@)@) cu:t, jif{ ( c+s !#$
Ps ztfAbLcl3sf] dB–lgif]w
!# jif{] Oltxf; !
;+;b\af6 kfl/taf/] dB–lgif]wsf] ;dfrf/
cd]l/sL Oltxf;df k9\bf oxfF s'g} a]nf dfbs -k]o_ kbfy{dfly k|ltaGw lyof] eg]/ k9\g'k5{ . cgf}7f] nfUg;S5 Û cflv/ of] s:tf] lyof] < s] ePsf] lyof] < o;af/] a'ˇbf lgs} /dfOnf] x'g;S5 . Oltxf;sf] of] c+z k9\g xfdLn] cfhsf] Ps ;o jif{cl3 kms{g'kg]{ x'G5 . ;g\ !(!(–!(@) lt/ . of] k|ltaGw PsfPs ul/Psf]
o; c+sdf s] s] <
cd]l/sfdf dB–lgif]w ;g\ !(@) b]lv ;g\ !(## ;Dd /Xof] . To;a]nf dfbs -k]o_ kbfy{sf] laqmL / cfoftdf /fi6«JofkL k|ltaGw lyof] . k|f]6]:6]G6, k|ultjfbL, / dlxnfx? lgif]wnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ cleofgdf lyP . pSt lgif]w ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] pbosf nflu k|ToIf ;DalGwt lyof] . aL;f}+ ;+zf]wg, l8;]Da/ !(## df cg'df]lbt ePkl5 lgif]w vf/]h eof] .
lyPg . o;sf] s]xL jif{ nfdf] cfGbf]ng g} ePsf] lyof] . dB;f/ aGb]hsf] cfGbf]ng k[i7e"ld 5 . ;fdflhs pSt cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f cfGbf]ng ?kdf kl/lrt of] Pp6f km/s vfnsf] dB–lgif]w vf]tNb} hfg] xf] eg] xfdL
pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] z'?lt/ k'U5f}+ . ;g\ !*@^ df :yflkt cd]l/sg 6]Dk/]G; ;f];fO6L (American Temperance Society) n] dB–j:t'af6
cfkm"v'zL ul/g] TofunfO{ k|f]T;fxg u¥of], / kl5 cfpg] w]/} ;+u7gx?nfO{ k|efljt kf¥of], h;n] dB;f/x?sf] laqmL af“sL k[i7 @ df
dB–lgif]w – !
c+u|]hL zAbM(& – #
yf]d; h]km/;g – $
(Prohibition - 1)
(English words: 97 - 3)
(Thomas Jefferson - 4)
@ (Anti-Saloon League)
klxnf] ljZjo'4sf ;dodf dB–lgif]w cd]l/sfdf dfq xf]Og, lkmgNof08 / Sofg8fsf] clwsf+z efudf nfu' eof] . cfly{s cl:y/tfsf] sf/0f b]vfP/ kl5 of] sfg'g lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfof] .
(Women’s Christian Temper-
n] O{;fO{sf] Pp6f ;Dk|bfo k|f]6]:6]G6x¿ (Protestants) / c¿ ;d"xsf] ;fy kfof] . pQm u7aGwgn] b]ze/ dB– lgif]w cfGbf]ng g} rnfof] . pQm lnu cd]l/sL Oltxf;sf] w]/} zlQmzfnL /fhgLlts bafj ;d"xsf ¿kdf :yflkt 5, h;n] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg u/fpg ;Sof] .
dB–lgif]wsf] lj/f]w
lgif]wsf nflu c7f/f}+ ;+zf]wg
ance Union) dB–lgif]wsf
kIfkf]ifsx?dWo] Pp6f lyof] .
sf/0f s] lyof] < ;fwf/0f efiffdf eGg] xf] eg] /S;Ldfly wd{ / ;dfh lauf/]sf] cf/f]k lyof] . pSt k|ultzLn o'usf a]nf dB–lgif]wsf cfXjfgx? w]/} s8f lyP . dB;f/sf] ;]jglj/f]wLx¿ b|"t cf}wf]lus/0fn] ;dfhdf kf/]sf] gsf/fTds k|efj 36fpg rfxGy] . /S;L lkpg agfOPsf ;'ljwfhgs :ynx¿ (Saloons) / w]/} lkpg] cfgLafgL vf;u/L cfk|jf;L, sfd ug]{ ju{;Fu} df}nfPsf] lyP . To:tf tTjx¿nfO{ O{;fO{ ;d'bfosf] OHht lu/fPsf], clg ;+:sf/ lauf/]sf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] lyof] . /S;L lkpg] :ynx¿sf] k|of]usf] lj/f]wLsf ¿kdf lrlgPsf] PG6L–;n'g lnu
dxTjk"0f{ ldltx¿M à
;g\ !(!& cu:t !– l;g]6 (Senate_ åf/f dB– lgif]wsf ljw]os kfl/t .
à
;g\ !(!& l8;]Da/ !&–!* – k|ltlglw–;ef (House of Representatives) tyf l;g]6åf/f dB–lgif]wsf] ;+zf]lwt ljw]os kfl/t .
à
;g\ !(!( hgj/L !^ – ;+ljwfgsf] !*cf}+ ;+zf]wg .
à
;g\ !(!( cS6f]a/ @*÷@( – o;;DaGwL P]g kfl/t .
à
;g\ !(@) hgj/L !& – dB–lgif]w nfu' . o; lgif]wcl3 s]lx /fHon] o;tkm{ sfd ul/;s]sf lyP . ;g\ !*$^–%! df d]g (Maine) /fHon] cd]l/sfd} klxnf]k6s aGb]h nufPsf] lyof] .
;g\ !(!( hgj/Ldf /fHox?n] ;+zf]wgsf kIfdf dtbfg ug]{ yfn] . hgj/L ( df cf]xfof] (Ohio) / cf]Snxf]df (Oklahoma) n] yfn]sf] of] dtbfgsf] sfd hgj/L !^ df #^ cf}+ /fHosf ?kdf g]a|f:sf (Nebraska) n] u/]kl5 ;+zf]wgsf nflu tLg rf}yfO ax'dt k'u]sf] lyof] . ;+ljwfgsf] c7f/f}+ ;+zf]wg ;g\ !(!( hgj/L !^ df eof] / ;g\ !(@) hgj/L !& df nfu' eof] . c7f/f}+ ;+zf]wgn] k|ultzLnx¿sf] cf:yf ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ Ifdtfdfly ljZjf; ePsf] emNsGYof] . ;+zf]wg kfl/t eP/ sfg'g sfof{Gjogdf cfpFbf;Dd w]/}n] ljleGg vfn] dfbs kbfy{sf] JolQmut e08f/0f ug{ af“sL k[i7 # df
@)@) cu:t, jif{ !) c+s !#$
/ cfoftdf clgjfo{ lgif]wsf kIfdf jsfnt u/] . w]/} wfld{s ;d"xx? / ;Dk|bfox?, / ljz]if u/L d]yf]l8:6x? (Methodists), dB–Tofusf] cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo eP . dlxnfx? ljz]if u/L k|efjsf/L lyP . ;g\ !*&# df :yfkgf ePsf] dlxnf lqmlZrog 6]Dk/]G; o'lgog
@)@) cu:t, jif{ !) c+s !#$
# EofP . pQm sfg'gn] dB;f/sf] lgdf{0f, cfoft, Jofkf/df /f]s nufP klg /S;L ;]jgnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf /f]s nufPsf] lyPg . dB–lgif]wsf kIfkf]ifsx¿sf] ts{ s] lyof] eg] lgif]wn] ck/fw 36fpF5 . t/ To:tf] ePg, pN6} ;+ul7t ck/fw a9\of] . n'sLn'sL agfpg] a9], u}/sfg'gL rf]/L–k}7f/L a9\of] . sfg'g cfP klg k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ePg .
lgif]w lkmtf{ ug{ @! cf}+ ;+zf]wg k|ltaGwdf dlxnf hlt h'6]sf lyP, lgif]w lkmtf{df plQs} h'6] . k|ltaGwn] w]/}tkm{ k|efj kf/]sf] pgLx¿sf] ts{ lyof] . o;sf nflu jf]dG; cu{gfOh];g km/ g];gn k|f]lxla;g l/kmd{ (Women’s Organization for
c7f/f}+ ;+zf]wg lkmtf{ u/fpg NofOPsf] PSsfO;f}+ ;+zf]wg ;g\ !(## l8;]Da/ % df kfl/t eof] . lgif]w x6]kl5 klg s] x L /fHo, sfpG6L, / c¿ dB–lgif]wsf] cGTo ;fgf lgsfodf :yfgLo lgodsf cfwf/df k"0f{ jf em/]sf kftsf] cfuf], emf8Ldf cf+lzs dB–lgif]w /Xof] . ;g\ !(^^ kl5 eg] x'Fb} jgdf ;lNsPsf] h:tf] /fHoJofkL ¿kdf pQm lyof]– of] dB;f/–lj/f]wL cfGbf]ng . jg} ;lNsPkl5 lgif]w 5}g . k|ltaGw;Dd nfUof] . k|ltaGw em/]sf kftsf] cfuf], emf8Ldf ;w}+sf nflu /x]g\ . Oltxf;sf] x'Fb} jgdf ;lNsPsf] h:tf] sfnv08 x]g]{ xf] eg] !# jif{ lyof]– of] dB;f/–lj/f]wL l6Sg' nfd} klg xf] . cfGbf]ng . jg} ;lNsPkl5 k|ltaGw;Dd nfUof] . t/ k|ltaGw ;w}+sf nflu /x]g\ . National Prohibition Reform) Oltxf;sf] sfnv08 x]g]{ xf] n] g]t[Tj u¥of] . dB–lgif]w eg] !# jif{ l6Sg'nfO{ 5f]6f] lkmtf{ ug{'kg]{ csf]{ sf/0f elgxfNg klg ldNb}g . cfly{s dGbL lyof] .
c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL 97 c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ rflxg] sl/a # xhf/ zAbdWo]af6 ;GtfgAa]cf}+ ;"rL -efu (&_ • entertainer:
• entire:
gfd– dgf]/~hgstf{, cltly– ;Tsf/ ug]{ JolSt, k|df]bs, cltly–;Tsf/stf{ .
• entertainment:
gfd– g6'6]sf], /fO/QL, s'n, ePe/sf], ;Dk"0f{, k"0f{, ;asf];a, k"/f, cv08, l;+uf], ;Unf], v;L gkf/]sf], cfVtf gu/]sf] . ljz]if0f– k"0f{Tj, aLhfZj, cfF8" 3f]8f, tdfd, ;j{, k"/f, k"0f{, ;d"rf, ;d:t .
gfd– ;Tsf/, dgf]/~hg, cfdf]bk|df]b, cltly–;Tsf/, ;Tsf/, lbnaxnfO, k|df]b, dgf]ljgf]b .
ljz]if0f– k"0f{tof, k"0f{t, k"0f{?k]0f, ;j{yf, lans'n, ;/f;/ .
• entertaining:
ljz]if0f– dgf]/~hs, dgf]/d, k|df]bs, cfdf]bhgs, dg axnfpg] .
• enthusiasm:
gfd– pT;fx, pT;'s, pdª\u, hf]z, xf};nf, Jou|tf, zf}v . • enthusiastic:
ljz]if0f– pT;fxL, hf]lznf], pT;fxk"0f{, pT;'s, Jou| .
• entirely:
• entitle:
lqmof– gfd lbg', pkflw lbg', zLif{s /fVg', kbjL lbg', xs lbg', clwsf/ lbg', xsbf/ agfpg' . • entrance:
k|j]zsf] xs, z'Ns, k|f/De, k|j]zflwsf/, gf6\ozfnfdf ul/g] klxnf] k|bz{g . lqmof– df]x kfg'{, k]Ng', d'Uw kfg'{, tGdotfdf kfg'{, pk;dflw u/fpg', cfTdlj:d[t kfg'{, cjr]tgfj:yfdf kfg'{, clee"t kfg'{, ;Ddf]lxt kfg'{ . • entry:
gfd– k|j]z, k|lji6, bflvnf, k|j]zåf/, leq hfg] af6f], k|ltof]lutfsf nflu btf{ ul/Psf] gfd . • envelope:
gfd– vfd, 9sgf, lnkmfkmf, cfj/0f . • environment:
gfd– jftfj/0f, kof{j/0f, gfd– k|j]z, k}7, k|j]zåf/, 9f]sf, kl/j]z, kl/l:ylt . qmdzM
cd]l/sfsf] ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf k|j]z ug]{ klxnf] % /fHo s'g x'g\ <
$ @)@) cu:t, jif{ !) c+s !#$
pxfF;Fu cn]Sh]G8/ XofldN6gsf] ljjfb eof], hlta]nf h]km/;g /fi6«klt jflzª\u6gsf] dGqLd08ndf (Thomas Jefferson) cd]l/sL ljb]z–dGqL x'g'x'GYof] . oxL åGåsf sf/0f ;g\ !&(# df kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbg'eof] . pxfF pSt kbdf ;g\ !&() b]lv x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFn] ;g\ !*)) df /fi6«kltsf] kb xfl;n ug'{eof] . ;g\ !*)! dfr{ $ b]lv ;g\ !*)( dfr{ $ ;Dd t];|f] /fi6«klt x'g'eof] . pxfFsf] sfo{sfnsf a]nf k|mfG;;“usf] ;+s6 ;'lNemof] . pxfFn] ;}Go–vr{ s6f}tL ug'{eof] . ;g\ !*)# df n'Olhofgf e"efu cd]l/sfn] lsGof] . pxfFn] w]/} efiff, ul0ft, bz{gzf:q / lj1fgsf] cWoog ug'{ePsf] yf]d; h]km/;g cd]l/sfsf lyof] . pxfF ax'k|ltefzfnL t];|f] /fi6«klt x'g'x'G5 . pxfF af]NgeGbf n]Vg l;kfn' x'g'x'GYof]– pxfF cfls{6]S6, k|hftGqsf jStf, d'n'ssf yf]d;n] ## jif{df :jtGqtfsf] cfljisf/s, / ;+uLtsf/ Pshgf ;+:yfks, / ;g\ 3f]if0ffkq -l8Snf/];g ckm xg'x'GYof] . !&&^ sf] :jtGqtfsf] OlG8k]G8]G;;_ n]Vg'ePsf] pxfF 8]df]Sof{l6s– xf] . pxfFn] wfld{s :jtGqtf 3f]if0ffkq -l8Snf/];g ckm l/klAnsg bnsf x'g'x'Gyf] . :yflkt ug]{ ljw]os tof/ OlG8k]G8]G;; Declaration of kfg'{eof], h'g ;g\ !&*^ df pxfFsf] kbef/ ;lsPkl5 Independence_ sf k|d'v df]lG6;]nf] (Monticello_ nfu' eof] . n]vsdWo] Pshgf x'g'x'G5 . df a:g yfNg'eof] . b'O{ pxfFsf] hGd ;g\ !&$# sfo{sfn /fi6«klt /x]sf clk|n !# df elh{lgofsf] h]km/;gsf] d'n's cNadf/f] sfpG6L (Albemarle Skelton_ ;Fu ljjfx eof] . :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] County_ df ePsf] lyof] . af]Ng]eGbf n]Vg] sfddf v]tsf wgL a'afaf6 kfPsf] l;kfn' h]km/;gn] ## jif{sf] %) jif{kl5 ;g\ !*@^ h'nfO{ $ df lgwg eof] . To;}lbg k':t}gL % xhf/ Ps8 hldg pd]/df :jtGqtfsf] bf];|f] /fi6«klt hf]g P8D;sf] lyof] . pxfFsf] kl/jf/ 3f]if0ffkq n]Vg'ePsf] ;fdflhs ?kdf k|ltli7t xf] . pxfFn] wfld{s :jtGqtf klg lgwg ePsf] xf] . zAb tyf tl:a/ ;|f]tM lyof] . :yflkt ug]{ ljw]os tof/ whitehouse.gov pxfFn] sn]h ckm ljlnod kfg'{eof], h'g ;g\ !&*^ df PG8 d]/L (College of William nfu' eof] . k[i7 # sf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ and Mary_ df k9\g'eof] . pxfF ;g\ !&*% df k|mfG;sf 8]nfj]/ (DE), k]G;ne]lgof kl5 pxfFn] sfg'g k9\g'eof] . nflu cd]l/sL k|ltlglw (PA), Go" h;L{ (NJ), hlh{of pxfFsf] ;g\ !&&@ df dfyf{ x'g'eof] . k|mfG;]nL qmflGtdf (GA) / sg]l6s6 (CT) j]N; :s]N6g (Martha Wayles ;xfg'e"lt b]vfPsf sf/0f /fHo x'g\ .
yf]d; h]km/;g
la6 dfbf{dfb}{ To;a]nf Tof] lsg lyPg < cd]l/sL hLjgz}nLdf dfbs k]o sxLF g sxLF cfpF5 . x]b}{ x]lb{g eGg ;lsGg . af6fdf lj1fkg b]lvG5g\ . ;/;fdfg lsGg l5bf{ k;ndf b]lvG5g\ . cfkm"n] gvfP klg ;fyLefO{ vfG5g\ . kfx'gf cfpFb} x'g'x'G5 eg] v'jfpg dg nfU5 . sof}+ k6s v'jfpg'k5{ . of] c;d~h:o /S;L;]jgnfO{ wd{;Fu hf]8]/ x's]{sf] ;dfhaf6 cfPsf xfdLnfO{ x'g' :jefljs xf] . of] ptfsf] b]v]sfnfO{ otf ufx|f] ePsf] xf] . csf]{ k':tf o:tf] cK7\of/f]df kSs} kb}{g . t/ oxfFsf] Oltxf;df o;sf] km/s syf xf] . xfd|f]eGbf leGg . o;}n] oxfF o; ljifon] :yfg kfPsf] xf] . afFRg / :j:Yo /xg vfg]–s'/fafx]s k5{, /S;L . cg'zfl;t eP/ vfg gl;s] o;n] w]/} s'/f lauf5{– :j:Yo, kl/jf/, ;dfh cflb . Oltxf;n] of] kf7 klg o:t} ljifo;Fu p7fg u/]/ xfdLnfO{ s]xL l;sfof] eGg] k6Ss} la;{g' eg] x'Gg . wGojfb
Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Advisors : Doug Hall, Sattan Acharya, Tara Acharya, Tika Acharya, and Bhagirath Khatiwada Building Community of NH, 510 Chestnut St., Manchester, NH 03101, Email: aksharica.communication@gmail.com