@)!$ ;]K6]Da/ jif{ % c+s ^#
cTofjZos k|df0fkqx¿sf] Joj:yf ;f];n ;]So'l/6L, lu|gsf8{ / kf;kf]6{ x/fP xfd|f
o;k6s k[i7
^
o; c+sdf s] s] < (What is inside ?) à k|df0fkqx¿sf] Joj:yf============! (Arrangement of three important documents)
à ;o 8n/sf] qmozlSt==============@ (Purchasing capacity of $ 100)
à gfgLsf] lzIff / /fHox¿==========# (Children’s education & states)
à 5fqfjf;df rflxg] ;fdfg=========$ (Dorm Room Checklist)
à 3g b'nfnsf] hLjg–ofqf==========% (Ghana Dulal’s story)
à gful/s k|Zg–pQ/ *@==============^ (Civic Test - Q/A no. 82)
à rNtLsf c+u|]hL zAb #!==========^ (Most common Eng. words 31)
cTofjZos k|df0fkqx?df d'ntM ;f];n ;]So'l/6L sf8{ (Social Security card), lu|gsf8{ (Green Card) / kf;kf]6{ (Passport),
k5{g\ . o:tf k|df0fkq x/fP jf k|fs[lts ljklQsf sf/0f gflzP s] ug]{ < o:tf] k|df0fkq k|fKt ug{ k|lqmof k"/f ug'{k5{ / yf]/} w}o{tf, b'O{sf nflu /sd cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf k|df0fkqsf] kmf]6f] slk -k|ltlnlk_ agfP/ Psbd} e/kbf]{ ;fyLefO{ jf Oi6ldq– nfO{ /fVg lbg' a'l4dQfk"0f{ h'lSt xf] . csf]{ agfpg] a]nfdf k|ltlnlk b]vfpFbf lgs} ;lhnf] x'G5 . o:tf k|df0fkq agfpg s/ a'emfPsf] k|df0f, :s"nn] lbPsf k|df0fkq klg sfd nfUg ;S5g\ .
;f];n ;]So'l/6L sf8{ ;f];n ;]So'l/6L sf8{ cgnfOgaf6 dfUg ;lsb}g . csf]{ sf8{ agfpFbf z'Ns ltg'{kb}{g .
;f];n ;]So'l/6L sf8{ ;/sf/n] lgMz'Ns k|bfg u5{ . x/fPdf klg lgMz'Ns kfpg ;lsG5 . lgMz'Ns aG5 . o;sf nflu lgDg sfd ug'{k5{M á ;f];n ;]So'l/6L kmf/d eg'{k5{ . á cfjZos k|df0f;lxt kmf/d lnP/ glhs}sf] ;f];n ;]So'l/6L sfof{no hfg'k5{ jf x'nfsaf6 k7fpg'k5{ . á kmf/d;lxt hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq, cd]l/sL kf;kf]6{, /fHoåf/f hf/L kl/ro– kq, sfd ug]{ clwsf/sf] k|df0fkq jf nfO;]G; cflb cfjZos kg{ ;S5g\ .
lu|gsf8{
lu|gsf8{ eg] cgnfOgaf6 cg'/f]w ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu cfO{ – () (I-90) kmf/d eg'{k5{ . sfuhL ?kdf k]z ug]{ eP, cfO{ – () df cfjZos tYo e/]/ lk|G6 u/L cGo sfuhft / $ ;o %) 8n/sf] r]s;lxt k7fpg'k5{ . ljb]z /xFbf x/fP, csf]{ lu|gsf8{sf nflu cfj]bg
lbg'eGbf klxn] :yfgLo cd]l/sL sG;'n]6 jf b"tfjf;df va/ ug'{k5{ . gofF lu|gsf8{ hf/L ePsf ldltn] !) jif{sf] x'G5 . lsgeg] lu|gsf8{sf] Dofb !) jif{sf] x'G5 .
kf;kf]6{
csf]{ kf;kf]6{ agfpg] tl/sf sl/a klxnf]k6s kf;kf]6{ agfPh:t} xf] . o;sf nflu cfkm}+ pkl:yt eP/ csf]{ kf;kf]6{sf nflu cfj]bg lbg'k5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf tkfO{n] l8P; – !! (DS-11) / csf]{ kmf/d l8P; – ^$ (DS-64) eg'{k5{ . l8P; – !! t z'?df kf;kf]6{ kfpg eg]{ g} kmf/d xf] . l8P; – ^$ rfxL tkfO{+sf] Tof] ;fgf] gLnf] lstfa s;/L x/fof] eGg] hfGg ;/sf/n] tkfO{+nfO{ eg{ nufpg] kmf/d xf] . csf]{ kf;kf]6{ lgMz'Ns kfOFb}g . o;sf nflu ! ;o $) 8n/ g} ltg'{k5{ . klxnf]k6s agfPh:t} csf]{ kf;kf]6{ agfpg hfFbf ;a} cfjZos sfuhft, kl/rokq, kmf]6f] cflb
@
;o 8n/sf] qmozlSt sxfF slt<
Ps ;o 8n/n] s'g /fHodf slt d"Nosf] ;fdfg jf ;]jf lsGg ;S5, Tof] /fHodf !)) 8n/sf] qmozlSt Tolt xf] . o;af/] 6\ofS; kmfpG8];g (Tax Foundation) sf] xfn}sf] k|ltj]bg eG5M
/fHosf] gfd........................................................ qmozlSt -8n/df_
)&= )*= )(= !)= !!= !@= !#= !$= !%= !^= !&= !*= !(= gof“ lu|gsf8{ hf/L @)= ePsf ldltn] !) jif{] @!= x'G5 . ;a} lu|gsf8{sf] @@= @#= Dofb !) jif{sf] x'G5 . @$= @%= x/fPsf] cj:yfdf b"tfjf; jf @^= jfl0fHo–b"tfjf;n] tkfO{+nfO{ @&= @*= kf;kf]6{nufot cGo @(= ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . #)= ToxfFaf6 kmf]g ;Dks{ u/fP/ #!= kf;kf]6{nfO{ nfUg] k};f #@= cd]l/sfdf ePsf kl/jf/nfO{ ##= ltg{ af6f] v'nfOlbG5 . #$= #%= kf;kf]6{ cfjZostfcg';f/ #^= rfF8f] x'g;S5 . t/ ;fdfGo #&= cj:yfdf kf;kf]6{ tof/ x'g #*= yf]/} lbg nfU5, h;sf nflu ! #(= ;o $) 8n/ ltg'{k5{ . $)= x/fPsf] kf;kf]6{ e]l6P $!= $@= tkfO{+n] of] kf;kf]6{ ljb]z–ofqfdf hfFbf k|of]u ug{ $#= $$= ;Sg'x'Gg . x/fPsf] kf;kf]6{ $%= s;}sf dfWodaf6 lkmtf{ cfP $^= jf s;}sf] xftdf k/]/ km]nf k/] $&= o;n] dfGotf gkfpg ;S5 . $*= k'/fgf] ;/sf/nfO{ g} lkmtf{ ug{ $(= %)= ;Sg'x'G5 .
)!= cnfafdf (Alabama)..................................!!#=%! )@= cnf:sf (Alaska).........................................(#=#& )#= cl/hf]gf (Arizona)....................................!)!=($ )$= cs{G;f; (Arkansas) .................................!!$=!^ )%= Soflnkmf]lg{of (California).............................**=%& )^= sf]nf]/f8f] (Colorado)....................................(*=$# sg]l6s6 (Connecticut)................................................(!=$! 8]nfj/ (Delaware)........................................................ (&=&% ˆnf]l/8f (Florida)........................................................!)!=@! hlh{of (Georgia).........................................................!)*=&) xjfO{ (Hawaii)...............................................................*%=#@ cfO8fxf] (Idaho)..........................................................!)^=*$ Olngf]o (Illinois)...........................................................((=$) OlG8ofgf (Indiana)......................................................!)(=&& cfof]jf (Iowa)............................................................!!!=&# sG;f; (Kansas)..........................................................!!!=@# s]G6sL (Kentucky)......................................................!!@=^! n'lhofgf (Louisiana)...................................................!)(=$! d]g (Maine)................................................................!)!=&# d]l/Nof08 (Maryland)....................................................*(=*% df;fr';]6\; (Massachusetts)..........................................(#=@* ldl;ug (Michigan).....................................................!)%=(# ldg];f]6f (Minnesota)...................................................!)@=%& ldl;l;kL (Mississippi).................................................!!%=&$ ldh'/L (Missouri).........................................................!!#=%! df]G6fgf (Montana)......................................................!)^=!^ g]a|f:sf (Nebraska)......................................................!!)=(( g]ef8f (Nevada)...........................................................!)!=*# Go' XofD;/ (New Hampshire)........................................($=!^ Go' h;L{ (New Jersey)....................................................*&=^$ Go' d]lS;sf] (New Mexico)..........................................!)%=$( Go'of]s{ (New York)........................................................*^=^^ gy{ Sof/f]nfOgf (North Carolina)................................!)(=!& gy{ 8sf]6f (North Dakota)..........................................!!)=^@ cf]xfof] (Ohio).............................................................!!@=!! cf]Snfxf]df (Oklahoma)................................................!!!=@# cf]/]ug (Oregon)..........................................................!)!=@! k]G;neflgof (Pennsylvania)........................................!)!=#@ /f]8 cfONof08 (Rhode Island).....................................!)!=#@ ;fpy Sof/f]nfOgf (South Carolina).............................!!)=@% ;fpy 8sf]6f (South Dakota)......................................!!#=#* 6]g];L (Tennessee).......................................................!!)=@% 6]S;; (Texas) .........................................................!)#=^# o'6f (Utah).................................................................!)#=#! ed{G6 (Vermont)............................................................((=!! elh{lgof (Virginia)........................................................(^=() jfl;+u6g (Washington)..................................................(^=() j]:6 elh{lgof (Virginia).............................................!!@=*& lj:sfG;g (Wisconsin)................................................!)&=^$ jfof]ldª (Wyoming).....................................................!)#=&#
@)!$ ;]K6]Da/, jif{ % c+s ^#
rflxG5 . kf;kf]6{ x/fPsf] yfxf kfPkl5 tTsfn !–*&&–$*&–@&&* gDa/df kmf]g ul/xfNg' k5{ . olt u/]kl5 tkfO{+nfO{ kfos kg]{ ;dodf csf]{ kf;kf]6{sf nflu cfj]bg u/] eof] . cd]l/sL ljb]z dGqfno -:6]6 l8kf6{d]G6_ n] cfkm" ljb]z ePsf a]nf cfˆgf] kf;kf]6{ x/fPsf] yfxf kfpg] lalQs} glhs}sf] cd]l/sL b"tfjf; jf jfl0fHo–b"tfjf; -sG;'n]6_ uP/ hfgsf/L u/fpg] ;Nnfx lbPsf] 5 . ToxfF cfkm" pkl:yt eP/ csf]{ kf;kf]6{ agfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . cfˆgf] emf]nf, jfn]6 -k};f af]Sg] y}nf]_, jf c? ;a}yf]s
gfgLx¿sf] lzIffsf nflu /fd|f÷g/fd|f /fHo :jf:Yo, lzIff cflb ;du| ?kdf s'g /fd|f / g/fd|f PGgL O= s];L kmfpG8];g
(Annie E. Casey Foundation) n]
cd]l/sfdf gfgLx?af/] ljleGg cWoog u5{ . ljleGg vfnsf k|ltj]bg k|sflzt u5{ . pSt kmfpG8];gn] ;g\ @)!$ df lgsfn]sf] k|ltj]bg gfgLsf] lzIffsf nflu /fd|f / g/fd|f /fHoaf/] 5 . of] k|ltj]bg k|fylds :s"n gcfpg] gfgLx?, sIff -u|]8_ $ df k'Ubf klg k9\g g;Sg] gfgL sIff -u|]8_ * df k'Ubf klg ul0ftdf bIf gx'g] gfgL / xfO:s"ndf pSt tx ;dodf g} k"/f ug]{ gfgLaf/] tYof+s s]nfP/ lgsflnPsf] xf] . oxfF lzIffsf nflu /fd|f /fHoaf6 g/fd|f /fHosf] gfd lbOPsf] 5M )!= df;fr';]6\; )@= Go' h;L{ )#= ed{G6 )$= Go' XofD;/ )%= sg]l6s6 )^= ldg];f]6f )&= k]G;neflgof )*= d]l/NofG8 )(= g]a|f:sf !)= elh{lgof !!= sf]nf]/f8f] !@= sG;f; !#= cfof]jf !$= d]g !%= lj:sfG;g !^= cf]xfof] !&= Olngf]o !*= Go'of]s{ !(= gy{ 8sf]6f @)= jfl;+u6g @!= df]G6fgf @@= ldh'/L @#= 8]nfj/ @$= jfof]ldª @%= /f]8 cfONofG8 @^= OlG8ofgf
df]gL clwsf/L÷gf;'cf
@)!$ ;]K6]Da/, jif{ % c+s ^#
#
;du| ?kdf !) /fd|f /fHo != Dof;fr';]6\; @= ed{G6 #= cfof]jf $= Go' XofD;/ %= ldg];f]6f ^= gy{ 8sf]6f &= sg]6Ls6 *= Go' h;L{ (= elh{lgof !)= g]a|f:sf
To:t} !) g/fd|f /fHo $!= $@= $#= $$= $%= $^= $&= $*= $(= %)=
csf{G;f; hlh{of 6]S;; cnfafdf ;fpy Sof/f]nfOgf cl/hf]gf n'lhofgf g]ef8f Go' d]lS;sf] ldl;l;kL
@&= @*= @(= #)= #!= #@= ##= #$= #%= #^= #&= #*= #(= $)= $!= $@= $#= $$= $%= $^= $&= $*= $(= %)=
ˆnf]l/8f gy{ Sof/f]nfOgf o'6f s]G6sL xjfO{ ;fpy 8sf]6f cfO8fxf] 6]S;; cf]/]ug csf{G;f; 6]g];L ldl;ug Soflnkmf]lg{of hlh{of cf]Snfxf]df cnf:sf ;fpy Sof/f]nfOgf cl/hf]gf cnfafdf j]:6 elh{lgof n'lhofgf ldl;l;kL Go' d]lS;sf] g]ef8f
$
l;of]–wfuf]b]lv sDKo'6/;DdM 3/df rflxg] h:t} (Calculator and battery)
@^= ;fa'g÷k]:6÷bfFt df‰g] a|z (Shop/Paste/tooth brush)
@&= @*= @(= #)= #!=
l8of]8]/]G6 (Deodarant) dfpy jf; (Mouth wash) kGr (Paper Punch) xfOnfO6/ (Highlighter) Po/slG8;g/ geP k+vf
k|jL0f uf}td / /fh]z sf]O/fnf
(Fan)
#@= un}rf (Rug) ##= kmf]xf]/sf] efF8f] (Trash can) #$= 5ftf÷/]g sf]6 (Umbrella/raincoat)
#%= /]g a'6 / ljG6/ a'6
sn]h hfg] tof/L ubf{ xfdLn] 8f]d{ -5fqfjf;_ df a:g'– kg]{ x'g;S5 . 5fqfjf;df a:g' eg]sf] 3/nfO{ rflxg] hlQs} ;fdfg lnP/ hfg'k5{ . ljleGg 1ftfx? o:tf ;fdfgx? lnP/ hfg l;kmfl/z u5{g\, t/ oL g} ;a} ;fdfg eg] xf]Ogg\M != vf6d'lg ;fdfg /fVg] -5f]lkg] ePsfn]_ a]8 /fOh/ (Bed Risers) @= Dof6«]; Kof8 (Mattress Pad)
!!= ?3f nfUbf vfg] cf}ifwL (Cold Medicines)
!@= d}nf n'uf /fVg] af:s]6 (Laundry basket)
!#= tx–tx w]/} n'uf em'08\ofpg] Xof+u/ (Multy arm hanger) !$= ;fgf] lk|mh (Mini-fridge)
!%= rfF8} g;8\g] jf Dofb g;lsg] vfnsf vfgf (Non-perishables)
!^= vfBfGg e08f/0f (Food storage)
#= 7"nf] cfsf/sf] l6\jg tGbf !&= kfgL (Water) !*= vfg] / c? jt{g (XL Twin sheets) (Dining set and utensils) $= ;fa'g cflb /fVg] efF8f] !(= ;/;kmfO{ ug]{ pTkfbgx? (Shower caddy) (Cleaning products) %= afy?dnfO{ rKkn @)= ;fOsn cflbdf rfaL (Shower shoes) nufpg] o'–ns / tf/x? ^= ;fdfg /fVg] efF8f (Storage containers)
(U-locks and cables)
&= lah'nLaf6 rNg] w]/} pks/0f hf]8\g] dlN6Knu
@!= k|fylds pkrf/sf] hf]xf]
(Surge Protector) Nofk6k (Laptop) 6]a'n aQL (Desk Lamp)
@@= l;of]–wfuf] cflbsf] hf]xf]
*= (= !)= cnfd{ Sns
(Alarm clock)
(First aid Kit) (Sewing Kit)
@#= x]8kmf]g (Headphone) @$= k]k/ lSnk (Paper clip) @%= Sofns'n]6/ / Aofl6«
(Rain boot & winter boot)
#^= 6\jfOn]6 k]k/ / k]k/ 6fjn (Toilet paper & Paper towel)
#&= /a/ AofG8 (Rubber band) #*= 6r{ nfO6 (Torch light) #(= :6]Kn/÷:6]kn (Stapler/staple)
$)= $!= $@= $#= $$=
s}rL (Scissors) :s]n (Scale) 6]k (Tape) Un" (Glue) lk|G6/ / sfuh (Printer and paper) gª\u sf6\g] (Nail cutter) /]h/ (Razor)
$%= $^= $&= ;]leª lqmd
(Shaving cream)
$*= ;]nkmf]g (cellphone) $(= sfg ;kmf ug]{ :jfa (Cotton swabs)
%)= x/]s df};dnfO{ pko'St n'ufx? (Clothes for all seasons)
%!= k5f8L af]Sg] emf]nf (Backpack) %@= a'n]l6g af]8{÷lkg (Bulletin board/pushpins)
@)!$ ;]K6]Da/, jif{ % c+s ^#
8f]d{df a:bf oL ;fdfg ePsf] /fd|f]
;fN6 n]s l;6Ldf d]/f] sd{ / efUo aLr}df k9fO{ 5f8\g] gfgL–afa'x¿sf] lrGtf 5
3g b'nfnsf] km];a's
l6sf cfrfo{÷jfl;+u6g l8;L
@)!$ ;]K6]Da/, jif{ % c+s ^#
%
z/0ffyL{ s+u|]; @)!! sf a]nf /fhwfgL jfl;+u6g l8;Ldf af]Nb} / kl/jf/sf ;fy 3g b'nfn
d]/f] gfd 3g b'nfn xf] . d o'6f /fHosf] ;fN6 n]s l;6Ldf a:5' . of] /fHodf !% ;o– b]lv !& ;o e"6fgL z/0ffyL{ 5g\ . ;/sf/L tYof+scg';f/ of] /fHodf ! xhf/ # ;o $@ hgf o'6f cfpg'ePsf] 5 . t/ a;fO{+–;/fO{, ljjfx, hGd, d[To' cflbsf sf/0f ;+Vof tn–dfly ePsf] x'g'k5{ . cd]l/sL hLjg cf/De
d ;g\ @))* d] dlxgfdf cd]l/sf cfPsf] x'F . oxLF cfPF / d a;] . xfd|f] k'g:yf{kgfdf ljleGg ;+:yfn] sfd u5{g\ . d]/f] kl/jf/sf] k'g:yf{kgf OG6/g];gn /]:So' sld6Ln] u/fPsf] xf] . oxfF cfPkl5 pSt ;+:yfn] vf]h]sf] …;]N; P;f]l;o6Ú sf] sfd u/]+ . bz}+ cfof] . xfdLn] bz}+ kf6L{ cfof]hgf u¥of}+ . kf6L{df /]ˆo'hL sf]–cl8{g]6/nfO{ af]nfPsf lyof}+ . ljleGg ljifodf 5nkmn eof] . pgn] s]xL lbgdf dnfO{ ^ dlxgfsf] c:yfoL hflu/ vfg] k|:tfj /fv] . d}n] vfPF . d]/f] uf8L lyPg . d]/f bflh{lnª\sf g]kfnL bfh' x'g'x'G5, oxfF . pxfFn] uf8L lsGg d2t ug'{eof] . clg d}n] ^ dlxgf bf]efif], cg'jfbs jf
n n
;/sf/sf] tYof+snfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf of] /fHodf ! xhf/ # ;o $@ e"6fgL ePsf] b]lvG5 . n n
ljleGg ;]jf–;'ljwf lng ;do ldnfpg] sfd u/] . ;g\ @)) ( dfr{b]lv ;g\ @)!$ h'g @! ;Dd /]:So' sld6Ldf s]; js{/ /x]+ . h'g @# b]lv :6]6 /]ˆo'hL clkm;df sDo'lg6L l/;f];{ :k]l;oln:6sf] lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] 5 . ;g\ @))( df e"6\lgh sDo'lg6L Og o'6f :yfkgf u¥of}+ . z'?df cWoIf /x]+ . cd]l/sL gful/stf
d}n] cd]l/sL gful/stf lnPF . gful/stfsf] k/LIff eg] k9]–n]v]sfnfO{ ufx|f] gx'g] /x]5 . k9\g g;Sg];d]tnfO{ klg xfdLn] lgs} d]x]gt u/fof}+ / pxfFx?n] k/LIff kf; ug'{ePsf] 5 . pd]/ 9Ns]sf cu|hx?n] klg lgs} k|of; u/]/ gful/stf lng' ePsf pbfx/0f 5g\ . efiff Pp6}, b"/L w]/}
xfdL oxfF cfPotf :yfgLo s]xL g]kfnLn] xfdLnfO{ v'a ;xfotf ug'{eof] . t/ gfd}
lng'kbf{ yf]/}sf] lng'k5{ . pxfFx? / xfdL e"6fgL g]kfnLaLr b"/L 5 . g]kfnLx? Jofkf/–Joj;fo ug'{x'G5 . o;/L Joj;fo ug]{x? dfq xfdLglhs x'g'x'G5 . Psbd} sd JolSt;Fu JolStut ;Dks{ 5 . ;fd'lxs k|of; 5}g . xfdLn] ;f+:s[lts s]Gb| / dlGb/ agfpg] k|:tfj /fvf}+ . vf;} ;'g'jfO{ ePg . ;fgf–7"nf gfgLx¿sf] lrGtf
cd]l/sL pRrlzIffsf nflu ;do kfOPsf] 5}g . ptf kl9of] . oxfF cf}kl5 5f]/f– 5f]/LnfO{ g} k9fpgsf nflu ;do, k};f vlr{Psf] 5' . t/ oxfF cfP/ aLr}df k9fO{ 5f8\g] gfgL–afa'x?sf] lrGtf nfu]sf] 5 . sfd t ;fgf]–ltgf] kfOG5 . sf]xL–sf]xL s'ntdf km;]sf] / afa'–cfdf h:tf cu|hsf] s'/f g;'g]sf] kfPsf] 5' . u'hf/f ug'{ dfq 7"nf] s'/f xf]Og . of] cj;/sf] e"dLdf /fd|f] sfd ug{ l;Sg'xf];\ eg]/ eGg rfxG5' . xfd|f ^) jf a9L pd]/df j[4–j[4fdf lzIff gePsf]df h] lrGtf 5, aLr}df k9fO{ 5f8\g]nfO{ ToxL x'g]5 .
^ @)!$ ;]K6]Da/, jif{ % c+s ^#
hg/n kbdf /fi6«klt cfOhgxfj/ gful/s k/LIff
(Civic Test) sf] k|Zg gDa/ *@ / pQ/M à /fi6«klt x'g'eGbf klxn] cfOhgxfj/ hg/n -;}lgssf] kb_ x'g'x'GYof] . To;a]nf pxf“ s'g o'4df x'g'x'GYof] < (Before whitehouse.gov
he was President, Eisenhower was a general. What war was he in?)
– bf];|f] ljZj o'4 (World War II) ••
;g\ !(%# df cd]l/sfsf] #$ cf}+ /fi6«klt x'g'cl3 8\jfO6 l8= cfOhgxfj/ (Dwight D. Eisenhower) n] bf];|f] ljZjo'4df d]h/ hg/nsf ?kdf ;]jf ug'{ePsf] lyof] . cd]l/sL ;]gfsf sdfG8/ tyf o'/f]k]nL u7aGwgsf] pRr sdfG8/ ?kdf pxfFn] k|mfG; (France) sf] gf]df{G8L (Normandy) df ;g\ !($$ h"g ^ df ePsf] o'4df ;kmntf
cd]l/sfsf #$ cf}+ /fi6«klt 8\jfO6 l8= cfOhgxfj/
xfl;n ug'{ePsf] lyof] . o;nfO{ l8–8] sAhf (D-Day invasion) elgG5 . ;g\ !(%@ df pxfFn] ;lqmo ;}Go;]jfaf6 cjsfz kfpg'– eof] . /, To;} jif{ pxfF /fi6«kltdf lgjf{lrt x'g'eof] . /fi6«klt ePkl5 pxfFn] /fHo–/fHo hf]8\g] /fhdfu{ k|0ffnL (interstate highway system) :yfkgf ug'{eof] . pxfFn] :jf:Yo ljefu, lzIff
tyf sNof0f ljefu -h;nfO{ clxn] :jf:Yo tyf dfgj ;]jf, Health and Human Services
elgG5 ._ klg :yfkgf ug'{eof] . pxfFn] sf]l/ofnL o'4sf] clGtd lgl/If0f klg ug'{eof] . b'O{ sfo{sfn /fi6«kltsf ?kdf ;]jf u/]kl5 cfOhgxfj/n] ;g\ !(^! df XjfO6 xfp; (White House) 5f8\g'eof] .
c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL 31 c+u|]hLdf af]nrfn ug{ sl/a # xhf/ zAb eP k'U5, tL zAbdWo]sf #! cf}+ ;"rL -efu #!_ • cellphone :
gfd– ;]nkmf]g, df]afOn kmf]g, xftdf af]s]/ lx+8\g] kmf]g .
k|d'v . • centre / center :
gfd– s]Gb|, aLr, dWo, ;b/, dWo laGb', cf>o :yfg, gfd– cd]l/sfsf] ;aeGbf ;fgf] ;Gt'ng laGb', rfFbdf/Lsf] s]Gb|, l;SsfM ;]G6 -;o ;]G6sf] cuf8Lsf] k+lStsf] aLrdf a;]/ Ps 8n/ x'G5_, ;}s8f, zt+fz v]Ng] v]nf8L, g/djfbL . -;osf] Ps efu_, ;of}+ efu, lqmof– s]lGb|t ug'{, hDdf ug'{, k};f . emf]g'{, aLrdf hDdf ug'{ -lzsf/, • centimetre / centimeter : af3 O=_ gfd– ;]G6Lld6/, Ps ld6/sf] • century : ztf+z . gfd– ;o ;fn÷jif{, ztfAbL, • central : zts, . ljz]if0f– s]lGb|o, d'Vo, s]Gb|e"t, • ceremony : s]Gb|ut, dWout, dWojtL{, gfd– ;df/f]x, ljlw, ;+:sf/, • cent :
cfrf/, cg'i7fg, Jojxf/, k|yf, l/lt, lzi6frf/ . • certain :
ljz]if0f– kSsf, lglZrt, 7f]s'jf, l:y/, cjZoDefjL, lgM;Gb]x, lgwf], lg:t's, lg:;], lglj{jfb, v;f]vf;, s'g} klg, s]xL, s'g} . gfd– dWo] s]xL . • certainly :
ljz]if0f– lgZro g}, lg;Gb]x, cjZod]o, kSsfkSsL g}, c;+lbUw, ljZj:t ?kn], h?/, cjZo . qmdzM
la6 dfbf{dfb}{ ;Gbe{M lzIffs} :s"n÷sn]h v'Ng] ;do ePsfn] lzIff g} ;fGble{s eof] . To;}n] o; c+sdf klg lzIffsf tLg ljifo ;d]6]sf 5f}+ . :s"n] lzIffsf] s'/f ubf{ gfgLx¿sf] lzIffdf gfd rn]sf /fHo s'g s'g x'g\ < eGg] rf;f] ;a}df 5 . xfdLn] o; c+ssf Pp6f lgs} k|ltli7t ;+:yfsf] k|ltj]bg k|sflzt u/]sf 5f}+ . sn]h ÷ ljZjljBfnosf af/]df n]v]/ cl3Nnf c+sx¿ el/P klg 5fqfjf;sf] hLjgdf ;xfos ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL k|sflzt u/]sf 5f}+ . o'6fsf 3g -1fg'_ b'nfnn] klg lzIffnfO{ lgs} k|fyldstf lbg' ePsf] 5 . gofF k':tfn] u/]sf] lzIffk|ltsf] nfkjf{xLdf 7"nf] lrGtf JoSt ug'{ePsf] 5 . xf], klg of] d'n'snfO{ lzIffn] agfPsf] xf] . xfdLn] w]/}n] a'em]sf] tYo klg olx xf] . t/ a'emkrfpg' eg] x'Gg . wGojfb
Gyan Jyoti Kendra, 49 Lane Road, Chichester, NH 03258, Email : aksharica.communication@gmail.com, URL : http://gyanjyotikendra.org/, Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Co-ordinator : Tara Acharya, Managing Director : Sattan Acharya