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International Journal of Immunological Nursing

International Journal of Immunological Nursing is a peer reviewed Journal. It majorly focuses towards the publication of current Research/Review works carried out in the area of Immunology and Nursing with a special emphasis on autoimmunity, immunotherapy, reproductive immunology and vaccines. The Journal covers all major areas involved in Nursing care and Infectious Disease management.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Classical immunology

Anatomy and physiology of immune system

Immunology and infectious diseases

Autoimmunity

Developmental immunology

Immunotherapy

Hypersensitivity

Reproductive immunology

Nursing management

Clinical immunology

Infection control

Immunotoxicology

International Journal of Immunological Nursing is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub - An International Journals is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Ramesh Kumari Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn-Taran, India

Mr. Nitin Nayyar Public Health Services & District Hospitals, National Health Mission, Delhi State Health Mission, New Delhi, India

Dr. Ubahara Sahayaraj Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (Institute of National Importance), Bangalore, India

Dr. Sutapa Agrawal South Asia Network for Chronic Disease, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon (Haryana), India.

Dr. Sukhpal kaur National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Dr. Gowrishankar Potturi Department of Allied Health Sciences, Allianze College of Medical Sciences, Malaysia

Dr. Bimla Rani Bharat College of Nursing, Punjab, India

Dr. Kedar G Mehta Department of Community Medicine, GMERS Medical College, Gotri, Vadodara, India

Dr. S. Vijayalakshmi Vignesh Nursing College, Tiruvannamalai, India

Dr Anuja Chauhan Arni University, Kathgarh, Kangra, (Himachal Pradesh), India

Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado Psychiatric Nursing and Psychology RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, United Arab Emirates

Dr. E. Sinu Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India

Mr. Rathish Nair College of Nursing, AIIMS, Bihar, India

Dr. Jigar Mukesh Dhuvad Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Government Dental College and Hospital, Ahmadabad, India

Dr. Pragya Pathak College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

Dr. Pierson Rathinaraj Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland University of Technology (AUT) Auckland- New Zealand

Dr. Pratibha Swamy College of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India

Dr. Smriti Arora Rufaida College of Nursing, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India

Dr. Sushma Kumari Saini National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Dr. Asha P. Shetty Yenepoya Nursing College, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte Mangalore, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. A Judie SRM College of Nursing, SRM University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Aman Moda Goenka Research Institute of Dental Science, Gandhinagar, India

Dr. Kawaljit Kaur Department of Medical surgical Nursing, Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn Taran (Punjab), India

Dr. Regina D Satvekar Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed University, College of Nursing, Sangli (Maharashtra), India

Dr. Mala Thayumanavan BGS Global Hospitals, Bangalore, India

Dr. Christos F. Kleisiaris Community Nursing, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Greece

Dr. Ioanna V. Papathanasiou Nursing Department, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Greece

Dr. Vahitha.S. College of Nursing, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India

Prof. A Arvin Babu Mental health Nursing, Sree Abirami Hospital and College of Nursing, Coimbatore, India

Achla Dagdu Gaikwad Department of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India

Stella Sagaya Mary Matha College of Nursing, Nadu, India

Urmila D Bhardwaj Faculty of Nursing, Hamdard University, India

Naveen Herold Simon Shri Venketeshwara University, Gajrola, India

Sibin Joy Vayalil Community Health Nursing Department, Lourdes College of Nursing, kerala, India

Siva Jeya Anand T Chitra College of Nursing, Kerala, India

Prof. Dhanpal H.N. Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Smt. Nagarathnamma College of Nursing, India

Dr. C. Susila Billroth College of Nursing, Chennai, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly Journal, International Journal of Immunological Nursing. This Journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Nursing issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new Journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Nursing as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nursing Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Immunological Nursing in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Nursing in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Immunological Nursing focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Classical immunology, Anatomy and physiology of immune system, Immunology and infectious diseases, Autoimmunity, Developmental immunology, Immunotherapy, Hypersensitivity, Reproductive immunology, Nursing management, Clinical immunology, Infection control, Immunotoxicology. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Nursing and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Nursing community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Nursing. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Nursing readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Nursing. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Prevention of Swine Flu Among Staff Nurses Working at IGMC and Hospital Shimla H.P. Krishna Chauhan, Bimla Verma, Kiran Kumari, Amita Kumari, Anupma Datta, Anupma,

2. Editorial Insight: Are the Indian Nursing Staff Stationed at Health Centers Updated About Newer Vaccines in the Universal Immunization Programme? Kedar Mehta, Paragkumar Chavda

3. A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Prevention Regarding the Water Borne Diseases Among Mothers of Under Five Year Children to Prepare Health Education Module in Selected Hospital Dehradun, Uttarakhand Ashu Kesar, Santosh Arora 9 4. Assessment of Knowledge Regarding Anemia and Its Prevention Among Adolescent Girls in Govt. Girls Sr. Sec. School Portmore, Shimla (HP) With the View to Determine the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Anemia Veena Ranaut, Pooja Sood, Ranjna Thakur 30 5. Short Communication: Water Borne Diseases â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Their Knowledge and Prevention Ashu Kesar

International Journal of Immunological Nursing ISSN: 2456-1592 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Prevention of Swine Flu Among Staff Nurses Working at IGMC and Hospital Shimla H.P. Krishna Chauhan*, Bimla Verma, Kiran Kumari, Amita Kumari, Anupma Datta, Anupma, Archana Anand, Ayushi Verma, Bandana Devi Sister Nivedita Government Nursing College, IGMC, Shimla (H.P.), India

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of planned teaching program on knowledge regarding prevention of swine flu among staff nurses working at IGMC and Hospital, Shimla (H.P.). Quantitative research approach and one group pre and post-test research design was adopted for the study. Fifty staff nurses were selected by using convenient sampling technique. Demographic data was collected by using proforma and knowledge of staff nurses was collected by using structured knowledge questionnaire. The descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used for analysis. The study findings revealed that during the pre-test, 4% of staff nurses had average level of knowledge, 78% of staff nurses had good level of knowledge, 18% of staff nurses had very good level of knowledge, whereas in post-test knowledge none of the staff nurses had average level of knowledge, 24% of staff nurses had good level of knowledge, 76% of staff nurses had very good level of knowledge after giving planned teaching program. The findings of the study reveal that planned teaching program is effective in enhancing the knowledge of staff nurses regarding prevention of swine flu. The study also revealed that the difference obtained in the mean pre-and post-test knowledge was the true difference not by chance. Hence, it can be concluded that planned teaching program is effective and this study is significant and can be recommended to other researches on the basis of this study. Keywords: knowledge, planned teaching program, staff nurses, swine flu

INTRODUCTION India is the second most populous country in the world next to china. With a population of 1,282,390,303 by year 2015, India is supporting about 17.5% of the world population.[1] Swine flu has been declared as global pandemic in June 2009 by World Health Organization (WHO). H1N1 was first reported in Mexico on March 18th, 2009 and then spread to neighboring United States and Canada. As on June 21st, 2009, WHO has reported 44,287 laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza.[2]The first case of swine flu in India was found on airport, Hyderabad on May 13, 2009, when a man travelling from

U.S. to India was found H1N1 positive. As of May 24, 2010 10,193 cases of swine flu have been confirmed with 1035 deaths.[3] The swine flu, medically known as swine influenza, is a general term for a variety of strains of influenza virus commonly found in pigs. Sometimes, some people who have frequent, close contact with pigs, such as farmers or veterinarians, may catch a strain of the swine flu from pigs. The swine flu can spread from person to person when

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International Journal of Immunological Nursing ISSN: 2456-1592 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Editorial Insight: Are the Indian Nursing Staff Stationed at Health Centers Updated About Newer Vaccines in the Universal Immunization Programme? Kedar Mehta*, Paragkumar Chavda Department of Community Medicine, GMERS Medical College, Gotri, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) is a Government funded vaccination program running in India since 1985.[1] There have been many changes brought in this programme since it was first launched in 1985. Many newer vaccines have been introduced in this programme recently. So, there is a need of updating the knowledge about these newer vaccines, their need, their dose, site, schedule and route of administration among health care professionals including nursing staff. Four major changes have been made in the UIP since 2012.[2] First, zero dose of hepatitis B has been introduced which is given to the child after birth along with zero dose of oral polio and BCG vaccines. Second change is the introduction of pentavalent vaccine which is to be given at 6, 10 and 14 weeks replacing the DPT vaccine. Third change is that 2nd dose of measles vaccine have been introduced which is to be given at 1.5â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2 years of age along with DPT booster. Fourth, recently the trivalent OPV has been replaced by bivalent OPV in the entire nation from April 25th, 2016. In India, the large part of the population gets the vaccination for their children at the outreach sessions for immunization which are held in close proximity to the community. These are organized by the female health workers. The female health workers are the paramedical staff championing this herculean task of vaccination of children in the field.

There is another cadre of paramedical staff in the category of staff nurses who are stationed at the health centers and hospitals at primary, secondary and tertiary level. With increasing access of health services to the people more than 73% of deliveries in India are conducted in the institutions as per a latest coverage evaluation survey.[3] The staff nurses available round the clock at these hospitals, Community Health Centres and 24Ă&#x2014;7 Primary Health Centres are the first contact with the newborns, children and the mothers. So, they are a potential source of information and service provision with regard to vaccination for all those clients attending these centers. Now the existing national program has provision for refresher training of the field staff, i.e., female health workers on updates in immunization. Yet, there is no systematic program for including the staff nurses stationed at the health centers and hospitals in such refresher training programs. This could lead to missed opportunities in vaccination for all those eligible children who come in contact with them. We suggest that there should be Continued Medical Education (CME) or small refresher training on immunization at regular interval so that all the newer changes in the vaccination schedule can be discussed at length with these health care professionals as well. Such a step although looks small will help us make the program more inclusive. On long run, there is also a

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A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Prevention Regarding the Water Borne Diseases Among Mothers of Under Five Year Children to Prepare Health Education Module in Selected Hospital Dehradun, Uttarakhand Ashu Kesar*, Santosh Arora Combined Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Abstract This study was done to assess the knowledge of mothers regarding water borne diseases and its prevention among children under 5 years of age with a view to prepare health education pamphlet in a selected area of a hospital at Dehradun, Uttarakhand. The purpose of the study was to assess the mother’s knowledge so as to identify the deficit area regarding water borne diseases among children under five years of age. The sample consisted of 50 mothers of children with under 5 years of age, who visited the Pediatric Ward of the hospital. Analysis of the data revealed that the highest mean knowledge score of mothers regarding water borne disease was found in age group above 35 years (29.85); least knowledge in age group 26–30 years (31–35). The highest mean knowledge score regarding water borne diseases was found in urban mothers (28.70) than rural mothers (26.43). The difference of place of living was statistically significant at p<0.05 level. The highest mean knowledge score regarding water borne diseases found in Hindu mothers (31.70) than other religions. Graduate mothers had higher mean knowledge score (32.83) when compared to others regarding water borne diseases. Keywords: children, descriptive study, knowledge, mother’s knowledge, prevention

INTRODUCTION “The health and survival of child depends upon the health status of mothers and awareness, education and skill in mother craft.” Singh Meharban (2005) Mother is the best primary health worker. In view of her constant and continued contact with her child, she is best person to identify the early evidence illness and minor development deviation from normal. Water is universal healer. It is synonymous with life. A basic necessity water is nature’s most generous gift to man. It is one of man’s most important assets. Water is an essential factor in economic social and cultural development of a community. It is not only a refreshing drink and an

effective cleansing agent but also a vital medicine. It can eliminate water-borne diseases, promote rural development and improve the quality of life. Worldwide every year between 500,000 to 800,000 children under the age of five die due to diarrhea. The deaths occur due to malnutrition resulting from a loss of vital body fluids and salts in the motions. In India over 6 lakh children die every year from diarrhea, making it the second largest killer disease among children between the age of 6 months and 3 years.[1]

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International Journal of Immunological Nursing ISSN: 2456-1592 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Assessment of Knowledge Regarding Anemia and Its Prevention Among Adolescent Girls in Govt. Girls Sr. Sec. School Portmore, Shimla (HP) With the View to Determine the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Anemia Veena Ranaut*, Pooja Sood, Ranjna Thakur Sister Nivedita Govt. Nursing College, IGMC, Shimla, India

Abstract Background: Girls who reach an adolescent stage have a higher possibility of being at risk for anemia and malnutrition. Severe effects can be observed during a girl’s reproductive phase and beyond that, if adequate nutrition is not provided during her adolescence. Methods & materials: The present study was concluded to assess the knowledge regarding anemia and its prevention among adolescent girls in Govt. Girls Sr. Sec. School Portmore, Shimla (HP). Total sample of 100 were taken from Govt. Girls Sr. Sec. School Portmore, Shimla (HP). Non probability convenient sampling technique was used for selection of samples. Data was collected from May 23 to May 29, 2015. Variables for the study were age, class in which study, religion, residence, type of family, total family members, number of children’s, number of male and female children, dietary pattern, education of father and mother, occupation of father and mother, family income, menstrual history. The tool comprised of questionnaire to assess the knowledge of anemia and its prevention among adolescent girls. The gathered data was analyzed by calculating mean standard deviation, chi- square and paired t- test. Result of the study: The study results revealed that in pretest 22% subjects had poor knowledge, 36% subjects had average, 30% subjects had good and 12% had very good level of knowledge regarding Anemia and its prevention. No subjects had excellent knowledge in prevention of anemia, whereas, in post-test 2% had poor knowledge, 14% had average &, 31 % had good level of knowledge, 45% had very good level of knowledge and 8% had excellent level of knowledge. Study also reveals that total mean of knowledge pretest scores of adolescent girls was 46.74 and post-test knowledge scores was 63.41. Conclusion: Study also revealed that there was significant improvement in knowledge regarding anemia and its prevention (t=11.658, p=0.000) among adolescent girls. On the basis of total mean score the findings revealed that the knowledge of adolescent girls was good regarding anemia and its prevention. The post- test mean knowledge score was greater than the pretest mean knowledge score. Keywords: adolescent, assess, effectiveness, knowledge, planned teaching programme

INTRODUCTION One of the most prevalent nutritional deficit disease and a major public health concern all over the world affecting both males and females of all ages is anemia. According to the WHO anemia has been

defined as “ A condition in which the number of RBCs or their oxygen-carrying capacity is inadequate to meet physiologic demands of the body, which vary by sex,

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Short Communication: Water Borne Diseases – Their Knowledge and Prevention Ashu Kesar Combined Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Uttarakhand, India

Water borne diseases refer to the infections and diseases that are spread primarily due to contaminated water. Water is a common healer universally. It is synonymous with life. A basic necessity water is nature’s most generous gift to man.[1] It's one in every of man’s most vital assets. Water is a vital element in economic, social and cultural development of a group. It is not just an energizing drink but also a powerful purifying specialist additionally an indispensable pharmaceutical. It can wipe out waterborne ailments, advance provincial improvement and improve the standard of life.[2-5] Worldwide consistently between 500,000 and 800,000 youngsters less than five years old die because diarrhea. This happens because of starvation due to loss of imperative body liquids and salts. In India more than 6 lakh youngsters die each year due to this, making it the second largest killer among kids between the age of 6 months and 3 years. The quantity of water taps per 1000 individuals is a finer sign of wellbeing than the quantity of beds in hospitals. Approximately 10 to 25 million individuals die every year from infections brought about by unclean or deficient water or insufficient sanitation. W.H.O. gauges that enhancements in water and sanitation – related practices and advancements could lessen disease and sickness by upto 80%. The most wellknown and common hazard connected with drinking water is pollution, either specifically or indirectly by human or animal excreta.[7-9] Drinking contaminated water or utilizing it for washing fruits and vegetables as well as using it for cooking

purposes can lead to spreading of waterrelated diseases. The pathogenic organisms include different microscopic organisms, infections and protozoa which may bring about illnesses that can cause mild form of gastro enteritis to extreme and once in a while looseness of the bowels, diarrhea, hepatitis or typhoid fever. Man's wellbeing affected by the consumption of contaminated water through directly drinking contaminated water or else by using it to prepare food or for other works related to one’s personal hygiene. Developing nations suffer from larger rates of water related infections, the most common being the diarrheal diseases. In India, water contamination is getting to be one significant issue.[2, 7, 8] The coliform bacteria are continually present in incredible amounts in the human digestive tract. It is assessed that a normal individual discharges 200–400 billion of these bacteria every day. As these bacteria are not commonly found in portable water, hence it is believed to be transported through fecal contamination. In 2002 IMCI stated that worldwide more than 10 million children below the age of five years die; out of which half of the deaths occur due to diarrheal [10, 11] complications. Water borne maladies are transmitted by dirty and contaminated water, food and flies. The rain water after getting in touch with ground gets contaminated with microscopic organisms, dust, chemicals depending upon what is available in the climate through which it passes. Numerous

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