International Journal of Oncological Nursing vol 2 issue 1 by JournalsPub

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, 6 Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India 1 t E-mail: info@journalspub.com 0 2 mi icle b rt u S A Mechanical Engineering Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and International Journal of Thermal Energy and u Mechanical Behaviour Applications International Journal of Machine Design and International Journal of Production Engineering Yo «

« « « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development « International Journal of Town Planning and Management 2 more...

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

International Journal of Wireless Network Security International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices International Journal of Software Computing and Testing International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms 5 more...

International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits International Journal of Automatic Control System International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering « International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and 4 more... Circuits

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

International Journal of

Oncological Nursing Jan – JUNE 2016

IJOnN

Material Sciences and Engineering

International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

« « « «

International Journal of Energetic Materials International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering 4 more...

« « « «

International Journal of Photochemistry International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry International Journal of Green Chemistry International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering 3 more...

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

International Journal of Water Resources Engineering International Journal of Concrete Technology International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis International Journal of Construction Engineering and Planning

Biomaterials International Journal of Plant Biotechnology International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and 3 more... Applications

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences

www.journalspub.com

International Journal of Oncological Nursing International Journals Publisher

JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work by Division of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our Honorable Editorial Board Members from renowned institutes.

Objectives of JournalsPub ü JournalsPub is international scholarly journal that publishes peer reviewed journal in the frontier areas of

Applied Sciences, Medical and Engineering. ü JournalsPub publishes Original Research Papers, Review Papers, Popular Articles, Short

Communications & Case Study. ü Publishing special issues on Proceedings of Conferences, Seminars and Symposia. ü JournalsPub Publishes issues twice a year (bi-annually) in English-language which is available online

(open access) and in printed version with a goal to promote an extensive academic awareness. ü JournalsPub desires to set a good benchmark in the publishing industry by launching more than 100+

new International Journals to help the scientific community to enhance communication within the research communities and maintain a balance between the existing and emerging interdisciplinary technologies. ü JournalsPub aims to provide quality research articles for Academic Researchers, Industrial

Professionals, Engineers, Scientists, Professors, etc. working in the areas of Applied Sciences, Medical and Engineering to contribute and communicate innovative work.

Salient Features ü An umbrella of 100+ journals that covers Applied Sciences, Medial and Engineering Arena. ü The first and one of the rapidly emerging publication website in Country as well as overseas for its

excellence and exposure. ü Universal transmission and reflectivity. ü A Rigorous, Fast and Constructive Peer Review Process ü Speedy Publication of Manuscripts ü Eminent Editorial Board Members from renowned organizations. ü Free Registration, Online Submission, Processing, Publication & Online Access of Manuscripts. ü The journal publishes novel research articles with emphasis on theoretical and experimental work.

JournalsPub (Division of Dhruv Infosystem Private Ltd.) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor, CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journals. Statements and opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the Author(s) and are not the opinion of JournalsPub unless so stated. Subscription Information and Order Cost of Journal National Subscription ? Rs. 3000/- per Journal (includes 2 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase Rs.1800/copy

International Subscription ? Online Only- $99, Print Only-$149 (includes 2 print issues)

? Online + Print-$199 (includes 2 print issues + online access of published back volumes )

To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at info@journalspub.com Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India include speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without notice. Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Dhruv Infosystem Pvt. ltd., payable at Delhi/New Delhi. Online Access Policy A). For Authors: In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, JournalsPub also have Open Access Policy; Authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as follows: India, SARC and African Countries: INR 1500 including single hard copy of Author's Journal. Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal. B.) For Subscribers: Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of correct information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber. The access will be blocked: If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking due to technical issue. Misuse of the access rights as per the access policy. Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: JournalsPub with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc. These journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue. The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very welcome. Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues: Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the next issue as per the frequency. Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will be entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends. Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored. Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to JournalsPub at least 2 months prior to the dispatch schedule as per the frequency by mentioning subscriber ID and the subscription ID. Refund requests will not be entertained. Legal Disputes All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only. If you have any questions, please contact the Publication Management Team: info@journalspub.com; Tel: +91 0120-4347644.

International Journal of Oncological Nursing

International Journal of Oncological Nursing is an international peer reviewed Journal which publishes research and review initiatives and innovation related to Oncology Nursing. The Journal is devoted to Nurses and Other Health Professionals involved in the care of patients undergoing various oncological and traumatic conditions. The nature of information expected from contributions should preferably be based on the practical utility of the subject.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Medical oncology

Radiation oncology

Surgical oncology

Gynecological oncology

Pediatric oncology

Ocular oncology

Oncofertility

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy

Palliative care

Clinical trials

Malignancy, biopsy, endoscopy

International Journal of Oncological Nursing is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub An International Journals is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Ramesh Kumari Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn-Taran, India

Mr. Nitin Nayyar Public Health Services & District Hospitals, National Health Mission, Delhi State Health Mission, New Delhi, India

Dr. Ubahara Sahayaraj Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (Institute of National Importance), Bangalore, India

Dr. Sutapa Agrawal South Asia Network for Chronic Disease, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon (Haryana), India.

Dr. Sukhpal kaur National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Dr. Gowrishankar Potturi Department of Allied Health Sciences, Allianze College of Medical Sciences, Malaysia

Dr. Bimla Rani Bharat College of Nursing, Punjab, India

Dr. Kedar G Mehta Department of Community Medicine, GMERS Medical College, Gotri, Vadodara, India

Dr. S. Vijayalakshmi Vignesh Nursing College, Tiruvannamalai, India

Dr Anuja Chauhan Arni University, Kathgarh, Kangra, (Himachal Pradesh), India

Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado Psychiatric Nursing and Psychology RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, United Arab Emirates

Dr. E. Sinu Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India

Dr. Sukhwinder Kaur National Institute of Nursing Education PGIMER, India

Dr. Jigar Mukesh Dhuvad Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Government Dental College and Hospital, Ahmadabad, India

Dr. Pragya Pathak College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

Dr. Pierson Rathinaraj Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland University of Technology (AUT) Auckland- New Zealand

Dr. Pratibha Swamy College of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India

Dr. Smriti Arora Rufaida College of Nursing, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India

Dr. Sushma Kumari Saini National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Dr. Asha P. Shetty Yenepoya Nursing College, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte Mangalore, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. A Judie SRM College of Nursing, SRM University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Aman Moda Goenka Research Institute of Dental Science, Gandhinagar, India

Dr. Kawaljit Kaur Department of Medical surgical Nursing, Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn Taran (Punjab), India

Dr. Regina D Satvekar Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed University, College of Nursing, Sangli (Maharashtra), India

Dr. Mala Thayumanavan BGS Global Hospitals, Bangalore, India

Dr. Christos F. Kleisiaris Community Nursing, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Greece

Dr. Ioanna V. Papathanasiou Nursing Department, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Greece

Dr. Vahitha.S. College of Nursing, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India

Prof. A Arvin Babu Mental health Nursing, Sree Abirami Hospital and College of Nursing, Coimbatore, India

Achla Dagdu Gaikwad Department of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India

Stella Sagaya Mary Matha College of Nursing, Nadu, India

Urmila D Bhardwaj Faculty of Nursing, Hamdard University, India

Naveen Herold Simon Shri Venketeshwara University, Gajrola, India

Sibin Joy Vayalil Community Health Nursing Department, Lourdes College of Nursing, kerala, India

Siva Jeya Anand T Chitra College of Nursing, Kerala, India

Prof. Dhanpal H.N. Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Smt. Nagarathnamma College of Nursing, India

Achla Dagdu Gaikwad Department of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India

Dr. B. Tamilarasi Madha College of Nursing, Chennai, India

Kripa Angeline A. Kasturba Gandhi Nursing College, Puducherry, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly Journal, International Journal of Oncological Nursing. This Journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Nursing issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new Journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Nursing as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nursing Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Oncological Nursing in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Nursing in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journals of Immunological Nursing focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Medical oncology, Radiation oncology, Surgical oncology, Gynecological oncology, Pediatric oncology, Ocular oncology, Oncofertility, Chemotherapy and radiotherapy, Palliative care, Clinical trials, Malignancy, biopsy, endoscopy. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Nursing and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Nursing community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Nursing. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Nursing readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Nursing. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. A Pre-experimental Study to Assess the Effect of Video Assisted Teaching (VAT) on Attitude, Knowledge and Skill Regarding Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Among Staff Nurses V.R. Vijay, T.M. Arun, S. Kumbhakar, S. Debnat, S. Sarka, P. Parida

2. Breast Cancer: A Threat to Women Well Being Charanjit Kaur, Avondeep Dhaliwal, Damanpreet Kaur

3. Assessment of the Knowledge of Senior Secondary School Students Regarding Cancer, Its Warning Signs and Treatment Modalities Among Selected Schools of District Faridkot, Punjab in a View to Develop Self-Instructional Module Regarding Prevention of Cancer Gian Mashi, Raj Rani

4. Lifestyle and Risk of Breast Cancer Charanjit Kaur, Avondeep Dhaliwal, Damanpreet Kaur

5. A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Early Diagnosis and Prevention of Breast Cancer Among Woman in Selected Community Phillaur (Punjab) Babita Rani, Ashu Kesar, Bimla Rani

International Journal of Oncological Nursing Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

A Pre-experimental Study to Assess the Effect of Video Assisted Teaching (VAT) on Attitude, Knowledge and Skill Regarding Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Among Staff Nurses V.R. Vijay1*, T.M. Arun2, S. Kumbhakar1, S. Debnat2, S. Sarka2, P. Parida2 1

Government College of Nursing, Uttar Pradesh Rural Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (UP RIMS& R),Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India 2 SUM Nursing College, SOA University, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India

Abstract Breast cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths after lung, stomach, liver and colorectal cancers. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of video assisted teaching (VAT) on attitude, knowledge and skill regarding breast self-examination (BSE) and to find out the association between knowledge and skills of staff nurses with their selected demographic variables. A pre experimental pretestâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;posttest research design was employed. One hundred and thirty staff nurses working in selected hospitals of Bhubaneswar, Odisha were included in the study. Subjects were prearranged on the basis of nonprobability purposive sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio demographic data and to assess knowledge and attitude whereas a checklist was used to assess the skill of the subjects. The result shows that VAT has significantly improved attitude, knowledge and skill of nurses regarding BSE. The study also revealed the presence of statistically significant association between educational qualification and skill of performing BSE. The entire subjects started doing BSE regularly as well as agreed to teach the patients regarding BSE after the implementation of VAT. Keywords: breast self-examination, staff nurses, video assisted teaching

INTRODUCTION Globally, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, comprising 23% of the female cancers. Breast cancer is also the fifth most common cause of cancer deaths after lung, stomach, liver and colon cancers. The annual worldwide prediction by American cancer society about the severity of breast cancer is terrifying, it reported that 1.3 million and 465,000 women will be diagnosed and die with this disease respectively.[1] Not only the developed countries but the less developed countries also suffer from the mortalities and morbidities inflicted by breast cancer. The reasons could be a change in life style or lack of awareness about the advancement

happened in the arena of cancer.[2] Even though breast cancer rates are low in Asian countries, the incidence of breast cancer in India is rising at an alarming rate and has become the second most common cancer affecting Indian women.[3] In India, it was estimated that 80,000 new breast cancer cases are diagnosed annually and one in every 22 women can be a victim of breast cancer during their life span.[4] Early screening and detection of breast cancer is important for the good prognosis of cancer management. Here comes the role of Breast Self-Examination (BSE), where women observe their breast and

Page 1

International Journal of Oncological Nursing Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Breast Cancer: A Threat to Women Well Being Charanjit Kaur1, Avondeep Dhaliwal2*, Damanpreet Kaur3 1

Institute of Nursing, University Regional Centre, Goindwal Sahib, Tarn Taran, India Division of Neurology and Neurosurgery Nursing, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India 3 Division of Community Health Nursing, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India

A women’s health is her capital. Her health status affects the whole family as she is considered as a pillar of a family. While passing through different phases of her life, she plays an important role in holding a family. Now a days utmost importance is given to women health all over the world through various health programmes. But despite these efforts, In developing countries women bear a triple burden of ill-health, that includes: complications of pregnancy and childbirth, communicable diseases i.e. malaria, HIV and TB as well as other neglected tropical diseases and the emerging threat of noncommunicable diseases, involves breast cancer.[1] Breast cancer is a major health challenge in all over the world. It is the most common invasive cancer and a leading cause of death among women with an estimated 1.7 million new cases diagnosed each year worldwide. Breast cancer incidence rate is rapidly increasing, especially in the developing countries.[2,3] It is now ranked as the first among diagnosed cancers in women. Worldwide in women, almost 22.9% of all cancers are the breast cancers.[4] For the past many years, people have believed that breast cancer is a condition that can occur to only older women. Currently, the major emphasis is on the prevention, early detection and treatment of breast cancer. However, in the Western community, the disease can also strike at a

younger age. Due to this, physicians and cancer groups have recommended women to get baseline mammograms at the age of 40. American Cancer Society (2012) has recommended that women should be educated regarding the advantages of conducting a monthly Breast SelfExamination starting from the age of 20.[5] Prevention of breast cancer is the prime basis for the fight against it, and knowledge regarding it is the key for prevention. Though, different preventive methods have been proposed, however, they remain inaccessible to women in developing countries. Also lack of availability of proper diagnostic and curative facilities adds onto it. This is the reason, breast cancer is silently killing women, specifically those who have no knowledge and yet continue to be ignorant regarding breast cancer and its screening methods.[6] Breast cancer no longer remains a rare condition, and every woman wishes to be aware of her chances of suffering and the various factors that put her at a higher risk. The exact cause of breast cancer is still unknown, however certain risk factors known to increase a woman’s chance of getting breast cancer such as dietary factors, use of oral contraceptives, old age and family history. In India, the average age when breast cancer is detected is about 10 years lesser as compared to that of

Page 7

International Journal of Oncological Nursing Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Assessment of the Knowledge of Senior Secondary School Students Regarding Cancer, Its Warning Signs and Treatment Modalities Among Selected Schools of District Faridkot, Punjab in a View to Develop Self-Instructional Module Regarding Prevention of Cancer Gian Mashi*, Raj Rani University College of Nursing, Faridkot, Punjab, India

Abstract Cancer is an enormous global health burden, touching every region and socioeconomic level. Today, cancer accounts for one in every eight deaths worldwide more than HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge of senior secondary school students regarding cancer, its warning signs and treatment modalities in the selected senior secondary schools Faridkot district. A descriptive, cross-sectional, study was conducted on students of Senior Secondary Schools in District Faridkot, Punjab. Sample was 240 students of senior secondary schools. Convenient sampling technique was used to select 120 students from two government schools and 120 students from two private schools. 60 senior secondary school students, 30 students from 10+1 (15 from arts and 15 from science) and 30 students from 10+2 (15 from arts and 15 from science) were taken from each govt. and private school. Self-structured questionnaire related to assessment of knowledge of senior secondary school students regarding cancer, its warning signs and treatment modalities were used for data collection. The findings of the study revealed that (89.6%) students had adequate knowledge and (10.4%) students had inadequate knowledge regarding cancer, its warning signs and treatment modalities. The mean score of students was 22.46. In subcontent areas, (83.30%) study subjects had adequate knowledge regarding cancer, 75% of students had adequate knowledge regarding its warning signs and 97.5% of students had adequate knowledge regarding treatment modalities. 84.2% students of govt. school had adequate knowledge and 95% students of private school had adequate knowledge. Mean score of govt. school was 21.81 and 23.12 of private school. The t-test value was ď&#x20AC;2.773 and p-value was 0.000. It is significant at p<0.05. So there was significant difference between the knowledge of government and private senior secondary school students. The private school had more knowledge than govt. school. Chi square test was computed to find the relationship of knowledge of senior secondary school regarding cancer, its warning signs and treatment modalities with selected variables i.e. gender, age, school, class, stream, religion, place of living, types of family, education status of father, education status of mother, occupation of father and mother, family income, heard about cancer and sources of knowledge of cancer. The knowledge about cancer, its warning signs and treatment modalities was found to be significant at p value 0.05 with the religion, education of father, family income and type of school. The knowledge of private school students was found significantly higher than government school students. Keywords: cancer, knowledge, senior secondary school students, warning signs and treatment modalities

INTRODUCTION The term cancer is an umbrella word used to describe a group of more than 100

diseases in which cells multiply and spread without control, destroying healthy tissue and endangering life. More than 60% of all

Page 11

International Journal of Oncological Nursing Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Lifestyle and Risk of Breast Cancer Charanjit Kaur1, Avondeep Dhaliwal2*, Damanpreet Kaur3 1

Institute of Nursing, University Regional Centre, Goindwal Sahib, Tarn-Taran, Punjab, India Division of Neurology and Neurosurgery Nursing, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India 3 Department of Cardiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India

LIFE STYLE AND RISK OF BREAST CANCER Nowadays, non-communicable diseases are of major concern in area of health care. Life style is one of the main risk factor for non-communicable diseases such as cancers, stroke, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Life style mainly includes: diet, physical activity, tobacco abuse and risky behaviours.[1] Breast cancer is a global health problem comprising 23% of the female cancers and the most common cancer amongst women.[2] Women in any age group are at risk to develop breast cancer but the risks increases with increasing age.[3] Despite many advanced technologies have been developed to detect breast cancer, still death rate remains high. Breast cancer is the main cause of cancer mortality in women aged 40–44 years old.[4,5] The higher incidences generally seen in developed countries due to life style. Increased life expectancy, urbanization and adoption of western lifestyles have increased the incidence of breast cancer. The upward trend in breast cancer globally and in India has become a matter of great concern.[6] The exact aetiology of breast cancer is not well known. However, several risk factors have been suggested to have an influence on the development of this malignant tumour. Identifying risk factors of breast cancer is a main keyhole for preventive

strategies to reduce the incidence. The known most important determinant factors for breast cancer incidence include: age, family history, genetics, personal history of breast cancer, radiation exposure, race/ethnicity, being overweight, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), pregnancy/breast feeding and menstrual history, using drinking alcohol, smoking, having dense breast, lack of exercise, lifestyle and environmental factors.[1] In order to reduce the incidence of breast cancer, awareness regarding specific risk factors related to life style is must. Higher risk is found to be associated with higher standard of living, frequent intake of deep fried food, higher B.M.I, higher per capita protein and more fat consumption.[6] Obesity is one of the modifiable risk factor for breast cancer, whereas several of the long-established risk factors are nonmodifiable (family history and genotype, age at menarche, number of pregnancies, ages at pregnancy and age at menopause). The relation between obesity and breast cancer risk is important because obesity is the main contributing factor for a number of cases of breast cancer.[7] A systematic review and meta-analysis showed that obesity (BMI more than 30), over weight (BMI = 25–30), meat consumption more than three times in a week, smoking, physical activity less than 5.5 h/w, first pregnancy more than 30 years old are the risk factors for breast

Page 16

International Journal of Oncological Nursing Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Early Diagnosis and Prevention of Breast Cancer Among Woman in Selected Community Phillaur (Punjab) Babita Rani, Ashu Kesar, Bimla Rani* Bharat College of Nursing, Jalandhar, Punjab

Abstract The incidence of breast cancer has been increasing since 1950s. Presently 1 of every 8 women will acquire breast cancer four times in her life. Risk factors include ageing, personal and family history of cancer, early age at menarchy, and late age at menopause. Breast cancer prevention is the main stream focus for research today. Keywords: breast cancer, early diagnosis, prevention, structured teaching programme

INTRODUCTION Tumors of the breast arise in the epithelial cells either ductal or lobular tissues and are referred to carcinomas. Female gender and aging are the most significant risk factors for breast cancer.[1] Breast is divided into four quadrants, which are upper inner, upper outer, lower inner and lower outer. Most breast tumors are located in upper outer quadrant, but they can occur in any area of breast.[2] Breast carcinoma needs prompt investigations and treatment comprising surgery followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy as the need be.[3] A comparison of estimated cancer incidence and death rate figures reveals that breast cancer accounts for about one third (31%) of all cancer detected in women and 15% of all cancer related deaths.[4,5] Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, comprising 16% of all female cancers. It is estimated that 519,000 women died in 2004 due to breast cancer, and although breast cancer is thought to be a disease of the developed world, a majority (69%) of

all breast cancer deaths occurs in developing countries (WHO Global Burden of Disease, 2004). Incidence rates vary greatly worldwide, with age standardized rates as high as 99.4 per 100,000 in North America. Eastern Europe, South America, Southern Africa, and Western Asia have moderate incidence rates, but these are increasing. The lowest incidence rates are found in most African countries but here breast cancer incidence rates are also increasing.[6â&#x20AC;&#x201C;13] Breast cancer is the second leading malpractice-related condition with most lawsuits arising out of misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. One problem is that a mammogram may be negative, even for women with a breast lump, but a negative mammogram does not definitively rule out breast cancer, further tests are necessary. Another problem is that women under 50 can get breast cancer. Breast cancer is fairly common because of its well-

Page 21

« « « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development « International Journal of Town Planning and Management 2 more...

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

International Journal of

Oncological Nursing Jan – JUNE 2016

IJOnN

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences