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Joj:yflksf – @
sfo{kflnsf – $
Gofokflnsf – ^
(Legislative - 2)
(Executive - 4)
(Judicial - 6)
ljrf/sÚ (Framers) x'g'x'G5 . pxfFx? g} ;/sf/sf zlQmnfO{ ;Lldt ug{ rfxg'x'GYof], To;}n] pxfFx?n] zlQmnfO{ tLg c+udf afFl8lbg'eof] . ;+ljwfgn] k|To]s c+usf] zlQmsf] VofVof u/]sf] 5 . o;/L clwsf/, zlQm / lhDd]jf/LnfO{ tLg efudf ljefhg ub}{ ltgLx¿sf] pkof]u s;/L k|efjsf/L / nf]stflGqs z}nLsf cfwf/ df ug]{ < eGg] aGbf]a:tL cjwf/0ffnfO{ g} zlQm k[ysLs/0f (Separation of Powers) elgG5 . cd]l/sL ;+ljwfg zlQm k[ysLs/0faf6 k|efljt ljZjsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg xf] . oxfFsf] ;+3Lo ;+ljwfgcg';f/
Joj:yflksf;DaGwL zlQm sª\u|]; (Congress) df, sfo{kflnsf;DaGwL zlQm /fi6«klt (President) df / Gofokflnsf;DaGwL zlQm ;jf]{Rr cbfnt (Supreme Court) df lglxt /flvPsf] 5 . cd]l/sL ;+ljwfgdf !! xhf/ eGbf w]/}k6s ;+zf]wg k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 / @& j6f dfq kfl/t ePsf 5g\ . cd]l/sL ;+ljwfgn] oL tLg c+unfO{ s;/L JofVof u/]sf] 5 < of] JofVof s'g wf/f, clg v08df 5 < oL tLg c+ux? s;/L ag]sf 5g\ < s;/L sfd u5{g\ < cflb k|Zgsf] pQ/ casf ^ k[i7df :ki6 kfg]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
b]z rnfpg] sfd tLg rSs]
cd]l/sL ;+ljwfgdf !! xhf/ eGbf w]/}k6s ;+zf]wg k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 / @& j6f dfq kfl/t ePsf 5g\ .
uf8Ln] u5{ . tL rSsfnfO{ ;/sf/sf tLg cux? elgG5, tL sfo{kflnsf (Legislative), Joj:yflksf (Executive) / Gofokflnsf (Judicial) x'g\ . oL c+u 5'§f–5'§} cl:tTjsf ;fy :yflkt x'G5g\ . cd]l/sL ;+ljwfgn] /fli6«o ;/sf/ / /fHo ;/sf/x?aLr ;/sf/L zlQm ljefhg u5{ . pSt zlQmsf] of] ljefhgsf] gfd …;+3LotfÚ (Federalism) xf] . ;+3Lotf cd]l/sL ;+ljwfgdf c6fPsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ wf/0ff xf] . xfdL h;nfO{ cd]l/sfsf ;+:yfks lktfx? (Founding Fathers) eG5f}+, pxfFx?n] ;+ljwfg n]Vg'eof], pxfFx? …d"n
af“sL k[i7 @ df
@
;g\ !*)) b]lv cd]l/sL Soflk6f]n ejgdf sª\u|];sf b'O{ ;efx¿n] a}7s ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;ef sIf blIf0flt/ 5 eg] l;g]6 sIf pQ/lt/ 5 . /fi6«kltn] klZrdL df]x8fdf ;ky lng'x'G5 . of] ejg ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu e|d0f ug{ v'nf 5 .
;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfsf]
$ ;o #% hgf k|ltlglw–;ef ;b:ox¿ ldn]/ % ;o #% hgf hgk|ltlglw ePsf] sª\u|]; aG5 . l;g]6/x? / k|ltlglw–;ef ;b:ox¿n] cfkm"n] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] /fHodf g} a;f]af; u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . cd]l/sfsf] klxnf] sª\u|]; sª\u|]; s] xf] < ;g\ !&*( df Go'of]s{df a;]sf] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] lyof] . ;g\ !&() df /fhwfgL sª\u|]; (Congress) n] /fi6«df ;/];Fu} lkmnf8]lNkmofdf / kl5 zf;g ug{sf nflu sfg'gx¿sf] jfl;ª\u6g l8;L (Washington lgdf{0f u5{ . o;sf b'O{ DC) df a:of] . c+ux? 5g\M l;g]6 (Senate) z'?b]lv sl/a ! ;o $$ / k|ltlglw–;ef (House of jif{ sª\u|]; dfr{df a:of] . ;g\ Representatives) . cd]l/sL !(#) sf] bzskl5 ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ! n] sª\u|];sf] a}7s lahf]/ sª\u|];sf] sfdsf] JofVof jif{x¿sf] hgj/L dlxgfdf u/]sf] 5 . a:5 . clxn];Dd !!&cf}+ ;+ljwfgn] pNn]v u/]cg';f/ sª\u|]; a;]sf 5g\ . k|To]s /fHodf b'O{ hgf l;g]6/ sª\u|]; a:g] eg]sf] (Senator) x¿ x'G5g\ tyf Joj:yflksfsf b'O{ c+usf] k|ltlglw–;efsf ;b:ox¿ a}7s xf], h'g a}7s /fHosf] hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf Soflk6f]n (Capitol) ejgdf x'G5g\ . a:5 . of] ejg /fhwfgL Ps ;o hgf l;g]6/x¿ / jfl;ª\u6g l8;Ldf 5 . ;+ljwfg, wf/f !, v08 ! df Joj:yflksfsf] JofVof o;/L ul/Psf] 5M …;Dk"0f{ Joj:yflksf;DaGwL clwsf/ === ;+o'Qm /fHosf] s;nfO{ k|Tofof]hg ul/G5, h;df l;g]6 / k|ltlglw–;ef x'g]5 .Ú
l;g]6sf] kl/ro l;g]6sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ 5 jif]{ sfo{sfnsf nflu rog ul/G5, Ps ltxfO{nfO{ x/]s b'O{ jif{df rog ul/G5 . l;g]6/ aGgsf nflu rflxg] Go"gtd pd]/ #) jif{ xf] . l;g]6/ aGgsf nflu gf} jif{otf cd]l/sL gful/s ePsf] JolSt x'g'k5{ . o;sf nflu cd]l/sfd} hGd]sf] x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g . l;g]6n] dGqLd08n, Gofokflnsf, / pRr s'6gLlts kbdf /fi6«kltn] ug]{ lgo'lQmx¿ cg'df]bg u5{ . l;g]6n] sfo{kflnsfn] lgdf{0f u/]sf ;lGwx¿ cg'df]bg u5{ . b'Jo{jxf/sf cleof]u nfu]sf pRr kbflwsf/Lsf] Gofo;Dkfbgdf l;g]6sf] a}7s a:5 . dtbfg ug'{k/] k|To]s l;g]6/nfO{ Ps dtsf] clwsf/ x'G5 .
@)@) ;]K6]Da/, jif{ !! c+s !#%
Joj:yflksf – sª\u|];
@)@) ;]K6]Da/, jif{ !! c+s !#%
# k|ltlglw ;efsf] kl/ro
ljwfg k|lqmof
k|ltlglw ;ef ;b:ox¿nfO{ b'O{ jif]{ sfo{sfnsf nflu lgjf{lrt ul/G5 . k|ltlglw–;ef ;b:o x'g Go"gtd pd]/ @% jif{ xf] . ;ft jif{otf cd]l/sL gful/s ePsf] JolSt x'g'k5{ . o;sf nflu cd]l/sfd} hGd]sf] x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g . o; ;efn] s/dfkm{t / sd j[l4 ug]{ ljifodf sfg'g lgdf{0fsf] kxn u5{ . o; ;efsf] ;efkltTj u|x0f
s'g} sfg'g lgdf{0f ug{ jf kl/jt{g ug]{ k|:tfjnfO{ ljw]os jf lan (Bill) elgG5 . s'g} klg ;b:on] lan k]; ug{ ;S5g\ . To;nfO{ 5nkmnsf nflu ;efsIfdf Nofpg'cl3 cWoogsf nflu Pp6f ;ldltdf l;kmfl/; ul/G5 . k|foM lanx¿ ;dy{g gePsf sf/0f …;ldltdf x'Fb} d5{g\ .Ú ;d¿k cfsf/df sfg'g aGgsf nflu, s'g} klg lannfO{ l;g]6 / k|ltlglw–;ef
ug{ / ;efdf ax'dt bnsf] g]t[Tj ug{sf nflu ;efd'v rog ul/G5, ;efd'vnfO{ ;fdfGo af]nrfndf l:ks/ (Speaker) elgG5 . olb /fi6«klt kb / pk/fi6«klt kb vfnL x'g] l:ylt ePdf ;efd'v /fi6«klt aGg] nfOgdf cufl8 x'g'x'G5 . o; ;efdf l8;L -l8l:6«S6 ckm sf]nlDaof_ / cGo ;d'b|kf/Lsf :jfldTjsf kfFr e"–efux¿sf u}/–dtbfg k|ltlglwx¿ /xg'x'G5 .
b'j}n] cg'df]bg u/]sf] x'g'k5{ / To;kl5 /fi6«kltsxfF k7fOPsf] x'g'k5{ . /fi6«kltn] ljz]ifflwsf/ jf le6f] (Veto) k|of]u u/L To;nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . olb /fi6«kltn] c:jLsf/ ug'{eof] eg] l;g]6 / k|ltlglw–;efn] @÷# dtn] /fi6«kltsf] le6f]lj?å hfg ;S5g\ . ljw]os kfl/t ug{ ;S5g\ . -dflysf] lrqn]
agfpg] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L gLltx¿ :yflkt ubf{ ;ldltsf ;efkltsf] 7"nf] k|efj x'G5 . ;ldltsf ;efkltsf] gfdfÍg ubf{ g]t[Tjn] kof{Kt :jtGqtfsf] cEof; u/]sf] x'G5, vf; u/L ;efdf . s]xL ckjfbx¿nfO{ 5f8]/, w]/}h;f] ;b:ox¿n] w]/} ;ldltx¿df ;]jf lbG5g\ . k|ltlglw–;efdf dtbftfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ;dfg xf];\ eGg] ;+ljwfgn] clgjfo{ u/]sf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf
sfg'g aGgsf nflu, s'g} klg lannfO{ l;g]6 / k|ltlglw– ;ef b'j}n] cg'df]bg u/]sf] x'g'k5{ / To;kl5 /fi6«kltsxfF k7fOPsf] x'g'k5{ . /fi6«kltn] ljz]ifflwsf/ jf le6f] k|of]u u/L To;nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
ljw]os, sfg'g aGg] k|lqmof b]vfPsf] 5 ._
;+ljwfgn] k|To]s ;efnfO{ sfo{ljlwsf cfˆg} lgodgx¿
ljleGg If]qdf hg;+Vof a9\bf jf 36\bf, sª\u|];;DaGwL l8l:6«S6 (congressional district) ;Ldfx¿ ;Gt'ng sfod ug{sf nflu k'gM ldnfg ul/G5g\ . o:tf] k'gM ldnfg sfo{ x/]s !) -bz_ jif{df /fli6«o hgu0fgf eO;s]kl5 ul/G5 . hg;+Vof hlt;'s} eP klg, x/]s /fHosf sDtLdf Ps k|ltlglw x'G5g\ . ;g\ @)@) d} hgu0fgf eO/x]sf] 5 .
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XjfO6 xfp; /fi6«kltsf] sfof{no / /fi6«klt kl/jf/sf] cfjf; b'j} xf] . of] ejgdf hh{ jfl;ª\6gafx]s ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«kltx? al;;Sg' ePsf] 5 . /fi6«kltsf] sd{rf/L sfof{nox? o;sf] klZrdL efu tyf ;Fu}sf] sfo{sf/L sfof{no ejgdf 5g\ .
cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f @, v08 ! df sfo{kflnsfsf] JofVof o;/L ul/Psf] 5M …sfo{kflnsf;DaGwL clwsf/ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] /fi6«kltdf k|Tofof]hg ul/G5 .Ú
/fi6«klt eg]sf] s] xf] <
ah]6;lxt sfg'gsf ljifodf ;Nnfx lbg'x'G5, / sª\u|];n] kf; u/]sf] sfg'gx¿nfO{ :jLs[t ug'{x'G5 jf le6f] k|of]u ug{'x'G5 . /fi6«kltn] l;g]6sf] :jLs[lt– df ;+3Lo GofofwLz, /fhb"t, ;/sf/L lgsfo -Ph]G;L_ k|d'v / pRr ;/sf/L k|zf;s lgo'Qm ug{'x'G5 . /fi6«kltsf] sfo{sfn $ jif{] x'G5 . /fi6«kltnfO{ Ps k6s dfq k'gMlgjf{lrt ug{ kfOG5 . Ps JolSt b'O{ sfo{sfn dfq /fi6«klt x'g kfpF5 . /fi6«klt x'g cd]l/sfdf hGd]sf] gful/s, cd]l/sfdf !$ jif{ a;]sf], sDtLdf #% jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf] x'g}k5{ .
/fi6«klt (President) n] sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf ¿kdf, ljb]zL ;/sf/x¿;Fu ;DaGw sfod ug{'x'G5 . pxfF cd]l/sL ;]gfsf sdfG8/–Og– lrkm (Commander-in-chief) x'g'x'G5, tyf cd]l/sL ;'/Iff / k|lt/Iffsf nflu pxfF lhDd]jf/ /xg'x'G5 . /fi6«kltnfO{ POTUS n]v]sf] kfOG5, h;sf] cy{ cd]l/sfsf] /fi6«klt (President pk/fi6«klt rflx“ of the United States) xf] . pk/fi6«klt klg /fi6«klts} /fi6«kltn] sª\u|];nfO{ ;dodf lgjf{lrt x'g'x'G5, /
;f]xL bnaf6 x'g'x'G5 . pk/fi6«kltsf] ;+j}wflgs sfd l;g]6sf] ;efkltsf ¿kdf sfd ug{' xf] . pk/fi6«kltn] l;g]6/x¿ a/fa/ ¿kdf afFl8Psf] v08df dfq dtbfg ug{'x'G5 . pk/fi6«klt, /fi6«klt To;a]nf dfq aGg ;Sg'x'G5, ha /fi6«kltsf] d[To' x'G5 jf
/fi6«klt af/fs cf]afdfsf] sfo{sfndf lvlrPsf] tl:a/df tTsfnLg $ hLljt /fi6«kltM lhDdL sf6{/, lan lSnG6g, cf]afdf / hh{ 8ANo"= a'z .
@)@) ;]K6]Da/, jif{ !! c+s !#%
sfo{kflnsf – /fi6«klt
@)@) ;]K6]Da/, jif{ !! c+s !#%
% ;]jf lbg ;Sg'x'Gg .
à
à
l8kf6{d]G6 ckm 6«fG;kf]6]{;g
(Department of Defense):
oxfF dGqfnonfO{ l8kf6{d]G6 (Department) elgG5 . h:tf]M :jf:Yo tyf dfgj ;]jf dGqfno (Depart-
k|lt/Iff ljefu
(Department of Transportation): oftfoft ljefu
;]qm]6/L ckm l8km]G; (Secre-
;]qm]6/L ckm 6«fG;kf]6]{;g
tary of Defense) à
ckm x]Ny PG8 Xo'dg ;le{;]hÚ kl9G5 . t/ …l8kf6{d]G6Ú eg]sf] …ljefuÚ xf] . /fi6«kltsf] dGqLd08ndf pk/fi6«klt klg /xg'x'G5 . pxfFnufot l8kf6{d]G6x? /xG5g\ . ljefun] /fi6«kltcGtu{t ljefusf ?kdf sfd u5{g\ . Gofo ljefusf] g]t[Tj ug]{ dxfGofoflwjQmf– afx]s ljefu k|d'vnfO{ ;]qm]6/L (Secretary) elgG5 . dGqL jf ldlg:6/ (Minister) elg+b}g . ;]qm]6/LnfO{ ;3fpg] ;xfos dGqL÷pkdGqL (Assistant Secretary) klg x'G5g\, h;nfO{ …cl;:6]G6 ;]qm]6/LÚ eg]/ kl9G5 . ;]qm]6/Lafx]s c? s]xL lj1nfO{ /fi6«kltn] ;Nnfxsf/ lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . hh{ jfl;ª\6gsf] dGqLd08ndf $ kbx? lyPÙ clxn] !% ljefu -dGqfno_ x? 5g\ .
Gofo ljefu
à
ment of State): ljb]z ljefu ;]qm]6/L ckm :6]6 (Secretary of State) à l8kf6{d]G6 ckm bL 6«]h/L (Department of the Treasury):
/fHosf]if ljefu
;]qm]6/L ckm b 6«]h/L (Secretary of the Treasury)
(Secretary of Transportation) à l8kf6{d]G6 ckm OghL{ (Department of Energy): pmhf{
dxfGofoflwjQmf -c6gL{ hg/n_
ljefu
(Attorney General)
tary of Energy)
l8kf6{d]G6 ckm b OG6]l/o/
;]qm]6/L ckm OghL{ (Secreà
à
(Department of Education):
lzIff ljefu
;]qm]6/L ckm bL OG6]l/o/
;]qm]6/L ckm Ph's];g (Secretary of Education)
l8kf6{d]G6 ckm Plu|sNr/
à
(Department of Veterans Affairs): e]6]/G; dfldnf
;]qm]6/L ckm Plu|sNr/
ljefu
jfl0fHo ljefu
;]qm]6/L ckm sd;{ (Secretary of Commerce) à l8kf6{d]G6 ckm n]a/ (Department of Labor): >d ljefu ;]qm]6/L ckm n]a/ (Secretary of Labor)
l8kf6{d]G6 ckm x]Ny PG8 ≈o'dg ;le{;]h (Department of Health and Human Services): :jf:Yo tyf dfgj
;]jf ljefu
;]qm]6/L ckm x]Ny PG8 Xo'dg ;le{;]h (Secretary of Health & Human Services) à
l8kf6{d]G6 ckm e]6]/G; ckm]o;{
(Department of Agriculture): s[lif ljefu
;]qm]6/L ckm e]6]/G; ckm]o;{ (Secretary of Veter-
(Secretary of Agriculture) à l8kf6{d]G6 ckm sd;{ (Department of Commerce):
à
l8kf6{d]G6 ckm Ph's];g
(Department of the Interior): cfGtl/s ljefu (Secretary of the Interior)
l8kf6{d]G6 / ;]qm]6/L tL l8kf6{d]G6 / ;]qm]6/Lsf] gfd -g]kfnL pNyf;lxt_ o; k|sf/ 5M à l8kf6{d]G6 ckm :6]6 (Depart-
l8kf6{d]G6 ckm hl:6;\ (Department of Justice):
ment of Health and Human Services), h;nfO{ …l8kf6{d]G6
l8kf6{d]G6x?sf] ;d"x jf dGqLd08ncGtu{t sl/a ^( :jtGq lgsfo cyf{t\ Ph]G;Lx? 5g\, h;sf ljz]if If]qsf lhDd]jf/L 5g\ . s'g} :jtGq Ph]G;LnfO{ sª\u|];åf/f dGqLd08nsf] txdf j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 .
l8kf6{d]G6 ckm l8km]G;
dGqLd08n
l8kf6{d]G6 ckm xfplhª PG8 ca{g 8]enkd]G6 (Department of Housing and Urban Development ): cfjf; tyf
zx/L ljsf; ljefu
;]qm]6/L ckm xfplhª PG8 ca{g 8]e]nkd]G6 (Secretary of Housing & Urban Development)
ans Affairs) à
l8kf6{d]G6 ckm xf]dNofG8 ;]So'l/6L (Department of Homeland Security): u[x
;'/Iff ljefu
;]qm]6/L ckm xf]dNofG8 ;]So'l/6L (Secretary of Homeland Security)
yk lgsfox¿ dGqLd08ncGtu{t sl/a ^( :jtGq lgsfo (agency) 5g\, h;sf ljz]if If]qsf lhDd]jf/L 5g\ . s'g} :jtGq Ph]G;LnfO{ sª\u|];åf/f dGqLd08nsf] txdf j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 . s]xL d'Vo :jtGq lgsfo–df g];gn P/f]gl6S; PG8 :k]; P8ldlg:6«];g (National Aeronautics and Space Administration; NASA),
km]8]/n sDo'lgs];G; sld;g (Federal Communications Commission; FCC), /
;]G6«n OG6]lnh]G; Ph]G;L (Central Intelligence Agency; CIA) x'g\ .
^
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ejgdf ;g\ !(#% b]lv ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 5 . pSt cbfnt Soflk6f]n ejgaf6 oxfF ;/]sf] xf], hxfF ;g\ !*)! b]lv a}7s ePsf] lyof] . cbfntsf] sfo{sfn x/]s jif{ cS6f]a/ dlxgfsf] klxnf] ;f]daf/ ;'? x'G5 . cbfntsf ;qx? ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu v'nf x'G5g\ .
cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f #,
;+j}wflgs tfnd]n eP÷gePsf] v08 ! df Gofokflnsfsf] kSsf ug'{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] JofVof o;/L ul/Psf] 5M sfd xf] . sª\u|];åf/f kfl/t …cd]l/sfsf] sfg'g ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] Gofokflnsf;DaGwL clwsf/ c:jLsf/ ug{;S5 . o;/L Pp6f ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf / cbfntn] zlSt ;Gt'ngdf To:tf ;fgf cbfntx¿df cfˆgf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ . k|Tofof]hg ul/G5, h'g ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] jf:tljs sª\u|];n] a]nfa]nfdf lgZro / k'g/fj]bg b'j} If]qflwsf/ u5{g\ / :yflkt u5{g\ .Ú 5 . jf:tljs If]qflwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntM kl/efiff /fHox¿aLrsf] ljjfb tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt (Supreme s'6gLlt1x¿;Fu ;DalGwt Court) df Pshgf d'Vo 5 . k'g/fj]bg If]qflwsf/ GofofwLz (Chief Justice) / * tNnf cbfntx¿af6 cfPsf hgf ;xof]uL GofofwLz (Asd'2fx¿;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . oL sociate Justice) x¿ x'g'x'G5 . d'2fx¿df k|fo uxg pxfFx¿nfO{ /fi6«kltn] rog ;+j}wflgs ;d:ofx? ug{'x'G5, l;g]6n] cg'df]bg u5{ x'G5g\ . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] tyf pxfFx¿n] hLjgko{Gt jf k|foM tnsf cbfntx¿af6 cjsfz k|fKt u¿Gh]n ;]jf cfPsf clknx¿df ;'g'jfO ug{ lbg'x'G5 . c:jLsf/ u5{ . ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ ;a} ;+3Lo cbfnt (Federal c+u|]hLdf st}st} SCOTUS Court) df kbk"lt{ ug{sf nflu n]v]sf] kfOG5, h;sf] cy{ /fi6«kltn] JolQmx¿ 5gf]6 ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfsf] ug{'x'G5 . ;+ljwfgn] To:tf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt (Supreme lgo'lQmx? l;g]6sf] ;Nnfx / Court of the United States) xf] . ;xdltdf x'g'k5{ egL clgjfo{ of] cgf}krfl/s vfnsf] u/]sf] 5 . /fi6«kltn] 5fg]sf] n]vg xf] . JolStnfO{ l;g]6n] c:jLsf/ sfg'g / ;/sf/sf] sfddf ug{;S5 . of] zlSt ;Gt'ngsf]
Pp6f pbfx/0f klg xf] . Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu, GofofwLzx¿n] hLjg ko{Gt -pxfFx¿n] /fhLgfdf glbP;Dd jf pxfFx¿nfO{ cleof]u gnfu];Dd_ ;]jf lbg'x'G5, / pxfFx¿sf] tna ;'ljwf 36fpg kfOFb}g . k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] s] ug]{ < cd]l/sfdf !@ j6f k'g/fj]bg cbfnt (Court of appeals) 5g\, h;n] /fi6«sf k|To]s If]qdf ;]jf lbG5g\ . tL cbfntx¿n] tNnf cbfntx¿n] u/]sf lg0f{odflysf clknx¿sf] ;'g'jfO u5{g\ .
l8l:6«S6 cbfnt sxf“ sxf“ < kmf}hbf/L -df/lk6, rf]/L, 8s}tL cflb d'2f–dfldnf_ / b]jfgL -n]gb]g, c+za08f, wgdfn;DaGwL d'2f–dfldnf_ u/L b'j} lsl;dsf ;+3Lo d'2fx¿ klxn] cd]l/sfsf l8l:6«S6 cbfnt (District Court) x¿df ;'g'jfO / km};nf x'G5g\, hf] cfd d'2f If]qflw– sf/sf ;+3Lo cbfntx¿ x'g\ .
;a} ;+3Lo cbfntdf kbk"lt{ ug{sf nflu /fi6«kltn] JolQm 5gf]6 ug{'x'G5 . ;+ljwfgn] To:tf lgo'lQm l;g]6sf] ;Nnfx / ;xdltdf x'g'k5{ egL clgjfo{ u/]sf] 5 . /fi6«kltn] 5fg]sf] JolStnfO{ l;g]6n] c:jLsf/ ug{;S5 . of] zlSt ;Gt'ngsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f klg xf] .
@)@) ;]K6]Da/, jif{ !! c+s !#%
Gofokflnsf – cbfntx?
@)@) ;]K6]Da/, jif{ !! c+s !#%
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of] gSzfn] k'g/fj]bg cbfntx? / l8l:6«S6 cbfntx?sf] ;Ldf -/+un] 5'6\ofPsf]_ :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 .
cd]l/sfsf %) j6f /fHox¿df, l8l:6«S6 ckm sf]nlDaof (District of Columbia), k'c6f]{ l/sf] (Puerto Rico) u0f/fHo, / ;d'b|kf/Lsf e"efudf u/L ($ j6f l8l:6«S6 cbfntx¿ 5g\ . ;+3Lo cbfntx¿df Wofgk"j{s 5gf]6 ul/Psf d'2fx¿sf] dfq ;'g'jfO x'G5, h;nfO{ tL d'2fx¿sf] km};nf ug{ dfq clwsf/ x'G5, h;sf nflu ;+ljwfgn] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] x'G5 . o;sf s]xL pbfx/0fdf b'O{ jf a9L /fHox¿aLr ljjfbx¿, tyf To:tf d'2fx¿ x'G5g\, hf] /fHo cbfntsf nflu cg'ko'Qm x'G5g\ . tNnf tyf ljz]if cbfnt cd]l/sfsf tNnf cbfntx¿sf] cfsf/ / ;+/rgf sª\u|];n] lgwf{/0f u5{ . pgLx¿n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntcGtu{t b'O{ txsf] k|0ffnL (two-tiered system)
lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ . b]zsf If]qx¿df ;]jf lbg] !# j6f k'g/fj]bg cbfntx¿, / ($ l8l:6«S6 cbfntx¿ . x/]s /fHo, l8l:6«S6 ckm sf]nlDaof, k'c6f]{ l/sf] / xfd|f ;d'b|kf/Lsf e"–efux¿df sDtLdf Pp6f l8l:6«S6 cbfnt 5g\ . k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] tnsf cbfntx¿, ljz]if cbfnt, / sfg'gL lgsfox¿af6 cfPsf k'g/fj]bgsf d'2fx¿sf] ;'g'jfO u5{ . lglb{i6 ;d:of If]qx¿sf d'2f x]g]{ ljz]if cbfntx?sf] ;+Vof klg lgs} 5 . o;df cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ (International Trade), ;+3Lo bfaL (Federal claims), tyf e]6]/g -e"tk"j{ ;}lgs_ / ;}lgs bfaL k5{g\ . o;afx]s 6f6 kN6]sf] -lbjflnof, Bankruptcy_ cbfntx¿sf] Pp6f k|0ffnL klg 5 .
la6 dfbf{dfb}{ ;/sf/sf tLg c+u, dxŒjk"0f{ hfgsf/L Pp6f b]z eg]/ ;Dembf o;af/] hfGg'kg]{ ljifo slt x'G5g\ < ug]/} ;lsGg . t/ klg cfwf/– e"t 1fg eg] ePs} /fd|f] . cfwf/e"t 1fg eGgfn] ljBfno:t/sf] k7gkf7gdf kg]{ ljifox¿ ;Demf}+ . o;df ;fwf/0feGbf ;fwf/0fb]lv cln hl6n nfUg] 1fg eGg] a'emf}+ . b]z rnfpg] k|0ffnL, ;/sf/sf tLg c+u, sfg'g, cbfnt cflbsf] 1fg eg] ;fwf/0f / cln hl6nsf] dfemdf kg]{ ljifo xf] . To;}n] cIfl/sf bz jif{ k"/f eP/ !! nfUbf o:t} ljifo k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . gful/stfsf] hfFrsf nflu of] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L x'g;S5 . wGojfb
Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Advisors : Doug Hall, Sattan Acharya, Tara Acharya, Tika Acharya, and Bhagirath Khatiwada Building Community of NH, 510 Chestnut St., Manchester, NH 03101, Email: aksharica.communication@gmail.com