supremecourt.gov
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cd]l/sL Oltxf;df dlxnf, ;dlnª\uL, ul/a, / cNk;+Vossf clwsf/ cflbaf/] n]lvFbf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLz ?y a]8/ luG;au{ (Ruth Bader Ginsburg) sf] gfd pNn]v ePg eg] Tof] cw'/f] x'G5 . ltg} ;Ddflgt GofofwLzsf] ;g\ @)@) ;]K6]Da/ !* df *& jif{sf] pd]/df lgwg ePsf] 5 . ;}Go ;+:yfgdf dlxnfnfO{ egf{, dlxnfnfO{ a/fa/ kfl/>lds, dtflwsf/– df lje]bsf] cGTo, dlxnf :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;'ljwf cflb pxfFsf c? of]ubfg x'g\ .
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5f]/L k9fpg TolQ an gug]{ ;dfhdf cfdfn] ¿ysf] k9fOdf pxfFn] sf]g]{naf6 :gfts hf]8 lbg'eof] . ;dfh s:tf] klg lyof] eg] ox'bLx¿nfO{ slt -;g\ !(%$_ ;Sg'eof] . 7fpFdf k|j]z cg'dlt lyPg . pxfFn] ;fg}b]lv o:tf e]befjsf xfj{8{ n :s"n (Harvard Law ljleGg :j¿k b]Vg'eof] . To;}lj¿4 sfg'g agfpg h'6\bf pxfF School) k9\g'eof] / sf]nlDaof k|z+;fsf kfq x'g'eof] .
n :s"n (Columbia Law School) af6 sfg'gdf :gft– sf]Q/ -;g\ !(%(_ ug'{eof] .
pxfFsf] hGd a'af gfyg af8]/ (Nathan Bader) / cfdf ;]lnof (Celia) sf] ;Gtfgsf ¿kdf Pp6f ox'bL kl/jf/df Go"of]s{ (New York) /fHosf] a|'slng (Brooklyn) df ;g\ !(## dfr{ !% df ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] k"/f gfd hf]Pg ¿y af8]/ (Joan Ruth Bader) xf] . pxfF !$ dlxgfsf] x'Fbf ^
jif]{ lbbL dfln{g (Marilyn) sf] lgwg eof] . 5f]/L k9fpg TolQ an gug]{ ;dfhdf cfdfn] ¿ysf] k9fOdf k|fyldstf lbg'eof] . ;dfh s:tf] klg lyof] eg] ox'bLnfO{ s]xL 7fpFdf k|j]z cg'dlt lyPg . pxfFn] ;fg}– b]lv o:tf ljleGg e]befjsf b]Vg'eof] . To:t} e]befjlj¿4 Gofo–;Dkfbgdf h'6\bf pxfF k|z+;fsf kfq x'g'eof] . :s"n egf{ u/]kl5 sIffdf Úhf]PgÚ gfd ePsf c¿ aflnsfx¿ klg km]nf k/]kl5 lzIfs / cfdfsf] ;xdltdf pxfFnfO{ ¿y eGg yflnof], gfdaf6 hf]Pg x/fof] . ljBfnosf] lzIff ;s]kl5 lbIffGt ;df/f]xsf] cl3Nnf] lbg
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c+u|]hL zAbM(* af“sL k[i7 –# #df h]D; Dofl8;g – $
(Ginsburg - 2)
(English words: 98 - 3)
hLjg–ufyf
cfdfsf] lgwg eof] . pxfFn] !% jif{df h]D; Dofl8;g xfO{ :s"n (James Madison High School) af6 ljBfno–:t/sf] lzIff k"/f ug{'ePsf] xf] . sfd ub}{ k9\g] cfdf, sfg'g k9\g dlxnf cl3 g;g]{ ;do, cflb cK7\of/f lyP .
Jofj;flos hLjg
pxfFn] ;g\ !(%(–!(^! df Go'of]s{sf] blIf0fL l8l:6«S6sf nflu l8l:6«S6 cbfntsf GofofwLz dfggLo P8dG8 Pn= kfNdL/L (Edmund L. Palmieri) nfO{ sfg'g Sns{sf ¿kdf ;]jf ug{'eof] . ;g\ ljjfx / kl/jf/ !(^!–!(^# df pxfF Ps pxfFn] ;g\ !(%$ h"gdf cg';Gwfg ;xfos / To;kl5 dfl6{g 8L= luG;au{ (Martin D. cGt/f{li6«o ljlwdf sf]nlDaof Ginsburg) ;Fu lax] ug{'eof] . sfg"g :s"n kl/of]hgfsf] 5f]/L h]g (Jane) / 5f]/f h]D; ;xfos lgb]{zs x'g'eof] . (James) x'g'x'G5 . pxfFx¿sf] pxfF ;g\ !(^#–!(&@ df e]6 sf]g]{n o'lgel;{6L /6\u;{ o'lgel;{6L :s"n ckm n (Cornell University) k9\bf (Rutgers Law School), / ;g\ ePsf] lyof] . !(&@–!(*) ;Dd dfl6{gnfO{ df6L{ (Marty) / sf]nlDaof n :s"ndf sfg"gsf] ¿y a]8/ luG;au{nfO{ cf/aLhL k|fWofks / ;g\ !(&&–!(&* (RBG) eg]/ lrlgG5 . df :6\ofgkmf]8{ (Stanford) , (James Madison - 4)
# @)@) cS6f]a/, jif{ !! c+s !#^
(American Civil Liberties Union; ACLU) sf] ;fdfGo
o:tf tYoM à à à
à à à
lgwg eP;Dd ;]jflgj[Q x'g g;f]rs ] f] . ?y b]a]| xft rnfpg] . vfgf /fd|f] agfpg ghfGg] . df6L{ /fd|f] ksfpg] . uf8L /fd|f] gxfFSg] . nhfn' :jefjsL . laxfg ca]/ p7\g] .
sf]g]{ndf df6L{ / ¿y Soflnkmf]lg{of (California) df Jofjxfl/s lj1fgsf] s]Gb|df km]nf] /xg'eof] . ;g\ !(&! df cd]l/sL gful/s :jtGqtf ;+3sf] dlxnf clwsf/ kl/of]hgf (Women’s Rights Project) sf] ;x–:yfkgf ug{'eof], / ;g\ !(&#–!(*) ;Dd cd]l/sL gful/s :jtGqtf ;+3
;Nnfxsf/sf ¿kdf / ;g\ !(&$–!(*) df /fli6«o lgb]{zs af]8{df ;]jf ug{'eof] . pxfFn] ;g\ !(&(–!(*( df cd]l/sg af/ kmfpG8];g, cd]l/sg af/ P;f]l;P;g hg{nsf] ;Dkfbssf] af]8{df / cd]l/sL sfg'g ;+:yfgsf] kl/ifb\df klg ;]jf ug{'eof] . pxfFnfO{ /fi6«klt lhDdL sf6{/ (Jimmy Carter) n] ;g\ !(*) df l8l:6«S6 ckm sf]nlDaof ;ls{6 (District of Columbia Circuit)
k'g/fj]bg bfntsf nflu GofofwLzdf lgo'Qm ug{'eof] . /fi6«klt lan lSnG6gn] pxfFnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ;xfos GofofwLzsf ¿kdf dgf]gLt ug{'eof] / pxfFn] ;g\
!((# cu:6 !) df cfˆgf] :yfg u|x0f ug{'eof] . pxfF ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ;xfos GofofwLz x'g] klxnf] ox'bL tyf bf];|f] dlxnf x'g'eof] .
df6L{ / ¿ysf] lgwg df6L{sf] lgwg ljjfxsf] %^cf}+ jflif{sf]T;j k'u]sf] s]xL lbgd} ;g\ @)!) h"g @& df eof] . df6L{ s/;DaGwL sfg'g;]jLsf ¿k k|Voft x'g'x'GYof] . ?ysf] ;g\ @)@) df cUGofzosf] SofG;/sf] hl6ntfsf sf/0f jflzË6g l8;Ldf lgwg eof] . pxfFnfO{ SofG;/n] tLgk6sM ;g\ !((( -7"nf] cfGb|f_, ;g\ @))( -cUGofzo_ / ;g\ @)@) b'Mv lbof] . clGtdk6ssf] b'Mv pxfFn] em]Ng ;Sg'ePg .
c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL 98 c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ rflxg] sl/a # xhf/ zAbdWo]af6 cG7fgAa]cf}+ ;"rL -efu (*_ • equal:
• error:
• essentially:
gfd– a/fa/L, ;d, ;dtf . ljz]if0f– a/fa/, ;d, ;dfg, t'No, of]Uo, ;dsIf, ;d?k, 7Ls . lqmof– ;dfg x'g', a/fa/L kfg'{, ;d x'g', ;dfg agfpg' .
gfd– q'l6, uNtL, r"s, em'Sofg, unt, bf]if, e"n, e|flGt, cz'4, :vng .
ljz]if0f– lgTo, ;To, nuftf/ .
• equally:
ljz]if0f– ;dfg ?kn], a/fa/L, sf] a/fa/, a/fa/, plt g} .
• escape:
lqmof– pDsg', km'Tsg', ;'OFlsg', hf]lug', w/ kfpg', s's'{Rrf 7f]Sg', s'n'{d dfg'{, ;6\lsg', a's'{;L dfg'{, efUg' . • especially:
ljz]if0f– vf; u/]/, ljz]iftM, d'VotofM .
• equator:
gfd– e"dWo/]vf, lg/If .
• establish:
lqmof– sfod ug'{, :yfkgf ug'{, k|lti7f ug'{, v8f ug'{ . • estate :
gfd– cbn, a]v, hUuf, hdLg, ;DklQ, wgdfn, hfohft, hfoh]yf, h]yf, >L–;DklQ, tfn'sbf/L . • estimate :
gfd– nut, b/aGbL, c7f]6, cGhfd, 3t, cGbfh, cg'dfg, gfd– lgaGw, n]v, /rgf, k|aGw, wf/0ff . lqmof– d"No lgwf{/0f ug'{, hdsf]{, sf]lz; . c8\sn ug'{, c7f]6\g', cfFsg', • essential: nfut s:g', nut s:g' . ljz]if0f– cfjZos, pkof]uL, ;f/tTj, cTofjZos, clgjfo{, • etc. : of] et cetera sf] 5f]6s/L ?k, dxTjk"0f{, d"ne"t, df}lns, gfd– cflb, OToflb . qmdzM ;f/e"t, . • essay:
• equipment:
gfd– ;/;fdfg, pks/0f, dfntfn, ;fh, cf}hf/, ;hfj6, ;fdu|L . • equivalent:
ljz]if0f– t'No, ;d, a/fa/, ;dt'No. ;dfgfy{, kof{ojfrL .
;jf]{Rr cbfntdf slt hgf GofofwLzx¿ x'g'x'G5 <
$ @)@) cS6f]a/, jif{ !! c+s !#^
XofldN6g (Alexander Hamilton_ / hf]g h] (John Jay_ ;Fu ldn]/ ;+3LotfjfbL lgaGwx? (Federalist essays_ (James Madison) n]v]/ ;+ljwfg cg'df]bgdf 7"nf] of]ubfg lbg'eof] . pxfFnfO{ …;+ljwfgsf lktfÚ eGg] pkgfd lbFbf pxfFn] of] cfˆgf] dfq sfd gePsf] eGb} w]/}sf] of]ubfg ePsf] atfpg'ePsf] lyof] . sf+u|];df, pxfFn] clwsf/sf] ljw]os (Bill of Rights) tof/ kfg{ / klxnf] /fh:j sfg"g nfu" ug{ ;3fpg' eof] . pxfFn] /fi6«klt h]km/;gsf] ljb]z dGqLsf ¿kdf sfd ug'{eof] . h]km/;g ;]jflgj[Q ePkl5 Dofl8;nnfO{ cfˆgf] pQ/flwsf/L eP /fd|f] x'GYof] eGg] 7fGg'x'GYof] . Dofl8;g ;g\ !*)* df /fi6«klt lgjf{lrt x'g'– eof] . b]z o'4df xf]ldof] . h]D; Dofl8;g, cd]l/sfsf ;g\ !*!@ sf] o'4df pxfF rf}yf] /fi6«klt -;g\ ;+ljwfg cg'df]bgdf 7"nf] /fi6«klt x'g'x'GYof] . ;g\ !*)(–!*!&_ x'g'x'GYof] . of]ubfg lbg'eof] . pxfF– nfO{ …;+ljwfgsf lktfÚ eGg] !*!@ h"g ! df, pxfFn] ;g\ !&%! dfr{ !^ df pkgfd lbFbf pxfFn] of] cfˆgf] sf+u|];nfO{ o'4 3f]if0ff ug{ hGd]sf, Dofl8;g cf]/]Gh dfq sfd gePsf] eGb} w]/}sf] cfu|x ug{'ePsf] lyof] . sfpG6L (Orange County_, pxfF 8]df]qm\ofl6s– elh{lgof (Virginia_ df x's{g' of]ubfg ePsf] atfpg'eof] . l/klAnsg bnsf x'g'x'GYof] . ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] lk|G;6g b'O{ sfo{sfn /fi6«klt -p;tfsf sn]h ckm Go'h;L{ ePkl5 ;]jflgj[Q x'g'eof] . elgGYof]_ df k9g'eof] . ;g\ !*#^ h"g @* df pxfFsf] Oltxf; / ;/sf/sf] ljBfyL{, o:tf k|;+uM lgwg eof] . sfg'g /fd|f];Fu k9]sf, pxfFn] à ;aeGbf xf]rf / xn'ªu\ f pxfFsf] klxnf] sfo{sfndf ;g\ !&&^ df elh{lgofsf] /fi6«kltM prfO– % lkm6 hh{ lSnG6g (George ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf efu $ OGr / tf}n– !)) Clinton _ / bf];|f] sfo{sfndf lng'eof], slG6g]G6n kfp08eGbf sd . PlNa|h u]/L (Elbridge Gerry_ sf+u|];df ;]jf ug'{eof], / à h]D;–kTgL 8nLnfO{ /fi6«s} elh{lgof ljwfg;efdf g]tf ?rfOPsf k|yd dlxnfdWo] pk/fi6«klt x'g'x'GYof] . zAb tyf tl:a/ ;|f]tM x'g'x'GYof] . Ps dflgG5 . whitehouse.gov / cGo . lkmnf8]lNkmofdf ;+j}wflgs à ;g\ !*!@ df z'? ePsf] clwj]zgsf k|ltlglwx? e]nf o'4sf qmddf ;g\ !*!$ k[i7 # sf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ x'Fbf, #^ jifL{of Dofl8;gn] df a]nfotLn] /fhwfgLsf Pshgf k|wfg GofofwLz ax;x?df k6sk6s / Soflk6f]n, XjfO6 xfp;df (Chief Justice) / * hgf k|efjsf/L efu lng'eof] . cfuhgL u/] . o'4 ;g\ ;xfos GofofwLz (Associate Dofl8;gn] cn]SHof08/ !*!$ l8;]Da/df ;lsof] . Justice) .
h]D; Dofl8;g
la6 dfbf{dfb}{ Oltxf; gfosdf gfddf k|hftGq alnof] x'g Gofokflnsf k|efjsf/L x'g'k5{ . Gofokflnsf alnof] x'g GofofwLzx¿ b]z– ;]js x'g'k5{ . xf], o:t} b]z– ;]jssf] pbfx/0f x'g'x'GYof], ¿y af8]/ luG;au{ . GofofwLz luG;au{sf] dxfk|:yfgn] Pp6f 7"nf] l/Sttf dx;'; ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] :yfg lng] csf]{ sf]xL gcfpg ;S5 . dlxnf, cNk;+Vos, lnª\usf b[li6n] km/s kl/ro ePsf dflg;, ul/a cflbsf] Gofo a'lemlbg] csf]{ xfdLn] gkfpg ;S5f}+ . pxfFsf of]ubfgnfO{ ;Demf}+ . ¿yau{ h:tf] cfkm"n] c¿sf lglDt ug{;Sg] cu'jf xfdLn] kfPgf}+ eg] k|hftGq alnof] kfg{ xfdL s] ug{;S5f}+ < ;fgf–;fgf of]ubfg gful/sn] klg lbg ;S5g\ . o;af/] ;f]rf}+ . wGojfb
Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Advisors : Doug Hall, Sattan Acharya, Tara Acharya, Tika Acharya, and Bhagirath Khatiwada Building Community of NH, 510 Chestnut St., Manchester, NH 03101, Email: aksharica.communication@gmail.com