Aksharica - 049 (अक्षरिका- ०४९)

Page 1

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uf8L xf“Sbf cGt Wofg hfg]af/] cWogg, ;d:of / ;'emfj

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ldl;ug, ldg];f]6f, g]a|f:sf, g]ef8f, Go' XofD;/, Go' h;L{, Go'of]s{, gy{ Sof/f]nfOgf, gy{ 8sf]6f, cf]xfof], cf]/]ug, k]G;ne]lgof, /f]8 cfONof08, 6]g];L, o'6f, ed{G6, elh{lgof, jfl;ª\u6g, j]:6 elh{lgof, lj:sfG;g, jfof]ldª / jfl;ª\u6g l8;L -/fhwfgL_ .

gofF rfnsnfO{ 6]S:6 ug{ dgfxL -( /fHo_

;fpy 8sf]6f, ldhf]/L, ldl;l;kL, cf]Snf]xfdf, 6]S;; / Go' d]lS;sf] .

6]S:6 ug{ aGb]h gePsf -# /fHo_

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xft w'g klg hfGg'k5{M cWoog Ps cWoogn] eG5– yf]/} dflg; ls6f0f' gfz x'g] u/L xft w'G5g\ . ## k|ltzt xft w'Fbf ;fa'g k|of]u ub}{gg\ . !) k|ltzt t xft} w'Fb}gg\ .

xft w'g' eg]sf] sl7g sfd xf]Og . w]/} dfG5]nfO{ clN5 nfU5 . sof}+ dflg; o;sf] dtna /fVb}gg\ . o;}sf sf/0f w]/} /f]u nfU5 . ldl;ug :6]6 o'lgel;{6L sf] :s"n ckm xl:k6\ofln6L PG8 lalhg]; (School of Hospitality and Business) sf ;xfos k|fWofks sfn{ af]r{u|]leGs (Carl Borchgrevink) sf] cg';Gwfgn] s]xL lg/fzfhgs tYo ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . pgsf] cWoog eG5, …yf]/} dflg; ls6f0f' gfz x'g] u/L xft w'G5g\ . ## k|ltzt xft w'Fbf ;fa'g k|of]u ub}{gg\ . !) k|ltzt t xft} w'Fb}gg\ .Ú cg';Gwfg eG5, …nf]Ug]dfG5] xft w'g sK6\ofO{+ u5{g\ .Ú ;]G6/ km/ l8lhh sG6«f]n PG8 lk|e]G;g (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CDC) sf cg';f/

ls6f0f' gfz ug{ !%–@) ;]s]G8 ldr]/ xft w'g'k5{ . sL6f0f' dfg]{ ;aeGbf pQd pkfo AofS6]l/of–gfzs jf uGwgfzs–;fa'gsf] k|of]u xf] . xft w'g] afgLn] ?3f / Hj/f] h:tf ladf/ kfg{] To:tf ;'Id hLj ;lhn} ©}nb}gg\ .

slxn] slxn] w'g] xft < /fd|/L xft w'g s]xL ufx|f] 5}g . xfdLn] o:tf a]nfdf xft ;w}F w'g'k5{ M à vfgf vfg'cl3, ksfpg'cl3 / vfgf 5'g'cl3 .

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cd]l/sfdf a;f]af;

• cd]l/sf a:g] hf]sf]xL g]kfnL–efifLsf nflu pkof]uL . • g]kfnL / c+u|]hL efiffdf ;fdu|L ePsf] . • !( cWofodf # ;o $) hLjgf]kof]uL ;fdu|L . • d"No !$ 8n/ .

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d Soflnkmf]lg{of (California) hg;+Vofdf klxnf] -;aeGbf /fHo x'F . Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf] w]/} dflg; a:g] /fHo_ xf] . /fhwfgL :ofqmDofG6f] (Sac- oxfF sl/a # s/f]8 *) nfv ramento) xf] . of] klZrd dflg; a:5g\ . o;sf] If]qdf 5 . of] /fHosf] ;Ldf If]qkmn ! nfv ^# xhf/ ^(^ ljleGg # /fHo, d]lS;sf] ju{ dfOn 5 . -b]z_ / k|zfGt dxf;fu/;Fu oxfFsf] ;do hf]l8Psf] 5 . k"j{ If]qsf] eGbf Soflnkmf]lg{of ;g\ !*$^ h"g # 3G6f l9nf] 5 . oxfF k|zfGt If]q ;do (Pacific Time Zone) nfu" 5 . nnn

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o; /fHosf] pkgfd ‘b uf]N8]g :6]6’ (The Golden State) xf] . nnn

of] rf/kf6] lrXgn] cuf8L ;8s dd{tsf] sfd eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] hgfpF5 . ;'Gtnf /+u c:yfoL ;8s ;+s]tsf] /+u xf] .

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lkPno' (PLU) c+u|]hLsf] 5f]6s/L ?k xf] . o;sf] k"/f cy{ Price look-up codes (d"No x]g]{ ;+s]t) xf] . of] ;+s]tnfO{ PLU codes,

zAbsf] cy{ / g]kfnLaf6 c+u|]hL !% xhf/ zAbsf] cy{ ePsf] . • %)$ k[i7sf] . • d"No !^ 8n/ .

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df uP/ ‘k':tssf] dfu’ jf Order Books df lSns ug'{xf];\ . ToxfF qm]l86÷ 8]la6–sf8{ jf r]sdfkm{t lstfa kfpg] tl/sf pNn]v 5 .

Rajesh

• c+u|]hLaf6 g]kfnL !@ xhf/

ljleGg vfnsf t/sf/L jf kmnkm"nx?df ;fgf sfuhsf 6'qmf 6fFl;Psf] x'G5 . Tof] 6'qmfdf n:s/} 7f8f w;f{ x'G5g\ . oL w;f{ s'g} df]6f t s'g} kftnf x'G5g\ eg] w;f{;Fu} c+s÷cIf/ x'G5g\ . oL w;f{x?sf] ;d"xnfO{ lkPno' (PLU) elgG5 . of]

PLU numbers, PLUs, produce codes, jf produce labels klg

elgG5 . of] ;+s]tn] d"No ltg]{ 7fpFdf Tof] s] xf] < To;sf] d"No slt xf] < eGg] s'/f kQfnufpg d2t u5{ . of] ;+s]t w]/}h;f] #))) b]lv $((( ;Dd x'G5 . Tof] eGbf c? klg c+s k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .

xl/dfof cfrfo{, (! jif{ e"6\lgh sDo'lg6L ckm Go' ⋲ofD;/ (BCNH) sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs l6sf cfrfo{sL xh'/cfdf xl/dfof cfrfo{sf] ;g\ @)!# h"g @@ df lgwg ePsf]df xflb{s >4f~hnL JoSt ub{5f}+.

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a]nfotLx¿ zf;s / gful/saLr b"/L hf] gful/sn] rfx]gg\ gful/s k/LIff (Civic Test) k':tsaf6 cd]l/sL pklgj]z sfn / :jtGqtf (Colonial Period and Independence) af/] Ps k|Zgf]Q/M != a:tL a;fPsf -pklgj]zL_ x¿n] lsg a]nfotLx¿;Fu n8fO{+ u/]sf lyP < (Why did the colonists fight the British?)

- • lsgeg] pRr b/sf] s/x?sf sf/0f -k|ltlglwTj lagf s/ p7fPsfn]_

(because of high taxes, taxation without representation)

• lsgeg] a]nfotL ;]gf pgLx?sf 3/df a;]sf lyP -vfGy], a:y]_

(because the British army stayed in their houses- boarding, quartering))

• lsgeg] pgLx?sf] :j–;/sf/ lyPg (because they didn’t have self-government)

;g\ !&&% sf] o'4 x'g'cl3sf jif{x?df cd]l/sL pklgj]zdf cfqmf]z km}lnPsf] lyof] . To;a]nf cd]l/sfdf a]nfotLsf] zf;g lyof] . a]nfotLn] a:tLx?dfly OR5fljkl/t s/ p7fpFy] .

a]nfot ;/sf/df a:tLsf s'g} JolQm k|ltlglw lyP– gg . pgLx?sf] cfjfh ;'Gg] s'g} lgsfo lyPg . gful/s Psflt/ / zf;s csf{lt/ ePh:tf] cj:yf lyof] . a:tLx?df a]nfotL ;]gfx?

cfpFy] . l;Q}df vfGy] . af; a:y] . of] pgLx?nfO{ dg k/]sf] lyPg . pSt If]qsf afl;Gbfn] cfˆgf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] klg /Iff gePsf] dx;'; uy]{ . lje]b ePsf] 7fGy] .

c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL -17_ c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ sl/a # xhf/ zAb eP k'U5, tLdWo]sf] ;qf}+ ;"rL -efu !&_ • became : eof],

dw's/, Jo:t JolSt, pBdL JolSt . • beef : ufO{sf] df;', uf]?sf] • because : lsgeg], lsgls, o;sf/0fn], otM, o; lgldQ . df;', ;fF8]sf] df;', uf]df+;, u'gf;f], df+;k]zL . • because of : lsgeg] ls, n] ubf{, sf] sf/0fn], o; sf/0fn] • beer : lao/, hf}+sf] lkmSsf /S;L, oj;'/f . ls . • before : cl3, cufl8, ;fd'Gg], • become : x'g', aGg', ;'xfpg] cl3lNt/, ;Dd'v, ;fd', ;dIf, t'Nofpg', ;'xfpg', v'Ng' . klxn], k"j{sfndf . • becoming : ;'xfPsf], v'n]sf], ;'xfpg], pko'St, plrt, • begin : z'? ug'{, z'? x'g', zf]egLo . yfNg', k|f/De ug'{, k|f/De x'g', • bed : la5\of}gf, cf]5\ofg, klxn] ug'{, s]xL s'/f ug{ klxnf] z®of, la:t/, la5\of}gf ;lxtsf] x'g', klxn] kfOnf ;fg'{, g]t[Îj knª, a5\of}gf ;lxtsf] vf6, ug'{, sfd ug{ cl3;g'{, pTkGg a5\of}gf ;lxtsf] rf/kfO, x'g', pTkGg x'g', p7\g' . kz'x?sf] ;'Tg] 7fpF, aLp 5g]{ • beginning : z'?, k|f/De, 7fpF, Aof8, cfwf/, ljjfx z®of, cf/De, z'?cft, ;"qkft, gbLsf] tn, gbLsf] ;tx, ;d'b|L yfngL, p7fg . ;tx . • behalf : t/km, kIf, • bedroom : ;'Tg] sf]7f, zog k|ltlglwsf ?kdf, lgldQ, kIf– sIf . ;dy{g, tkm{af6 . • bee : dfx'/L, df}/L, dw'dIfL, qmdzM v'Nof] .

aGof], ;'xfof],

k'g:yf{lkt slt k'Uof] < ;Dkfbs Ho", d cfkm" …cIfl/sfÚ klqsf lgoldt ?kdf k9\5' . of] klqsf cd]l/sfdf a;f]af; yfn]sf g]kfnL–efifLsf nflu lgs} ;xof]uL 5 . To:t} cd]l/sfdf a;f]af; ug{ OR5fPsfsf nflu plQs} pkof]uL 5 . d sfl/tf; gfds ;+:yfdf k|f]u|fd sf]cl8{g]6/ 5' . sfl/tf;n] z/0ffyL{ lzlj/df cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf nflu cf+lzs e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . of] klqsf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf nflu ;xfos ;fdu|L ag]sf] 5 . dnfO{ ;g\ @)!# h"g;Dd * b]zdf k'g:yf{lkt e"6fgLsf] ;+Vof rflxPsf] 5 .

/lj zdf{ rfkfufO{+, g]kfn

-cd]l/sfdf ^* xhf/ &! / cGo b]zdf sl/a !# xhf/sf] k'g:yf{kgf eof] ._

la6 dfbf{dfb}{ :6]ol/ªdf xft, Wofg cGt} uf8L grnfO{ cd]l/sfsf w]/} 7fpFdf hLjg rNb}g . o:tf ;'ljwfx¿ w]/} 5g\ . ;'ljwfdfly ;'ljwf x'g] ePsfn] o;sf] k|of]udf ;fjwfgL plQs} h?/L x'G5 . …PPP kmfpG8];g km/ /f]8 ;]km6LÚ gfds ;+:yfn] o;} jif{ u/]sf] cWoogn] oxL eG5 . ;fydf xft w'g' eg]/ …P wf]OG5 lg,Ú eg]/ dfq gx'g] /x]5, csf]{ cWoogn] k|i6\ofPsf] 5 . xfdLn] o;k6s oLg} b'O{ ljifonfO{ d"n k|:t'lt agfof}+ . s:tf] nfU5, xfdL s]xL ;'Gg rfxG5f}+ . wGojfb

Gyan Jyoti Kendra, 49 Lane Road, Chichester, NH 03258, Email : aksharica.communication@gmail.com, URL : http://gyanjyotikendra.org/, Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Co-ordinator : Tara Acharya, Managing Director : Sattan Acharya


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