Hannibal Road Garden - AA SED Term 1 project by KimmyEl-dash

SUMMARY

Hannibal road is a small scale brownfield development of 8No dwellings which dealt with overcrowding issues of the neighboring apartment blocks. The scheme was completed in July 2012 and has since been fully occupied. Its located in east London, of the mile end road, in Stepney Green The scheme was in an awkward site, as its very narrow and fully against a boundary wall, which constrained the design, however the architect dealt with this quite successfully. The design techniques used to address the anticipated problems are quite apparent in the buildings unusual typology. The notched construction and the large glazing are quite striking features, which are complemented by the shingle cladding. This scheme is a welcome addition to the London urban fabric and shows how architects can contribute positively to the city when designing social housing.

AUTHORSHIP DECLARATION FORM

Term 1 Project : Urban Case Studies

TITLE: HANNIBAL ROAD GARDENS

NUMBER OF WORDS: 10,867

STUDENT NAME(S): Chen Han El-Dash Kimmy Tsichritzis Leonidas DECLARATION: “I certify that the contents of this document are entirely my own work and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is duly acknowledged.” Signature(s):

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The group would like to thank all the Sustainable Environmental Design teaching staff (Simos Yannas, Paula Cadima, Nick Baker, Gustavo Brunelli and Jorge Rodriguez) who were encouraging and helpful in classes, tutorials and presentations. We would also like to extend our gratitude to Mariam Kapsali who came on Saturdays to discuss the project with us; Bryon Madras and Herman Calleja who often staid late the to answer our endless questions. We also like to acknowledge, with thanks, other people who provided information or contacts: Malcolm Kirk, from Osbourne homes Ltd, who gave us permission and put us in touch with their SAP consultant Jason Redfearn, from focus consultants, who took time off from his busy schedule to go through the companies archives to find (and email us) the SAP assessment for the specific dwelling we studied. Emma Kitley in Peter Barber architect, who got us the contact with one of the architect involve the Hannibal Road project Fiona Sheppard in Peter Barber architect, who kindly spoke to us about the project and was very helpful. And Last but not least, a very special thanks to the lovely family from plot 19 that allowed full access to their home, and were always very kind. 'Mother' who always had a smile on her face, her sons who was extremely helpful and interested in what we were doing, and 'daughter' is very shy but warmed up to us after a few visits. Han Chen would like to acknowledge the Architectural Association Graduate Bursary Committee for granting a bursary for her to attend the AA SED March cource 2013-2014.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 - INTRODUCTION

2 - OVERVIEW

2.1 Site Location 2.2 Weather Data 2.3 Pre-construction & Surrounding Areas 2.4 Building Features

2 3 4 5

3 - OUTDOOR STUDIES

3.1 Spot Measurements and PET 3.2 Solar & Wind Analysis

8 10

4 - INDDOR STUDIES

4.1 Survey 4.2 Summary & Findings 4.3 House Overview 4.4 Daylighting 4.5 Thermal Analysis 4.6 Tas Simulation

12 13 14 16 22 35

6 - CONCLUSIONS

6.1 General Conclusions 6.2 Personal Outcomes

44 45

7 - REFERENCES

8 - APPENDIX

1 - INTRODUCTION

This document is the result of studies from the first term of the MArch/MSc sustainable environmental design. The studied scheme was the Hannibal Road gardens designed by Peter Barber Architects. The hannibal road gardens is a unique project which provides homes for large multi generational families. Families from the existing adjacent blocks were relocated to the new dwellings built in the same square minimizing disruption to the occupants as they remain within the same community in which they had been living. As well as this social provision the scheme is quite unusual in the timber shingle finishing, the notched typology, large glazed areas and provision for different external spaces, both private and communal. The schemes notched typology and large glazed area were the focus of our studies. We have analyzed their impact in the dwelling, and how the indoor environment could be improved. We surveyed the occupants of 5 dwellings and from this the group extracted the concerns mentioned by the occupants and used this as the basis for the studies. The main issues were related to lighting levels within certain parts of the dwelling, mainly in the circulation areas. Observations during site visits meant the group also pursued other lighting issues such as the ones in the kitchen and in the top floor bedroom. Other issues which were indicated by the survey, was the necessity to keep windows and doors open throughout the day. This directed the group into a search for the cause of this: overheating, air quality or a combination of both. As with the studies, the group has attempted to organize this document in a clear logical manner. The report is divided into 3 main sections. The overview section looks at the site location, weather data and schemes specific features. The Outdoor studies analyze the open space through spot measurements, together with solar and wind analysis. The indoor sections will look at the survey, daylighting and the thermal analysis. 1

2 - OVERVIEW 2.1 Site Location

ARCHITECT: Peter Barber Architects CLIENT: Southern Housing Group BUILDER: Osborne homes Ltd. BUDGET: £1900 per sq metre AWARDS: 2013 RIBA National Award TIMETABLE -Feb 2007 – PBA Appointed -April 2007 – Planning Application submitted -Aug 2007 – Planning Permission granted -Aug 2010 – Contract let / start on site (demo) -April 2011 – Start on site (build) -March 2012 – Building completed

Figure2.1.1 Project Location (Source: Google Map)

D ROA END MILD

The site is located in is in East London (E1) on the North side of the river Thames in an area known as Stepney Green (Figure2.1.1).

Stepney Green Park

Figure2.1.3.a Traffic

GE ASSA BLY P ASSEM

HANNIBAL ROAD

The square is bound on the south by Redmans Road and on the east by Hannibal road. Mile end road is to the north and Assembly Place is to the West (Figure2.1.2). There are two entrances to the site, as shown in Figure2.1.2., the main entrance being the most southernly. Figure 2.1.3.a highlights the surrounding road layout, bus stops and tube station. Besides proximity to public tranportation, the square is surrounded by greenery including the Stepney Green Park, as shown on Figure 2.1.3.b . REDMANS ROAD

Figure2.1.4 shows the first impression of the scheme when you enter the square.

Figure2.1.2 Master Plan (Source: Peter Barber Architects)

10m 20m

40m

80m

Figure2.1.4 Photograph taken on 31st Oct 2013

Figure2.1.3.b Greenery

2 - OVERVIEW 2.2 Weather Data

ANGEL/FARRINGDON WEATHER STATION

+51° 31' 48"

LONDON CENTRAL WEATHER STATION

+51° 30' 00"

+51° 31' 12" PROJECT LOCATION

WEATHER STATION For historical weather data, which was obtained from Meteonorm software, the London Central weather station was selected. This selection was made based on the proximity to the site together with the fact that it's in an urban setting, as is the studied site. The group felt this would minimize inaccuracies (Figure2.2.1). For recent weather data such as the ones used to analyze spot measurements and the data loggers we used the wundergorund web site (http://www.wunderground.com). For this we selected the Angel/Farringdon weather station due to proximity with the site (Figure2.2.1).

Figure2.2.1 Project Location and Weather Station (Source: Google Map)

Tn=17.6 + 0.31 * Toav Where: Tn = neutrality temperature a Toav= mean temperature of the month.

25 Temperature [C] or Solar Radiation [kWh/m2]

COMFORT BAND The comfort band used for the analysis of the of the scheme was the Auliciems/Szokolay. Comfort is achieved at neutrality temperature (Tn), which varies in accordance with monthly temperatures (as per formula below). From this, a comfort band is defined.

By creating a comfort band, there's an allowance for adaptive opportunities. For this model the limiting temperature that forms the comfort band allows for a 90% acceptability. The range is of ± 2.5°C added to the neutrality temperature which is 21°C *.

This method was selected due to its lower temperature range as the occupants appear to maintain the dwelling at low temperatures.

The range of comfort band can be seen on Figure2.2.2 5

* figures extracted from course tools (with historical weather data from meteonorm) JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

AVERAGE DAILY DIRECT HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION [kWh/m2]

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

AVERAGE DAILY DIFFUSE HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION

AVERAGE DAILY DORECT SOLAR RADIATION[kWh/m ] Comfort band limit [C]

AVERAGE DAILY DIFFUSE HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION[kWh/m ] AVERAGE MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE [C]

COMFORT BAND LIMIT[C]

AVERAGE MONTHLY MIMIMUM TEMPERATURE [C] AVERAGE MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE[C]

AVERAGE MONTHLY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE[C]

AVERAGE MONTHLY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE[C]

AVERAGE MONTHLY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE [C]

Figure2.2.2 London Weather Data with comfort band (Source: Course tools)

Figure2.2.3 London Weather Data(Source: Satel-Light)

WEATHER DATA Based on historical data from meteonorm (2000- 2009) London's average temperature is 12.3°C, ranging from -2°C to 31.2°C (Figure2.2.2). To study the Hannibal road building we will also looked at the cloud conditions as this influenced the indoor temperature (Figure2.2.3, as can be seen in the TAS section of this report). 3

2 - OVERVIEW 2.3 Pre-construction & Surrounding Areas

Figure2.3.1 Conservation Area and Listed Buildings(Source:London Borough of Tower Hamlets , October 2007)

Figure2.3.2 Pre-construction and In-Construction(Source: Peter Barber Architects & Bing Map)

Student accommodation

Fairfield

Gracehill

Ockbrook

The square is surrounded by the Stepney green conservation area, even though it is not within it.(Figure2.3.1). The scheme completed the fourth side of the square by replacing the 3 derelict garages(Figure2.3.2). The square is formed by 3 existing post war housing blocks: Gracehill (North), Ockbrook (East) and Fairfield (South) and on the West side itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bound by a student accommodation block. The Square is accessed by 2 entrances off Hannibal road, one of which is currently blocked due to construction works (Figure2.3.3).

Redmans Road

Figure2.3.3 3d model of the site and pictures of surroundings taken on 19th Oct 2013

Hannibal Road

View of scheme from assembly passage

Hannibal Road

2 - OVERVIEW 2.4 Building Features

GREEN ROOF

All dwellings have green roof on the top floor which isn't accessible for day to day use.

TERRACE

All dwellings have a minimum of 2 terraces and an entrance courtyard.

SHINGLE CLADDING

The dwellings are cladded in shingles which according to the architect ‘was conceived as an extension of the timber garden fences of the existing housing blocks’.

1 OPEN SPACE

Within the square, in addition to the new affordable dwellings, a playground and an access road were built. Figure2.4.1 Building Features

The project has a total of 8N° notched dwellings which are positioned right against the western boundary of the square maintaining the existing open space between the buildings. A playground was included in the open space as part of the design. The open space was in use during several of our site visits. However, we don't have photographs as the space is mainly used by children, and it would have been inappropriate to take pictures. There are 2 distinct areas: The playground for younger children (①in Figure2.4.1) and the textured grassed(② in Figure2.4.1) and concrete paved area where the older children play ball games. Figure2.4.2 is the image showing the overview of the project. The scheme consists of large dwellings which accommodate families that have been relocated from the adjacent building due to overcrowding. Besides a green roof on the top floor, the dwellings have a minimum of 2 terraces and a small entrance courtyard, which allows for informal surveillance for the open space area (Figure2.4.1). The dwellings are cladded in shingles which according to the architect ‘was conceived as an extension of the timber garden fences of the existing housing blocks’ (Figure2.4.1).

Figure2.4.2 Image of the site (Source: Peter Barber Architects)

2 - OVERVIEW 2.4 Building Features

Figure2.4.3 Floor Plan (Source: Peter Barber Architects)

Timber Cladding: Cedar Shingles

+5200 mm

The breakdown of the dwellings are as follows(Figure2.4.6.a): • 1 x 7No bedroom house • 1 x 6No bedroom house • 3 x 4No bedroom house • 3 x 3No bedroom house

+2600 mm +0 mm

Figure2.4.4 Elevation (Source: Peter Barber Architects)

The dwellings are 3-storey high, with exception to Plot 9, which has 4 storeys, as can be seen on plan (Figure2.4.3) and elevation (Figure2.4.4) The Eastern (E), South- Eastern (SE) and South (S) for the most southern dwelling elevations are extensively glazed while the West (W) and North (N) elevation have no openings (Figure2.4.4). Kitchens and living rooms are located on the ground floor, bedrooms on the first an second floor and main bathroom on the first floor (Figure2.4.6.b). 6

Terrace

+5200 mm

Bedroom

Living room

7 BEDROOMS

LIVING & KITCHEN

4 BEDROOMS

BEDROOM 2nd FLOOR

3 BEDROOMS

BEDROOM 3rd FLOOR

6 BEDROOMS

+2600 mm Courtyard

Figure2.4.5 Typical Section

+0 mm

Figure2.4.6.a House typologies

Figure2.4.6.b Room distributions

OUTDOOR STUDIES

FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage OVC (OVERCAST, 19th Oct 8/8 RH Range 74%-78% Coverage) 10:00 AM

3 - OUTDOOR STUDIES 3.1 Spot Measurements and PET

RH Range 74%-78%

19th Oct 10:00 AM

RH Range 74%-78%

19th Oct 10:00 AM

CLR(clear?) N

19 Oct

10.00 AM

AIR TEMPERATURE FROM WUNDERGROUND: 16.6Â°C

RELATIVE HUMIDITY RANGE:74%-78%

PET(C)

AIR TEMP(C)

WIND VELOCITY(m/s)

30 25 20 15

2.5

2.1 17.2 17.2

20.7

21.5

20.3

18.2

17.8

0.6

rainy

0.4

0.5

rainy BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

STUDENT ACCOMMODATION

PROJECT

SQUARE

CLR(clear?)

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud HANNIBAL ROAD RESIDENTIAL BLOCK coverage

A-A SECTION

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage) CLR(clear?)

AIR TEMPERATURE(C)

CLR(clear?)

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 5 coverage OVCOCKBROOK (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

rainy

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 1 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud ASSEMBLY PASSAGE coverage

Figure3.1.1 displays spot measurements taken on 10am, 19th Oct with PET calculations as well. From the diagrams, we discovered that there seems to be a slightly higher temperature within the square than on the streets. Wind speed didn't present much variance between the streets and the square, with exception of two unique spaces, which are point 1 in A-A Section and point 2 in B-B Section. Point 1 in A-A Section indicates that the assembly passage has noticeably higher air velocity and due to the confined aspect of the street. Point 2 in B-B Section has wind speed of 0 m/s and also higher temperature since it is at the corner of the space.

1.5

17.0 0.8

0.6

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

Spot measurements were taken in the squares' open space and surrounding streets (Hannibal Road, Redmans Road and Assembly Passage). This was done in an attempt to understand how the square and adjacent streets behaved in relation to each other and to the selected weather station (Angel Farrigdon). Measurements were taken 3 times on the same day: Morning (10am), mid day (13pm) and afternoon (16pm).

18.6

27.8

30 25

20.4

2.5

20.7

21.5

18.2

17.4

20.1

20 15

19.5

16.9

0.6

10 5

0.4

17.7 0.8

0.4

REDMANS ROAD

FAIRFIELD

1.5 1 0.5

WIND VELOCITY(m/s)

AIR TEMPERATURE(C)

HANNIBAL ROAD GARDENS

GRACEHILL

B-B SECTION Figure3.1.1 Spot Measurements and PET taken on 19th Oct PET(C)

AIR TEMP(C)

WIND VELOCITY(m/s)

FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud 19th Oct coverage 10:00 AM

RH Range 74%-78%

OVC (OVERCAST, 19th Oct 8/8 RH Range 74%-78% Coverage) 10:00 AM CLR(clear?) rainy

3 - OUTDOOR STUDIES 3.1 Spot Measurements and PET 19th Oct 10:00 AM

10.00 19 Oct BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 19th Oct AM 10:00 AM 7/8 of the sky

RH Range 74%-78%

PET°C

RH Range 74%-78%

16.9°C 0.4m/s

20.4℃

RELATIVE HUMIDITY RANGE

19.5°C 0m/s

27.8℃

74%-78%

22-23

17.8°C 0.4m/s

21.5℃

17.9°C 0.8m/s

17.8°C 0.6m/s

20.3℃

17.3°C 1.2m/s

OVC (OVERCAST, 19th Oct 8/8 RH Range 74%-78% Coverage) 10:00 AM

19.5℃

17.0°C 0.8m/s

19.9℃

16.9°C 0.5m/s

18.6℃

19.9℃

19th Oct 10:00 AM

17.4°C 0.9m/s

74%-78% 10:00 AM BKN clouds cover 5/8 to

20-21

22-23

19-20

21-22

18-19

20-21

17-18

19-20

16-17

18-19

15-16

17-18

14-15

16-17

13-14

15-16

12-13

14-15

11-12

13-14

7/8 of the sky

19.5℃

31.3℃

20.5°C 0.6m/s

24.5℃

23.5℃

18.1°C 0.5m/s

17.9°C 0.5m/s

22.2℃

17.7°C 0.4m/s

22.4℃

18.0°C 0.8m/s

21.5℃

17.9°C 0.6m/s

20.7℃

21.4℃

CLR(clear?) 19th Oct 10:00 AM

16.9°C 0.7m/s

7/8 of the sky

14.2℃

RELATIVE HUMIDITY RANGE SCT (SCATTERED, rainy 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage 63%-72% FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage coverage BKN clouds cover 5/8 to

FEWAIR (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud FROM WUNDERGROUND TEMPERATURE

21.0°C 0m/s

21.8℃

20.0°C 0.9m/s

16.7℃

17-18

16.0℃

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)3/8 TO SCT (SCATTERED,

17.1°C 0.9m/s

CLR(clear?) 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 CLR(clear?) TO 2/8 cloud coverage

14.1℃

18.0°C 0.5m/s

15.6℃

17.3°C 0.4m/s

15.5℃

15-16

10-11

<15

9-10

20-21

22-23

19-20

21-22

18-19

20-21

17-18

19-20

16-17

18-19

15-16

17-18

14-15

16-17

13-14

15-16

12-13

14-15

11-12

13-14

40m

Figure3.1.2 Spot Measurements and PET tanken on 19th Oct

AIR TEMP

26-27 25-26 24-25 23-24 22-23 21-22 20-21 19-20

17.8°C 0.6m/s

15.4℃

17.1°C 0.9m/s

14.1℃

17-18 16-17 15-16

10-11

<15

9-10

24-25

21-22

23-24

20-21

22-23

19-20

21-22

18-19

20-21

17-18

19-20

16-17

18-19

15-16

17-18

14-15

16-17

13-14

15-16

12-13

14-15

11-12

13-14

Temperatures The roads presented temperatures similar to those from the weather station. They were slightly higher in the morning (between 0.3K and 0.7K) and slightly lower the rest of the day (between 0.2K and 1K), as shown in Figure3.1.2 RH

18-19

>28

AIR TEMP

rainy

ILLUMINANCE

16-17

27-28

18.2°C 0.7m/s

15.6℃

18-19

22-23

16.4℃

18.1°C

SCT (SCATTERED, rainy 3/8 TO

19-20

21-22

18.9°C 1.0m/s

17.9°C 0.7m/s

7/8 of thecoverage sky

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

20-21

PET°C

74%-78% 10:00 AM BKN clouds cover 5/8 to

20m

21-22

23-24

RH Range 74%-78%

BKN clouds cover 5/8rainy to CLR(clear?) 10.00 7/8 of the sky 19 Oct 19th OctAM RH Range

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage) N 0 10m BKN clouds cover 5/8rainy to CLR(clear?) 7/8 of the sky

22-23

24-25

AIR TEMP

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

23-24

27-28

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8

Coverage)3/8 TO SCT (SCATTERED, CLR(clear?) 4/8 cloud coverage OVC (OVERCAST, 19th Oct 8/8 RH Range CLR(clear?) (1/8 cloud 74%-78% 10:00 AM TO 2/8 Coverage)FEW coverage

24-25

22-23

18.4°C 1.4m/s

21.5℃

25-26

>28

19.2℃

18.3°C 0.9m/s

26-27

PET°C

19.6°C 0.8m/s

21.7°C 0m/s

4/8 cloud coverage FEWAIR (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud 7/8 2/8 of the sky TEMPERATURE FROM WUNDERGROUND FEW (1/8 TO cloud coverage 18.2°C coverage OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

21-22

23-24

RH Range 74%-78%

RELATIVE HUMIDITY RANGE SCT (SCATTERED, rainy 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage 68%-81% FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud SCT 3/8 TO SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8(SCATTERED, TO 4/8 cloud coverage coverage BKN clouds cover 5/8 to

rainy

24-25

AIR TEMP

BKN clouds cover 5/8rainy to 10.00 7/8 ofclouds the sky cover 19 Oct BKN 5/8 to 19th Oct AM RH Range

Coverage)

20.7℃

>28 27-28

20.1℃

21.9℃

AIR TEMP WIND VELOCITY

7/8 of the sky

18.2°C 0.6m/s

17.6°C 0.2m/s

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage AIR TEMPERATURE FROM WUNDERGROUND FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud 16.6°C coverage

CLR(clear?) rainy rainy

17.7°C 0.8m/s

26-27 25-26 24-25 23-24 22-23 21-22 20-21 19-20 18-19 17-18 16-17 15-16

10-11

<15

9-10

The open space within the square presented more curious findings. There was one unusual spot (SW corner of the square) which consistently had higher temperatures. The temperatures on the eastern side were very similar to the weather station from mid day onwards (no more 0.3K difference) while the temperatures just outside the dwellings being studied were higher (up to 2.3K difference) . ILLUMINANCE

AIR TEMP

Air velocity With exception of one spot (SW corner of the square) which had speeds of 0m/s measured all 3 times, the wind speeds varied between 0.4 -1.4m/s . However, while we were taking the air velocity measurements we did notice how quickly the wind speed changes which led us to appreciate how changeable the spot measurements are and how other techniques such as wind modeling can be useful to get a more better understanding of the air velocity. RH

PET The physiological equivalent temperature (PET) was calculated for the spot measurements taken. In doing this calculation it was noticed that along the front of the dwellings being studying there was consistently higher PET values as shown in Figure3.1.2. ILLUMINANCE

AIR TEMP

3 - OUTDOOR STUDIES 3.2 Solar & Wind Analysis 9:00

Prevailing wind and solar radiation analysis To get a better indication of how the wind speeds were affecting the square and roads we used Winair (Figure3.2.2). We also used ecotect for the direct solar radiation analysis for the winter and summer periods (Figure3.2.3). When analyzing the results we noticed an unusual behavior in front of the dwellings which complemented the spot measurement analysis: there was less direct solar radiation and lower wind speeds compared to the rest of the open space.

12:00

15:00

WINTER SOLSTICE

By analyzing the PET, wind speeds and solar radiation together, we conclude that the higher PETs calculated (and higher temperatures from the spot measurements) for the area in front of the dwellings being studied were caused by heat coming from dwellings and not from the impact of the external elements (solar radiation and wind velocity) SW corner: The predominant wind direction is SW, which in this case is blocked by the western boundary wall and the Fairfield apartment block. This means that the specific corner in question is in the 'wind shadow' justifying the low air velocity (0m/s on the 3 occasions of measurement). The heat being released by the adjacent surfaces gets 'trapped' because of the lack of air movement in the corner, explaining the higher temperatures and higher PET.

EQUINOXES

The direct solar radiation (Figure3.2.3) and wind speed (Figure3.2.2) analysis were also used to examine the functionality of open space of the square. The northern half, where the much used playground is located receives good levels of direct solar radiation (Figure3.2.3) It may have the highest wind speed of the open space of 4.2m/s (Figure3.2.2). Sun patch diagram The sun patch analysis helps confirm this taking into consideration the different seasons and times of day. See Figure3.2.1.

SUMMER SOLSTICE Figure3.2.1 Sun patch diagram (Source: Ecotect)

There is some shading caused by adjacent buildings (mainly Ockbrook (E) and Faifield (S)) in the morning period. From mid day onwards, when children are probably home from school, the northern half of the square isn't shaded (exception made for winter) making this an ideal location for the playground. The southern half of the open space, receives more sun light during spring, summer and fall and is shaded throughout the winter month.This area of the open space is where the rugged /textured surface is located and is where the older children play ball games. Even though its shaded during the winter the fact that the ball games are by nature more active would mean that space has the potential to be used. We would however, propose a (flat) grassed area to replace the existing surfacing, to reduce risk of injury (twisting ankles and falling on a hard surface). 10

prevailing southwest wind/1.5m height

Figure3.2.2 Wind analysis (Source:Winair)

m/s

kWh

4.2

200+

20+

3.6

180

3.0

160

2.4

140

1.8

120

1.2

100

0.6

Summer total direct radiation

Figure3.2.3 Direct solar radiation (Source:Ecotect)

20 0

Winter total direct radiation

2 0

INDOOR STUDIES

4 - INDOOR STUDIES

RH Range 74%-78%

19th Oct 10:00 AM

4.1 Survey

19th Oct 10:00 AM

19th Oct RH Range 10:00 AM 74%-78%

RH Range 74%-78%

19th Oct 10:00 AM

We interviewed the occupants of 5 out of the 8 dwellings (Figure4.1.1). There were a few issues with communication between the team and the occupants, as the people interviewed (mothers) only had basic English. Often a question had to be asked in 2 or 3 different ways in order to be coherently answered. For example: occupants were asked if the house or a specific room was to hot (or too cold). The response was consistently ‘it’s very good, no problem’. But in other questions they would mention the need to open the windows and doors in the summer because of the temperature of the house and the rainy rainy uncomfortable feeling. In fact we noticed that on every site visit the windows and doors BKN 5/8 clouds BKN clouds cover to cover 5/8 to of the sky sky7/8that of the dwellings were open throughout the scheme which we took as7/8aof the sign this discomfort was felt in all dwellings, be it by over heating or by bad air quality (stale air) . 3/8 TO SCT (SCATTERED, SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage 4/8 cloud coverage FEWcloud (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 coverage coverage

A general complaint from the occupants was in connection privacy. Dwelling 23 expressed OVC8/8 (OVERCAST, 8/8 OVC (OVERCAST, Coverage) Coverage) concerns for safety as strangers walk through their front courtyard to cross over to the CLR(clear?) CLR(clear?) back of Gracehill. The other occupants, expressed feelings of safety in their house but they weren’t please with the fact the everyone could look in to their houses, through the large glazed areas. We observed that the houses all had translucent fine curtains to obstruct the views from outside, but not to stop the sun and light entering the building. We perceived RH Range 19th Oct this as an conscious decision by occupants. 74%-78% 10:00 AM

19th Oct 10:00 AM

THERMAL COMFORT

RH Range 74%-78%

19th Oct 10:00 AM

RH Range 74%-78%

Figure 4.1.1 Surveyed houses rainy

rainy

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to

7/8clouds of thecover sky 5/8 to BKN 7/8 of the sky

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 10:00 AM 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

FAMILY COMPOSITION rainy

OVC (OVERCAST, OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 8/8 Coverage) Coverage)

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to CLR(clear?) CLR(clear?) 7/8 of the sky

FATHER MOTHER OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

CLR(clear?)

SURVEYED

SUMMER

RH Range 74%-78%

19th Oct

SCT 3/8 TO 4/8(SCATTERED, cloud coverage 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage coverage

CHILDREN

WINTER

Figure 4.1.3 Summary of thermal comfort

......

AIR MOVEMENT

MOTHER: Stays at home all day

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage) CLR(clear?)

The survey can be seen in Figure4.1.2, and a summary in Figure4.1.3 - Figure4.1.5. Temperature (Figure4.1.3): In the summer the dwellings appear warm throughout the dwelling, with complaints in RH Range 19th Oct 74%-78% 10:00 AM relation to the top floor bedroom being too hot. It appears that during winter month the ground floor can be cold but the rest of dwelling is fine. Air movement (Figure4.1.4): The occupants complained that the windows in the kitchen had to be open every time they cooked be it summer or winter; And that to be pleasant environment the windows RH Range 19th Oct rainy throughout the house need to be open during the summer. 74%-78% 10:00 AM

GENERAL IDEA SUMMER

THERMAL COMFORT

coverage rainy

10:00 AM

74%-78%

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 cover 5/8 to Privacy (Figure4.1.5): BKN clouds Coverage)7/8 of the sky This was an issue brought up by the occupants during more relaxed conversations. There CLR(clear?) wasn't a specific question in connection with privacy, but the topic consistently came up. (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO The proximity of the large glazed areas to theSCT path alongside dwellings allows 4/8pedestrian cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud for passers-by to look into the dwellings. coverage

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 rainy Coverage) CLR(clear?) BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage

WINTER

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

19th Oct 10:00 AM

RH Range 19th Oct 74%-78% 10:00 AM

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to

7/8 of the sky Daylighting (Figure4.1.5): In general occupants were pleased with lighting levels. However there was complaints SCT (SCATTERED, TO lack of natural light in the main in relation to lighting levels in the circulation areas3/8and 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud bathroom. RH Range 19th Oct

rainy

SUMMER

VENTILATION

SUMMER

DAYLIGHTING

WINTER

rainy

BKN clouds cover BKN 5/8 to clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky 7/8 of the sky

Figure 4.1.2 General opinion of the house environment(out of SCT 5 residents surveyed) (SCATTERED, 3/8 SCTTO (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage coverage OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage) Coverage)

WINTER

Figure 4.1.4 Summary of air movement

CLR(clear?)

rainy

DAYLIGHTING

RH Range 74%-78%

Figure 4.1.5 Summary of daylighting and privacy issues

PRIVACY ISSUES

4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.2 Summary & Findings

DESIGN RESTRICTION

LIGHTING

Design decision c

PRIVACY ISSUES

ible poss ms le prob a

NO OPENINGS ON WEST ELEVATION

poss i prob ble lem s h

CROSS VENTILATION/ AIR QUALITY

Possible problems

Design decision b

i j

INT. TEMPERATURE

LARGE GLAZED AREAS Possible problems

Possible problems

Design decision

BUILDING ENVELOPE/ M&V

Due to the site constraints and limitations there was no option but to position the dwellings against the western boundary of the square. This restriction had a clear impact on the architect's design. The architect's decision of locating the dwellings against the western boundary hindered the provision of openings on this elevation which could have generated problems with lighting levels (a in Figure4.2.1) and cross ventilation (h in Figure4.2.1). He tried to compensate for this by extensively glazing some of the facades of the dwellings, allowing for natural lighting. Besides the shingle finishing, the notched typology and the large glazing areas are the strongest features of the scheme. From the survey a few issues were raised such as lighting levels in circulation areas, temperature, and possible stagnant air. These are the topics will be analyzed:

Design decision

SHADING FROM OTHER DWELLINGS

NOTCHED TYPOLOGY Possible problems Design decision f

Figure 4.2.1 Diagram showing the architect's design intention and possible issues caused by the decision

Possible problems

In an attempt to resolve the natural lighting issue caused by not having glazed areas in the western facade the architect used the notched typology (c in Figure4.2.1) combined with the large glazed areas (b in Figure4.2.1). These large glazed areas have generated a problem with privacy (d in Figure4.2.1), as previously mentioned. They could also be causing/contributing to the overheating problems which occupants complained about, as they could be allowing for too much heat gains (e in Figure4.2.1). The notched typology if designed correctly could allow for solar gains (c in Figure4.2.1) as well as working as a shading device (f in Figure4.2.1). By not having openings on the western elevation another issue might have been created: insufficient (cross) ventilation (h in Figure4.2.1). Perhaps the temperature issue is originating from a lack of cross ventilation (i in Figure4.2.1). The architect, anticipating this, may have opted for a mechanical ventilation system (k in Figure4.2.1), minimizing the negative effects of the single sided ventilation. In order to have an efficient mechanical ventilation system it is necessary to have an air tight envelope (j in Figure4.2.1). However, from the survey, we realized that the mechanical ventilation system isn't being used continuously, it's only used as an extractor fan, undermining the efforts of the architect. The air tight building with single sided ventilation (with no trickle vent) can, in this circumstance be causing/contributing the heat problems uncovered in the surveys (k in Figure4.2.1). 13

4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.3 House overview

PLOT 19: 3 BEDROOM HOUSE

GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

Kitchen Living Bathroom

19th Oct RH Range Bedroom*2 10:00 AM 74%-78% Bathroom

19th Oct 10:00 AM

SECOND FLOOR

RH19th Range Oct 74%-78% 10:00 AM

Bedroom*1

RH Range 74%-78%

19th Oct 10:00 AM

Figure4.3.1 Plot 19 overview

Figure4.3.2 Floor plan of Plot 19(Source: Peter Barber Architects)

33.62m2

The floor area goes smaller as the floor rises (Figure4.3.3).The top floor has a glazing ratio of 49.2%, follows the ground floor of 43.7% and the first floor of 29.4% (Figure4.3.3). The layout and scale of the dwelling are shown in Figure4.3.5.

rainy

29.4%

BKN clouds 5/8 to cover 5/8 to BKN clouds cover 5/8BKN to clouds cover 7/8 of the sky 7/8 of the sky 7/8 of the sky

GROUND FLOOR FIRST FLOOR rainy SECOND FLOOR

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

Figure4.3.3 Floor area and glazing ratio

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 8/8 OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 OVC (OVERCAST, Coverage) Coverage) Coverage)

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 8080 Coverage)

8000

6060 CLR(clear?) 5050 4040 3030

0 0

2013/12/4 18:00 2013/12/4 18:00

2013/12/4 15:00 2013/12/4 15:00

2013/12/4 12:00 2013/12/4 12:00

2013/12/4 9:00 2013/12/4 9:00

1010 2013/12/4 6:00 2013/12/4 6:00

6900

2013/12/4 3:00 2013/12/4 3:00

LIVING 17.93m2

2013/12/4 0:00 2013/12/4 0:00

2013/12/3 21:00 2013/12/3 21:00

2013/12/3 18:00 2013/12/3 18:00

2020

2013/12/3 9:00 2013/12/3 9:00

2013/12/3 6:00 2013/12/3 6:00

2013/12/3 0:00 2013/12/3 0:00

2013/12/3 3:00 2013/12/3 3:00

4200

200 200

7070

2.29m2 6.52m2

KITCHEN 14.94m2

400 400

9090

CLR(clear?) CLR(clear?)

CLR(clear?)

600 600

0 0

100 100

2013/12/3 15:00 2013/12/3 15:00

800 800

2013/12/3 12:00 2013/12/3 12:00

1000 1000

MOTHER 40-50 yrs old Stays at home

ELDER SON 22 yrs old Goes to work

DAUGHTER 18 yrs old Goes to work

YOUNGER SON 13 yrs old Goes to school

Figure4.3.4 Ocupants information

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 3/8 TO SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8SCT TO (SCATTERED, 4/8 cloud coverage 4/8 cloud coverage 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TOFEW 2/8 cloud (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage coverage coverage 1200 1200

2013/12/2 21:00 2013/12/2 21:00

Overview of the plot are shown in Figure4.3.1. The kitchen and living room are located on the Ground floor. The kitchens' East facing facade is fully glazed. The living room, also on the ground floor has a fully glazed South-East facade and an window on the East facade. The bedrooms are on the 1st floor and 2nd floor. The 1st floor bedrooms are occupied by mother and by the daughter. The smallest room in this floor, occupied by the daughter, has a fully glazed East facade. The top floor bedroom, which is occupied by the two sons has a fully glazed Southeast facade and a small East facing window. There is a bathroom on the ground floor and on the 1st floor, neither of which have natural light.

rainy

43.7%

8000

7000

8.33m2 BEDROOM 2 11.55m2 5.65m BEDROOM 6.82m2

BEDROOM 19.03m2

4.61m2

4200

Plot 19 was selected for further analysis. This is one of the 3 bedroom dwellings. It has the smallest floor area and terrace area, as shown in Figure4.3.2. The dwelling is occupied by 4 people: Mother, daughter and 2 sons (Figure4.3.4).

GLAZING RATIO 43.69m2 49.2%

4200

FLOOR AREA 25.36m2

RH Range 74%-78%

5100

3100 GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

SECOND FLOOR N

Figure4.3.5 Layout and scale of Plot 19 (Source: Peter Barber Architects)

4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.3 House overview

LIVING ROOM

KITCHEN

GROUND FLOOR

BEDROOM 1

BEDROOM 2

BATHROOM

CORRIDOR

ADAPTIVE OPPURTUNITIES Adaptive opportunities in the house are illustrated in Figure4.3.7. The large glazed areas which allow for the natural daylight and informal surveillance impacted on the privacy of occupants. The surveyed dwellings all have translucent curtains in all glazing areas which was quite interesting. It was clear to the group that the occupants appreciated the natural light, and were only trying to create some privacy. The glazed areas have openable sections (windows and doors), which allow for the occupants to control the amount of fresh air which enters the dwelling. This means the indoor temperature and air quality can be easily controlled by occupants.

FIRST FLOOR

19th Oct 10:00 AM

RH Range 19th Oct RH Range 19th Oct 74%-78% 10:00 AM 74%-78% 10:00 AM

0 1m 2m

19th Oct 10:00 AM

RH Range 74%-78%

19th Oct 10:00 AM

The dwelling has a central heating system powered by a gas condensing boiler. The dwelling has two heating zones (each one with a thermostat). All rooms (and circulation spaces) have a radiator. The radiators in the rooms can be individually controlled by the use of the TRV's (thermostatic radiator valves) on each one of them. As well as these specific controls for the heating system there is a programmer. This allows the heating to be turned on at pre-set times, depending on occupants' needs. The programmer also allows for independent control for the hot water.

RH Range 74%-78%

BEDROOM 3

SECOND FLOOR N

FINISHING Kitchen and bathrooms have a light grey floor vinyl finish. The work tops in the kitchens are also light grey in color. The living room and the top floor bedroom have dark timber flooring. The stairs and the first floor have a dark burgundy colored carpet. All walls and ceilings were white (Figure4.3.6).

BEDROOM 3

SKYLIGHT

There is also a mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery (MVHR), which has inlets in all rooms, and outlets in wet rooms (bathrooms & kitchen). The occupants use the instinctive adaptive opportunities from the building, such as the windows for ventilation or daylight control (curtains) but they don't use the mechanical ones. The heating system which has several specific controls that allow for different degrees of controllability (from zones to specific rooms) is used as an 'on-off' system. The MVHR, which is meant to maintain good air quality (and recover the heat from air being extracted) is used as an extractor fan when family is cooking.

Figure4.3.6 Layout and pictures taken on 31st Oct

ADAPTIVE OPPORTUNITIES rainy

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to

BKN clouds coverCURTAINS 5/8 to DOORS 7/8 of the sky WINDOWS 7/8 of the sky

Figure4.3.7 Adaptive opportunities rainy rainy

rainy

This has actually been the cause for a lot of discussion in the group. When analyzing the data this flexibility of use made it very complex to interpret the data, as there was consistently several variables influencing the results.

rainy

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud BKN clouds covercover 5/8 to5/8 to BKN clouds cover 5/8 to BKN clouds FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage 7/8 of the sky 7/8 of the sky

THERMOSTAT

MVHR 15

10:00 AM

4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.4 Daylighting-spot measurements A

lux 400+

8 32

17 40

2 54 50

115

384 4352

0 3

290

23 146 16

25 49

68 287

263 55 465

1442

180

120

2372

FIRST FLOOR

lux 400 300 200 100 0 400 300 200 100 0

A-A SECTION

31 Oct

rainy

RH Range 74%-78%

1m 2m

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

15.00 PM 4m

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

B-B SECTION

Figure4.4.1 Spot measurements-illuminance level

CLR(clear?)

During the survey occupants complained about the lighting levels in the circulation areas. Problematic according to residents

SECOND FLOOR 19th Oct 10:00 AM

Possibly problematic according to our observation rainy

From the spot measurements taken we were able to confirm the issue in the circulation area, mainly in the ground floor and 1st floor where lux levels were below 16 lux, often being 0 lux (Figure4.4.1). These areas don't require high levels of lighting due to nature of use (circulation), but ideally they would have more independence of artificial lighting.

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

The spot measurements also showed low lux levels at the back of the kitchen on the work top surface (17 lux) and of the top floor bedroom (0 lux) as suspected (Figure4.4.1).

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

To get a better understanding of the lighting levels of these spaces we calculated the daylighting factor, as this would give us a broader picture of how the rooms in question perform.

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

202

GROUND FLOOR

Even though they didn't complain about the lighting in the back of kitchen and most northerly area of top floor bedroom we felt that there might be an issue (Figure4.4.2).

240

19 3

2293

320

1350

391 15

GROUND FLOOR Figure4.4.2 Problematic areas according to residents and observation

FIRST FLOOR

CLR(clear?)

SECOND FLOOR

74%-78

rainy 19th Oct

RH Range

BKN clouds cover 10:005/8 AM to 74%-78% 7/8 of the sky

4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.4 Daylighting-simulation

19th Oct 10:00 AM

rainy 673Lux 19th Oct clouds cover 10:005/8 AM

767Lux

BKN 7/8 of the sky

(SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

21 Jun

2175Lux

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 12.00 PM Coverage)

340Lux

871Lux

13.5+ 1.65

12.0

2.22

10.5

4.59

9.0

11.95

7.5 6.0

CLR(clear?) SUNNY 77,793LUX 19th Oct 10:00 AM

21 Dec

rainy

4.5 3.0 1.5

RH Range 74%-78%

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 71Lux Coverage) CLR(clear?)

DF%

1.65

RH Range

to 74%-78%

871Lux

85Lux

RH Range SCT 74%-78%

12.00 PM rainy

GROUND FLOOR According to CIBSE Daylighting and window design Lighting Guide LG10:1999 Daylighting Factor:

Average 2% in Kitchen

OVERCAST BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 3000LUX BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky 7/8 of the sky Figure4.4.3 Simulation of illuminance level in kitchen-summer sunny day and winter overcast day Figure4.4.4 Simulation of Daylight Factor in kitchen(Source: Ecotect) (Source: Radiance)

rainy

SCT (SCATTERED, Range 19th3/8 Oct TO RHSCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage 74%-78% 10:00 AM 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

DF% 13.5+ 4.54

coverage

OVC BKN clouds cover 5/8 to (OVERCAST, 8/8 1263Lux Coverage) 459Lux 7/8 of the sky rainy 21 Jun CLR(clear?) 34,010Lux

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud SCT (SCATTERED, 19th3/8 Oct TO coverage 4/8 cloud coverage 10:00 AM FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

CLR(clear?)

OVC 39Lux (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage) CLR(clear?)

21 Dec

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

9.0

1.36

RH Range 74%-78%

Top floor bedroom: According to the CIBSE Daylighting and window design, Lighting guide LG10:1999 daylighting levels in bedrooms should be on average 1%. The calculation showed that the back of the room had levels of 1.36%, which is above the recommendations (Figure4.4.6).

7.5

3.45

6.0

CLR(clear?) SUNNY 77,793LUX

4.5 3.0

ILLUMINANCE LEVEL We simulated two extreme scenarios to see how the rooms behaved.

1.5

SECOND FLOOR

Sky illuminance: 3,000 lux This sky illuminance level was chosen as one of the extreme scenarios. London has (diffuse) illuminance levels above 3,000 lux over 85% of the year.

According to CIBSE Daylighting and window design Lighting Guide LG10:1999 12.00 PM OVERCAST 3000LUX

Figure4.4.5 Simulation of illuminance level in topfloor bedroom-summer sunny day and winter overcast day (Source: Radiance) SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

2.38

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 12.00 PM Coverage)

rainy 367Lux

10.5

17.31

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

130Lux

12.0

Daylighting Factor:

Average 1.5% in Bedroom 0

1m 2m

DAYLIGHTING FACTOR Kitchen: According to the CIBSE Daylighting and window design, Lighting guide LG10:1999 daylighting levels in the kitchen should be on average 2%. The simulation showed that the back of the room had levels below the recommendations 1.65% (Figure4.4.4) but due to nature of task (washing and drying dishes) we believe this level is acceptable.

Figure4.4.6 Simulation of Daylight Factor in bedroom(Source: Ecotect)

Sky illuminance: 77,793 lux For this extreme scenario we chose a summer sunny day (21st June at 12:00 am). This simulation shows very high illuminance levels throughout the kitchen and top floor bedroom (Figure4.4.3 & Figure4.4.5). 17

4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.4 Daylighting-Conclusion The notched typology and larged glazed areas have been successful in allowing for reasonable natural lighting in the building (Figure4.4.7). However a few areas could be improved. We have simulated a few changes in building attempting to improve lighting levels in the problematic areas identified. With these changes we don't expect to solve the lighting problem in the spaces, the aim is to reduce the dependence in artificial lighting.

DESIGN RESTRICTION

LIGHTING

Bathroom: natural lighting could easily have been provided in the bathroom on the first floor by including a window. Circulation spaces: In order to improve lighting levels in the circulation spaces the group looked for opportunities that allowed for 'borrowed' light to penetrate through the building and get to circulation areas. Below are the changes that were tried in the different spaces: • Increase in floor reflectance • Double sky light size (1.5 m2) • Removal of wall between flights of stairs • New doors (Figure4.4.8) Top floor Bedroom: Even though the lighting levels in the back of bedroom were acceptable we decided to make a few changes to enhance the space. If the occupants decided to use that part of the room as a study area having increased lighting levels would be beneficial. In this case the room will be using borrowed light from the skylights. • Move small window closer to the back of the room • New doors (Figure4.4.8) Doors Door N°1: Fully glazed (transparent) door. Door N°2: The proposed doors have a 300mm fan light (transparent) on the top part and 300mm translucent glazing on the bottom part. The centre part is opaque to maintain privacy in bedrooms and bathroom. Internal doors in the dwelling were changed. All bedrooms and first floor bathroom had the doors changed to door N°2 (transparent fanlights and translucent lower panes). The door between the living room and the circulation space leading to stair case was changed to door N°1 which is fully transparent. Floor reflectance Changes were made to the floor color, increasing reflectance from 0.3 to 0.6. The reflectance could have been increased to 0.8 (as the kitchen color surface) but the group felt that for practical reasons a very light colored carpet isn't feasible as it would stain very fast. Roof lights We increased the roof light area from 0.75 m² to 1.5 m² to allow for more natural light, mainly in the stairs. Wall between stair flights To maximize this light gain from the roof the wall between the flights of stairs was removed. As well as these changes, the floor color was changed to allow for higher reflectance. 18

ible poss ms le prob

NO OPENINGS ON WEST ELEVATION

IMPROVEMENTS successful in providing sufficient daylight in the rooms

LARGE GLAZED AREAS

BATHROOM: -Add window to bathrooms TOP FLOOR BEDROOM: -Move topfloor bedroom window to the back

NOTCHED TYPOLOGY

STAIRCASE AND CORRIDOR: -Change doors(fanlight,translucent) -Increase skylight area -Change floor reflectance -Remove the wall between stairs Figure4.4.7 Conclusions of daylighting analysis

2 2

1 TRANSPARENT DOOR

2 TRANSLUCENT AT THE BOTTOM WITH FANLIGHTS ON THE TOP

GROUND FLOOR

Figure4.4.8 Possible changes to the doors to improve daylighting level

FIRST FLOOR

SECOND FLOOR

300 200 100 0 Jan

Feb 4-5

5-6

Mar 6-7

7-8

Apr 8-9

9-10

10-11

May 11-12

Jun

12-13

13-14

Jul 14-15

15-16

Aug 16-17

17-18

Sept 18-19

19-20

Oct 20-21

Nov

Dec

Total

21-22

4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.4 Daylighting-Improvements

sky illuminance chosen for simulation: 5160lux Global Illuminance HORIZONTAL[ kLX]

0 Lux lux 7.5 2.5

0 Lux

70 60 50 40 30

GROUND FLOOR

0 Jan 4-5

Feb 5-6

6-7

Mar 7-8

Apr

8-9

9-10

May 10-11

11-12

Jun 12-13

Jul 13-14

Aug 14-15

15-16

Sept 16-17

Oct 17-18

Nov 18-19

19-20

Dec 20-21

Figure4.4.9 Global Illuminance HORIZONTAL kLX - Year 1996-200 - From sunrise to sunset(Source: Satel-light)

lux 15 5

lux 475 425 375 325 275 225 175 125 75 25

5 Lux

1-Floor reflectance 0.6

lux 90 70 50 30 10

lux 475 425 375 325 275 225 175 125 75 25

30 Lux

2-Door type 1

lux 45 35 25 15 5

Total 21-22

175 Lux 275 Lux

The runs were made with an overcast sky on the 21st of December at 12:00 (sky illuminance of 5,160 lux, as shown in Figure4.4.9)

0-Base case

30 Lux

Ground floor circulation space Base case shows levels of 0 lux (Case-0 in Figure4.4.10). For this space we simulated the change to door NÂ°1 as well as changes to the floor reflectance. The floor reflectance had a very small impact (there was an increase of 5 lux) (Case-1 in Figure4.4.10). The door on the other hand had a larger impact (30 lux) (Case-2 in Figure4.4.10). By combining both changes, levels between 40 to 45 lux were achieved (Case-3 in Figure4.4.10). This change should allow occupants to access stairs without turning lights on (which often can be forgotten and turned off when coming back down the stairs!).

275 Lux 275 Lux

1-Window moved to the back of the room

40 Lux 40 Lux

SECOND FLOOR

0-Base case

5 Lux

FIRST FLOOR

lux 475 425 375 325 275 225 175 125 75 25

325 Lux 375 Lux

lux 90 70 50 30 10

3-Combined

2-Window moved+door type 2

1-Add window

Figure4.4.10 Simulations of possible improvements for ground floor corridor (Source: Radiance)

Figure4.4.11 Simulations of possible improvements for top floor bedroom (Source: Radiance)

Figure4.4.12 Simulations of possible improvements for first floor bathroom(Source: Radiance)

Top floor bedroom Base case shows levels of 175 lux on the wall and 275 lux on the floor (Case-0 in Figure4.4.11). By relocating the small window to the back of the room there was an increase in the lighting levels in the wall, bringing it up to 275 lux (Case-1 in Figure4.4.11). Combining this with the door NÂ°2, the levels in the wall increased to 375 lux on the wall and to 325 lux on the floor (Case-2 in Figure4.4.11). First Floor Bathroom A window was added to the first floor bathroom (Figure4.4.11). Theres in the range of 50lux floor and up to 90 lux on the wall. 19

4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.4 Daylighting-Improvements

5 Lux

FIRST FLOOR

lux 45 35 25 15 5

15 Lux

0-Base case

15 Lux

lux 45 35 25 15 5

1-Floor reflectance 0.6

15 Lux

lux 45 35 25 15 5

5 Lux lux 45 35 25 15 5

25 Lux

2-Increased skylight

lux 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 30 10

First floor corridor Base case shows levels of 5 lux on the wall and 15 lux on the floor (Case-0 in Figure4.4.13). By changing the floor reflectance the lux levels on the wall increased to 15 lux (Case-1 in Figure4.4.13). By increasing the sky light there was a very small change to corridor lighting, the floor levels increasing to 25 lux (Case-2 in Figure4.4.13). Removing the wall between the stair flights no impact (Case-3 in Figure4.4.13). The most significant changes were achieved by using the door NÂ°2. This increased the illuminance levels on walls and floors to 90 lux (Case-4 in Figure4.4.13). 20

4-Door type 2

15 Lux

3-Stair without wall

90 Lux

lux 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 30 10

5-Combined

Figure4.4.13 Simulations of possible improvements for first floor corridor(Source: Radiance)

90 Lux

4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.4 Daylighting-Improvements

lux 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 30 10

10 Lux

70 Lux

0-Base case

1-Floor reflectance 0.6

lux 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 30 10

10 Lux

90 Lux

4-Door type 2

10 Lux

70 Lux

90 Lux

50 Lux

3-Stair without wall

2-Increased skylight

lux 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 30 10

FIRST FLOOR

70 Lux

30 Lux

lux 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 30 10

5-Combined

4.4.14 Simulations of possible improvements for first floor corridor and staircase(Source: Radiance)

150 Lux

70 Lux

First floor landing Base case shows levels of 10 lux on the landing and 70 lux on the floor (Case-0 in Figure4.4.14). The floor reflectance had little impact on the landing levels (there was a small shift in the contour lines). By increasing the sky light the illuminance levels at the top of the floor and step changed to 90 lux on the step and 30 lux on the floor (Case-2 in Figure4.4.14). With the removal of the wall between the stair flights there was an improvement, mainly noticeable on the floor, where the levels increased to 50 lux (Case-3 in Figure4.4.14). The door (NÂ°2) had an impact on the landing, raising illuminance levels from 10 to 30 lux. By combining all these changes the steps increased to 150 lux and the floor to 70 lux (Case-5 in Figure4.4.14). Conclusions The spaces which were simulated were differently affected by each of the changes. The doors had a large impact mainly on first floor corridor, and on the ground floor circulation area. The removal of the wall between the stair flights had a large impact, as it allowed for the light from skylights to permeate through to the first floor landing. Even though large levels of illuminance weren't achieved the group feels that these changes have been successful as they provide levels which allow people to circulate through the building without the need for artificial lighting. 21

4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.5 Thermal Analysis SOLAR GAINS

INTERNAL HEAT GAINS

OCCUPANTS

HEAT INT. TEMPERATURE APPLIANCES

CROSS VENTILATION /AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS OF CO2 LEVEL The occupants complained about feelings of discomfort and higher temperatures in rooms which means they have to leave windows open throughout summer (and every time they cook). With the following analysis we hope to identify whether the problem is excessive heat or lack of ventilation or a combination of both. In order to try to uncover what is causing this discomfort different aspects of the building were analyzed. Firstly the sun patch in the dwelling was analyzed in the winter and in the summer. Simulations to confirm, and to quantify this solar access were then run. The following step was to look at the actual building. This began with spot measurements, and was then followed by data loggers, to get an overall view of the dwelling. From the data logger, we dissected the individual elements which contributed to the results (occupancy, appliances, building envelope and solar gains). Moving on from this analysis, a thermal model was made in TAS. This allowed the group to analyze the building as a whole, and how different elements impacted on the indoor temperatures. Note: As part of the building analysis, while trying to identify if the discomfort felt by occupants was caused by poor ventilation, we used a CO2 (carbon dioxide) logger. Unfortunately we were unable to reach any conclusive results. From the graph generated (in appendix) there was evidence that in the evenings when the family gathers around the television there was a small build up of CO2. At these times, the levels were slightly above the recommended 1,000ppm in indoor environments. 22

LACK OF VENTILATION

BUILDING ENVELOPE

AIR TIGHTNESS

HEAT LOSS Figure4.5.1 Organization of thermal analysis of the house

4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.5 Thermal Analysis-Sun patch diagram

SUMMER STANDARD - EARLY MORNING

WINTER STANDARD - EARLY MORNING

The first element analyzed was the Solar access into dwelling. This was looked at for the summer and winter month. A consistent pattern for each season was identified.

SUMMER STANDARD - LATE MORNING

SUMMER STANDARD - EARLY AFTERNOON Figure4.5.2 Sun patch diagram-standard summer and winday day(Source:Ecotect)

WINTER STANDARD - LATE MORNING

WINTER STANDARD - EARLY AFTERNOON

Sun patch Diagram Summer: At early hours of the morning the dwellings are overshadowed by neighboring apartment blocks (Ocbrook and Gracehill). From early morning to mid morning there is sun penetration into dwelling (Figure4.5.2), but by mid morning the sun patch has nearly disappeared, remaining only in the top floor bedroom (Figure4.5.2). From early afternoon onwards the facades are fully shaded by the dwellings themselves (Figure4.5.2). The roof however is exposed to the sun throughout the afternoon in the studied plot (other dwellings in the block have their roofs shaded by the student accommodation from mid afternoon onwards). Sun patch Diagram Winter: During this period there is no sun penetration into dwellings. The facade is exposed for a few hours during mid morning (Figure4.5.2). The dwelling is initially overshadowed by the adjacent Ockbrook building (Figure4.5.2) and by early afternoon the dwellings overshadow themselves (Figure4.5.2). The student accommodation also overshadows the dwellings in the afternoons. The green roof is the only part of the dwelling which receives sun all morning. 23

4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.5 Thermal Analysis-Solar Access 19th Oct 10:00 AM

21 Jun

RH Range 74%-78%

9.00 AM

19th Oct 10:00 AM

TOTAL SOLAR ACCESS HOURS(JUN-SEP)

KITCHEN rainy

Kitchen: SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO In the summer the kitchen does have solar penetration on the right hand side 4/8 frontcloud corner coverage receiving between 20 and 100 hours of direct solar access (Figure4.5.3.a). The left hand FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud side is shaded by the adjacent dwelling (plot 17) receiving no direct sun light. coverage In the winter there is no direct solar access (Figure4.5.4.a) . OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

Living room: In the summer the living room has sunlight penetrating from Eastern window CLR(clear?) and from SE glazing (Figure4.5.3.b). There is direct solar access which varies between 45 and over 150 hours in the area near the dwelling entrance (Figure4.5.3.b). In the winter there's hardly any direct solar access. Most of the room has no direct solar acccess but there are some patches that receive between 12 and 30 hrs of direct sun light throughout the winter months (Figure4.5.4.b).

Top floor Bedroom: In the top floor bedroom there is significantly more direct solar access then in the other rooms analyzed, as was predicted from the sun patch analysis. This is totaling over 250 hours of direct solar access during the summer months. This is however focused on the Southeast part of the bedroom while the North part has no direct sun light (Figure4.5.3.c). In the winter the situation is reversed. The Southeast has no direct solar access as its blocked by the adjacent dwelling and the North section receives between 16 and 40 hours of direct sun (Figure4.5.4.c). 24

LIVING ROOM

Figure4.5.3.c Solar access analysis-summer period: Jun- Sep(Source: Ecotect)

TOTAL SOLAR ACCESS HOURS(DEC-MAR)

hrs

hrs 1.0+ 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

KITCHEN Figure4.5.4.a Solar access analysis-winter period: Dec- Mar(Source: Ecotect)

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of thehrssky 150+ 135 120 SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 105 4/8 cloud90coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud 75 coverage 60 45 30 OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 15 Coverage) 0 CLR(clear?)

Figure4.5.3.b Solar access analysis-summer period: Jun- Sep(Source: Ecotect)

BEDROOM

9.00 AM

0 1m 2m

100+ 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Figure4.5.3.a Solar access analysis-summer period: Jun- Sep(Source: Ecotect) rainy

Analyzing the sun patch diagrams together with individual room simulations can cover 5/8 to BKN we clouds 7/8 of the sky confirm how much direct solar access is actually entering the dwelling:

21 Dec

RH Range 74%-78%

hrs

LIVING ROOM

30+ 27 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 0

Figure4.5.4.b Solar access analysis-winter period: Dec- Mar(Source: Ecotect) hrs

hrs

250+ 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0

40+ 36 32 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 0

BEDROOM Figure4.5.4.c Solar access analysis-winter period: Dec- Mar(Source: Ecotect)

19th Oct 10:00 AM

31 Oct

RH Range 74%-78%

rainy 19th Oct

RH Range

4 - INDOOR STUDIES

74%-78% AM 5/8 BKN clouds10:00 cover to 7/8 of the sky

4.5 Thermal Analysis-Spot Measurements

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO AIR TEMPERATURE FROM WUNDERGROUND 4/8 cloud coverage 13.7°C FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

15.00 PM

1m 2m

Air temperature/°C >19

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

21.8

18-19

20.1

19.3 19.5

CLR(clear?)

17-18 16-17 15-16

22.8

14-15 13-14 12-13

rainy

11-12

rainy

GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

SECOND FLOOR

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to AVERAGE INDOOR TEMPERATURE: 20.7°C 7/8 of the sky

TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE FROM OUTSIDE:

Coverage)

CLR(clear?)

5-6 <5

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

19.00 2 Dec PM OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

CLR(clear?)

AIR TEMPERATURE FROM WUNDERGROUND

9.0°C

Air temperature/°C >19 18-19

CLR(clear?) 17.0 14.3

16.4

17-18

10.9

16.5

16.6

14-15

14.4 10.7

10.1

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

13-14

11.2 10.8

GROUND FLOOR

AVERAGE INDOOR TEMPERATURE:

16-17

12-13 11-12

rainy

9-11

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

15.9°C

FIRST FLOOR

TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE FROM OUTSIDE:

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage 4/8 cloud coverage Figure4.5.6 Spot measurements-Air temperature taken on 2nd Dec FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage coverage

Moving on from simulations, we started analyzing the actual building. The first step was taking spot measurements, which we did on 2 separate occasions. The first set of measurements were taken on the 31st of October 2013 at 15:30 (Figure4.5.5) and the second set on the 2nd of December at 19:30 (once the heating had already started being used) (Figure4.5.6). The second set of measurements also included surface temperature.

15-16

16.3

rainy

7-9 6-7

7.0K

Figure4.5.5 Spot measurements-Air temperature taken on 31st Oct SCT (SCATTERED, SCT (SCATTERED, 19th3/8 Oct TO RH Range 19th3/8 Oct TO RH Range 4/8 cloud coverage 4/8 cloud coverage 74%-78% 74%-78% 10:00 AM 10:00 AM FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO coverage coverage

4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 coverage

9-11

SECOND FLOOR

7-9 6-7

6.9K

5-6 <5

The first set of measurements, taken on 31st of October (Figure4.5.3) before the 'heating season' had commenced showed average temperatures for the house of 20.7°C, which was 7K above external temperatures. When these measurements were taken the doors and windows in the house were open. When the second set of measurements were taken, in December (Figure4.5.4), the heating had already began to be used. On this occasion the heating had been on earlier in the afternoon (around 5pm) but at this stage had been turned off and the windows were completely open on the ground floor. The top floor bedroom had the door open and curtains drawn. Even so, the average temperature in the house was of 15.9°C, 6.9K above the external temperature. Roughly the same difference observed in October, in the first set of measurement. 25

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

CLR(clear?)

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky RH Range 74%-78%

19th Oct 10:00 AM

4 - INDOOR STUDIES

rainy

19th Oct 10:00 AM

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

4.5 Thermal Analysis-Spot Measurements

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to RHthe Range 7/8 of sky

74%-78%

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

19.00 2 Dec PM OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

AIR TEMPERATURE FROM WUNDERGROUND

9.0°C

HEATING OFF

CLR(clear?)

1m 2m

Surface temperature/°C

CLR(clear?) 19th Oct 10:00 AM

16.0

18.3

14.8

5.2 19th Oct 10:00 AM

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

RH Range 74%-78%

17.8 17.2

>19 18-19

18.2

15.6

17.7 20.0

18.3

4.9

19.2

14.4

RH Range 74%-78%

3.1

16.3 16.0

19th Oct 10:00 AM

12-13

RH Range 74%-78%

11-12 9-11

7/8 of the sky

FIRST FLOOR

SECOND FLOOR

rainy

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

14.7K

rainy

cloud coverage WINDOW OPEN4/8 FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud

WINDOW CLOSED

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 coverage Coverage)

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Figure4.5.7 Spot measurements-Surface temperature taken on 2nd Dec Coverage) CLR(clear?)

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

The internal surface temperatures taken were quite similar to the air temperature (comparing Figure4.5.7 & Figure4.5.8). The first floor presented slightly higher surface temperatures, possibly due to less exposed area (only walls) and the heating being on earlier (allowing for surfaces to absorb some of the heat). The biggest variance found was in the daughter's room. We spoke to the daughter and on that day she had kept the external door of the bedroom closed and curtains drawn. We believe that in this room these affects were accentuated due to less exposed perimeter if compared to other rooms. These temperatures however, don't indicate a significant thermal capacity (which in this case is also used as an indication of light weight construction - timber frame) The external surfaces however were quite different than the external air temperature. We noticed that the external surface temperatures of the more exposed areas (front wall) were lower than the temperatures in more confined areas (courtyard, 1st and 2nd floor terraces) (Figure4.5.7). 26

5-6

WINDOW OPEN

rainy

CLR(clear?)

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

8.8K

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO

CLR(clear?)

Air temperature/°C

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

17.0 14.3

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

16.4

16.5

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

>19 18-19

10.9

16.6

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 16.3 Coverage)

14.4

CLR(clear?)

7-9 6-7

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 10.8K 4/8 cloud coverage BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

15-16

13-14

3.6BKN clouds cover 5/8 to

GROUND FLOOR

16-17

14-15

4.5

4.9

rainy

14.2

17-18

5.4

13.7

5.6 rainy

17-18 16-17 15-16

CLR(clear?)

14-15

10.7

13-14 12-13

10.1

10.8

GROUND FLOOR

11-12

FIRST FLOOR

SECOND FLOOR

9-11 7-9 6-7 5-6

Figure4.5.8 Spot measurements-Air temperature taken on 2nd Dec

4.5 Thermal Analysis-Data Logger N

GROUND FLOOR

RH Range 74%-78%

19th Oct 10:00 AM

LOGGER 1 - KITCHEN IMPACT OF APPLIANCES

RH Range 74%-78%

SECOND FLOOR

19th Oct 10:00 AM

LOGGER 2 - LIVING IMPACT OF OCCUPANCY

RH Range 74%-78%

LOGGER 3 - BEDROOM OVERHEATING INVESTIGATION

rainy

5/8 to

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

3/8 TO e oud

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

8/8

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

CLR(clear?)

Air temperature[°C]-Kitchen

Air temperature[°C]-Living

Figure4.5.10 Measurements of data logger (6th Nov-15 Nov)

Air temperature[°C]-Bedroom

Air temperature[°C]-Outside

Total solar radiation[w/m2]

Figure4.5.9 Location of data logger

Air temperature[°C]

Oct AM

4 - INDOOR STUDIES

Total solar radiation[w/m2]

Comfort band

In order to get a broader picture of how the building performs 3 data loggers were installed for a period of 10 days (from 6th Nov to 15th Nov 2013). They were placed in the kitchen and living room in ground floor and in the top floor bedroom (Figure4.5.9). There was a conscious effort to keep the loggers away from direct sun light, radiators and windows, but there were limited locations where these could be placed without disrupting the families behavior (and be less likely to be moved). The analysis of the data loggers proved to be quite complex for the group. The nature of the building, and the way in which it is used by the occupants allowed for several variables to be combined at all times, even so we were able to identify the occupants' pattern (for example cooking times and house when the sons were sleeping with spike in humidity levels). We couldn't for certainty attribute an increase in temperature to heating, as the family might have been cooking or all gather around watching tv (which are activities which all contribute to internal heat gains (Figure4.5.10). 27

4 - INDOOR STUDIES

Total solar radiation[w/m2]

Air temperature[°C]

4.5 Thermal Analysis-Data Logger

MAX: 20.8°C

RANGE:6.1K MIN: 14.7°C

Air temperature[°C]-Kitchen

Air temperature[°C]-Living

Air temperature[°C]-Bedroom

Air temperature[°C]-Outside

Total solar radiation[w/m2]

Comfort band

Total solar radiation[w/m2]

Comfort band

AVERAGE INSIDE: 18°C

TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE: 10K

We also noticed how kitchen and living room had similar behaviors. Differences in behavior occurred only in the evening. This could be the effects of the occupant behavior.

AVERAGE OUTSIDE: 8°C

The top floor bedroom behaved differently from the other 2 rooms. We also noticed that the bedroom was more constant and had less temperature variance than kitchen and living room. Overall temperatures in the house peaked at 20.8°C and reached a minimum of 14.7°C (range of 6.1K) and averaged out at 18°C (Figure4.5.11). The outside temperature varied from a maximum of 15.8°C to a minimum of 4.1°C (range of 7.8K) and averaged out at 8°C. The difference between inside and outside was on average 10K (Figure4.5.12). During the spot measurments we had identified lower temperature differences between indoors and outdoors (7K), but these were taken at points in time when windows were open. 28

Total solar radiation[w/m2]

The first thing that we noticed was the independent behavior of internal temperatures in relation to external ones. This pointed us to a well insulated envelope. We were intrigued by the fact that both thermostats were set at 25°C and dwelling temperatures don't go above 20.8°C. We believe this to be due to the fact that windows and doors are constantly open lowering the overall dwelling temperature.

Air temperature[°C]

Figure4.5.11 Analysis of data logger-maximum temperature, minimum temperature and temperature range

Air temperature[°C]-Kitchen

Air temperature[°C]-Living

Air temperature[°C]-Bedroom

Figure4.5.12 Analysis of data logger-temperature difference from outside)

Air temperature[°C]-Outside

19th Oct 10:00 AM

4 - INDOOR STUDIES

RH Range 74%-78%

4.5 Thermal Analysis-Occupancy

19th Oct 1200 RH Range 74%-78% 10:00 AM

1000 20

Total solar radiation[w/m2]

Air temperature[°C]

rainy 25

7 Nov Heating on Window open

HEAT GAINS BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

800

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

CLR(clear?)

600

rainy rainy

19th Oct 10:00 AM

RH Range 74%-78%

400

Comfort band BKN clouds cover 5/8 to the sky Total solar radiation[w/m2]

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of 7/8 of the sky

Air temperature[°C]-Outside

200

19th Oct 10:00 AM

RH Range 74%-78%

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 SCTTO(SCATTERED, 3/8Air TO temperature[°C]-Kitchen 4/8 cloud coverage 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

Air temperature[°C]-Living

coverage

19th Oct 10:00 AM

RH Range 74%-78%

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 0 Coverage) rainy

19th Oct 10:00 AM

RH Range 74%-78%

rainy BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

CLR(clear?)

Air temperature[°C]-Bedroom

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage) CLR(clear?)

MOTHER

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage) CLR(clear?)

rainy FOR WORK OUT BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

CLR(clear?)

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO coverage

CLR(clear?)

ELDER SON

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

4/8 cloud coverage OUT FOR SCHOOL rainy FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage

(1/8 TO 2/8 cloud OUT FOR WORKFEW coverage OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage) CLR(clear?)

KITCHEN BEDROOM LIVING

Figure4.5.13 Analysis of data logger-typical day with occupancy pattern

YOUNGER SON

DAUGHTER

The internal temperature derives from the internal gains to which the dwelling is subjected to and the ability to retain/loose these gains. All these items contribute to different extents. Occupancy: Occupancy patterns have an impact on internal heat gains due to the fact that people release heat. The levels of heat released depended on activity for example if people are asleep 70W is released, if walking 210W is released. Consequently if there are people in the house all day, or only in morning and evenings there will be an impact on dwellings heat gain. We were able to identify the occupancy pattern mainly by conversations with the occupants The data obtained from the 10 days showed quite a bit of variability as previously mentioned. The way in which the family operate the heating, manually controlling it (even though there is a programmer), the fact that the mother is in the house all day combined with windows and doors being left open allow for too many variables to create a clear discernible pattern. In saying this we were able to spot the described 'pattern of a day' on the 7th of November (Figure4.5.13). The occupancy pattern described is as follows: The children wake up around 7am, turn on the heating while they are getting ready for work and school. They leave around 8-8:30am. The mother wakes up around 10am, turns off the heat and opens the windows. She spends the day in the house, when she does the cleaning, tiding up and laundry. She doesn't cook at lunch time (she warms up leftovers from the night before). Around 3-4pm she turns on the heating for a hour or two for the children coming home. She also mentions closing the living room window at this time. The first one to arrive home is the younger son, coming in from school. The daughter arrives around 6 pm from work just before the older son arrives from work as well. The mother waits for the daughter to arrive for them to start cooking at around 6:30pm. They cook for a couple of hours. The whole family sit down for dinner at around 8pm. They then sit in the living room watching television until around 11pm - 12am. They turn on the heating for an hour, and then turn off before going to bed. 29

4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.5 Thermal Analysis-Appliances HEAT GAINS

Yearly consumption[kWh]

GROUND FLOOR 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Electric devices (televisions, microwave ovens and light bulbs for example) all release a certain amount of heat into the dwelling. The amount will depend on its individual power rating and usage. We identified the appliances throughout the house, their specific power rating (mainly from manufacturers literature) and combined this with their usage (based on the occupancy pattern) (Figure4.5.14). The table showing specific ratings and usage for appliances are in Appendix 8.3. 30

Figure4.5.14 Yearly energy consiption of appliances(Source: see excel sheet in Appendix 8.3)

FIRST FLOOR

SECOND FLOOR

4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.5 Thermal Analysis-Electricity/Gas 19th Oct 10:00 AM

RH Range 74%-78%

HEAT GAINS

CALCULATED TOTAL APPLIANCES CONSUMPTION — 754kWh (3 months Jul-Oct) ACTUAL TOTAL APPLIANCES CONSUMPTION — 758kWh (3 months Jul-Oct)

ELECTRICITY

HOT WATER

rainy

SAP BOX 39 —1937kWh per year to heat water

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

SAP BOX 52 —153kWh internal heat gains from waterheating

GAS COOKING

GAS - HOT WATER

GAS

Figure4.5.16 Actual electricity bill for 3 months(Jul-Oct) SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage) CLR(clear?)

8.37kWh 8.64kWh 51%

8.37kWh 49%

8.64kWh

DAILY HEAT GAINS Figure4.5.15 Comparison of elctricity and gas consumption(Source:see excel sheet in Appendix)

Figure4.5.17 Actual gas bill for 3 months (Jul-Oct)

From the calculation,we managed to match the actual amount of electricity consumption from the bill for 3 summer months (Figure4.5.16). The majority of the appliances in the house are electric but the stove and oven are gas powered. The heating system and the water heating are gas powered as well. We obtained summer bill for the gas usage. As it was summer (and based on occupants' information) we knew the space heating hadn't been used. This meant that the energy consumption from the gas was from cooking and water heating. We were unable to find manufacturer data for the hob and oven so we focused on the water heating firstly. We based our calculation on the SAP *(Standard Assessment Procedure) for this property. SAP box 39 gave us the energy used to heat the water and SAP box 52 the internal gains originating from water heating. We included the internal gains (in the kitchen, even though it's more likely to be originating from the insulated hot water tank in the cupboard). The energy used to heat the water was assumed lost. We assumed this to be lost by the boiler (during the process) or it would be lost in the drains (be it for showers or in the sinks) so wasn't included. The remaining energy was subtracted from the actual bill, giving us the heat gains from hob and stove (Figure4.5.15). *SAP file is security protected and can not be iuncluded in the document. Very surprisingly, the heat gains originated from electricity and gas are roughly 50% each. It was anticipated that electrical appliances would have accounted for a higher usage (Figure4.5.15). 31

4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.5 Thermal Analysis-Building Envelope HEAT GAINS

WALL & WINDOW

ROOF(GREEN ROOF)

ROOF(TERRACE)

WALL: U=0.19W/m2K WINDOW:U=1.10W/m2K

U=0.16W/m2K(AVERAGE)

How well insulated and air tight the building envelope is will determine the ability of the dwelling to avoid heat loss.Figure4.5.18 indicates the build ups of each building element based on actual U values from SAP. Walls: We were able to get a wall detail from the architect (planning drawing). The U values were calculated based on this detail, which match the U values claimed in the SAP.

FLOOR

Windows:The dwellings have been fitted with timber framed, triple glazed windows with 15mm argon fill between the 3 panes (Pilkington Insulight â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 4T-15ar-4-15ar-4snt). The manufacturer claims a U value of 1.1W/m2K, which is the same as the value used in the SAP. Floor: From site visits we knew the floor construction was solid (as there are no vents in the lower sections of the wall). We combined the solid floor standard build up, adjusting the insulation levels to achieve the value specified in the SAP. Roofs: There are 2 types of roofs in the dwellings. The terraces and the green roof. As with the floors, we assumed standard a build ups and adjusted insulation levels to match the SAP value. From the SAP we also obtained the air tightness (tested) figure of 3.4m3/hr/m2 @ 50 Pa, which converted to atmospheric pressure is the equivalent of 0.17ac/hr. 32

U=0.18W/m2K

Figure4.5.18 Build-ups of the house (Source: Peter Barber Architects and SAP

4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.5 Thermal Analysis-MinT & EI Calculation RH Range 74%-78%

19th Oct 10:00 AM

GAINS TO LOSS RATIO

ISOLATED DWELLING

7051 4495

IN THE URBAN CONTEXT

7051 4495

8497 5795

7051 3935 4125

3935 4125

8497 5425

SOLAR GAINS

8497 5425

8497 5425 3935

GAINS TO LOSS RATIO

HOURS ABOVE 27°C

PEAK TEMP

HOURS

PEAK TEMP

HEAT GAINS

CONTINUOUS HEAT 215

1.569ABOVE 27°C 31.2°C

CONTINUOUS HEAT

HLC

TEMPERATURE

DIFFERENCE 9kWh/m2 0.89W/m²K

1.5697051

31.2°C 2.683

215 36.9°C9kWh/m27740.89W/m²K 1.15W/m²K 4kWh/m28.7K

2.683

36.9°C 0.954

774

0.954

1.566

rainy

1.566 3935

2.291

INTERNAL GAINS(OCCUPANCY AND APPLIANCES)

TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

8.7K 16.3K

16.3K 0.82W/m²K / 4kWh/m2 12 1.15W/m²K 15kWh/m2

5.2K

5.2K 1.08W/m²K

9.8K

/ 15kWh/m2/ 0.82W/m²K/

BKN clouds 5/8 to/ / cover 34.1°C 2.291 7/8 of the sky

1.08W/m²K 5341.08W/m²K 6kWh/m29.8K

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 1.08W/m²K 534 6kWh/m2 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud SOLAR GAINS(kWh) INTERNAL GAINS(kWh) coverage

34.1°C

14.1K

14.1K HEAT LOSS(kWh)

OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8

INTERNAL AND APPLIANCES) SOLAR GAINS HEAT LOSS(kWh) SOLAR GAINS(kWh) INTERNAL GAINS(kWh) Coverage) Figure4.5.19 Mint and EIGAINS(OCCUPANCY Calculation comparing the contribution of solar gains and occupancy(Source:ENERGY INDEX S.YANNAS 1994 WORKSHEET/MINT CALCULATION S.YANNAS)

21°C CONTINUOUS

21°C HLC Building Regulation U value(W/m²K) Building Regulation U value(W/m²K)

As Built U value(W/m²K)

ROOF 0.2 FLOOR 0.25 As Built U value(W/m²K) ROOF 0.16 FLOOR 0.18

ROOF 0.2 FLOOR 0.25 WALL 0.3 ROOF2.0 0.16 WINDOW FLOOR 0.18 WALL 0.19 WINDOW 1.1

WALL 0.3 HLC WINDOW 2.0 WALL1.53W/m²K 0.19 WINDOW 1.1 1.08W/m²K

CONTINUOUS HEAT

18°CHEAT CONTINUOUS HEAT

1.53W/m²K

39kWh/m2

39kWh/m2 15kWh/m2 1.08W/m²K 18kWh/m2

18kWh/m2

6kWh/m2

The isolated (detached) dwelling had higher temperatures then the mid terraced one, showing the effects of the shading provided by the adjacent dwellings. These differences weren't as high as expected due to increase in heat loss through the additional area of exposed envelope. Looking at just the solar gains there would be 3.5K temperature increase in the detached dwelling. If considering appliances and occupancy this increase in temperature is 2.2K.

CLR(clear?)

18°C

CONTINUOUS HEAT

15kWh/m2

21°C

Whole house temperature from neutrality temperature This exercise helped the group appreciate the contribution of each of the individual from the Szokolay/Auliciems comfort band)

Whole house temperature from data logger analysis 18°C Whole house temperature from neutrality temperature 21°C and survey from occupants 6kWh/m2 from the Szokolay/Auliciems comfort band) 18°C

To try to get an appreciation for the impact of the different heat gain sources we isolated them and did the Energy Index (EI) and MInt calculations. The dwelling itself was also isolated from its urban context setting, to see how much is the impact of the adjacent dwellings (Figure4.5.19).

Whole house temperature from data logger analysis and survey from occupants

Figure4.5.20 Mint and EI Calculation comparing the contribution of solar gains and occupancy(Source:ENERGY INDEX S.YANNAS 1994 WORKSHEET/MINT CALCULATION S.YANNAS)

elements (solar gains, appliances and occupancy) but it also led to further questions. These differences in temperatures gave us an indication of how the building temperature varied from the external ones. The dwelling is very well insulated, surpassing the building regulations limiting U values. This in itself has shown significant saving in energy consumption (Figure4.5.19). From data logger analysis, survey and occupant behavior it appears that occupants have a preference to lower temperatures. The whole house temperature has been assumed to be 18°C. A comparison to 21°C (neutrality temperature from the Szokolay/Auliciems comfort band) has also been made in order to quantify improvements achieved by both architects specification and by occupants temperature preferences (Figure4.5.19) . 33

4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.5 Thermal Analysis-Building Envelope ISOLATED DWELLING

HEAT GAINS

60 100 50 90

30 50 25 45

The group then decided to take it a step further and use vertical global radiation for the relevant facades (from meteonorm - helio format). The need for East and South east facades was the first difficulty. In order to get values for the Southeast facade we averaged the East and South values. Then, to obtain one figure to input in the MInt, we averaged the East and Southeast figures (tables in the appendix 8.4-8.6). This helped us to get a more realistic picture of solar gains throughout the year, enabling us to understand if and when there was an overheating problem and heat demand (Figure4.5.21). While doing this it was noticed that these values obtained from meteonorm didn't reflect the actual dwelling as it didn't account for the shading from adjacent dwellings and buildings. The only tool we had that took this into consideration was the EI. Through analyzing the obstruction input in the EI tool, it was noticed that there was a correlation between the angle of obstruction and the solar radiation (reducing the annual solar gains to 55.8%). This was applied to the vertical solar radiation (Figure4.5.22).

Further analysis of the graph (Figure4.5.22) indicates that the dwelling had a tendency to stay within the comfort band from November to March but had an overheating problem from March to November. We do appreciate the short comings of this analysis as it mixes monthly averages (for the solar radiation), with mean indoor temperature differences from the outside, but the group believes it indicates what are the problems that need to be investigated further, and confirmed as it may be with the thermal modeling in TAS. 34

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

G_GvE Monthly Irradiance Global Rad Air temp( °C

Air tempband °C limit [C] Comfort Ta dmin band (meanlower Dailylimit Min)[C] °C Comfort

020

Ta dmx (mean Daily Max) °C

resulting temp °C (Mint) IN THE URBAN CONTEXT

Comfort band limit [C]

5 Nov

Vertical SOUTH ) kWh/m2

0 Jan

G_GvS ( Monthly Irradiance Global Rad

resulting INTERNAL GAINS(OCCUPANCY AND APPLIANCES) SOLAR GAINStemp °C (Mint)

Vertical EAST ) kWh/m2

G_GvS Monthly Irradiance Ta dmx ((mean Daily Max) °C Global Rad

Comfort band lower limit [C]

Dec

Building Regulation U value(W/m²K)

ROOF 0.2 FLOOR 0.25

WALL 0.3 WINDOW 2.0

ROOF 0.16

WALL 0.19 WINDOW 1.1

100

G_GvE ( Monthly Irradiance Global Rad

Vertical EAST ) kWh/m2

70 60 100 50 90 40 80 30 70 20 60 10 50 0 40

35 30 50 25 45 20 40 15 35 10 30 5 25 0 20

As Built G_GvS ( Monthly Irradiance GlobalFLOOR Rad 0.18 U value(W/m²K)

30 20

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Day of the year

10 0 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Sep

Oct

Year day Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

SUMMER

SUMMER Cloudy Sunny WINTER

Dec

15 10

INTERNAL GAINS(OCCUPANCY SOLAR GAINS G_GvE ( °C Monthly Irradiance Global Rad AND APPLIANCES) Air temp

Vertical EAST ) kWh/m2 Ta dmin (mean Daily Min) °C G_GvS Monthly Irradiance Ta dmx ((mean Daily Max) °C Global Rad Vertical SOUTH resulting temp °C) kWh/m2 (Mint) Air tempband °C limit [C] Comfort Ta dmin band (meanlower Dailylimit Min)[C] °C Comfort Ta dmx (mean Daily Max) °C Building resulting temp °CRegulation (Mint) U value(W/m²K)

ROOF 0.2 FLOOR 0.25

WALL 0.3 WINDOW 2.0

As Built U value(W/m²K)

ROOF 0.16 FLOOR 0.18

WALL 0.19 WINDOW 1.1

Temperature Average Cloud 5 Comfort band limit [C] 0 (°C) Comfort coverage band lower limit [C]

Nov

Dec

18th Jul - 24th Jul

199 - 205

Temperature Average (°C) 21.9

14th Aug - 20th Aug

226 - 232

21.19

8.8

18th Jul - 24th Jul

199 - 205

21.9

3.83

Figure4.5.22 Monthly solar radiation and mean dailyof temperature-in Meteonorm) Day the yearurban context(Source: Year day

Sunny

Nov

Vertical SOUTH ) kWh/m2

TEMPERATURE(°C)

Both resulting temperature graphs (Figure4.5.21 & Figure4.5.22) were compared. From October to March both resulting temperatures are roughly the same. This difference varies up to 4-5K in June and July. This shows that there is a higher impact from overshadowing in the summer month.

Jan

20 Figure4.5.21 Monthly solar radiation and mean daily temperature-isolated dwelling(Source: Meteonorm) 10

SOLAR RADIATION(kWh/m2)

Each monthly average of solar radiation was inputted into MInt to obtain a difference in temperature between indoors and outdoors, enabling us to create a 'resulting temperature graph (Figure4.5.21 & Figure4.5.22).

Rad

ISOLATED DWELLING

10 30 525

20 60 10 50

IN THE URBAN CONTEXT G_GvE ( Monthly Irradiance Global

Vertical EAST ) kWh/m2 Ta dmin (mean Daily Min) °C

20 40 15 35

40 80 30 70

0 40

TEMPERATURE(°C)

SOLAR RADIATION(kWh/m2)

100

Cloud coverage 3.83

100

G_GvE ( Monthly Irradiance Global Rad

Vertical EAST ) kWh/m2

40 35

19th Oct 10:00 AM

60 50

10 free running no internal gains just inﬁltration

1800 1600

40.0 RH Range 19th Oct 10 free35.0 running internal gains just inﬁltration 10:00 AM no 74%-78%

1400 1200

30.0 25.0 50.0

1800

800

40.0 15.0

1600

600

35.0 10.0

1400

400

20.0 45.0

Figure4.6.10.0Initial TAS run - Building without occupancy (summer sunny week)

1000

700

900

20.0

600

800

12.0

500

700

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 8.0 4/8 cloud coverage 12.0 FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage 4.0 8.0

600

400

500

300

400

200

300

100

200

4.0 0.0 OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8

May

Jun

Jul

RH Range 74%-78%

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Day of the year

Year day

Temperature Average (°C)

Cloud coverage

Sunny

18th Jul - 24th Jul

199 - 205

21.9

3.83

Cloudy

14th Aug - 20th Aug

226 - 232

21.19

8.8

Sunny

31st Oct - 6th Nov

304 - 310

7.69

5.85

Cloudy

22nd Nov - 28th Nov

326 - 332

9.3

8.87

WINTER

(data from Meteonorm 2000 - 2009 average)

The dwelling was thermally modeled in TAS. The first runs were used by the group to understand the building and how the different controls in TAS worked. This process was quite difficult as the graphs had different temperatures result from the ones expected. CLR(clear?) SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO The figures 4/8 cloud coveragein MInt and EI as well as the studies done, were all for the whole dwelling, and FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud these didn't match the results from TAS. The output of temperatures is zoned based (in this coverage case each room is a zone) which meant there was nothing to compared the results to. Still OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 attempting to understand the results and confirm that model was correct we calculated Coverage) CLR(clear?) MInt for the individual rooms to see if similar results were obtained. This helped us accept the model as correct.

Global Horizontal Radiation(Wh/m2) Comfort Band Daughter's bedoom Dry Bulb(°C) Mother's bedoom Dry Bulb(°C)

CHOICE OF DAYS Four typical weeks of the year were selected to do the TAS analysis of the dwelling. Two summer weeks (one cloudy and one sunny) were selected and two winter weeks (one cloudy and one sunny) were selected. For the summer weeks we looked for temperatures ranging between 20°C and 25°C and for the winter we selected weeks with temperatures ranging between 7°C and 10°C. Cloud conditions formed part of the selection process as well. Table4.6.1 shows the weeks selected.

Top floor bedoom Dry Bulb(°C)

Living room Dry Bulb(°C)

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

27th Nov

00:00

18:00

Apr

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage rainy FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage

Kitchen Dry Bulb(°C)

0 12:00

06:00

18:00

26th Nov

27th Nov

00:00

18:00 12:00

00:00

18:00

12:00 06:00

06:00

25th Nov

26th Nov

00:00 12:00

00:00

18:00

18:00 06:00

12:00

06:00 12:00

25th Nov

00:00

24th Nov

00:00 06:00

18:00 18:00

06:00

12:00 12:00

00:00

24th Nov

06:00

00:00 18:00

06:00

00:00

18:00 12:00

12:00

06:00 18:00

06:00

00:00

00:00 12:00

18:00

12:00 18:00

06:00

00:00

06:00 12:00

00:00

23rd Nov

100

SOLAR RADIATION(Wh/m2)

800

24.0

Mar

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky

00:00

18:00

TEMPERATURE(°C)

900

22nd Nov

Comfort band lower limit [C]

Feb

resulting temp °C (Mint)

BKN clouds cover 5/8 to 7/8 of the sky OVC (OVERCAST, 8/8 Coverage)

20.0

22nd Nov

Comfort band limit [C]

rainy

External Temperature(°C)

1000

16.0

CLR(clear?)

Daughter's bedoom Dry Bulb(°C)

24th July

24.0

0.0

Mother's bedoom Dry Bulb(°C)

24th July

23rd July

BKN clouds cover 16.05/8 to 7/8 of the sky

Coverage)

Ta dmx (mean Daily Max) °C

Comfort Band

0 12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

22nd July

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

July 21st July July 19th July WINTER 18th CLOUDY WEEK (22nd20th Nov-28th Nov)

400

23rd 200 July

Ta dmin (mean Daily Min) °C

15 10

SUMMER

Living room Dry Bulb(°C)

00:00

22nd July

18:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

21st July

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

06:00

00:00

5.0

20th July

600

12:00

800

19th July

4.6 Tas Simulation

Global Horizontal Radiation(Wh/m2)

Kitchen Dry Bulb(°C)

0 06:00

20.0

0.0

Air temp °C

19th Oct 10:00 AM

Top floor bedoom Dry Bulb(°C)

200 00:00

1000 18:00

25.0

12:00

1200

06:00

30.0

5.0

rainy

1000

2000

SOLAR RADIATION(kWh/m2)

TEMPERATURE(°C)

2000

18th July

Vertical SOUTH ) kWh/m2

Jan

45.0

10.0

Table4.6.1 Typical weeks chosen for TAS simulation

50.0

15.0

RH Range 74%-78%

SUMMER SUNNY WEEK (18th Jul-24th Jul)

G_GvS ( Monthly Irradiance Global Rad

4 - INDOOR STUDIES

External Temperature(°C)

28th Nov

Figure4.6.2 Initial TAS run - Building without occupancy (Winter cloudy week)

TEMPERATURE(°C)

As done with the other tools we did one run showing the building without any occupants or appliances (Figure4.6.3). This was an attempt to appreciate the quality of the envelope (including the infiltration) in relation to the solar gains. From the graph analysis we were able to confirm that the solar gains combined with the envelope do play a significant part in the overheating. The hours of solar gains in summer mornings (as seen in sun patch analysis) were keeping the building above comfort levels throughout the day (Figure4.6.1). However in the winter where the building was overshadowed significantly and has little solar gains (as seen in sun patch analysis) the indoor environment remains well below comfort levels (Figure4.6.2).

50.0 50.0 40.0 40.0 30.0 30.0 20.0

20.0 10.0

10.0 0.0

0.0

-10.0

MONTH 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

-10.0

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

From Figure4.6.1 (summer Sunny day) we also realized how much the solar gains were effecting room and the top floor room. Both rooms had significant spikes in October the daughters November December temperature (above 40°C).

MONTH 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

January

February

March

April

May

June

Comfort Band

Daughter's bedoom Dry Bulb(°C)

Mother's bedoom Dry Bulb(°C)

Kitchen Dry Bulb(°C)

Living room Dry Bulb(°C)

External Temperature(°C)

July

August

September

Top floor bedoom Dry Bulb(°C)

Figure4.6.3 Mint and EI Calculation comparing the contribution of solar gains and occupancy(Source:ENERGY INDEX S.YANNAS 1994 WORKSHEET/MINT CALCULATION S.YANNAS)

13 Base case

4 - INDOOR STUDIES

19th Oct 10:00 AM

RH Range

74%-78% 4.6 Tas Simulation-Base case

SUMMER SUNNY WEEK (18th Jul-24th Jul)

Infiltration rate 0.17ac/h calculated specific ventilation rate for each room *

60.060 External Temperature

50.050

All doors closed

40.040

Living room Dry Bulb (

30.030

Top ﬂoor Bedroom Dry

Daughter's Bedroom D

20.020

Mother's Bedroom Dry

19th Oct 10.010 10:00 AM

Comfort band lower lim

Kitchen Dry Bulb(°C)

Daughter's bedoom Dry Bulb(°C)

Mother's bedoom Dry Bulb(°C)

Top floor bedoom Dry Bulb(°C)

00:00

External Temperature(°C)

18:00

Comfort Band

12:00

23rd July

06:00

00:00

18:00

22nd July

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

21st July

06:00

00:00

18:00

20th July

12:00

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

19th July

06:00

00:00

18:00

12:00

18th July

06:00

00:00

18:00

06:00

00:00

0.0 0

Comfort band upper li

RH Range 74%-78%

12:00

* CALCULATED VENTILATION RATE FOR EACH ROOM(SOURCE:MINT) Living room-2.55 ac/h ny Kitchen-3.21 ac/h Top floor bedroom-1.19 ac/h N clouds cover 5/8 to Daughter's room-0.51 ac/h 8 of the sky Mother's room-0.51 ac/h

T (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 8 cloud coverage W (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud verage

Kitchen Dry Bulb (°C)

TEMPERATURE(°C)

All windows closed

24th July Living room Dry Bulb(°C)

Figure4.6.4 Base Case-summer sunny week

VC (OVERCAST, 8/8 verage)

R(clear?)

SUMMER CLOUDY WEEK (14th Aug-20th Aug)

50.050 rainy

External Tem

40.0

40 5/8 to BKN clouds cover 7/8 of the sky TEMPERATURE(°C)

Kitchen Dry Living room

30.030

SCT (SCATTERED, 3/8 TO 4/8 cloud coverage FEW (1/8 TO 2/8 cloud coverage 20

Top ﬂoor Be

20.0

BASE CASE

Comfort ban

CLR(clear?)

00:00

18:00