Albert Bridge Road - AA SED Term 2 Project by KimmyEl-dash

authorship declaration form

Term 2 Project : REFURBISHING THE CITY

Part II

TITLE: 73 ALBERT BRIDGE ROAD

NUMBER OF WORDS 11,100 STUDENT NAME(S): Chen Han El-Dash Kimmy Nogueira Patricia Tsichritzis Leonidas DECLARATION: “I certify that the contents of this document are entirely my own work and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is duly acknowledged.” Signature(s):

Date:

acknowledgements

The group would like to thank all the Sustainable Environmental Design teaching staff (Simos Yannas, Paula Cadima, Mariam Kapsali and Jorge Rodriguez) who were encouraging and helpful in classes, tutorials and presentations. We would also like to extend our gratitude to the guest lecturers and previous students who were all quite inspiring; as well as Byron Madras who always answered our endless questions. Han Chen would like to acknowledge the Architectural Association Graduate Bursary Committee for granting a bursary for her to attend the AA SED March cource 2013-2014.

table of contents 1 - overview

1.1 Site Location 1.2 Weather Data 1.3 Urban context 1.4 Previous and current proposal 1.4 Wandsworth borough data

1 2 3 6 7

2 - Proposal

2.1 Project brief 2.2 Term 1 project findings

9 11

3 - Design process

3.1 Site analysis 3.2 Design concept 3.3 Massing

12 14 15

4 - Outdoor

4.1 Sun patch analysis 4.2 Ground level analysis 4.3 Ground level analysis summary 4.4 Ground level design proposal 4.5 Roof level analysis 4.6 Roof level analysis summary 4.7 Roof level design proposal 4.8 Comfort analysis

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

5 - indoor

5.1 Occupant 5.2 Building envelope 5.3 Ventilation 5.4 Shading devices 5.5 Balconies 5.6 Daylighting 5.7 Base case 5.8 Base case winter sun patch 5.9 Base case summer sun patch 5.10 Base case performance 5.11 Base case sensitivity 5.12 Future layout options

28 29 33 34 35 36 37 39 40 41 43 46

6 - final visualization

7 - conclusions

summary

The site is located in south west London, on the last brownfield site facing on to the Battersea park. The area is socially quite interesting as there are two economically distinct communities living very closely together, the privileged and the underprivileged. The former, who benefits of London's natural beauties and the later one which is hidden by apartment blocks and 6 stories Victorian mansions. The proposal consists of a multi unit residential live-work space which aims to promote interaction between neighbourhoods of the area. Through the creation of circulation routes and working environments people will become familiarized with 'each other' and with time develop a strong sense of community irrespective of social backgrounds.

introduction

This document is the result of the studies of the second term of the MArch/MSc in sustainable environmental design. The chosen site is 73 Albert Bridge road faces the Battersea Park in south west London.This is the last brownfield site which faces the western side of the Battersea Park. It has a very interesting social context. Privileged and underprivileged live in very close proximity, but at the same time in very different places. The project was developed with the clear intent of promoting social interaction, a sense of community and integration of the different social classes and the wider community. By creating a space where informal interaction takes place we hope to create a feeling of ownership and help people take pride in the place they live. The proposal is of a multi unit live-work space. The working spaces are an alternative to the 'work from home' concept (which can have an isolating effect). The informal working arrangements aim to promote social interaction, which would naturally happen in a work environment and with this helping to create a sense of community. The past number of years have seen incredible advances in technology, which are now more and more part of our lives. We all have a variety of gadgets with which we spend lot of hour time. By adding to this equation the trend of people working from home we can see a developing scenario where human interaction becomes more and more seldom. Also we can do just about everything 'on line'. Encouraging human interaction is becoming increasingly important and has been the driving idea of the project. The book is divided in to 5 main sections. The Overview looks at the site itself including weather data, the urban context. This is followed by the Proposal which presents the brief adn highlights lessons learned from the previous term. The following 3 section are related to the design of project. The Design process discusses the driving design concepts and the massing of the building. We then move on to the Outdoor studies. This section explains how the group defined the location and proposals for the different outdoor spaces. The final section, Indoor studies, is how the units developed, based on different architectural, environmental and occupant considerations.

1-OVERVIEW 1.1-Site Location London central weather station 51°30' 00''

重画 WANDSWORTH

Project Location 51°28' 39''

Figure 1.1.1 Map of London boroughs showing the location of Wandsworth (Source: http://www.immigrationaccommodationreports.co.uk) Figure 1.1.2 Map showing the site location and weather station used in project studies. (Source: Google Maps, modified by the group)

worfield street

albert bridge road

battersea park

The site is located in South west London in the borough of Wandsworth. It is bound by the Albert Bridge road on the East and Worfield Street on the West. The strongest feature o the site is the fact that it faces the western entrance of the Battersea Park.

pedestrian route Figure 1.1.3 Arial view of the site and immediate surroundings. (Source: OSX Mavericks, modified by the group)

1.2-Weather Data

CLIMATE SUMMARY London 16

14 Temperature [C] or Solar Radiation [kWh/m2]

SUMMER- WESTERN WIND 0

0 JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

AVERAGE DAILY DORECT SOLAR COMFORT BAND LIMIT[C]

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUGUST

Figure 1.2.4 London sky conditions during the year. (Source: Satel-Light)

SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

AVERAGE DAILY DIRECT HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION [kWh/m2] AVERAGE DAILY DIFFUSE HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION Comfort band limit [C]2] RADIATION[kWh/m AVERAGE DAILY DIFFUSE HORIZONTAL SOLAR AVERAGE MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE [C] AVERAGE MONTHLY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE [C] AVERAGE MONTHLY MIMIMUM TEMPERATURE [C] AVERAGE MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE[C] precipitable water [mm]

RADIATION[kWh/m ]

AVERAGE MONTHLY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE[C]

AVERAGE MONTHLY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE[C]

PRECIPTABLE WATER [mm]

AVERAGE MONTHLY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE[C]

Figure1.2.1 London Weather Data with comfort band. (Source: Course tools and Meteonorm 7.0) CLIMATE SUMMARY Project London - 50YRS FORECAST 18

16 Temperature [C] or Solar Radiation [kWh/m2]

WINTER- SOUTHWESTERN WIND

The historical weather data (2000-09), used to analyse the proposed project has been taken from meteonorm. The weather station selected was the London Central as it is set an urban environment and is in close proximity to the river Thames.

Based on historical data from meteonorm (2000- 2009) London's average temperature is 12.3°C, ranging from -2°C to 31.2°C (Figure1.2.1)

Analysing the future scenario for the weather (2050 A2 - extreme case) it can be seen that the lower winter temperature remains the same (-2°C) but there is a increase in the summer, where the maximum reaches 32.6°C. The monthly average in the summer is higher (July - August) and colder in winter (January February).

4 5

The group also noticed according o the weather data for the future scenario there will be higher precipitation levels in winter and summer, with an annual increase in 2-3mm of rain fall.

0 JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

AVERAGE DAILY DIRECT HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION [kWh/m2] AVERAGE DAILY DIFFUSE HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION

2 Comfort band limit [C] ] AVERAGE DAILY DORECT SOLAR RADIATION[kWh/m AVERAGE DAILY DIFFUSE HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION[kWh/m2] AVERAGE MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE [C]

COMFORT BAND LIMIT[C]

AVERAGE MONTHLY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE [C] AVERAGE MONTHLY MIMIMUM TEMPERATURE [C] AVERAGE precipitable water [mm]

MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE[C]

AVERAGE MONTHLY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE[C]

AVERAGE MONTHLY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE[C]

PRECIPTABLE WATER [mm]

AVERAGE MONTHLY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE[C]

Figure1.2.2 London Weather Data for 2050 with comfort band. (Source: Course tools and Meteonorm 7.0)

+71 63 56 49 42

35 28 21 14 7-

Figure 1.2.3 Preveling winds in Summer and Winter for London (Source: Ecotect)

The comfort band used for the analysis of the project is the EN 15251. It takes into consideration the temperatures for the previous week and applies different weighing factors, giving more importance to most recent days. This means the comfort band is more sensitive.

1-OVERVIEW 1.3-Urban Context FLOOD RISK ZONE The North Eastern area of the Wandsworth borough is located in a flood risk zone that does benefit from flood defences. However with the increase in rain levels (anticipated as consequence of the climate changes there's is an increased risk of surface water flooding and with predicted increase in temperatures there's an increased risk of rising sea levels. These issues were taken very much into consideration during the development of the groups' proposal. CONSERVATION AREA (Figure 1.3.1) The site is located in the Battersea Park conservation area, the zone includes the hystorical buildings and also the park, although it has been noticed that it does appear to be flexible in the typology of buildings. Architecture from the late 1800, such as the Mansions coexists with mid 1900 block of flats and with modern buildings. TRANSPORT NODES (Figure 1.3.2) Within walking distance of the site there 4 docking stations for the barclays bikes, one of them located on the South boundary. Battersea Bridge Road (5 minute walking distance to the West of the site) has good bus services which connect the area to numerous tube and rail stations, as well direct routes in to central, North east, South and South east London.

CONSERVATION AREA

CAR PATH

Figure 1.3.1 Map showing the site and the Battersea conservation area. BATTERSEA PARK

ALBERT BRIDGE ROAD mansions

Figure 1.3.3 Picture of the surroundings taken on the 23rd of October 2014.

RIVER PATH

PEDESTRIAN ROUTES

Figure 1.3.2 Map showing transportation connections to the site.

ALBERT BRIDGE ROAD pedestrian route

1.3-Urban Context

battersea BRIDGE road

ALBERT BRIDGE ROAD

battersea BRIDGE road BATTERSEA PARK

ALBERT BRIDGE ROAD

ROAD

AD RO

IDGE

R RT B

ALBE

E IDG BR EA RS TTE BA

WORFIELD STREET

ALBERT BRIDGE ROAD

SOCIAL HOUSING

VICTORIAN HOUSING

COMMERCIAL

Figure 1.3.4 Map and pictures showing the residential typologies in the area and important relations of the surroundings with the site.

Within a five minute walk of the site there are a number of shops, restaurants and cafes, mainly located along the Battersea bridge road. While analysing the sit surroundings the group also identified the presence of the Royal College of arts and the existence of a sizeable retirement home called Meadbank. On a social level the area is quite interesting in the sense that privileged and unprivileged live in close physical proximity, but at the same time in very different 'worlds'. It is quite evident, through the different dwelling typologies, locations and urban treatment, the social differences between the neighbouring communities. The 'wealthier dwellings' front on to the local areas of natural beauty (the Battersea Park and the River Thames) in a manner that maximises their views but that also creates a physical barrier between them, the privileged, and the remainder section of the community, the under privileged. The chosen site is the last brownfield site on the Albert Bridge road that fronts on to the Battersea Park.

1-OVERVIEW 1.3-urban context A ALBE R RT B IDGE

17 STORIES

ROAD

EET

D STR

FIEL WOR

4,090 m2

ETHELBURGA TOWER

6.5 STORIES

JAGGER HOUSE 3 STORY

COMMUNITY CENTRE

STAFFORD MANSION

1 STORY

A Figure 1.3.6 Section A-A, showing the surrounding buildings.

0 10 20

Figure 1.3.5 Project Location (Source: Google Map) WORFIELD STREET

HERON HOUSE

ALBERT BRIDGE ROAD

4 STORIES

Figure 1.3.7 Section B-B, showing the surroundings buildings.

On the West, the site is bound by Worfield Street as well as by a 17No storey apartment block (Ethelburga tower) and a single storey community centre that doubles up as a nursery. On the North side, the site is bound by a 6 1/2No storey high building ('the Stafford Mansions) and on the East it is bound by the Albert Bridge road and the Battersea Park. On the south there is a 3No storey block (Jagger House).

1-OVERVIEW 1.4-previous and current proposal

Figure 1.4.1 Ralph West Hall in arial view and in a close detail before the demolition.

Figure 1.4.3 Image of the campaign flyer made by the community against the demolition of the Hall and the development of the retirement home.

COMMUNITY RESPONSE

Figure 1.4.2 Render of the current proposal of the Luxury retirement home. (Source:http://www.lifecareresidences.com/uk/batterseaplace-london.html)

Previous use The site was previously 'occupied' by the Raplh West Hall student accommodation. This 10No storey block was a loosely set on the plot and recessed back from the mansions creating a square which brought the neighbouring Battersea Park into the community. This building fell into disrepair and was demolished in 2010. It is now set to be replaced by a luxury retirement home. Existing proposal The existing proposal for the construction of a luxury retirement home consists of 139 units to be built in 2 separate blocks. Both blocks are positioned in line with the existing urban morphology. The eastern one being a 7No storey high block (aligned with the Stafford mansions) and the Western one a 10No storey high block creating a private open space between them. It was felt by the group that the eastern block competed with the Mansions, and did not respect them. Also, the eastern block shadowed the private open space the scheme was proposing as well as the western block. Further, the manner in which the 2 blocks are positioned creates a barrier between the retirement home and the wider community, isolating them both physically and socially.

1-OVERVIEW 1.5-wandsworth borough Data

PROJECTED CHANGE IN WANDSWORTH RESIDENT POPULATION

INTERMEDIATE HOUSING NEEDS 600 N°OF DWELLINGS

500 400 300 200 100 0 Forecast Annual need Forecast Annual supply Forecast Annual Shortfall

Figure 1.5.1 Graph of the projected change for the boroughs population (Source:GLA,2011 Round of Demographic Projections BPO,Greater London Authority 2012)

1 Bedroom 534 12 522

2 Bedrooms 137 7 130

3 Bedrooms 29 1 28

Figure 1.5.2 Graph of the housing needs (Source:Wandsworth Council - SHMA 2012; document pg 70)

STUDENT HOUSING REQUIREMENTS

Combining the Wandsworth council information gathered with the intent of promoting social inclusiveness the target market was defined as being the intermediate sector. These are people that wouldn't qualify for social housing, but couldn't afford to purchase a home without the help of a co-ownership scheme (with the council or with a bank). The project will cater for young professionals and for small young families. The students (from the Royal College of arts) have been incorporated into the scheme as they can bring livelihood to the spaces being created.

25000 N° STUDENTS

On analysing the Wandsworth borough strategic Housing Market assessment (SHMA), the group identified a few points which were incorporated into the proposed scheme: • There is a significant shortfall in 1 bedroom dwellings and (on a smaller scale) of 2 bedrooms dwellings • The majority of the population of the borough is their mid 20's to 30's, trend which is expected to continue for the next 20 years • The Royal College of Arts (Battersea Campus) doesn't have a halls of residence, which adds strain on the housing demand for the area.

20000 15000 10000 5000 0

Full Time Students Halls of Residence Places

Royal College of Art Battersea

Roehampton University

Kingston University

Southbank University

238

5400

20745

14333

1503

2437

1400

Figure 1.5.3 Graph of the Student Housing requirement of Wandsworth borough and a map showing the location of the Royal College of Arts and the site. (Source: SHMA 2012; document pp. 72)

proposal & design process

2-PROPOSAL 2.1-Project Brief RESIDENTIAL victorian houses

PUBLIC OUTDOOR SPACE

SOCIAL INTERACTION

social houses

COMMUNAL INDOOR SPACE Figure 2.1.1 Sketch of the interective design concept aimed for the project.

Our proposal Architecture should be used to give character to this area, create a sense of belonging and ownership of the space, instead of being a physical obstruction between London's natural beauties and the less fortunate people in the community.

wealthy

The group saw this site as an opportunity to develop a scheme which would encourage the interaction of not only the 2 different social & economical levels but between the wider communities as well. Besides this integration proposal, there is a clear intent by the group to physically and visually connect the Battersea Park with the wider neighbourhood by breaking the 'wall' that 'the mansions' create. The main idea consists of the creation of a connection space linking the Albert Bridge Road and the Battersea Park with the neighbourhood. The proposed space is intended to promote informal encounters. Public and semi public spaces will be designed in such a way that people are likely to cross paths encouraging the interaction between the inhabitants of the area, irrespective of their social and economic backgrounds. With time, the sense of familiarity that would evolve from this regular informal interaction would develop into a sense of community. 'Situations can be created that become comfortable settings for interaction as residents cross paths, specifically through the design (...)'. (Thomas Dolan) Through the proposed project is hoped that the area can be enhanced and revitalized giving the people that live there a sense of pride and ownership. Creating a good quality, pedestrian friendly space would encourage people to interact.

Figure 2.1.2 Sketch of the relation between public/private and outdoor spaces.

SOCIAL INCLUSIVENESS

social housing

multi-unit live /work

RESIDENTIAL

COMMUNAL

STUDENT

YOUNG PROFESSIONALS

ACCOMODATION SMALL FAMILIES

Figure 2.1.3 Diagrammatic scheme of the project Brief.

COMMUNAL

CO-WORKING

STUDIO

SPACE COMMUNITY CAFE

2-PROPOSAL 2.1-Project Brief scheme density definition Besides the interaction created by crossing paths it is also part of our intent to encourage business development by offering a space where people from the community can work from without having to commute. These working spaces would also serve as an attraction for local people which work from home to make use of the provided communal facilities. Working 'from home' is increasingly becoming common practice as it helps ease the problems of daily commutes in to the centre of London. However it can be very isolating. Also in certain scenarios, when there's more than one occupant in a dwelling, noise and smells can often become a disruptive issue. The group is proposing 2 different communal spaces that are to be used by residents and the community. A communal working studio, and a co-working space will allow for people to work from 'home', whilst promoting social interaction, which would naturally happen in a work environment (as opposed to the isolating effect that working from home can have).

OFFICE 22%

3% 1%

HOME 58% 4% 5%

AT HOME IN A TRADITIONAL OFFICE

NO FIXED LOCATION IN A SMALL SHARED OFFICES IN A COFFE SHOP IN A LIBRARY IN A BUSINESS CENTER OTHER

Figure 2.1.4 Scenario before the co-working spaces trend. (Source:Deskmag´s Survey 2012)

The co-working space is an option for the independent workers of the community that would like to have the infrastucture of an office, with meeting rooms to receive clients when needed, with a more flexible environment where it is possible to make bussiness connections, share knowledge with much lower costs than the traditional offices to be rented. Before this trend started to appear the majority of self employed were working from home as shown in the Fig. 2.1.6. This collaborative atmosphere it is shown to be very influencial for the criativity levels and work standard. For the Communal Studio the same kind of friendly and collaboartive environment is expected. The main difference of this space with the co-working one is the freeaccess for any member of the neighbourhood and the even more flexible character of the studio. Here anyone from the community is welcome (from students to the elderly). The space can be used for studeying and working, promoting interaction betweenthe community in very dynamic occupancy. This space should be an opportunity for the community to become more economically active, encouraging enterpreunership by given a proper space for them to meet other people that my have same interest and desire to initiate a small bussiness or a partnership. The location and design of the studio is key, as it must be inviting and easily accessible to encourage its use. A donation cafe will also help support the interaction, by creating a more relaxed interaction space that could be also use for the students that live in the scheme, after commercial hours. Also with the idea of promoting social interaction we are proposing a community cafe where there is no charge for what is consumed but donations are accepted. The cafe will be staffed with volunteers from the community, and food supplies are originated from donations. It is an unusual, informal space where people can interact. It is also part of the proposal that this space becomes an area where residents can do gatherings after the normal cafe opening hours. It then becomes a resident only space which can be booked for parties and events.

To define the density of the scheme, the group used the Sustainable Residential Quality Density Matrix from the London Plan from 2011. The parameters to develop the density range take into account local context, character and public transport capacity. The first step was to identify the type of area, which in this case is an URBAN zone. Urban zones are defined as an area with predominantly dense development, such as terraced houses, mansion blocks, a mix of different uses, medium building footprints and typically buildings of two to four stories. The next step was generating the index of public transport accessibility from the Transport for London Information Database. The Public transport accessibility (PTAL) was rated as level two. Levels vary from one to six, where the former one indicates a very poor transportation infrastructure. This is one of the reasons why the team wants to emphasize the creation of pedestrian circulations through the site and also working spaces within the scheme to avoid the necessity of the residents to commute to work everyday. With the parameters described above and also the typology of flats that we wanted to incorporate in the scheme (with 2.7-3.00 habitable rooms per flat), the density range permitted by the regulations was defined as 70-170 units per hectare. Therefore, with the area of 0.4 hectares the recommendable number should be between 28-68 units. Tr ying to balance the highest density indicated with the physical and environmental constraints, the team reach the number of 57 units distributed into student studios, one bedroom and two bedroom flats.

Figure 2.1.5 Pictures explaing how does the donation cafe works and atmosphere.

70 - 170

Sustainable residential quality density matrix

ptal level 2 :urban scale

STUDENT studio

57 units

communal

Figure 2.1.6 Pictures of the informal environment in a co-working space.(Source:HUB Singapore)

29 units

190

m²

2 bedroom

m²

21 units communal studio

180

m²

28 - 68 units

site area

1 bedroom

m²

co-working space

spaces

0.4 ha

units per hectare

community cafe

1820

m²

6 units

m²

facilities

170

m²

rooftops

760

m²

1380

m²

3.200

m² approx. total area

Figure 2.1.7 Diagramme showing the details of the density definition for the project.

2-PROPOSAL

LIGHTING

2.2-TERM 1 PROJECT FINDINGS

ible poss ms le prob

NO OPENINGS ON WEST ELEVATION

poss i prob ble lem s

CROSS VENTILATION/ AIR QUALITY

HANNIBAL ROAD GARDENS

From the Hannibal road scheme LIGHTING The Hannibal Road Gardens scheme was very interesting and gave us the ible poss opportunity to analyse several environmental issues that were inter-related. We le Possible problems prob Design decision Design decision were able to appreciate how different design decisions affect the building and, consequently, its occupants in different ways throughout the year. Design decision At the same time that there is a conscious desire to allow for heat gains (be them INT. TEMPERATURE DESIGN RESTRICTION PRIVACY internal and/ or solar) in the winter, these needISSUES to be controlled in the summer. LARGE GLAZED AREAS DESIGN RESTRICTION This requires careful balance and consideration so that it doesn't jeopardize the Possible problems Possible problems quality of life of the inhabitants. BUILDING ENVELOPE/ Well insulated envelopes and well controlled infiltration rates can be a good Design decision Design decision M&V CROSS VENTILATION/ NO OPENINGS ON strategy to retain heat throughout the winter month reducing heat demand; LIGHTING poss AIR QUALITY CROSS VENTILATION/ ible ible however this may have consequences during the summer. WEST ELEVATION NO OPENINGS ON poss ms LIGHTING p r o blem poss le AIR QUALITY PRIVACY ISSUES LARGE GLAZED A For summer strategy, ensuring adequate ventilations levels and shading probpossible s ible WEST ELEVATION p s r o m e b l l b e opportunities are fundamental. Even though Hannibal road benefited from the ms pro Possible problems Design decision possible SMALL UNIT overheating SINGLE SIDED OPENING Possible problems overshadowing from adjacent building it would have been preferable that the + occupants would have control, and take full use of adaptive opportunities to WELL INSULATED ENVELOPE manage the indoor environment as they wished. SHADING FROM NOTCHED TYPOLOGY Another issue that was discussed in length during the analysis of the project was OTHER DWELLINGS Figure 2.2.1 Diagramme summarizing the lessons of the Term 1 case studies of Hannibal Road Gardens. Possible problems the day lighting. Having the shallow plan, in principal, should allow for adequate Possible problems Design decision Design decision levels of lighting in a dwelling, but the layout must be designed taking this into Possible problems Design decision Design decision Design decision consideration. Small design decisions (such as fan lights over doors, or even Design decision Design decisi INT. TEMPERATURE removal of a wall) can be of great benefit as it may reduce dependency on artificial PRIVACY ISSUES LARGE GLAZED AREAS lights. INT. TEMPERATURE

PRIVACY ISSUES

westfield student village

Possible problems

POOLEY GARDEN

SPACE FOR RELAXING ACTIVITIES

Design decision

BUILDING ENVEL Possible M&VBUILDING EN M&V Design

Possible problems

From Westfield Student Village The Westfield Student Village at Queen Mary University , was a valuable experience regarding outdoor spaces and their use. The design intention of the architects was to create a diversity of environments with different qualities and scales, so the students could have the opportunity to choose the most comfortable spots for each moment or activity. The users point of view and field work observations served as good tool to understand how do those places actually work in practice and if the design decisions were functioning as they intended. It was possible from that to identify a pattern of peopleÂ´s behavior on choosing spaces over the others. After going thought the analysis of different environmental conditions of the outdoor spaces the lesson was that the places chosen by the people generally are inside the comfort levels but not always have warmer temperatures and direct sunlight during the winter, making values such as privacy and views import aspects for outdoor users.ww This lessons it will be an important starting point for the development of the open and communal spaces of our scheme, that should count with a variability of choices, privacy levels and connection with the Battersea Park, one of the focal features of the area of the site.

NOTCHED TYPOLOGY

LARGE GLAZED AREAS

Possible problems

Design decision BOULEVARD

NOTCHED TYPOLOGY NOTCHED TYPOLOGY

CANNAL FRONT

Possible problems Possible problems Design decision

VILLAGE HIGH STREET

SHADING FROM OTHER DWELLINGS SHADING FROM MAYOR PUBLIC SPACE RESTAURANTS OTHER DWELLINGS

Possible problems CANNAL FRONT

PINGPONG SITTING AREA

Design decision COURTYARDS

COURTYARD LITTLE FOREST

SUNBATHING/SEATING HOUSE SCALE

CANNAL FRONT

DESIGNED TO BE A SPACE FOR COMTEMPLATION

MOST PREFERED SPACES COMBINATION OF : VIEWS + PRIVACY + WIND PROTECTION

Figure 2.2.2 Arial view of the Westifield Village showing the different functions and variaties of the outdoor spaces and pictures of some of the spaces considered comfortable.

3-DESIGN PROCESS 3.1-SITE ANALYSIS summer

equinox

winter

9:00

12:00

From the sun patch analysis it was noticed that there is overshadowing from adjacent buildings but it is not as harsh as initially thought, if compared to a typical inner city London site.

15:00 Figure 3.1.1 Site analysis - sun patch analysis

During winter mornings, when the sun is low in the sky there is some overshadowing on the south west corner from Jagger house but by lunch time this is confined to only the south part of the site. However the Ethelburga tower over shades the site throughout the afternoon. During early afternoon hours the tower over shades the northern area, and by mid afternoon it has crossed the site reaching the eastern part. The buildings to the west also contribute to this overshadowing. During mid seasons the tower impacts on the area just not in the same way as in winter. The adjacent western buildings don't .

3-DESIGN PROCESS 3.1-SITE ANALYSIS

kWh

400+

100+

360

320

280

240

200

160

120

Figure 3.1.2 Solar radiation simulation during summer (Source:Ecotect)

Radiation analysis: Form the radiation simulation analysis it is quite noticeable that there is good sun exposure throughout the year. The northern portion of the site receives less solar radiation through the year. The existing tresses on the south portion of the site do block some the sun. Wind analysis: The winds entering the site gain some momentum while crossing the site as there are no obstructions. The group also identified an area where the wind (coming from in between the community centre and the social block) enters the site and causes some turbulence with the air that comes from the northern side of the same social block. During the summer month this is more accentuated (Fig 3.1.4) The trees on the South of the site reduce the wind speeds.

Figure 3.1.4 Wind Simulation - Western pevaling wind (Source: Ecotect)

Figure 3.1.3 Solar radiation simulation during summer (Source:Ecotect)

m/s

5.0+

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

Figure 3.1.5 Wind Simulation - Southwestern pevaling wind (Source: Ecotect)

3-DESIGN PROCESS 3.2-Design Concept - CIRCULATION In order to create the interaction between the occupants and the wider neighbourhood promoting informal encounters is key. The identification of the circulation routes through the site was fundamental to achieve this. STAFFORD MANSION

The connection routes identified are between the west of the site (where the social housings are set) and the East (where the Park and Albert bridge road are located). These pedestrians' paths also lead on the Albert bridge which is one of the local crossings of the river Thames as well as access to the 'river front walk'. - VIEWS As part of the design intent the group also wished to maximise views of the residents to the Battersea Park (both from the community and from the scheme itself).

COMMUNITY CENTRE

Figure 3.2.2 Views to the park

ETHELBURGA TOWER

JAGGER HOUSE

GREEN ROOF

PV PANEL

Figure 3.2.1 Circulation route through the site

ATTENUATION POND

Figure 3.2.4 Strategies coping with flood risk

Figure 3.2.3 different heights of adjascent buildings

- BUILDING HEIGHTS The different heights of the adjacent buildings was also determining in the massing process. On the Albert Bridge Road elevation the heights vary from 6 1/2No (Stafford Mansions) to 3No storeys (Jagger house). On the Worfield street elevation (on the West of the site) this difference is more extreme, varying from 17No (Ethelburga Tower) to 1No storey (Community centre). On the North of the site, still on Worfield Street, the Victorian houses are 3No storeys. With this in mind, 'stepping' the building (vertically) became quite significant, as an attempt to connect these varying heights. - FLOOD RISK The fact that the area is in a flood risk zone also impacted on the design of the scheme. From early stages in the design process it was decided that the residents should be kept safe in case of flooding (from the river bursting its banks, as well as 'surface water floods'). Initially the intent was to have the buildings raised from the ground, freeing up the ground floor for circulation space. But during the designs process, with density considerations and the surrounding restrictions and mainly, the idea of creating the social interaction, the communal spaces were placed on ground (with an independent structure which will be discussed later in the book) - SOLAR GAINS It was also a clear intent of the group to try to maximise the solar gains. From the sun patch and solar radiation analysis the group had identified the potential for this, as there were few obstructions

Figure 3.2.6 Shallow plan allowing for daylight and natural ventilation

WINTER

Figure 3.2.5 Solar control strategies

- OVERSHADING FROM OUR OWN SCHEME From the Term 1 project (Hannibal Road Gardens) we had seen how overshadowing could be beneficial in helping to reduce overheating in the summer. However we also had the consensus in the group that the occupants should have the option of controlling the sun ingress into their home as they pleased. During the massing design process it was realized that combining the environmental principles the group had in mind became restrictive. We wanted to ensure cross ventilation, maximise the solar access and ensure good day lighting levels throughout the dwelling. Combining this with the brief which required small units directed the design to a shallow plan.

SUMMER

Figure 3.2.7 Natural ventilation in relation to room dimension

3-DESIGN PROCESS 3.3-Massing

400

continuous heat(kWh/yr)

The initial idea was to ensure all units would have Eastern views of the Park and through a staggerd horizontal plan they would have good exposure to South (ensuring solar gains) and wouldn't overshadow other units The group also decided that the 'line' which connects the Stafford mansions' and Jagger House was not to be crossed, ensuring our project was kept recessed back from Albert Bridge Road. Another issue which presented difficulties was the density requirements. The staggered layout, of small units combined with the 'vertical stepped form' necessary to connect the different heights of buildings became increasingly challenging. The group tried a number of different scenarios and combinations to no success. Attempts at a 'bulkier ' shapes were also made to no success. Ensuring good levels of solar gains and Eastern views, together with densification and the site size restriction confirmed to us that the shallow linear form would be more appropriate. The first building that was created was not successful. As with the retirement home, it created a wall between the site and the community, even though it was raised from the ground. It wasn't an 'inviting form' which is fundamental for the success of the scheme. The orientation (West - East) ensured views for the Eastern block but it also meant that the solar gains weren't being maximised. Finally, because of density requirements, and concentration of units on the eastern side we were overshadowing the Western block (Figure 3.3.1). Re analyzing the site, the vertical global solar radiation and by comparing WestEast orientation with North-South (with aid of MInt) in relation to energy demand we began to redesign. The group proceeded with the design assuming 20% window to floor ratio. The starting point was orientating the building to the south. In an attempt to make the shape more inviting, and follow the pedestrian routes the building was 'curved. In the 'Solar energy and housing design' (Yannas, 1994) it was recommended that deviations from south should not be more than 25° (East or West). A comparison between the straight South orientation and this deviation was made (with aid of the TAS software) and temperatures in the summer were the same and a small difference (0.5 to 1.0K) in the winter was noticed. This was considered negligible. Due to surroundings the group did not want to verticalize (intensively) the building. It was decided that low rise would be more appropriate. To ensure the necessary density 3 blocks would be necessary. The group then established that the most southern block (Block A) would need to be lower, to not overshadow the Northern block (Block B) and to be sympathetic to Jagger house, which is 3No storeys. Block B would step down from the height of the Mansions to the height of the 'Victorian houses' on Worfield Street. From 6No storeys it drops to 3No storeys creating 4No different roof levels. This decision also means that the lower (western side) wouldn't shade the furthest block, C. Block C is 3No storeys to keep in context with the Worfield Street elevation. The community cafe (the 1No storey wedge) was located close to the existing trees so that through the design we could maximise the shading opportunities' of the existing mature trees throughout the summer month. The next step was connecting the blocks, which was done with a curved slab. The sunpatch, solar radiation and wind analysis were carried out again to see how the volumes were performing.

what is the best orientation?

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 10

15 south one bed

Figure 3.3.1 Initial massing of east-west orientation

east one bed

south student

25 east student

Figure 3.3.2 EI calculation of one bed and student unit N

25°

C STAFFORD MANSION

B A CAFE JAGGER HOUSE

Figure 3.3.5 Massing process-3

Figure 3.3.4 Massing process-2

Figure 3.3.3 Massing process-1

outdoor

4-OUTDOOR 4.1-SUN PATCH ANALYSIS summer

9:00

SERVICE

STUDIO

CO-WORKING SPACE

DONATION CAFE

Figure 4.1.1 Distribution of the communal area on the ground floor

12:00

Some overshadowing between the buildings was created. Block A overshadows block B in the winter, but this is restricted to the ground floor, where the communal spaces are. Considering that the internal heat gains (from occupants and equipment) will be significant due to nature of space, this isn't causing concern.

15:00 Figure 4.1.2 Sun patch analysis of the proposal

equinox

winter

4-OUTDOOR 4.2-Ground level ANALYSIS

summer m/s max

Hrs 1200+ 1080 960 840 720 600 480 360 240 120

min

m/s

Hrs

max

600+

winter

540 480 420 360 300 240 180 120 60 min

Figure 4.2.1 Wind simulations for summer and winter prevailing winds and the radiation hours overlap with the windiest areas. (Source:Ecotect)

Starting from the analysis of ground level, we first simulated the wind on the site, with the summer prevailing wind direction of west and winter prevailing wind direction of southwest. Then the most windy part on the site in each case was marked and overlapped with the map of total direct solar radiation hours for summer and winter.

4-OUTDOOR 4.3-Ground level ANALYSIS summary summer

ACTIVITIES

A PLANTING

ATTRACTION

MEETING POINT

winter

A Based on the simulations above, we summarized the windy and sunny part of the site in summer and winter. For part A, it is sunny in summer and protected from wind all the year round. Since it's a rather enclosed space and it's easy to access from the community, we decided to place an allotment that provides space for growing their own food on the site. Part B is mostly shaded in winter period and there is a certain amount of wind passing through, hence wind protection is needed and because of the central location, it is more suitable for main circulation. An attenuation pond is also considered to be placed here to reduce surface run off. Part C is a sunny area with little wind all the year round, and it is close to the cafe, so we decided to place a children's playground and some outside seating areas for people to stay. Next to the main road where part D is located, it is sunny most of the time and windy in winter period. Since it is right in front of the park, some attractions for people passing by to come into the site would be most desirable.

CIRCULATION

WIND PROTECTION

SUN BATHING KIDS SPACE

Figure 4.3.1 Diagramme summarizing the groundfloor outdoor spaces wind and radiation condition and zoning of activities and functions.

4-OUTDOOR 4.4-ground level design proposal

allotment Figure 4.4.2 Render of the donation cafe at 21st of September, 09.00

bin store laundry

co-working space

attenuation pond

studio

Figure 4.4.3 Render of the eastern square at 21st of December, 15.00

cafe

cycle store

0 Figure 4.4.1 Masterplan of the scheme.

The proposal of the ground floor indicates different activities we hope to be taken place on the site. For example, people going to the cafe have the choice of staying inside or outside, enjoying cafe and watching their kids playing on the playground at the same time. On the eastern square, there are a few steps for people to sit and watch movies or games on the projection screen, as shown in Figure 4.4.3. With large glazed areas in the cafe, studio and co-working space, people passing by can easily see what is happening inside and so is the other way around. By providing spaces for different activities on the site, both inside the communal area and outside, people can easily interact with each other and are more willing to pass through or stay in the site.

4-OUTDOOR 4.5-roof level ANALYSIS

summer western prevaling wind

solar radiation kWh

m/s

5.0+ 4.5

400

370

4.0

340

3.5

310

3.0

280

2.5

250

2.0

As mentioned in the design concept description, since the beginning of the process, the team wanted to create green rooftops to be used as communal spaces, location of photovoltaic panels and also for the numerous environmental benefits that this kind of space can offer, such as: - Reduce surface runoff and decrease stress of the sewer system - Increase biodiversity - Help in the moderate temperatures in Summer To better understand the conditions in the five different levels where the roofs are distributed, wind and solar radiation were analysed. The analysis were done for summer and winter with the respective prevailing wind directions. In the summer, the wind speeds are lower than in the winter and the block A and the central parts of block B have higher wind speed. In the winter when the wind it is even more influential, higher speeds can be seen in all the rooftops apart from the top level of block B that presents lower speeds. The levels of solar radiation in the summer are high and the steps in the block B overshade a small portion of them. At the rooftop aligned with the park, lower levels of radiation were identified and a bigger attention must be given for the northern portion.

lower levels

1.5

1.0

220 190 160

0.5

130

100

winter western prevaling wind

solar radiation

m/s 5.0+

110

105

4.5

100

4.0

3.5

kWh

3.0

lower levels

2.5

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0

Figure 4.5.1 Wind and Radiation simulation in the rooftop levels. (Source:Ecotect)

80 75 70 65 60

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4-OUTDOOR 4.6-roof level analysis summary summer

Bike sharing

Electric car

functions/ACTIVITIES

Mixed use

RESIDENTS ROOF GARDEN

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

BARBACUE SPACE

c Wind and radiation were combined (Figure 4.6.1) and summarized to identify the general characteristics of each rooftop level and also determine the functions and activities that better suit them.

The block C and the higher steps of block B with good level of solar radiation during the year were chosen to receive the photovoltaic panels and the small amount of shaded created for the steps should be considered when grouping the panels so the good functioning and efficiency of the system is guaranted.The lower part of block B due to the less solar exposure and wind levels, was consider for planting.

winter

COMMUNAL STUDIO TERRACE

PLANTING

Figure 4.6.1 Diagramme summarizing the rooftop spaces wind and radiation condition and zoning of activities and functions.

SUNBATHING

RESIDENTS ROOF GARDEN

Block A would have the radiation potential to receive the panels although the team opted to used it as a private communal space for the residents due to extend of area available and the views opportunity to the the park and for the scheme it self. Part of the landscape of this roof could also be completed with some allotments as an opportunity to grow crops that demand more sun exposure. For summer shading devices should be provided as option for the user whereas in winter wind protections would be essential to provide comfort in the cloudy days. The rooftop that faces the park, has the northern part connected with the residential part of block B and for this reason and for the view opportunities, it will be defined as communal space for the residents. This portion receives the lowest amount of radiation through the year but despite this, the combination with lower wind speeds in the summer make of this space a good option to enjoy hot sunny days outdoors in a less exposed area. The southern portion of this rooftop level is connected with the Communal Studio located in the ground floor and should be an opportunity for the users to work and study outside however in the winter wind shelter it is needed and in the other hand sun protecting it will be necessary to achieve comfort during sunny days.

4-OUTDOOR 4.7-roof level design proposal ENERGY CONSUMPTION per unit(kWh/YEAR)

total N° OF PANELS NEEDED

TOTAL AREA NEEDED (m²)

1 bed

800

104

167

student

360

103

pv´s general energy

2 kW system (8*250w panels) - generates 1370kWh (peak)

PV PANEL

Figure 4.7.1 Calculation of areas of PV panels needed. Based on the Energy Saving Trust solar energy calculator

SOLAR THERMAL 15°

angle of pv panel 15°- 30°

20° 25° 30° 8m Figure 4.7.2 Angle of cirved roof covered by PV panels

It was decided that there would be no natural gas on the site only electricity, so that it could be generated on site by solar' renewable technologies'. Besides more environmentally friendly, it is also beneficial considering the more common storms and flood related problems that impact on the national electrical grid. Having a certain level of independence from the grid is beneficial. The electricity is generated on the roofs of block B (by Photovoltaic) and through the underside of the curved roof its transported to block A. Block C generates its own electricity. The inverters are located under the panels.

COMMUNAL ROOF GARDEN FOR RESIDENTS

COMMUNAL ROOF GARDEN FOR STUDIO

Figure 4.7.3 Perspective of the design of the roof

WINTER A-SOUTHERN GARDEN

4-OUTDOOR 4.8-comfort analysis SOLAR RADIATION: 317 W/m² EXT. TEMP : 10.3° C WIND SPEED: 1.0 m/s PET: 11.6°C WIND SPEED: 0.5 m/s PET: 13.5°C sunny day-not shaded SOLAR RADIATION:160W/m² EXT. TEMP : 10.3 ° C WIND SPEED: 1.0m/s PET: 7.9°C WIND SPEED: 0.5m/s PET: 9.0°C sunny day-shaded

a Figure 4.8.1 Rendered view of the southern Garden on a winter sunny day (28/01), showing where the PET was analysed.

B-EASTERN SQUARE

SOLAR RADIATION: 95 W/m² EXT. TEMP : 7.9° C WIND SPEED: 1.0 m/s PET: 5.8°C WIND SPEED: 0.5 m/s PET: 7.2°C winter cloudy day 30/06 SOLAR RADIATION:380 W/m² EXT. TEMP : 10.3 ° C WIND SPEED: 2.5m/s PET: 9.9°C WIND SPEED: 1.5m/s PET: 11.6°C sunny day- shaded SOLAR RADIATION:190W/m² EXT. TEMP : 10.3 ° C WIND SPEED: 2.5 m/s PET: 6.8°C WIND SPEED: 1.5 m/s PET: 7.8°C

To analyze the outdoor spaces designed for the ground level, P.E.T (Physiological Equivalent Temperature) was calculated for the two main spaces to be occupied by users and use as circulation for pedestrians (Figure 4.8.1, Figure 4.8.2). To make the calculations the team used the Rayman software and the input data was extracted from weather data (Meteonorm 7.0) and wind and radiation simulations from Ecotect software. The personal data is the same for all the analysis, apart from the clothing level that varies according with the season, to make it possible the comparison among the spaces and their conditions. A specific temperature, global radiation and humidity were chosen for sunny and cloudy sky conditions for both summer and winter. The renders show the sunny days and the information about the cloudy day condition of the locations A and B it is also given. In the winter it is possible to identify that the space A with lower wind speeds from Southeast and slightly lower levels of radiation has comfort levels around 1.7 to 1.1K (sunny day) higher than space B, but in the other hand space B has bigger paved areas what might help to increase comfort because of higher levels of radiant temperature from the surface. This difference it is seen in the cloudy days also where the P.E.T levels are around 1.2 lower than air temperature, demonstrating that in the winter the combination of higher radiation and lower wind speeds allow the users to find in space B a more comfortable area during the cold days. One other feature that might compensates the lowers levels of comfort predicted for the Eastern Square are the views of the Battersea Park, as seen on the Case Studies of Westfield Student Village where users take into account this values when choosing places over others.

Male 25-35 year old Clothing: 2.5 winter(clo) Height: 1.75m Activity: 110 W (walking) Weight: 75kg Time: 12:00

sunny day-shaded

B Figure 4.8.2 Rendered view of the eastern square on a winter sunny day (28/01), showing where the PET was analysed.

SOLAR RADIATION:140W/m² EXT. TEMP : 7.9 ° C WIND SPEED: 2.5m/s PET: 4.6°C WIND SPEED: 1.5m/s PET: 5.9°C winter cloudy day 30/06

b Figure 4.8.3 Aerial view of the outdoors spaces where PET was analysed.

4-OUTDOOR 4.8-comfort analysis

SUMMER A-SOUTHERN GARDEN

In the summer studies the P.E.T. calculation confirms the opposite trend resultant from the wind speeds, since the prevailing wind direction in the summer is from West and affects less the space B (Eastern Square) the comfort levels there are compromised by the combination of high levels of radiation and minimal winds making the space under the rooftop aligned with park an important adaptable opportunity for the users of the square to protect from radiation and higher temperatures. The water feature in the center of the square it in the sunny days can be used to reduce the high temperatures and lower level of Relative Humidity. The space A due to the higher wind speeds has levels inside the comfort band in shaded and not shaded spaces while in cloudy days the levels are lower and the users could benefit for warmer temperatures if located closer to the circular rooftop where the wind speeds are lower and the paved areas will be releasing heat from the surface.

sunny day-not shaded SOLAR RADIATION:360 W/m² EXT. TEMP: 24.3 ° C WIND SPEED: 1.5 m/s PET: 23.7°C sunny day shaded

It is important to highlight that the calculation of outdoor comfort is complex and varies according to wind speeds and the this data even when extracted from simulations it is not a precise number but certainly is a value tool to predict spots that must be consider more carefully and count with the provision of shelter or proper openings to allow wind passage.

SOLAR RADIATION: 148 W/m² EXT. TEMP: 18.4° C WIND SPEED: 1.5 m/s PET: 16.8°C

a Figure 4.8.4 Rendered view of the southern Garden on a summer sunny day (19/07), showing where the PET was analysed.

B-EASTERN SQUARE Male 25-35 year old Height: 1.75m Weight: 75kg

Clothing: 0.5 winter(clo) Activity: 110 W (walking) Time: 12:00

Figure 4.8.6 Aerial view of the outdoors spaces where PET was analysed.

summer cloudy day 30/06

SOLAR RADIATION:710 W/m² EXT. TEMP: 24.3 ° C WIND SPEED: 0.0m/s PET: 43.9°C WIND SPEED: 0.5m/s PET: 36.7°C sunny day-not shaded SOLAR RADIATION:360W/m² EXT. TEMP: 24.3 ° C WIND SPEED: 0.0 m/s PET: 32.2°C WIND SPEED: 0.5 m/s PET: 27.5°C sunny day-shaded

SOLAR RADIATION: 660 W/m² EXT. TEMP : 24.3° C WIND SPEED: 1.5 m/s PET: 26.6°C

B Figure 4.8.5 Rendered view of the eastern square on a summer sunny day (19/07), showing where the PET was analysed.

SOLAR RADIATION:178 W/m² EXT. TEMP : 18.4 ° C WIND SPEED: 0.0m/s PET: 27.2°C WIND SPEED: 0.5m/s PET: 21.0°C summer cloudy day 30/06

4-OUTDOOR 4.8-comfort analysis

As mentioned before one of the strongest reasons why the team decided to located in the east portion of the site a connection square was the fact of this place receives good amount of solar radiation during the year. The aim of the design of the outdoor spaces was to create spaces that combine different characteristics, landscapes and attractions so they could be use during the whole year and also offer choices to the users. The southern garden where the kids space, cafe deck and the sunbathing garden are located it is also one of the main circulation spaces throughout the site and makes the connection with the pedestrian street where the bike users could make the access. As shown in the P.E.T analysis, this garden presents good overall comfort as the solar access happens in most of the year and the wind levels are higher in the summer and lower in the winter giving to this space a big potential for residents and pedestrians to enjoy the outdoor spaces during the year. The other important connection between the east-west axis of the site is where the pond is located, since this space it is being shaded from the Block A during the Equinoxes and all the winter, the group decided to located the pond as an option for the users in the summer whilst it is a pleasant view and landscape for the pedestrians passing by all year around.

Figure 4.8.7 Overview of the outdoors spaces

The allotments located in the northern portion of the site receive good daylight access during the summer and equinox but are mostly shaded from the lower part of block B during winter and for this reason the selected crops for them should be suitable for partly shaded areas such as beets, spinach and cauliflowers whilst the allotments located in the rooftop of Block A could receive crops that need more daylight to be cultivated such as carrots, anions, peppers and lettuce. The block B roof terrace receive good levels of radiation and has a potential for growing crops that in partial shaded spaces or minimum of five hours of daylight like tomato and cauliflower.

indoor

5-INDOOR

1 bed (mid floor) area: 31.6m2 preliminary w/f ratio: 25%

0:00

3:00

6:00

9:00

12:00

15:00

18:00

21:00

24:00

Yearly consumption[kWh]

5.1-occupant 140 120 100

TOILET

80 60

KITCHEN

40 20

LIVING

weekdays

BEDROOM

weekends Figure 5.1.7 Layout concept Figure 5.1.2 1 bed appliances energy consumption

STUDENT (mid floor) area: 21m2 preliminary w/f ratio: 25% 0:00

3:00

6:00

9:00

12:00

15:00

18:00

21:00

24:00

Yearly consumption[kWh]

Figure 5.1.1 1 bed occupancy pattern

The group summarized what was necessary for the design of the unit. To reduce mechanical heat demand, solar gains were necessary for the bedroom and the living. These rooms should also have good levels of natural daylight, as well as the kitchen. The living space also required to be positioned in such way to allow for views of the park and of the scheme itself. The wet areas of the unit should be combined, and preferably be on the same side as to have all the pipe runs easily locatable in case of problems and not running through the whole unit causing more disruption.

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

With this is mind living and bedroom were positioned to maximised solar gains (facing south). The kitchen and Bathroom, by facing north, create a compact unit. The living and kitchen, by being open plan allowed for natural lighting to permeate through the shallow plan as well as for cross ventilation of the space. The access to the units is to be via an external corridor, which allows for informal surveillance as well as interaction with other residents and users. This corridor will be on the north side as to not cause overshadowing on the opening to be located on the south side.

weekdays weekends Figure 5.1.3 Student occupancy pattern

Figure 5.1.4 student appliances energy consumption

Student Internal gains (Week) Wh/m2

500

450

400

400 350 300 250

Living room

200

Bedroom

150 100

INTERNAL GAINS[Wh/M2]

1 BED Internal gains (Week) Wh/m2

Increasingly, people tend to have many electrical gadgets (computers, tables, smart phones) as well as a variety of kitchen appliances; However this doesn't necessarily mean increase in internal heat gains. Appliances and gadgets are becoming more and more efficient both in the energy that they consume to operate as well as in the time taken to perform their given tasks. In the future this may become an issue as appliances do account for a reasonable amount of heat gains in a dwelling (as seen in Figure 5.1.5, Figure 5.1.6). Occupants' activities in the dwellings will have a higher impact, such as cooking for example.

350 300 250 200 150 100 50

50 0 Lighting Gain (Wh/m2)

LIGHTING GAIN

Occupancy Sensible Gain OCCUPANCY (Wh/m2)

SENSIBLE GAIN

Equipment Sensible Gain EQUIPMENT (Wh/m2)

SENSIBLE GAIN

Figure 5.1.5 1 bed weekly internal gains (used for all the TAS)

0 Lighting Gain (Wh/m2)

LIGHTING GAIN

Occupancy Sensible Gain OCCUPANCY (Wh/m2)GAIN SENSIBLE

Equipment Sensible Gain EQUIPMENT (Wh/m2)GAIN SENSIBLE

Figure 5.1.6 student weekly internal gains (used for all the TAS)

In order to analyze the unit performance we have assumed that the each dwelling will have a few basic 'energy consuming' devices (Figure 5.1.2, Figure 5.1.4) (for full specification check appendix). For this the group has selected the most energy efficient equipment found, which is assumed to be common practice in the future. For instance the kettle that has been specified has a minimum fill as low as 250ml (1 cup of tea!) and boils this in 30 seconds.

5-INDOOR 5.2-building envelope GABLE RESIDENTIAL (SUSPENDED) TIMBER PARTY WALLS TABLE INDEPENDENT GROUND FLOOR

Figure 5.2.1 Image indicating timber construction Knowing that the site is in a flood risk area, both from 'surface water flooding' and from 'rising sea levels' (as previously highlighted), was determinant in the conception of the structure and subsequently the envelope of the building. The concept was having 2 independent structures, one for the ground floor (communal areas) and one for the floors above, keeping the residents safe in case of severe flooding as seen in Earlier in the year in South West England. The ground floor is to have a 'collapsible' structure which would have predetermined 'weakened' junctions that would control the failure of the building, without jeopardizing the residential units above (it would break down in small parts which wouldn't cause undue stress on adjacent structures). The building envelope for this storey (the ground floor) would be light weight, easy and quick to erect (in case it needed replaced). Pre fabricated timber frame is the ideal solution. The residential units would be constructed on a suspended concrete slab (suspended on pillars/pile foundations - 'a table' which is completely independent form the ground floor structure (Fig. 5.2.1). Ideally the gable walls of the building would be concrete as well, for rigidity.

Figure 5.2.2 Image indicating timber construction

Figure 5.2.3 Image indicating GGBSConcrete construction

Timber construction

GGBSConcrete construction

Infiltration 0.17ach; Ventilation 0.35ach

External wall: 0.16W/m2K

Party wall: 0.19W/m2K

Ceiling: 0.22W/m2K

Window (TG): 1.1W/m2K

W/F ratio 1 BED: 20% (MInt calcs)

Student: 20% (MInt calcs)

As concrete has high embodied energy the group was trying to keep its use to a minimum, restricting it' to the 'table' and specifying the remaining structural elements as timber construction. But the group was still searching for alternatives. We considered the 'ground granulated blast-furnace slag' concrete (GGBS), which used up to 80% less cement than traditional concrete. The blast furnace slag is a by product of the steel industry and would normally be discarded, but it can be reused for the manufacturing of GGBS concrete. Later it was uncovered another type of GGBS concrete which claims to have no cement (and is 95% blast-furnace slag). The products manufacturer claims 90% reduction in CO2 emissions as well as lower water consumption. (Manufacturer data: http://www.cemfree.co.uk/cemfree-product-information) Besides the lower embodied energy, this concrete is also an off white colour and can have a smooth finish, meaning that it could be the finished surface for the units (without the need for Plasterboard/plaster finish). This would have the further advantage of allowing the units to benefit from its thermal mass.

Student: 20% (MInt calcs)

U = 1.10 W/m2KU(Manufacturer/SAP) = 1.10 W/m2K (Manufacturer/SAP)

triple glazed windows triple glazed (argonwindows fill) (argon fill)

triple glazed (argon fill) triple glazed windows (argonwindows fill)

timber frame timber frame

105mm brick 105mm brick 30mm air cavity30mm air cavity 140mm insulation 140mm insulation 2No 12.5mm plasterboard 2No 12.5mm plasterboard IN Figure 5.2.4 Build up of timber construction

IN OUT OUT U = 0.16 W/m2KU = 0.16 W/m2K

IN U = 0.16 W/m2KU = 0.16 W/m2K Figure 5.2.5 Build up of GGBSconcrete construction

5-INDOOR 5.2-building envelope Summer sunny week (18th Jul-24th Jul)

SUMMER - Sunny 2000

1800

tEMPERATURE(°C)

1400

1200

1000

800 600

400

Figure 5.2.8 Comparison of heating demand (concrete & timber)

200 24

DAY

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

22th July External Temperature (°C)

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

20th July radiation [Wh/m2]21th July diffuse horizontal

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

18thglobal July horizontal radiation [Wh/m2] 19th July

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

Solar Radiation(Wh/m2)

1600

heating demand(kWh/m2)

23th JulyTIMBER 1BED Living Resultant 24th July Temp (°C)

CONCRETE - 1BED Living Resultant Temp (°C) band upper limit [C] ExternalComfort Temperature(°C)

Comfort1band lower limit [C]Resultant temperature(°C) Timber Bed Living

Concrete 1 Bed Living Resultant temperature(°C)

Comfort Band

Global Horizontal Radiation(Wh/m2)

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation(Wh/m2)

Figure 5.2.6 Comparison of timber and concrete construction - summer sunny week

Figure 5.2.9 Thermal break for horizontal access

WINTER sunny week (31st Oct-6th Nov)

WINTER - Sunny 2000

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Solar Radiation(Wh/m2)

5th NovTIMBER 1BED Living Resultant 6th Nov Temp (°C)

CONCRETE - 1BED Living Resultant Temp (°C)

ExternalComfort Temperature(°C) band upper limit [C]

Timber Bed Living Comfort1band lower limit [C]Resultant temperature(°C)

Concrete 1 Bed Living Resultant temperature(°C)

Comfort Band

Global Horizontal Radiation(Wh/m2)

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation(Wh/m2)

Figure 5.2.7 Comparison of timber and concrete construction - winter sunny week

Before selecting concrete for the units, the group compared its performance with the timber frame, initially selected as building envelopes material. The thermal mass was used in the ceiling of the units and not for the floor, as in a dwelling, the floors would often be covered with carpets and furniture. Also, the group felt that having concrete finish on a floor wouldn't provide the 'comfortable feel' that is expected of a house. Figure 5.2.6 Shows the drop in temperature peaks as well less variance in between maximum and minimum temperatures. The gable walls, north and south walls are in concrete however the party walls between the units are in timber. This allows the units to be combined in different ways in future. There may become a need for larger dwellings for a single family, have more rooms so that they can be shared, or even reduced further in size. The horizontal access, ideally in concrete, also caused an issue. If it was to be a continuous slab from the indoor to the outdoor there would be issues with cold bridging. The group found a product that reduces the thermal bridge of having a cantilevered access. The insulated connection element (Schock Isokorb) (Fig 5.2.9) forms the threshold support, which brakes the thermal bridge between the inside and the outside.

5-INDOOR 5.2-building envelope

heating demand(kWh/m2 per year)

15%

17.5%

20%

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25%

Figure 5.2.10 Heating demand of different window to floor ratio - 1 bed and student

Following the specification from Hannibal road the group initially specified triple glazing with a U value of 1.1W/m2K. This choice was made solely considering the U value of the glazing element. The group compared the triple with the double glazed in an attempt to identify which one would better respond to schemes necessities. With the lighter weight construction the triple glazing performed better from an energy point of view, allowing for the building to have a lower heating demand (APPENDIX). In the summer month though, the dwellings were overheating and had temperature spikes. The double glazing (U=1.34W/m2K), initially, performed worse in relation to the resultant energy demand, and better in summer by controlling internal temperatures, through a reduction in the summer overheating (by 5K at times) . A decision was made to use the Double glazing and to improve its performance, by increasing the solar transmission levels from 0.46 (pilkington suncool outer pane) to 0.7 (pilkington optiwhite outer pane). With this move we improved the units' winter performance, without increasing the summer overheating significantly With the use of the concrete construction (thermal mass) together with improvements to the double glazing specification (higher transmittance) the group was able to reduce the peaks in temperature as well reducing heat loads whilst using the double glazing (less materials then if triple glazing had been specified). The group opted for having a window to floor ratio of 25% as this would mean that units would have large(r) glazed areas, allowing occupants to take full advantage of the views as well as having reduce heating demand (due to higher solar gains).

overheating in

summer temp

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- 5 kÂ°

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1 bedroom flat

student flat

Figure 5.2.11 Indication of different window to floor ratio

triple glazing

double glazing

Figure 5.2.12 Comparison of triple glazing and double glazing

5-INDOOR

WINTER sunny week (31st Oct-6th Nov)

5.2-building envelope

RH Range 74%-78%

19th Oct 10:00 AM

WINTER - Sunny

infiltration rate 0.17ac/h

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27th Nov B3D Living Dry Bulb (°C) 28th Nov

B3D Living Dry Bulb (°C)

1 Bed Living Resultant Comfort bandtemperature(°C) upper limit [C] External Temperature(°C)

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Figure 5.2.14 Adding night shutters - winter cloudy week

Resultant temperature(°C)

Global Horizontal Radiation(Wh/m2)

Student Resultant temperature(°C) Diffuse Horizontal Radiation(Wh/m2)

Solar Radiation(Wh/m2)

900

1 bed double glazing U=1.34W/m²K

student double glazing U=1.34W/m²K

1 bed+night shutters U=0.46W/m²K

student+night shutters U=0.46W/m²K

Figure 5.2.16 Heat demand after adding night shutters

1000

25 BKN clouds cover 5/8 to

CLR(clear?)

Party Ceiling U=0.2W/m²K

External wall U=0.16W/m²K

Figure 5.2.15 Solar gains (winter sunny week & winter cloudy week)

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SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage Resultant temperature(°C) FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

Figure 5.2.13 Adding night shutters - winter sunny week

WINTER CLOUDY week (22nd Nov-28th Nov)

Party Wall U=0.19W/m²K

5th B3D NovLiving Dry Bulb (°C) 6th Nov

Global Horizontal Radiation(Wh/m2)

Comfort Band