International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing vol 2 issue 1 by JournalsPub

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International Journals of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing intends to help Nurses and Clinical staff involved in the areas like Orthopedic surgery, degenerative diseases, orthopedic implants and trauma Care. It seeks to promote knowledge in the area of practice, literature and education among Nurses. Journal seeks work that presents innovation and promise future research and Orthopedic nursing practice.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Musculoskeletal system

! Sports injuries and musculoskeletal trauma ! Orthopedic surgery ! Degenerative diseases ! Children orthopedics ! Orthopedic nursing ! Orthopedic trauma ! Arthroscopy ! Orthopedic implants ! Fracture and physiotherapy

International Journals of Orthopedic Nursing is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub An International Journals is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Ubahara Sahayaraj Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (Institute of National Importance), Bangalore, India

Dr. Sutapa Agrawal South Asia Network for Chronic Disease, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon (Haryana), India.

Dr. Sukhpal kaur National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Dr. Gowrishankar Potturi Department of Allied Health Sciences, Allianze College of Medical Sciences, Malaysia

Dr. Bimla Rani Bharat College of Nursing, Punjab, India

Dr. Kedar G Mehta Department of Community Medicine, GMERS Medical College, Gotri, Vadodara, India

Dr. S. Vijayalakshmi Vignesh Nursing College, Tiruvannamalai, India

Dr Anuja Chauhan Arni University, Kathgarh, Kangra, (Himachal Pradesh), India

Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado Psychiatric Nursing and Psychology RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, United Arab Emirates

Dr. E. Sinu Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India

Dr. Jigar Mukesh Dhuvad Government Dental College and Hospital, Ahmadabad, India

Mr. Nitin Nayyar Public Health Services & District Hospitals, National Health Mission, Delhi State Health Mission, New Delhi, India

Dr. Ramesh Kumari Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn-Taran, India

Dr. Pragya Pathak College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

Dr. Pierson Rathinaraj Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland University of Technology (AUT) Auckland- New Zealand

Dr. Pratibha Swamy College of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India

Dr. Smriti Arora Rufaida College of Nursing, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India

Dr. Sushma Kumari Saini National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Dr. Asha P. Shetty Yenepoya Nursing College, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte Mangalore, India

Dr. Aman Moda Goenka Research Institute of Dental Science, Gandhinagar, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Kawaljit Kaur Department of Medical surgical Nursing, Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn Taran (Punjab), India

Dr. Regina D Satvekar Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed University, College of Nursing, Sangli (Maharashtra), India

Dr. Mala Thayumanavan BGS Global Hospitals, Bangalore, India

Dr. Christos F. Kleisiaris Community Nursing, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Greece

Dr. Ioanna V. Papathanasiou Nursing Department, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Greece

Dr. Vahitha.S. College of Nursing, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India

Prof. A Arvin Babu Mental health Nursing, Sree Abirami Hospital and College of Nursing, Coimbatore, India

Achla Dagdu Gaikwad Department of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India

Stella Sagaya Mary Matha College of Nursing, Nadu, India

Urmila D Bhardwaj Faculty of Nursing, Hamdard University, India

Naveen Herold Simon Shri Venketeshwara University, Gajrola, India

Sibin Joy Vayalil Community Health Nursing Department, Lourdes College of Nursing, kerala, India

Siva Jeya Anand T Chitra College of Nursing, Kerala, India

Prof. Dhanpal H.N. Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Smt. Nagarathnamma College of Nursing, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly Journal, International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing. This Journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Nursing issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new Journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Nursing as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nursing Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Nursing in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Orthopedic surgery, Musculoskeletal system, Sports injuries and musculoskeletal trauma, Degenerative diseases, Children orthopedics, Orthopedic nursing, Orthopedic trauma, Arthroscopy, Orthopedic implants, Fracture and physiotherapy. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Nursing and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Nursing community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Nursing. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Nursing readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Nursing. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Techniques of Foot Reflexology Cinu Abdeesso

2. Hip Dysplasia: Short Review Article Sushant Kakkar

3. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Short Article Guninder Kaur

4. Osteoporosis Asha Nagpal

5. Pain Level Perception Among Orthopedic Surgery Patients Mehak Arora

International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Techniques of Foot Reflexology Cinu Abdeesso* M.G.M.M.M.C. College of Nursing, Ring Road, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India

Abstract The restricted and complicated usage of pharmacological methods leads to the overwhelming use of alternative or complementary therapy like foot reflexology. Reflexology is a natural simple and painless treatment which helps harmonize the body functions and stimulate organs and in turn provides relaxation to the body, improve circulation and promote a general feeling of wellness. It works on the principle that there are reflexes on the soles of the feet which correspond to every organ of the body. Application of gentle pressure on specific reflex points of feet, hands or ear provides relaxation and overall wellbeing of the body. Reflexologists say these reflex points are the gateways to the vital energy centers within the body. Everyday life stresses of human body can block these energy centers. The application of pressure to these pressure points clears the energy centers and restores the balance of the body. Keywords: longitudinal and transverse zones, reflexology, reflex points, zone therapy

INTRODUCTION Foot Reflexology Reflexology is the application of pressure to specific areas on the feet, hands and ears. The peripheral nerves which are connected to these areas are connected to the central nervous system and by massaging these areas we are tapping into the central nervous system which helps to relieve pain and reduce stress. The nerves in the feet, hands and ears each correspond with other parts of the body. Applying pressure to specific reflex points can reduce symptoms in other parts of the body.[1]

For example, by massaging big toe could reduce tension in the head and relieve a headache. By applying pressure to heel – improve digestion. According to the reflexology concept the body can be divided into 10 longitudinal and transverse zones, 5 zones on each side of the body, beginning at the tip of each toe, and

running up the length of the body to top of the head. The transverse zones divide the areas of the feet into zones that correspond to the head and neck, chest, abdomen and the pelvis area. Application of pressure to an area on the foot stimulates the body's healing power for that entire zone. It is also known as zone therapy. In order to perform foot reflexology one must know the specific area of reflexes on the feet that correspond to every limb, organ and gland of the body. Application of pressure to these specific points, stimulate the corresponding limb, organ or gland.[2] Before doing reflexology identify which part of the body need healing and find out the correct reflex spots on the foot which is corresponding to that particular body part or organ. Apply firm and gentle

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Hip Dysplasia: Short Review Article Sushant Kakkar* Department of Orthopedic Nursing, College of Nursing, Manipal University, Karnataka, India

INTRODUCTION Hip dysplasia, also known as, developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) or congenital dysplasia of the hip (CDH) is acongenital or developmental distortion or misalignment of the hip joint.[1] The hip is the biggest "ball-and-socket" joint in the body. It is held together by ligaments, tendons, and a joint case. The ball is known as the "femoral [fem-er-uhl] head," which is the highest point of the femur or thigh bone. The socket is known as the acetabulum (figure 1). The hip joint is created where the femoral head meets the acetabulum. Due to this fit, the hip joint can move freely.[2]

Fig. 2. Difference Between a Normal Hip and a Deformed Hip. This condition can either affect both the hip joints, also known as bilateral condition, or can affect a single joint, known as a unilateral condition. No precise or exact cause of hip dysplasia has been recognized. However, several factors are said to be associated to it, such as, a large fetus, or a fetus in a breech position, first- born child, female child.[2,4] Hip dysplasia can either be congenital or acquired.

Fig. 1. Hip Joint. Hip dysplasia is a condition that develops when the areas associated with the hip joint do not develop properly (figure 2). This is associated with hip pain. This condition occurs in infants, it can also be detected in young children and teenagers. The pain in the hip joint is experienced during normal activities, like walking, running, etc.[3]

Fig. 3. A Deformed Femur Head.

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International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Rheumatoid Arthritis: Short Article Guninder Kaur* Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Punjab, India

INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid joint pain (RA) is an auto immune system disorder that basically affects joints. It ordinarily produces warm, swollen, and excruciating pain in joints. Pain and stiffness regularly deteriorates after a while. Mostly, the wrist and hands are included, with the same joints ordinarily included on both sides of the body. It influences different parts of the body. This may bring about a low red platelet count, irritation around the lungs, and aggravation around the heart. Fever and low vitality may be present. Often, side effects aggravate slowly over weeks to months.[1,2]

While the reason for rheumatoid joint pain is not clear, it is accepted to include a mix of hereditary and environmental components. These factors basically cause the body’s immune system to attack the joints. This causes irritation and thickening of the joint socket. It likewise influences the underlying bone and cartilage. The diagnosis is made on the basis of the individual's signs and symptoms. X-rays and research facility testing may support thediagnosis of the disease or rule outotherdiseases. Other illnesses that may display similar symptoms include systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriatic joint inflammation, and fibromyalgia among others (Figure 1).[3–5]

Fig. 1. Normal and Arthritic Joints. The objective of treatment for this disease is to lessen pain, diminish inflammation, and enhance an individual’s general working. This might be aided by balancing rest and excercise, the utilization of splints and supports, or the utilization of assistive

devices. Pain killers, steroids, and NSAIDs are every now and again used to help with side effects. Other medication, called disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) might be utilized to reduce the progress of the disease. They incorporate

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International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Osteoporosis Asha Nagpal* Department of Orthopedic Nursing, College of Nursing, Manipal University, Karnataka, India

Abstract Osteoporosis is a state of weak and frail bones with an increased vulnerability to fractures. Osteoporosis deteriorates the bone and increasesits risk to breaking. Bone density diminishes after 35 years of age, and bone loss happens more quickly in females after menopause. Key risk elements for osteoporosis incorporatesgenetic factors, absence of activity, absence of calcium and vitamin D, previous history of bone breaking, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, history of rheumatoid arthritis, low body weight, and family history of osteoporosis. Patients with osteoporosis have no indications until bone fractures happen. The analysis of osteoporosis can be recommended by X-rays and affirmed by tests to quantify bone density. Treatments for osteoporosis, apart from prescribing osteoporosis drugs, includesquitting of alcohol and cigarettes, and proper physical therapy, calcium, and vitamin D. Keywords:bone density, diagnosis, osteoporosis, treatment

INTRODUCTION Osteoporosis is a condition where diminished bone density increases the risk of a bone fracture. It is the most common cause ofbroken bone among the elderly.[1] Bones that generally breakare the back bones, the bones of the lower arm, and the hip.[2] Until a fracture in a bone occurs, there are generally no indications of this condition. Bones may deteriorate to such an extent and lead to the point where a break may happen with minor stress or unexpectedly. Endless pain and a diminished capacity to do typical everyday tasks may happen after a broken bone.[3] Osteoporosis might be because of lower than normal range of bone mass/ density and more increased than bone loss. An increase in bone loss occurs after menopause because of lower levels of estrogen. Osteoporosis may likewise happen because of various sicknesses or medications including alcohol addiction, anorexia, hyperthyroidism, surgical removal of the ovaries, and kidney disease.

Certain drugs build the rate of bone loss including some antiseizure meds, chemotherapy, proton pump inhibitors, particular serotonin reuptake inhibitors and steroids. Less amount of excercise and smoking are also the risk factors.[3] Osteoporosis is characterized as a bone thickness of 2.5 standard deviations below that of a young adult.[4] This is normally measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the hip (figure 1).[5]

Fig. 1. A Healthy Bone and Osteoporosis Bone. Prevention of osteoporosis involvesproper diet intake during childhood and trying to

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International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Pain Level Perception Among Orthopedic Surgery Patients Mehak Arora* College of Nursing, SRIPMS, Coimbatore, India

Abstract Many surgeries are conducted each year worldwide requiring continuous utilization of intense postoperative pain management methodologies. While mostly all the surgical procedures are connected with some level of pain, orthopedic surgeries are also one of the many painful surgeries. For patients undergoing surgery, the trepidation of uncontrolled pain is an essential concern. Despite the fact that the impression of postoperative pain is normal, it is usually combined with nervousness and anxiety.Almost, 75% of patients think they would feel pain after surgery, and 59% of patients refer to pain as their most regular concern while thinking about surgery. Eight percent of those patients wind up deferring their surgery because of their anxiety. Also, 86% of patients who report encountering pain after surgery report moderate to higher levels of pain. Keywords: anxiety, distress, orthopedic surgery, pain perception

INTRODUCTION Pain is a multidimensional subjective feeling that many individuals have attempted to describe for a considerable length of time.[1–3] International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP, 1979) characterizes pain as: " “An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage ".The general vision of algologists is that the pain is a subjective experience that, McCafferyhas also defined as "whatever the encountering individual says it is, and exists wherever he says it does". Therefore, the patient's verbal report of pain is crucial and ought to be acknowledged as the single most solid marker of pain. Medical attendants are the human services experts who spend the majority of time with the patientsand their part in pain administration is vital. Likewise; to guarantee a powerful pain administration, there ought to be a powerful pain assessment.

However; subjectivity of pain influences its evaluation, and pain mentalities furthermore, convictions of medicinal services experts may prompt underestimation and undertreatment of pain. Moreover deficient learning about pain physiology and its evaluation may prompt inadequate pain management.But these variables; there is another imperative element in postoperative pain administration which is patients' furthermore medical attendants' acknowledgment of postoperative pain as an ordinary after effect of surgery.[4–6] On the other hand, the pain rating scale utilized takes an essential part on underestimation of pain. Use of Verbal Rating Scales which the patient verbally depicts the level of his pain is not sufficiently touchy to uncover the adjustment in pain level. The absence of affectability of the pain scale may prompt underestimation of pain. Be that as it may,

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« « « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development « International Journal of Town Planning and Management 2 more...

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2 more...

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Nursing « « « « «

Orthopedic Nursing Jan – Jun 2016

IJOrN

Material Sciences and Engineering

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5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

International Journal of

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences