. In solar cell systems, where CdS films have been

demonstrated to be effective, replacing CdS with the higher band gap ternary (CdZn)S has led to a decrease in window absorption losses. Thus, the short circuit current in a solar cell is increased.[3–6] The efficiency of solar cell could be further enhanced by broadening the absorption range. It has been reported that an acceptable method for widening the absorption range is the conversion luminescence by doping rare earth compounds. This doping also improves the photovoltage, thus enhancing the photovoltaic performance of the solar cells.[7] The incorporated rare earth ion show distinct spectral lines of absorption

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International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology ISSN:2455-8524 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Simple Hydrothermal Process G.M. Nazeruddin*, Y.I. Shaikh Poona College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Pune, India

Abstract Rapid synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles through economically feasible hydrothermal approach is highly desirable. In this study, we have developed a method to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles by using simple hydrothermal process in aqueous zinc salt solution (ZnCl2) without need of any surfactant or external energy. This experimentation produced physiologically stable, bio-compatible ZnONPs which may be used for targeted drug delivery that offers enhanced therapeutic efficacy and minimal side effects. TEM image indicated the formation of spherical, nonuniform, and polydispersed nanoparticles. A detailed study of antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles has been carried out. Keywords: hydrothermal, ZnO NPs, XRD, UV, antimicrobial activity

INTRODUCTION Man had endeavored to discover techniques for producing materials possessing properties superior to those occurring naturally. One of the possibilities to alter the properties of materials is by heat treatment and alloying which can improve the strength and durability of materials.[1] The development of different advanced technologies makes life easier. For example in early days the materials used in aircraft and automobiles were mostly metallic. As the metals possess higher densities, therefore those automobiles were very heavy. Thus it was difficult to achieve high speed. Due to advancements in technology the metallic parts are being replaced by composite materials[2] and the vehicles or automobiles manufactured using composite material are light and can achieve very high speed. Material science is a scientific discipline which involves investigation of the

relationship between the structures, processing and properties of materials.[3] When the knowledge of material is applied to prepare a technical product, then it gives rise to an engineering discipline known as Material Engineering. Progress in advanced materials has been deemed to be one of the major engineering accomplishments of the last century. The cutting edge research activity places particular emphasis on material related to nanotechnology and nanoscience. In addition to main requirements engineering materials also require various qualities such as stability, durability, chemical resistance, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, impact resistance, thermal and shock resistance. Research on nanomaterials is driven by two motivating factors: They exhibit interesting properties at nanometer size scale which is different from bulk material and applications of these properties in devices (especially those linked with

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Silver Nanoparticle Ink for Rapid prototyping in Printed Electronics Manisha Dhoble* Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, PITS, Ujjain, India

Abstract Now a day, Printed Electronics technology is very popular all over the world. It is very flexible and cost effective technology. It can replace the traditional technologies. By this technology, one can convert the rigid circuit board into flexible circuit board by printing the circuit on any substrate with the help of nanosilver conductive ink. The conductivity of nanosilver ink increases as the particle size is very small in nanometers. Silver nanoparticle ink is the most important commercial nanotechnology-based products and the most widely studied worldwide. It is fast and accessible technology that can support rapid prototyping for many electronics devices. This review paper gives the information about the properties and usefulness of silver nanoparticle ink in the field of printed electronics. Keywords: prototyping, printed electronics, silver nanoparticle ink.

INTRODUCTION Silver is noble metal. As provides resistance to oxidation and has antibacterial property. Its conductivity is much higher than the other metals like Cu, brass, nickel, etc. Due to this, now a days silver nanoparticle can be used in electronics to make circuit traces. Recently in the field of printed electronics, silver nanoparticle is used in ink form to make electronic circuit traces, due to this conductivity increases. Traditionally, copper wire can be used to connect the different the circuit elements to make circuit. It supports the distribution of power, provides digital and analog signal interconnection, enables the flexible positioning of components such as sensors and actuators, and can even be used as a basis for the electrical components themselves in the case of switches, moisture sensors, capacitive touch sensors, antennas and so on.[1] For prototyping of any electronics circuits, there are two solutions. First one is breadboard testing and secondly the custom PCB designing.

These two traditional technologies have many advantages. The main advantages of breadboard testing are that they can support very quick prototyping and they are an obvious choice in the early stages of electronics circuit designing. But this method has some drawbacks in terms of reliability, size and performance, so it can replace custom PCB design for prototyping purpose. They are versatile, can support smaller prototype and robust. They also support high fidelity. While the PCB board, is best for mass production, but they have some drawbacks when used for prototyping. In particularly the time & cost is more when used for prototyping. If anyone requires flexible PCB, then this is more problematic due to rigidness of PCB (Figure 1).

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International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology ISSN:2455-8524 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Use of Atomic Force Microscopy on Lithium-Ion Batteries Dinesh Singh* Department of Material Science Engineering, Pune University, Pune, India

Abstract Improvement of cutting edge Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs) shows a quickly developing field of science and innovation. In any case, numerous crucial issues stayed uncertain because of absence of comprehension of surface/interface understanding of LIB on nanometer scale. Here, we survey late uses of nuclear power microscopy to study three key parts of lithium particle batteries specifically strong electrolyte interface, particle transportation and dendrite development. In situ AFM is a perfect device for the investigation of strong electrolyte interface and lithium deposition in light of its ongoing and non-obtrusive. It is exceptionally expected noteworthy advances will be made in the coming years on this exploration territory. Keywords: Atomic force microscopy, lithium ions, imaging,

INTRODUCTION Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) incorporates a progression of infinitesimal procedures in which a physical tip is moved by piezoelectric actuator to describe test surface. Probably the most normally utilized SPM incorporate scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). STM measures electronic current between the substrate and tip. It is one of the initial few instruments used to uncover structure of material surface nuclear scale. Be that as it may, STM must be utilized to quantify surface properties of materials with leading and semiconducting properties.[1–5] AFM was concocted with the plan to extend SPM capacity to gauge surface properties of protectors, semiconductors and conductors. Figure 1 indicates schematic drawing of AFM. The essential imaging methods of AFM are contact and tapping mode.

sufficiency is kept up to get steady tip-test cooperation. A "stage" picture is gotten by recording the stage contrasts between drive signal and cantilever reaction. Tapping mode is non-obtrusive and offers higher parallel determination. Lithium-particle batteries (LIBs) are a standout amongst the most proficient vitality stockpiling frameworks. Figure 2 demonstrates the schematic perspective of a LIB. LIBs have been generally utilized as a part of versatile hardware in light of their high particular vitality, high vitality thickness and great cycle life. Be that as it may, new era of LIBs with better execution are required for huge scale applications in half and half and electric vehicles. With a specific end goal to plan better batteries, effective portrayal techniques are required to acquire exact data on interfacial science and morphology of batteries.

In contact mode, the estimation of the repulsive power amongst tip and test stays unaltered amid examining. While, in tapping mode, consistent swaying

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Cutting Tools with Graphene Coating and Its Uses S.K. Das* Department of Metallurgical and Material Science Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India

Abstract Graphene attracts a certain interests because of its amazing properties like high temperature operations, high mechanical quality and greasing up properties and so forth. Arshi and Dighewar have examined to enhance surface unpleasantness, apparatus life and creation rate of materials by utilizing a defensive covering of titanium nitride (TiN) over steel devices. 1] They have acquired attractive results. In this paper, we utilize graphene as a covering on metal cutting apparatuses and have enhanced estimations of the same parameters with some other extra favorable circumstances which at last build the execution and productivity of cutting devices utilized for mechanical and creation designing parts. Keywords: Graphene, coated cutting tools, coolants

INTRODUCTION The single layered crystalline type of carbon with to a great degree high electrical and warm conductivity, mechanical quality, straightforward to normal light is graphene. It is sp2 hybridized with arrangement of both sigma(σ) and pi(π) bonds inside self-carbon iotas. The electrons shaping the pi (π) bond are portable in nature and are in charge of high electrical and warm conductivity of it. In graphene the electron vitality is straightly corresponding to the wave vector, E = k vF and electrons carry on as mass less relativistic particles, called Dirac fermions. Where= h/2p , h is the Planck's steady, k is the wave vector and vF is the Fermi speed of electron in the graphene.

creation, decrease warmth and rubbing so higher cutting rates, lessening of work costs, apparatuses last more and require less regrinding, less downtime, decreasing expense per part i.e. shop floor issues of items, lessening of force costs, rubbing is decreased so less power is required for machining i.e. less power utilization which prompts low creation cost. Other than these it additionally gives cooling, oil, delayed cutting-device life, rust control, oppose rancidity, lessens contact amongst chip and device face, shear plane gets to be shorter, zone where plastic distortion happens correspondingly littler, diminish temperature, life of cutting device builds, bits of metal weld themselves to apparatus face, turns out to be substantial and level

The principle elements of cutting liquids are: lessening of hardware costs, diminishment of hardware wearing, expand pace of

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