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International Journal of Optical Sciences

International Journal of Optical Sciences is a comprehensive journal that covers all aspects of Optical Sciences and their integration into recent technologies that are the focus of ongoing research. Journal has a wider scope including all major advancement in the technology and design that are related to solid state material. All articles presented here are peer-reviewed and are of good quality.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Nonlinear optics

! Photonics ! Quantum optics ! Super lens ! Metamaterial cloaking ! Optical software ! Optical lens design ! Image quality and system performance ! Image processing for optical engineering ! Multispectral and hyperspectral technologies ! Optical design and engineering ! Astronomical optics ! Biomedical optics

International Journal of Optical Sciences is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Raghuwanshi Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian School of Mines Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

P D Sahare Department of Physics & Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

Rami Ahmad El-Nabulsi, Neijing Normal University, Department of Mathematics, Neijiang, Sichuan, China

Dr. Kamlesh M Alti, Department of Physics, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, India

Dr. Gopinath Palai, Gandhi Institute for Technological Advancement (GITA), Bhubaneswar, India

Dr. P Murali Krishna, National Institute of Food Technology and Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, India

Dr Gurmeet Singh Lotey, DAV University, Jalandhar Punjab, India

Rabah Khenata, Lpq3m-Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Masacra University, Algeria

Dr. Santosh Kumar Karn, Department of Science & Humanities (DSH), PCCS, Gr. Noida, Mahamaya Technical University, Noida, India

Dr. M. Jayasimhadri, Department of Applied Physics, Delhi Technological University Bawana Road, Delhi, India

Dr. Narendra Kumar Department of Physics (CASH), Mody University of Science & Technology, Rajasthan, India

Dr. M Wasi Khan, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

Dr. Vinod Kumar Sayal, Department of Physics, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Majitar, Rangpo Sikkim, India

Dr. Neeraj Kumar Jaiswal Discipline of Physics, PDPM-Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing (IIITDM) Jabalpur, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Optical Sciences. This journal is part of the physics, and is devoted to the scope of present physics issues, from theoretical aspects to applicationdependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of Optical Sciences as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Physics community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Optical Sciences in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Optical Sciences in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Optical Sciences focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Nonlinear optics, Photonics, Quantum optics, Super lens, Metamaterial cloaking, Optical software, Optical lens design, Image quality and system performance, Image processing for optical engineering, Multispectral and hyperspectral technologies, Optical design and engineering, Astronomical optics, Biomedical optics. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Optical Sciences and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Physics community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Optical Sciences. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Optical Sciences readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Optical Sciences. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Structural Damages on Tungsten and Graphite Samples Upon Ion Irradiation M. Bhuyan

2. Study of Structural and Optical Properties of CdS Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique S. Bidyaswor Singh, Kh. Kamala Devi, L. Raghumani Singh, A. Nabachandra Singh

3. Role of Magnetic Field on the Optical, Thermal and Structural Characterization of Strontium Tartrate Trihydrate Crystal R.G. Vidhya, R. Ramasamy, L. Vijayalakshmi

4. A Brief Review About Nonlinear Optics Priyanka Garg

5. A Review on Basics of Physical and Geometric Optics Shrawani Verma

International Journal of Optical Sciences Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Structural Damages on Tungsten and Graphite Samples Upon Ion Irradiation M. Bhuyan* Department of Physics, Rangia College, Rangia, India

Abstract Tungsten and graphite samples are very important for the plasma facing component material of next generation fusion reactor because of its superior thermo-physical and mechanical properties. It is essential to study the ion material interaction for its response to severe conditions of fusion reactor. In this work, an ingenious ion source namely plasma focus is used to study the effect of neon (and proton) irradiation on tungsten and graphite under various experimental conditions. To observe the structural changes of exposed and reference tungsten and graphite samples were analyzed using X-ray diffractometer. X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the development of compressive stress on the samples due to thermal load and formation of other phases or some expanded phases. Keywords: fusion reactor, neon, X-ray diffractometer

INTRODUCTION Material research is an important part of fusion research. The proper understanding of material properties in fusion environment is quite essential for the better operation, safety and performance of tokamak fusion reactor. The successful operation of International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) solely depends upon the various types of plasma facing components (PFC). Tungsten (W) is one of the most important candidates as PFCs for ITER because of its excellent material properties such as high melting point, high threshold energy for physical sputtering, and low retention of hydrogen isotopes.[1,2] Carbon-based materials such as isotropic graphite and carbon fiber composites (CFCs) have been widely employed for protection of inner walls of existing tokamaks.[3,4] In ITER, however, high-Z components will be used together with carbon materials[5,6] and most probably carbonized at high temperatures.

Due to high melting point, high threshold energy for physical sputtering and low retention of hydrogen isotopes properties previous investigations of tungsten were focused using various energetic ions with different energy ranges in various facility which are discussed in our earlier paper.[7] Therefore, in present work we implant the neon and proton ions on tungsten and graphite samples to observe the structural changes, as they plays an important role in ITER in terms of PFCs. Hereafter, we present experimental procedure as well as experimental results. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The neon and proton ions are irradiated on our tungsten and graphite targets separately. The schematic of the experimental setup is shown in Figure 1. The square tungsten samples of sizes of 5 × 5 mm2 and 10 × 10 mm2 and circular specimens of graphite with 0.5-cm diameter were introduced inside the PF

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International Journal of Optical Sciences Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Study of Structural and Optical Properties of CdS Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique S. Bidyaswor Singh1, Kh. Kamala Devi2, L. Raghumani Singh3, A. Nabachandra Singh1* 1

Department of Physics, Thoubal College, Thoubal, Manipur, India Department of Physics, Waikhom Mani Girls College, Thoubal, Manipur, India 3 Department of Physics, Pettigrew College, Ukhrul, Manipur, India

Abstract Chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique was used to deposit nano-structured cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films on pre-treated glass substrates. The films are studied using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical absorption and transmission techniques. The XRD shows that the films are polycrystalline and are a mixture of cubic and hexagonal phases, which agrees with the earlier report of CdS thin film. The average grain size of the film is about 39.14 nm. SEM studies indicate that the grains are seen to be spherical and symmetrical, not uniformly distributed and not well connected to each other. The EDAX spectrum shows that the film contains the elements Cd and S as expected. Optical study shows that the film has a band gap of 3.15 eV. Keywords: chemical bath deposition, EDX, nanocrystalline, SEM, thin films, XRD

INTRODUCTION In the present development of technology, nano-structured CdS thin films have gained considerable research attention and have been becoming a promising candidate for various applications. CdS films belong to the II–VI semiconductor compounds, and they are highly reproducible, stable, and cost effective material for optoelectronic devices, photovoltaic industry and optical detectors, etc.[1–5] They are also widely used in photonic devices like light emitting diodes,[6] solar cells,[7] and lasers.[8] But poor conductivity of CdS films as low as 108 (Ωm)1 has been reported.[9] Such limitations in properties can be varied over several orders of magnitude by considering doping of different dopants to different extends and annealing the sample at different temperatures.[10] In order to enhance applications in different fields, we must

study doping and annealing effects on CdS thin films. There are various techniques to prepare CdS thin films such as spray pyrolysis,[11] chemical bath deposition,[12– 15] successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction,[16] etc. The chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique has drawn a special attention because this technique has many advantages such as no requirement for sophisticated instruments, minimum material wastage, and economical way of large area deposition. The film deposited by this method has better photoconductivity and improved morphological properties such as roughness and pinhole density as compared with film processed by other techniques.[17] CBD can be used to deposit any compound that satisfies four basic requirements: simple precipitation, highly insoluble in the solution, chemically stable

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International Journal of Optical Sciences Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Role of Magnetic Field on the Optical, Thermal and Structural Characterization of Strontium Tartrate Trihydrate Crystal R.G. Vidhya1*, R. Ramasamy2, L. Vijayalakshmi3 1

Department of Physics, Shrimati Indira Gandhi College, Tiruchirapalli, India 2 Department of Physics, National College, Thiruchirapalli, India 3 Principal, Auxiium College of Arts and Science for Women, Pudukottai, India

Abstract Several technical advances rest on on the accessibility of appropriate crystals having diverse uses. The growth of crystals from gel is well suited for the crystal growth of compounds, which are sparingly soluble and decompose fairly at low temperature. Gel grown crystals may diffract X-rays more strongly and have a less mosaic structure. A few advancements and modifications in these techniques are suggested. A Magnetic field has been recognized as affecting nucleation and crystal growth rate, polymorphism and colloidal stability, and is now being applied to crystal growth of proteins and other compounds. Strontium tartrate crystals are grown in the presence and in the absence of magnetic field by single diffusion method .A comparative optical, thermal and structural analysis between the outcome of the strontium tartrate crystals grown in the absence of magnetic field and the crystals grown under the influence of magnetic field is done. Keywords: gel method, magnetic field, single diffusion, strontium tartrate, XRD

INTRODUCTION The preparation of metal organic frameworks (MOF) is an especially active research area, due to the tunable properties and functions of MOF. These compounds find applications in many fields, such as molecular recognition, adsorption and separation processes, catalysis, ion exchange and molecular magnetism, The design and synthesis of novel coordination architectures controlled by varying the reaction conditions including temperature, metal – to – ligand ratio and pH value are of great interest in coordination chemistry. Polycarboxylate ligands have created interest as the potential bridging ligands with a variety of connection modes with transition metal centers and abundant structural motifs Dicarboxylate are very important bridging ligands, which have attracted much interest in coordination polymer synthesis, providing the necessary

charge balance and building the neutral frame works. The structure of organometallic compound can be varied by changing the metal, coordination number, ligands etc. A nonaromatic acid and an inorganic salt form the metal organic compound. The characterization of strontium tartrate crystals are reported in many literatures.[113] In the present study the variation in structural characterization of strontium tartrate crystals grown in the presence (SrTmf) and in the absence of magnetic (SrT) field are compared. To our knowledge there are no literatures reporting the structural properties of

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International Journal of Optical Sciences Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Brief Review About Nonlinear Optics Priyanka Garg JournalsPub, Noida, UP, India

INTRODUCTION Nonlinear optics (NLO) designates the behaviour of light in nonlinear media and also is subdivision of optics. The media which has the dielectric polarization say P retorts nonlinearly to the electric field E of the light. This nonlinearity is characteristically merely experiential at appropriate high light intensities for example those delivered by lasers. Directly above the Schwinger limit, the vacuum aforementioned is predictable to come to be nonlinear. In nonlinear optics, the superposition norm no more grasps.[1-3] Nonlinear optics was unknown till 1961 of Second harmonic generation by Peter Franken et al. at University of Michigan, subsequently as the construction of the first laser by Theodore Harold Maiman. Conversely selected nonlinear properties were learned beforehand the growth of the laser. The hypothetical base for numerous nonlinear procedures were first termed in Bloembergen's monograph, Nonlinear Optics.

optical phenomena. Some of processes are explained below:[4] Frequency Mixing Processes  Second harmonic generation or frequency doubling, is the process of creation of light with a double frequency that is half of the wavelength. In this process two photons are demolished which creates a single photon at two times the frequency.  Third harmonic generation includes the process of creation of light with a tripled frequency which is one-third the wavelength. Here three photons are demolished with the creation of a single photon at three times the frequency.  High harmonic generation is the process of generation of light with much larger frequencies as compared to the original.  Sum frequency generation is the process of cohort of light having a frequency which is the sum of two added frequencies. Other frequency mingling methods are as optical parametric amplification, difference frequency generation, and optical parametric oscillation, nonlinear light-matter interaction with free electrons and plasma, optical rectification.

Nonlinear optics is specified growing consideration due to its extensive use in the extent of laser skill, optical communication and data storage skill. NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROCESSES The non-linear reaction of properties such as frequency, polarization, phase or path of incident light is explained by non-linear optics. These responses gave rise to many

Few other nonlinear processes are: 

Optical Kerr outcome which is amount reliant refractive index.

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A Review on Basics of Physical and Geometric Optics Shrawani Verma JournalsPub, Noida, UP, India

A BRIEF ON PHYSICAL AND GEOMETRIC OPTICS Light proliferates as motions in an electromagnetic field, which extend from a point light source as equally divided and concentric wavefronts. The energy conveyed in the motions is measured in quantum parcels known as photons. The radiation of light through space can be spoken to in two routes: (1) as real wavefronts that grow concentrically and radially from the light source (examination by physical optics), or (2) as nonexistent light beams opposite to the wavefronts that augment radially from the light source and show the course in which every part of the wavefront is moving (investigation by geometric optics). The essential parameters of optical components portrayed in this page are created as far as geometric optics.[1-3] In astronomical applications, light sources are distance to the point that the concentric wavefronts turn into a progression of similarly dispersed parallel planes over the width of any viable telescope gap. To represent: over the opening of a 1 meter (39.4") telescope, light beams from a solitary point on the Moon, the nearest cosmic item at 384,403 kilometers, veer from parallel by close to 1/384403000 of a radian or 0.0000026 millimeter, which is 0.0047 or 1/200 a wavelength of "green" light. Since the creation furthest reaches of the most astounding quality galactic optics are around λ/20 wave, or 10 times bigger than the wavefront dissimilarity, optical counts can expect superbly level and parallel wavefronts from a removed light source. The optical way of these

wavefronts can be compressed as fanciful yet systematically helpful light beams, characterized as parallel to each other and opposite to the wavefronts they portray. WAVELENGTH & FREQUENCY The distance amid identical points on two adjacent wavefronts of light is the wavelength (λ) of the light. The frequency (ν) of light is the number of wavefronts that pass a fixed point in one second, or the cycles per second. The relationship between frequency and wavelength is governed by the speed of light in a vacuum, c: c = ν·λ = 299,792,458 m·s–1 = 3 x 108 meters per second. λ = c / ν. Therefore the frequency of "green" light at 550 nm is ν = c/λ550 = 299792458/0.00000055 (wavelength in meters) or 545 trillion cycles per second. Light wavelengths are generally measured in angstroms (10-10 meter), nanometers (10-9 meter) or micrometers (10-6 meter). Light that seems green to the human eye has a wavelength of around 550 nanometers — 0.00055 millimeters or 0.55 micrometers (thus submicron). Unmistakable wavelengths of respectably brilliant light range from around 750 nm ("orange red") to 380 nm ("blue violet"), or 0.00075 to 0.00038 millimeters. In spite of the fact that they are interrelated, note that recurrence is utilized to describe the vitality conveyed by a photon of light, while wavelength is utilized to portray the optical conduct of wavefronts. Longer

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¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

5 more...

Signals

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution 1 more...

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

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Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

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Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Jan – Jun 2016

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

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IJOS

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Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences