International Journal of Data Structures vol 2 issue 1 by JournalsPub

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International Journal of Data Structures

International Journal of Data Structures is a comprehensive journal that covers all the topics of Fundamental data structures. All articles that are included in the journal are peer-reviewed and follow stringent guidelines before publishing. From Fundamental data structures to Array data structure all the topics fall under the scope and the focus of this journal.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! Fundamental data structures ! Recursive algorithms ! Dynamic information structures ! Language structures and compilers ! ASCII character set ! Pascal syntax diagrams ! Advanced data structures and algorithms ! B-trees ! Array data structure

International Journal of Data Structures is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Mark Burgin, Lecturer, Department of Computer Science, UCLA, USA

Dr Mansaf Alam, Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

Anirban Das Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Applications(MCA), B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur (West Bengal), India

Dr Devi Priya Rangasamy, Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Erode,Tamil Nadu

Professor Ravi Prakash Reddy Professor & HOD, GNITS, Shaikpet, Hyderabad, India

Dr. Praveen sam Rachapudy Professor, Department of CSE, G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College, India

Dr. Hemanta Kumar Baruah, Vice-Chancellor, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, Assam, India

Dr. Syed Javed Kabeer, Assistant professor in Mathematics and HOD Computer Studies, Maulana Azad College, Aurangabad, India

Dr. Sasmita Mishra, Associate Professor Department of Comp. Sc. & Applications IGIT, Sarang Talcher, Dhenkanal, Orissa, India

Dr. Kavita Saxena, RKG Institute of Technology, GZB, India

Safar Irandoust Assistant Professor at University of Tabriz, Iran

Dr. Ikvinderpal Singh Assistant Professor P.G. Department of Computer Science & Applications Trai Shatabdi GGS Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab, India.

Dr. R. Sivaraj Associate Professor, Velalar College of Engineering and Technology, India.

Saptarshi Roy Post Doctoral Fellow, NIT Warangal, India.

Dr.R.Manjula Devi Assistant Professor(Senior Grade)/CSE,, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, India.

B M Alaudeen Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli,India.

Sivaraj Rajappan Velalar college of engineering and technology, Anna University, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Data Structures. This journal is part of the Computer Science and Engineering, and is devoted to the scope of present Engineering issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Data Structures as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Computer Science and Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Data Structures in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Computer Science and Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, welltime & successfully. International Journal of Data Structures focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Fundamental data structures, Recursive algorithms, Dynamic information structures, Language structures and compilers, ASCII character set, Pascal syntax diagrams, Advanced data structures and algorithms, Btrees, Array data structure. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Computer Science and Engineering and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Computer Science and Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Computer Science and Engineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Computer Science and Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Computer Science and Engineering. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Problem Identification and Objectives of Fingerprint Image Enhancement Mayur S. Patil, Sandip S. Patil

2. Review Insight on Fingerprint Image Enhancement Mayur S. Patil, Sandip S. Patil

3. .NET Frame Work and Its Application Using Database Queries Kshitij Singh Raghav

4. System Development Methodology for Automobile Workshop Rajinish Kumar

5. System Testing for Various Industries Kshitij Singh Raghav

International Journal of Data Structures Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Problem Identification and Objectives of Fingerprint Image Enhancement Mayur S. Patil*, Sandip S. Patil Department of Computer Engineering,SSBT’s COET, Bambhori, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India

Abstract Fingerprints have been used for in excess of a century and it is the most widely used type of biometric identification. Fingerprint identification is generally working in forensic science to maintain criminal investigation, and in biometric systems such as commercial identification devices as well as civilian. Keywords: biometric identification, fingerprint image, performing minutiae extraction

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION One of the open issues in fingerprint verification is the lack of robustness against image quality degradation. The performance of a fingerprint recognition system is heavily affected by fingerprint image quality. Several factors determine the quality of a fingerprint image: skin situation (e.g., dryness, temporary, wetness, dirtiness or permanent cuts and bruises), sensor conditions (e.g., dirtiness, size, noise), user support, etc. Some of these factors cannot be avoided and some of them vary along time. The result of poor quality images are specious and missed features, thus degrading the performance of the overall system. Therefore, it is very important for a fingerprint recognition system to estimate the quality and validity of the captured fingerprint images. We can either reject the degraded images or adjust some of the steps of the recognition system based on the estimated quality. In particular, the issue of how many minutiae points should be used for matching a fingerprint is unresolved. The fingerprint of an individual is unique and remains unchanged over a life time. A fingerprint is formed from an impression of the pattern of ridges on a finger.

A ridge is defined as a distinct curved segment, as well as valley is the area between two neighboring ridges. The minutiae, which are the neighborhood discontinuities in the ridge flow sample, supply the features that are used in identification. Details such as the orientation, type and location of minutiae are taken into relation when performing minutiae extraction. PROJECT OBJECTIVES  Remove the noise from the input image.  Increase the quality of fingerprint image.  Enhancement using rotational filter.  Show the histogram of both images.  Show the PSNR and SNR ratio of images. SUMMARY The problem identification describes about identifying the problem that we have to face while fingerprint image enhancement some of them are noises and quality of

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International Journal of Data Structures Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Review Insight on Fingerprint Image Enhancement Mayur S. Patil*, Sandip S. Patil Department of Computer Engineering, SSBTâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s COET, Bambhori, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India

Abstract Several algorithms for automatic fingerprint image quality assessment have been proposed in literature. Also, the benefits of incorporating automatic quality measures in fingerprint verification have been shown in recent studies. Keywords: automatic fingerprint image quality, false acceptance rate (FAR) and false rejection rate (FRR)

HISTORY Raju Rajkumar et al.[1] The fingerprint enhancement method using directional filter is effective in both dry fingerprint images and wet fingerprint images. It removes noise in between the ridge and filling the white hole in the ridge. This leads to decrease the False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Rejection Rate (FRR), in fingerprint minutiae extraction. Chasten Gottschlich et al.[2] For the intention of enhancing curved structures in noisy images, he introduces curved Gabor filters which nearby adapt their character to the flow of direction. These Gabor filters facilitate the selection of filter parameters which raise the smoothing power not including creating artifacts in the enhanced image. These filters are useful to the curved. Vipin et al.[3] Proposed an enhancement method based on Gabor filtering in the wavelet domain. This filter is chosen because it has both frequency-selective and orientationselective properties and has optimal resolution in both spatial and frequency domain. This filtering is done on images results from wavelet decomposition and

then finally, image is reconstructed to get enhanced image. Experiments are conducted on the 500dpi resolution fingerprint images commercially available from FVC2002 fingerprint database. R. Dharmendra et al.[4] Discuss regarding the enhancement of fingerprint image for the fingerprint recognition. This aim can decayed into feature extraction, the feature matching as well as image pre-processing. For the every sub-task, some usual and the up-todate methods in literatures are analyze. Based on analysis, integrated solution for fingerprint recognition is developed for the demonstration. MATLAB is also used in this project, for program, optimization at coding level and algorithm. Benazir K.K. et al.[5] Present a fast fingerprint enhancement method and new implementation of techniques for fingerprint image enhancement. Tentative results show incorporate enhancement algorithm improve the verification accurateness.

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International Journal of Data Structure Vol. 2: Issue 1

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.NET Frame Work and Its Application Using Database Queries Kshitij Singh Raghav* Department of Computer Science Application, Bhai Parmanand Institute of Business Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India

Abstract The Internet revolution of the late 1990s represented a dramatic shift in the way individuals and organizations communicate with each other. Traditional applications, such as word processors and accounting packages, are modeled as stand-alone applications: they offer users the capability to perform tasks using data stored on the system the application resides and executes on. Most new software, in contrast, is modeled based on a distributed computing model where applications collaborate to provide services and expose functionality to each other. As a result, the primary role of most new software is changing into supporting information exchange (through Web servers and browsers), collaboration (through e-mail and instant messaging), and individual expression (through Web logs, also known as Blogs, and e-zines – Web based magazines). Essentially, the basic role of software is changing from providing discrete functionality to providing services. Keywords: ASP.NET, CLR code, .NET, user interface

INTRODUCTION The .NET Framework represents a unified, object-oriented set of services and libraries that embrace the changing role of new network-centric and network-aware software. In fact, the .NET Framework is the first platform designed from the ground up with the Internet in mind. Microsoft .NET Framework is a software component that is a part of several Microsoft Windows operating systems. It has a large library of pre-coded solutions to common programming problems and manages the execution of programs written specifically for the framework. The .NET Framework is a key Microsoft offering and is intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows platform. Benefits of the .NET Framework

The .NET Framework offers a number of benefits to developers: (1) A consistent programming model (2) Direct support for security (3) Simplified development efforts (4) Easy application deployment and maintenance The .NET Class Library is a key component of the .NET Framework – it is sometimes referred to as the Base Class Library (BCL). The .NET Class Library contains hundreds of classes you can use for tasks such as the following: (1) Processing XML (2) Working with data from multiple data sources (3) Debugging your code and working with event logs (4) Working with data streams and files (5) Managing the run-time environment (6)

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International Journal of Data Structures Vol. 2: Issue 1

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System Development Methodology for Automobile Workshop Rajinish Kumar* Department of Computer Science Application, Bhai Parmanand Institute of Business Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Delhi, India

Abstract We have seen the process of the “Automobile Workshop” and get in problem to a great extent. All process is done manually. All the automobile industries doing their whole work on paper. It was a hectic task and it takes a lot of time and manpower. So they decided to do automation of their agency. This paper is based on the concept that how through computer applications of intranet we can help and improve automobile industry. Keywords: automobile, project, system performance

INTRODUCTION System Development Life Cycle Phases Initiation Phase The initiation of a system (or project) begins when a business need or opportunity is identified. A project manager should be appointed to manage the project. This business need is documented in a concept proposal. After the concept proposal is approved, the system concept development phase begins. System Concept Development Phase Once a business need is approved, the approaches for accomplishing the concept are reviewed for feasibility and appropriateness. The systems boundary document identifies the scope of the system and requires senior official approval and funding before beginning the planning phase. Planning Phase The concept is further developed to describe how the business will operate once the approved system is implemented, and to assess how the system will impact employee and customer privacy. To ensure the products and/or services provide the

required capability on-time and within budget, project resources, activities, schedules, tools, and reviews are defined. Requirements Analysis Phase Functional user requirements are formally defined and delineate the requirements in terms of data, system performance, security, and maintainability requirements for the system. All requirements are defined to a level of detail sufficient for systems design to proceed. All requirements need to be measurable and testable and relate to the business need or opportunity identified in the initiation phase. Design Phase The physical characteristics of the system are designed during this phase. The operating environment is established, major subsystems and their inputs and outputs are defined, and processes are allocated to resources. Everything requiring user input or approval must be documented and reviewed by the user. The physical characteristics of the system are specified

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International Journal of Data Structures Vol. 2: Issue 1

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System Testing for Various Industries Kshitij Singh Raghav* Department of Computer Science Application, Bhai Parmanand Institute of Business Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India

Abstract In today’s scenario testing in software industries is a very hot topic to discuss. Corporate sector needs more and more advance testing tool for validating the data of users or clients for better job. In this paper, I would like to highlight some useful testing in industries. Keywords: GUI, organization, TCMF

SYSTEM TESTING Once source code has been generated, software must be tested to uncover (and correct), as many errors as possible before delivery to customer. Our goal is to design a series of test cases that have a high likelihood of finding errors. To uncover the errors software techniques are used.[1–3] These techniques provide systematic guidance for designing test that: (1) Exercise the internal logic of software components, and (2) Exercise the input and output domains of the program to uncover errors in program function, behavior and performance. Steps Software is tested from two different perspectives: (1) Internal program logic is exercised using “White box” test case design techniques. (2) Software requirements are exercised using “black box” test case design techniques. In both cases, the intent is to find the maximum number of errors with the minimum amount of effort and time. Strategies

A strategy for software testing must accommodate low-level tests that are necessary to verify that a small source code segment has been correctly implemented as well as high-level tests that validate major system functions against customer requirements. A strategy must provide guidance for the practitioner and a set of milestones for the manager. Because the steps of the test strategy occur at a time when deadline pressure begins to rise, progress must be measurable and problems must surface as early as possible. Following testing techniques are well known and the same strategy is adopted during this project testing.[4,5] Unit Testing Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of software design – the software component or module. The unit test is white-box oriented. The module interface is tested to ensure that information properly flows into and of the program unit under test the local data structure has been examined to ensure that data stored temporarily maintains its integrity during all steps in an algorithm’s execution. Boundary conditions are tested

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« «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Electrical Engineering

Nursing « « « « «

IJDS

Jan – Jun 2016

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Data Structures

2 more...

« « « « «

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences