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International Journal of Emergency & Trauma Nursing International Journal of Emergency & Trauma Nursing intends to publish research, review and short articles related to Emergency care and Management. The scope of the journal covers clinical ethics of emergency care, physiology for emergency care, organ and tissue donation apart from emergency management. The Journal intends to aim in an area that is one of the most challenging areas of medicine and invites researches, review, short articles, and case studies focusing on:

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! Emergency and Trauma care ! Emergency Medicine ! Emergency Surgery ! Emergency Nursing and practice care ! Pediatric emergencies ! Clinical Ethics of Emergency care ! Major Injury Management and Care ! Physiology for Emergency care ! Cardiovascular emergencies ! Pandemics and Environmental Emergencies ! Respiratory Emergencies ! Organ and tissue Donation ! Trauma and Shock

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PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Sukhpal Kaur National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.

Dr. Pratibha Swamy College of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore

Dr. Aman Moda P.M.N.M. Dental College & Hospital, Bagalkot, India

Kawaljit Kaur Medical surgical Nursing, Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn Taran (Punjab), India.

A. Arvin Babu Sree Abirami Hospital and College of Nursing, Coimbatore, India.

Dhanpal H. N. Smt.Nagarathnamma college of Nursing, Bangalore, India.

Mr. Rathish Nair College of Nursing, AIIMS, Bihar, India.

Dr. H. Juliet Sylvia Sacred Heart Nursing College, MADURAI, India.

Siva Jeya Anand. T Chitra College of Nursing,Kerala, India.

Mr. Anil Sharma Manikaka Topawala Institute of Nursing, CHARUSAT- Changa & Charotar University of Science and technology, Gujarat, India.

Ms. Poonam Joshi Amity College of Nursing, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.

Seema Sachdeva College of Nursing, AIIMS, Delhi, India.

Mr. Sembian.N. Government Nursing College, U.P. Rural Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Saifai, Etawah

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Emergency & Trauma Nursing. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present nursing issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Emergency & Trauma Nursing as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nursing Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International journal of Emergency & Trauma Nursing in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Plant Nursing in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Emergency & Trauma Nursing focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Emergency and Trauma care, Emergency Medicine, Emergency Surgery, Emergency Nursing and practice care, Pediatric emergencies, Clinical Ethics of Emergency care, Major Injury Management and Care, Physiology for Emergency care, Cardiovascular emergencies, Pandemics and Environmental Emergencies, Respiratory Emergencies, Organ and tissue Donation, Trauma and Shock. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Nursing and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Nursing community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Nursing. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Nursing readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Nursing. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Effectiveness of Electronic Media for Nurses on Aerosol Therapy in Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Selected Hospital, Amritsar, Punjab Rajneet Kaur, Ramesh Kumari

2. An Exploratory Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practices Regarding Self-Care Measures for the Management of Dysmenorrhea among Adolescent Girls at Selected Rural Areas of Jalandhar, Punjab Kamalpreet Kaur, Bimla Rani, Ashu Kesar

3. A Descriptive Study to Assess Knowledge of Primigravida Mothers Regarding Minor Ailments of Pregnancy in Selected Hospitals of Amritsar, Punjab in a View to Develop Health Education Pamphlet Rajwant Kaur, Bimla Rani, Ramesh Kumari

4. A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Menopause Among Premenopausal Women in Selected Village of Tarn-Taran, Punjab, in a View to Develop Health Education Pamphlet Harpreet Kaur, Bimla Rani, Ramesh Kumari

5. A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Helfer Skin Tap Technique on Pain Level among Patients Receiving I/M Injection at Selected Hospitals of Amritsar, Punjab Gagandeep Kaur, Manpreet Kaur Garcha, Jicy Shahji

International Journal of Emergency & Trauma Nursing Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Effectiveness of Electronic Media for Nurses on Aerosol Therapy in Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Selected Hospital, Amritsar, Punjab Rajneet Kaur, Ramesh Kumari* Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn Taran, Punjab, India

Abstract Background and Objectives: It has been estimated that in United States, up to 13% of inpatient deaths in pediatric wards are due to acute respiratory tract infection. In India, 22% of children suffer from acute respiratory infection which has been reported to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality in young children world-wide. They account for nearly 3.9 million deaths every year globally. This study was conducted to study the effectiveness of electronic media for nurses on aerosol therapy in children with acute respiratory tract infection in selected hospital, Amritsar, Punjab. The objectives of the study were: to assess the knowledge scores and skills of nurses regarding aerosol therapy before administering validated electronic media; to assess the knowledge scores and skills of nurses regarding aerosol therapy after administering validated electronic media; to evaluate the effectiveness of electronic media regarding aerosol therapy in terms of gain in knowledge scores among nurses; and to assess the relationship between knowledge scores and skills of nurses regarding aerosol therapy. The research approach adapted for this study was quasi experimental, one group pre–post-test design. The setting is at Guru Nanak Dev hospital, Amritsar, Punjab. The sample size was 100 nurses. The tool consists of section. Demographic performa consisting 07 items self-administered structured knowledge questionnaire consisting of 26 items. Check list consisting 20 items. The reliability of the tool was established by using split half technique and the value found for knowledge was 0.91 and for check list was 0.93. Interpretation and Conclusion: It can be inferred that mean post-test knowledge score (65.38%) and practice score (70%) of the subjects was higher than the mean pre-test knowledge score (41.96%) and practice score (40%) and noticed with statistical significant established by paired t-test (p < 0.05). Keywords: acute respiratory tract infection, aerosol therapy, children

INTRODUCTION The increasing global concern for survival and protection of the child stems from the fundamental realization that “The child of today is the citizen of tomorrow.” (Humphrey and James Harry).

infants and children is the acute respiratory tract infections and the complications associated with it. It has become one of the major causes of death in children in India. It is also one of the key reasons for bringing children to hospitals and health facilities. This ailment is the cause of almost 13% of in-patient deaths in

Our hopes and dreams for the future are dependent on our children, who are the most susceptible group in the society. The most recurrent ailment of acute illness in

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International Journal of Emergency and Trauma Nursing Vol. 2: Issue 1

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An Exploratory Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practices Regarding Self-Care Measures for the Management of Dysmenorrhea among Adolescent Girls at Selected Rural Areas of Jalandhar, Punjab Kamalpreet Kaur, Bimla Rani*, Ashu Kesar Bharat College of Nursing, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Punjab, India

Abstract The present study was done to assess the knowledge and practices regarding self-care measures for management of dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls at selected rural areas of Jalandhar, Punjab. The objective of the study include assessment of the knowledge regarding self-care measure for management of dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls, to assess the practices regarding self-care measure for management of dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls, to find out the association between knowledge and practices regarding the self-care measure for management of dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls, to find out the association between knowledge and practices regarding the self-care measures for management of dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls with selected variables. The delimitation of the study was the adolescent girls in rural areas of Jalandhar (Punjab), with 13-16 of age. Keywords: adolescent girls, dysmenorrhea, knowledge, management, self-care measure

INTRODUCTION “Don't be scared...Women can handle the worst kind of pain. You'll find out one day.” Gayle Forman. Physical and psychological changes are what marks the adolescent period for a girl that prepares them for a safe motherhood. The health of the future population also gets influenced by the health and wellness of adolescent girls. Nearly a quarter of India’s population includes girls below 20 years of age. Menarche is a phase that marks as one of the chief physiological changes that occurs in the life of an adolescent girl. Menstruation refers to the process of bleeding, also called a period that occurs monthly in every woman. During menstruation, the inner lining of the uterus (womb) is shed. Menstrual blood flows from the uterus through the

small opening in the cervix, and passes out of the body through the vagina. Normally, the duration of menstrual periods is from three to five days. Painful menstruation has become one of the most common problems for women. In most women, dysmenorrhea occurs during adolescence, mostly within four to five years of their first menstrual period. As a woman ages, painful periods start getting less common.[1] Dysmenorrhea refers to the pain and discomfort that a women experiences during menstruation. Though this condition is not considered a critical medical problem, however, it usually is severe enough to stall her day to day working for a day or two every month. The pain that one experiences is caused to the

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International Journal of Emergency and Trauma Nursing Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Descriptive Study to Assess Knowledge of Primigravida Mothers Regarding Minor Ailments of Pregnancy in Selected Hospitals of Amritsar, Punjab in a View to Develop Health Education Pamphlet Rajwant Kaur, Bimla Rani*, Ramesh Kumari Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn Taran, Punjab, India

Abstract The study adopted a descriptive survey approach to assess the knowledge of primigravida mothers regarding minor ailments of pregnancy in selected hospitals of Amritsar, Punjab in a view to develop health education pamphlet. The sample size is 100 primigravida mothers. The tool is divided into 2 sections, section 1 consists of a self-structured demographic questionnaire and section 2 consists of a self-structured knowledge questionnaire. Reliability of the tool was established by Karl’s Pearson Prophecy formulae and the values found for the knowledge questionnaire is 0.92. The study was conducted at Guru Nanak Dev Hospital and Sukhbir Hospital, Amritsar, Punjab. Out of 100 samples, the majority of samples (57%) had inadequate knowledge and minority of samples (16%) had adequate knowledge regarding minor ailments of pregnancy. The study findings shows that there is significant association with demographic variables such as age, education, type of family occupation, exercise pattern and source of information, at 0.05 level of significance. Keywords: knowledge, minor ailments and health education pamphlet, primigravida mothers

INTRODUCTION Pregnancy is another phase in a woman’s life. It is a condition of balance and beauty and is one of the best facets that a woman can encounter in her life. Each pregnancy is an exceptional ordeal for a woman and every pregnancy that a woman experiences will be new and novel distinctive. In any event, half of the world populace comprises of females and soon or later every one of them experience the primigravida period of life.[1] Pregnancy is connected with changes regarding physiological shift from pregnancy to motherhood that in turn accelerates massive changes in every female. These progressions include

physical and physiological changes as well as consolidate psychological, emotional and spiritual characteristics of progress. These anatomical and physiological changes are not only limited to the genital organs but also associated with all the systems of her body as this is chiefly an experience of maternal adjustment to the growing needs of the developing fetus, to sustain the embryo, prepare body for labor, develop her breast and place down stores of fat to provide calories for production of breast milk.[2] Pregnancy is the period of great anabolic activity as soon as pregnancy commences

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International Journal of Emergency and Trauma Nursing Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Menopause Among Premenopausal Women in Selected Village of Tarn-Taran, Punjab, in a View to Develop Health Education Pamphlet Harpreet Kaur, Bimla Rani*, Ramesh Kumari Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn Taran, Punjab, India

Abstract Menopause is a one of a kind phase of female reproductive cycle. It is described as the end of the reproductive phase of a woman. The average age of menopause is 47years in Indian females. Therefore Indian women are likely to spend almost 23.5 years that is one third of their total lives, in menopause. Some women experience menopausal symptoms that can be severe enough to affect their normal daily activities. Various studies showed that women have inadequate knowledge regarding menopause. Assessing the level of knowledge regarding menopause is an important measure used for the premenopausal women. So, self-structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the level of knowledge regarding menopause among pre-menopausal women. The study was descriptive in nature. The sample size for the study was 100 pre-menopausal women of age group above 40 years in selected village of Tarn Taran, Punjab. The self-structured knowledge questionnaire was selected for the collection of data. The obtained data was analyzed in terms of the objectives of the study using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study results showed that out of 100 samples that majority (53 %) of sample had inadequate knowledge, (33%) had moderately adequate knowledge and only (14%) had adequate knowledge. There is significant association of knowledge and selected demographic variables such as qualification(x2=22.622), occupation (x2=22.178) and family income (x2=16.385) on the knowledge score of premenopausal women regarding menopause in selected village as the calculated value is more than tabulated value at 0.05 level of significance. The impact of age (x2=12.148), religion(x2=0.354), type of family (x2=4.532), source of information (x2=3.133) and dietary pattern (x2=0.300) on knowledge score of premenopausal women regarding menopause in selected village found to be nonsignificant as the calculated value is less than tabulated value at 0.05 level of significance. After the data collection health education pamphlet was distributed to each sample. Keywords: health education pamphlet, knowledge, menopause, premenopausal women, village

INTRODUCTION “It’s a sign of the times when your roots are grey and your memory’s shorter; It’s a sign of the times when your hourglass shape becomes a glass of water.”

-Jeanie Linders

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International Journal of Emergency and Trauma Nursing Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Helfer Skin Tap Technique on Pain Level among Patients Receiving I/M Injection at Selected Hospitals of Amritsar, Punjab Gagandeep Kaur, Manpreet Kaur Garcha*, Jicy Shahji Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Punjab, India

Abstract Intramuscular injection is a painful experience which is different from person to person. Helfer Skin Tap technique was proposed by Joanne Helfer. Skin tapping (Helfer Skin Tap technique) is one of the methods which keeps the muscles relaxed and while administration the intramuscular injection. In the present study a Quasi experimental design was used with Purposive Sampling technique to assess the effectiveness of interventional tapping technique that is Helfer Skin Tap technique to reduce the level of pain during administration of the intramuscular injection. The study was carried out in Guru Nanak Dev Hospital, C.K Life care hospital. The sample consisted 100 from medical and surgical wards. A numerical pain scale is use to assess the effectiveness of Helfer Skin Tap Technique. Analysis was done using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Finding of the study showed that, there was significant difference between in the mean post score of (Helfer Skin Tap technique) is less than the control group. The numeric pain scale that is 1.60(SD±1.143) and 4.98(SD±1.755) respectively and “t” test value is 11.410 which is significant at 0.05 level. The result revealed that the comparison between the experimental control groups show that pain is reduce with the help of skin tapping technique after the intramuscular injection. Keywords: Helfer Skin Tap technique, Intramuscular injection, pain scale, effectiveness

INTRODUCTION Intra muscular injection is common and complex technique used to deliver the medication deep into the large muscles of the body. Intra muscular injection route provides faster drug action and absorption than the subcutaneous route because in the muscles have greater vascularity.

There are different categories which influences person experiences of pain during Intra muscular injection for example anxiety, culture, age, gender, and expectation of pain relief. These factors increase or decrease the experience of pain during Intra muscular injection.[1–3]

The International Association for the Study of pain (IASP, 1979) defined pain as “An unpleasant, subjective, sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage”. The pain producing stimulus sends an impulse across a peripheral nerve fiber. Then the pain fiber entering into the spinal cord and after that travels into several routes and ending point within the gray matter of the spinal cord. There the pain give message and interacts with inhibitory nerve cells and preventing the pain stimulus from reaching the brain towards cerebral cortex. After that a pain stimulus reaches towards the cerebral cortex the brain interprets the

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« « « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

JAN - JUNE 2016

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

IJETN

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Emergency & Trauma Nursing

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences