cd]l/sfdf k'g:yf{kgf ^ jif{ k'Ubf
jif{ / /fHolkR5] slt k'g:yf{lkt <
@)!$ d] jif{ $ c+s %(
o; c+sdf s] s] < (What is inside ?)
g
e"6fgL jif{lkR5]================!
(Bhutanese resettled yearly in the US)
s'g dlxgf slt <==========@ (Monthly data of resettled g
Bhutanese in the US)
g
efiffsf cfwf/df bz======@
(Top 10 languages of refugees resettled)
s'g /fHodf slt <========# (Statewise number of g
resettled Bhutanese)
dfs]{6Kn]; s] xf] <========$ (What is marketplace?) g gful/s k|Zg–pQ/========$ (Civic Test - One Q/A) g rNtLsf c+u|]hL zAb======$ g
(Most common English words)
;g\ @))* dfr{df cd]l/sf– nufot ljZjsf * d'n'sdf yflnPsf] g]kfnL–efifL e"6fgL z/0ffyL{sf] k'g:yf{kgfn] ^ jif{ k"/f u/]sf] 5 . o; cjlw -;g\ @)!$ dfr{ cGt;Dd_ df cd]l/sfdf &$ xhf/ &^@ hgf k'g:yf{lkt x'g'ePsf] 5 . ut dfr{ clGtdkl5 clk|n * df g} &% xhf/f}+ JolStsf ?kdf ltnsrGb l3ld/] cd]l/sf cfpg'ePsf] 5 . cd]l/sfdf &% xhf/ k'Ubf ljZjsf c? & b]zdf
&$ xhf/ & ;o ^@ ;d]t ** xhf/ &&) k'g:yf{lkt x'g'ePsf] 5 . /fHolkR5] slt e"6fgL / efiffsf cfwf/df s'g efifL z/0ffyL{ cu|:yfgdf eGg] tYofª\s eg] dfr{ clGtdsf] k|fKt ePsfn] oxfF ToxL tYof+s k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cd]l/sfsf] cfly{s jif{ cS6f]a/ ! df z'? eP/ csf]{ jif{sf] ;]K6]Da/ #! df
;lsG5 . dfly pNn]v ;g\ -jif{_ klg To;}cg';f/ xf] . k'g:yf{kgfsf] tYof+s x]bf{ ;g\ @)!@ df ;aeGbf a9L -!% xhf/ &) hgf_ / ;g\ @))* df ;aeGbf sd -% xhf/ #@) hgf_ e"6fgL z/0ffyL{ cd]l/sfdf k'g:yf{lkt x'g'ePsf] 5 . ;g\ @)!$ ;lsPs} 5}g . dlxgf–dlxgfdf slt< k[i7 @ df
@
slt hgf e"6fgL k'g:yf{lkt x'g'eof] < ;g\ @))* dfr{df g]kfnL–efifL e"6fgLnfO{ cd]l/sfdf cf}krfl/s ?kdf z/0ffyL{sf ?kdf leœofOg'cl3 Psbd ;fgf] ;+Vofdf e"6fgLx? cd]l/sf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . of] e"6fgL cfkm}+ z/0ffyL{sf ?kdf cfPsf x'g ;S5g\ jf e"6fgLsf ?kdf c?n] :yfg kfPsf] x'g;S5 . To;sf] pbfx/0f ;g\ @))* km]a|c/Ldf k'g:yf{lkt $ hgfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . k'g:yf{kgfsf] tYof+s x]bf{ dlxgfdf cf};t ! xhf/ @$ hgf e"6fgL cd]l/sfdf k'g:yf{lkt x'g'ePsf] 5 . k'g:yf{kgfsf] ;+Vof s]xL dlxgfdf w]/} a9L / s]xLdf lgs} sd klg b]lvG5 .
cd]l/sfdf z/0ffyL{M efiffsf] cfwf/
-;g\ @))* b]lv xfn;Dd_ efiffsf cfwf/df cd]l/sf lelqPsf z/0ffyL{sf] ;g\ @))* b]lv ;g\ @)!$ sf] ;"rLcg';f/ g]kfnL–efifL bf];|f] gDa/df 5g\ . klxnf] c/las efiff 5 eg] g]kfnLkl5 s/]g -ltAatL– ad]{nL d"nsf] efiff_ t];|f] / ;f]dfnL af]Ng]x? rf}yf] tyf kfFrf}+ :yfgdf 5g\, :k]lgz . To;kl5 rflN8og -a]lanf]gsf] ;Eotfsf dflg;sf] efiff_, adL{h, cd]{lgog / To;kl5 sfofx -adf{af6 cfPsf s]xL dflg;sf] efiff_ efiff af]Ng]5g\ . bzf}+df cGo efiff af]Ng] z/0ffyL{ 5g\ . != c/las (Arabic) =====================================================*!,^#^ @= g]kfnL (Nepali) ===================================================== &$,*@& #= s/]g (Karen) ======================================================== #$,@#! $= ;f]dfnL (Somali) =================================================== @(,^@( %= :k]lgz (Spanish) =================================================== @%,*^# ^= rflN8og (Chaldean) ============================================ !%,)#) &= adL{h (Burmese) ================================================== !!,^$) *= cd]{lgog (Armenian) =============================================!!,$@^ (= sfofx (Kayah) ===================================================== !),!!@ !)= cGo s]xL efiff (Other Minor Languages) ========= *,*!@
n n
cd]l/sf lelqg] e"6fgLsf] dlxgfsf] cf};t ;+Vof Ps xhf/ @$ 5 . dlxgfsf] sDtLdf ! ;o & / a9Ldf @ xhf/ !$* 5 . n n
;g\ @)!$ dfr{ clGtd cfOk'Ubf ;aeGbf a9L Ps dlxgfdf k'g:yf{lkt x'g]sf] ;+Vof @ xhf/ !$* 5, h'g @)!! sf] ;]K6]Da/df ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5 ;g\ @)!! sf] cu:tdf @ xhf/ #% / ;g\ @)!@ sf] cu:tdf ! xhf/ (%* 5 . o;}u/L sdtkm{ z'?jftsf dlxgf ;g\ @))* sf] dfr{ / clk|ndf qmdzM ! ;o & / ! ;o @# 5 . To;kl5 ;g\ @)!# sf] cS6f]a/df @ ;o
^( 5 . cS6f]a/ @)!# df ;+Vof sd x'g'sf] sf/0f cd]l/sL ;/sf/ …;68fpgÚ x'g' xf] . oL tLg dlxgfafx]s ;g\ @)!! clk|ndf $ ;o !%, ;g\ @))* d] dlxgfdf $ ;o $! / ;g\ @)!# hgj/Ldf $ ;o %@ cd]l/sfdf k'g:yf{lkt ePsf] tYofªs :6]6 l8kf6{d]G6;“u 5 . ;g\ @)!@ sf] cfly{s jif{ ;dfkg;Fu} e"6fgL z/0ffyL{ leœofpg] qmdnfO{ cln sd ult lbPsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf ePsf lzlj/x? l/lQb} hfFbf of] qmd 36\g' :jefljs xf] . clxn]s} ultdf k'g:yf{kgf hf/L /xFbf casf] $ jif{df g]kfnsf lzlj/ sl/a vfnL x'G5g\ . s'g /fHodf slt < k[i7 # df
@)!$ d], jif{ $ c+s %(
cd]l/sfdf s'g jif{sf] s'g dlxgf
# @)!$ d], jif{ $ c+s %(
s'g /fHodf slt k'g:yf{lkt <
c+u|]hL–g]kfnL, g]kfnL–c+u|]hL l8S;g/L
• c+u|]hLaf6 g]kfnL !@ xhf/ zAbsf] cy{ / g]kfnLaf6 c+u|]hL !% xhf/ zAbsf] cy{ ePsf] . • %)$ k[i7sf] . • d"No !^ 8n/ .
lstfa rflxPdf M
http://gyanjyotikendra.org
df uP/ ‘k':tssf] dfu’ jf Order Books df lSns ug'{xf];\ . ToxfF qm]l86÷ 8]la6–sf8{ jf r]sdfkm{t lstfa kfpg] tl/sf pNn]v 5 .
;g\ @))* kl5 ;g\ @)!$ dfr{ clGtd;Dd a;fOPsf e"6fgL z/0ffyL{sf] ;+Vof o:tf] 5 . of] ;+Vof cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] NofP/ k'g:yf{kgf u/fPsf] 7fpFcg';f/sf] ;+Vof xf] . cd]l/sfdf Ps /fHoaf6 csf]{ /fHo jf 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf a;fO{ ;g{ kfOg] ePsfn] clxn] oxL ;+Vofdf pxfFx? ToxLF a;f]af; gu/]sf] x'g;S5 . ljb]z dGqfnon] /fHolkR5]sf] ;+Vofdf yf]/} sd–a];L x'g;Sg] atfPsf] 5. /fHosf] gfd k'g:yf{lkt z/0ffyL{sf] ;+Vof -;g\ @)!$ dfr{ clGtd;Dd_ != cnf:sf (Alaska)...............................................................!#$ a9L ;+Vofdf e"6fgL @= cl/hf]gf (Arizona).........................................................@,*$) z/0ffyL{ k'g:yf{lkt #= cs{G;f; (Arkansas) ............................................................. # $= Soflnkmf]lg{of (California)...............................................!,#!( ul/Psf % /fHo %= sf]nf]/f8f] (Colorado).......................................................@,()% krf; /fHodWo] ^= sg]lS6s6 (Connecticut)..................................................@^# a9L e"6fgL z/0ffyL{ &= ˆnf]l/8f (Florida)...............................................................^^# k'g:yf{lkt kfFr /fHox? M *= hlh{of (Georgia)............................................................$,(*@ != k]G;ne]lgof (= cfO8fxf] (Idaho)..............................................................!,#@& @= 6]S;f; !)= Olngf]o (Illinois)..........................................................@,@*# #= Go'of]s{ !!= OlG8ofgf (Indiana)...........................................................!!) $= cf]xfof] !@= cfof]jf (Iowa)................................................................ ^%% %= hlh{of !#= sG;f; (Kansas)..............................................................%&) !$= s]G6sL (Kentucky).......................................................!,*%( sd ;+Vofdf !%= n'lhofgf (Louisiana).........................................................$! k'g:yf{lkt !^= d]l/Nof08 (Maryland)...................................................!,*!! !&= df;fr';]6\; (Massachusetts)........................................@,$!) ul/Psf % /fHo !*= ldl;ug (Michigan)......................................................!,%&) sd e"6fgL z/0ffyL{ !(= ldg];f]6f (Minnesota)......................................................()& k'g:yf{lkt kfFr /fHox? M @)= ldhf}/L (Missouri)..........................................................!!%^ != cs{G;f; @!= g]a|f:sf (Nebraska).........................................................(^( @= n'lhofgf @@= g]ef8f (Nevada)..............................................................@^& #= ;fpy Sof/f]nfOgf @#= Go' XofD;/ (New Hampshire)......................................@,)!( $= OlG8ofgf @$= Go' h;L{ (New Jersey).....................................................#%& %= Go' d]lS;sf] @%= Go' d]lS;sf] (New Mexico).............................................!@$ @^= Go'of]s{ (New York)......................................................^,@&* k'g:yf{lkt gul/Psf @&= gy{ Sof/f]nfOgf (North Carolina)................................@,&*^ gf} /fHo @*= gy{ 8sf]6f (North Dakota)..........................................!,^^% @(= cf]xfof] (Ohio)..............................................................%,#&% oL gf} /fHodf k'g:yf{lkt #)= cf]/]ug (Oregon)..............................................................&(% ul/Psf] 5}g M #!= k]G;neflgof (Pennsylvania)........................................*,!#( != cnfafdf (Alabama) #@= /f]8 cfONof08 (Rhode Island)........................................@^# @= 8]nfj/ (Delaware) ##= ;fpy Sof/f]nfOgf (South Carolina)..................................%) #= xjfO{ (Hawaii) #$= ;fpy 8sf]6f (South Dakota).......................................!,!@! $= d]g (Maine) #%= 6]g];L (Tennessee)........................................................!,%!) %= ldl;l;kL (Mississippi) #^= 6]S;f; (Texas) ............................................................&,!@! ^= df]G6fgf (Montana) #&= o'6f (Utah)....................................................................!,#!* &= cf]Snxfdf (Oklahoma) #*= ed{G6 (Vermont)...........................................................!,#(^ *= j]:6 elh{lgof #(= elh{lgof (Virginia).......................................................@,%#^ (West Virginia) $)= jfl;+u6g (Washington)................................................@,%%@ (= jfof]ldª (Wyoming) $!= lj:sfG;g (Wisconsin)...................................................#!#
$
gful/s k/LIff (Civic Test) sf] lstfasf] k|Zg && / pQ/M à ;'hg aL= PGyf]gLn] s] ug'{ePsf] lyof] < (What did Susan B. Anthony do?) – dlxnf–clwsf/sf nflu ;+3if{ (fought for women’s rights) – gful/s clwsf/sf nflu ;+3if{ (fought for civil rights)
@)!$ d], jif{ $ c+s %(
dlxnf clwsf/sL of]4f ;'hg aL= PGyf]gL
dfs]{6Kn]; (Marketplace) clk|n dlxgf cfOk'Ubf w]/}nfO{
lskmfotL :jf:Yo–ladf lng] xtf/ eof] . w]/} ladf s'g} Pp6f pQ/ atfP x'G5 . sDkgLnfO{ Ps}ynf]df NofP/ •• pkef]StfnfO{ ladf 5fGg] cj;/ ;'hg aL= PGyf]gL -;Fu}sf] tl:a/_ sf] hGd ;g\ lbOPsf] lyof] . o;/L ladf !*@) km]a|'c/L !% df df;fr';]6\; (MasPsynf]df cfPsf] ;'ljwf jf sachusetts) df ePsf] lyof] . pxfFnfO{ dlxnf– :yfgnfO{ …dfs]{6Kn];Ú (marketclwsf/sdL{sf ?kdf lrlgG5 . pxfF ;fj{hlgs :yndf bf;tf / sfo{:yndf dlxnfdfly x'g] lje]blj?4 k|jrg place) elgof] . of] zAb cGoq lbg'x'GYof] . ;g\ !(@) sf] !( cf}+ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgn] dlxnfnfO{ klg k|of]u x'G5, h:tf] Ps}ynf] df Jofkf/–Joj;fo dtflwsf/ k|bfg u¥of] . pSt ;+zf]wgsf] !$ jif{cl3 pxfFsf] ul/g' . t/ xfd|f] jt{dfg lgwg eO;s]sf] lyof], h;nfO{ ;'hg aL= PGyf]gL ;+zf]wg elgG5 . ;g\ !(&( df pxfFsf] tl:a/c+lst Ps 8n/sf] sfuhL kl/k|]Iodf eg] ladf vl/bsf] ;Gbe{df a'lemG5 . gf]6 k|sflzt eof], h;nfO{ ;'hg aL= PGyf]gL 8n/ elgG5 . ••
c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL -27_ c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ sl/a # xhf/ zAb eP k'U5, tLdWo]sf zAbsf] ;QfO;f}+ ;"rL -efu @&_ • can’t (can not) :
lqmof– -ug{_ ;Sb}g, -ug{_ ;Sb}gg\, g;Sg' . • cap :
gfd– 6f]kL, lasf]{, lz/kf]z, 9sgf, 5kgL . lqmof– 6f]kL÷lasf]{÷lz/kf]z nufpg', c?n] u/]eGbf /fd|f] ug'{ jf eGg', k'/:sf/ :j?k 6f]kL k|bfg ug'{, k/fsfi7fdf k'¥ofpg' . • capable (of) :
gfd– nfos, ;dy{, ;Ifd, v'aLjfnf, nfolsnf], zSo, sflan, zlStdfg . • capacity :
gfd– v"kL -v'aL_, tfO“, x}l;ot, au{t, ;fdYo{, Ifdtf, zlSt, e/fO, a"tf, la:tf/, kl/df0f, xljut, ;Lk . • capital :
gfd– vDafsf] lz/, d'b|f, s]Gb|, pQd, /fhwfgL, k|wfg j:t', kF'hL, d"n wg, nfe, k|flKt .
ljz]if0f– lz/;DaGwL, d[To'b08;DaGwL, zLif{:y, d'Vo, k|wfg, pQd, clt /fd|f] .
• card :
gfd– tfz, kQL, rSsL, w]/{} kftnf] sfut 6fF;]/ agfPsf] 6fF;sfut, lgDtf, • captain : gfd– sKtfg, ;x;]gfgL, gfos, e]6\g] sf8{, ?jf÷pmg w'g] d]lzg, afSnf] 5fnf sf]tg]{ anklt, g]tf, cu|h . lqmof– g]t[Tj ug'{, sKtfgL ug'{, d]lzg . • cardboard: sKtfg aGg' . gfd– bx|f] sfuh, bˆt/L . • capture : • care: gfd– kqmfp, lu/ˆtf/L, gfd– htg, x]/rfx, x]/ljrf/, aGbLs/0f, s}b, kl/u|x0f, lxkmfht, ;ts{tf, ;fjwfgL, xTofO, xTofPsf] ;fdfg, Wofg, ;]jf, z'>"iff, :ofxf/, sAhfdf k/]sf] dfn . ;';f/, lrGtf, lkmqmL, ofb, lqmof– kqmg', kS8g', ;dfTg', xf]lzof/L, jf:tf, kl/rof{, rf;f], xTofpg', lu/ˆtf/ ug'{, aGbL b]vefn, k/jfx, ;+ef/, /]vb]v, agfpg', sAhfdf lng', lhDdf÷lhDd]jf/L, sfd . clwsf/df kfg'{ . lqmof– jf:tf ug'{, Vofn /fVg', • car : /Iff÷htg ug'{, x]/ljrf/ ug'{, gfd– sf/, /y, uf8L, ofg, lxkmfht ug'{, ;ts{ x'g', Wofg /]nsf] 8Aaf . lbg', b]vefn ug'{, ;]jf ;'>"iff • carbon : ug'{, :g]x ug'{, OR5f ug'{, /fhL gfd– sfa{g, /;fogzf:qdf x'g', rf;f] /fVg' . JofVof ul/Psf] Ps tÎj, qmdzM k|+uf/, sf]Onf .
la6 dfbf{dfb}{ 5 jif{ / kl5 cd]l/sfnufot cGo ;ft d'n'sdf g]kfnL–efifL e"6fgL z/0ffyL{sf] k'g:yf{kgf yflnPsf] ^ jif{ k"/f ePsf] 5 . l7Ss ^ jif{ k'Ubfsf] cj:yfaf/] k|i6 kfg]{ k|of; o;k6ssf] …cIfl/sfÚ n] u/]sf] 5 . krxQ/ xhf/ k"/f x'Fbf cd]l/sfdf cem} @% xhf/ k'g:yf{lkt x'g] cfzf ul/G5 . xfdL slt eof}+ < sxfF slt 5f}+ < eGg] hfgsf/L lbg'sf ;fy} gofF d'n'ssf] gofF 7fpFdf tkfO{+ dfq PSnf] x'g'x'Gg . tkfO{+sf] /fHodf, l;6Ldf, l5d]sdf c¿ g]kfnL–efifL e"6fgL x'g ;Sg'x'G5 eGg] dx;'; u/fpg' xfd|f] hdsf]{ xf] . wGojfb
Gyan Jyoti Kendra, 49 Lane Road, Chichester, NH 03258, Email : aksharica.communication@gmail.com, URL : http://gyanjyotikendra.org/ Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Co-ordinator : Tara Acharya, Managing Director : Sattan Acharya